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[ "Randy VanWarmer" ]

[ { "title": "Just When I Needed You Most", "text": "\"Just When I Needed You Most\" is the title of a 1979 hit single by the American singer-songwriter Randy VanWarmer.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Just When I Needed You Most", "text": "John Sebastian on autoharp, reached No. 62 on the \"Billboard\" country music chart. Other artists who either recorded or performed the song in concert include country music singers Tim McGraw, Donna Fargo, Skeeter Davis and Conway Twitty, R&B vocalist Millie Jackson, the German disco musician Peter Griffin, British glam rock band Smokie, reggae artists Barbara Jones, and Eddie Lovette, Filipino singer Pops Fernandez, Bob Dylan, Paul Butterfield, Billy Joe Royal, and the Spanish group Mocedades. In 2002, the American-Taiwanese singer Will Pan released a bilingual English/Chinese version of the song. Dana Winner recorded \"Just When I Needed You Most\" for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11833328", "score": "1.2492799", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Just When I Needed You Most", "text": "her 2011 album \"Unforgettable\". Anne Nolan recorded \"Just When I Needed You Most\" for her 2013 debut solo album \"Just One Voice\". A Finnish rendering of \"Just When I Needed You Most\" entitled \"Juuri Kun Tarvitsin Sua\" was recorded by ELF () for their 1979 album \"Tarantella-Joe\". Ingela \"Pling\" Forsman wrote lyrics in Swedish as \"När jag behövde dig mest\", which was recorded by Swedish dansband Wizex on the 1980 album \"You Treated Me Wrong\". A Spanish rendering entitled \"Necesitando Tu Amor\" was recorded by Mocedades for their 1982 album \"Amor De Hombre\". An Austrian rendering entitled \"Ausg´lacht\" was recorded", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11833329", "score": "1.1306927", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Just When I Needed You Most", "text": "8. VanWarmer attributed his single's success to empathy for its heartbreak scenario: \"It's happened to everyone. That emotion is universal...I always hoped the record wasn't wallowing in self-pity and it had some redeeming value, and I guess it does.\" VanWarmer also attributed his single's success to the autoharp instrumental break between the second and third verses, performed by John Sebastian. The song's co-writer Tony Wilson recorded \"Just When I Needed You Most\" for his 1979 album \"Catch One\". Dolly Parton recorded a cover version of the song for her 1996 album, \"Treasures\": this version, which like the VanWarmer original featured", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11833327", "score": "1.0891107", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Just When I Needed You Most", "text": "the flip was the original intended A-side of VanWarmer's single. Released as a single in February 1979, VanWarmer's \"Just When I Needed You Most\" spent two weeks atop the US \"Billboard\" adult contemporary chart in May of that year and in June 1979 reached its peak position of No. 4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart accruing an overall Top 40 tenure of 14 weeks and earning RIAA Gold record status. In addition, the track reached No. 71 on the \"Billboard\" country music chart. and in September 1979 made the Top 10 on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at No.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11833326", "score": "1.0548023", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Warmer (album)", "text": "of view.\" It reached No. 4 on \"Billboard\" in 1979. By December 1980, VanWarmer toured in Europe to support the release of \"Warmer\", as well as Japan and Hong Kong. A brief review in a 1979 issue of \"Billboard\" compares VanWarmer's style of singing on \"Warmer\" to that of The Bee Gees, and although the writer felt the album lacked diversity, \"Just When I Needed You Most\" was regarded as a good cut. According to \"The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music\", \"Just When I Needed You Most\" was the song VanWarmer was \"best remembered for.\" All track composed by Randy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17787492", "score": "1.0513475", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Just When I Needed You Most", "text": "for an album recorded for the UK division of Bearsville Records, VanWarmer then flew to the US to pressure Bearsville's head office to promote the album which was duly remixed and released with \"Just When I Needed You Most\" as lead single although VanWarmer would recall that Bearsville evinced little enthusiasm for the track: \"Nobody thought my version was an especially good version of the song [which] a few other people were thinking of cutting...Everybody just assumed mine was a demo for people to listen to who'd [then] cut the definitive version\". It has also been asserted that \"Your Light\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11833325", "score": "1.0488634", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Barbara Jones (singer)", "text": "Barbara Jones (singer) Barbara Nation ( – 19 December 2014), better known as Barbara Jones, was a Jamaican singer who had a UK hit single in 1981 with \"Just When I Needed You Most\". Born in Kingston and raised in Manchester, Jamaica, she began her career in 1971 with the single \"Sad Movies\". She had her greatest success in January 1981 with \"Just When I Needed You Most\", which reached number 31 on the UK Singles Chart. She toured as backing singer with Jimmy Cliff in the late 1970s and early 1980s; In 1991, she became a devout Christian and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18480571", "score": "1.0352776", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Where Were You When I Needed You", "text": "They include Jan & Dean, Herman's Hermits, Tommy Roe, Del Shannon, The Hitmakers and The Bangles. All songs written by P.F. Sloan and Steve Barri except as noted. Where Were You When I Needed You Where Were You When I Needed You is the debut studio album by the American rock band The Grass Roots, released in October 1966 by Dunhill Records. Most of the album is performed by the songwriter/producer duo of P.F. Sloan and Steve Barri. Some of the album features members of a San Francisco band that became the first Grass Roots. The members who recorded are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15559660", "score": "1.0123718", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Where Were You When I Needed You", "text": "I Needed You\", with Fulton's voice replacing Sloan's as the lead vocal, was finally released in June 1966 and reached the Top 40, peaking at #28. But that success was too late for the band members, who were frustrated by Dunhill's reluctance to let them record as a band. Although much of the first album had already been recorded at that time, the band (except for Larson) decided to return to San Francisco in early 1966. After the band quit, Sloan once again took over as lead singer of the Grass Roots sessions, as he had been on the original", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15559656", "score": "1.0038426", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Where Were You When I Needed You", "text": "Where Were You When I Needed You Where Were You When I Needed You is the debut studio album by the American rock band The Grass Roots, released in October 1966 by Dunhill Records. Most of the album is performed by the songwriter/producer duo of P.F. Sloan and Steve Barri. Some of the album features members of a San Francisco band that became the first Grass Roots. The members who recorded are vocalist Willie Fulton and drummer Joel Larson. The A and B side singles released are \"Mr. Jones (Ballad Of A Thin Man)\", \"You're a Lonely Girl\", \"Where Were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15559652", "score": "0.9851283", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Michelle Creber", "text": "of originals with Gabriel Brown. Other recent singing features include lead vocals for the theme song of NBCs Nina’s World and a duet with Billy Joel for the TV movie soundtrack of Just the Way You Are. Michelle Creber Michelle Nicole Creber (born September 7, 1999) is a Canadian actress, singer, dancer, musician, song-writer and voice actress who is known around the world as the speaking/singing voice of Apple Bloom (and the singing voice of Sweetie Belle until 2013) in the TV series \"\". She was born to jazz pianist/producer Michael Creber, and vocalist/producer Monique Creber. Michelle first appeared on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16238564", "score": "0.984367", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Rob Grill", "text": "Sloan and Steve Barri (The Mamas & the Papas, Tommy Roe, Four Tops and Dusty Springfield) were asked by Dunhill to write songs that would capitalize on the growing interest in the folk-rock movement. Their song “Where Were You When I Needed You”, recorded as a demo with P.F. Sloan as lead singer was released under the name “The Grass Roots” and started to get airplay in San Francisco Bay area. Dunhill searched for a band to become The Grass Roots. After the first group they chose departed, a Los Angeles band composed of Creed Bratton, Rick Coonce, Warren Entner,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9954939", "score": "0.97662497", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Where Were You When I Needed You", "text": "radio stations in San Francisco area and received a favorable review. However, Dunhill insisted that they find a \"real group\" to tour as the Grass Roots, since they were too valuable to Dunhill as songwriters for the label to allow them to perform live concerts or make TV appearances. Sloan and Barri chose a San Francisco band to become the Grass Roots. The band consisted of lead singer/lead guitarist Fulton, rhythm guitarist Denny Ellis, bassist David Stensen and drummer Larson. The band quickly had no shortage of live performances, as they became a resident band at the Los Angeles club", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15559654", "score": "0.9727752", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Just the Way You Are (Bruno Mars song)", "text": "and the Manufactured Superstars were among the names to remix the original version into electronic dance music versions. A deluxe edition which includes the remix and the music video was released on November 25, 2010, worldwide. \"Just The Way You Are\" is a pop, R&B and soft rock ballad. Its instrumentation features piano, keyboard sounds and breakbeat. The instruments are arranged into what critics described as a \"nice smooth ballad with vocals\". Tim Byron of The Vine said \"the steeply rising melody at the start of the chorus introduces a little tension before defusing it with the, catchy tag of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14816286", "score": "0.96590734", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The Cover Girls", "text": "group. Lead vocals where then taken over by Gayle Ellis. On \"I Need Your Lovin'\" the album vocals where by Valentine and the single remix vocals where handled by Ellis and Escalera (who had then returned to the group from hiatis). Nicki Richards also recorded her lead vocals on some of the \"Satisy\" album tracks; notably \"Whenever You Need Me\" and \"Keep On Giving Me Love\". In 1997, Sabrina Nieves contributed the track \"Supersonic\" under the name Sabrina Sang on the Jock Jams Vol. 3 album. In 1998, Lorraine Munoz released the single \"Ritmo De La Noche\" under the name", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1676478", "score": "0.9643845", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Where Were You When I Needed You", "text": "demos. Sloan stated that Dunhill policy at the time required albums to include \"other people's hits\" that \"they were trying to get into stores\", which is why the album does not only feature Sloan and Barri originals. Because there was no longer a band for TV appearances or live concerts, Sloan and Barri were never able to continue the success of \"Where Were You When I Needed You\". The twelve track vinyl album featured three songs sung by Fulton and the rest by Sloan, including Sloan's single version of \"Where Were You When I Needed You\". It failed to chart.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15559657", "score": "0.96126026", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "The Grass Roots", "text": "Were You When I Needed You,\" which was recorded by Sloan and Barri. Sloan provided the lead vocals and played guitar, Larry Knechtel played keyboards, Joe Osborn played the bass and Bones Howe was on drums. The song was released under \"The Grass Roots\" name and sent, as a demo, to several radio stations of the San Francisco Bay area. When moderate interest in this new band arose, Sloan and Barri went to look for a group that could incorporate the Grass Roots name. They found one, The Bedouins, in a San Francisco band that won a Battle of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5645256", "score": "0.9596072", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "When I Need You", "text": "to release \"When I Need You\" as a promotional single in Brazil (September 1998). Two previous singles were very successful in Brazil. However, with no music video and no promotion \"When I Need You\" failed to repeat the success of Dion's earlier songs. Authors of \"When I Need You\" worked with Dion also on several other songs. Albert Hammond wrote \"Just Walk Away\", included on \"The Colour of My Love\" album (1993) and Carole Bayer Sager wrote \"The Prayer\", which became a part of \"These Are Special Times\" (1998). EW editor David Browne wrote: \"an obligatory remake (a precisely enunciated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8840304", "score": "0.9580401", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "The Grass Roots", "text": "one who remained in Los Angeles (he later returned to the group in 1971). Fulton, Ellis and Stensen continued to appear as the Grass Roots, with original Bedouins drummer Bill Shoppe, until Dunhill ordered them to cease since they decided to start all over again with another group they would groom to be the Grass Roots. In the meantime, the second version of \"Where Were You When I Needed You\" peaked in the Top 40 in mid-1966, while an album of the same name sold poorly. Still looking for a group to record their material and promote it with live", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5645259", "score": "0.95687807", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Craig Powell (musician)", "text": "the band In 2004 with the songs \"Out of Touch\" and \"You and Me\". Powell performed at many high end events including at \"Top of the Pops\" and appeared in the official music video of the song. The single \"You and Me\" reached #12 in the UK charts. The main vocals for the band's third single, \"Ai No Corrida\" a remake of a Quincy Jones hit, featured the vocals of Laura More also known for her vocals on Eric Prydz' hit \"Call on Me\". The remake reached #18 in the UK. The band released their debut album \"One World\" after", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13098897", "score": "0.95628655", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Where Were You When I Needed You", "text": "\"The Trip\" and made frequent appearances at San Francisco's Avalon Ballroom. They also supported the Dunhill artists The Mamas and the Papas, Johnny Rivers and Barry McGuire on their TV performances. However, with the exception of Fulton's vocals and Larson on drums, they did not appear on the Grass Roots records, which featured Sloan and various session musicians. The band's single version of Bob Dylan's \"Ballad of a Thin Man\" (issued under the name \"Mr. Jones\") only reached the lower reaches of the Billboard Magazine charts, peaking at #121 in late 1965. A new single of \"Where Were You When", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15559655", "score": "0.9550252", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Where Were You When I Needed You", "text": "titled \"Tip of My Tongue\" by Sloan. This CD version of the album included a total of ten songs sung by Sloan and eight songs sung by Fulton. In 2005, an English CD reissue on Rev-Ola Records included all of the previous tracks plus two more bonus tracks. They were the second and third vocal versions of \"Where Were You When I Needed You\" sung by Fulton first and then by the most famous Grass Roots lead singer Rob Grill. Since the original demo of \"Where Were You When I Needed You\" the song has been covered by other artists.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15559659", "score": "0.95389366", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Emotion (Carly Rae Jepsen album)", "text": "brought in for additional work on the song. In a similar affair, Jepsen's admiration of Sky Ferreira's work led her to Rechtshaid and the pair began meeting for coffee dates, figuring out a session date as he was in the midst of producing with Brandon Flowers. Rechtshaid further contributed to \"Emotion\" by aiding in the selection process of its track list and finalizing the production on its closer, \"When I Needed You\". Rostam Batmanglij was a prior fan of Jepsen's work when he reached out to her in the summer of 2014, after learning that she was in Los Angeles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18721844", "score": "0.9537927", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Maria Taylor", "text": "Conor Oberst of Bright Eyes, Gretta Cohn of Cursive, Andy LeMaster and Mike Mogis as both musicians and producers. Grey's Anatomy named its March 31, 2011 episode Song Beneath the Song after a track from the album and also featured the song on the original soundtrack. Taylor later recorded a new song for Grey's Anatomy's 2005 Christmas episode entitled \"Christmas After All.\" Her second solo album, \"Lynn Teeter Flower\", was released on March 6, 2007, also on Saddle Creek. \"A Good Start,\" the first track off \"Lynn Teeter Flower\", was subsequently named one of NPR's 10 best songs of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7415181", "score": "0.9511212", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "All I Need Is You", "text": "All I Need Is You \"All I Need Is You\" is a single by Australian singer Guy Sebastian. \"All I Need Is You\" is the second single from the album \"Just as I Am\", following \"Angels Brought Me Here\". \"All I Need Is You\" reached number one on the ARIA Singles Chart and was accredited Platinum in Australia, and reached number five in New Zealand. The song also peaked at number two in Malaysia. As a B-side for this single, Sebastian recorded his own modern arrangement of \"Climb Ev'ry Mountain\" from \"The Sound of Music\", a song which he had", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7954514", "score": "0.9473232", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "David Grellier", "text": "name Julia Lanoë). She is also part of the band Mansfield.TYA . Their first albums were released as burned CD-R by alternative distributors like Wonderground. An EP and an album were then released in 2009 by Scandale Records. David Grellier David Grellier (born July 2, 1979, Nantes, France) is a French electronica musician and founder of the musical projects College (2005) and Valerie (2007). Under the stage name Mitch Silver, he is also a member of the electroclash band Sexy Sushi, active since 2004. College, in Grellier's words, was an attempt \"to synthesize into my music the emotions of my", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16074838", "score": "0.94579405", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "All I Ever Need Is You (song)", "text": "recorded by Tom Jones, Sammi Smith and several others. All I Ever Need Is You (song) \"All I Ever Need Is You\" is a popular song written by Jimmy Holiday and Eddie Reeves, and initially recorded by Ray Charles for his 1971 album, \"Volcanic Action of My Soul\". The most well-known version of the song is the hit single by Sonny & Cher which, in 1971, reached No. 7 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and was their single of greatest chart longevity, spending 15 weeks on that chart. Their album by the same title sold over 500,000 copies reaching", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8169787", "score": "0.9434751", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Where Were You When I Needed You", "text": "Fulton later was guitarist and vocalist in Tower of Power on their albums \"East Bay Grease\" (1970), \"Bump City\" (1972), \"Direct\" (1981) and \"Power\" (1987). Larson played with Gene Clark, The Merry-Go-Round, The Turtles and Lee Michaels before returning to the Grass Roots in 1971. Ellis and Stensen joined a San Francisco group named The Serpent Power led by Beat poet David Meltzer and his wife Tina. They released a self-titled album in 1967. In 1994, the original CD version of the album was released on Varèse Sarabande. It included six bonus tracks. Five were sung by Fulton and one", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15559658", "score": "0.94220334", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Dom Kelly", "text": "singer-songwriter Rachael Sage and legendary singer Judy Collins, as well as Canadian songwriter Kevin Parent. In early 2017, Dom announced the release of his debut solo album \"Everything Is Just Enough\" on MPress Records. The album will be released by NYC-based label Mpress Records. It features appearances by Emily Saliers of Indigo Girls, Lucy Wainwright Roche, Chris Trapper of The Push Stars, Sarah Bettens of K's Choice, Doris Muramatsu of Girlyman, and his identical brother and A Fragile Tomorrow bandmate Sean Kelly. He announced dates with Indigo Girls, Seth Glier and Rachael Sage in support of the album, and he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20040501", "score": "0.9419078", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "Just When I Needed You Most", "long_answer": "\"Just When I Needed You Most\" is the title of a 1979 hit single by the American singer-songwriter Randy VanWarmer.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"Just When I Needed You Most\" is the title of a 1979 hit single by the American singer-songwriter Randy VanWarmer.", "short_answers": [ "Randy VanWarmer" ] }

[ "surface of the enamel" ]

[ { "title": "Water fluoridation", "text": "saliva to about 0.04 mg/L several times during a day. Technically, this fluoride does not prevent cavities but rather controls the rate at which they develop. When fluoride ions are present in plaque fluid along with dissolved hydroxyapatite, and the pH is higher than 4.5, a fluorapatite-like remineralized veneer is formed over the remaining surface of the enamel; this veneer is much more acid-resistant than the original hydroxyapatite, and is formed more quickly than ordinary remineralized enamel would be. The cavity-prevention effect of fluoride is mostly due to these surface effects, which occur during and after tooth eruption. Although some", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Water fluoridation", "text": "bacteria, its effect on bacterial growth does not seem to be relevant to cavity prevention. Fluoride's effects depend on the total daily intake of fluoride from all sources. About 70–90% of ingested fluoride is absorbed into the blood, where it distributes throughout the body. In infants 80–90% of absorbed fluoride is retained, with the rest excreted, mostly via urine; in adults about 60% is retained. About 99% of retained fluoride is stored in bone, teeth, and other calcium-rich areas, where excess quantities can cause fluorosis. Drinking water is typically the largest source of fluoride. In many industrialized countries swallowed toothpaste", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3352069", "score": "1.0842319", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Toothpaste", "text": "States has 1,000 to 1,100 parts per million fluoride. In European countries, such as the UK or Greece, the fluoride content is often higher; a NaF content of 0.312% w/w (1,450 ppm fluoride) is common. All of these concentrations are likely to prevent tooth decay, according to a 2010 Cochrane review. Concentrations below 1,000 ppm are not likely to be preventive, and the preventive effect increases with concentration. Clinical trials support the use of high fluoride dentifrices, as it was found to reduce the amount of plaque accumulated, decrease the number of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli and possibly promote calcium", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1309666", "score": "1.0682479", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Fluoridation by country", "text": "Fluoridation by country Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay, and is handled differently by country. Fluoridated water has fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces: in the mouth it creates low levels of fluoride in saliva, which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralizes and increases the rate at which it remineralizes in the early stages of cavities. Typically a fluoridated compound is added to drinking water, a process that in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12328140", "score": "1.0570211", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Dental fluorosis", "text": "is fluoridated at the level of 1 ppm, one must consume one litre of water in order to take in 1 mg of fluoride. It is thus improbable a person will receive more than the tolerable upper limit from consuming optimally fluoridated water alone. Fluoride consumption can exceed the tolerable upper limit when someone drinks a lot of fluoride-containing water in combination with other fluoride sources, such as swallowing fluoridated toothpaste, consuming food with a high fluoride content, or consuming fluoride supplements. The use of fluoride supplements as a prevention for tooth decay is rare in areas with water fluoridation,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5342281", "score": "1.0534275", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Fluoridation by country", "text": "While fluoridation can result in mild dental fluorosis, this effect is barely detectable and causes no concerns with the appearance or health of teeth. Countries practicing artificial water fluoridation vary in their recommended fluoride levels according to what health authorities in each have determined to be most effective for its citizens. The US recently reset the recommended optimal level of fluoride in drinking water, lowering it slightly, because of observed increased Fluorosis levels, likely due to additional fluoride sources like toothpaste and mouthwash which were not present when this level was originally set. Of Africa's 1.1 billion people, about 400,000", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12328146", "score": "1.0508225", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Fluoridation by country", "text": "Prevention study determined that \"40.7% of adolescents aged 12–15 had dental fluorosis [in 1999–2004]\". In response, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services together with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are proposing to reduce the recommended level of fluoride in drinking water to the lowest end of the current range, 0.7 milligrams per liter of water (mg/L), from the previous recommended maximum of 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L in recognition of the increase in sources of fluoride such as fluoridated toothpastes and mouthwashes This could effectively terminate municipal water fluoridation in areas where fluoride levels from mineral deposits and industrial", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12328179", "score": "1.050709", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Water fluoridation", "text": "Water fluoridation Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay. Fluoridated water contains fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces: in the mouth, it creates low levels of fluoride in saliva, which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralizes and increases the rate at which it remineralizes in the early stages of cavities. Typically a fluoridated compound is added to drinking water, a process that in the U.S. costs an average of about", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3352036", "score": "1.0414357", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Tooth enamel", "text": "QAS was found stronger antimicrobial effect on many oral bacteria associated with dental decay, including \"S. mutans\". Many groups of people have spoken out against fluoridated drinking water, for reasons such as the neurotoxicity of fluoride or the damage fluoride can do as fluorosis. Fluorosis is a condition resulting from the overexposure to fluoride, especially between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, and appears as mottled enamel. Consequently, the teeth look unsightly, although the incidence of dental decay in those teeth is very small. Where fluoride is found naturally in high concentrations, filters are often used to decrease", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2103950", "score": "1.0363259", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Fluoridation by country", "text": "with guidelines set by provincial, territorial, and federal governments. Brantford, Ontario became the first city in Canada to fluoridate its water supplies in 1945. In 1955, Toronto approved water fluoridation, but delayed implementation of the program until 1963 due to a campaign against fluoridation by broadcaster Gordon Sinclair. The city continues to fluoridate its water today. In 2008 the recommended fluoride levels in Canada were reduced from 0.8–1.0 mg/L to 0.7 mg/L to minimize the risk of dental fluorosis. Ontario, Alberta, and Manitoba have the highest rates of fluoridation, about 70–75%. The lowest rates are in Quebec (about 6%), British", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12328175", "score": "1.0290309", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Tooth enamel", "text": "the amount of fluoride in water. For this reason, codes have been developed by dental professionals to limit the amount of fluoride a person should take. These codes are supported by the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; Furthermore, whereas topical fluoride, found in toothpaste and mouthwashes, does not cause fluorosis, its effects are now considered more important than those of systemic fluoride, such as when drinking fluorinated water. However, systemic fluoride works topically as well with fluoride levels in saliva increase also when drinking fluoridated water. Lately, dental professionals are looking for other ways to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2103951", "score": "1.028959", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Fluoride", "text": "dental fluorosis, the upper limit of fluoride is set at 10 mg/day regardless of weight. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Dietary Reference Intakes, which is the \"highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects\" specify 10 mg/day for most people, corresponding to 10 L of fluoridated water with no risk. For infants and young children the values are smaller, ranging from 0.7 mg/d for infants to 2.2 mg/d. Water and food sources of fluoride include community water fluoridation, seafood, tea, and gelatin. Soluble fluoride salts, of which sodium", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1369685", "score": "1.0264958", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Water fluoridation in the United States", "text": "that most had fluoride levels well below the 1 mg/L level common in tap waters. Community water fluoridation in the United States is partly due to the research of Dr. Frederick McKay, who pressed the dental community for an investigation into what was then known as \"Colorado Brown Stain.\" The condition, now known as dental fluorosis, when in its severe form is characterized by cracking and pitting of the teeth. Of 2,945 children examined in 1909 by Dr. McKay, 87.5% had some degree of stain or mottling. All the affected children were from the Pikes Peak region. Despite the negative", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13637219", "score": "1.0240695", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Oral hygiene", "text": "Eating a balanced diet and limiting snacks can help prevent tooth decay and periodontal disease. The \"Fédération dentaire internationale\" (FDI World Dental Federation) has promoted foods such as raw vegetables, plain yogurt, cheese, or fruit as dentally beneficial—this has been echoed by the American Dental Association (ADA). Community water fluoridation is the addition of fluoride to adjust the natural fluoride concentration of a community's water supply to the level recommended for optimal dental health, approximately 1.0 ppm (parts per million). Fluoride is a primary protector against dental cavities. Fluoride makes the surface of teeth more resistant to acids during the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11354041", "score": "1.0236697", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Fluorine deficiency", "text": "fluoride is incorporated into their developing enamel. This in turn causes their teeth to become less prone to decay. Therefore, a relationship can be formulated, in that the more fluoride entering the body, the overall decline in the rate of decay. Fluorine is the 13th most aboundant element in the Earth's crust. The ionic form of fluorine is called fluoride. Fluoride is most commonly found as inorganic or organic fluorides such as naturally occurring calcium fluoride or synthetic sodium fluoride. There are a number of sources of fluoride, these include: In Australia fluoride occurs naturally within water supplies, at a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5085908", "score": "1.022491", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Dental fluorosis", "text": "but was recommended by many dentists in the UK until the early 1990s. Dental fluorosis can be prevented by lowering the amount of fluoride intake to below the tolerable upper limit. In November 2006 the American Dental Association published information stating that water fluoridation is safe, effective and healthy; that enamel fluorosis, usually mild and difficult for anyone except a dental health care professional to see, can result from ingesting more than optimal amounts of fluoride in early childhood; that it is safe to use fluoridated water to mix infant formula; and that the probability of babies developing fluorosis can", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5342282", "score": "1.021318", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Tooth enamel", "text": "Fluoride can be found in many locations naturally, such as the ocean and other water sources. The recommended dosage of fluoride in drinking water depends on air temperature. Fluoride catalyzes the diffusion of calcium and phosphate into the tooth surface, which in turn remineralizes the crystalline structures in a dental cavity. The remineralized tooth surfaces contain fluoridated hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite, which resist acid attack much better than the original tooth did. Fluoride therapy is used to help prevent dental decay. Fluoride ion, as an antimicrobial, may activate bacteria fluoride-induced genes associated with fluoride riboswitches. The combination of fluoride ion and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2103949", "score": "1.0202705", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Water fluoridation", "text": "is the main source of fluoride exposure in unfluoridated communities. Other sources include dental products other than toothpaste; air pollution from fluoride-containing coal or from phosphate fertilizers; trona, used to tenderize meat in Tanzania; and tea leaves, particularly the tea bricks favored in parts of China. High fluoride levels have been found in other foods, including barley, cassava, corn, rice, taro, yams, and fish protein concentrate. The U.S. Institute of Medicine has established Dietary Reference Intakes for fluoride: Adequate Intake values range from 0.01 mg/day for infants aged 6 months or less, to 4 mg/day for men aged 19 years", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3352070", "score": "1.0187453", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Halogen", "text": "to 10 grams. Prolonged consumption of fluoride above concentrations of 1.5 mg/L is associated with a risk of dental fluorosis, an aesthetic condition of the teeth. At concentrations above 4 mg/L, there is an increased risk of developing skeletal fluorosis, a condition in which bone fractures become more common due to the hardening of bones. Current recommended levels in water fluoridation, a way to prevent dental caries, range from 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L to avoid the detrimental effects of fluoride while at the same time reaping the benefits. People with levels between normal levels and those required for skeletal fluorosis", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "165513", "score": "1.0162146", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Fluoride toxicity", "text": "for a 50 kg person) than lethal doses. Although it is helpful for dental health in low dosage, chronic exposure to fluoride in large amounts interferes with bone formation. In this way, the most widespread examples of fluoride poisoning arise from consumption of ground water that is abnormally fluoride-rich. For optimal dental health, the World Health Organization recommends a level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L (milligrams per liter), depending on climate. Fluorosis becomes possible above this recommended dosage. As of 2015, the United States Health and Human Services Department recommends a maximum of 0.7 milligrams of fluoride per", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3838192", "score": "1.0153583", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Fluoride", "text": "In areas where water is fluoridated this can be expected to be a significant source of fluoride, however fluoride is also naturally present in virtually all foods and beverages at wide range of concentrations. The maximum safe daily consumption of fluoride is 10 mg/day for an adult (U.S.) or 7 mg/day (European Union). The upper limit of fluoride intake from all sources (fluoridated water, food, beverages, fluoride dental products and dietary fluoride supplements) is set at 0.10 mg/kg/day for infants, toddlers, and children through to 8 years old. For older children and adults, who are no longer at risk for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1369684", "score": "1.0107923", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Water fluoridation in the United States", "text": "to reduce incidences of fluorosis, and (2) to encourage communities with a low concentration of fluoride in drinking water to add fluoride in order to help prevent tooth decay. By 2006, 69.2% of the U.S. population on public water systems were receiving fluoridated water, amounting to 61.5% of the total U.S. population; 3.0% of the population on public water systems were receiving naturally occurring fluoride. In April 2015, fluoride levels in the United States were lowered for the first time in 50 years, to the minimum recommended levels of 0.7ppm, because too much fluoride exposure has become a common issue", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13637222", "score": "1.0089688", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Fluorine deficiency", "text": "concentration of approximately 0.1 mg/L. However, this number varies amongst different populations, as specific fluoridated communities exceed this amount, ranging from 0.6-1.0 mg/L of fluoride present. The process of incorporating more fluoride into water systems is an affordable mechanism that can provide many beneficial effects in the long term. Fluoride toothpaste came into production in the 1890s, after its benefits were investigated. This product has become available to most industrialised countries, and within Australia accounts for \"90% of total toothpaste purchased\". Fluoride supplements were first recognised and highly suggested by health professionals, in areas where the practice of fluoridating water", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5085909", "score": "1.0085757", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Water fluoridation", "text": "the prime source of exposure to fluoride. The effectiveness of water fluoridation can vary according to circumstances such as whether preventive dental care is free to all children. Fluoride's adverse effects depend on total fluoride dosage from all sources. At the commonly recommended dosage, the only clear adverse effect is dental fluorosis, which can alter the appearance of children's teeth during tooth development; this is mostly mild and is unlikely to represent any real effect on aesthetic appearance or on public health. In April 2015, recommended fluoride levels in the United States were changed to 0.7 ppm from 0.7–1.2 ppm", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3352058", "score": "1.0084078", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Fluoridation by country", "text": "average fluoride level of 0.48 mg/L, and a maximum of 0.69 mg/L. Water fluoridation is not practiced in India. Due to naturally-occurring fluoride, both skeletal and dental fluorosis have been endemic in India in at least 20 states, including Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. The maximum permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water in India is 1.2 mg/L, and the government has been obligated to install fluoride removal plants of various technologies to reduce fluoride levels from industrial waste and mineral deposits. Now reverse osmosis plants are widely used. Household and public system reverse osmosis plants are common in the market.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12328150", "score": "1.0062578", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Remineralisation of teeth", "text": "Community water fluoridation is the addition of fluoride in the drinking water with the aim of reducing tooth decay by adjusting the natural fluoride concentration of water to that recommended for improving oral health. The NHMRC released the public statement of efficacy and safety of fluoridation 2007 to set the recommended water fluoridation to the target range of 0.6 to 1.1 mg/L, depending on climate, to balance reduction of dental caries (tooth decay) and occurrence of dental fluorosis (mottling of teeth). Moreover the public statement states that the fluoridation of drinking water is an effective way to ensure the community", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12419637", "score": "1.0037286", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Water fluoridation", "text": "Other reviews have found not enough evidence to determine if water fluoridation reduces oral-health social disparities. Health and dental organizations worldwide have endorsed its safety and effectiveness. Its use began in 1945, following studies of children in a region where higher levels of fluoride occur naturally in the water. Further research showed that moderate fluoridation prevents tooth decay. Fluoridation does not affect the appearance, taste, or smell of drinking water. It is normally accomplished by adding one of three compounds to the water: sodium fluoride, fluorosilicic acid, or sodium fluorosilicate. These compounds were chosen for their solubility, safety, availability, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3352045", "score": "1.0031879", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Water fluoridation", "text": "world reduce fluoride levels to regulated maximum levels in regions where natural levels are high, and the WHO and other groups work with countries and regions in the developing world with naturally excessive fluoride levels to achieve safe levels. The World Health Organization recommends a guideline maximum fluoride value of 1.5 mg/L as a level at which fluorosis should be minimal. In rare cases improper implementation of water fluoridation can result in overfluoridation that causes outbreaks of acute fluoride poisoning, with symptoms that include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Three such outbreaks were reported in the U.S. between 1991 and 1998,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3352063", "score": "1.0028405", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Fluoridation by country", "text": "cavities when water fluoridation was used by children who had no access to other sources of fluoride to be 35% in baby teeth and 26% in permanent teeth. Most European countries have experienced substantial declines in tooth decay without its use. Recent studies suggest that water fluoridation, particularly in industrialized countries, may be unnecessary because topical fluorides (such as in toothpaste) are widely used and caries rates have become low. Although fluoridation can cause dental fluorosis, which can alter the appearance of developing teeth or enamel fluorosis, the differences are mild and usually not considered to be of aesthetic or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12328142", "score": "0.99682915", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Water fluoridation", "text": "to parts per million), depending on the average maximum daily air temperature; the optimal level is lower in warmer climates, where people drink more water, and is higher in cooler climates. These standards are not appropriate for all parts of the world, where fluoride levels might be excessive and fluoride should be removed from water, and is based on assumptions that have become obsolete with the rise of air conditioning and increased use of soft drinks, processed food, fluoridated toothpaste, and other sources of fluorides. In 2011 the World Health Organization stated that 1.5 mg/L should be an absolute upper", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3352049", "score": "0.9966201", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Water fluoridation", "long_answer": "All fluoridation methods, including water fluoridation, create low levels of fluoride ions in saliva and plaque fluid, thus exerting a topical or surface effect. A person living in an area with fluoridated water may experience rises of fluoride concentration in saliva to about 0.04 mg/L several times during a day. Technically, this fluoride does not prevent cavities but rather controls the rate at which they develop. When fluoride ions are present in plaque fluid along with dissolved hydroxyapatite, and the pH is higher than 4.5, a fluorapatite-like remineralized veneer is formed over the remaining surface of the enamel; this veneer is much more acid-resistant than the original hydroxyapatite, and is formed more quickly than ordinary remineralized enamel would be. The cavity-prevention effect of fluoride is mostly due to these surface effects, which occur during and after tooth eruption. Although some systemic (whole-body) fluoride returns to the saliva via blood plasma, and to unerupted teeth via plasma or crypt fluid, there is little data to determine what percentages of fluoride's anticavity effect comes from these systemic mechanisms. Also, although fluoride affects the physiology of dental bacteria, its effect on bacterial growth does not seem to be relevant to cavity prevention.", "chunked_long_answer": "saliva to about 0.04 mg/L several times during a day. Technically, this fluoride does not prevent cavities but rather controls the rate at which they develop. When fluoride ions are present in plaque fluid along with dissolved hydroxyapatite, and the pH is higher than 4.5, a fluorapatite-like remineralized veneer is formed over the remaining surface of the enamel; this veneer is much more acid-resistant than the original hydroxyapatite, and is formed more quickly than ordinary remineralized enamel would be. The cavity-prevention effect of fluoride is mostly due to these surface effects, which occur during and after tooth eruption. Although some", "short_answers": [ "surface of the enamel" ] }

[ "pretectal nucleus", "suprachiasmatic nucleus", "photoreceptor cells", "lateral geniculate nucleus", "optic chiasma" ]

[ { "title": "Optic nerve", "text": "eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species. Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Chiasmal syndrome", "text": "tract on the ipsilateral side. This arrangement allows the left half of the visual field to end up on the right side of the brain and the right half of the visual field to locate to the left side. The optic nerves consist of the axons from the retinal ganglion of each eye. At the chiasm, 53% of the axons from the nasal retina cross the midline to join the uncrossed temporal fibers. These nasal fibers carry information from the temporal visual field. Similarly, the temporal fibers transmit images from the nasal field. The two optic tracts, representing the right", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9683503", "score": "1.1226844", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Optic disc", "text": "Optic disc The optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye. Because there are no rods or cones overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small blind spot in each eye. The ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve after they leave the eye. The optic disc represents the beginning of the optic nerve and is the point where the axons of retinal ganglion cells come together. The optic disc is also the entry point for the major blood vessels that supply the retina. The optic disc in a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3898653", "score": "1.1222651", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Retina", "text": "two of synapses, including the unique ribbon synapse. The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain, and the blood vessels that supply the retina. The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond. Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement, light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina, (including its capillary vessels, not shown) before reaching the rods and cones. Light is absorbed by the retinal pigment epithelium or the choroid (both of which are opaque). The white blood cells in the capillaries in front", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "586603", "score": "1.1216372", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Ophthalmic nerve", "text": "of the trigeminal ganglion as a short, flattened band, about 2.5 cm. long, which passes forward along the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, below the oculomotor and trochlear nerves; just before entering the orbit, through the superior orbital fissure, it divides into three branches, lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary. It carries sensory branches from the eyes, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, frontal sinus, ethmoidal cells, falx cerebri, dura mater in the anterior cranial fossa, superior parts of the tentorium cerebelli, upper eyelid, dorsum of the nose, and anterior part of the scalp. Roughly speaking, the ophthalmic nerve supplies general somatic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6495888", "score": "1.1135236", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Optic disc", "text": "patients without glaucoma. Optic disc The optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye. Because there are no rods or cones overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small blind spot in each eye. The ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve after they leave the eye. The optic disc represents the beginning of the optic nerve and is the point where the axons of retinal ganglion cells come together. The optic disc is also the entry point for the major blood vessels that supply the retina. The optic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3898660", "score": "1.1019411", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Optic disc drusen", "text": "retinal ganglion cell axons. The optic nerve head, or optic disc is the anterior end of the nerve that is in the eye and hence is visible with an ophthalmoscope. It is located nasally and slightly inferior to the macula of the eye. There is a blind spot at the optic disc because there are no rods or cones beneath it to detect light. The central retinal artery and vein can be seen in the middle of the disc as it exits the scleral canal with the optic nerve to supply the retina. The vessels send branches out in all", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9535512", "score": "1.0950676", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Optic neuritis", "text": "nerve comprises axons that emerge from the retina of the eye and carry visual information to the primary visual nuclei, most of which is relayed to the occipital cortex of the brain to be processed into vision. Inflammation of the optic nerve causes loss of vision, usually because of the swelling and destruction of the myelin sheath covering the optic nerve. The most common cause is multiple sclerosis or ischemic optic neuropathy (Blood Clot). Blood Clot that supplies the optic nerve. Up to 50% of patients with MS will develop an episode of optic neuritis, and 20-30% of the time", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "304826", "score": "1.0943782", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Optic neuropathy", "text": "permanent and progressive. The optic nerve contains axons of nerve cells that emerge from the retina, leave the eye at the optic disc, and go to the visual cortex where input from the eye is processed into vision. There are 1.2 million optic nerve fibers that derive from the retinal ganglion cells of the inner retina. Optic neuropathy Optic neuropathy is damage to the optic nerve from any cause. Damage and death of these nerve cells, or neurons, leads to characteristic features of optic neuropathy. The main symptom is loss of vision, with colors appearing subtly washed out in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8917519", "score": "1.0790236", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Sensory root of ciliary ganglion", "text": "Sensory root of ciliary ganglion Sensory fibers from the eyeball (the cornea, iris, and ciliary body) run posteriorly through the short ciliary nerves and pass through the ciliary ganglion without forming synapses. They leave the ciliary ganglion in the sensory root of ciliary ganglion, which joins the nasociliary nerve—a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. From there, the signal travels back through the ophthalmic nerve to the trigeminal nerve and back into specific nuclei in the thalamus where they are relayed to areas in the cerebral cortex. The exact distribution of sensory fibers, like the distribution of sympathetic fibers, is anatomically", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6611760", "score": "1.0751137", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Optic nerve", "text": "(dura, arachnoid, and pia mater) rather than the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves. Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system (as opposed to the peripheral nervous system) are incapable of regeneration, and, hence, optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness. The fibres from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex. The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells. Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers, which are axons", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1346807", "score": "1.072746", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Lacrimal gland", "text": "(which contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion) to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal (vidian nerve) which then traverses through the pterygoid canal to the pterygopalatine ganglion. Here, the fibers synapse and postganglionic fibers join the fibers of the maxillary nerve. In the pterygopalatine fossa itself, the parasympathetic secretomotor fibers branch off with the zygomatic nerve and then branch off again, joining with the lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic division of CN V, which supplies sensory innervation to the lacrimal gland along with the eyelid and conjunctiva. The \"sympathetic postganglionic fibers\" originate from the superior cervical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4150345", "score": "1.0704639", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Ciliary ganglion", "text": "Ciliary ganglion The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located just behind the eye in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and in humans contains approximately 2,500 neurons. The oculomotor nerve coming into the ganglion contains \"preganglionic\" axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (a part of the brainstem) which form synapses with the ciliary neurons. The \"postganglionic\" axons run in the short ciliary nerves and innervate two eye muscles: Both of these muscles are \"involuntary\" – they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. (The others", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6212748", "score": "1.0698919", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Retina", "text": "to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve. Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons, whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. Several important features of visual perception can be traced to the retinal encoding and processing of light. In vertebrate embryonic development, the retina and the optic nerve originate as outgrowths of the developing brain, specifically the embryonic diencephalon; thus, the retina is considered part of the central nervous system (CNS) and is actually brain tissue. It", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "586594", "score": "1.06944", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Retina", "text": "The vertebrate retina has ten distinct layers. From closest to farthest from the vitreous body: These layers can be grouped into 4 main processing stages: photoreception; transmission to bipolar cells; transmission to ganglion cells, which also contain photoreceptors, the photosensitive ganglion cells; and transmission along the optic nerve. At each synaptic stage there are also laterally connecting horizontal and amacrine cells. The optic nerve is a central tract of many axons of ganglion cells connecting primarily to the lateral geniculate body, a visual relay station in the diencephalon (the rear of the forebrain). It also projects to the superior colliculus,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "586599", "score": "1.0692632", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Ciliary ganglion", "text": "to make this distinction. Ciliary ganglion The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located just behind the eye in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and in humans contains approximately 2,500 neurons. The oculomotor nerve coming into the ganglion contains \"preganglionic\" axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (a part of the brainstem) which form synapses with the ciliary neurons. The \"postganglionic\" axons run in the short ciliary nerves and innervate two eye muscles: Both of these muscles are \"involuntary\" – they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6212755", "score": "1.0691819", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Long ciliary nerves", "text": "Long ciliary nerves The long ciliary nerves, two or three in number, are given off from the nasociliary nerve as it crosses the optic nerve. The nasociliary nerve that the long ciliary nerves branch from is itself a branch of the ophthalmic branch (V) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). They accompany the short ciliary nerves from the ciliary ganglion, pierce the posterior part of the sclera, and running forward between it and the choroid, are distributed to the iris and cornea. The long ciliary nerves provide sensory innervation to the eyeball, including the cornea. In addition, they contain sympathetic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7449847", "score": "1.059454", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion", "text": "Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion The sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion is one of three roots of the ciliary ganglion, a tissue mass behind the eye. It contains \"postganglionic\" sympathetic fibers whose cell bodies are located in the superior cervical ganglion. Their axons ascend with the \"internal carotid artery\" as a plexus of nerves, the carotid plexus. Sympathetic fibers innervating the eye separate from the carotid plexus within the cavernous sinus. They run forward through the superior orbital fissure and merge with the long ciliary nerves (branches of the \"nasociliary nerve\") and the short ciliary nerves (from the ciliary ganglion).", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11671807", "score": "1.0591981", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Retinal ganglion cell", "text": "remain in the optic nerve. \"Vax1\", a transcription factor is expressed by the ventral diencephalon and glial cells in the region where the chiasm is formed, and it may also be secreted to control chiasm formation. When RGCs approach the optic chiasm, the point at which the two optic nerves meet, at the ventral diencephalon around E10-E11 in the mouse, they have to make the decision to decussate to the contralateral optic tract or remain in the ipsilateral optic tract. In the mouse, about 5% of RGCs, mostly those coming from the ventral-temporal crescent (VTc) region of the retina, will", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3410598", "score": "1.0588555", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Iris sphincter muscle", "text": "reflex) or during accommodation. In lower animals, the muscle cells themselves are photosensitive causing iris action without brain input. It is controlled by parasympathetic fibers of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3) that originate from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, travel along the oculomotor nerve (CN III), synapse in the ciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via the short ciliary nerves.. The short ciliary nerves then run forward and pierce the sclera at the back of the eye, traveling between the sclera and the choroid to innervate the iris sphincter muscle. Iris sphincter muscle The iris sphincter muscle (pupillary sphincter, pupillary constrictor,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6265704", "score": "1.058789", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Diencephalon", "text": "prosencephlon gradually divides into the telencephalon and the diencephalon. The diencephalon consists of the following structures: The optic nerve (CNII) attaches to the diencephalon. The optic nerve is a sensory (afferent) nerve responsible for vision; it runs from the eye through the optic canal in the skull and attaches to the diencephalon. The retina itself is derived from the optic cup, a part of the embryonic diencephalon. The diencephalon is the region of the embryonic vertebrate neural tube that gives rise to anterior forebrain structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior portion of the pituitary gland, and pineal gland. The diencephalon", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3346684", "score": "1.0585148", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Retinal ganglion cell", "text": "several regions in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon, or midbrain. Retinal ganglion cells vary significantly in terms of their size, connections, and responses to visual stimulation but they all share the defining property of having a long axon that extends into the brain. These axons form the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract. A small percentage of retinal ganglion cells contribute little or nothing to vision, but are themselves photosensitive; their axons form the retinohypothalamic tract and contribute to circadian rhythms and pupillary light reflex, the resizing of the pupil. The six types of retinal neurons are bipolar cells,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3410585", "score": "1.0512687", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Mammalian eye", "text": "percentage of the ganglion cells in the retina contain melanopsin and, thus, are themselves photosensitive. The light information from these cells is not involved in vision and it reaches the brain not directly via the optic nerve but via the retinohypothalamic tract, the RHT. By way of this light information, the body clock's inherent approximate 24-hour cycling is adjusted daily to nature's light/dark cycle. Signals from these photosensitive ganglion cells have at least two other roles in addition. They exercise control over the size of the pupil, and they lead to acute suppression of melatonin secretion by the pineal gland.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12451893", "score": "1.0496299", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion", "text": "short ciliary nerves. These nerves enter the posterior aspect of the eyeball to innervate the sphincter pupillae and ciliaris muscles. The \"sphincter pupillae\" constricts the iris. The \"ciliaris\" muscle changes the shape of the lens, allowing the eye to focus on nearby objects (accommodation). Neither of these muscles is under voluntary control. Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion The parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion provides parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary ganglion. The ciliary ganglion is a \"parasympathetic\" ganglion. Incoming parasympathetic nerve fibers form synapses with the dendrites of nerve cells within the ganglion. However, the ciliary ganglion is not simply a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11671813", "score": "1.048479", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Short ciliary nerves", "text": "the inner surface of the sclera, and are distributed to the ciliary muscle, iris, and cornea. The short ciliary nerve contains parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers. The parasympathetics arise from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and synapse in the ciliary ganglion via the oculomotor nerve, the postganglionic parasympathetics leave the ciliary ganglion in the short ciliary nerve and supply the ciliary body and iris. Sympathetics are provided by the superior cervical ganglion and they reach the ganglion either as branches of the nasociliary nerve or directly from the extension of the plexus on the ophthalmic artery (sympathetic branch to ciliary ganglion). Damage", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7612254", "score": "1.0446714", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Optic nerve", "text": "field terminate more superiorly, to the cuneus. The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception, color perception and contrast (visual acuity). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the light reflex and the accommodation reflex. The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye; the accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye that occurs when one looks at a near object as in reading (lens adjusts to near vision). The eye's blind spot is a result of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1346812", "score": "1.0434574", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Sipuncula", "text": "runs along the esophagus and ends blindly posteriorly. Some evidence points towards their involvement in ultrafiltration. The nervous system consists of a nerve ring (the cerebral ganglion) around the oesophagus, which functions as a brain, and a single ventral nerve cord that runs the length of the body. In some species, there are simple light-sensitive ocelli associated with the brain. Two organs, likely functioning as a unit for chemoreception are located near the anterior margin of the cerebral ganglion: the non-ciliated cerebral organ, which possesses bipolar sensory cells, and the nuchal organ, located posterior to the cerebral organ. Similar light-sensing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "533738", "score": "1.0414805", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion", "text": "the ciliary ganglion) will produce pupillary constriction (miosis) and eyelid droop (ptosis) – the classic signs of Horner's syndrome. Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion innervate blood vessels (vasoconstriction), sweat glands, and 4 eye muscles: the dilator pupillae, the superior tarsal muscle, the inferior tarsal muscle and the orbitalis. The \"dilator pupillae\" dilates the pupil; its action is antagonistic to the \"sphincter pupillae\". Pupil size is therefore under the dual control of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Postsynaptic sympathetic signals that originate in the superior cervical ganglion are carried by the nasociliary nerve or directly extend from the internal carotid", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11671809", "score": "1.0404612", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Pseudunela cornuta", "text": "rhinophore. A small, unpigmented eye is connected by the thin optic nerve to the rhinophoral nerve, slightly anterior to the rhinophoral ganglion. An optic ganglion is attached laterally to each cerebral ganglion and connected to the latter by a thin nerve. The optic ganglion is surrounded by an additional layer of connective tissue shared with the cerebral ganglion. Precerebral anterior accessory ganglia, as described for microhedylacean acochlidians and \"Tantulum elegans\", are absent. A Hancock's organ could not be detected. The paired pedal ganglia lie posteroventrally to the cerebral ganglia, and are connected by a commissure which is slightly longer than", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13903413", "score": "1.0401187", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "OPN1LW", "text": "LWS cone cells into horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and finally ganglion cells before continuing to the brain via the optic nerve. Ganglion cells compile the signal from the LWS cones with all other cone signals that occurred in response to the light that was seen, and pass the overall signal into the optic nerve. The cones themselves do not process colour, it is the brain that decides what colour is being seen by the signal combination it receives from the ganglion cells. Before humans evolved to be a trichromatic species, our vision was dichromatic and consisted of only", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11267463", "score": "1.0396938", "original_retrieval_index": 33 } ]

{ "title": "Optic nerve", "long_answer": "The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibres from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species. Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body.", "chunked_long_answer": "eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species. Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic", "short_answers": [ "lateral geniculate nucleus", "pretectal nucleus", "suprachiasmatic nucleus" ] }

[ "2018" ]

[ { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)", "text": "The show will return in 2018, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 15 December 2017. It is the first series in a new two-year contract.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! (often shortened to I'm a Celebrity or I'm a Celeb) is a British survival reality television game show, created by London Weekend Television (LWT), produced by ITV Studios, and aired live on ITV from Australia. The format sees a group of celebrities living together within an Australian jungle camp, coping with a few creature comforts. Each member not only undertakes in challenges to secure additional food and treats for the group, but also to avoid being voted out by viewers during their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11200515", "score": "1.1898143", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! returned to ITV for an eighth series from 16 November to 5 December 2008. Ant & Dec returned to present the main show on ITV, whilst Matt Willis, Emma Willis and Mark Durden-Smith returned to host spin-off show \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!\" on ITV2. It was the first series to use a redesigned logo, which imitates the Hollywood Sign. The winner of this series was Joe Swash. The show began with 10 celebrity contestants. On 19 November, they", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12168450", "score": "1.1752137", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2)", "text": "to Danniella walking out of the jungle. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. Series average = 8.55 million viewers. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2) The second series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! was broadcast on ITV from 28 April to 12 May 2003. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Mark Durden-Smith and former contestant Tara Palmer-Tomkinson hosted the spin-off show \"I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here... Now!\" on ITV2. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13997082", "score": "1.1670554", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 10)", "text": "camp.<br> Official ratings are taken from the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 10) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned for its tenth series on 14 November 2010. It ran for 3 weeks. Ant & Dec returned as the presenters for the main show, and its spin off show \"Get Me out of Here... Now\" returned, with Caroline Flack and Joe Swash as main presenters. On 4 December 2010, singer Stacey Solomon won the show. On 10 November, ITV officially confirmed the 10 celebrities taking part. Dom Joly, Gail Porter and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14118069", "score": "1.1654851", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17) \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\" returned for its seventeenth series on 19 November 2017 on ITV. The series is the third in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show in December 2016. In October 2017, it was confirmed that Ant & Dec will return to host the series, despite rumours suggesting that the pair would not be present due to Ant's admittance to rehab earlier in the year for drugs and alcohol addiction. \"Made in Chelsea\" star Georgia", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19855402", "score": "1.1585846", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12)", "text": "are signed and again before entering the jungle. We also have contact where necessary with the celebrities' GPs. Medical personnel are also available 24 hours a day in Australia to provide support if needed.\" I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12) \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\" returned for its twelfth series on 11 November 2012 and finished on 1 December 2012. Ant & Dec returned as main hosts, with Laura Whitmore and Joe Swash returning as hosts of spin-off show \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!\". On 16 June 2012, it was announced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16205575", "score": "1.1575925", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1)", "text": "million viewers. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1) The first series of 'I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!' was broadcast on ITV from 25 August to 8 September 2002. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Louise Loughman hosted the spin-off show \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!\" on ITV2. The winner of this series was radio DJ Tony Blackburn. The show began with 8 celebrity contestants. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. Series average", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13996878", "score": "1.1574255", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1) The first series of 'I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!' was broadcast on ITV from 25 August to 8 September 2002. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Louise Loughman hosted the spin-off show \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!\" on ITV2. The winner of this series was radio DJ Tony Blackburn. The show began with 8 celebrity contestants. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. Series average = 7.57", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13996877", "score": "1.154889", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", "text": "by ITV Studios and has been licensed globally to countries including the United States, Germany, France, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, Romania, Australia and India. The UK, German and the 2003 US versions of the series take place in New South Wales, Australia, at a permanently-built up camp in Dungay near Murwillumbah. However the first UK series of the show was filmed on a smaller site at King Ranch, near Tully, Queensland, in Australia. The Australian series is filmed in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Other versions of the show have been filmed in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Suriname, Indonesia", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2599112", "score": "1.1520935", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", "text": "ITV to end the \"abuse of animals\" in \"I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!\". He described the trials as \"out of date\" and \"silly\". Colour: Upcoming Season I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! is a reality TV series in which a number of celebrities live together in a jungle environment for a number of weeks. They have no luxuries, and compete to be crowned \"King\" or \"Queen of the Jungle\". The show was originally created in the United Kingdom by the factual programmes department of ITV's then London franchise, London", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2599116", "score": "1.1424638", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. season 2)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. season 2) The second season of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me out of Here! premiered on June 1, 2009 and concluded on June 24, 2009. The season, aired on NBC, a revival of the ABC series of the same name and continued to follow the same format as the original British series. It is also broadcast in Ireland and the United Kingdom. In Ireland, the show airs on TV3, three days behind the original NBC airings, and in the UK, it airs on ITV2 with a seven-day delay. This show has been airing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13380080", "score": "1.1381172", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (often referred to as I'm a Celebrity) is an American reality television series based on the British television show of the same name, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few comforts. The series is produced by ITV, Independent Television, a British company, and was picked up from ABC, which aired in early 2003. The new series, shown on NBC, ran for 14 episodes, and followed the same format as the United Kingdom version of the same show. On March 8, 2010,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13397328", "score": "1.1373522", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8)", "text": "in the second battle. This feature replaced the 'Celebrity Chests' for five episodes. All ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! returned to ITV for an eighth series from 16 November to 5 December 2008. Ant & Dec returned to present the main show on ITV, whilst Matt Willis, Emma Willis and Mark Durden-Smith returned to host spin-off show \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!\" on ITV2. It was the first series to use a redesigned logo,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12168454", "score": "1.1366732", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 7)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 7) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned to ITV for its seventh series on 12 November, and ran until 30 November 2007. Series 6 winner Matt Willis and his fiancée, Emma Griffiths, presented spin-off show \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!\" in Australia, while Mark Durden-Smith returned to front the United Kingdom segment of the show. The \"I'm a Celebrity...Exclusive\" teatime programme is not shown as part of the new series. The official line-up was confirmed by ITV on 10 November 2007. The series was won by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11217273", "score": "1.1346827", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5)", "text": "in the trial I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5) The fifth series of \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\" began on 20 November 2005 and ended on 5 December 2005. The programme ran for 16 days (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by Carol Thatcher. 12 contestants participated, one more than in the previous series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public, up until the first eviction, when the campers decide who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12734958", "score": "1.1339238", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 10)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 10) I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned for its tenth series on 14 November 2010. It ran for 3 weeks. Ant & Dec returned as the presenters for the main show, and its spin off show \"Get Me out of Here... Now\" returned, with Caroline Flack and Joe Swash as main presenters. On 4 December 2010, singer Stacey Solomon won the show. On 10 November, ITV officially confirmed the 10 celebrities taking part. Dom Joly, Gail Porter and Alison Hammond, initially reported to be joining the show, were not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14118063", "score": "1.1309443", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12) \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\" returned for its twelfth series on 11 November 2012 and finished on 1 December 2012. Ant & Dec returned as main hosts, with Laura Whitmore and Joe Swash returning as hosts of spin-off show \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!\". On 16 June 2012, it was announced that Russell Kane would be leaving \"Get Me Out of Here! NOW!\". He has been replaced by comedian Rob Beckett. On 1 December 2012, the series was won by \"EastEnders\" actress Charlie Brooks, with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16205564", "score": "1.1302023", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13) \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\" returned for its thirteenth series on 17 November 2013 on ITV, and ended on 8 December 2013. The show was confirmed to be returning to ITV at the end of the previous series. On 21 October 2013, two teasers were revealed for the new series, which were broadcast on air across the ITV network in the run up to the series' premiere. Ant & Dec both returned as presenters of the show, whilst Joe Swash, Laura Whitmore and Rob Beckett returned to present", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17344145", "score": "1.1262286", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2) The second series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! was broadcast on ITV from 28 April to 12 May 2003. Ant & Dec presented the main show on ITV, whilst Mark Durden-Smith and former contestant Tara Palmer-Tomkinson hosted the spin-off show \"I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here... Now!\" on ITV2. The winner of this series was former English cricketer Phil Tufnell. The series was sponsored by the energy drink V. The show began with ten celebrity contestants: There was no elimination on Day 9 due", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13997081", "score": "1.1242849", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 14)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 14) \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\" returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014 on ITV and ended on 7 December 2014. The show was confirmed to be returning to ITV at the end of the previous series. On 22 October 2014, the trailer was revealed for the new series, which was broadcast on air across the ITV network in the run up to the series' premiere. Ant & Dec both returned as presenters of the show, whilst Joe Swash, Laura Whitmore and Rob Beckett returned to present", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17729836", "score": "1.123806", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16) \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\" returned for its sixteenth series on 13 November 2016 on ITV. It was the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the \"Coming Out\" show on 9 December 2015. Following the end of the previous series, the spin-off show, \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!\" was rebranded \"I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp\". It was also announced that Laura Whitmore and David Morgan had quit the show and were replaced by Vicky Pattison, Stacey", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19199280", "score": "1.1206324", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16)", "text": "a question is asked to the celebrities still in camp via the telephone box. It is often joked that Ant & Dec make up these questions and their answers. If the question is answered correctly, the celebrities can take the items back to camp. If wrong, they receive nothing and Kiosk Keith will close the shack. Official ratings are taken from BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16) \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\" returned for its sixteenth series on 13 November 2016 on ITV. It was the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19199283", "score": "1.1179842", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 4)", "text": "ratings are taken from the UK Programme Ratings website, BARB. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 4) The fourth series of \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\" began on 21 November 2004 and ended on 6 December 2004. The programme ran for 16 days, one more than in the previous series (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by comedian Joe Pasquale. 11 contestants participated, one more than in the previous two series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. Day", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12738846", "score": "1.1177758", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5) The fifth series of \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\" began on 20 November 2005 and ended on 5 December 2005. The programme ran for 16 days (18 days if counting the day the celebrities arrived and the morning the finalists exited). The series was won by Carol Thatcher. 12 contestants participated, one more than in the previous series. The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. The participants are chosen by the public, up until the first eviction, when the campers decide who will take part", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12734957", "score": "1.1167998", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 14)", "text": "camp. If wrong, they receive nothing and Kiosk Keith will close the shack. The second and third challenges had a twist with them, and was sabotaged by members of the \"Celebrity Intelligence Agency \" (CIA). Official ratings are taken from BARB. There were no shows on the 18 and 25 November due to live Champions League football being shown On ITV, but \"Get Me Out of Here! NOW!\" still aired as normal. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 14) \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\" returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014 on ITV", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17729839", "score": "1.1105152", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)", "text": "November – 6 December 2004: 12 contestants, broadcast from 20 November – 5 December 2005: 12 contestants, broadcast from 13 November – 1 December 2006: 11 contestants, broadcast from 12–30 November 2007: 12 contestants, broadcast from 16 November – 5 December 2008: 13 contestants, broadcast from 15 November – 4 December 2009: \"I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here!\" returned on 14 November 2010 at 9 pm on ITV and ITV1 HD for its tenth series, as confirmed by presenters Ant and Dec at the end of the \"Coming Out\" show at the conclusion of series 9. This is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11200530", "score": "1.1086863", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13)", "text": "achieved the highest ever rating for an opening \"I'm a Celebrity\" episode. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13) \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\" returned for its thirteenth series on 17 November 2013 on ITV, and ended on 8 December 2013. The show was confirmed to be returning to ITV at the end of the previous series. On 21 October 2013, two teasers were revealed for the new series, which were broadcast on air across the ITV network in the run up to the series' premiere. Ant & Dec both returned as presenters of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17344152", "score": "1.1079359", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 6)", "text": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 6) I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! returned to ITV for a sixth series on Monday 13 November 2006 and ran until Friday 1 December 2006. Once again the series was hosted by Ant and Dec. Kelly Osbourne and Brendon Burns initially presented the ITV2 spin-off show \"I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here!\" with Burns broadcasting from London, and Osbourne from Australia. However Burns was later replaced by Mark Durden Smith, and Osbourne was joined by Steve Wilson, and later Jeff Brazier. The \"I'm a Celebrity...Exclusive\" teatime", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12726538", "score": "1.104987", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)", "text": "confirmed that Holly Willoughby will replace McPartlin as co-presenter alongside Declan Donnelly. The lineup was confirmed on 12 November. Note for \"Average rating\": Since 2010 incl. HD viewers and since 2011 incl. \"ITV +1\" consumers. A companion show, I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp (previously I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW! from 2002–2015) is broadcast on ITV2 following every episode. It has been shown since the first series in 2002 and has featured a variety of presenters. The show is currently presented by Scarlett Moffatt, Joel Dommett and Joe Swash. I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11200535", "score": "1.102187", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)", "long_answer": "The show will return in 2018, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 15 December 2017. It is the first series in a new two-year contract.", "chunked_long_answer": "The show will return in 2018, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 15 December 2017. It is the first series in a new two-year contract.", "short_answers": [ "2018" ] }

[ "other states", "South Carolina", "California", "Georgia" ]

[ { "title": "Peach", "text": "The U.S. state of Georgia is known as the \"Peach State\" due to its significant production of peaches as early as 1571, with exports to other states occurring around 1858. In 2014, Georgia was third in US peach production behind California and South Carolina.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Peach (fruit)", "text": "a number of colonial-era newspaper articles make reference to nectarines being grown in the United States prior to the Revolutionary War. 28 March 1768 edition of the \"New York Gazette\" (p. 3), for example, mentions a farm in Jamaica, Long Island, New York, where nectarines were grown. Peacherine is claimed to be a cross between a peach and a nectarine, and are marketed in Australia and New Zealand. The fruit is intermediate in appearance between a peach and a nectarine, large and brightly colored like a red peach. The flesh of the fruit is usually yellow, but white varieties also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20609416", "score": "1.0223036", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Peach production in China", "text": "peaches to the U.S. during 2010 was valued at about US$55 million. The peach is indigenous to China, with its historical records traced from fossil stones in Wu County in Jiangsu province, during archaeological excavations. The two types of peaches (\"Prunus persica\", a deciduous fruit) are clingstone and freestone; the history and cultivation of both types have been traced as far back as 1000 BCE in China. They are now grown worldwide. Although its botanical name \"Prunus persica\" suggests that the peach is native to Persia, peaches actually originated in China, where they have been cultivated since the early days", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15689846", "score": "1.0220575", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Peach", "text": "to the putative original domestication that is supposed to have taken place in China about 4,000–5,000 years ago, the second is related to the western germplasm and is due to the early dissemination of the peach in Europe from China and the more recent breeding activities in the United States and Europe. These bottlenecks highlighted the substantial reduction of genetic diversity associated with domestication and breeding activities. Peaches grow in a fairly limited range in dry, continental or temperate climates, since the trees have a chilling requirement that tropical or subtropical areas generally do not satisfy except at high altitudes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "617575", "score": "0.9952074", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Peach", "text": "white flesh typically are very sweet with little acidity, while yellow-fleshed peaches typically have an acidic tang coupled with sweetness, though this also varies greatly. Both colors often have some red on their skin. Low-acid white-fleshed peaches are the most popular kinds in China, Japan, and neighbouring Asian countries, while Europeans and North Americans have historically favoured the acidic, yellow-fleshed cultivars. The scientific name \"persica\", along with the word \"peach\" itself and its cognates in many European languages, derives from an early European belief that peaches were native to Persia (modern-day Iran). The Ancient Romans referred to the peach as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "617568", "score": "0.9931002", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Peach", "text": "China alone produced 58% of the world's total for peaches and nectarines in 2016. \"Prunus persica\" grows up to tall and wide. However, when pruned properly, trees are usually tall and wide. The leaves are lanceolate, long, broad, pinnately veined. The flowers are produced in early spring before the leaves; they are solitary or paired, 2.5–3 cm diameter, pink, with five petals. The fruit has yellow or whitish flesh, a delicate aroma, and a skin that is either velvety (peaches) or smooth (nectarines) in different cultivars. The flesh is very delicate and easily bruised in some cultivars, but is fairly", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "617566", "score": "0.9818012", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Peach (fruit)", "text": "Peach (fruit) A peach is a soft, juicy and fleshy stone fruit produced by a peach tree. Peaches were cultivated in China as far back as 8,000 years ago, with domestication at least 4,000 years ago. The peach is deeply interwoven into Chinese traditions. Hundreds of peach and nectarine cultivars are known. These are classified into two categories — the freestones and the clingstones, depending on whether the flesh sticks to the stone or not. Freestones are those whose flesh separates readily from the pit. Clingstones are those whose flesh clings tightly to the pit. Some cultivars are partially freestone", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20609411", "score": "0.97859406", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Peach production in China", "text": "Peach production in China China, the world's leading producer of fruit, is also by far the leading producer of peaches. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, as of 2010, peach production in China was 10 million tonnes (11 million short tons), accounting for 50% of world production. Other leading peach producers are Italy (10%), Spain (7%) and the United States (6%). Since most of China's peaches are for domestic consumption, China is not the world's largest exporter of peaches, but instead ranks as the fifth-largest peach exporter, behind Spain, Italy, France and the United States (4th). China's export of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15689845", "score": "0.97190934", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Peach", "text": "suggest peaches originated in China, where they have been cultivated since the neolithic period. Until recently, it was believed that the cultivation started 2000 BC. More recent evidence indicates that domestication occurred as early as 6000 BC in Zhejiang Province of China. The oldest archaeological peach stones are from the Kuahuqiao site. Archaeologists point to the Yangtze River Valley as the place where the early selection for favorable peach varieties probably took place. Peaches were mentioned in Chinese writings and literature beginning from the early 1st millennium BC. A domesticated peach appeared very early in Japan, in 6700–6400 BP (4700–4400", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "617570", "score": "0.97128177", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Peach (color)", "text": "color name in English was in 1588. The etymology of the color peach (and the fruit): the word comes from the Middle English \"peche\", derived from Middle French, in turn derived from Latin \"persica\", i.e., \"the fruit from Persia\". In actuality, the ultimate origin of the peach fruit was from China. Displayed at right is the web color peach puff. Displayed at right is the deep tone of peach called \"peach\" in Crayola crayons. Prior to 1962, it was known as \"flesh\", but the name was changed to \"peach\", ostensibly in recognition of the Civil Rights Movement. Interior Design Religion", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3651182", "score": "0.96167535", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Peach production in China", "text": "at 3.5 tonnes per mu (5,200 t/km). Export forecast for 2010 was 52,000 tonnes, an increase of 30% over the previous year; this is attributed to better cold storage facilities and increase in demand from Southeast Asia, Central Europe and Russia. The native peach of China is categorised under two major groups, namely, the cultivars and the ecotypes. North China has the Mitao cultivars, which bear larger fruits with a firm flesh. These are grown in Feicheng and Yidou in Shandong province, Shenzhou in Hebei province, Liquan and Fuping in Shaanxi province and Zhenging and Zhangye in Gansu province. Other", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15689851", "score": "0.9592209", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Peach", "text": "a ripe peach was also a symbol to imply a ripe state of good health. Caravaggio paintings introduce realism by painting peach leaves that are molted, discolored or in some cases have wormholes – conditions common in modern peach cultivation. Peach The peach (\"Prunus persica\") is a deciduous tree native to the region of Northwest China between the Tarim Basin and the north slopes of the Kunlun Mountains, where it was first domesticated and cultivated. It bears an edible juicy fruit called a peach or a nectarine. The specific name \"persica\" refers to its widespread cultivation in Persia (modern-day Iran),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "617596", "score": "0.94663906", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Peach (fruit)", "text": "and clingstone, so are called semifree. Freestone types are preferred for eating fresh, while clingstone types are for canning. The fruit flesh may be creamy white to deep yellow; the hue and shade of the color depends on the cultivar. Peaches with white flesh typically are very sweet with little acidity, while yellow-fleshed peaches typically have an acidic tang coupled with sweetness, though this also varies greatly. Both colors often have some red on their skin. Low-acid white-fleshed peaches are the most popular kinds in China, Japan, and neighbouring Asian countries, while Europeans and North Americans have historically favoured the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20609412", "score": "0.9421727", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Peach (fruit)", "text": "acidic, yellow-fleshed cultivars. Peach breeding has favored cultivars with more firmness, more red color, and shorter fuzz on the fruit surface. These characteristics ease shipping and supermarket sales by improving eye appeal. However, this selection process has not necessarily led to increased flavor. Peaches have a short shelf life, so commercial growers typically plant a mix of different cultivars to have fruit to ship all season long. The variety \"P. persica\" var. \"nucipersica\" (or var. \"nectarina\"), commonly called nectarine, has a smooth skin. It is on occasion referred to as a \"shaved peach\" or \"fuzzless peach\", due to its lack", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20609413", "score": "0.94190896", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Peach", "text": "firm in some commercial varieties, especially when green. The single, large seed is red-brown, oval shaped, approximately 1.3–2 cm long, and is surrounded by a wood-like husk. Peaches, along with cherries, plums and apricots, are stone fruits (drupes). There are various heirloom varieties, including the Indian Peach, or Indian Blood Peach, which arrives in the latter part of the summer, and can have color ranging from red and white, to purple. Cultivated peaches are divided into clingstones and freestones, depending on whether the flesh sticks to the stone or not; both can have either white or yellow flesh. Peaches with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "617567", "score": "0.9401827", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Peach (fruit)", "text": "urticaria, angioedema, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms). Adverse reactions are related to the \"freshness\" of the fruit: peeled or canned fruit may be tolerated. Some 110 chemical compounds contribute to peach aroma, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, polyphenols and terpenoids. Peach (fruit) A peach is a soft, juicy and fleshy stone fruit produced by a peach tree. Peaches were cultivated in China as far back as 8,000 years ago, with domestication at least 4,000 years ago. The peach is deeply interwoven into Chinese traditions. Hundreds of peach and nectarine cultivars are known. These are classified into two categories — the freestones", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20609420", "score": "0.9400151", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Peach", "text": "BC), during the Jōmon period. It was already similar to modern cultivated forms, where the peach stones are significantly larger and more compressed than earlier stones. This domesticated type of peach was brought into Japan from China. Nevertheless, in China itself, this variety is currently attested only at a later date of c. 5300 to 4300 BP. In India, the peach first appeared by c. 3700 BP (1700 BC), during the Harappan period. It is also found elsewhere in Western Asia in ancient times. Peach cultivation reached Greece by 300 BC. It is often claimed that Alexander the Great introduced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "617571", "score": "0.93660575", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Peach production in China", "text": "fresh market through well organised distribution centres. Fruit is harvested when about 80% ripe and then packed in cardboard boxes before dispatch to marketing centres. Export of fresh white-fleshed melting peach has been a trend in recent years and processed products (such as canned, dried, sliced dry products, juices, tea, beer, fruit jelly and candies) are exported to Europe and the US. Peach production in China China, the world's leading producer of fruit, is also by far the leading producer of peaches. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, as of 2010, peach production in China was 10 million tonnes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15689855", "score": "0.93554676", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Peach", "text": "flavor. Peaches have a short shelf life, so commercial growers typically plant a mix of different cultivars to have fruit to ship all season long. Different countries have different cultivars. In the United Kingdom, for example, these cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit: The variety \"P. persica\" var. \"nucipersica\" (or var. \"nectarina\"), commonly called nectarine, has a smooth skin. It is on occasion referred to as a \"shaved peach\" or \"fuzzless peach\", due to its lack of fuzz or short hairs. Peacherine is claimed to be a cross between a peach and a nectarine, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "617580", "score": "0.9321106", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Peach", "text": "\"malum persicum\" \"Persian apple\", later becoming French \"pêche\", hence the English \"peach\". The scientific name, \"Prunus persica\", literally means \"Persian plum\", as it is closely related to the plum. Fossil endocarps with characteristics indistinguishable from those of modern peaches have been recovered from late Pliocene deposits in Kunming, dating to 2.6 million years ago. In the absence of evidence that the plants were in other ways identical to the modern peach, the name \"Prunus kunmingensis\" has been assigned to these fossils. Although its botanical name \"Prunus persica\" refers to Persia (present Iran) from where it came to Europe, genetic studies", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "617569", "score": "0.930465", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Peaches of Immortality", "text": "the stories and the peach's association with long-life, peach is a common decoration (the fruit or an image thereof) on traditional birthday cakes and pastries in China. Another peach-related folktale from East Asia is the Momotarō. Peaches of Immortality In Chinese mythology, Peaches of Immortality ( or ) are consumed by the immortals due to their mystic virtue of conferring longevity on all who eat them. Peaches symbolizing immortality (or the wish for a long and healthy life) are a common symbol in Chinese art, appearing in depictions or descriptions in a number of fables, paintings, and other forms of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9468375", "score": "0.9244631", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Peach", "text": "the fruit into Europe after he conquered the Persians, although there is no historical evidence for this belief. Peaches were, however, well known to the Romans in the 1st century AD, and were cultivated widely in Emilia-Romagna. Peach trees are portrayed in the wall paintings of the towns destroyed by the Vesuvius eruption of 79 AD, while the oldest known artistic representations of the fruit are in two fragments of wall paintings, dated to the 1st century AD, in Herculaneum, now preserved in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples. The peach was brought to the Americas by Spanish explorers in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "617572", "score": "0.9226699", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Garden Peach", "text": "orange juice, but with a greater effect. This heirloom is colored exactly like a peach and has a sweet mild flavor. Fruits are 2-4 oz. and perfect for salads. The vines are prolific and very easy to grow in poor soil. Garden Peaches have soft skins and mature in 65 days on average. They are suited to containers. Garden Peach Garden Peach tomatoes are a cultivar of tomato, native South American fruit mainly from Peru, where they are known as \"Coconas\". Its small, bright yellow fruit is the standard globe shape of tomato. With its yellow coloring, blushing vaguely pink", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7333705", "score": "0.9205978", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Peach", "text": "Peach The peach (\"Prunus persica\") is a deciduous tree native to the region of Northwest China between the Tarim Basin and the north slopes of the Kunlun Mountains, where it was first domesticated and cultivated. It bears an edible juicy fruit called a peach or a nectarine. The specific name \"persica\" refers to its widespread cultivation in Persia (modern-day Iran), from where it was transplanted to Europe. It belongs to the genus \"Prunus\" which includes the cherry, apricot, almond and plum, in the rose family. The peach is classified with the almond in the subgenus \"Amygdalus\", distinguished from the other", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "617564", "score": "0.9200808", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Garden Peach", "text": "Garden Peach Garden Peach tomatoes are a cultivar of tomato, native South American fruit mainly from Peru, where they are known as \"Coconas\". Its small, bright yellow fruit is the standard globe shape of tomato. With its yellow coloring, blushing vaguely pink mottling when very ripe, and fuzzy skin, it resembles a peach. This cultivar is also extremely prolific. It is rich in iron and vitamin B. The plant grows naturally between 200 and 1,000 metres from Colombia to Ecuador and Perú. Studies have shown they may lower cholesterol when eaten, or their juice drunk, regularly, similar to oranges or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7333704", "score": "0.9188356", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Peach production in China", "text": "the early 1st millennium BC. Peaches play an important role in Chinese mythology and history and were said to have magical powers. Peaches are mentioned in many ancient pieces of Chinese literature and art, such as Tao Yuanming's \"The Tale of the Peach-Blossom Spring\". In addition, the results of archaeological excavations in Banpo village, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province support references in ancient manuscripts to 17 different fruits, mostly deciduous and including peaches, beginning with \"Shi Jing\", an ancient record of songs scripted in 1000 BC. Archaeological finds testify to a well-developed agricultural knowledge base in pomology. The Chinese knew about cultivar", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15689848", "score": "0.9188151", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Peach production in China", "text": "Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei; the Yunnan-Guizhou high plateau in Yunnan, Guizhou and southwest Sichuan; the Qinghai-Tibet cold plateau; the cold northeast in Jilin and Heilongjiang; and finally the subtropical region of Southern China, particularly to the south of the Yangtze, in the provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, southern Hunan, north Guangdong, north Guangxi and Taiwan. Peach/nectarine production for the year 2010 (January to December) was reported to be 10 million tonnes from an area of . While the area decreased by 1% over the previous year, production recorded an increase of 2%. In the well-managed areas of Shadang, yield was reported", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15689850", "score": "0.9185618", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Peach (fruit)", "text": "with much overlap. The lack of skin fuzz can make nectarine skins appear more reddish than those of peaches, contributing to the fruit's plum-like appearance. The lack of down on nectarines' skin also means their skin is more easily bruised than peaches. The history of the nectarine is unclear; the first recorded mention in English is from 1616, but they had probably been grown much earlier within the native range of the peach in central and eastern Asia. Although one source states that nectarines were introduced into the United States by David Fairchild of the Department of Agriculture in 1906,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20609415", "score": "0.9160541", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Peach (fruit)", "text": "of fuzz or short hairs. Though fuzzy peaches and nectarines are regarded commercially as different fruits, with nectarines often erroneously believed to be a crossbreed between peaches and plums, or a \"peach with a plum skin\", nectarines belong to the same species as peaches. Several genetic studies have concluded nectarines are produced due to a recessive allele, whereas a fuzzy peach skin is dominant. Nectarines have arisen many times from peach trees, often as bud sports. As with peaches, nectarines can be white or yellow, and clingstone or freestone. On average, nectarines are slightly smaller and sweeter than peaches, but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20609414", "score": "0.91507435", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Peach", "text": "are marketed in Australia and New Zealand. The fruit is intermediate in appearance between a peach and a nectarine, large and brightly colored like a red peach. The flesh of the fruit is usually yellow, but white varieties also exist. The Koanga Institute lists varieties that ripen in the Southern Hemisphere in February and March. Flat peaches or \"pan-tao\" have a flattened shape in contrast to ordinary rounded peaches. Most peach trees sold by nurseries are cultivars budded or grafted onto a suitable rootstock. Common rootstocks are 'Lovell Peach', 'Nemaguard Peach', \"Prunus besseyi\", and 'Citation'. This is done to improve", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "617581", "score": "0.91076183", "original_retrieval_index": 32 } ]

{ "title": "Peach", "long_answer": "The U.S. state of Georgia is known as the \"Peach State\" due to its significant production of peaches as early as 1571, with exports to other states occurring around 1858. In 2014, Georgia was third in US peach production behind California and South Carolina.", "chunked_long_answer": "The U.S. state of Georgia is known as the \"Peach State\" due to its significant production of peaches as early as 1571, with exports to other states occurring around 1858. In 2014, Georgia was third in US peach production behind California and South Carolina.", "short_answers": [ "California", "Georgia", "South Carolina", "other states" ] }

[ "1992" ]

[ { "title": "Lead-based paint in the United Kingdom", "text": "Most lead-based paint in the United Kingdom was banned from sale to the general public in 1992, apart from for specialist uses. Prior to this lead compounds had been used as the pigment and drying agent in different types of paint, for example brick and some tile paints", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Lead paint", "text": "and furniture containing lead paint. The cited reason was \"to reduce the risk of lead poisoning in children who may ingest paint chips or peelings\". For manufacturers, the CPSC instituted the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, which changed the cap on lead content in paint from 0.06% to 0.009% starting August 14, 2009. In 2018 the State of Delaware banned the use of lead paint on outdoor structures. In April 2010 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency required that all renovators working in homes built before 1978 and disturbing more than six square feet of lead paint inside the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5230948", "score": "1.1102058", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Lead-based paint in the United States", "text": "paint. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control performs regular studies of housing-based health hazards in the U.S. Lead-based paint in the United States Lead-based paint was widely used in the United States, because of its durability. The United States banned the manufacture of lead-based house paint in 1978 due to health concerns. Lead has long been considered to be a harmful environmental pollutant. Cited cases of lead poisoning date back to the early 20th century. In the July 1904 edition of its monthly publication, paint manufacturer Sherwin-Williams reported the dangers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13422482", "score": "1.0643878", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Lead-based paint in the United States", "text": "Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, Louis Wade Sullivan, called lead the \"number one environmental threat to the health of children in the United States.\" Humans are exposed to lead in many ways. These can be through air, drinking water, food, contaminated soil, deteriorating paint, and dust. Airborne lead enters the body by breathing or swallowing lead particles or dust once it has settled. Old lead-based paint is the most significant source of lead exposure in the U.S. Most homes built before 1960 contain heavily leaded paint. Some homes built as recently as 1978 may also contain", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13422467", "score": "1.0606372", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Lead paint", "text": "working in factories processing lead paint and lead sugar. In 1786, Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter warning a friend about the hazards of lead and lead paint, which he considered well-established. The League of Nations began efforts to ban lead paint in 1921. Lead paint is hazardous. It can cause nervous system damage, stunted growth, kidney damage, and delayed development. It is dangerous to children because it tastes sweet, therefore encouraging children to put lead chips and toys with lead dust in their mouths. Lead paint is dangerous to adults and can cause reproductive problems in men or women. Decreases", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5230945", "score": "1.0562704", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Baltimore Lead Paint Study", "text": "using children as patients in studies. The defense argued that the study did not actually put the subjects in risk since the administrators of study only reduced lead content and collected blood rather than explicitly inducing lead poisoning in children and that the parents ultimately still had the choice to live elsewhere. The study supposedly had some merit, mainly regarding the takeaways that could be made based on the results. The results brought the benefit of understanding that lead paint quality/condition was more harmful than concentration of lead in paint due to increased likelihood of ingesting paint or dust from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20110870", "score": "1.0502293", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Lead-based paint in the United States", "text": "lead paint. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics monitors blood lead levels in the United States. Experts use a new level based on the U.S. population of children ages 1-5 years who are in the top 2.5% of children when tested for lead in their blood (when compared to children who are exposed to more lead than most children). Currently that is 5 micrograms per deciliter of lead in blood. The U.S. government defines \"lead-based paint\" as any \"paint, surface coating that contains lead equal to or exceeding one milligram per square", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13422468", "score": "1.0480218", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Lead-based paint in the United States", "text": "for the presence of lead, but they are not reliable and not authorized by HUD to be used in determining if a property is lead-based-paint free. The home's year of construction can be a clue as to the likelihood that lead is present in its paint. As of April 2011, 87% of homes built before 1940 contain at least some lead paint, homes built between 1940 and 1960 have a 69% chance of containing such paint, homes built between 1960 and 1978 have a 24% chance of containing lead paint, while homes built after 1978 are unlikely to have lead-based", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13422481", "score": "1.0465133", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Baltimore Lead Paint Study", "text": "1951, Baltimore was the first city to ban the use of lead paint in new housing, starting a move towards abating the amount of lead use at home. 27 years later, in 1978 the Consumer Product Safety Commission laid down a nationwide ban of lead paint in the United States. The Kennedy Krieger Institute is a branch of Johns Hopkins that provides medical care, rehabilitation, and research, especially emphasizing research geared towards children with learning and physical disabilities arising from neurodegenerative disorders. Lead’s effects on the nervous system manifests into reduced cognitive ability, especially in children. Once lead paint was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20110864", "score": "1.0440749", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Lead poisoning", "text": "amount of lead in paint; for example, a 1978 law in the US restricted the lead in paint for residences, furniture, and toys to 0.06% or less. In October 2008, the US Environmental Protection Agency reduced the allowable lead level by a factor of ten to 0.15 micrograms per cubic meter of air, giving states five years to comply with the standards. The European Union's Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive limits amounts of lead and other toxic substances in electronics and electrical equipment. In some places, remediation programs exist to reduce the presence of lead when it is found to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2007346", "score": "1.0438015", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Lead poisoning", "text": "that 38 million housing units in the US had lead-based paint, down from a 1990 estimate of 64 million. Deteriorating lead paint can produce dangerous lead levels in household dust and soil. Deteriorating lead paint and lead-containing household dust are the main causes of chronic lead poisoning. The lead breaks down into the dust and since children are more prone to crawling on the floor, it is easily ingested. Many young children display pica, eating things that are not food. Even a small amount of a lead-containing product such as a paint chip or a sip of glaze can contain", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2007309", "score": "1.0416956", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Lead safe work practices", "text": "is high are particularly vulnerable to lead exposure. Their work creates contaminated dust which they then inhale. They can also put their families at risk by bringing contaminated dust home on their work clothes. The National Safety Council emphasizes that everyone should be aware of the potential presence of lead paint in homes built prior to 1978, and notes that…”such awareness is particularly important for those engaged in the building trades, as well as do-it-yourselfers, to learn how to perform their work in a lead-safe manner.” Effective April 22, 2010, under its Renovation, Repair, and Painting (RRP) Rule, the EPA", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9959280", "score": "1.041556", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Lead-based paint in the United States", "text": "Lead-based paint in the United States Lead-based paint was widely used in the United States, because of its durability. The United States banned the manufacture of lead-based house paint in 1978 due to health concerns. Lead has long been considered to be a harmful environmental pollutant. Cited cases of lead poisoning date back to the early 20th century. In the July 1904 edition of its monthly publication, paint manufacturer Sherwin-Williams reported the dangers of paint containing lead, noting that a French expert had deemed lead paint \"poisonous in a large degree, both for the workmen and for the inhabitants of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13422465", "score": "1.0406625", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Lead paint", "text": "paint in 2013, but in 2017, 15% of the paint still was not certified. Lead paint is not prohibited in India. A 2015 study found that over 31% of household paints in India had lead concentration above 10,000 parts per million (ppm), which far exceeds the BIS standard of 90 ppm for lead in paint. In South Africa, the Hazardous Substances Act of 2009 classifies lead as a hazardous substance and limits its use in paint to 600 parts per million (ppm). A proposed amendment will modify this to 90 ppm, thereby almost completely eradicating lead from paint. The amendment", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5230950", "score": "1.04063", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Lead-based paint in the United States", "text": "a house painted with lead colors.\" Congress banned the use of lead-based paint in residential structures and environments in 1971, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission followed with implementing regulations, effective in 1978. Additional regulations regarding lead abatement, testing and related issues have been issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Much of the government's response to the lead public health problems in the 1970s can be credited to the work of epidemiologist and pediatrician Philip J. Landrigan, who conducted detailed studies of lead poisoning near lead refineries, as well as the effects of lead in gasoline. In 1991, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13422466", "score": "1.0375742", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Lead paint", "text": "lead paint may still be found in older properties painted prior to the introduction of such regulations. Although lead has been banned from household paints in the United States since 1978, paint used in road markings may still contain it. Alternatives such as water-based, lead-free traffic paint are readily available, and many states and federal agencies have changed their purchasing contracts to buy these instead. Lead white was being produced during the 4th century BC; the process is described by Pliny the Elder, Vitruvius and the ancient Greek author Theophrastus. The traditional method making the pigment was called the stack", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5230941", "score": "1.0362101", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Lead poisoning", "text": "in 1897. France, Belgium, and Austria banned white lead interior paints in 1909; the League of Nations followed suit in 1922. However, in the United States, laws banning lead house paint were not passed until 1971, and it was phased out and not fully banned until 1978. The 20th century saw an increase in worldwide lead exposure levels due to the increased widespread use of the metal. Beginning in the 1920s, lead was added to gasoline to improve its combustion; lead from this exhaust persists today in soil and dust in buildings. Blood lead levels worldwide have been declining sharply", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2007372", "score": "1.0360638", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Lead paint", "text": "in sperm production in men have been noted. Lead is considered a possible and likely carcinogen. High levels may result in death. The European Union has passed a directive controlling lead paint use. In Canada, regulations were first enacted under the Hazardous Products Act in 1976 that limited lead content of paints and other liquid coatings on furniture, household products, children's products, and exterior and interior surfaces of any building frequented by children to 0.5% by weight. New regulations on surface coating materials, which came into force in 2005, further limit lead to its background level for both interior and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5230946", "score": "1.0357625", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Lead paint", "text": "Lead paint Lead paint or lead-based paint is paint containing lead. As pigment, lead(II) chromate (Pb Cr O, \"chrome yellow\"), Lead(II,IV) oxide, (Pb O, \"red lead\"), and lead(II) carbonate (Pb C O, \"white lead\") are the most common forms. Lead is added to paint to accelerate drying, increase durability, maintain a fresh appearance, and resist moisture that causes corrosion. It is one of the main health and environmental hazards associated with paint. In some countries, lead continues to be added to paint intended for domestic use, whereas countries such as the U.S. and the UK have regulations prohibiting this, although", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5230940", "score": "1.0354204", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Baltimore Lead Paint Study", "text": "researchers measured lead content of homes and took periodic blood tests over a two-year period. If the repairs were effective, the lead concentration in properties with higher degrees of abatement or built without lead would be less than properties with less repair and the lead content in young children would not increase as much or at all. Follow up measurements were to be made every couple of years after to track how the lead concentration changed in children. After the study ended, many poor, African-American children ended up with neurological disabilities as a result, often incurring permanent nervous damage. Therefore,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20110867", "score": "1.0353013", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Lead poisoning", "text": "tens or hundreds of milligrams of lead. Eating chips of lead paint presents a particular hazard to children, generally producing more severe poisoning than occurs from dust. Because removing lead paint from dwellings, e.g. by sanding or torching creates lead-containing dust and fumes, it is generally safer to seal the lead paint under new paint (excepting moveable windows and doors, which create paint dust when operated). Alternatively, special precautions must be taken if the lead paint is to be removed. In oil painting it was once common for colours such as yellow or white to be made with lead carbonate.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2007310", "score": "1.0348865", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Lead paint", "text": "home or 20 square feet outside the home be certified. EPA's Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule (RRP Rule) lowers the risk of lead contamination from home renovation activities. It requires that firms performing renovation, repair, and painting projects that disturb lead-based paint in homes, child care facilities and pre-schools (any child occupied facility) built before 1978 be certified by EPA and use certified renovators who are trained by EPA-approved training providers to follow lead-safe work practices. As of 2018, there are an estimated 37 million homes and apartments with lead paint in the United States. The Philippines banned lead", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5230949", "score": "1.0301204", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Lead-based paint in the United States", "text": "5. In addition, if a child is poisoned in a property, the owner may be required to perform abatement (permanent elimination of the lead hazard). In 1996, the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Environmental Protection Agency enacted the Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation. It requires owners of pre-1978 \"target housing\" to disclose to potential buyers or renters all known information about the presence of lead-based paint and/or lead-based paint hazards in the property. It requires that the potential buyer or tenant be given the lead information pamphlet, \"Protect Your Family From Lead In Your Home,\" or other EPA-approved", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13422471", "score": "1.024582", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Lead-based paint in the United States", "text": "pamphlet as well as a specific disclosure statement. The option of whether to test for the presence of lead-based paint is left to the owner, so long as a decision not to test is disclosed. The EPA issued a new regulation called 'Renovation, Repair and Painting' (RRP) regarding the renovation of residential housing and child-occupied buildings built before 1978 on April 22, 2008. The rule (Federal Register: July 15, 2009 (Volume 74, Number 134)) became effective April 22, 2010. Under the rule, contractors performing renovation, repair and painting projects that disturb lead-based coatings (including lead paint, shellac or varnish) in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13422472", "score": "1.0200552", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Lead-based paint in the United States", "text": "More than 250,000 children in the United States have significantly harmful levels of lead in their bodies. There is no safe level of exposure. Working in a lead-safe manner means avoiding dry sanding, dry scraping, removing paint by torching/burning, the use of heat guns over 1100°F, machine-sanding or grinding without HEPA filtered dust collection or HEPA-filtered vacuum. These methods are now prohibited by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) because they have been proved to create significant levels of lead dust during remodeling, renovation and painting. They must be avoided, especially in properties where children under", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13422478", "score": "1.0139687", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Lead abatement in the United States", "text": "paint activities, including abatement, must be certified. Lead abatement is distinguished from Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP) programs, which are typically performed at the option of the property owner for aesthetic or other reasons, or as an interim control to minimize lead hazards. RPP programs are not designed to permanently eliminate lead-based paint hazards. The reason that lead paint is such a common issue is because of its durability and widespread use. It was constantly endorsed by local and state governments until the 1970s, despite domestic occurrences of lead poisoning and reports from European countries that revealed its toxicity. By", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19702056", "score": "1.0134723", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Baltimore Lead Paint Study", "text": "children and health risks when exposing subjects to cheaper but less effective health conditions. The backlash culminated in class action lawsuits against KKI by Ericka Grimes and Myron Higgins, two of the subjects representing on the order of a hundred affected children without adequate care. Lead has a long history of being used in paint up until recently due to its role in maintaining a paint’s color and increasing durability. Lead’s toxicity was established as a valid concern that modern medicine in the early half of the 20th century could address with public health measures in the United States. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20110863", "score": "1.013327", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Lead paint", "text": "exterior paints sold to consumers. Canadian paint manufacturers have been conforming to this background level in their interior and exterior consumer paints since 1991. Nevertheless, a Canadian company, Dominion Colour Corporation, is \"the largest manufacturer of lead-based paint pigments in the world\" and has faced public criticism for obtaining permission from the European Chemicals Agency to continue to export lead chromate paints from its Dutch subsidiary to countries where its uses are not tightly regulated. The United States' Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) banned lead paint in 1977 in residential properties and public buildings (16 CFR 1303), along with toys", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5230947", "score": "1.0125675", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "National Center for Healthy Housing", "text": "on lead-based paint safety. Prior to joining the National Center for Lead-Safe Housing, Dr. Jacobs had been a faculty research scientist at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The two men assembled a team of researchers, housing professionals, advocates, and others to chart the nation's path to primary prevention of childhood lead poisoning. Over the next few years, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) challenged the center to compose a definitive source of national technical guidelines for dealing with lead-based paint, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) asked the center to develop robust scientific studies in order", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11245538", "score": "1.0119872", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Lead", "text": "an 8-hour workday, and the blood lead level limit at 5 μg per 100 g of blood in 2012. Lead may still be found in harmful quantities in stoneware, vinyl (such as that used for tubing and the insulation of electrical cords), and Chinese brass. Old houses may still contain lead paint. White lead paint has been withdrawn from sale in industrialized countries, but specialized uses of other pigments such as yellow lead chromate remain. Stripping old paint by sanding produces dust which can be inhaled. Lead abatement programs have been mandated by some authorities in properties where young children", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "233957", "score": "1.0117555", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Lead-based paint in the United Kingdom", "long_answer": "Most lead-based paint in the United Kingdom was banned from sale to the general public in 1992, apart from for specialist uses. Prior to this lead compounds had been used as the pigment and drying agent in different types of paint, for example brick and some tile paints", "chunked_long_answer": "Most lead-based paint in the United Kingdom was banned from sale to the general public in 1992, apart from for specialist uses. Prior to this lead compounds had been used as the pigment and drying agent in different types of paint, for example brick and some tile paints", "short_answers": [ "1992" ] }

[ "April 19, 1775" ]

[ { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles were fought on April 19, 1775 in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge. They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "that hour. After these delays, Percy's brigade, about 1,000 strong, left Boston at about 8:45 a.m., headed toward Lexington. Along the way, the story is told, they marched to the tune of \"Yankee Doodle\" to taunt the inhabitants of the area. By the Battle of Bunker Hill less than two months later, the song would become a popular anthem for the colonial forces. Percy took the land route across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge, which some quick-thinking colonists had stripped of its planking to delay the British. His men then came upon an absent-minded tutor at Harvard College", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320474", "score": "1.0901014", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "now, and according to family legend, these were quickly buried in furrows to look like a crop had been planted. The troops sent there did not find any supplies of consequence. Colonel Barrett's troops, upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages, and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them, decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on Punkatasset Hill to a lower, closer flat hilltop about from the North Bridge. As the militia advanced, the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320448", "score": "1.0855933", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "fifty or so years before, they weren't sure. All now said they fired back, but in 1775, they said few were able to. The \"Battle\" took on an almost mythical quality in the American consciousness. Legend became more important than truth. A complete shift occurred, and the Patriots were portrayed as actively fighting for their cause, rather than as suffering innocents. Paintings of the Lexington skirmish began to portray the militia standing and fighting back in defiance. Ralph Waldo Emerson immortalized the events at the North Bridge in his 1837 \"Concord Hymn\". The \"Concord Hymn\" became important because it commemorated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320498", "score": "1.0853112", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "for the failures at Lexington and Concord. The day after the battle, John Adams left his home in Braintree to ride along the battlefields. He became convinced that \"the Die was cast, the Rubicon crossed.\" Thomas Paine in Philadelphia had previously thought of the argument between the colonies and the Home Country as \"a kind of law-suit\", but after news of the battle reached him, he \"rejected the hardened, sullen-tempered Pharaoh of England forever.\" George Washington received the news at Mount Vernon and wrote to a friend, \"the once-happy and peaceful plains of America are either to be drenched in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320495", "score": "1.0774522", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "History of Massachusetts", "text": "response to this march. On the 19th, in the Battles of Lexington and Concord, where the famous \"shot heard 'round the world\" was fired, British troops, after running over the Lexington militia, were forced back into the city by local resistors. The city was quickly brought under siege. Fighting broke out again in June when the British took the Charlestown Peninsula in the Battle of Bunker Hill after the colonial militia fortified Breed's Hill. The British won the battle, but at a very large cost, and were unable to break the siege. The British made a desperate attempt by using", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6748198", "score": "1.0722568", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "John Howe (loyalist)", "text": "the \"Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News Letter\" a short article appeared that briefly described the battle, and—a day or more later—a broadside was published that reported on the Battle of Lexington and Concord at greater length. Both were quite likely written and printed by John Howe, who would have been just a few months short of his 21st birthday. After the Battle of Lexington and Concord news of the event quickly spread to the other colonies and American patriots came in great numbers to lay siege to Boston. On June 17, 1775, the American forces seized a hill across", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6147215", "score": "1.070772", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "American Revolution", "text": "of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775. The Patriots laid siege to Boston, expelled royal officials from all the colonies, and took control through the establishment of Provincial Congresses. The Battle of Bunker Hill followed on June 17, 1775. It was a British victory—but at a great cost: about 1,000 British casualties from a garrison of about 6,000, as compared to 500 American casualties from a much larger force. The Second Continental Congress was divided on the best course of action, but eventually produced the Olive Branch Petition, in which they attempted to come to an accord with King", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20363", "score": "1.0694075", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Battle of Point Pleasant", "text": "Charlotte to return all white captives and stop attacking barges of immigrants traveling on the Ohio River. Colonel John Field, an ancestor of United States Presidents George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush, was killed in the battle. In April 1775, before many of the Virginians had even returned home from Dunmore's War, the Battles of Lexington and Concord took place in Massachusetts. The American Revolution had begun and Lord Dunmore led the British war effort in Virginia. By the end of that year, the same militiamen who had fought at Point Pleasant managed to drive Lord Dunmore and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3252276", "score": "1.0687921", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "story alleges that after nightfall one farmer, Josiah Nelson, mistook the British patrol for the colonists and asked them, \"Have you heard anything about when the regulars are coming out?\" upon which he was slashed on his scalp with a sword. However, the story of this incident was not published until over a century later, which suggests that it may be little more than a family myth. Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith received orders from Gage on the afternoon of April 18 with instructions that he was not to read them until his troops were underway. He was to proceed from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320415", "score": "1.0667456", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Historical reenactment in Concord and Lexington, Massachusetts", "text": "of encouragement, telling them \"Steady, men! Steady, men! Stand your ground! Do not fire unless fired upon!\". At 6:00 AM, the battle itself begins, and the British regulars quickly win. The Lexington Historical Society also maintains certain historical sites in their original condition. They give tours of the buildings, and for some have staff in authentic colonial garb to answer questions and explain the lifestyle of the time. One such building is Munroe Tavern, where the British set up a makeshift hospital for injured soldiers. Historical reenactment in Concord and Lexington, Massachusetts The towns of Concord and Lexington, Massachusetts are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18588484", "score": "1.0655739", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "and assembled them on the water's edge on the western end of Boston Common by 10 pm. Colonel Smith was late in arriving, and there was no organized boat-loading operation, resulting in confusion at the staging area. The boats used were naval barges that were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit down. When they disembarked near Phipps Farm in Cambridge, it was into waist-deep water at midnight. After a lengthy halt to unload their gear, the regulars began their march to Concord at about 2 am. During the wait they were provided with extra ammunition, cold", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320428", "score": "1.0645094", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "with the day's events. Although many of the accounts of ransacking and burnings were exaggerated later by the colonists for propaganda value (and to get financial compensation from the colonial government), it is certainly true that taverns along the road were ransacked and the liquor stolen by the troops, who in some cases became drunk themselves. One church's communion silver was stolen but was later recovered after it was sold in Boston. Aged Menotomy resident Samuel Whittemore killed three regulars before he was attacked by a British contingent and left for dead. (He recovered from his wounds and later died", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320486", "score": "1.0641396", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "angered and shocked the British soldiers. They crossed the bridge and returned to the town by 11:30 a.m., under the watchful eyes of the colonists, who continued to maintain defensive positions. The regulars continued to search for and destroy colonial military supplies in the town, ate lunch, reassembled for marching, and left Concord after noon. This delay in departure gave colonial militiamen from outlying towns additional time to reach the road back to Boston. Lieutenant Colonel Smith, concerned about the safety of his men, sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly 1,000 colonials now", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320459", "score": "1.062848", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "believe we could have killed almost every officer there was in the front, but we had no orders to fire and there wasn't a gun fired.\" During a tense standoff lasting about 10 minutes, a mentally ill local man named Elias Brown wandered through both sides selling hard cider. At this point, the detachment of regulars sent to Barrett's farm marched back from their fruitless search of that area. They passed through the now mostly-deserted battlefield, and saw dead and wounded comrades lying on the bridge. There was one who looked to them as if he had been scalped, which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320458", "score": "1.0609213", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Thomas Gage", "text": "running battle all the way back to Charlestown. The Battles of Lexington and Concord resulted in 273 total casualties for the British and 93 for the American rebels. Following Lexington and Concord, thousands of colonial militia surrounded the city, beginning the Siege of Boston. At first, the rebels (led mainly by Massachusetts General Artemas Ward) faced some 4,000 British regulars, who were bottled up in the city. British Admiral Samuel Graves commanded the fleet that continued to control the harbour. On 25 May, 4,500 reinforcements arrived in the city, along with three more generals: Major General William Howe and Brigadiers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1734691", "score": "1.0591592", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "political strategy behind the Intolerable Acts and the military strategy behind the Powder Alarms, the battle was a significant failure because the expedition contributed to the fighting it was intended to prevent, and because few weapons were actually seized. The battle was followed by a war for British political opinion. Within four days of the battle, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress had collected scores of sworn testimonies from militiamen and from British prisoners. When word leaked out a week after the battle that Gage was sending his official description of events to London, the Provincial Congress sent a packet of these", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320493", "score": "1.058559", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "were hit and killed instantly. Rev. Dr. Ripley recalled: Four more men were wounded. Major Buttrick then yelled to the militia, \"Fire, for God's sake, fellow soldiers, fire!\" At this point the lines were separated by the Concord River and the bridge, and were only apart. The few front rows of colonists, bound by the road and blocked from forming a line of fire, managed to fire over each other's heads and shoulders at the regulars massed across the bridge. Four of the eight British officers and sergeants, who were leading from the front of their troops, were wounded by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320454", "score": "1.0533011", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "in June before the Battle of Bunker Hill. General Heath studied the position of the British Army and decided to withdraw the militia to Cambridge. In the morning, Boston was surrounded by a huge militia army, numbering over 15,000, which had marched from throughout New England. Unlike the Powder Alarm, the rumors of spilled blood were true, and the Revolutionary War had begun. Now under the leadership of General Artemas Ward, who arrived on the 20th and replaced Brigadier General William Heath, they formed a siege line extending from Chelsea, around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown, to Roxbury, effectively", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320491", "score": "1.0503759", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War", "text": "The Battle of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775 drew thousands of militia forces from throughout New England to the towns surrounding Boston. These men remained in the area and their numbers grew, placing the British forces in Boston under siege when they blocked all land access to the peninsula. The British were still able to sail in supplies from Nova Scotia, Providence, and other places because the harbour remained under British naval control. Colonial forces could do nothing to stop these shipments due to the naval supremacy of the British fleet and the complete absence of any sort", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2976553", "score": "1.0495868", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Frederick T. Moore Jr.", "text": "Battles of Lexington and Concord, the Battle of Bunker Hill and the American Civil War. During the winter months, Moore along with his two brothers would trek up the hill from Oak Square to Chandler Pond to skate and play hockey with their friends. They would skate for hours until the sun went down. All of the practice at Chandler Pond paid off as T. Moore excelled at hockey in both high school and college. He attended Boston Latin School and Boston College graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1936. During his scholastic years at Boston Latin, Moore", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15367609", "score": "1.0487286", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "crossroads called Watson's Corner to inflict heavy damage on them. Earlier in the day, Heath had ordered the Great Bridge to be dismantled. Percy's brigade was about to approach the broken-down bridge and a riverbank filled with militia when Percy directed his troops down a narrow track (now Beech Street, near present-day Porter Square) and onto the road to Charlestown. The militia (now numbering about 4,000) were unprepared for this movement, and the circle of fire was broken. An American force moved to occupy Prospect Hill (in modern-day Somerville), which dominated the road, but Percy moved his cannon to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320488", "score": "1.0478377", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "and asked him which road would take them to Lexington. The Harvard man, apparently oblivious to the reality of what was happening around him, showed him the proper road without thinking. (He was later compelled to leave the country for inadvertently supporting the enemy.) Percy's troops arrived in Lexington at about 2:00 p.m. They could hear gunfire in the distance as they set up their cannon and deployed lines of regulars on high ground with commanding views of the town. Colonel Smith's men approached like a fleeing mob with the full complement of colonial militia in close formation pursuing them.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320475", "score": "1.0447733", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "the volley of musket fire. At least three privates (Thomas Smith, Patrick Gray, and James Hall, all from the 4th) were killed or mortally wounded, and nine were wounded. In 1824, Reverend and Minuteman Joseph Thaxter wrote: The regulars found themselves trapped in a situation where they were both outnumbered and outmaneuvered. Lacking effective leadership and terrified at the superior numbers of the enemy, with their spirit broken, and likely not having experienced combat before, they abandoned their wounded, and fled to the safety of the approaching grenadier companies coming from the town center, isolating Captain Parsons and the companies", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320455", "score": "1.0380411", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night: the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston. As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge, the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen, who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range. The colonists returned fire, this time with deadly effect. Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded, with no colonial casualties.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320461", "score": "1.0375904", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "at the North Bridge, was unveiled on that day. A formal ball took place in the evening at the Agricultural Hall in Concord. In April 1925 the United States Post Office issued three stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Battles at Lexington and Concord. The Lexington—Concord commemorative stamps were the first of many commemoratives issued to honor the 150th anniversaries of events that surrounded America's War of Independence. The three stamps were first placed on sale in Washington, D.C. and in five Massachusetts cities and towns that played major roles in the Lexington and Concord story: Lexington, Concord, Boston,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320505", "score": "1.0372028", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "in the field as the British marched east out of Concord. This ridge ended near Meriam's Corner, a crossroads about a mile (2 km) outside the village of Concord, where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream. To cross the narrow bridge, the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast. Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point, and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars. The British were now witnessing once again what General Gage", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320460", "score": "1.036498", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "Munroe, their third in command. The British suffered only one casualty. The militia were outnumbered and fell back, and the regulars proceeded on to Concord, where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies. At the North Bridge in Concord, approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King's troops at about 11:00am, resulting in casualties on both sides. The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord. The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies, and more", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320407", "score": "1.0354143", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "Boston. Ralph Waldo Emerson describes the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge in his \"Concord Hymn\" as the \"shot heard round the world\". The British Army's infantry was nicknamed \"redcoats\" and sometimes \"devils\" by the colonists. They had occupied Boston since 1768 and had been augmented by naval forces and marines to enforce what the colonists called The Intolerable Acts, which had been passed by the British Parliament to punish the Province of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance. General Thomas Gage was the military governor of Massachusetts and commander-in-chief", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320409", "score": "1.0350446", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "text": "Parker got his confirmation. Thaddeus Bowman, the last scout that Parker had sent out, rode up at a gallop and told him that they were not only coming, but coming in force and they were close. Captain Parker was clearly aware that he was outmatched in the confrontation and was not prepared to sacrifice his men for no purpose. He knew that most of the colonists' powder and military supplies at Concord had already been hidden. No war had been declared. (The Declaration of Independence was a year in the future.) He also knew the British had gone on such", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7320432", "score": "1.034384", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "Battles of Lexington and Concord", "long_answer": "The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles were fought on April 19, 1775 in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge. They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles were fought on April 19, 1775 in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge. They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America.", "short_answers": [ "April 19, 1775" ] }

[ "Confederate victory", "Confederate forces", "Confederate" ]

[ { "title": "First Battle of Bull Run", "text": "The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the First Battle of Manassas (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces.\n", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "John F. Hartranft", "text": "which he had helped develop. On August 26, 1886 Hartranft was awarded the Medal of Honor for valor during the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861. John Hartranft died in Norristown and was buried in Montgomery Cemetery in West Norriton Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, near Norristown. The Pennsylvania National Guard later provided an obelisk for his grave. He was succeeded as commander of the Pennsylvania National Guard Division by George R. Snowden. An equestrian statue was installed next to the Pennsylvania Capitol Building in Harrisburg honors Hartranft. Camp No. 15 of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2564553", "score": "1.052345", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "79th New York Volunteer Infantry", "text": "the highest Union casualties at First Bull Run (referred to by the Confederates as First Manassas) although, to begin with, it appeared that they would miss the action. As Confederates fled from the initial Union attack and withdrew up the hill past the Henry House, Private Todd stepped out of line calling to Colonel Sherman, \"Give us a chance at 'em before they get away\". His sergeant, a British Army veteran, dragged him back into line, growling \"shut up your damned head - you'll get plenty of chance before the day is over\". Sherman, in obedience to orders, committed his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7688131", "score": "1.0260537", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Samuel Nicholl Benjamin", "text": "the First Battle of Bull Run, the Peninsular Campaign, the Northern Virginia Campaign, the Maryland Campaign, the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Vicksburg Campaign, the East Tennessee Campaign, and the Overland Campaign, including both the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. Following the Civil War, he served at West Point and in the Adjutant General Corps. He received his Medal of Honor on June 11, 1877 for his service from Bull Run to Spotsylvania, Va. over the period from July 1861 to May 1864. The citation stated: \"Particularly distinguished services as an artillery officer.\" His rank", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13232521", "score": "1.0193202", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "1st Kentucky Infantry", "text": "with Joe Johnston's Army of the Shenandoah to join Beauregard's Army of the Potomac at Manassas Junction, but arrived the day following the First Battle of Bull Run under the command of Major Thomas Claiborne. With Duncan, who submitted his resignation on August 13, gone, the two battalions merged. In August a third battalion of three companies, then around New Port News, Va., and augmented by a company of Kentuckians from the 1st Louisiana, were ordered by Richmond to join with the six companies then at Manassas Junction. Lieut. Col. Thomas Hart Taylor was assigned to command of the regiment", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14259181", "score": "1.0117962", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "text": "Battle of Bull Run. During this battle the 45th was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Wratislaw. In the course of Pope's campaign between August 16, 1862, through Second Bull Run the regiment suffered 47 casualties. From September 3–21, 1862, the regiment was encamped at Lewinsville, Virginia. It was then stationed at Centreville, Virginia, through November 3, 1862. While the 45th was at Centreville, pursuant to General Orders No. 129 of September 12, 1862, the I Corps's designation was changed to XI Army Corps, and it was reassigned to the Army of the Potomac. In subsequent weeks 1st Division was successively posted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16585434", "score": "1.011778", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "1st Virginia Infantry", "text": "the skirmish at Blackburn's Ford, and Lt. Col. W.H. Fry commanded at the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas). The companies (with original commanders) were: It fought at the Battle of First Bull Run (First Manassas) in a brigade under James Longstreet and in August totaled 570 men. During April, 1862, when the regiment was reorganized, it contained only six companies. The 1st Virginia Infantry was assigned to A. P. Hill's, Kemper's, and W. R. Terry's Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia. It was active from the Battle of Williamsburg to the Battle of Gettysburg except when it was with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14148580", "score": "1.0052164", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Adolph von Steinwehr", "text": "German immigrant. Steinwehr was given the 2nd Division in that corps. It was assigned to the Army of Virginia, under Maj. Gen. John Pope, and participated in the Northern Virginia Campaign, but had little role in the Second Battle of Bull Run. Although the corps joined the Army of the Potomac, the division did not fight at the Battle of Antietam or the Battle of Fredericksburg. The command of what was now called the XI Corps changed to Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard in 1863, and Steinwehr continued to command the division in the Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5022455", "score": "1.0039539", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "58th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "text": "Bull Run, August 29–30, and suffered 57 casualties: 14 killed, 32 wounded (including those mortally), and 11 missing. Henkel was severely wounded, but remained on the field for three hours after he was hit. The command of the regiment devolved to Captain Frederick Braun. After the Manassas Campaign, the Army of the Potomac marched through Maryland to Battle of Antietam, leaving III Corps and I Corps — now the XI Corps — in the defences of Washington. XI Corps remained encamped near Fairfax and Centreville, Virginia, until the Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, when it marched to Falmouth, Virginia,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19483351", "score": "1.0035788", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "32nd Indiana Monument", "text": "earlier monument erected after First Battle of Bull Run (1861) in Virginia has not survived. 32nd Indiana Monument The 32nd Indiana Monument, also known as the August Bloedner Monument, honors the Union soldiers of the 32nd Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment, also known as Indiana's \"1st German\" regiment, who died in the Battle of Rowlett's Station on December 17, 1861, near Munfordville, Kentucky. Originally placed at Fort Willich, near Munfordville, in January 1862, the monument was moved to Cave Hill National Cemetery at Louisville, Kentucky, in June 1867. Due to its fragile condition, the monument was removed from the national cemetery", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10193996", "score": "0.9986701", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Adolph von Steinwehr", "text": "he commanded at the First Battle of Bull Run. The regiment was in reserve during the battle, but served an important screening role during the Union retreat. He was promoted to brigadier general on October 12, 1861, and commanded the 2nd Brigade of Louis Blenker's division of the Army of the Potomac. This brigade was moved into Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont's Mountain Department on April 1, 1862, and it fought in the Valley Campaign against Maj. Gen. Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson. Fremont's command was expanded into an army corps, which was soon commanded by Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel, another", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5022454", "score": "0.99660814", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "5th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment", "text": "Freeman's Ford, Hazel River, August 22. Johnson's Ford August 22. Waterloo Bridge August 24–25. Gainesville August 28. Groveton August 29. During the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 30, the regiment was sent by Gen. Milroy to link up with an Ohio infantry regiment to try to provide support for other units attempting to hold Gen. Stonewall Jackson's line at the unfinished railroad tracks just down from Henry Hill. The units became lost and ended up right in the middle of Jackson's line. After a short skirmish, the 5th West Virginia pulled back to regroup. Eventually they were directed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8960000", "score": "0.9957001", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "First Battle of Bull Run", "text": "just arrived from Johnston's headquarters at the M. Lewis Farm, \"Portici\". Fortunately for the Confederates, McDowell did not press his advantage and attempt to seize the strategic ground immediately, choosing to bombard the hill with the batteries of Capts. James B. Ricketts (Battery I, 1st U.S. Artillery) and Charles Griffin (Battery D, 5th U.S.) from Dogan's Ridge. Brig. Gen Thomas J. Jackson's Virginia Brigade came up in support of the disorganized Confederates around noon, accompanied by Col. Wade Hampton and his Hampton's Legion, and Col. J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry. The Hampton Legion, some 600 men strong, managed to buy Jackson time", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1755295", "score": "0.99555755", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "John F. Reynolds", "text": "return, Reynolds was given command of the Pennsylvania Reserves Division, whose commander, McCall, had been captured just two days after Reynolds. The V Corps joined the Army of Virginia, under Maj. Gen. John Pope, at Manassas. On the second day of the Second Battle of Bull Run, while most of the Union Army was retreating, Reynolds led his men in a last-ditch stand on Henry House Hill, site of the great Union debacle at First Bull Run the previous year. Waving the flag of the 2nd Reserves regiment, he yelled, \"Now boys, give them the steel, charge bayonets, double quick!\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2311114", "score": "0.9953476", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Silas Titus", "text": "of the Washington camp to Fort Albany, Virginia where it stayed until July 1861 when it advanced on the enemy at the First Battle of Bull Run at Manassas. The 12th New York took light casualties in the battle including the first man killed in action in the Army of the Potomac. After the battle the regiment retreated to Washington with the rest of the Union army to regroup. Soon after Bull Run, Titus was made Adjutant of General John J. Peck's staff a position he held until the Battle of Seven Pines in June 1862. In July 1862 Titus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11507211", "score": "0.98592293", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "William H. Withington", "text": "awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at the First Battle of Bull Run where he remained on the field and took command from his wounded superior officer, Orlando B. Willcox, until he too was wounded and eventually captured. William H. Withington died at Jackson, Michigan, June 27, 1903. He was buried at Mount Evergreen Cemetery, Jackson, Michigan. William H. Withington William Herbert Withington (February 1, 1835 – June 27, 1903) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. William H. Withington was born at Dorchester, Massachusetts on February 1, 1835. He moved to Michigan and became", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16445258", "score": "0.9844157", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "McLean House (Appomattox, Virginia)", "text": "in 1863. It had formerly been a tavern (not to be confused with the nearby Clover Hill Tavern, which Raine had previously owned). One of the first battles of the American Civil War took place on the farm of Wilmer McLean at Bull Run, Virginia, the First Battle of Bull Run (First Battle of Manassas). Soon after that battle the McLeans, seeking to avoid the war, moved to the village of Clover Hill, Virginia (the name of which was changed to \"Appomattox Court House,\" having just become the county seat). Because of the name of the village, many mistakenly think", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12937672", "score": "0.9819975", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Second Battle of Bull Run", "text": "was criticized for his performance during the battle and the postbellum advocates of the Lost Cause claimed that his slowness, reluctance to attack, and disobedience to Gen. Lee on August 29 were a harbinger of his controversial performance to come on July 2, 1863, at the Battle of Gettysburg. Lee's biographer, Douglas Southall Freeman, wrote: \"The seeds of much of the disaster at Gettysburg were sown in that instant—when Lee yielded to Longstreet and Longstreet discovered that he would.\" Part of the site of the battle is now Manassas National Battlefield Park. Located north of Manassas, in Prince William County,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "655116", "score": "0.98180723", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "Irvin McDowell", "text": "Irvin McDowell Irvin McDowell (October 15, 1818 – May 4, 1885) was a career American army officer. He is best known for his defeat in the First Battle of Bull Run, the first large-scale battle of the American Civil War. In 1862, he was given command of the I Corps of the Army of the Potomac. He fought unsuccessfully against Stonewall Jackson's troops during the Valley Campaign of 1862, and was blamed for contributing to the defeat of United States troops at the Second Battle of Bull Run in August. McDowell was born in Columbus, Ohio, son of Abram Irvin", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1843569", "score": "0.9799408", "original_retrieval_index": 41 }, { "title": "Fletcher Webster", "text": "of the 12th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. The unit was known in the Army of the Potomac as \"The Webster Regiment\" in honor of their commander. While reinforcing Union forces attempting to repel Longstreet's counterattack, Webster was mortally wounded on Chinn Ridge in defense of Henry House Hill in the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 30, 1862. A memorial boulder stands in Manassas National Battlefield Park in Colonel Webster's honor. A memorial to the Webster Regiment stands in Gettysburg National Park. Webster graduated Boston Latin School circa 1829 and Harvard in the class of 1833. He is memorialized on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9992750", "score": "0.97751594", "original_retrieval_index": 43 }, { "title": "Battle of Chantilly", "text": "the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 30, Union Maj. Gen. John Pope ordered his Army of Virginia to retreat to Centreville. The movement began after dark, with Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell's III Corps providing cover. The army crossed Bull Run and the last troops across, Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel's I Corps, destroyed Stone Bridge behind them. Gen. Robert E. Lee decided not to press the advantage gained that day, largely because he knew his Army of Northern Virginia was exhausted from two weeks of nearly constant marching and nearly three days of battle, so the Union retreat went", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2600994", "score": "0.9772514", "original_retrieval_index": 44 }, { "title": "First Battle of Bull Run", "text": "spanning Cub Run Creek and incited panic in McDowell's force. As the soldiers streamed uncontrollably toward Centreville, discarding their arms and equipment, McDowell ordered Col. Dixon S. Miles's division to act as a rear guard, but it was impossible to rally the army short of Washington. In the disorder that followed, hundreds of Union troops were taken prisoner. Wagons and artillery were abandoned, including the 30-pounder Parrott rifle, which had opened the battle with such fanfare. Expecting an easy Union victory, the wealthy elite of nearby Washington, including congressmen and their families, had come to picnic and watch the battle.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1755306", "score": "0.97713435", "original_retrieval_index": 45 }, { "title": "Battle of Arlington Mills", "text": "at Bull Run.\" He also noted that small actions early in the war received major news coverage and attention because the war was new. The 1st Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment fought at the Battle of First Bull Run on July 21, 1861. The regiment, under Major Bidwell, was mustered out August 7, 1861. A reorganized 1st Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment (3 Years) then was organized at Detroit, Michigan, and mustered into United States service on September 16, 1861. The reorganized regiment served until July, 1865. The 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (1st New York Fire Zouaves) also fought at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15662720", "score": "0.976233", "original_retrieval_index": 47 }, { "title": "Fitz John Porter", "text": "he displayed a talent for defensive fighting. At the Battle of Malvern Hill, Porter also played a leading role. For his successful performance on the peninsula, he was promoted to major general of volunteers on July 4, 1862. Porter's corps was sent to reinforce Maj. Gen. John Pope in the Northern Virginia Campaign, a reassignment that he openly challenged and complained about, criticizing Pope personally. During the Second Battle of Bull Run, on August 29, 1862, he was ordered to attack the flank and rear of Maj. Gen. Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson's wing of the Army of Northern Virginia. Porter", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5022346", "score": "0.97557735", "original_retrieval_index": 49 }, { "title": "William Pittenger (soldier)", "text": "William Pittenger (soldier) William Pittenger (January 31, 1840 Knoxville, Jefferson County, Ohio – April 24, 1904 Fallbrook, California) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He was one of the first recipients of the Medal of Honor. The son of Thomas and Mary Mills Pittenger, Pittenger studied in the county schools until the age of sixteen. On the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted as a private in Company H of the 2nd Ohio Infantry Regiment on April 17, 1861, for three months of service, during which time he participated in the First Battle of Bull", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14719893", "score": "0.97440004", "original_retrieval_index": 51 }, { "title": "Battle of Harpers Ferry", "text": "McClellan could relieve it. Halleck had probably expected its commander, Col. Dixon S. Miles, to show some military knowledge and courage. Miles was a 38-year veteran of the U.S. Army and the Mexican–American War, but who had been disgraced after the First Battle of Bull Run when a court of inquiry held that he had been drunk during the battle. Miles swore off liquor and was sent to the supposedly quiet post at Harpers Ferry. His garrison comprised 14,000 men, many inexperienced, including 2,500 who had been forced out of Martinsburg by the approach of Jackson's men on September 11.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2866235", "score": "0.9736428", "original_retrieval_index": 52 }, { "title": "Robert C. Schenck", "text": "Shenandoah Valley, the Battle of Cross Keys and was, for a time, commander of the I Corps, in Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel's absence. Ordered to join the Army of Virginia, then under Maj. Gen. John Pope, he joined it just before the Second Battle of Bull Run, and was in the thick of the fighting of the two days that followed, being severely wounded on the second day, and his right arm permanently injured. He was promoted to major general September 18, 1862 to rank from August 30, 1862. Schenck was unfit for field duty for six months, but was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6380052", "score": "0.97302544", "original_retrieval_index": 54 }, { "title": "Louis Wagner (American general)", "text": "to the rank of captain of Company D and was wounded in action at the Second Battle of Bull Run and captured, but paroled and recovered in hospital at Alexandria, Virginia; for his distinguished service during the battle, he was promoted to major of the regiment. Wagner was wounded in action again at the Battle of Chancellorsville and returned to Philadelphia where he was recovering but deemed unfit for service in the field. During his recovery, Wagner was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and he volunteered for the command of Camp William Penn, the first United States Army training camp for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17342729", "score": "0.9689517", "original_retrieval_index": 58 }, { "title": "John F. Hartranft", "text": "up, the regiment returned to Pennsylvania, although it was the eve of the First Battle of Bull Run, and firing had already begun. Hartranft was humiliated by his men's decision to go home. He stayed to fight with the Army on July 21, 1861. This act earned him the Medal of Honor on August 21, 1886, for volunteering his services to fellow Pennsylvanian Col. William B. Franklin. His citation reads: \"Voluntarily served as an aide and participated in the battle after expiration of his term of service, distinguishing himself in rallying several regiments which had been thrown into confusion.\" Hartranft", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2564543", "score": "0.9678041", "original_retrieval_index": 59 }, { "title": "Washington, Kentucky", "text": "at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862. His house in Washington is largely unchanged from when he lived there and is now a museum. Following largely in the footsteps of General Johnston was General William \"Bull\" Nelson. His father, Dr. Thomas Nelson, was also a doctor in Washington; he lived in the same house in Washington that Johnston had lived in and attended the same church (Washington Presbyterian). Nelson also went to West Point but when the war broke out he sided with the Union. He was on the opposite side at the Battle of Shiloh when Johnston", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11301203", "score": "0.9659939", "original_retrieval_index": 60 } ]

{ "title": "First Battle of Bull Run", "long_answer": "The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the First Battle of Manassas (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces.\n", "chunked_long_answer": "The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the First Battle of Manassas (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces.\n", "short_answers": [ "Confederate forces", "Confederate victory" ] }

[ "Charles Carson", "Mr Carson" ]

[ { "title": "Butler", "text": "best-known fictional manservant, and the prototype of the quintessential British butler, is himself not a butler at all. Reginald Jeeves, the iconic creation of author P. G. Wodehouse is a \"gentleman's gentleman\" and general factotum. Probably the best-known fictional butlers are Alfred from the Batman comic and films; Hudson of Upstairs, Downstairs television fame; Mr Carson from the Downton Abbey television series; and Crichton from J. M. Barrie's The Admirable Crichton. Lesser-knowns include Mr. Belvedere from the novel Belvedere, which was adapted into a feature film with sequels and later a television series; Lurch, from the television series The Addams", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Downton Abbey", "text": "school for butlers opened to meet a demand again attributed to the influence of \"Downton Abbey\". Some of the fashion items worn by characters on the show have seen a strong revival of interest in the UK and elsewhere during the show's run, including starched collars, midi skirts, beaded gowns, and hunting plaids. The Equality (Titles) Bill was an unsuccessful piece of legislation introduced in the UK Parliament in 2013 that would have allowed equal succession of female heirs to hereditary titles and peerages. It was nicknamed the \"\"Downton Abbey\" law\" because it addressed the same issue that affects Lady", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14929340", "score": "1.0003887", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Huyton Hill Preparatory School", "text": "who lost too many points. Finishing the week with a negative score led to extra detention. The dormitories in the new school facility were named after local mountains in the Lake District as follows: First floor (junior): Dollywaggon, Catbells, Langdale, Helvellyn, Latterbarrow*. Second floor (senior): Skiddaw, Loughrigg, Bowfell, Kirkstone, Wetherlam, Scafell. <nowiki>* </nowiki>not always used as a dormitory, depending on school population. The school song was written by Hubert Butler with the help of pupils and set to the music Monk's Gate, which is best known as the hymn To be a Pilgrim by John Bunyan, 1684. Gerald Butler died", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15681495", "score": "0.9831779", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Cuthbert Butler", "text": "who, along with the prior, Bernard Murphy, advised him as he discerned his vocation. As his parents did not want him to enter the Benedictine noviciate immediately after finishing at Downside, he spent a brief period at the short-lived Catholic University College in Kensington, London, as well as travelling throughout Europe. Butler entered the noviciate at Belmont Abbey in Herefordshire in 1876. Reflecting on his entry into the abbey in a manuscript written between 1891 and 1892, he wrote: Cuthbert Butler Cuthbert Butler (born Edward Joseph Aloysius Butler, 6 May 1858 – 1 April 1934) was a Benedictine monk of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9284867", "score": "0.96581113", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Christopher Butler", "text": "Christopher Butler Basil Christopher Butler (7 May 1902 – 20 September 1986) was a convert from the Church of England to the Roman Catholic Church. He was a Roman Catholic priest, the 7th Abbot of Downside Abbey, one-time Abbot President of the English Benedictine Congregation, an auxiliary bishop of Westminster, an internationally respected scripture scholar, a consistent defender of the priority of the Gospel according to Matthew, and the pre-eminent English-speaking Council Father at the Second Vatican Council (1962–65). In 1928, after an illustrious career as undergraduate at Oxford University and a year teaching at Brighton College, Butler, baptized in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5129471", "score": "0.9602116", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Downton Abbey", "text": "an oversight role. Edith and Bertie are married on New Year's Eve. Lady Rose and Atticus return for the wedding. Anna goes into labour during the reception, and she and Bates become parents to a healthy son. The series is set in fictional Downton Abbey, a Yorkshire country house, which is the home and seat of the Earl and Countess of Grantham, along with their children and distant family members. Each series follows the lives of the aristocratic Crawley family, their friends, and their servants during the reign of King George V. The main cast of the Crawley family is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14929297", "score": "0.9310538", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Samuel Butler (poet)", "text": "Westminster Abbey in 1732 by a printer with the surname Barber, and the Lord Mayor of London. There is also a memorial plaque to him in the small village church of Strensham, Worcestershire, near the town of Upton upon Severn, his birthplace. \"Hudibras\" is directed against religious sectarianism. The poem was very popular in its time, and several of its phrases have passed into the dictionary. It was sufficiently popular to spawn imitators. \"Hudibras\" takes some of its characterization from \"Don Quixote\" but, unlike that work, it has many more references to personalities and events of the day. Butler was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "364217", "score": "0.9237893", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Butler (surname)", "text": "Upon returning to England, King John endowed Walter with the hereditary office \"Butler to the Lord of Ireland\" in 1177; some evidence indicates that he was also dubbed \"Butler of Ireland\". As such, he had the right to pour the King's wine. This title can be defined as Governor by today's standards. His son, Theobalde Butler, was the first to hold the name and pass it to his descendants. Walter's grandson was James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormonde. Kilkenny Castle was the main seat of the Butler family. Butler (surname) Butler is a surname that has been associated with many", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7396940", "score": "0.9181074", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Downton Abbey", "text": "by Hitler's Brownshirts during riots. Edith is left pregnant and with help from her paternal aunt, Lady Rosamund, secretly gives birth to a daughter. She intends to give her up for adoption in Switzerland and places the baby with adoptive parents, but reclaims her after arranging a new adoptive family on the estate: Mr and Mrs Drewe of Yew Tree Farm take the baby in and raise her as their own. Anna is raped by Lord Gillingham's valet, Mr Green, which Mr Bates later discovers. Subsequently, Mr Green is killed in a London street accident. A local schoolteacher, Sarah Bunting,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14929284", "score": "0.91688967", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Cuthbert Butler", "text": "Cuthbert Butler Cuthbert Butler (born Edward Joseph Aloysius Butler, 6 May 1858 – 1 April 1934) was a Benedictine monk of Downside Abbey in England, who gained notice as an ecclesiastical historian. In 1906 he was elected the abbot of the community. He resigned in 1922. Butler is known for \"The Vatican Council: The Story from Inside in Bishop Ullathorne's Letters\". Described by Michael J. G. Pahls as \"[t]he standard [English-language] account of the First Vatican Council\", the book is based on the correspondence of Bishop William Bernard Ullathorne of Birmingham. Gertrude Himmelfarb describes \"The Vatican Council\" as designed to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9284865", "score": "0.9136378", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Samuel Butler (novelist)", "text": "times over as the man who was sure to be against me.\" Under his parents' influence, he was set on course to follow his father into the priesthood. He was sent to Shrewsbury at the age of twelve, where he did not enjoy the hard life under its then headmaster, Benjamin Hall Kennedy, whom he later drew as \"Dr Skinner\" in \"The Way of All Flesh\". Then in 1854 he went up to St John's College, Cambridge, where he obtained a first in Classics in 1858 (the graduate society of St John's is named the Samuel Butler Room (SBR) in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3664925", "score": "0.9118267", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Downton Abbey", "text": "breakfast business is tainted by scandal, but saved when the Crawleys appear there publicly. Mary arranges a surprise meeting for Edith and Bertie with Bertie proposing again. Edith accepts. Edith tells Bertie's moralistic mother about Marigold; she turns against the match, but is won over after all by Edith's honesty. Barrow finds a position as butler and leaves Downton on good terms, but he is unhappy at his new post. Lord Merton is diagnosed with terminal pernicious anemia, and Amelia blocks Isobel from seeing him. Goaded by Lady Violet, Isobel pushes into the Merton house, and announces she will take", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14929295", "score": "0.9030241", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Butlers Cross", "text": "Butlers Cross Butlers Cross is a hamlet within the parish of Ellesborough (where to 2011 Census population was included), in Buckinghamshire, England. It is located south of the main parish, on the crossroads between the road from Ellesborough to Little Kimble, and the road from Terrick to Chequers. The hamlet name refers to this junction in the two roads, and the fact that this was the place where the staff and servants that served the house of Chequers normally lived. On the corner of the junction is a pub called 'The Russell' (formerly the 'Russell Arms'), referring to the family", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2421048", "score": "0.8993414", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Butler family (Artemis Fowl)", "text": "Butler family (Artemis Fowl) The Butler family is a family of martial arts masters in the fictional series \"Artemis Fowl\" by Eoin Colfer. There are only four characters who are mentioned: Domovoi Butler (\"Butler\") and his younger sister Juliet, who are major characters, and Butler's uncle, known only as \"the Major\", and Virgil Butler. It is revealed in the first book that the Butler family has been serving the Fowl family as bodyguards for centuries. The first ever pairing was of Virgil Butler as a servant, bodyguard, and cook to Lord Hugo de Fóle for one of the first Norman", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11633895", "score": "0.8974705", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Hudibras", "text": "after Charles II had been restored to the throne and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell being completely over, the poem found an appreciative audience. The satire is not balanced as Butler was fiercely royalist and only the parliamentarian side are singled out for ridicule. Butler also uses the work to parody some of the dreadful poetry of the time. The epic tells the story of Sir Hudibras, a knight errant who is described dramatically and with laudatory praise that is so thickly applied as to be absurd, and the conceited and arrogant person is visible beneath. He is praised for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5476424", "score": "0.89666635", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Downton Abbey", "text": "Six on DVD in the US, including the final 2015 Christmas Special. A soundtrack, featuring music from the series and also new songs, was released by Decca in September 2011. Music by John Lunn and Don Black features, with vocals from Mary-Jess Leaverland and Alfie Boe. \"Downton Abbey\" has been credited with spawning a massive worldwide increase in demand for professionally trained butlers, especially British butlers, notably in China, Russia, and parts of the Middle East. Between 2010 and 2012, demand was thought to have doubled, leading to some butlers fetching salaries as high as £150,000. In 2014, China's first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14929339", "score": "0.8963208", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond", "text": "Edmund Butler, Earl of Carrick and 6th Chief Butler of Ireland. James the 2nd Earl was usually called The Noble Earl, being a great-grandson, through his mother, Elizabeth Darcy, of King Edward I of England. In 1391 he purchased Kilkenny Castle from the Despencer family. He also built the castle of Dunfert (also called Danefort) and in 1386 founded a Friary of minorities at Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. In 1384 he was deputy to Sir Philip Courtenay, the then Lieutenant of Ireland, who was the nephew of the Archbisop of Canterbury, William Courtenay. Butler's title was Governor of Ireland. A rift", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8155495", "score": "0.8937991", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Butler family (Artemis Fowl)", "text": "to Artemis Fowl II is when he was about to die. However, Butler is later revived in the story due to the use of Holly Short's magic, which becomes the only known case of a Fowl knowing the first name of a living Butler family member. The children of the Butler family underwent training starting at the age of ten. The training took place in various private training centers, (such as one in Japan), known as , where they were taught Cordon Bleu cooking, marksmanship, a blend of different martial arts, emergency medicine, and Information technology. If there was no", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11633897", "score": "0.89186484", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Butler family (Artemis Fowl)", "text": "Crusades. It may actually be the origin of the term butler. It is mentioned that a pairing of a Butler and a Fowl lasted for life. It is not known what happens if the Butler dies in the middle of his service, except that his/her family receives a \"six-figure settlement plus a monthly pension\". The job is described as demanding and lonely, but with high rewards. A Butler never reveals his or her first name to their employer in order to avoid personal attachment; this is demonstrated in Book 3, when the only time (Domovoi) Butler reveals his first name", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11633896", "score": "0.88904846", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Earl of Wiltshire", "text": "for James Butler, eldest son of the 4th Earl of Ormond. He fought on the Lancastrian side at the Battle of Towton, and afterwards was executed and posthumously attainted. The earldom was next held by three members of the Stafford family, beginning with John, a younger son of the 1st Duke of Buckingham. Anne Boleyn's father Thomas was the recipient of the next creation, but after outliving his son and with no other male heirs upon his death the title became vacant. Finally, in 1550 William Paulet was created Earl of Wiltshire. He was made Marquess of Winchester the next", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2744258", "score": "0.8884841", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Arthur John Butler", "text": "of Religion in France' and 'The End of the Italian Renaissance'. Butler's final work, completed just before his death, was \"The Forerunners of Dante\" (1910), a selection from early Italian poets. In December 1901, Butler received the degree D.Litt. from Brasenose College, Oxford. On 6 April 1875 Butler married Mary Caroline, a daughter of William Gilson Humphry, Vicar of St Martin-in-the-Fields. They had one son and six daughters. The children of the marriage included Frances Mary (1876–1926), who became a headmistress, William Martin (1882–1919), who died in France while serving as a Major in the Royal Engineers, Margaret Dorothy (1884–1973),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17376862", "score": "0.8863913", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Downton Abbey", "text": "surety in the way they deliver a performance.\" Actor Jim Carter, who plays butler Carson, describes Bruce as the series \"etiquette watchdog\", and the UK's \"Daily Telegraph\" finished its 2011 profile of Bruce's role stating \"Downton's authenticity, it seems, is in safe hands.\" However, historian Simon Schama criticised the show for historical inaccuracies and \"pandering to clichés\". Producer Gareth Neame defended the show, saying, \"Downton is a fictional drama. It is not a history programme, but a drama of social satire about a time when relationships, behaviour and hierarchy were very different from those we enjoy today.\" A \"tremendous amount", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14929334", "score": "0.8816829", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Downton Abbey", "text": "house. After Matthew's reluctance to accept an inheritance from Lavinia's recently deceased father and then Robert's reluctance in turn to accept that inheritance as a gift, Matthew and Robert reach a compromise in which Matthew accepts and uses the inheritance to invest in Downton, giving him an equal say in how the estate is run. Tragedy strikes when Sybil dies from eclampsia shortly after giving birth. Tom, devastated, names his daughter Sybil after his late wife. Bates is released from prison after Anna uncovers evidence clearing him of his wife's murder. Tom becomes the new estate agent at the suggestion", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14929280", "score": "0.8816046", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormond", "text": "Ormond inheritance was Thomas Boleyn, whose mother was a Butler. Boleyn was the father of Anne, whose star was rising at the court of King Henry VIII of England. As the king wanted the titles of Ormond and Wiltshire for Thomas Boleyn, he induced Butler and his coheirs to resign their claims on 18 February 1528. Aided by the king's Chancellor, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Butler was granted the earldom of Ossory. On 22 February 1538, the earldom of Ormond was restored to him. He died on 26 August 1539 and was buried in St Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny city . In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5677651", "score": "0.88154846", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Butler family (Artemis Fowl)", "text": "be paired with a Fowl. Butler family (Artemis Fowl) The Butler family is a family of martial arts masters in the fictional series \"Artemis Fowl\" by Eoin Colfer. There are only four characters who are mentioned: Domovoi Butler (\"Butler\") and his younger sister Juliet, who are major characters, and Butler's uncle, known only as \"the Major\", and Virgil Butler. It is revealed in the first book that the Butler family has been serving the Fowl family as bodyguards for centuries. The first ever pairing was of Virgil Butler as a servant, bodyguard, and cook to Lord Hugo de Fóle for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11633907", "score": "0.8800433", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Downton Abbey", "text": "centres on the fee tail or \"entail\" governing the titled elite, which endows title and estate exclusively to male heirs. As part of the backstory, the main character, Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham, had resolved his father's past financial difficulties by marrying Cora Levinson, an American heiress. Her considerable dowry is contractually incorporated into the comital entail in perpetuity however, Robert and Cora have three daughters and no son. As the eldest daughter, Lady Mary Crawley had agreed to marry her second cousin Patrick, the son of the then-heir presumptive James Crawley. The series begins the day after the sinking", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14929269", "score": "0.8789159", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Butler", "text": "higher rank than the butler. The butler can also be served by a head footman or footboy called the under-butler. The word \"butler\" comes from Anglo-Norman \"buteler\", variant form of Old Norman \"*butelier\", corresponding to Old French \"botellier\" \"officer in charge of the king's wine bottles\", derived of \"boteille\" \"bottle\", Modern French \"bouteille\", itself from Gallo-Romance \"bottle\". The role of the butler, for centuries, has been that of the chief steward of a household, the attendant entrusted with the care and serving of wine and other bottled beverages which in ancient times might have represented a considerable portion of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3501529", "score": "0.87794304", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Earl of Carrick (Ireland)", "text": "was Mount Juliet, near Thomastown, County Kilkenny. The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother Hon. Piers Edmund Theobald Lismalyn Butler (born 1979). Earl of Carrick (Ireland) Earl of Carrick, in the barony of Iffa and Offa East, County Tipperary, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. The title was first created in 1315 for Sir Edmund Butler, Justiciar of Ireland, by King Edward II. The title is linked to the manor of Karryk Mac Gryffin (the modern town of Carrick-on-Suir) in the barony of Iffa and Offa East, County Tipperary. Edmund was the father of James Butler, 1st", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10296965", "score": "0.87710226", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Samuel Butler (novelist)", "text": "and father's clerical titles, Clifford Street after his London home, and Alfred Street in gratitude to his clerk. Butler indulged himself, holidaying in Italy every summer and producing, while he was there, his works on the Italian landscape and art. His close interest in the art of the Sacri Monti is reflected in \"Alps and Sanctuaries of Piedmont and the Canton Ticino\" (1881) and \"Ex Voto\" (1888). He wrote a number of other books, including a not-so-successful sequel, \"Erewhon Revisited\". His semi-autobiographical novel \"The Way of All Flesh\" did not appear in print until after his death, as he considered", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3664931", "score": "0.87459666", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Tom Butler (actor)", "text": "(2006). Butler appeared on such shows as \"\", \"Sliders\", \"The Commish\", \"The Outer Limits\", \"Stargate SG-1\", \"Smallville\", \"Check It Out!\", \"The Secret Circle\", \"The Killing\", and as a recurring character on \"Gracepoint\". In 2016, he appeared in \"Autumn in the Vineyard\" for the Hallmark Channel. Tom Butler (actor) Tom Butler (born 1951) is a Canadian actor who has starred in movies and on television series and in many television films. He best known for his television role on the science fiction series \"Sliders\" as Michael Mallory, the father of Quinn Mallory in the pilot episode, and reprised his role in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6577298", "score": "0.87414354", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Butler", "long_answer": "The best-known fictional manservant, and the prototype of the quintessential British butler, is himself not a butler at all. Reginald Jeeves, the iconic creation of author P. G. Wodehouse is a \"gentleman's gentleman\" and general factotum. Probably the best-known fictional butlers are Alfred from the Batman comic and films; Hudson of Upstairs, Downstairs television fame; Mr Carson from the Downton Abbey television series; and Crichton from J. M. Barrie's The Admirable Crichton. Lesser-knowns include Mr. Belvedere from the novel Belvedere, which was adapted into a feature film with sequels and later a television series; Lurch, from the television series The Addams Family, based on Charles Addams' The New Yorker cartoons; Beach, from the Wodehouse series about Blandings Castle; Niles, the butler at the Sheffield house in American sitcom The Nanny, Geoffrey from The Fresh Prince of Bel Air, and Benson from the two series Soap and Benson.", "chunked_long_answer": "best-known fictional manservant, and the prototype of the quintessential British butler, is himself not a butler at all. Reginald Jeeves, the iconic creation of author P. G. Wodehouse is a \"gentleman's gentleman\" and general factotum. Probably the best-known fictional butlers are Alfred from the Batman comic and films; Hudson of Upstairs, Downstairs television fame; Mr Carson from the Downton Abbey television series; and Crichton from J. M. Barrie's The Admirable Crichton. Lesser-knowns include Mr. Belvedere from the novel Belvedere, which was adapted into a feature film with sequels and later a television series; Lurch, from the television series The Addams", "short_answers": [ "Mr Carson" ] }

[ "Spanish" ]

[ { "title": "History of California before 1900", "text": "The first quarter of the 19th century showed the continuation of the slow colonization of the southern and central California coast by Spanish missionaries, ranchers and troops. By 1820 Spanish influence was marked by the chain of missions reaching from Loreto, north to San Diego, to just north of today's San Francisco Bay Area, and extended inland approximately 25 to 50 miles (40 to 80 km) from the missions. Outside of this zone, perhaps 200,000 to 250,000 Native Americans were continuing to lead traditional lives. The Adams–Onís Treaty, signed in 1819, set the northern boundary of the Spanish claims at the 42nd parallel, effectively creating today's northern boundary between California and Oregon.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Women in the California Gold Rush", "text": "their families to try their luck in California. Many men returned to their homes but many more decided get their family to California and stay. The influx of more white women, who were seen as symbols of purity and morality in the typical Victorian view, often changed the \"\"accepted\"\" morality and mores. In some communities with large populations of non-white immigrants some non-white male groups were assigned formerly “feminine” roles (e.g., the Chinese laundry and cooks). Delegates at the 1849 California Constitutional Convention considered and adopted California's first constitution. It provided that \"All property, both real and personal, of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11902831", "score": "1.0745295", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States", "text": "California. Many of these new Americans eventually rose to prominence within larger California society. However, in other cases, their initial success aroused animosity by rival groups of Anglo prospectors, who often intimidated Hispanic miners with the threat of violence and even committed violence against some. Consistent with the predominant racial attitudes of 19th century America, Anglo miners often drove Hispanic miners out of their camps, and barred Hispanics, along with Irish, Chinese, and other traditionally \"non-Anglo\" groups, from testifying in court and generally imposed exclusionary standards similar to Jim Crow laws in the case of African-Americans. Between 1848 and 1860,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10816867", "score": "1.0587238", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "California in the American Civil War", "text": "state and in the other Western territories of the Departments of the Pacific and New Mexico. Following the Gold Rush, California was settled primarily by Midwestern and Southern farmers, miners and businessmen. Democrats dominated the state from its foundation. Southern Democrats sympathetic to secession, although a minority in the state, were a majority in Southern California and Tulare County, and were in large numbers in San Joaquin, Santa Clara, Monterey, and San Francisco counties. California was home for powerful businessmen who played a significant role in Californian politics through their control of mines, shipping, finance, and the Republican Party but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6275471", "score": "1.0559912", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Birth of a Community: Jews and the Gold Rush", "text": "Hashanah in 1849. Shortly afterwards a kosher butcher, local mohel service and a cemetery were established. As the cities and towns of California developed even further, area Jews lived with the reality of the ominous presence of intolerance. Various minority ethnic and racial groups living in the state were barred from bearing witness in court, which served as an impediment to their legal rights. This and other injustices caused the Golden State to tackle matters of discrimination much sooner than other regions in the United States, and the state thus served as a refuge for numerous Jews. From these widespread", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12288585", "score": "1.046627", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Indigenous peoples of California", "text": "one-third of all Native Americans in the United States were living in the area of California. Early Native Californians were hunter-gatherers, with seed collection becoming widespread around 9,000 BC. Due to the local abundance of food, tribes never developed agriculture or tilled the soil. Two early southern California cultural traditions include the La Jolla Complex and the Pauma Complex, both dating from ca. 6050—1000 BC. From 3000 to 2000 BC, regional diversity developed, with the peoples making fine-tuned adaptations to local environments. Traits recognizable to historic tribes were developed by approximately 500 BC. The indigenous people practiced various forms of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14900309", "score": "1.0445697", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "History of enslavement of indigenous peoples in California", "text": "different directions. When uprisings occurred, the natives did not go unpunished: some Indians were put to death. The padres treated Indians and native Americans as slaves. From 1821 to 1846, after Mexico gained its independence from Spain, California was under Mexican rule. In 1824, the Mexican constitution guaranteed citizenship to all persons, providing natives with the right to continue occupying their villages. Additionally, the Mexican National Congress passed the Colonization Act of 1824 which granted large sections of unoccupied land to individuals. This act enforced a class division in which Native Americans were treated like slaves because the native Californians", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18669870", "score": "1.0407059", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Politics of California before 1900", "text": "From the post-Civil War period up to 1899, perhaps the predominant tension in California politics was the struggle between a controlling group of railroad companies and large businesses, on the one hand, and small farmers and businesses on the other. In an era when politics and politicians were routinely viewed as corrupt, the railroads, banks, and wealthy land-owners were seen to be able simply to purchase legislators and legislation to their liking. While the excesses of this era led to the populist reforms of the early 20th century, the ability of this powerful group of interests to control California politics", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8677900", "score": "1.0358318", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "California", "text": "drawn to reflect this belief, lasted as late as the 18th century. Shortened forms of the state's name include CA, Cal., Calif., and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. Various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their political organization with bands,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "66770", "score": "1.033941", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "History of California before 1900", "text": "different language family groups. These groups included the early-arriving Hokan family (winding up in the mountainous far north and Colorado River basin in the south) and the recently arrived Uto-Aztecan of the desert southeast. This cultural diversity was among the densest in North America, and was likely the result of a series of migrations and invasions during the last 10,000–15,000 years. At the time of the first European contact, Native American tribes included the Chumash, Nisenan, Maidu, Miwok, Modoc, Mohave, Ohlone, Pomo, Serrano, Shasta, Tataviam, Tongva, Wintu and Yurok. Tribes adapted to California's many climates. Coastal tribes were a major", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "739306", "score": "1.0217248", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Women in the California Gold Rush", "text": "in the marriageable \"pool\". As divorcees, these women did not receive the negative public scrutiny sometimes evident elsewhere because divorce was often part of the new Californian culture. Eligible women usually had several proposals for marriage in a short time. Starting in the mid-1850s, people began to settle into their traditional roles, mores and economic classes and abandoned non-traditional gender roles. Many lone men sent for their families and middle class American morality re-emerged as the number of middle class wives and families increased. It is estimated that about 30% of the male miners were married men who had left", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11902830", "score": "1.0178175", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Indigenous peoples of California", "text": "The several Athapaskan languages are relatively recent arrivals, no more recent than about 2000 years ago. Evidence of human occupation of California dates from at least 19,000 years ago. Prior to European contact, California Indians had 500 distinct sub-tribes or groups, each consisting of 50 to 500 individual members. The size of California tribes today are small compared to tribes in other regions of the United States. Prior to contact with Europeans, the California region contained the highest Native American population density north of what is now Mexico. Because of the temperate climate and easy access to food sources, approximately", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14900308", "score": "1.0157672", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Californio", "text": "\"La Raza\" and other organized Chicano activists, who depict Mexicans or Hispanics as the state's original people. They discount the claims to this status by the approximate 50,000 to 80,000 indigenous peoples, such as Coast Miwok, Ohlone, Wintun, Yokuts and other Native American ancestors. Many of these tribes' ancestors inhabited the California region for thousands of years before European contact. Other Mexican activists claim there was an integrated society of Mexicans, Indians, Mestizos and American immigrants, which had evolved over 77 years beginning with the founding of Misión San Diego in the Alta California territory in 1769. The developing agricultural", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4083641", "score": "1.0135503", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Society of California Pioneers", "text": "Society of California Pioneers Established in 1850, the Society of California Pioneers is dedicated to the study and enjoyment of California art, history, and culture. Founded by individuals arriving in California before 1850 and thriving under the leadership of several generations of their direct descendants, The Society has continuously served its members, the academic community, and the public. As the oldest organization West of The Mississippi, The Society opened the first library in California, as well as a grand hall for meetings, lectures, and social events. Today The Society operates a public museum and a research library, both housed in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10670769", "score": "1.0119982", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The California Museum", "text": "entrepreneurs and artists, Latinas have helped build California. This exhibit recognized their achievements from the 18th century to today. Women have been discouraged from becoming traditional artists but have expressed their creativity through textiles, an art form both beautiful and useful. For women in the 19th century a quilt could be like a diary. Much of what women packed for their journey to California consisted of their own handiwork: treasured quilts, best dresses, baby gowns, and other needlecraft. The meticulous stitches and the fabrics used give visitors a glimpse into the long-ago lives of California women. A few of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10607562", "score": "1.0099888", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Culture of California", "text": "(called \"ranchos\"). From that time to the present, Hispanic Californians have always been among the largest cultural groups in the state. Furthermore, Mexican immigration into California has also resulted in a large share of cultural contributions. California culture has also been greatly influenced by several other large immigrant populations, especially those from Latin America and East Asia. California is a true melting pot as well as an international gateway to the United States. California has long been a subject of interest in the public mind and has often been promoted by its boosters as a kind of paradise. In the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9190960", "score": "1.0095996", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Cahto", "text": "the council, which comprised all the elder men. Each expressed his opinion, and the chief would go along with the consensus. Many of the social practices of the Kato tribe show how strongly they were influenced by the culture of northern-central California. Children of both sexes were required to observe certain rites at the age of puberty. Annually in midsummer, a group of boys, ranging from 12 to perhaps 16 years old, were led out to a solitary place by two men, one of whom was the teacher. Here, they received instructions in mythology and the supposed origin of customs,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5825768", "score": "1.0094348", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "History of California", "text": "the Government and Protection of Indians,\" a number of Native Americans were formally enslaved in the state, a practice that continued until the mid-1860s, when California changed its laws to conform to the 14th Amendment. The possibility of splitting off Southern California as a territory or a state was rejected by the national government, and the idea was dead by 1861 when patriotic fervor swept California after the attack on Fort Sumter. California's involvement in the American Civil War included sending gold east, recruiting or funding a limited number of combat units, maintaining numerous fortifications and sending troops east, some", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8645651", "score": "1.0093067", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Women in the California Gold Rush", "text": "Carter wrote for the African-American California newspaper \"The Elevator\" during the 1860s and 70's. Due to the very low number of women in Gold Rush California, the marriage market was in women’s favor. While parental approval and economic concerns still occasionally played a role in engagements, they decreased in importance. Mixed marriages, while still stigmatized, were more common in California due to the diverse pool of women in which white women were a small minority. Women also found it easier to get a divorce in California than elsewhere as the judges seemed to want to increase the number of women", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11902829", "score": "1.0082945", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "History of California", "text": "Indian women the Indian population precipitously declined. Between 1850 and 1860, the state of California paid around 1.5 million dollars (some $250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government) to hire \"militias\" whose purpose was to protect settlers from the indigenous populations. These \"private military forays\" were involved in several of the above-mentioned massacres, and sometimes participated in the \"wanton killing\" of Native peoples. The first governor of California, Peter Burnett, openly called for the extermination of the Indian tribes, and in reference to the violence against California's Native population, he said, \"That a war of extermination will continue", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8645647", "score": "1.007893", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "History of California", "text": "at a subsistence level, typically located in small rancherias of extended family groups of 100 to 150 people. They had no apparent agriculture as understood by Europeans, no domesticated animals except dogs, no pottery; their tools were made out of wood, leather, woven baskets and netting, stone, and antler. Some shelters were made of branches and mud; some dwellings were built by digging into the ground two to three feet and then building a brush shelter on top covered with animal skins, tules and/or mud. The Cabrillo expedition did not see the far north of California, where on the coast", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8645540", "score": "1.0078828", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "History of slavery in California", "text": "maintain. Essentially the entire economy shifted from work on the missions to work on large land estates of wealthy Mexicans. A system was devised where it was virtually cost free to utilize indigenous labor; workers were exchanged between ranchos and essentially became indentured servants. In 1848 Mexico ceded California to the United States and 1845–1855 marked the years of the gold rush, bringing in white immigrants to California. Indians became the major and immediate source of labor for mining. In those 10 years the Indian population decreased by two-thirds and in order to craft California's own code of labor, An", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9726071", "score": "1.007622", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "History of California 1900–present", "text": "Landscape Survey showed the religious makeup of California as follows: History of California 1900–present \"This article continues the history of California in the years 1900 and later;for events through 1899, see History of California before 1900.\" After 1900, California continued to grow rapidly and soon became an agricultural and industrial power. The economy was widely based on specialty agriculture, oil, tourism, shipping, film, and after 1940 advanced technology such as aerospace and electronics industries – along with a significant military presence. The films and stars of Hollywood helped make the state the \"center\" of worldwide attention. California became an American", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5348497", "score": "1.0072834", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Social class in American history", "text": "citizenship status. About 10,000 Californios lived in the southern part of California, and were numerically overwhelmed by migrants form the East by 1900 that their identity was almost lost. In New Mexico, by contrast, the Mexican population maintained its highly traditionalistic and religious culture, and retained some political power, into the 21st century. The Tejano population of Texas supported the revolution against Mexico in 1836, and gained full citizenship. In practice, however, most were ranch hands with limited political rights under the control of local bosses. The industrialization of the Northeast dramatically changed the social structure. New wealth abounded, with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6898558", "score": "1.0036045", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "California mission clash of cultures", "text": "been brought to light that puts the Californian Native Americans' experiences in a very different context. For instance, women were quartered separately from the men, regardless of marital status. In addition, Native American cultural and spiritual beliefs about marriage, love, and sex were routinely disrespected or punished. Once an Indian agreed to become part of the mission community, he or she was forbidden to leave it without a padre's permission, and from then on led a fairly regimented life learning \"civilized\" ways from the Spaniards. Indians were often subjected to corporal punishment and other discipline as determined by the padres.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15341643", "score": "1.0023972", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "History of slavery in California", "text": "of the padres to the state of the natives' immune systems, which were unaccustomed to most of the diseases the settlers brought with them. Mexico gained its independence from Spain and from 1821–1846 California was under Mexican rule. The Mexican National Congress passed the Colonization Act of 1824 in which large sections of unoccupied land were granted to individuals and in 1833 the government secularized missions and consequently many civil authorities at the time confiscated the land from the missions for themselves. These two acts aided in the creation of a ranchos system that required a large labor force to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9726070", "score": "1.0007801", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "History of California", "text": "to be waged between the two races until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be expected. While we cannot anticipate the result with but painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power and wisdom of man to avert.\" As a result, the rise of modern California equalled great tragedy and hardship for the native inhabitants. Several scholars, including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo, have described the actions of the California government as a genocide. In subsequent decades after 1850, the native population of more than 100 tribes were gradually placed in a series of reservations and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8645648", "score": "1.0002661", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Indigenous peoples of California", "text": "among tribes such as the Luiseño and Diegueño. Ceremonies were performed after consuming a hallucinogenic drink made of the jimsonweed or Toloache plant (Datura meteloides), which put devotees in a trance and gave them access to supernatural knowledge. Native american culture in California was also noted for its rock art, especially among the Chumash of southern California. The rock art, or pictographs were brightly colored paintings of humans, animals and abstract designs, and were thought to have had religious significance. Acorns are a primary traditional food throughout much of California. Corn was very important as well. Different tribes' diets included", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14900324", "score": "0.9987682", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "California", "text": "and dry all year round with easy access to the ocean and mountains. In the 1960s, popular music groups such as The Beach Boys promoted the image of Californians as laid-back, tanned beach-goers. The California Gold Rush of the 1850s is still seen as a symbol of California's economic style, which tends to generate technology, social, entertainment, and economic fads and booms and related busts. The largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a percentage of California's population in 2014 were the Catholic Church with 28 percent, Evangelical Protestants with 20 percent, and Mainline Protestants with 10 percent. Together,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "66832", "score": "0.9982193", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Definitions of whiteness in the United States", "text": "as a result of the Wysinger vs. Crookshank, 82 Cal 588, 720, (1890) ruling, Blacks were integrated into California's education system and thus never attended segregated public schools during the Jim Crow era in California. \"Main Articles: Middle Eastern Americans\" The Census Bureau includes the \"original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East\" among white people. Under pressure from advocacy groups, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would consider establishing a new, MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa and the Arab world, separate from the \"white\" category. If approved by the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10126713", "score": "0.99636626", "original_retrieval_index": 40 } ]

{ "title": "History of California before 1900", "long_answer": "The first quarter of the 19th century showed the continuation of the slow colonization of the southern and central California coast by Spanish missionaries, ranchers and troops. By 1820 Spanish influence was marked by the chain of missions reaching from Loreto, north to San Diego, to just north of today's San Francisco Bay Area, and extended inland approximately 25 to 50 miles (40 to 80 km) from the missions. Outside of this zone, perhaps 200,000 to 250,000 Native Americans were continuing to lead traditional lives. The Adams–Onís Treaty, signed in 1819, set the northern boundary of the Spanish claims at the 42nd parallel, effectively creating today's northern boundary between California and Oregon.", "chunked_long_answer": "The first quarter of the 19th century showed the continuation of the slow colonization of the southern and central California coast by Spanish missionaries, ranchers and troops. By 1820 Spanish influence was marked by the chain of missions reaching from Loreto, north to San Diego, to just north of today's San Francisco Bay Area, and extended inland approximately 25 to 50 miles (40 to 80 km) from the missions. Outside of this zone, perhaps 200,000 to 250,000 Native Americans were continuing to lead traditional lives. The Adams–Onís Treaty, signed in 1819, set the northern boundary of the Spanish claims at the 42nd parallel, effectively creating today's northern boundary between California and Oregon.", "short_answers": [ "Spanish" ] }

[ "Hugh S. Johnson" ]

[ { "title": "National Recovery Administration", "text": "The first director of the NRA was Hugh S. Johnson, a retired United States Army general and a successful businessman. He was named Time magazine's \"Man of the Year\" in 1933. Johnson saw the NRA as a national crusade designed to restore employment and regenerate industry.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "National Recovery Administration", "text": "National Recovery Administration The National Recovery Administration was a prime New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The goal was to eliminate \"cut-throat competition\" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of \"fair practices\" and set prices. The NRA was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) and allowed industries to get together and write \"codes of fair competition.\" The codes were intended to reduce \"destructive competition\" and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours, as well as minimum prices at which products could be sold.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2766039", "score": "1.151456", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "National Recovery Administration", "text": "same to contain any fraudulent or fictitious statement or entry, in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States or of any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder … This form of the statute, in slightly modified form, still exists today at . National Recovery Administration The National Recovery Administration was a prime New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The goal was to eliminate \"cut-throat competition\" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of \"fair practices\" and set prices.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2766066", "score": "1.1281807", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Aubrey Willis Williams", "text": "by managing a Chautauqua, an early form of adult education. A post-War stay in France saw him earn a Doctorate from the University of Bordeaux. Not until he reached 30 was he ready to begin the career of social work in Ohio and Wisconsin which would eventually lead to his appointment by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to Assistant Federal Relief Administrator, the second highest ranking U.S. relief official. In this role, Williams reported to Harry Lloyd Hopkins (August 17, 1890 – January 29, 1946), one of President Roosevelt's closest advisers, and one of the architects of the New Deal. Hopkins", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11176519", "score": "1.0945024", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Julius P. Heil", "text": "appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt to head the state advisory board for the National Recovery Administration. Winning the Republican gubernatorial nomination in 1938, Heil went on to defeat his Progressive opponent-incumbent Philip F. La Follette. As governor, he created the Department of Motor Vehicles out of five existing agencies and consolidated welfare and institutional programs under a single Department of Public Welfare. A controversial innovation was his creation of a Division of Departmental Research, designed to achieve greater efficiency in state administration. The United States entered World War II during Heil's second term, and a State Guard was created to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6335933", "score": "1.086112", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "John J. Dempsey", "text": "an independent oil operator and in 1928 became president of the United States Asphalt Company. Dempsey in 1932 was appointed a member and later president of the Board of Regents of the University of New Mexico. He served as the state director for the National Recovery Administration in 1933, then became state director of the Federal Housing Administration and the National Emergency Council. He was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fourth, Seventy-fifth, and Seventy-sixth Congresses (January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1941) but was not a candidate for renomination in 1940 when he was an unsuccessful candidate for nomination", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9819825", "score": "1.0760186", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Harry Hopkins", "text": "Child Welfare and worked for various social work and public health organizations. He was elected president of the National Association of Social Workers in 1923. In 1931, Jesse I. Straus hired Hopkins as the executive director of New York's Temporary Emergency Relief Administration. His leadership of the program earned the attention of Roosevelt, then the governor of New York, and Roosevelt brought Hopkins into his presidential administration after his victory in the 1932 presidential election. Hopkins supervised the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Civil Works Administration, and the Works Progress Administration. He also served as Secretary of Commerce from 1938", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2790018", "score": "1.0757747", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration", "text": "Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration The Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA) was one of the alphabet agencies of the New Deal established by the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Created on May 28, 1935, the PRRA's first directors included American journalist and politician Ernest Gruening and Puerto Rican educator and politician Carlos Chardón. Falling under the authority of the Department of the Interior and the Farm Security Administration (FSA) its primary goals were to establish long term economic stability in Puerto Rico during the Great Depression through job creation, land distribution, public works projects, as well as environmental and health", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8056568", "score": "1.074792", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration", "text": "create relief, recovery and reconstruction policies specifically aimed at Puerto Rico. The first New Deal agency created to improve conditions in Puerto Rico was the Puerto Rico Emergency Relief Administration (PRERA) in 1933. The PRERA worked under the authority of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) and through matching grants would provide direct relief funding and the creation of jobs through public works initiatives. Under its directors, the Roosevelt appointee James Bourne, and the island’s governor, the American Robert H. Gore, the PRERA received only $770,000 from the federal government due to oversights in application processes. By the fall of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8056574", "score": "1.0744933", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "text": "presided over the establishment of several agencies and measures designed to provide relief for the unemployed and others in need. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), under the leadership of Harry Hopkins, was designed to distribute relief to state governments. The Public Works Administration (PWA), under the leadership of Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, was created to oversee the construction of large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, and schools. The most popular of all New Deal agencies – and Roosevelt's favorite – was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which hired 250,000 unemployed young men to work on local", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "138947", "score": "1.0711836", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Donald Richberg", "text": "of running the National Recovery Administration. Johnson's increasingly erratic behavior, frequent policy about-faces, and abusive behavior toward subordinates aliented Richberg, who began asking President Roosevelt to fire or replace the Administrator. After two meetings with Roosevelt and an abortive resignation attempt, Johnson resigned on September 24, 1934. Three days later, Roosevelt replaced the position of Administrator with a new National Industrial Recovery Board, of which Richberg was named Executive Director. As head of the Board, however, Richberg engaged in double-dealing, lying to the President about the views of his subordinates and agreeing to his staff's requests that he raise issues", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13262139", "score": "1.0694542", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "First and second terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", "text": "relief projects to employ those on direct relief. FERA was led by Harry Hopkins, who had helmed a similar program under Roosevelt in New York. Another agency, the Public Works Administration (PWA), was created to fund infrastructure projects, and was led by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes. Seeking to increase the federal role in providing work relief, Hopkins successfully pushed for the creation of the Civil Works Administration (CWA), which would provide employment for anyone who was unemployed. In less than four months, the CWA hired four million people, and during its five months of operation, the CWA built", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20687144", "score": "1.0666318", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Arthur J. Altmeyer", "text": "Labor Secretary Frances Perkins to consult on relations with state labor departments. He advised the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and the Civil Works Administration. In November 1933, he was appointed Director of the Labor Compliance Division of the National Recovery Administration. He returned briefly to Madison in May 1934 but was almost immediately appointed Second Assistant Secretary of Labor. In June, 1934, Altmeyer, acting upon instructions from President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Secretary Perkins and Presidential Adviser Harry Hopkins, drafted for the president Executive Order 6757, which provided for creation of a Committee on Economic Security, the committee which oversaw drafting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4727989", "score": "1.0500419", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", "text": "1933 to 1935, involved giving money to localities to operate work relief projects to employ those on direct relief. FERA was led by Harry Hopkins, who had helmed a similar program under Roosevelt in New York. Another agency, the Public Works Administration (PWA), was created to fund infrastructure projects, and was led by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes. Seeking to increase the federal role in providing work relief, Hopkins successfully pushed for the creation of the Civil Works Administration (CWA), which would provide employment for anyone who was unemployed. In less than six months, the CWA hired four million", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9013227", "score": "1.0449424", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Douglas Arant", "text": "agencies. He became special assistant to the United States Attorney General and chief counsel for the Petroleum Administration Board, National Recovery Administration, Washington, D.C. in 1933. The next year he served as chairman of the Regional Labor Board, Sixth District, National Recovery Administration, and in 1942 was the public member for the Fourth Regional Labor Board in Atlanta. Arant was also a member of the Board of Appeals, District Two, Alabama Selective Service System from 1940 to 1945. Although a democrat and a strong Roosevelt supporter, at the urging of Grenville Clark, Arant accepted the position of Chairman of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10598635", "score": "1.0437775", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "First 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency", "text": "the first promoted industrial recovery, and the second established the Public Works Administration (PWA). The National Industry Recovery Act set up the Public Works Administration (PWA) and the National Recovery Administration (NRA). The PWA used government money to build infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, for the state. This demand for construction created new jobs, which achieved Roosevelt's main priority. The National Recovery Act also improved working conditions and outlawed child labor. Wages increased, making it possible for workers to earn and spend more. Today, the act is widely considered a legal failure because it generated large numbers of regulations", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17796296", "score": "1.0432707", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Harry Hopkins", "text": "1932, he promoted Hopkins to the presidency of the agency. Hopkins and Eleanor Roosevelt began a long friendship, which strengthened his role in relief programs. In March 1933, Roosevelt summoned Hopkins to Washington as federal relief administrator. Convinced that paid work was psychologically more valuable than cash handouts, Hopkins sought to continue and expand New York State's work-relief programs, the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration. He supervised the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), and the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Over 90% of the people employed by the Hopkins programs were unemployed or on relief. He feuded", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2790025", "score": "1.0356954", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Donald Richberg", "text": "purpose of carrying into effect\" the provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and the Federal Emergency Relief Act. Now, through an Executive Order, Roosevelt made Richberg director of the Industrial Emergency Committee, composed of the secretaries of the Interior and Labor and the heads of the NRA and Federal Emergency Relief Administration, to \"make recommendations to the President ... with respect to problems of relief, public works, labor disputes and industrial recovery and to study and coordinate the handling of joint problems affecting these activities.\" At the same time, Roosevelt put Richberg in charge of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13262137", "score": "1.0279369", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Donald Richberg", "text": "recovery efforts. He created an Executive Council on July 11, 1933, composed of most Cabinet heads and the leaders of most newly created economic recovery agencies \"to provide for the orderly presentation of business and to coordinate inter-agency problems of organization and work of the new governmental agencies\". On November 17, 1933, he created a similar coordinating body called the National Emergency Council, composed of four key Cabinet secretaries and the heads of six economic recovery agencies, to coordinate and make \"more efficient and productive the work of the numerous field agencies of the Government established under, and for the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13262136", "score": "1.0272887", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933", "text": "raise crops and earn a living there. Title II, Sections 210–219 provided for revenues to fund the Act, and Section 220 appropriated money for the Act's implementation. Title III of the Act contained miscellaneous provisions, and transferred the authority to engage in public works from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to the Public Works Administration. Implementation of the Act began immediately. Hugh Johnson spent most of May and June planning for implementation, and the National Recovery Administration (NRA) was established on June 20, 1933—a scant four days after the law's enactment. Roosevelt angered Johnson by having him administer only the NRA,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13969518", "score": "1.0266736", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration", "text": "owning quota to 300 acres. On May 28, 1935 the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA) was created by President Roosevelt under executive order 7057 and would operate under the authority of the Department of Interior and its secretary Harold Ickes. Modeled on Plan Chardón, the PRRA fell under the direction of American Ernest Gruening and Carlos Chardón. Gruening and Chardón oversaw a large bureaucratic agency whose administrators consisted of young Puerto Rican New Deal liberals, many of whom would become integral actors, along with Luis Muñoz Marín, in creating the pro-United States Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (\"Partido Popular", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8056579", "score": "1.0255036", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "National Recovery Administration", "text": "for a limited period should be permitted to assume jurisdiction of them.\" British journalist Alistair Cooke described Franklin Delano Roosevelt's presidency of the United States of America in the two years from his inauguration to the Supreme Court's declaration that the National Recovery Administration was unconstitutional, as a benevolent dictatorship. The NRA negotiated specific sets of codes with leaders of the nation's major industries; the most important provisions were anti-deflationary floors below which no company would lower prices or wages, and agreements on maintaining employment and production. In a remarkably short time, the NRA won agreements from almost every major", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2766053", "score": "1.0243912", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Charles Forrest Palmer", "text": "to Atlanta to exploit the commercial investment opportunities there. Palmer opened a real estate firm there, Palmer. Inc., specializing in downtown office properties. As of 1930 Palmer was president of the National Association of Building Owners and Managers, shuttling back and forth between Atlanta and Washington, D.C. In the first 100 days of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's new administration in 1933, the National Industrial Recovery Act was passed, which created the federal Public Works Administration (PWA). Of the PWA's more than $3 billion budget, $100 million was targeted towards slum clearance and low-cost housing. At that time, already for half a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16257281", "score": "1.0231285", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Linton McGee Collins", "text": "in Miami, Florida from 1926 to 1933. He was a Professor at the University of Miami from 1930 to 1932. He was the Personnel Director and Division Administrator of the National Recovery Administration from 1933 to 1935. He served with the United States Department of Justice from 1935 to 1944, serving as first assistant to the Deputy Attorney General in 1935, and as special assistant to the Attorney General of the United States from 1935 to 1944. He returned to private practice in Washington, D.C. from 1944 to 1964. Collins was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 8,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14359721", "score": "1.0230489", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Public Works Administration", "text": "Public Works Administration Public Works Administration (PWA), part of the New Deal of 1933, was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression. It built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools. Its goals were to spend $3.3 billion in the first year, and $6 billion in all, to provide employment, stabilize purchasing power, and help revive the economy. Most of the spending came in two waves in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "661231", "score": "1.0181763", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933", "text": "National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration (PWA, not to be confused with the WPA of 1935). The National Recovery Administration (NRA) portion was widely hailed in 1933, but by 1934 business' opinion of the act had soured. By March 1934 the \"NRA was engaged chiefly in drawing up", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13969500", "score": "1.0176796", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "First and second terms of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", "text": "several agencies, most notably the National Recovery Administration, to reform the industrial sector, though the National Recovery Administration was struck down by the Supreme Court. After his party's success in the 1934 mid-term elections, Roosevelt presided over the establishment of the Works Progress Administration, another major work relief agency. He also won passage of the Social Security Act, which created a national old-age pension program known as Social Security. The same act also established a national unemployment insurance program, as well as the Aid to Dependent Children, which provided aid to families headed by single mothers. A third major piece", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20687127", "score": "1.0113459", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933", "text": "slightly modified form, still exists today at . National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration (PWA, not to be confused with the WPA of 1935). The National Recovery Administration (NRA) portion was widely hailed in 1933, but by 1934 business' opinion of the act had soured. By March 1934", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13969540", "score": "1.009583", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Columbia Island (District of Columbia)", "text": "office as President of the United States in March 1933. Convinced that massive federal spending on public works was essential not only to \"prime the pump\" of the economy but also to cut unemployment, Roosevelt proposed passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The act contained $6 billion in public works spending. The act passed on June 13, 1933, and Roosevelt signed it into law on June 16. The Public Works Administration (PWA) was immediately established to disburse the funds appropriated by the act. On July 13, just a month after the PWA was formed, the agency announced a $3", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5095042", "score": "1.0090544", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding", "text": "Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding The Office of the Federal Coordinator for Gulf Coast Rebuilding was created by U.S. President George W. Bush in 2005 to devise a long-term plan for the rebuilding of the region devastated by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Its mission is based on a strategy focused on a set of prioritized, integrated and long-term initiatives to rebuild the region better than it was before. Created by Executive Order by President Bush after an inadequate response to Hurricane Katrina by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the office was established by Federal Coordinator", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15283777", "score": "1.0065546", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "National Recovery Administration", "long_answer": "The first director of the NRA was Hugh S. Johnson, a retired United States Army general and a successful businessman. He was named Time magazine's \"Man of the Year\" in 1933. Johnson saw the NRA as a national crusade designed to restore employment and regenerate industry.", "chunked_long_answer": "The first director of the NRA was Hugh S. Johnson, a retired United States Army general and a successful businessman. He was named Time magazine's \"Man of the Year\" in 1933. Johnson saw the NRA as a national crusade designed to restore employment and regenerate industry.", "short_answers": [ "Hugh S. Johnson" ] }

[ "pulmonary circulation" ]

[ { "title": "Pulmonary circulation", "text": "The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart. The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation. The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Pulmonary circulation", "text": "where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration. Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries which are extremely thin-walled. The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart. The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta. The blood is then distributed to the body through the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2981477", "score": "1.1057324", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Circulatory system", "text": "of the heart. The blood that is returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated (poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the different organs of the body. The coronary circulation system provides a blood supply to the heart muscle itself. The coronary circulation begins near the origin of the aorta", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "677610", "score": "1.0795064", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Blood", "text": "and deliver it to the body via arterioles and capillaries, where the oxygen is consumed; afterwards, venules and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Under normal conditions in adult humans at rest, hemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about 98–99% saturated with oxygen, achieving an oxygen delivery between 950 and 1150 ml/min to the body. In a healthy adult at rest, oxygen consumption is approximately 200–250 ml/min, and deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs is still roughly 75% (70 to 78%) saturated. Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen saturation of venous blood, which can", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "47134", "score": "1.0774634", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Circulatory system", "text": "pulmonary vein. Oxygen deprived blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the right atrium of the heart and flows through the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle, from which it is then pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, whereby is released from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed. The pulmonary vein returns the now oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium. A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung. Systemic circulation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "677612", "score": "1.0515895", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Heart", "text": "and the blood is pumped into the pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary valve. The pulmonary trunk divides into pulmonary arteries and progressively smaller arteries throughout the lungs, until it reaches capillaries. As these pass by alveoli carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. This happens through the passive process of diffusion. In the left heart, oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. It is then pumped into the left ventricle through the mitral valve and into the aorta through the aortic valve for systemic circulation. The aorta is a large artery that branches into many smaller", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "473074", "score": "1.0510991", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Hemodynamics", "text": "arterioles, capillaries, and venules —constitutes most of the area of the vascular system and is the site of the transfer of O, glucose, and enzyme substrates into the cells. The venous system returns the de-oxygenated blood to the right heart where it is pumped into the lungs to become oxygenated and CO and other gaseous wastes exchanged and expelled during breathing. Blood then returns to the left side of the heart where it begins the process again. In a normal circulatory system, the volume of blood returning to the heart each minute is approximately equal to the volume that is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1952434", "score": "1.050853", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Heart", "text": "extends part-way into the ventricle. This allows for some degree of separation between the de-oxygenated bloodstream destined for the lungs and the oxygenated stream that is delivered to the rest of the body. The absence of such a division in living amphibian species may be partly due to the amount of respiration that occurs through the skin; thus, the blood returned to the heart through the venae cavae is already partially oxygenated. As a result, there may be less need for a finer division between the two bloodstreams than in lungfish or other tetrapods. Nonetheless, in at least some species", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "473145", "score": "1.0357444", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Common octopus", "text": "sending oxygenated blood to the body and two smaller branchial hearts, one next to each set of gills. The circulatory circuit sends oxygenated blood from the gills to the atrium of the systemic heart, then to its ventricle which pumps this blood to the rest of the body. Deoxygenated blood from the body goes to the branchial hearts which pumps the blood across the gills to oxygenate it, and then the blood flows back to the systemic atrium for the process to begin again. Three aortae leave the systemic heart, two minor ones (the abdominal aorta and the gonadal aorta)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9906397", "score": "1.0348023", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Blood", "text": "vary somewhat between species. In non-mammalian vertebrates, however, there are some key differences: Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. In humans, blood is pumped from the strong left ventricle of the heart through arteries to peripheral tissues and returns to the right atrium of the heart through veins. It then enters the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again. Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "47129", "score": "1.0205169", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Common octopus", "text": "oxygen. The Krebs cycle uses the oxygen from the blood to break down glucose in active tissues or muscles and releases carbon dioxide as a waste product, which leads to more oxygen being released. Oxygen released into the tissues or muscles creates deoxygenated blood which returns to the gills in veins. The two brachial hearts of the octopus pump blood from the veins through the gill capillaries. The newly oxygenated blood drains from the gill capillaries into the systemic heart where it is then pumped back throughout the body. The octopus has three hearts, one main two-chambered heart charged with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9906396", "score": "1.0061803", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Gas exchange", "text": "normal, reflexes are elicited that change the rate and depth of breathing in such a way that normality is restored within seconds or minutes. All the blood returning from the body tissues to the right side of the heart flows through the alveolar capillaries before being pumped around the body again. On its passage through the lungs the blood comes into close contact with the alveolar air, separated from it by a very thin diffusion membrane which is only, on average, about 2 μm thick. The gas pressures in the blood will therefore rapidly equilibrate with those in the alveoli,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2339354", "score": "1.0039331", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Nautilus", "text": "blood of the nautilus contains hemocyanin, which is blue in its oxygenated state. There are two pairs of gills which are the only remnants of the ancestral metamerism to be visible in extant cephalopods. Oxygenated blood arrives at the heart through four ventricles and flows out to the animal's organs through distinct aortas but returns through veins which are too small and varied to be specifically described. The one exception to this is the vena cava, a single large vein running along the underside of the crop into which nearly all other vessels containing deoxygenated blood empty. All blood passes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "952330", "score": "1.0004", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Blood vessel", "text": "body. This is a result of the left and right side of the heart working together to allow blood to flow continuously to the lungs and other parts of the body. Oxygen poor blood enters the right side of the heart through two large veins. Oxygen rich blood from the lungs enters through the pulmonary veins on the left side of the heart into the aorta and then reaches the rest of the body. The capillaries are responsible for allowing the blood to receive oxygen through tiny air sacs in the lungs. This is also the site where carbon dioxide", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "588400", "score": "0.9955223", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Blood", "text": "air to all of the cells of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism by cells, to the lungs to be exhaled. However, one exception includes pulmonary arteries, which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body, while the pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood. Additional return flow may be generated by the movement of skeletal muscles, which can compress veins and push blood through the valves in veins toward the right atrium. The blood circulation was famously described by William Harvey in 1628. In vertebrates, the various cells of blood are made in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "47130", "score": "0.9909974", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Fish physiology", "text": "some pelagic bony fish species. The respiration and circulation process begins when deoxygenated blood travels to the shark's two-chambered heart. Here the shark pumps blood to its gills via the ventral aorta artery where it branches into afferent brachial arteries. Reoxygenation takes place in the gills and the reoxygenated blood flows into the efferent brachial arteries, which come together to form the dorsal aorta. The blood flows from the dorsal aorta throughout the body. The deoxygenated blood from the body then flows through the posterior cardinal veins and enters the posterior cardinal sinuses. From there blood enters the heart ventricle", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16973718", "score": "0.9873063", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Bird", "text": "pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called vasodilation bringing blood back to the heart. Once the blood reaches the heart it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body. The nervous system is large relative to the bird's size. The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "38792", "score": "0.9869079", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Hypoplastic right heart syndrome", "text": "blood to the lungs. The result of this is an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to be circulated to the body. The severity of underdevelopment varies for each individual. A special team of pediatric cardiologists is required to develop a treatment plan. A healthy heart has four valves, separated by flaps that open and close to control blood flow between the chambers. When the heart beats, oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium. The blood then flows into the right ventricle, where it enters the pulmonary artery to travel to the lungs for oxygen. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12928786", "score": "0.9855394", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Human body", "text": "drain blood into the right side of the heart. From here, the blood is pumped into the lungs where it receives oxygen and drains back into the left side of the heart. From here, it is pumped into the body's largest artery, the aorta, and then progressively smaller arteries and arterioles until it reaches tissue. Here blood passes from small arteries into capillaries, then small veins and the process begins again. Blood carries oxygen, waste products, and hormones from one place in the body to another. Blood is filtered at the kidneys and liver. The body consists of a number", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "648890", "score": "0.9763645", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Foramen ovale (heart)", "text": "ovale, the fossa ovalis. A fetus receives oxygen not from its lungs, but from the mother's oxygen-rich blood via the placenta. Oxygenated blood from the placenta travels through the umbilical cord to the right atrium of the fetal heart. As the fetal lungs are non-functional at this time, it is more efficient for the blood to bypass them. This is accomplished through 2 cardiac shunts. The first is the foramen ovale which shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium. The second is the ductus arteriosus which shunts blood from the pulmonary artery (which, after birth, carries blood", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6044295", "score": "0.9751108", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Arteriovenous oxygen difference", "text": "Arteriovenous oxygen difference The arteriovenous oxygen difference, or a-vO diff, is the difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood. It is an indication of how much oxygen is removed from the blood in capillaries as the blood circulates in the body. The a-vO diff and cardiac output are the main factors that allow variation in the body's total oxygen consumption, and are important in measuring VO. The a-vO diff is usually measured in millilitres of oxygen per 100 millilitres of blood (mL/100 mL). The arteriovenous oxygen difference is usually taken by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15570274", "score": "0.9726381", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Levo-Transposition of the great arteries", "text": "accompanying defect(s). If a right-to-left or bidirectional shunt is present, the list of symptoms may include mild cyanosis. In a normal heart, oxygen-depleted (\"deoxygenated\") blood is pumped from the right atrium into the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where it is oxygenated. The oxygen-rich (\"oxygenated\") blood then returns, via the pulmonary veins, to the left atrium from which it is pumped into the left ventricle, then through the aorta to the rest of the body, including the heart muscle itself. With l-TGA, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right atrium into the morphological left ventricle", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6487233", "score": "0.969507", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Shark", "text": "ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species. The respiration and circulation process begins when deoxygenated blood travels to the shark's two-chambered heart. Here the shark pumps blood to its gills via the ventral aorta artery where it branches into afferent brachial arteries. Reoxygenation takes place in the gills and the reoxygenated blood flows into the efferent brachial arteries, which come together to form the dorsal aorta. The blood flows from the dorsal aorta throughout the body. The deoxygenated blood from the body then flows through the posterior cardinal veins and enters the posterior cardinal sinuses. From there", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "541136", "score": "0.9658905", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Circulatory system", "text": "originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves. Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "677634", "score": "0.9644346", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Respiratory tract", "text": "the lung that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood. Respiration is the rhythmical process of breathing, in which air is drawn into the alveoli of the lungs via inhalation and subsequently expelled via exhalation. When a human being inhales, air travels down the trachea, through the bronchial tubes, and into the lungs. The entire tract is protected by the rib cage, spine, and sternum. In the lungs, oxygen from the inhaled air is transferred into the blood and circulated throughout the body. Carbon dioxide (CO) is transferred from returning blood back into gaseous form in the lungs and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1991356", "score": "0.9642883", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Bronchial artery", "text": "branches of the pulmonary arteries, and together, they supply the visceral pleura of the lung in the process. Note that much of the oxygenated blood supplied by the bronchial arteries is returned via the pulmonary veins rather than the bronchial veins. As a consequence, blood returning to the left heart is slightly less oxygenated than blood found at the level of the pulmonary capillary beds. Each bronchial artery also has a branch that supplies the esophagus. It is easy to confuse the bronchial arteries with the pulmonary arteries, because they both supply the lungs with blood, but there are important", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5751041", "score": "0.9639178", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Blood", "text": "is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. In animals with lungs, arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism produced by cells, from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled. Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato- (also spelled haemo- and haemato-) from the Greek word (\"haima\") for \"blood\". In terms of anatomy and histology, blood is considered a specialized form of connective tissue, given its origin in the bones and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "47124", "score": "0.96214664", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Transposition of the great vessels", "text": "(dextro-TGA) deoxygenated blood from the right heart is pumped immediately through the aorta and circulated to the body and the heart itself, bypassing the lungs altogether, while the left heart pumps oxygenated blood continuously back into the lungs through the pulmonary artery. In effect, two separate \"circular\" (parallel) circulatory systems are created. It is called a cyanotic congenital heart defect (CHD) because the newborn infant turns blue from lack of oxygen. Levo-Transposition of the great arteries is an acyanotic heart defect in which the primary arteries are transposed, with the aorta anterior and to the left of the pulmonary artery,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5336586", "score": "0.96075505", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Venous blood", "text": "Venous blood Venous blood is deoxygenated blood which travels from the peripheral vessels, through the venous system into the right atrium of the heart. Deoxygenated blood is then pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery which is divided in two branches, left and right to the left and right lungs respectively. Blood is oxygenated in the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Venous blood is typically colder than arterial blood, and has a lower oxygen content and pH. It also has lower concentrations of glucose and other nutrients, and has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2824654", "score": "0.96024144", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Blue baby syndrome", "text": "to the lungs; and a muscular right ventricle necessary to accomplish the extra work required to overcome that defect (right ventricular hypertrophy). Non-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle flows into the aorta preferentially because of the obstructed outflow tract into the lungs. This means less blood has the opportunity to be oxygenated in the lungs. Blood mixes abnormally between the left and right ventricles and into the aorta. Oxygenation of hemoglobin in erythrocytes lends blood its red color; cyanosis describes the \"blueness\" in the baby which results from the pumping of mixed oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood throughout the body. Blue", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3283048", "score": "0.9595486", "original_retrieval_index": 37 } ]

{ "title": "Pulmonary circulation", "long_answer": "The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart. The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation. The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins.", "chunked_long_answer": "The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart. The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation. The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins.", "short_answers": [ "pulmonary circulation" ] }

[ "異世界はスマートフォンとともに" ]

[ { "title": "In Another World With My Smartphone", "text": "In Another World With My Smartphone (異世界はスマートフォンとともに, Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni) is a Japanese light novel series written by Patora Fuyuhara and illustrated by Eiji Usatsuka. J-Novel Club has licensed the series for an English release, releasing each novel in six weekly parts since February 2017. A manga adaptation by Soto began its serialization in Kadokawa Shoten's Comp Ace in November 2016. An anime television series adaptation by Production Reed aired from July to September 2017.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "In Another World With My Smartphone", "text": "adaptation directed by Takeyuki Yanase, written by Natsuko Takahashi, and animated by Production Reed was announced and aired from July 11 to September 26, 2017. AŌP performed the opening theme song \"Another World\" while Maaya Uchida, Yui Fukuo, Chinatsu Akatsuki, Marika Kouno, Nanami Yamashita, and Sumire Uesaka performed different versions of the ending theme song . Crunchyroll streamed the anime. Crunchyroll has licensed the series, and Funimation will release it on home video as part of the two companies' partnership. Funimation is releasing the series for home video in the British Isles, and in Australia and New Zealand, through their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20063197", "score": "1.1817844", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "In Another World With My Smartphone", "text": "distributors at Sony Pictures UK and Universal Sony respectively. The series has seen considerable popularity on the Shōsetsuka ni Narō website, having been viewed over 100,000,000 times in total. In Another World With My Smartphone 15-year-old Touya Mochizuki is accidentally killed by God. As an apology, God allows him to be resurrected, but since he cannot send him back to his old world, he instead reincarnates him into a fantasy world along with a single special request. Touya uses his request in order to bring his smartphone into the new world with him, which God modifies so that the phone", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20063198", "score": "1.0981252", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "In Another World With My Smartphone", "text": "illustrations by Eiji Usatsuka. It was licensed for digital distribution in the English language by J-Novel Club. J-Novel Club announced at Anime Expo on July 5, 2018 that the series would be the first it would publish in print outside its deal with Seven Seas Entertainment. The novels will be published in partnership with Ingram Publisher Services. A manga adaptation by Soto began serialization in the January 2017 issue of Comp Ace (published November 2016), with the first two compiled tankōbon volumes released consecutively in June and July 2017 and the third volume in February 2018. An anime television series", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20063196", "score": "1.0617083", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "In Another World With My Smartphone", "text": "In Another World With My Smartphone 15-year-old Touya Mochizuki is accidentally killed by God. As an apology, God allows him to be resurrected, but since he cannot send him back to his old world, he instead reincarnates him into a fantasy world along with a single special request. Touya uses his request in order to bring his smartphone into the new world with him, which God modifies so that the phone will function in the new world. God also greatly amplifies Touya's physical, magical, and cognitive abilities to a certain degree as a further apology for the inconvenience of killing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20063194", "score": "1.0418786", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Restaurant to Another World", "text": "is \"One in a Billion\" by Wake Up, May'n, while the ending theme is by Kiyono Yasuno. Restaurant to Another World The is a restaurant situated in a mundane corner of an undisclosed Tokyo shopping district which, despite its name, offers a lot of Japanese dishes in addition to Western ones. It opens during usual business hours though closed during holidays and weekends. But secretly it is also open on Saturdays, as on this particular day it creates doorways to another world inhabited by elves, dragons, animal men and other fantastic creatures, who enter the restaurant and partake of its", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19724121", "score": "0.9906375", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Restaurant to Another World", "text": "Restaurant to Another World The is a restaurant situated in a mundane corner of an undisclosed Tokyo shopping district which, despite its name, offers a lot of Japanese dishes in addition to Western ones. It opens during usual business hours though closed during holidays and weekends. But secretly it is also open on Saturdays, as on this particular day it creates doorways to another world inhabited by elves, dragons, animal men and other fantastic creatures, who enter the restaurant and partake of its exotic food, with many of them becoming regular patrons. The web novel was initially serialized by Junpei", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19724118", "score": "0.8789489", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "My World, My Way (video game)", "text": "another Atlus title, \"Master of the Monster Lair\", most noticeably the appearance of the game's two main characters, Owen and Kate, as Dungeon Makers. The title was changed for the North American release to avoid confusion with \"The World Ends with You\". The game attained a score of 31/40 from Japan's \"Famitsu\" magazine. On March 23, 2009, \"Famitsu\" announced that Global A Entertainment will be making an enhanced remake for PlayStation Portable. The enhanced port will feature a new Mode called \"Light & Dark\", new character and voice-over. My World, My Way (video game) My World, My Way is a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12838505", "score": "0.87691337", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Crying Out Love in the Center of the World", "text": "Uluru. Crying Out Love in the Center of the World The film opened in Japan on 8 May 2004, which brought Nagasawa recognition as an actress. It was a financial success, and its theme song, \"Hitomi o Tojite\" (With My Eyes Closed) by Ken Hirai, became a successful single. It 2005, it was remade in Korea as \"My Girl and I\". In a neglected box in her Tokyo apartment, Ritsuko finds a teenage girl's audio diary on an old cassette. Ritsuko's fiancée Saku spots her in a television report at Takamatsu Airport about an approaching typhoon. He realizes she has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5665750", "score": "0.85886246", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "ROM image", "text": "in one part of the world, but not in another. For example, many role-playing video games released in Japan go unreleased in the West and East outside Japan. A group of fan translators will often translate the game themselves to meet demand for titles. For example, the 1995 game \"Tales of Phantasia\" was only officially released in Japan; DeJap Translations translated the game's on-screen text into English in 2001. Further to this, a project called Vocals of Phantasia was begun to translate the actual speech from the game. An official English version was not released until March 2006, some five", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2984565", "score": "0.8585345", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "In This Corner of the World (film)", "text": "shot which took over 20 revisions to get right, using aerial photographs to estimate the size of a shop and interviewing over 10 elderly residents. On July 25, 2018, the official Twitter account for the film announced that the film would receive an extended version, containing an additional 30 minutes of footage. The extended version is titled . It was originally scheduled to be released theatrically in Japan in December 2018, but it was delayed to 2019. The film on its opening weekend opened at #10 at the Japanese box office, debuting in 63 theaters across Japan and grossed a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18221336", "score": "0.8546072", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "MAGiMAGi", "text": "humdrum day in the real world, she falls through a manhole, and finds herself in what might just be the world she's been looking for. One day whilst daydreaming on the way home from school Akira falls down an uncovered drain and finds herself not in a sewer but in another world... Appearing from a hole in a tree-trunk, she meets a young man dressed as a magician who introduces himself as Haru. Given that the passage between worlds she has just fallen through is one-way only, he tells her she can come along to the house he shares with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10299796", "score": "0.8461939", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Level-5 Comcept", "text": "to play smartphone title, \"The Island of Dr. Momo\". The game had micro-transactions, and was released through the GREE platform. They also developed another mobile game, \"J.J. Rockets\". In September 2012, the team's next project was revealed as a new \"Ninja Gaiden\" title, named \"\". The game is a collaboration between Comcept, Team Ninja, and American developer Spark Unlimited. When anncouncing the game, Inafune said: \"“I’m very happy to stand here next to Mr. Hayashi today, and we’ll prove to you that we are going to survive and make good games that will lead the Japanese game industry.\" The game", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17580814", "score": "0.83960336", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Another World (video game)", "text": "Another World (video game) Another World, also known as Out of This World in North America and Outer World in Japan, is a 1991 cinematic platformer action-adventure game designed by Éric Chahi and published by Delphine Software. The game tells a story of Lester, a young scientist who, as a result of an experiment gone wrong, finds himself on a dangerous alien world where he is forced to fight for his survival. \"Another World\" was developed by Chahi alone over a period of about two years, with only help with the soundtrack from Jean-François Freitas. Chahi developed his own game", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3409597", "score": "0.8361453", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "In This Corner of the World", "text": "In This Corner of the World An anime theatrical film adaptation was released in 2016. A TV live action series was broadcast on TBS from July 2018. The story follows Suzu, an innocent young Japanese woman who is a talented illustrator who lives in Hiroshima and Kure, Japan during World War II. When Suzu was 18, she worked for a small family business when an unknown young man suddenly proposed to her. The man, Shūsaku, lived in Kure as a navy civilian, remembered seeing Suzu ten years ago, with fantastic experiences. Suzu married him, moved to Kure, and joined Shūsaku's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15905038", "score": "0.83610886", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Crying Out Love in the Center of the World", "text": "Crying Out Love in the Center of the World The film opened in Japan on 8 May 2004, which brought Nagasawa recognition as an actress. It was a financial success, and its theme song, \"Hitomi o Tojite\" (With My Eyes Closed) by Ken Hirai, became a successful single. It 2005, it was remade in Korea as \"My Girl and I\". In a neglected box in her Tokyo apartment, Ritsuko finds a teenage girl's audio diary on an old cassette. Ritsuko's fiancée Saku spots her in a television report at Takamatsu Airport about an approaching typhoon. He realizes she has gone", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5665744", "score": "0.83415043", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Rumic Theater", "text": "Rumiko Takahashi since 1987. The majority of them are akin to her work \"Maison Ikkoku\", in that they are domestic stories with a unique twist. An English language edition of the first two volumes was released by Viz in 1996. The five volumes published so far have individual titles: Japanese Title: P no higeki Japanese Title: Roman no akindo Japanese Title: Oyaji Low Teen Japanese Title: Hachi no naka Japanese Title: Japanese Title: Kimi ga iru dake de Japanese Title: Hyaku-nen no koi Japanese Title: Cha no ma no rabusongu Japanese Title: Poi no uchi Japanese Title: Higaeri no yume", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7466541", "score": "0.82621956", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "In This Corner of the World (film)", "text": "the credits roll, their adopted daughter is shown growing up in the Hojo residence, sewing clothes with her own hands, aided by Suzu in peaceful post-war Japan. The project was announced in August 2012 and began crowdfunding in March 2015 to raise funds. The crowdfunding was a success, with a Japanese record of 3,374 contributors and the raised exceeding the goal. Another crowdfunding, to send Katabuchi overseas for promotion, was started on November 22, 2016 and reached the goal of within eleven hours. Director Sunao Katabuchi tried to add accurate details to the backgrounds of the film, such as one", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18221335", "score": "0.82360506", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "In This Corner of the World (film)", "text": "for Best Director as the first-ever animated film director, and the 90th Kinema Junpo Best 10 Award for Best Japanese Film Director as the first-ever animated film director. The 65th Kikuchi Kan Prize was awarded to the team of \"In This Corner of the World\" including participants of the crowdfunding. In This Corner of the World (film) The film is set in the 1930s–1940s in Hiroshima and Kure in Japan, roughly 10 years before and after the atomic bomb, but mainly in 1944–45. In the film, nature and traditional culture in Japan are clearly described and contrasted with the cruel", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18221340", "score": "0.81909925", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Spring and Chaos", "text": "Spring and Chaos The North American title \"Spring and Chaos\" derives from the title of Miyazawa's poetry collection \"Spring and Asura\" (\"Haru to Shura\"), the title poem of which is recited in part in the program. The \"Ihatov\" in the Japanese title is a setting in a number of Miyazawa's works; it is the word Miyazawa created in Esperanto for his place of residence, Japan's Iwate Prefecture. The story follows Kenji Miyazawa through different periods of his life, centering primarily on his relationships with his sister, his father, his students, and the farmers in his area. The film opens with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8288957", "score": "0.81727314", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "In Another Country (film)", "text": "Mohang, a seaside town in Buan, North Jeolla. The bored younger woman sets out to write a screenplay whose plot will use the place they’re staying in for the location, but eventually comes up with three variants, using the same basic idea in all of them. In each case, Won-joo's protagonist is a \"charming French visitor\" named Anne (Isabelle Huppert): in the first section, she's a famous filmmaker visiting a fellow Korean director Jong-soo (Kwon Hae-hyo) and his very pregnant and jealous wife Geum-hee (Moon So-ri); in the second, she's the wife of a French motor-executive who comes to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16454283", "score": "0.8170692", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Mokke", "text": "Mokke The kanji representation of the title (もっけ which is in hiragana) is , which means \"unexpected\". The series revolves around the Hibara sisters' encounters with Japanese demons and spirits. The older sister, Shizuru, has the ability to see these apparitions, while the younger sister, Mizuki, has a tendency to become possessed by them. They live in the countryside because their parents were unable to deal with their supernatural abilities; their grandfather is an expert in such affairs. Through their encounters with the supernatural, Mizuki and Shizuru learn about both themselves and the world at large. An anime adaptation of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10967766", "score": "0.813763", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Emma (manga)", "text": "later aired the series across its respective networks worldwide, including Hong Kong and Taiwan, also translating and dubbing the series into English for its English language networks in Southeast Asia and South Asia, and other regions. The Japanese title of the anime is written using a couple of kanji from before the adoption of simplified characters after the end of World War II, which reflects the usage of kanji in the time period the story is set in. In modern Japanese 英國戀物語 (Eikoku Koi Monogatari, lit. \"English Lovestory\" or \"Lovestory in England\") would be written as 英国恋物語, the characters for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5174015", "score": "0.813519", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Japanese mobile phone culture", "text": "a speaker), and, by dialing a certain phone number, find the song in a database and have it identified. The user receives the song's title, artist, and album within seconds. This information can in turn be used to search the mobile Internet to find that song. Many of these technologies are now common place throughout the world thanks to the rise of smartphones, such as Android and iOS devices. It is considered a violation of good etiquette to answer a cell phone in certain public places. For example, on trains it is rude to answer or talk on cellphones. Many", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2694341", "score": "0.81342924", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "In the Realm of the Senses", "text": "inside her for several days. Words written with blood can be read on his chest: \"Sada Kichi the two of us forever\". The film was released under \"In the Realm of the Senses\" in the U.S. and the U.K., and under \"L'Empire des sens\" (Empire of the Senses) in France. The French title was taken from Roland Barthes's book about Japan, \"L'Empire des signes\" (\"Empire of Signs\", 1970). Strict censorship laws in Japan would not have allowed the film to be made according to Oshima's vision. This obstruction was bypassed by officially listing the production as a French enterprise, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4026821", "score": "0.8130021", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Honoka Inoue", "text": "the songs and for \"Taiko no Tatsujin\". In 2017, Inoue and her mother appeared as a daughter and mother in the original net animation \"Pokémon Generations\". She also appeared in the anime series \"WorldEnd\" as Phyracorlybia Dorio and \"In Another World With My Smartphone\" as Alma. That same year, she was cast as the character Ruby Azumi in the mobile game \"Between the Sky and Sea\". She released her first single \"Sparkling Chinatown\" on June 28, 2017. In 2018, Inoue played the role of Sakura Uzuki in the anime series \"Pazudora\". She will also reprise the role of Ruby for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20884543", "score": "0.8113055", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "ImaHima", "text": "including the coveted Prix Ars Electronica in 2001. The fundamental patents for mobile checkin, status updates and location-based advertising pioneered by ImaHima were acquired by Facebook in 2013. ImaHima ImaHima in Japanese means \"are you free now?\" and is the name of a mobile location-based social-networking service created in 1999 by the Japanese company of the same name founded by Neeraj Jhanji. ImaHima pioneered the concept of sharing current status (location, activity, mood) among friends using mobile phones. Initially ImaHima started out as an \"unofficial\" service but was later accepted inside the walled garden of the Japanese mobile carriers (NTT", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13829920", "score": "0.8089256", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Tenjho Tenge", "text": "in 2013. The anime was licensed and released by Geneon Entertainment, also beginning in 2005, however, it is now licensed by Discotek Media. The Japanese phrase also is part of the full phrase which can be translated literally as \"There is no equal to me in this entire world (i.e. below the heaven and on this earth)\", and in daily parlance now, the shortened form (yui ga dokuson) coming to mean a heavy-handed egotism. Traditionally the phrase is attributed to the Buddha Sakyamuni, purported to have said this whilst taking seven steps immediately after being born, supposed to assert his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3167423", "score": "0.8088831", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Another World (video game)", "text": "the 2011 Game Developers Conference, Chahi announced that an Apple iOS port of the title would be created by DotEmu and distributed by BulkyPix. On September 22, 2011, BulkyPix released a special 20th anniversary edition for the iPhone/iPad, featuring a switch between the original and HD graphics, a new intuitive touch controls or classic D-pad, three difficulty modes and remastered sound effects. The Android version was released in March 2012, the Steam version was released April 4, 2013 and GOG version was released April 22, 2013 (15th Anniversary Edition available on GOG in the same package as 20th Anniversary Edition).", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3409631", "score": "0.80802715", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Pornography in Japan", "text": "is more commonly referred to as hentai. Many pornographic films (\"Japanese adult video\" or JAV) have titles that may suggest that they use minors, or suggest that they show the recording of an actual crime. However, titles that are circulated with the approval of Eirin, the Japanese film industry's regulatory body, are in full compliance with and do not break any Japanese laws. A common ploy is to have a part of a title replaced with a character, or to use a phonetically similar neologism. For example, a video about \"19-year-old Girls Sex Party!\" may be sold with a title", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2087089", "score": "0.80547154", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "In Another World With My Smartphone", "long_answer": "In Another World With My Smartphone (異世界はスマートフォンとともに, Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni) is a Japanese light novel series written by Patora Fuyuhara and illustrated by Eiji Usatsuka. J-Novel Club has licensed the series for an English release, releasing each novel in six weekly parts since February 2017. A manga adaptation by Soto began its serialization in Kadokawa Shoten's Comp Ace in November 2016. An anime television series adaptation by Production Reed aired from July to September 2017.", "chunked_long_answer": "In Another World With My Smartphone (異世界はスマートフォンとともに, Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni) is a Japanese light novel series written by Patora Fuyuhara and illustrated by Eiji Usatsuka. J-Novel Club has licensed the series for an English release, releasing each novel in six weekly parts since February 2017. A manga adaptation by Soto began its serialization in Kadokawa Shoten's Comp Ace in November 2016. An anime television series adaptation by Production Reed aired from July to September 2017.", "short_answers": [ "異世界はスマートフォンとともに" ] }

[ "Paris", "France" ]

[ { "title": "Statue of Liberty", "text": "Manhattan from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer, of the New York World, started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar. The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Statue of Liberty National Monument", "text": "Inside the statue, a plaque is engraved with words from \"The New Colossus\", the poem by Emma Lazarus: The national monument is located in Upper New York Bay east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City, New Jersey and southwest of Battery Park at the tip of Manhattan in New York City. Entrance is free, but there is a charge for the ferry service that all visitors must use. In 2007, a concession was granted to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, replacing the Circle Line which had operated the service since 1953. The waters are patrolled", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7385979", "score": "1.0986692", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Statue of Liberty (Seattle)", "text": "the first settlement there \"New York Alki\" before moving to modern-day Downtown Seattle. The site was near a location proposed for a \"grand monument\" in the 1911 city plan outlined by Virgil Bogue. The original statue was constructed using stamped copper sheets and was repeatedly damaged by vandals. The entire statue was knocked off its base by vandals in 1975, requiring $350 in repairs funded by the city's parks department. A miniature version of the statue, left inside the larger statue's pedestal base, was re-discovered with a ripped arm that mirrored the acts of an earlier vandal. It was the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20894348", "score": "1.0568488", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Statue of Liberty National Monument", "text": "Statue of Liberty National Monument The Statue of Liberty National Monument is a United States National Monument located in the U.S. states of New Jersey and New York comprising Liberty Island and Ellis Island. It includes \"Liberty Enlightening the World\", commonly known as the Statue of Liberty, situated on Liberty Island, and the former immigration station at Ellis Island, including the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital. The monument is managed by the National Park Service as part of the National Parks of New York Harbor office. President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7385977", "score": "1.0481894", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Statue of Liberty (Seattle)", "text": "in Tacoma to be re-cast in bronze and painted copper green. The $140,000 restoration project was completed the following year and the statue was re-installed at Alki Beach on September 11, 2007. The statue is tall, about 5 percent of the original's height, and faces north towards Elliott Bay. A new, pedestal was also designed for the statue, sitting in a new plaza built by the city's parks department and dedicated in September 2008. Statue of Liberty (Seattle) The Statue of Liberty, or Lady Liberty, is a replica of the Statue of Liberty, installed at Seattle's Alki Beach Park, in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20894350", "score": "1.0382318", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty", "text": "a unique \"sitting\" Statue of Liberty in the Ukrainian city of Lviv. It is a sculpture on a dome of the house (15, Freedom Avenue) built by architect Yuriy Zakharevych and decorated by sculptor Leandro Marconi in 1874–91. A , 9,200 kg (9.2 tons) replica stood atop the Liberty Shoe factory in Leicester, England, until 2002 when the building was demolished. The statue was put into storage while the building was replaced. The statue, which dates back to the 1920s, was initially going to be put back on the replacement building, but was too heavy, so in December 2008 following", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7941774", "score": "1.0319047", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Statue of Liberty (Seattle)", "text": "Statue of Liberty (Seattle) The Statue of Liberty, or Lady Liberty, is a replica of the Statue of Liberty, installed at Seattle's Alki Beach Park, in the U.S. state of Washington. It was installed in 1952 by the Boy Scouts of America and underwent a significant restoration in 2007 after repeated vandalism had damaged the sculpture. The sculpture was donated to the city by the Boy Scouts of America in 1952, as part of the Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign. It was installed in February 1952 at a site near the landing spot of the Denny Party, who named", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20894347", "score": "1.0244336", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty", "text": "restoration, it was placed on a pedestal near Liberty Park Halls of Residence on a traffic island, \"Liberty Circus\", close to where it originally stood. A replica is in the stairwell of a bowling alley building in Warrington, England. It used to be above the entrance of a restaurant nearby. There is also a small replica located at RAF Lakenheath, England, at the base flag plaza, made from leftover copper from the original. In Coquitlam, British Columbia a small replica stands on Delestre Avenue just east of North Road. In Buenos Aires there is a small iron replica in Barrancas", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7941775", "score": "1.0222754", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty", "text": "in Jerusalem called \"New York Square,\" there is an abstract skeletal replica of the statue. The French Statue of Liberty from the Île aux Cygnes came to Odaiba, Tokyo, from April 1998 to May 1999 in commemoration of \"The French year in Japan\". Because of its popularity, in 2000 a replica of the French Statue of Liberty was erected at the same place. Also in Japan, a small Statue of Liberty is in the Amerika-mura (\"American Village\") shopping district in Osaka, Japan. Another replica is in Oirase near the town of Shimoda south of Misawa in Aomori Prefecture, where the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7941783", "score": "1.0106966", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty", "text": "current one was re-built in 1981. During the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989, Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a 10 m (33 ft) image called the \"Goddess of Democracy\", which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally \"dissimilar\" to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being \"too openly pro-American.\" (See article for a list of replicas of that statue.) A replica can be found in Window of the World Park. A 15 foot high replica of the Statue of Liberty is at the western entrance of the village of Arraba in Israel, near a local restaurant. At a highway intersection", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7941782", "score": "1.0091685", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Liberty State Park", "text": "Liberty overlook, bridging two coves along the way. It is part of the longer Hudson River Waterfront Walkway. Halfway along Liberty Walkway is a bridge to Ellis Island, but only authorized vehicles are allowed. The southeastern corner of the park contains the Statue of Liberty overlook, picnic facilities, a playground, the \"U.S. Flag Plaza\" and \"Liberation Monument\", the Public Administration Building, and a memorial to the Black Tom explosions. Picnicking and barbecing facilities are also located at the southern end of the park. Originally called \"Liberty Walk\", this part of the project won a landscape award in 1995. The name", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3097370", "score": "0.996645", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty", "text": "of Haute-Vienne, Limousin. There is another \"original\" Bartholdi replica at Roybon (near Grenoble) There is a small replica on Boulevard des Anglais in Nice. In Minimundus, a miniature park located at the Wörthersee in Carinthia, Austria, is another replica of the Statue of Liberty. In Graz, standing between the Opera House and the NextLiberty Theater, stands a steel structure built out of steel beams, that depict the original size of the statue of liberty, before the plates of the final form were being put into place. Instead of torch of flame, this depiction is holding a sword in extended left", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7941771", "score": "0.99244666", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Liberty Park", "text": "be clad in stone. The interior design of the church is still being determined. The site for the new church is east of the original site at 155 Cedar Street. Construction of the new church began in early 2014. Liberty Park Liberty Park is a elevated public park at the World Trade Center in New York City, overlooking the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. It is located above the Vehicular Security Center and opened on June 29, 2016. The St. Nicholas National Shrine is located within the park, as well as \"The Sphere\", the iconic sculpture salvaged from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18000162", "score": "0.9922518", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Richmond, Virginia", "text": "and in 2007, the Reconciliation Statue was placed in Shockoe Bottom, with parallel statues placed in Liverpool and Benin representing points of the Triangle Trade. Other historical points of interest include St. John's Church, the site of Patrick Henry's famous \"Give me liberty or give me death\" speech, and the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, features many of his writings and other artifacts of his life, particularly when he lived in the city as a child, a student, and a successful writer. The John Marshall House, the home of the former Chief Justice of the United States, is also located downtown", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "642176", "score": "0.98617333", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Liberty Park", "text": "\"to free the oppressed\", is the motto of the Green Berets, who inspired the monument. A piece of steel from the original World Trade Center is embedded in the base. It is the first public monument to honor United States special forces. The $750,000 cost of statue was donated by hundreds of private citizens, including some survivors of the September 11 attacks. The statue was temporarily located in the West Street Lobby inside One World Financial Center in New York City opposite Ground Zero. On September 13, 2016, the statue was rededicated once again on an elevated space on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18000158", "score": "0.9839669", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Statue of Liberty in popular culture", "text": "the statue that supports the most weight over a relatively small area. This arm weakness was most recently repaired in the mid-1980s. The torch that the statue holds was also replaced then, because the original torch had been irrevocably damaged by water and snow seeping in through the windows. The old torch now sits in the Statue of Liberty Museum. The stone at Liberty's feet has also needed repair in the past. Fifty years after the statue was first erected, in 1937, it was discovered that water was leaking in to the pedestal that the statue stands upon. A giant", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5022758", "score": "0.9820292", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Freedom Park (Arlington, Virginia)", "text": "time Monday Properties took over operations of the park, and most of the original exhibits were removed. Today the park is used primarily by residents and workers of Rosslyn as a quiet escape from the busy city below. Former exhibits which were removed in 2008 included: A reproduction of the Statue of Freedom, which caps the dome of the United States Capitol, and the Goddess of Democracy, originally constructed for the Tiananmen Square protests in China, were also on display. Freedom Park (Arlington, Virginia) Freedom Park is a two block long elevated linear park in the Rosslyn section of Arlington,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3575894", "score": "0.97892964", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Liberty Island", "text": "months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished, and was then reassembled in four months. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland. The name Liberty Island was made official by Congress in 1956. On October 7, 2016, construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island. The new $70 million, museum will be able to accommodate all of the island's visitors when it opens in 2019, as opposed to the current museum, which only 20% of the island's visitors can visit. The original torch will be relocated here,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2495105", "score": "0.9777486", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Jackson Park (Chicago)", "text": "is now a replica one-third the size of the original \"The Republic\" statue. The designers used the Statue of Liberty as inspiration when they were creating the original. Today the 1/3 size statue of \"The Republic\" stands at the site of the 1893 Expositions Administration Building. Known originally as \"South Park\", the landscape had eastern and western divisions connected by a grand boulevard named the Midway Plaisance. The eastern division became known as \"Lake Park\"; however, in 1880 the commission asked the public to suggest official names for both the eastern and western divisions. The names \"Jackson\" and \"Washington\" were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2963113", "score": "0.9758749", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Liberty Island", "text": "of one state, New York, being situated in another, New Jersey. The island is operated by the National Park Service, and since September 11, 2001, guarded by around-the-clock patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit. Liberty Island is east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City and is 1.58 statute miles (2.6 kilometers) southwest of Battery Park in Lower Manhattan. Public access is permitted only by ferries from either of the two parks, which serve the national monument, also stopping at Ellis Island. Hornblower Cruises and Events, operating under the name Statue Cruises, holds the exclusive concession", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2495097", "score": "0.97537714", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Liberty Statue (Budapest)", "text": "Liberty Statue (Budapest) The Liberty Statue or Freedom Statue ( ) is a monument on the Gellért Hill in Budapest, Hungary. It commemorates those who sacrificed their lives for the independence, freedom, and prosperity of Hungary. It was first erected in 1947 in remembrance of what was then referred to as the Soviet liberation of Hungary during World War II, which ended the occupation by Nazi Germany. Its location upon Gellért Hill makes it a prominent feature of Budapest's cityscape. The 14 m tall bronze statue stands atop a 26 m pedestal and holds a palm leaf. Two smaller statues", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9298450", "score": "0.9740883", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Liberty Island", "text": "Liberty Island souvenir shops. In response to a FAQ about whether the Statue of Liberty is in New York or New Jersey, the National Park Service, which oversees Liberty Island, cites the 1834 compact. Question 127 on a naturalization examination piloted in 2006 asks \"Where is the Statue of Liberty?\" The U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services gives \"New York Harbor\" and \"Liberty Island\" as preferred answers, but notes that \"New Jersey,\" \"New York,\" \"New York City,\" and \"on the Hudson\" are acceptable. The Statue of Liberty itself is claimed as a symbol by both New York and New Jersey.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2495113", "score": "0.9727602", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Statue of Liberty", "text": "Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island, which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800. As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay's midpoint, the original islands remain New York territory though located on the New Jersey side of the state line. Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York. Land created by reclamation added to the original island at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "388774", "score": "0.97252303", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Liberty Park", "text": "Liberty Park Liberty Park is a elevated public park at the World Trade Center in New York City, overlooking the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. It is located above the Vehicular Security Center and opened on June 29, 2016. The St. Nicholas National Shrine is located within the park, as well as \"The Sphere\", the iconic sculpture salvaged from the World Trade Center site. Another statue, \"America's Response Monument\", is also located in the park. Construction began in 2013 when the Vehicular Security Center was completed. Liberty Park is located on top of the Vehicular Security Center, the latter", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18000150", "score": "0.9693542", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Liberty National Life Complex", "text": "Liberty located on a pedestal at the top of the building. The 36-foot (11 m) tall statue was moved to the Urban Center, an office complex off of Interstate 459 in Liberty Park, Alabama in 1989. Liberty Park is a commercial, residential and retail development between Torchmark Development Company and Drummond Company. The south side of the complex's 16 story building contains a large version of the company's \"Torch\" Logo, which is the logo of both Liberty National and Torchmark. It is not often seen due to the company's 10 story parking deck that, built in 1991, that is located", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14537747", "score": "0.96933967", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Statue of Freedom", "text": "the voyage, the ship began to leak and stopped in Gibraltar for repairs. After leaving Gibraltar, the ship began leaking again to the point that it could go no farther than Bermuda, where the model was stored until other transportation could be arranged. Half of the crates finally arrived in New York City in December, but all sections were not in Washington, D.C. until late March 1859. Beginning in 1860, the statue was cast in five main sections by Clark Mills, whose bronze foundry was located on the outskirts of Washington. Work was halted in 1861 because of the Civil", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2109495", "score": "0.9680538", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Golden Door Film Festival", "text": "Liberty National Monument, comprising Liberty Island and Ellis Island, is located in the Upper New York Bay opposite Liberty State Park in Jersey City. \"\"I lift my lamp beside the golden door!\"\" is the last line of \"The New Colossus,\" the poem by Emma Lazarus. Many immigrants passed through the city's Communipaw Terminal and it is sometime's referred to as \"\"America's Golden Door\".\" The festival's name is inspired by the emigrant experience. The first festival took place October 14–17, 2011. Forty-three films were shown and there were eighteen categories for competition. Lifetime achievement awards were given to Academy Award winner", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16827274", "score": "0.9678781", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Statue of Liberty", "text": "it is seen half-buried in sand. It is knocked over in the science-fiction film \"Independence Day\" and in \"Cloverfield\" the head is ripped off. In Jack Finney's time-travel novel \"Time and Again\", the right arm of the statue, on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park, plays a crucial role. Robert Holdstock, consulting editor of \"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction\", wondered in 1979: Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "388783", "score": "0.9655483", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Liberty Tree", "text": "in 1776, patriots returning to Boston erected a liberty pole at the site. For many years the tree stump was used as a reference point by local citizens, similar to the Boston Stone. During an 1825 tour of Boston, the Marquis de Lafayette declared, \"The world should never forget the spot where once stood Liberty Tree, so famous in your annals.\" At the 1964 New York World's Fair a sculpture of the tree designed by Albert Surman was a featured exhibit in the New England Pavilion. When the Liberty Tree Mall was opened in 1972, the sculpture was installed at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5789683", "score": "0.96463525", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "National Liberty Museum", "text": "A 20-foot tall glass art sculpture entitled \"Flame of Liberty\" created by American sculptor Dale Chihuly is on display at the museum. National Liberty Museum The National Liberty Museum is located at 321 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. It first opened its doors to the public in January 2000. The museum states that it is an independent learning and exhibit center supported by visitors, community leaders and foundations interested in protecting America's heritage of freedom. According to its website, the Liberty Museum is dedicated to \"preserving America's heritage of freedom by fostering good character, civic responsibility and respect for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18061003", "score": "0.96180165", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "Statue of Liberty", "long_answer": "The torch-bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer, of the New York World, started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar. The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland.", "chunked_long_answer": "Manhattan from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer, of the New York World, started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar. The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland.", "short_answers": [ "France" ] }

[ "Greek" ]

[ { "title": "Olympic Hymn", "text": "The anthem has been recorded and performed in many different languages, usually as a result of the hosting of either form of the Games in various countries. The IOC doesn’t require that the anthem be performed in either English or Greek. But in the 2008 Olympic opening and closing ceremonies in Beijing, China, Greek was sung instead of the host country's official language, Mandarin. Also in the 2016 Olympic opening ceremonies in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, English was also sung instead of host country's official language, Portuguese.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Olympic Hymn", "text": "edition of the games. The anthem by Samaras and Palamas was declared the official Olympic Anthem by the International Olympic Committee in 1958 at the 54th Session of the IOC in Tokyo, Japan. Since 1960, it has been played at each Olympic Games: during the opening ceremony when the Olympic flag is hoisted, and during the closing ceremony when the Olympic flag is lowered. If the anthem is to be performed in English, then the English sung version is used, which has been usually in English-speaking countries. If it is to be performed in a language other than English or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3499291", "score": "1.2011051", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Olympic Games", "text": "national anthems are played: the flag of the current host country; the flag of Greece, to honour the birthplace of the Olympic Games; and the flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games. The president of the organising committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches, the Games are officially closed, and the Olympic flame is extinguished. In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony, the mayor of the city that organised the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC, who then passes it on to the mayor of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "298705", "score": "1.1457746", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Concerns and controversies at the 2010 Winter Olympics", "text": "Brueggergosman performed the English version of the Olympic Hymn, but Dave Pierce, the music director for the games, had his associate, Donovan Seidle, compose and arrange it to have some of the stanzas performed in French. Michel Verrault, a speed-skating official, took the officials' oath in French. In his official report on the 2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony, Graham Fraser identified two causes for the lack of french in it. The first was lack of understanding. The commissioner said that \"it was apparent that, in several areas, the official language requirements in the multi-party agreement signed by the organizing committee", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14303857", "score": "1.1410211", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Olympic Games", "text": "official languages of the Olympic Movement. The other language used at each Olympic Games is the language of the host country (or languages, if a country has more than one official language apart from French or English). Every proclamation (such as the announcement of each country during the parade of nations in the opening ceremony) is spoken in these three (or more) languages, or the main two depending on whether the host country is an English or French speaking country: French is always spoken first, followed by an English translation, and then the dominant language of the host nation (when", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "298681", "score": "1.1394205", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony", "text": "dances as the athletes paraded in. The participating countries marched in, with Greece coming first, then the other nations ending with the host nation, Canada. The names of the nations were announced first in French and followed by English, the official languages of the Olympics, which also happened to be the official languages of the host nation. The nations entered in alphabetic order of their country names in English because it is the more dominant of the two languages in Vancouver and in the province of British Columbia. The team from Georgia was greeted with a standing ovation out of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13702899", "score": "1.0909239", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Olympic Games ceremony", "text": "in English alphabetical order instead of Japanese characters. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, teams were ordered by the number of strokes in the Chinese translation of the team name. In the 2010 Winter Olympics, teams entered in English alphabetical order, although the languages of the Olympics are also the languages of the host country, Canada, because English is the more dominant of the two in Vancouver and in the host province of British Columbia. In the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 2014 Winter Olympics, the countries entered in the Cyrillic alphabetical order, which is the Russian language's official script. After", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12608580", "score": "1.0901952", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "117th IOC Session", "text": "sung with gusto just before the announcement of the 2012 Summer Olympics. The Guardian reported on their operatic rendition \"Two Singaporean sopranos and a tenor dressed like a maître d' subjected the Olympic anthem, a tune whose primary virtue is to be heard only once every four years, to a fearful mauling.\" The Times of the UK described them as \"three Orientals... one distinctly off key\". 117th IOC Session The 117th International Olympic Committee Session was held for the first time in Singapore from 2 to 9 July 2005. Two important decisions were made through voting during the session –", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5487422", "score": "1.0891452", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "2010 Winter Olympics national flag bearers", "text": "languages of the Olympics, which also happened to be the official languages of the host nation. The nations entered in alphabetic order of their country names in English because it is the more dominant of the two languages in Vancouver and in the province of British Columbia. Delegations from North Korea and South Korea marched in separate delegations, unlike in the 2006 Winter Olympics when they marched together. Of the flag-bearers who led their respective delegations, all but one were athletes, the exception being Fuad Guliyev, a skating official from Azerbaijan. The sport which was most represented among the flag-bearers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14277173", "score": "1.082055", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations", "text": "the names of countries in the Korean language. Following tradition, the delegation from the host nation, South Korea, was scheduled to enter last. However, following solidarity negotiations with North Korea, the host nation was instead represented by the unified Korean delegation, consisting of the South Korean and North Korean teams, marching under the Korean Unification Flag. The names of the nations were announced in French, followed by English and Korean, the official languages of the Olympic movement and the host nation, in accordance with traditional and International Olympic Committee (IOC) guidelines. Background music included such songs as K-pop hits as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19671975", "score": "1.074201", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "2006 Winter Olympics closing ceremony", "text": "the next Winter Olympics. Canadian opera star Ben Heppner, himself born in British Columbia, the host province of the next Winter Olympics, sang \"O Canada\" to begin the Canadian segment of the ceremonies and mark the beginning of the countdown to the Vancouver Olympic Games in 2010. Heppner sang a version of \"O Canada\" which is presented in a combination of Canada's two official languages, English and French, which are also the official languages of the IOC. Then came the \"Oslo Ceremony\" (so called because the original Olympic flag, which was used for transfer of the Winter Games, was first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7182652", "score": "1.0738436", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony", "text": "heart, and a peace sign before exploding up the voms. Chief Leonard Andrew of the Lil'wat, Chief Ernie Campbell of the Musqueam, Chief Bill Williams of the Squamish, and Chief Justin George of the Tsleil-Waututh were welcomed. Stephen Harper, the Prime Minister of Canada and IOC president Jacques Rogge were then introduced. A bilingual rendition of the Canadian national anthem \"O Canada\" was sung by the Anthem Cast, The Vancouver Youth Symphony Orchestra, & Inward Eye. The flag bearers for the participating nations then entered the stadium at the same time, making a ring around the Olympic Cauldron. Following tradition,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14333276", "score": "1.0678725", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "1896 Summer Olympics", "text": "people.\" Afterwards, nine bands and 150 choir singers performed an Olympic Hymn, composed by Spyridon Samaras, with words by poet Kostis Palamas. Thereafter, a variety of musical offerings provided the backgrounds to the Opening Ceremonies until 1960, since which time the Samaras/Palamas composition has become the official Olympic Anthem (decision taken by the IOC Session in 1958). Other elements of current Olympic opening ceremonies were initiated later: the Olympic flame was first lit in 1928, the first athletes' oath was sworn at the 1920 Summer Olympics, and the first officials' oath was taken at the 1972 Olympic Games. At the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591466", "score": "1.0673523", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony", "text": "Forces members raised the flag. Nikki Yanofsky performed an arrangement of the national anthem, \"O Canada\", singing in English and French. The First Nations in whose traditional territories the games were held - the Squamish Nation, Musqueam Indian Band, Lil'wat First Nation, and Tsleil-Waututh First Nation - were recognized as heads of state and seated directly behind the Canadian Governor General and the Prime Minister. Four Coast Salish welcome poles were raised from the centre of the stadium, and greetings were given to the crowd (and the world) by members of the Four Host First Nations in their respective languages", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13702897", "score": "1.06452", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony", "text": "he was not introduced at the beginning of the ceremony, nor was he introduced at the end of President Bach's speech After a burst of fireworks, the Olympic flag then entered the stadium, and was raised while the Olympic Anthem was sung in English. The Olympic oath on behalf of the athletes was then recited by Brazilian sailor Robert Scheidt. The corresponding oaths on behalf of the judges and coaches were taken by Martinho Nobre and Adriana Santos respectively. There was a massed parade of the 12 samba schools of the Rio Carnival's Special Group, and singers Anitta, Caetano Veloso", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18363266", "score": "1.0604715", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "International Olympic Committee", "text": "in areas of conflict during and beyond the period of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. During each proclamation at the Olympics, announcers speak in different languages: French is always spoken first, followed by an English translation, and then the dominant language of the host nation (when this is not English or French). The stated mission of the IOC is to promote the Olympics throughout the world and to lead the Olympic Movement: The IOC Session is the general meeting of the members of the IOC, held once a year in which each member has one vote. It is the IOC's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "202563", "score": "1.0588229", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony", "text": "Olympic Anthem in Russian. The Olympic Oath on behalf of all athletes was taken by Ruslan Zakharov (Short-track), Vyacheslav Vedenin took the oath for all judges and Anastasia Popkova took the oath for all coaches. For the finale, tennis player Maria Sharapova brought the Olympic Torch (the torch that had gone to the International Space Station in November) into the stadium. She handed it off to pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva who, in turn, passed it to wrestler Aleksandr Karelin. Karelin then passed the torch to gymnast Alina Kabaeva. Figure skater Irina Rodnina took the torch and was met by former", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17655863", "score": "1.0575187", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "text": "\"COR\", from the abbreviation of French word \"Corée\". (The country code “KOR” is already used for South Korea; the IOC uses “PRK” for North Korea.) The anthem which played when the Korea team played in international ice hockey is the folk song \"Arirang\" instead of the national anthems of either South Korea or North Korea. The team's uniform featured the silhouette of the Korean peninsula with the text \"Korea\". Because of ongoing U.S. sanctions against North Korea, the uniforms were made by a Finnish company instead of official sponsor Nike. The first match of the unified Korean women's ice hockey", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20544781", "score": "1.0565356", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament", "text": "silent. Giggs, the Great Britain men's captain, later said: \"The problem is the British anthem is the same as the English anthem and if you're a Welshman or a Scotsman it's difficult\". LOCOG also apologised after an error in the official match programme for the first game mistakenly described Welsh player Joe Allen as being English. After South Korea defeated Japan in the bronze medal match at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 10 August, South Korean player Park Jong-woo walked around the field holding a banner with a political message written in Korean, \"독도는 우리 땅!\" (\"dokdo neun uri", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16061782", "score": "1.0485553", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony", "text": "the states of Brazil, sang the Brazilian national anthem. The ceremony featured a performance of \"Carry Me\" by Norwegian electronic music artist Kygo and American singer-songwriter Julia Michaels, as part of a segment that launched the new Olympic Channel service launching after the Games. The games' final medal awards for the men's marathon were also presented, along with the Kenyan national anthem. Four newly elected members of the IOC Athletes' Commission were introduced: fencer Britta Heidemann (Germany), table tennis player Ryu Seung-min (South Korea), swimmer Dániel Gyurta (Hungary) and pole vaulter Yelena Isinbayeva (Russia). Lenine then performed his song \"\"Jack", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18444076", "score": "1.0470011", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Olympic Oath", "text": "are in alphabetical order by English name. The languages that are included are those of the Olympic host countries. The athletes, judges and coaches that have delivered the Olympic Oath are listed below. Olympic Oath The Olympic Oath (distinct from the Olympic creed) is a solemn promise made by one athlete, judge or official, and one coach at the Opening Ceremony of each Olympic Games. Each oath taker is from the host nation and takes the oath on behalf of all athletes, officials, or coaches at the currently celebrated games. While reciting the oath, the oath taker holds a corner", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "798841", "score": "1.0457363", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "2010 Winter Paralympics opening ceremony", "text": "former Paralympian. Mari Klassen signed the anthem in American Sign Language (ASL). Hundreds of children stood in the shape of a maple leaf in a formation. The participating countries marched in, with Andorra coming first, and the nations entered in alphabetical order of their country names in English, and ending with the host nation, Canada. Canada has the greatest number of athletes with 55. The flag was carried into the stadium. It was then transferred to members of the Canadian Forces' Soldier On program: Sgt. Karen McCoy, and Master Cpl. Mike Trauner, who then raised the flag. Canadian ice sledge", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14373083", "score": "1.0452092", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "2014 Winter Olympics closing ceremony", "text": "5 August 2016 during the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics. The 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang provided an eight-minute segment to introduce Koreans to the world. The national anthem of the Republic of Korea was sung by two South Korean children. The segment featured an elderly South Korean man playing a gayageum, a traditional Korean string instrument, with people dressed as swallows, a common bird found in Korea, and the Gangwon Province version of the traditional Korean song \"Arirang\", performed by Lee Seung-chul, Sumi Jo and Na Yoon-sun. Children created snowmen while images of various Winter Olympic events", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17735294", "score": "1.0429665", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony", "text": "already in the arena was billed as \"a reminder and a promise of a once and future better life\". Youth choirs began a cappella performances of the informal anthems of the four nations of the UK: \"Jerusalem\" (for England, sung by a live choir in the stadium and beginning with a solo from eleven-year-old Humphrey Keeper), \"Danny Boy\" (from the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland), \"Flower of Scotland\" (from Edinburgh Castle in Scotland), and \"Bread of Heaven\" (from Rhossili Beach in Wales – sung in English). These were inter-cut with footage of notable Rugby Union Home Nations' tries, England's winning", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16543853", "score": "1.0427934", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony", "text": "the President of the International Olympic Committee Jacques Rogge and the President of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was announced. Sustained drumbeats set a mood as three military police officers entered and retrieved the flag from Bruni and brought it to the flag pole. The flag was raised to the solo rendition of the Italian national anthem after a short pastoral orchestra introduction (as opposed to the usual marching introduction). \"\"Il Canto degli Italiani\"\" was performed by nine-year-old Eleonora Benetti wearing the Italian tricolour. Her verse ended as the choir joined in for the much more rapid refrain. XX Olympic Winter", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7126838", "score": "1.0399027", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "132nd IOC Session", "text": "132nd IOC Session The 132nd IOC Session is an IOC Session that was held at the Kensington Flora Hotel in PyeongChang, South Korea in February 2018. The opening ceremony of the IOC Session was held at the Gangneung Cultural Centre. The opening ceremony began with multicultural children’s choir Areumdeuri singing the Olympic Hymn and EXO’s Baekhyun singing the national anthem. Following the national anthem, opening speeches and congratulatory messages was given by figures including Lee Hee Beom, the president of the Olympic Organizing Committee, and Moon Jae In, the president of South Korea. The celebratory cultural performance also included VIXX’s", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20567228", "score": "1.036139", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony", "text": "\"Torino 2006\" name and Italian tricolore to the centre of the stadium, performing 'donuts' and revving the V8 engine for a few minutes. Address by the President of the Organising Committee Address by the President of the International Olympic Committee President of the Italian Republic: Opening of the Games Olympic Anthem Entry of the Olympic Flag Olympic Oath After the Parade of Nations had concluded and the athletes were gathered in the center of the stadium, two short speeches in Italian, French and English were delivered. The first speech came from Valentino Castellani, the chief organizer of the Torino 2006", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7126848", "score": "1.0359731", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "1976 Summer Olympics", "text": "proclaim the Games open, which she did, first in French, then in English. Accompanied by the Olympic Hymn, the Olympic flag was carried into the stadium and hoisted at the west end of the stadium. The flag was carried by eight men and hoisted by four women, representing the ten provinces and two territories (at the time) of Canada. As the flag was hoisted, an all-male choir performed an a cappella version of the Olympic Hymn. Once the flag was unfurled, a troupe of Bavarian dancers, representing Munich, host of the previous 1972 Summer Olympics, entered the stadium with the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "800581", "score": "1.0332532", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Olympic symbols", "text": "own edition of the Games until the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley. Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include: Several other composers have contributed Olympic music, including Henry Mancini, Francis Lai, Marvin Hamlisch, Philip Glass, David Foster, Mikis Theodorakis, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Vangelis, Basil Poledouris, Michael Kamen, and Mark Watters.it had oath too : we swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in loyal competition, respecting the regulations which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the honour of our country and for the glory of sports. The \"kotinos\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3284282", "score": "1.0309482", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony", "text": "in Torino, then sang the Olympic Hymn, mixing English and French, while an RCMP honour guard lowered the Olympic flag. This flag was raised again in London on July 27, 2012 during the opening ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics. The Olympic flag was handed off by Gregor Robertson, the mayor of Vancouver, to Jacques Rogge, the President of the IOC. It was then handed off to the mayor of Sochi, Anatoly Pakhomov, whose city will host the 2014 Winter Olympics. The flag arrived in Sochi at the end of March and was raised at that city's municipal building until", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14333279", "score": "1.0291319", "original_retrieval_index": 38 } ]

{ "title": "Olympic Hymn", "long_answer": "The anthem has been recorded and performed in many different languages, usually as a result of the hosting of either form of the Games in various countries. The IOC doesn’t require that the anthem be performed in either English or Greek. But in the 2008 Olympic opening and closing ceremonies in Beijing, China, Greek was sung instead of the host country's official language, Mandarin. Also in the 2016 Olympic opening ceremonies in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, English was also sung instead of host country's official language, Portuguese.", "chunked_long_answer": "The anthem has been recorded and performed in many different languages, usually as a result of the hosting of either form of the Games in various countries. The IOC doesn’t require that the anthem be performed in either English or Greek. But in the 2008 Olympic opening and closing ceremonies in Beijing, China, Greek was sung instead of the host country's official language, Mandarin. Also in the 2016 Olympic opening ceremonies in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, English was also sung instead of host country's official language, Portuguese.", "short_answers": [ "Greek" ] }

[ "near Flamborough Head" ]

[ { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)", "text": "On 23 September 1779, the squadron encountered the Baltic Fleet of 41 sail under convoy of the HMS Serapis and HM hired armed vessel Countess of Scarborough near Flamborough Head. The Bonhomme Richard and Serapis entered a bitter engagement at about 6:00 p.m. The battle continued for the next four hours, costing the lives of nearly half of the American and British crews. British victory seemed inevitable, as the more heavily armed Serapis used its firepower to rake Bonhomme Richard with devastating effect. The commander of the Serapis finally called on Jones to surrender. He replied, \"Sir, I have not", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)", "text": "their fight to become independent of British authority. \"Bonhomme Richard\"'s final resting location was the subject of much speculation. A number of unsuccessful efforts had been conducted to locate the wreck. The location was presumed to be in approximately of water off Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, a headland near where her final battle took place. The quantity of other wrecks in the area and a century of fishing trawler operations had complicated all searches. One season's attempts to locate and retrieve the ship, or some artifacts from her, using USNS \"Grasp\" were filmed for the Discovery Channel's \"Mighty Ships\" series in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3441712", "score": "1.1147956", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)", "text": "2011. The U.S. Navy's mission was unsuccessful. In 2018, the remains of the \"Bonhomme Richard\" were found off the coast of Filey, North Yorkshire, England, by the Land and Sea search team Merlin Burrows. Notes Sources Bibliography USS Bonhomme Richard (1765) Bonhomme Richard, formerly Duc de Duras, was a warship in the Continental Navy. She was originally an East Indiaman, a merchant ship built in France for the French East India Company in 1765, for service between France and the Orient. She was placed at the disposal of John Paul Jones on 4 February 1779, by King Louis XVI of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3441713", "score": "1.0816755", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)", "text": "until she was purchased by King Louis XVI of France in early 1779 and placed under the command of John Paul Jones on 4 February. The size and armament of \"Duc de Duras\" made her roughly equivalent to half of a 64-gun ship of the line. Jones renamed her \"Bon Homme Richard\" (usually rendered in more correct French as \"Bonhomme Richard\") in honor of Benjamin Franklin, the American Commissioner at Paris whose \"Poor Richard's Almanac\" was published in France under the title \"Les Maximes du Bonhomme Richard\". On 19 June 1779, \"Bonhomme Richard\" sailed from Lorient accompanied by , \"Pallas,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3441708", "score": "1.0658423", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Battle of Flamborough Head", "text": "begin the evacuation of \"Bonhomme Richard\"’s crew. One or two of these boats went missing during the night, as ex-captive British crewmen took the opportunity to go home (hence the eyewitness newspaper stories). The combatants, although they probably cared little, had been observed by thousands of onlookers, for on that clear night, with a near-full moon, the action could be seen from a long stretch of the high Yorkshire coastline, from Scarborough in the north to Flamborough Head itself in the south. There is no record of final casualty figures aboard the two main combatants. Captain Pearson, in a postscript", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11112306", "score": "1.0608578", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Battle of Flamborough Head", "text": "up to away). At 4 am the next day, 25 September, pumping was abandoned, with the water almost up to the lower deck. The wind was getting stronger, so all personnel abandoned ship at 10 am, and just before 11, as a boat approached from the commodore's new command ship, \"Serapis\", to try to salvage a few more items, \"Bonhomme Richard\" started to disappear beneath the waves. Several Royal Navy ships were on their way, but once again French obstinacy had a semi-beneficial effect. Jones wished to take his prizes to Dunkirk, but the French captains insisted on following the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11112310", "score": "1.0565311", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)", "text": "about 6:00 p.m. The battle continued for the next four hours, costing the lives of nearly half of the American and British crews. British victory seemed inevitable, as the more heavily armed \"Serapis\" used its firepower to rake \"Bonhomme Richard\" with devastating effect. The commander of \"Serapis\" finally called on Jones to surrender. He replied, \"Sir, I have not yet begun to fight!\" Jones eventually managed to lash the ships together, nullifying his opponent's greater maneuverability and allowing him to take advantage of the larger size and considerably more numerous crew of \"Bonhomme Richard\". An attempt by the Americans to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3441710", "score": "1.0546285", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)", "text": "ship in the 2000s as part of Operation Southern Watch. She deployed as part of Operation Enduring Freedom from 1 December 2001 to 18 June 2002. Her next deployment was in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, beginning 17 January 2003 and lasting to 26 July 2003. \"Bonhomme Richard\" played two significant roles in Operation Iraqi Freedom; first, she offloaded more than 1,000 Marines and gear from the 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines into Kuwait. Second, after delivering her attack and transport helicopters, troops, and vehicles, she took up position just miles off the coast of Kuwait and became one of two", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1713771", "score": "1.0492733", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Château de Falaise", "text": "War. The castle was deserted during the 17th century. Since 1840 it has been protected as a \"monument historique\". On the death of Richard II, Duke of Normandy, in August 1026 his son (also called Richard) succeeded to the duchy. The inheritance however was disputed by Richard III's younger brother, Robert. Not content with his inheritance of the town of Exmes and its surrounding area, Robert rebelled and took up arms against his brother and he captured the castle of Falaise. Richard besieged the castle and forced Robert to submit to him, however the duke died from unknown causes in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9422492", "score": "1.0474362", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Battle of Flamborough Head", "text": "of captivity, and many others seeking glory or prize money. On the evening of 22 September, Jones in \"Bonhomme Richard\" (an armed East India trading vessel he had reluctantly adapted for military use), accompanied by the little brigantine \"Vengeance\", had been off Spurn Head, hoping to catch a few prizes emerging from the Humber estuary, but he decided to head northward during the hours of darkness, and rendezvous with his frigates \"Alliance\" and \"Pallas\", which had parted company from him further up the coast. Shortly after midnight, two vessels were seen, so signal lanterns were set. The strangers did not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11112273", "score": "1.0464647", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Château de Taillebourg", "text": "Richard the Lionheart destroyed this castle in 1179. Geoffrey de Rancon, master of the house, may have died in this action, but he is also listed as having participated in the Third Crusade in the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi and appears as a witness to Richard I's peace treaty with Tancred of Sicily in Messina on 6 Oct 1190. In 1173, Richard had fought against his father in alliance with his brothers and the King of France, Louis. This uprising had failed, and as punishment, Richard was sent to bring the rebellious lords to heel. This conflict lasted five years, ending", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7838045", "score": "1.0439672", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Richard Dale", "text": "the war to end. On September 23, 1779, \"Bonhomme Richard\" met HMS \"Serapis\" off the coast of Flamborough Head, near Yorkshire. Described as being somewhat reckless in his bravery, Dale commanded the forward guns in the close fighting of the battle. When rumors that \"Bonhomme Richard\" was sinking reached him from below decks, and that the crew was prepared to surrender, Dale went to ascertain the damage. Upon his assessment that the ship would not yet sink, he inspired the crew to persist in the fight. He compelled his British prisoners to man the pumps to keep the ship afloat", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3132306", "score": "1.0421937", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Battle of Flamborough Head", "text": "captured vessels, \"Bonhomme Richard\"’s crew had been reduced from around 400 to about the same as \"Serapis,\" 320. While Commodore Jones and Captain Landais were fighting their unexpectedly separate battles, Captains Cottineau of the \"Pallas\" and Ricot of \"Vengeance\" were left wondering what to do. In a well-organised formation, they might have been able to make a contribution, but to intervene in a ship-to-ship duel would be very dangerous. In theory, they could have taken advantage of the confusion to sail off after the stragglers of the convoy, but night had now fallen, and until the moon rose, they would", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11112284", "score": "1.0419173", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)", "text": "USS Bonhomme Richard (1765) Bonhomme Richard, formerly Duc de Duras, was a warship in the Continental Navy. She was originally an East Indiaman, a merchant ship built in France for the French East India Company in 1765, for service between France and the Orient. She was placed at the disposal of John Paul Jones on 4 February 1779, by King Louis XVI of France as a result of a loan to the United States by French shipping magnate, Jacques-Donatien Le Ray. \"Bonhomme Richard\" was originally an East Indiaman named \"Duc de Duras\", a merchant ship built at Lorient according to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3441706", "score": "1.0415349", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Richard Pearson (Royal Navy officer)", "text": "an American rebel squadron under John Paul Jones in the \"Bonhomme Richard\", 42 guns. This famous action ended in Pearson surrendering the \"Serapis\" to Jones but not before his spirited defence had covered the escape of the valuable convoy. The \"Bonhomme Richard\" ended up sinking following the capture, forcing Jones to lose his own ship and return to port in Pearson's captured vessel. Pearson was considered a hero in his homeland after the battle. He was knighted, received presents from the merchants and the freedoms of several towns. John Paul Jones was later asked how he felt about the captain", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12846491", "score": "1.0394882", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)", "text": "the plan drawn up by the King's Master Shipwright Antoine Groignard for the French East India Company in 1765. Her design allowed her to be quickly transformed into a man-of-war in case of necessity to support the navy. She made two voyages to China, the first in 1766 and the second in 1769. At her return the French East India Company had been dissolved, and all its installations and ships transferred to the French Navy. As a naval ship she made a voyage to Isle de France before being sold to private shipowners in 1771. She sailed in private service", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3441707", "score": "1.0292645", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)", "text": "2007 she joined up with two U.S. Navy aircraft carriers, and and their Carrier Strike Groups (CSG) off the coast of Iran to carry out previously unannounced air and sea exercises. In July 2008, the ship took part in RIMPAC 2008 off the coast of Hawaii. From September 2009 to April 2010, \"Bonhomme Richard\" deployed to the Fifth and Seventh Fleet Areas of Operations (AoR). Ports of call include East Timor, Phuket, Thailand, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Oahu, Hawaii. In July she participated in RIMPAC 2010 in the Kaulakahi Channel, between Kauai and Niihau Islands, Hawaii, near the Pacific Missile", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1713774", "score": "1.026776", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)", "text": "than 33,000 Australian and U.S. troops. Alongside \"Bonhomme Richard\", 20 other ships and over 200 aircraft took part in what was Australia's largest exercise to date. This was followed by a week long port call in Melbourne. On 8 May 2018, \"Bonhomme Richard\" completed her homeport change to San Diego. On 5 August 2017, after taking off from \"Bonhomme Richard\" a U.S. Marine Corps MV-22 Osprey of Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 265 with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit crashed in Shoalwater Bay on the east coast of Australia. 23 personnel were rescued, while three died, but their bodies were recovered", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1713776", "score": "1.022498", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Beaupre (surname)", "text": "Cornwall. The name Bonhomme dis Beaupré was also in Norfolk during the 16th century. Here a hall and a school both retain Beaupre in their names. This family's first documented ancestor was Nicolas Bonhomme, born about 1562 in St-Croix de Féca, Normandie, France. He married there with Marie Guyon. They had a son, also named Nicolas, in 1603. This son became the family's pioneer ancestor. As an adult, he emigrated to New France--later named Québec, Canada--where he married on 2 Sep 1640 at St-Laurent, Ile d'Orleans with a woman named Catherine Gouget, a \"Fille du Roi\", from Bourg de Thury,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2736055", "score": "1.0170805", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)", "text": "a light aircraft carrier \"Bonhomme Richard\" is currently in active service and is the flagship for Expeditionary Strike Group Seven. The contract to build her was awarded to Ingalls Shipbuilding on 11 December 1992, and her keel was laid down on 18 April 1995. She was launched on 14 March 1997, delivered to the Navy on 12 May 1998, and commissioned on 15 August 1998. \"Bonhomme Richard\" departed her building yard, Ingalls Shipbuilding division of Litton Industries, Pascagoula, Mississippi, on 8 August 1998, sailing into Pensacola Harbor at Naval Air Station Pensacola for commissioning activities and culminating with the main", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1713769", "score": "1.0140772", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Battle of Flamborough Head", "text": "to his battle report, stated that there were \"many more than\" 49 dead and 68 wounded aboard \"Serapis\", but his figure of 300 casualties aboard \"Bonhomme Richard\" seems very high, unless it includes a great many of the captives stuck below decks during the battle. British press reports claimed 70 deaths on \"Bonhomme Richard\", which, assuming a similar ratio to the \"Serapis\" figures would give around 100 wounded. Overnight, pumping continued on \"Bonhomme Richard\", and repairs began (also, the powder was removed from the magazine, which was threatened by the continued smouldering of the ship's woodwork). With the water still", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11112307", "score": "1.0125351", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)", "text": "Range Facility. On 23 April 2012, \"Bonhomme Richard\" took the place of as the command ship for Expeditionary Strike Group Seven and switched homeport from San Diego, California to Sasebo, Japan. During the summer of 2013, \"Bonhomme Richard\" participated in Exercise Talisman Sabre 2013. Maneuvers were performed off Queensland, Australia and in the Coral Sea. After the exercise, the ship sailed for Sydney, arriving 16 August 2013. \"Bonhomme Richard\" assisted in the air-sea rescue operation of the capsized South Korean ferry with helicopters on 16 April 2014. In June 2017, \"Bonhomme Richard\" participated in Exercise Talisman Saber 2017 involving more", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1713775", "score": "1.0120217", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)", "text": "USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6) USS \"Bonhomme Richard\" (LHD-6) is a , and the third ship of the United States Navy to bear the name. She was named in honor of John Paul Jones' famous frigate, which he had named in French \"Good Man Richard,\" in honor of Benjamin Franklin, the U.S. Ambassador to France at the time; \"Richard\" is derived from Franklin's \"Poor Richard's Almanac.\" The primary mission of \"Bonhomme Richard\" is to embark, deploy and land elements of a Marine landing force in amphibious assault operations by helicopter, landing craft and amphibious vehicle, and if needed, to act as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1713768", "score": "1.0094697", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Bonchurch", "text": "Bonchurch. In July 1545, the Battle of Bonchurch was fought. 500 French soldiers had landed at the coast near Bonchurch, one of three landings that took place on the coastline of the Isle of Wight by French soldiers. 300 Isle of Wight militiamen engaged the French forces, and the militiamen won the engagement. Some accounts state that local women participated in the battle by firing arrows at the French soldiers. The victory is considered to have decisively stopped the French invasion of the Isle of Wight. Soon after the battle, a number of men from the French fleet which had", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7936516", "score": "1.0070155", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Richard de Belmeis I", "text": "which is east of Falaise, in the Calvados region of Normandy. The attribution is now regarded as not fully proven. It is made up of two very common French toponym elements, meaning “attractive estate”: there is a village called Aubermesnil-Beaumais elsewhere in Normandy. Whatever the form of his name, Richard is easily confused with his namesake and nephew, Richard de Belmeis II, who was also a 12th-century Bishop of London. Tout refers to Richard I by the surname \"Rufus\", which creates further confusion. His epitaph shows that he was called Rufus, but the name, in the form Ruffus, is now", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10846967", "score": "1.0069389", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Battle of Flamborough Head", "text": "immediately led his crew in attaching the two ships together as strongly as they could. Seeing the danger, Pearson dropped anchor. Because both ships were under sail, when \"Serapis\" came to an abrupt halt, \"Bonhomme Richard\" would keep going, and with luck, tear free. Jones’ men had been very efficient, so what actually happened was that \"Bonhomme Richard\"’s motion was turned into a rotation, and the two ships, still firmly attached, ended up side-by-side, facing in opposite directions, their great guns touching each other’s hull planks. Better still for Jones, \"Serapis\"’ spare anchor caught in the woodwork of \"Bonhomme Richard\"’s", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11112289", "score": "1.006315", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Battle of Bonchurch", "text": "Battle of Bonchurch The Battle of Bonchurch took place in late July 1545 at Bonchurch on the Isle of Wight. No source gives the precise date, although 21 July is possible from the sequence of events. The battle was a part of the wider Italian War of 1542–1546, and took place during the French invasion of the Isle of Wight. Several landings were made, including at Bonchurch. Most accounts suggest that England won the battle, and the French advance across the island was halted. The battle was between French regular soldiers, and local English militiamen. Although the French force that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10011287", "score": "1.006036", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Nathaniel Fanning", "text": "included in a prisoner exchange. He was marched to Gosport, then taken by cartel to Nantes, France. From there, he traveled to L'Orient, where, under the command of John Paul Jones, he agreed to serve as midshipman and private secretary aboard \"Bonhomme Richard\" On August 14, 1779, \"Bonhomme Richard\" set sail, and over the next month captured or destroyed at least 29 enemy vessels. On September 23, \"Bonhomme Richard\" famously fought the British frigate \"Serapis\". During this engagement, Fanning served as captain of the main top. Most of his original group of men were killed, but he took a fresh", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4371187", "score": "1.0029286", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6)", "text": "capabilities in the deployment of forces ashore. \"Bonhomme Richard\" has been awarded the Navy Battle \"E\" eight times The following is a list of awards by year awarded. \"Bonhomme Richard\" was used for various scenes in the 2012 movie \"Battleship.\" Sailors from the ship were used as extras in scenes. The ship was also used for several scenes in the 2012 movie \"Act of Valor.\" USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD-6) USS \"Bonhomme Richard\" (LHD-6) is a , and the third ship of the United States Navy to bear the name. She was named in honor of John Paul Jones' famous frigate,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1713780", "score": "1.0014664", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Richard I of England", "text": "his brothers Henry and Geoffrey. The turning point came in the Charente Valley in the spring of 1179. The well-defended fortress of Taillebourg seemed impregnable. The castle was surrounded by a cliff on three sides and a town on the fourth side with a three-layer wall. Richard first destroyed and looted the farms and lands surrounding the fortress, leaving its defenders no reinforcements or lines of retreat. The garrison sallied out of the castle and attacked Richard; he was able to subdue the army and then followed the defenders inside the open gates, where he easily took over the castle", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "366927", "score": "0.9968089", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)", "long_answer": "On 23 September 1779, the squadron encountered the Baltic Fleet of 41 sail under convoy of the HMS Serapis and HM hired armed vessel Countess of Scarborough near Flamborough Head. The Bonhomme Richard and Serapis entered a bitter engagement at about 6:00 p.m. The battle continued for the next four hours, costing the lives of nearly half of the American and British crews. British victory seemed inevitable, as the more heavily armed Serapis used its firepower to rake Bonhomme Richard with devastating effect. The commander of the Serapis finally called on Jones to surrender. He replied, \"Sir, I have not yet begun to fight!\" Jones eventually managed to lash the ships together, nullifying his opponent's greater maneuverability and allowing him to take advantage of the larger size and considerably more numerous crew of Bonhomme Richard. An attempt by the Americans to board Serapis was repulsed, as was an attempt by the British to board Bonhomme Richard. Finally, after another of Jones's ships joined the fight, the British captain was forced to surrender at about 10:30 p.m. The Bonhomme Richard – shattered, on fire, leaking badly – defied all efforts to save her and sank about 36 hours later at 11:00 a.m. on Saturday, 25 September 1779. Jones sailed the captured Serapis to the Dutch United Provinces for repairs.", "chunked_long_answer": "On 23 September 1779, the squadron encountered the Baltic Fleet of 41 sail under convoy of the HMS Serapis and HM hired armed vessel Countess of Scarborough near Flamborough Head. The Bonhomme Richard and Serapis entered a bitter engagement at about 6:00 p.m. The battle continued for the next four hours, costing the lives of nearly half of the American and British crews. British victory seemed inevitable, as the more heavily armed Serapis used its firepower to rake Bonhomme Richard with devastating effect. The commander of the Serapis finally called on Jones to surrender. He replied, \"Sir, I have not", "short_answers": [ "near Flamborough Head" ] }

[ "Michael Moriarty" ]

[ { "title": "Michael Moriarty", "text": "Michael Moriarty (born April 5, 1941) is an American-Canadian stage and screen actor and jazz musician. He received an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for his first acting role on American television as a Nazi SS officer in the 1978 mini-series Holocaust, and he played Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone for the first four seasons (1990–1994) on the television show Law & Order. Moriarty is also known for his roles in films such as Bang the Drum Slowly, Who'll Stop the Rain, Q: The Winged Serpent, The Stuff, Pale Rider, Troll, Courage Under Fire, and Shiloh.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Peter Stone (Chicago and Law & Order character)", "text": "we cast Philip, the idea going in wasn't to make that character Ben Stone's son but as we saw it develop and we saw the actor, it made sense.\" Peter Stone (Chicago and Law & Order character) Peter Stone is a fictional character portrayed by Philip Winchester. Stone was initially a guest character as part of a backdoor pilot in the third season of the police procedural \"Chicago P.D.\". Following the success of the backdoor pilot and his character, Winchester was cast as a main character in \"Chicago Justice\", a spin-off of \"Chicago P.D.\" During the character's time in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20569200", "score": "1.1830083", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Michael Moriarty", "text": "of Korean Air Lines flight 007 in 1983. He portrayed U.S. Air Force Major Hank Daniels, who was largely ignored if not ridiculed for showing how the ill-fated airliner had strayed off course into airspace known by the Soviets to be used by U.S. Air Force electronic surveillance planes as they approached Soviet airspace. From 1990 to 1994, Moriarty starred as Ben Stone on \"Law & Order\". He left the show in 1994, alleging that his departure was a result of his threatening a lawsuit against then-Attorney General Janet Reno, who had cited \"Law & Order\" as offensively violent. Moriarty", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3623938", "score": "1.1543692", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Michael Moriarty", "text": "Hollywood trade magazine, calling upon fellow artists to stand up with him against attempts to censor TV show content. He subsequently wrote and published \"The Gift of Stern Angels\", his account of this time in his life. The character of Ben Stone has yet to reappear on the franchise. The February 7, 2018, episode of \"\" opens with Sam Waterston's character of Jack McCoy delivering a eulogy at Ben Stone's funeral. Wolf and others working on \"Law & Order\" tell a different story, however. On November 18, 1993, Moriarty and Wolf, along with other television executives, met with Reno to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3623940", "score": "1.1328006", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Peter Stone (Chicago and Law & Order character)", "text": "of former \"Law & Order\" character, Benjamin Stone, and the younger brother of Pamela Stone, who suffers from mental illness. Cook County Assistant State's Attorney Peter Stone is first introduced in the third season episode of \"Chicago P.D.\", entitled \"Justice\", which served as a backdoor pilot for \"Chicago Justice\". Following the success of the episode the character went on to appear as a main character in \"Chicago Justice\". Stone has spent most of his adult life in Chicago, primarily as a prosecutor with the State's Attorney's office in Cook County. It is implied that he previously played professional baseball as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20569192", "score": "1.1195784", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Peter Stone (Chicago and Law & Order character)", "text": "a pitcher for the Chicago Cubs, which fact is later confirmed in \"Law & Order: SVU\", when he reveals that his baseball career ended when he tore his UCL. The character later went on to make further guest appearances in \"Chicago P.D.\". Stone also played a major role in a three-part crossover among \"Chicago Fire\", \"P.D.\", and \"Justice\". Following the cancellation of \"Chicago Justice\", the character went on to reprise his role as a guest star in \"Chicago Med\". In his first appearance on \"Law & Order: SVU\", Stone attends his father's funeral. He is later appointed by District Attorney", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20569193", "score": "1.1147666", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character)", "text": "at the funeral. Stone's son is Peter Stone, formerly a Cook County Assistant State's Attorney and lead character on \"Chicago Justice\". Peter first appears on the \"Chicago P.D.\" episode \"Justice\", which is the backdoor pilot for \"Chicago Justice\". Peter also appears in season 19 of \"\", and eventually becomes the titular sex crimes bureau's ADA. Stone also had a daughter, Pamela, who is introduced in the \"SVU\" episode \"Send in the Clowns\". Pamela has paranoid schizophrenia, and has been hospitalized for most of her life. According to Peter, their father would visit Pamela once a week, and Peter has continued", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5053555", "score": "1.1042686", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character)", "text": "the Deputy Chief of the Special Prosecutions Bureau in Chicago and is now the Chief ADA of the Sex Crimes Bureau in New York, and a daughter, Pamela. Stone's prosecutorial methods are portrayed as being grounded in moral principles stemming from his Catholic faith. He is shown to be pro-life and opposed to the death penalty. He also is a strong advocate of social justice, having marched in the civil rights movement. It is implied that Stone, like actor Moriarty, is a Dartmouth College alumnus, with references to \"fraternity row\" and New Hampshire. Stone became Executive Assistant DA in 1985", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5053551", "score": "1.0700314", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Law & Order", "text": "for Ben Stone involved him resigning over guilt after a woman he compelled to testify against a Russian mobster was murdered by his cohorts. To replace Moriarty, Sam Waterston was Wolf's first choice for the role of Executive Assistant District Attorney John J. \"Jack\" McCoy Jr.; Waterston's character was markedly different from Moriarty's in that Jack McCoy was conceived as more emotionally stable and having more sex appeal. Wolf dismissed Noth when his contract expired at the end of Season 5, because he felt that Lennie Briscoe and Mike Logan had become too similar to each other and the writers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1483921", "score": "1.0648484", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Chicago Justice", "text": "February 19, 2016, as Peter Stone, the prosecutor who put Voight in prison years ago. His father is Benjamin Stone, an assistant district attorney on the first four seasons of \"Law & Order\". Nazneen Contractor joined the series on March 11, 2016, and Joelle Carter on March 14, 2016. \"Rocky\" alum Carl Weathers joined the cast on March 19 as Cook County State's Attorney Mark Jefferies, while Ryan-James Hatanaka was added to the cast on March 24. Lorraine Toussaint reprised her role in the pilot as defense attorney Shambala Green, who appeared in seven episodes of \"Law & Order\". Contractor", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19386184", "score": "1.0633594", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character)", "text": "after convicting con artist and murderer Philip Swann, who years later enters a civil suit against Stone when the validity of the conviction is called into question. (Swann is ultimately found guilty, however, and sent back to prison.) Stone's assistants have been Paul Robinette and Claire Kincaid. A strict, unyielding boss, Stone can be very difficult to work with; in the pilot episode, Sergeant Max Greevey and Detective Mike Logan, intimate that Stone \"eats ADAs for lunch.\" Nevertheless, Stone is usually rather soft-spoken, and is fond of using harmless words like \"sir\" to convey his contempt for the people he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5053552", "score": "1.0622159", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)", "text": "his friend. Navarro hinted at his appearance on Twitter prior before \"TV Guide\" announced it, \"On my way to NYC to hang out with Detective Benson for a day,\" he tweeted about star Mariska Hargitay. Jeffrey Tambor guest starred in \"Funny Valentine\" as well, in a role that's a change of pace for the actor. Tambor has been cast as Ben Cohen, an attorney hired to defend a popular hip-hop artist after his arrest by the SVU. While Tambor's TV characters are often quite bizarre, Cohen is described as being no-nonsense and perhaps a bit overconfident in the popularity of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16203084", "score": "1.0612721", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character)", "text": "prosecutes. Stone makes his last appearance in the show in the episode \"Old Friends,\" the final episode of season four. The episode portrays a racketeering case in which the main witness Ann Madsen (portrayed by Allison Janney), whose testimony Stone had secured by threatening to send her to prison, is murdered by the Russian Mafia. He feels responsible for her death and resigns from the DA's office. He is succeeded by Jack McCoy as Executive ADA. Stone is mentioned in the 1996 episode \"Custody\" as a possible witness against a judge. When his former assistant Paul Robinette, now a defense", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5053553", "score": "1.0555613", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19)", "text": "sort of environment.\" The entire main cast from the previous season returned. In August 2017, it was announced that Philip Winchester would reprise his role as Assistant State's Attorney Peter Stone from \"Chicago Justice\", appearing around the midpoint of the season. New show runner/executive producer Michael Chernuchin told \"Entertainment Weekly\" that Stone's character would be coming in as an antagonist and that he will be a foil for A.D.A. Barba (Raúl Esparza) this season; Stone's character isn't necessarily taking his [Barba's] job. \"There's more than one A.D.A. in New York [...] Philip will come in and he won't be the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20154804", "score": "1.0446408", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", "text": "recurring role for episodes 1–3 and then was promoted to the main cast in episode 5, with Kelli Giddish, Danny Pino, Ice-T and Raúl Esparza no longer appearing in every episode. On May 20, 2015, it was revealed that Danny Pino would be leaving the cast after the season 16 finale \"Surrendering Noah\". In August 2017, it was announced that Philip Winchester would recur in season 19 as ADA Peter Stone, his character from \"Chicago P.D.\" and \"Chicago Justice\", who is the son of Benjamin Stone, the ADA on the original \"Law & Order\" show. It was later also announced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1614721", "score": "1.0408804", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Peter Stone (Chicago and Law & Order character)", "text": "Stone being dropped. Philip Winchester was first announced to be starring in \"Chicago Law\" (later renamed \"Chicago Justice\") on February 19, 2016. It was later reported that Winchester would first appear in a backdoor pilot episode embedded in \"Chicago P.D.\" Winchester continued to guest star in \"P.D.\" and made also a appearance in \"Chicago Med\". Following the cancellation of \"Justice\", it was announced that Winchester would move to \"Law & Order: SVU\" in a starring capacity. Winchester replaced Raúl Esparza on \"SVU\" who departed the series in Winchester's debut episode. Peter Jankowski, COO and President of Wolf Films, stated \"When", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20569199", "score": "1.0385873", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character)", "text": "attorney, wants a judge to recuse himself for past comments showing bias against drug addicts and support for forced sterilization, Robinette threatens to subpoena Stone to testify about the comments, which both he and Stone heard the judge make. Upon hearing of the threat, Schiff informs McCoy that Stone \"is travelling in Europe, not available to testify at any hearing.\" However, the judge by this time has already declared himself \"unavailable\" to hear the case. The opening scene of the \"\" episode \"The Undiscovered Country\" (aired in 2018) reveals that Stone has died. His successor, Jack McCoy, gives the eulogy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5053554", "score": "1.0209885", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Ben Andrews (actor)", "text": "Francisco\", \"Mannix\", \"The Six Million Dollar Man\", \"The Rockford Files\" and \"The Waltons\". Ben Andrews (actor) Ben Andrews (May 16, 1942 – May 13, 1981) was an American actor best remembered for his television work. Making his first television appearance in the late 1960s, Andrews is perhaps best known for portraying the prominent character Benny and Jason Tate in the daytime soap opera \"Return to Peyton Place\" between 1972 and 1973. Afterwards, he played a detective on the soap opera \"Days of Our Lives\" and he was attached to \"General Hospital\". Besides appearing in soap operas, Andrews also guest starred", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14465407", "score": "1.0196235", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Rob Stone (actor)", "text": "the Dallas Theater Center. In 1982, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting degree at the University of Southern California's drama school. In addition to his role on \"Mr. Belvedere\", Stone also appeared on episodes of the American television series \"The Facts of Life\", \"Silver Spoons\", \"21 Jump Street\" and \"Matlock\". Andrew Greeley, writing in \"The New York Times\", called Stone's acting in one episode of Mr. Belvedere \"very sensitive\". Discussing that episode, he wrote \"The subtle interplay between the two young people (played by Rob Stone and Debbie Barker) provided some of the most touching and skillful", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15389059", "score": "1.016784", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Peter Stone (Chicago and Law & Order character)", "text": "Jack McCoy as special counsel prosecuting Rafael Barba (Raúl Esparza) in the death of a terminally ill child, in the episode \"\". However, when Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay) confronts him during the trial and he admits he sympathizes with Barba but cannot ignore the prosecution because he fears it will set a bad example to others, she urges him to talk to Barba and be more reasonable with him. This later results in Barba's being found not guilty, a result Stone ultimately approves. After Barba resigns, traumatized by the case, Stone takes over as the Assistant District Attorney overseeing the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20569194", "score": "1.0085391", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Harold J. Stone", "text": "nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for his role in CBS's \"The Nurses\". Harold J. Stone Harold J. Stone (born Harold Hochstein, March 3, 1913November 18, 2005) was an American stage, radio, film, and television character actor. Stone was born to a Jewish acting family. At age 6, Stone debuted on stage with his father, Jacob Hochstein, in the play \"White Slaves\". A graduate of New York University, he attended the University of Buffalo to study medicine. Stone began his career on Broadway in 1939 and appeared in five plays", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6494595", "score": "1.0073923", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Ben Shenkman", "text": "the Tisch School of the Arts. Shenkman's sister, Elizabeth, is married to British publisher Jamie Byng. He began his professional acting career with a small role in the 1994 film \"Quiz Show\" directed by Robert Redford and a guest-starring role on \"Law & Order,\" his first of seven appearances throughout the run of the show. He also began working in theatre, portraying Louis Ironson in Tony Kushner's play \"\" at San Francisco's American Conservatory Theatre. While still at New York University, Shenkman played the role of Roy Cohn in a workshop production of the play. He would reprise the role", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4656983", "score": "1.0060449", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 12)", "text": "Stephanie March (Alexandra Cabot) and guest star Sharon Stone (Jo Marlowe). Patton appeared in a single episode, but dropped out to film \"\". Her role was replaced by Melissa Sagemiller as . Sagemiller and Mariska Hargitay previously worked together on the \"SVU\" season one episode \"\", in which Sagemiller played a victim. \"There's something in my past, a personal connection that we have, something that she did for me and a family member who she helped out ... She's not aware of it yet [but] it becomes revealed in the next several episodes\", Sagemiller said. ADA Hardwicke's background was never", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14535253", "score": "1.0038166", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Stone (TV series)", "text": "but was unable to stop him. The role of Det. Buck Rogers was played by series star Dennis Weaver's son Robby Weaver. Stone (TV series) Stone is an American police drama that aired on ABC on Monday nights between January 14 and March 31, 1980. The series was a Stephen J. Cannell Productions in association with Gerry Productions, Inc. and Universal Television (it was Cannell's last series before he went independent) and was created by Cannell, Richard Levinson and William Link. The series focused on Det Sgt. Daniel Stone, a police officer who wrote best-selling novels on police work based", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15583386", "score": "1.0006454", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Peter Stone (Chicago and Law & Order character)", "text": "Peter Stone (Chicago and Law & Order character) Peter Stone is a fictional character portrayed by Philip Winchester. Stone was initially a guest character as part of a backdoor pilot in the third season of the police procedural \"Chicago P.D.\". Following the success of the backdoor pilot and his character, Winchester was cast as a main character in \"Chicago Justice\", a spin-off of \"Chicago P.D.\" During the character's time in the \"Chicago\" franchise a guest appearance was also made in \"Chicago Med\". Following the cancellation of \"Chicago Justice\", Winchester was cast in \"\". Stone is the son and second child", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20569191", "score": "0.99929285", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Peter Stone (Chicago and Law & Order character)", "text": "New York County District Attorney's Special Victims Unit. His stint begins with a rocky start, involving initial tension with the rest of the members of the SVU team due to Barba's sudden departure. He soon begins to grow into the job and bond with the team, particularly as he reveals that he was a professional baseball player in the Chicago Cubs' minor league system, briefly called up to the major leagues, but forced to retire from the game due to a torn ligament, which has left him feeling bitter, unable to control his anger outside of work, and blaming himself", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20569195", "score": "0.99572176", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Payback (Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)", "text": "the rest of the panel assembled began voicing their assent. The first actor to be cast for the show was Dann Florek. Florek had originated the character of Captain Don Cragen in the 1988 pilot for \"Law & Order\" and played the character for the first three seasons of the show until he was fired on the orders of network executives, who wanted to add female characters to the all-male primary cast. He maintained a friendly relationship with Wolf, however, and went on to direct three episodes of the original series as well as to occasionally guest star on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14443649", "score": "0.99486804", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Ben Andrews (actor)", "text": "Ben Andrews (actor) Ben Andrews (May 16, 1942 – May 13, 1981) was an American actor best remembered for his television work. Making his first television appearance in the late 1960s, Andrews is perhaps best known for portraying the prominent character Benny and Jason Tate in the daytime soap opera \"Return to Peyton Place\" between 1972 and 1973. Afterwards, he played a detective on the soap opera \"Days of Our Lives\" and he was attached to \"General Hospital\". Besides appearing in soap operas, Andrews also guest starred in several TV series, including \"Planet of the Apes\", \"The Streets of San", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14465406", "score": "0.99010634", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "William M. Finkelstein", "text": "William M. Finkelstein William M. Finkelstein (also known as William Finkelstein) is an American screenwriter, television producer, actor and television director. He has worked as a writer and producer on \"Law & Order\", \"Brooklyn South\", \"Murder One\", \"L.A. Law\", \"Cop Rock\" and \"NYPD Blue\". He co-created \"Brooklyn South\" with frequent collaborators David Milch, Steven Bochco and Bill Clark. He won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for \"L.A. Law\" in both 1989 and 1990. He was nominated for the award again in 2001 for \"Law & Order\". He has been nominated 4 times for the Emmy Award for Outstanding", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12345070", "score": "0.98836637", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Donald Cragen", "text": "be much more actively involved.\" When \"Law & Order: SVU\" first aired, Dave Mason, television editor for \"Ventura County Star\", said Cragen was \"played brilliantly\" by Florek, and called the relationship between Cragen and Stabler the strongest aspect of the series. Alan Sepinwall, television columnist for \"The Star-Ledger\", said the Cragen character \"showed off more personality\" in the film \"Exiled\" and on \"Special Victims Unit\" than the character exhibited in the original \"Law & Order\". Donald Cragen Donald Cragen is a fictional character played by Dann Florek in the American crime drama television series \"Law & Order\" and its spinoff", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5091100", "score": "0.9820961", "original_retrieval_index": 36 } ]

{ "title": "Michael Moriarty", "long_answer": "Michael Moriarty (born April 5, 1941) is an American-Canadian stage and screen actor and jazz musician. He received an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for his first acting role on American television as a Nazi SS officer in the 1978 mini-series Holocaust, and he played Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone for the first four seasons (1990–1994) on the television show Law & Order. Moriarty is also known for his roles in films such as Bang the Drum Slowly, Who'll Stop the Rain, Q: The Winged Serpent, The Stuff, Pale Rider, Troll, Courage Under Fire, and Shiloh.", "chunked_long_answer": "Michael Moriarty (born April 5, 1941) is an American-Canadian stage and screen actor and jazz musician. He received an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for his first acting role on American television as a Nazi SS officer in the 1978 mini-series Holocaust, and he played Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone for the first four seasons (1990–1994) on the television show Law & Order. Moriarty is also known for his roles in films such as Bang the Drum Slowly, Who'll Stop the Rain, Q: The Winged Serpent, The Stuff, Pale Rider, Troll, Courage Under Fire, and Shiloh.", "short_answers": [ "Michael Moriarty" ] }

[ "Scheria" ]

[ { "title": "Scheria", "text": "Scheria (/ˈskɛriə/; Ancient Greek: Σχερίη or Σχερία)—also known as Scherie or Phaeacia—was a region in Greek mythology, first mentioned in Homer's Odyssey as the home of the Phaeacians and the last destination of Odysseus in his 10-year journey before returning home to Ithaca.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Scheria", "text": "nautical renown dated from the days of its old inhabitants, the Phaeacians.\" Locals on Corfu had long claimed this, based on the rock outside Corfu harbour, which is supposedly the ship that carried Odysseus back to Ithaca, but was turned to stone by Poseidon, to punish the Phaeacians for helping his enemy, The Phaeacians did not participate in the Trojan War. The Greek name Φαίακες is derived from \"phaiós\" (φαιός “gray”). However, the Phaeacians in the \"Odyssey\" did not know Odysseus (although they knew \"of\" him, as evidenced by the tales of Demodocus), so they called him a \"stranger\". Odysseus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2264960", "score": "1.3160903", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Odyssey", "text": "to provide Odysseus with more treasure than he would have received from the spoils of Troy. They deliver him at night, while he is fast asleep, to a hidden harbour on Ithaca. Poseidon, offended that the Phaeacians have returned Odysseus home, destroys the Phaeacian ship on its return voyage, and the city sacrifices to Poseidon and agrees to stop giving escorts to strangers to appease him. Odysseus awakens and believes that he has been dropped on a distant land before Athena appears to him and reveals that he is indeed on Ithaca. She then hides his treasure in a nearby", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "306129", "score": "1.2962074", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Odyssean gods", "text": "his 'odyssey' between the war at Troy and his reaching Scherie (also known as Phaeacia - land of the Phaecians). Hermes is Patron of Travellers, Messenger of the gods and the king of thieves and one of the 12 Olympian gods, Hermes appears three times in the Odyssey. The first time is to deliver a message to Calypso to let Odysseus return home. The second time, he appears to Odysseus to warn him about Circe and provides the necessary information that Odysseus needed to put Circe into submission. The third time he is sent to escort the spirits of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8258017", "score": "1.267453", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Scheria", "text": "pomegranate trees that grow year-round. The palace is even equipped with a lighting system comprising golden statues of young men bearing torches. After Odysseus tells Alcinous and his court the story of his adventures after the Trojan War, the Phaeacians take him to Ithaca on one of their ships. The Phaeacians possessed remarkable ships. They were quite different from the penteconters, the ships used during the Trojan War, and they were steered by thought. King Alcinous says that Phaeacians carried Rhadamanthus to Euboea, \"which is the furthest of any place\" and came back on the same day. He also explains", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2264958", "score": "1.2643801", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Odyssey", "text": "years. Released by the intercession of his patroness Athena, through the aid of Hermes, he departs, but his raft is destroyed by his divine enemy Poseidon, who is angry because Odysseus blinded his son, Polyphemus. When Odysseus washes up on Scherie, home to the Phaeacians, he is assisted by the young Nausicaä and is treated hospitably. In return, he satisfies the Phaeacians' curiosity, telling them, and the reader, of all his adventures since departing from Troy. The shipbuilding Phaeacians then loan him a ship to return to Ithaca, where he is aided by the swineherd Eumaeus, meets Telemachus, regains his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "306140", "score": "1.259336", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Odyssey (miniseries)", "text": "and to remember his place as a mere mortal. The next morning, Odysseus washes ashore and is found by some Phaeacians girls. With help from Phaeacian King Alcinous (Jeroen Krabbé), they help Odysseus back to Ithaca. They deliver him at night while he is fast asleep, to a hidden harbor on Ithaca. Upon awakening the next morning, he finds himself on Ithaca where is reunited with Telemachus. Using a peasant disguise provided by Athena, Odysseus meets up with Penelope where she decides to hold a contest to find the person who can string Odysseus' bow. After Odysseus wins the contest,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6059919", "score": "1.2338914", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Xenia (Greek)", "text": "households observed in the epic, including those of Circe, Calypso, and the Phaeacians. The Phaeacians, and in particular Nausicaä, were famed for their immaculate application of xenia, as the princess and her maids offered to bathe Odysseus and then led him to the palace to be fed and entertained. After sharing his story with the Phaeacians they agree to take Odysseus to his home land. In a new rule, he states that you should not beat your host in a competition because it would be rude and could damage the relationship. Because Odysseus was indirectly responsible for Poseidon's sinking one", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4656401", "score": "1.1930968", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Odyssey", "text": "that Odysseus has escaped, he wrecks the raft but, helped by a veil given by the sea nymph Ino, Odysseus swims ashore on Scherie, the island of the Phaeacians. Naked and exhausted, he hides in a pile of leaves and falls asleep. The next morning, awakened by the laughter of girls, he sees the young Nausicaä, who has gone to the seashore with her maids to wash clothes after Athena told her in a dream to do so. He appeals to her for help. She encourages him to seek the hospitality of her parents, Arete and Alcinous (or Alkinous). Odysseus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "306117", "score": "1.1749958", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Scheria", "text": "sleeping nearby, is awakened by the shouts. He covers his nakedness with thick leaves and goes to ask for help from the team. Upon seeing the unkempt Odysseus in this state, the maids run away, but, Nausicaa, encouraged by Athena, stands her ground and talks to him. To excuse the maids, she admits that the Phaeacians are \"the farthermost of men, and no other mortals are conversant with them\", so they run away since they have never seen a stranger before. Nausicaa, being hospitable, provides clothes, food and drink to Odysseus, and then directs him to the palace of King", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2264955", "score": "1.1705462", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Odyssean gods", "text": "other gods in the Odyssey that play minor roles in aiding Odysseus’ homeward journey. Because of their small role, there is very little that can be said about them. Below is a brief overview of the gods and how they aid Odysseus. It isn't known why Ino helps him, but she does. Ino gives Odysseus a magical veil that keeps him buoyant after Poseidon (god of the sea) sinks his ship. She leads him toward the land of the Phaecians, where Nausicaa and Arete help him to get back to Ithaca - after he has told them the story of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8258016", "score": "1.168015", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Athletics in epic poetry", "text": "spear-throwing competition; however, Achilles declared Agamemnon the victor before the competition could take place. In \"Odyssey\" 8, Odysseus lands on the island of the Phaeacians. During Odysseus' time there, the Phaeacians stage a series of athletic contests for Odysseus so that he could spread stories about the Phaeacians' athletic prowess. First, the Phaeacians competed in a foot race. Following the foot race, the Phaeacians battled each other in a fierce wrestling competition. After wrestling, the Phaeacians held jumping and boxing contests. The fifth and final event was the discus throw. After the discus competition, Odysseus is invited to show his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19472230", "score": "1.1671395", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Odyssey", "text": "fact he cannot return home. These beings that are close to the gods include the Phaeacians who lived near Cyclopes, whose king, Alcinous, is the great-grandson of the king of the giants, Eurymedon, and the grandson of Poseidon. Some of the other characters that Odysseus encounters are Polyphemus who is the cyclops son of Poseidon, God of Oceans, Circe who is the sorceress daughter of the Sun that turns men into animals, Calypso who is a goddess, and the Laestrygonians who are cannibalistic giants. Throughout the course of the epic, Odysseus encounters several examples of \"xenia\" (\"guest-friendship\"), which provide models", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "306151", "score": "1.1505101", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Odyssey", "text": "of how hosts should and should not act. The Phaeacians demonstrate exemplary guest-friendship by feeding Odysseus, giving him a place to sleep, and granting him a safe voyage home, which are all things a good host should do. Polyphemus demonstrates poor guest-friendship. His only \"gift\" to Odysseus is that he will eat him last. Calypso also exemplifies poor guest-friendship because she does not allow Odysseus to leave her island. Another important factor to guest-friendship is that kingship implies generosity. It is assumed that a king has the means to be a generous host and is more generous with his own", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "306152", "score": "1.1498182", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Aeaea", "text": "near Colchis, since Circe was the sister of Aeëtes, king of Colchis, and because their paternal aunt the goddess Eos had her palace there. The somewhat inconsistent geography of Homer's \"Odyssey\" is often considered more mythic than literal, but the geography of the Alexandrian scholar and poet Apollonius of Rhodes is more specific. In his epic \"Argonautica\", he locates the island somewhere south of \"Aethalia\" (Elba), within view of the \"Tyrrhenian\" shore (western coast of Italy). In the same poem, Aeëtes remarks on the great distance between Colchis and Aeaea in these terms: Aeaea was later identified by classical Roman", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2580308", "score": "1.1441104", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Geography of the Odyssey", "text": "Geography of the Odyssey Events in the main sequence of the \"Odyssey\" (excluding the narrative of Odysseus's adventures) take place in the Peloponnese and in what are now called the Ionian Islands (Ithaca and its neighbours). Incidental mentions of Troy and its house, Phoenicia, Egypt, and Crete hint at geographical knowledge equal to, or perhaps slightly more extensive than that of the \"Iliad\". However, scholars both ancient and modern are divided as to whether or not any of the places visited by Odysseus (after Ismaros and before his return to Ithaca) were real. The geographer Strabo and many others came", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8951711", "score": "1.1414502", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Athletics in epic poetry", "text": "athletic skills, but he declines the offer. After declining the offer, one Phaeacian, Euryalos, joked that Odysseus did not have the skills to compete in an athletic competition. This infuriated Odysseus. The angered Odysseus then grabbed a discus much larger and heavier than the ones used by the Phaeacians, and he swung back and released the discus. The discus landed well clear of the Phaeacians' earlier marks. Odysseus then challenged the Phaeacians to other athletic competitions, which they declined. After evading the suitors' advances for many years in hopes that Odysseus might return, Penelope finally relented to the suitors' advances", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19472231", "score": "1.1165285", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Odyssey", "text": "and his journey home after the fall of Troy. It takes Odysseus ten years to reach Ithaca after the ten-year Trojan War. In his absence, it is assumed Odysseus has died, and his wife Penelope and son Telemachus must deal with a group of unruly suitors, the \"Mnesteres\" (Greek: ) or Proci, who compete for Penelope's hand in marriage. The \"Odyssey\" continues to be read in the Homeric Greek and translated into modern languages around the world. Many scholars believe the original poem was composed in an oral tradition by an \"aoidos\" (epic poet/singer), perhaps a rhapsode (professional performer), and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "306108", "score": "1.1127174", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Odyssey", "text": "absent father's house on the island of Ithaca with his mother Penelope and a crowd of 108 boisterous young men, \"the Suitors\", whose aim is to persuade Penelope to marry one of them, all the while reveling in Odysseus' palace and eating up his wealth. Odysseus' protectress, the goddess Athena, requests to Zeus, king of the gods, to finally allow Odysseus to return home when Odysseus' enemy, the god of the sea Poseidon, is absent from Mount Olympus to accept a sacrifice in Ethiopia. Then, disguised as a Taphian chieftain named Mentes, she visits Telemachus to urge him to search", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "306111", "score": "1.1103324", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Xenia (Greek)", "text": "of their ships, the Phaeacians resolved to be less trusting of subsequent travelers. However, Polyphemus showed lack of xenia, despite Odysseus' reminders, and refused to honor the travelers' requests, instead eating some of Odysseus' men. The suitor Ctesippus mocks xenia by hurling a hoof, disguised as a \"gift\", at Odysseus. When Ctesippus is speared by Philoetius, the cowherd claims this avenges his disrespect. In Book One, Telemachus shows xenia to the disguised Athena by graciously welcoming her into his own home and offering her food. He even moves her chair away from the suitors who are rude. Eumaeus the Swineherd", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4656402", "score": "1.0985681", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Odyssean gods", "text": "Odyssean gods The Odyssean gods are the ancient Greek gods referenced in Homer's \"Odyssey\". The story's major gods include Athena, Poseidon, Calypso and Circe; minor gods include Ino, Hermes, Zeus, and Heracles. The Odyssey's major gods include Athena, Poseidon, Calypso, and Circe. Athena is the Greek goddess of wisdom and battle strategy, and was also the patron goddess of heroes. Odysseus was a great hero among the Greeks, and so had Athena’s favor and aid in many of his exploits. She was also a key goddess in the story of \"The Odyssey\" as a divine assistant to Odysseus on his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8258006", "score": "1.0944343", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Odyssey", "text": "the \"Odyssey\". Both Odysseus and Gilgamesh are known for traveling to the ends of the earth, and on their journeys go to the land of the dead. On his voyage to the underworld, Odysseus follows instructions given to him by Circe. Her island, Aeaea, is located at the edges of the world and seems to have close associations with the sun. Like Odysseus, Gilgamesh gets directions on how to reach the land of the dead from a divine helper: in this case, the goddess Siduri, who, like Circe, dwells by the sea at the ends of the earth. Her home", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "306145", "score": "1.0942471", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Phlegraean Islands", "text": "classical epoch, some Phlegraean Islands were called Pithecussae, the Greek \"\" (, ‘islands of monkeys’). A Greek myth tells of two brigands, the Cercopes of Ephesus, who played pranks on Zeus, who then punished them by turning them into monkeys and exiling them to the islands of Aenaria (Ischia) and Prochyta (Procida). Legend had the monster Typhon buried under Ischia, and the Giant Mimas buried under Procida. Such stories might be significant as a clue to how the ancient Greeks attempted to account for the volcanism of the whole area. The resulting changes in the topography of the islands were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9135635", "score": "1.0926452", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Geography of the Odyssey", "text": "is that whilst the text of the \"Odyssey\" contains many place names to the east and south of Greece, there are very few identifiable references to places to the west. As a result, he questions whether the western Mediterranean was known about at the time the original legends emerged (which he estimated to be some centuries before Homer composed the poem) and so consequently he doubted whether the stories had their origins there. In addition he noted that the Acheron is marked on the map, but traditionally ignored, whilst in the \"Argonautica\" of Apollonius of Rhodes the Argonauts' home voyage", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8951740", "score": "1.0887192", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Geography of the Odyssey", "text": "fled from Troy after being accused of murdering Aias. He first went north to the Black Sea for a while; he sacked the Ciconian town of Ismarus in Thrace on his way back. After visiting the lotus-eaters he went to Sicily, where he encountered three (or four) brothers, Antiphates, Cyclops, and Polyphemus (and possibly Laestrygon, according to Septimius), who each ruled a portion of the island. Odysseus and his men were mistreated by each of these kings in turn. Notably, they were imprisoned by Polyphemus when one of Odysseus' men fell in love with Polyphemus' daughter (Arene or Elpe) and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8951725", "score": "1.0886751", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Odysseus Unbound", "text": "he/they are said to have lived, might have acquired such detailed knowledge of \"Ithaca\" / Paliki as appears in his \"Odyssey\". The suggestion made in the study is that folk-tales of the \"Ithacans\" containing detailed references to the landscape were carried by them, during their Greek Dark Ages migrations during the time-of-troubles which followed the Mycenean / Trojan war period, to the Greek mainland and from there to western Anatolia. At that final resting place for the migration of the Ionians, then, roving bards of the type described by Milman Parry picked up the \"Ithacan\" tales, perhaps, and wove them", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7240430", "score": "1.0886457", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Dorians", "text": "that did not survive. The customs of the Spartan state and its illustrious individuals are detailed at great length in such authors as Plutarch and Diodorus Siculus. The \"Odyssey\" has one reference to the Dorians:\"There is a land called Crete, in the midst of the wine-dark sea, a fair, rich land, begirt with water, and therein are many men, past counting, and ninety cities. They have not all the same speech, but their tongues are mixed. There dwell Achaeans, there great-hearted native Cretans, there Cydonians, and Dorians of waving plumes, and goodly Pelasgians.\" The reference is not compatible with a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "101336", "score": "1.0882984", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Mycenaean religion", "text": "Boeotia and Phocis, where it seems that was introduced before the end of the Mycenean age. This may explain why his myths and cult were centered in Thebes, and why the mountain Parnassos in Phocis was the place of his orgies. However, in the Homeric poems he is the consort of the Minoan vegetation goddess Ariadne. He is the only Greek god other than Attis who dies in order to be reborn, as it often appears in the religions of the Orient. His myth is related with the Minoan myth of the \"divine child\" who was abandoned by his mother", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18913613", "score": "1.0836985", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Phemius", "text": "Phemius In Homer's epic poem the Odyssey, Phemius (; Ancient Greek: Φήμιος \"Phēmios\") is an Ithacan poet who performs narrative songs in the house of the absent Odysseus. His audience is made up largely of the suitors (Proci), who live in the house while attempting to persuade Penelope to marry one of them. In Book 1 of the poem, Phemius performs at their request a version of the theme \"The Return from Troy\" (a theme that actually existed as a written poem, probably at a slightly later date). The performance is heard by Penelope. The story distresses her, since it", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "876101", "score": "1.0809219", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Euryalus (Phaeacian)", "text": "Euryalus (Phaeacian) In Greek mythology, Euryalus (; ) was a young Phaeacian nobleman and son of Naubolous. In the \"Odyssey\", Homer gives him the epithet \"the peer of murderous Ares\". Next to Laodamas, he is said to be the most handsome of the Phaeacians, and is the best wrestler. He convinces Laodamas to challenge Odysseus, then rebukes him when he refuses to participate, saying \"No truly, stranger, nor do I think thee at all like one that is skilled in games, whereof there are many among men, rather art thou such an one as comes and goes in a benched", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20188182", "score": "1.0808975", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "Scheria", "long_answer": "Scheria (/ˈskɛriə/; Ancient Greek: Σχερίη or Σχερία)—also known as Scherie or Phaeacia—was a region in Greek mythology, first mentioned in Homer's Odyssey as the home of the Phaeacians and the last destination of Odysseus in his 10-year journey before returning home to Ithaca.", "chunked_long_answer": "Scheria (/ˈskɛriə/; Ancient Greek: Σχερίη or Σχερία)—also known as Scherie or Phaeacia—was a region in Greek mythology, first mentioned in Homer's Odyssey as the home of the Phaeacians and the last destination of Odysseus in his 10-year journey before returning home to Ithaca.", "short_answers": [ "Scheria" ] }

[ "2006", "Conrad Lewis" ]

[ { "title": "eSight", "text": "eSight was founded in 2006 by Conrad Lewis, a Canadian electrical engineer with two legally blind sisters. His motivation was to build a device that would enable his sisters to see, be able to work and independently perform virtually all activities of daily living (ADLs).", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Samuel Genensky", "text": "Samuel Genensky Samuel M. Genensky (26 July 1927 in New Bedford, Massachusetts – 26 June 2009 in Santa Monica, California) was an American computer scientist, best known as an inventor for devices to assist sight-impaired persons. He was also well known for his advocacy on behalf of the blind. When Genensky was born, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts had a requirement that all newborn babies receive drops of dilute silver nitrate in both eyes, to prevent the possible passage of syphilis from mother to child. He received the required drops, but unfortunately the chemical had not been diluted, and both his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13609700", "score": "0.98101187", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Optometry", "text": "to close-up vision. The scientists Claudius Ptolemy and Johannes Kepler also contributed to the creation of optometry. Kepler discovered how the retina in the eye creates vision. From 1773 until around 1829, Thomas Young discovered the disability of astigmatism and it was George Biddell Airy who designed glasses to correct that problem that included spherocylindrical lens. Although the term optometry appeared in the 1759 book \"A Treatise on the Eye: The Manner and Phenomena of Vision\" by Scottish physician William Porterfield, it was not until the early twentieth century in the United States and Australia that it began to be", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1529838", "score": "0.9663841", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Augustin-Jean Fresnel", "text": "Augustin-Jean Fresnel Augustin-Jean Fresnel ( , ; ; 10 May 178814 July 1827) was a French civil engineer and physicist whose research in optics led to the almost unanimous acceptance of the wave theory of light, excluding any remnant of Newton's corpuscular theory, from the late 1830s until the end of the 19th century. But he is perhaps better known for inventing the catadioptric (reflective/refractive) Fresnel lens and for pioneering the use of \"stepped\" lenses to extend the visibility of lighthouses, saving countless lives at sea. The simpler dioptric (purely refractive) stepped lens, first proposed by Count Buffon and independently", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1435", "score": "0.95138574", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Edward Scarlett", "text": "Edward Scarlett Edward Scarlett (1688 - 1743 in London) was an English optician and instrument maker, who first invented an eyeglass frame with earhooks in 1727. This frame is held by the nose and ears, at times the glasses were called in contrast to the nasal cannula and \"temples\" because they had short straps that pressed on the temple. Among other things, Scarlett made polemoscopes (optical instruments that could be seen over obstacles) and tried not only to limit them to military use, but also to expel them. The lenses themselves were not, as often claimed, invented in 1285 by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20487855", "score": "0.9502526", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Norman Gaylord", "text": "Optometry. Gaylord died in the Florida city of Boynton Beach at the age of 84. Norman Gaylord Norman Grant Gaylord (born Norman Gershon Goldstein; February 16, 1923 – September 18, 2007) was an American industrial chemist and research scientist. He was credited with playing a key role in the development of the gas-permeable rigid contact lens which allows oxygen to reach the wearer's cornea. A native of Brooklyn, he was a graduate of City College and received his doctorate in polymer chemistry from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. He legally changed his name in the 1940s. For his contribution to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10992426", "score": "0.94331354", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Gholam A. Peyman", "text": "Gholam A. Peyman Gholam A. Peyman is an ophthalmologist, retina surgeon, and inventor. He is best known for his invention of LASIK eye surgery, a vision correction procedure designed to allow people to see clearly without glasses. He was awarded the first US patent for the procedure in 1989 (link to image of patent, below). Peyman was born in Shiraz, Iran. At the age of 19, he moved to Germany to begin his medical studies. He received his MD at the University of Freiburg in 1962. He completed his internship at St. Johannes Hospital in Duisburg, Germany in 1964 and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15463323", "score": "0.9428034", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Salvino D'Armati", "text": "of Santa Maria Maggiore. In the twentieth century, efforts were made to expose as a hoax the claim that Salvino degli Armati invented eyeglasses: The \"Dizionario enciclopedico italiano\" (1955), vol. 1, lists Salvino degli Armati together with an exposure of del Migliore's false claim. Furthermore, Vasco Ronchi (1897-1988), an Italian physicist who specialized in optics, also published an article on the subject as did the American historian of science Edward Rosen (1906-1985) and the Italian professor of ophthamology Giuseppe Albertotti (1851-1936). Salvino D'Armati Salvino D'Armato degli Armati of Florence (died 1317) is sometimes credited with the invention of eyeglasses, however", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2939797", "score": "0.94022703", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Louis Braille", "text": "Louis Braille Louis Braille (; ; 4 January 1809 – 6 January 1852) was a French educator and inventor of a system of reading and writing for use by the blind or visually impaired. His system remains virtually unchanged to this day, and is known worldwide simply as braille. Blinded in both eyes as a result of an early childhood accident, Braille mastered his disability while still a boy. He excelled in his education and received scholarship to France's Royal Institute for Blind Youth. While still a student there, he began developing a system of tactile code that could allow", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "718681", "score": "0.93898135", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "John Marshall (eye laser scientist)", "text": "of RP Fighting Blindness, Ambassador for Fight For Sight and Vice-president of the National Eye Research Center. He has chaired and served on the Medical Advisory Boards of many companies in the field of ophthalmology, including Avellino, Avedro, Summitt Technology Inc, Intralase, Diomed and Ellex. John Marshall (eye laser scientist) John Marshall MBE, FMedSci, PhD, DSc, FRCPath, FRSB, FRCOphth(Hon), FRCOptom(Hon), FARVO (born 1943 in Woking, England) is a British medical scientist and inventor. Currently he is the Frost Professor of Ophthalmology at the Institute of Ophthalmology UCL and Emeritus Professor King's College London. He is a pioneer of laser eye", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19659692", "score": "0.93829525", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Lyle Goodhue", "text": "Under the legal definition he could be called blind, but Goodhue had enough field of vision to drive a car and gets along with special, powerful lenses. “I don’t drive a car anymore because they got too fast for me,\" he says. He said he used to feel like he needed to hide his 'blindness', but that \"as you get older and successful it doesn't make much difference.\" Lyle Goodhue Lyle D. Goodhue (September 30, 1903 – September 18, 1981) was an internationally known inventor, research chemist and entomologist with 105 U. S. and 25 foreign patents. He invented the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17036655", "score": "0.93456614", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Ferdinand Monoyer", "text": "Ferdinand Monoyer Ferdinand Monoyer (9 May 1836 – 11 July 1912) was a French ophthalmologist, known for introducing the dioptre in 1872. He invented the Monoyer chart, used to test visual acuity. He inserted his name in the random letters of the chart. It appears when one reads vertically from bottom to top on each side. Monoyer was of Alsatian heritage by his mother and his father was a French military doctor. He was an Associate Professor of Medical Physics at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg in 1871. Later, he was the director of the Ophthalmic Clinic of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18277327", "score": "0.9332063", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Optometry", "text": "King Bhuvanekabahu the IV (AD 1346 – 1353) of the Gampola period the ancient tradition of optical lens making with natural stone called Diyatarippu was given royal patronage. A few of the craftsman still live and practice in the original hamlet given to the exponents of the craft by royal decree even today. But Joseph Needham stated in his \"Science and Civilization\" that the paper by Laufer had many inconsistencies, and that the references in the document used by Laufer were not in the original copies but added during the Ming dynasty. However, the German word \"brille\" (eyeglasses) is derived", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1529836", "score": "0.9313565", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "August Müller (inventor)", "text": "the eye, but he did however lay the groundwork for later researchers and his ideas and recommendations on fit, tear flow and rounded edges still form the basis for contact lens fitting today. In 1932, Müller donated three lenses to the German Museum in Munich. These were the same lenses that he had discussed in his thesis. August Müller (inventor) August Müller (1864 – 1949), born in Mönchengladbach, was a medical student at the University of Kiel, Germany, and a pioneer in the manufacture of contact lenses. In 1889, he presented at the university his doctoral thesis titled \"Eyeglasses and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7306097", "score": "0.9313532", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Moritz von Rohr", "text": "Moritz von Rohr Moritz von Rohr (4 April 1868 – 20 June 1940) was an optical scientist at Carl Zeiss in Jena, Germany. A street in Jena is named after him: Moritz-von-Rohr-Straße, near Carl-Zeiss-Promenade and Otto-Schott-Straße. Moritz von Rohr was born in Lonzyn near Hohensalza, then part of the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen, but now in Poland and known as Łążyn, near Inowrocław. He obtained a doctorate of philosophy at the University of Berlin in 1892. Von Rohr is usually credited with the design of the first aspheric lenses for eyeglasses. He invented the eyeglass lens designs that became", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7545821", "score": "0.9307351", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles", "text": "working blinds). It was not until the late 18th century that society began to take an interest in the education of the blind. Until that time they were considered mostly uneducable and untrainable. One of the major figures in the movement to educate the blind was Sébastien Guillié. He established the first ophthalmological clinic in France and became director of the school in Paris. In 1816, the school moved into a former prison that was used during the French Revolution. Although it was better than its previous location, the building was cold, poorly lit, and unsanitary. Louis Braille, the inventor", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11310392", "score": "0.929904", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Mathilde Blind", "text": "Arthur Symons and Arnold Bennett. Her widely discussed poem \"The Ascent of Man\" represents a distinctly feminist response to the Darwinian theory of evolution. Blind was born in Mannheim, Germany, the older child of a banker named Jacob Abraham Cohen and his second wife, born Friederike Ettlinger. She had a brother, Ferdinand, two half-brothers (Meyer Jacob \"Max\" Cohen, from his father's first marriage, and Rudolf, from the marriage of Friederike and Karl Blind), and a half-sister, Ottilie, also from the marriage of Friederike and Karl Blind. Cohen died in 1848, the same year her mother remarried to Karl Blind, who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3657803", "score": "0.9291151", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Ophthalmology", "text": "developments at Moorfields and the founding of the Institute of Ophthalmology (now part of the University College London) by Sir Stewart Duke-Elder established the site as the largest eye hospital in the world and a nexus for ophthalmic research. The prominent opticians of the late 19th and early 20th centuries included Ernst Abbe (1840–1905), a co-owner of at the Zeiss Jena factories in Germany where he developed numerous optical instruments. Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) was a polymath who made contributions to many fields of science and invented the ophthalmoscope in 1851. They both made theoretical calculations on image formation in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "666347", "score": "0.92825997", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Mélanie de Salignac", "text": "Mélanie de Salignac Mélanie de Salignac (Marennes, Charente-Maritime, 19 January 1744 –1766) was a young French woman whose achievements in the face of her disability - blindness - were mentioned in the accounts of Diderot. She was born blind long before the invention of Braille in 1829, but taught herself to read using cut out card letters and achieved much more through her sense of touch. Diderot wrote about her achievements in his \"Addition to the Letter on the Blind\". She was born at the , the daughter of financier Pierre Vallet de Salignac (d.1760) and Marie-Jeanne Élisabeth Volland, elder", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9723239", "score": "0.92793036", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Aida de Acosta", "text": "hardly knew the man. Aida de Acosta married: In 1922, Aida was afflicted with glaucoma. Her ophthalmologist was famed eye specialist William H. Wilmer, whom \"Time\" magazine called \"the greatest eye surgeon the U.S. has ever had.\" She eventually lost sight in one eye, but Dr. Wilmer's care saved her other eye, and inspired her to organize a fund-raising campaign that resulted in $3 million to fund the establishment in 1925 of the Wilmer Eye Institute in Johns Hopkins Hospital, the first eye institute in the U.S. In 1945 she became Executive Director of the Eye-Bank for Sight Restoration in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9315819", "score": "0.925017", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Optics", "text": "of light, and a theology of light, basing it on the works Aristotle and Platonism. Grosseteste's most famous disciple, Roger Bacon, wrote works citing a wide range of recently translated optical and philosophical works, including those of Alhazen, Aristotle, Avicenna, Averroes, Euclid, al-Kindi, Ptolemy, Tideus, and Constantine the African. Bacon was able to use parts of glass spheres as magnifying glasses to demonstrate that light reflects from objects rather than being released from them. The first wearable eyeglasses were invented in Italy around 1286. This was the start of the optical industry of grinding and polishing lenses for these \"spectacles\",", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "300828", "score": "0.9238539", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Pablo Artal", "text": "the optics of the eye and has contributed substantially to the understanding of the factors that limit human visual resolution. Several of his proposed solutions and instrument are currently in use in the clinical practice in ophthalmology. He co-invented intraocular lenses correcting for the corneal spherical aberration that provides improved quality of vision to millions of patients over the world Pablo Artal Pablo Artal (born in Zaragoza, June 12, 1961) is a Spanish physicist and full professor specialized in optics at the University of Murcia, as well as in the development and application of new techniques in human vision research.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19884260", "score": "0.9218434", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "S. Donald Stookey", "text": "S. Donald Stookey Stanley Donald Stookey (May 23, 1915 – November 4, 2014) was an American inventor. He had 60 patents in his name related to glass and ceramics, some patents solely his and others shared as joint patents with other inventors. His discoveries and inventions have contributed to the development of ceramics, eyeglasses, sunglasses, cookware, defense systems, and electronics. He was a research director at Corning Glass Works for 47 years doing R & D in glass and ceramic development. His inventions include Fotoform, CorningWare, Cercor, Pyroceram and Photochromic Ophthalmic glass eyewear. Stookey was born on May 23, 1915", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8723399", "score": "0.9194317", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Contact lens", "text": "for the visual correction: the first \"\"a spherical capsule of glass filled with animal jelly\"\", and \"\"a mould of the cornea\"\" that could be impressed on \"some sort of transparent medium\". Though Herschel reportedly never tested these ideas, they were both later advanced by several independent inventors such as Hungarian Dallos with István Komáromy (1929), who perfected a method of making molds from living eyes. This enabled the manufacture of lenses that, for the first time, conformed to the actual shape of the eye. In 1888, German ophthalmologist Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick constructed and fitted the first successful contact lens.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "820009", "score": "0.9191501", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Glasses", "text": "the Middle East, with one shipment as large as 24,000 glasses. The American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented bifocals. Serious historians have from time to time produced evidence to suggest that others may have preceded him in the invention; however, a correspondence between George Whatley and John Fenno, editor of \"The Gazette of the United States\", suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and perhaps 50 years earlier than had been originally thought. The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were designed by the British astronomer George Airy in 1825. Over time, the construction of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "819992", "score": "0.91881245", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Louis Braille", "text": "the story of Louis Braille, written by Sébastien Lancrenon and translated into English by Ranjit Bolt, debuted in the Charing Cross Theatre in April 2017. Louis Braille Louis Braille (; ; 4 January 1809 – 6 January 1852) was a French educator and inventor of a system of reading and writing for use by the blind or visually impaired. His system remains virtually unchanged to this day, and is known worldwide simply as braille. Blinded in both eyes as a result of an early childhood accident, Braille mastered his disability while still a boy. He excelled in his education and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "718705", "score": "0.9174314", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Geminiano T. de Ocampo", "text": "and was named National Scientist of the Philippines in 1982. Geminiano T. de Ocampo Geminiano T. de Ocampo was a Filipino ophthalmologist known to some as the \"Father of Modern Philippine Ophthalmology\". He was the founder of the Philippine Eye Bank. He graduated valedictorian of his class at the Bulacan High School in 1926. He established the first eye hospital in the Philippines, De Ocampo Eye Hospital (1952) and the first Filipino President of the Philippine Ophthalmological Society (1958). He was the first Filipino to design a corneal dissector that was manufactured in the US. He received the Jose Rizal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7899779", "score": "0.9132705", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Ammar al-Mawsili", "text": "cause of blindness. Regarding his invention he wrote the following: He was a contemporary of the famous oculist Ali ibn Isa. Ammar al-Mawsili Abu al-Qasim Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili was an important eleventh-century Arab Muslim ophthalmologist. Despite little being known about his life or education, he has been described as the most original of all Arab oculists. As his \"nisba\" indicates, Ammar was born in Mosul, and later moved to Egypt, where he settled during the reign of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to whom he wrote his only composition, \"Kitāb al-muntakhab fī ilm al-ayn\" (“The book of choice", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20557290", "score": "0.9121723", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Blindness and education", "text": "the blind was set up by Henry Dannett in Liverpool as the School for the Instruction of the Indigent Blind. It taught the blind children skills in manual crafts although there was no formal education as such. Other institutions set up at that time were: the School for the Indigent Blind in London and the Asylum and School for the Indigent Blind at Norwich. In France, the Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles was established in 1784 by Valentin Haüy. Haüy's impulse to help the blind began when he witnessed the blind being mocked during a religious street festival. In May", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2913727", "score": "0.91196835", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Maurice de La Sizeranne", "text": "Maurice de La Sizeranne Maurice de La Sizeranne (1857–1924), blinded at age 9, was an important figure in the movement to support the blind. He was born in Tain, a small village in la Drôme, on the left bank of the River Rhône, on 30 July 1857. He was nine when he lost his sight in an accident whilst playing. He studied at the National Institute for the Young Blind, where he stood out for his musical talent. He was appointed music teacher there in 1878. In 1878 an important International Congress was held for the Improvement of the situation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13541348", "score": "0.91103417", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "eSight", "long_answer": "eSight was founded in 2006 by Conrad Lewis, a Canadian electrical engineer with two legally blind sisters. His motivation was to build a device that would enable his sisters to see, be able to work and independently perform virtually all activities of daily living (ADLs).", "chunked_long_answer": "eSight was founded in 2006 by Conrad Lewis, a Canadian electrical engineer with two legally blind sisters. His motivation was to build a device that would enable his sisters to see, be able to work and independently perform virtually all activities of daily living (ADLs).", "short_answers": [ "2006", "Conrad Lewis" ] }

[ "Return of the Jedi", "In Return of the Jedi" ]

[ { "title": "Princess Leia", "text": "thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire's cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In Return of the Jedi (1983), Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vader's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005) establishes that the twins' mother is Senator (and former queen) Padmé Amidala of", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Princess Leia", "text": "tells Luke he has a twin sister. She and their mother were \"sent to the protection of friends in a distant system. The mother died shortly thereafter, and Luke's sister was adopted by Ben's friends, the governor of Alderaan and his wife.\" Fisher explained in 1983: \"Leia's real father left her mother when she was pregnant, so her mother married this King Organa. I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess.\" Composer John Williams created a musical leitmotif for Leia which recurs throughout the \"Star Wars\" saga. \"Princess Leia's Theme\" was recorded", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "612806", "score": "1.1043887", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Star Wars Infinities", "text": "and Vader, all sense it. The Emperor sends Vader to Dagobah to investigate. Luke then arrives on Dagobah and is greeted by Yoda's ghost. The ghost confirms Vader's claim that he is Luke's father and reveals that Leia is Luke's sister. Realizing that he has to confront Vader on his own, Luke has R2 record a message for Leia, send a message to the Rebellion and leaves Dagobah. Just then, a Star Destroyer drops out of hyperspace over Dagobah. Luke, captured by Vader, is brought to the second Death Star in orbit over Endor and is brought before the Emperor.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5207722", "score": "1.0716612", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "It's a Trap!", "text": "captured and brought to the village where Leia is being housed. The Ewoks believe C-3PO is a god and begin to worship him. Luke tells Princess Leia they are siblings, but Leia claims to have already known that. Following Yoda's advice, Luke surrenders to Vader in order to confront him. Vader tries to convince Luke to turn to the dark side. Luke refuses and the two meet with the Emperor, who reveals that Luke's friends are walking into a trap on the forest moon. When this revelation fails to anger Luke, the Emperor begins to mock actor Seth Green (who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14021941", "score": "1.0584983", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Star Wars Infinities", "text": "a Rebel unit on Endor's moon. Before the fleet leaves for Endor, Leia receives Luke's message from R2, which reveals that they are twins and that Vader is their father. A second transmission reveals Luke's subsequent capture and that no rescue attempt is to be made. Leia takes the \"Slave-1\", commandeered after Fett's death and heads straight to the Death Star to rescue Luke. Han realises what has happened and asks Lando if he can accompany him and Chewbacca on the \"Falcon\". Leia arrives at the Death Star, but is soon captured and brought before the Emperor. Meanwhile, the Rebel", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5207724", "score": "1.0566696", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Return of the Jedi", "text": "and, after an initial conflict, gain their trust. Later, Luke tells Leia that she is his sister, Vader is their father, and that he must confront him. Surrendering to Imperial troops, Luke is brought before Vader, and he tries to convince his father to return from the dark side of the Force. Vader takes Luke to the Death Star to meet the Emperor, intent on turning him to the dark side. The Emperor reveals that the Death Star is operational and that the Rebel Fleet will fall into a trap. On Endor, Han's team is captured by Imperial forces, but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "612411", "score": "1.0561156", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Obi-Wan Kenobi", "text": "Empire's superweapon. Leia asks him to deliver the droid and the plans safely to the planet Alderaan in order to help the Rebel Alliance. Obi-Wan reveals his true identity and explains that he is a Jedi, a member of an ancient group of warriors that were hunted down and exterminated by the Empire with help from his former apprentice Darth Vader, the apparent killer of Luke's father. He gives Luke his father's lightsaber and asks him to accompany him to Alderaan and take up Jedi training. Luke declines, but after finding that his uncle Owen and aunt Beru have been", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "666581", "score": "1.0552607", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Padmé Amidala", "text": "the \"Star Wars\" story, Luke Skywalker's and Princess Leia's mother was not well developed. According to Dale Pollock, Luke Skywalker was originally Luke Starkiller and \"Leia is the daughter of Owen Lars and his wife Beru and seems to be Luke's cousin – together they visit the grave of his mother, who perished with his father on a planet destroyed by the Death Star. In an interview, Lucas answered a question about the development of characters like Obi-Wan Kenobi, Luke, and Leia; their mother was not a factor: The first [version] talked about a princess and an old general. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13543753", "score": "1.0531828", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Skywalker family", "text": "of Owen. Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers. Owen later marries Beru Whitesun. As a Jedi Knight, Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala. In \"\" Padme gives birth to twins, Luke and Leia. Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars on Tatooine. Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan. In \"\", Leia and her husband Han Solo, after marrying have a son named Ben Solo, who later adopts the name Kylo Ren. The family breaks apart following Ben's descent into the dark side, with Leia and Han separating. Shmi Skywalker is a fictional character", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1820778", "score": "1.0531316", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Darth Vader", "text": "dueling with Luke once again. Realizing that Leia is Luke's twin sister, Vader threatens to turn her to the dark side if Luke will not submit. Furious, Luke overpowers Vader and severs his father's robotic hand. The Emperor entreats Luke to kill Vader and take his place. Luke refuses, however, and the Emperor tortures him with Force lightning. Unwilling to let his son die, Vader throws the Emperor down a reactor chute to his death, but Vader is mortally electrocuted in the process. At his last request, Luke removes the redeemed Anakin's mask. As he dies peacefully in Luke's arms,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "650656", "score": "1.0518664", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Return of the Jedi", "text": "Luke arrives soon afterward, but after a tense standoff, is sent through a trapdoor to do battle with Jabba's rancor. Jabba sentences Luke and Han to death by being fed to the Sarlacc. Having hidden his lightsaber inside , Luke frees himself and battles Jabba's guards while Leia uses her chains to strangle Jabba. As the others rendezvous with the Rebel Alliance, Luke returns to Dagobah, where he finds that Yoda is dying. Yoda confirms that Darth Vader, once known as Anakin Skywalker, is Luke's father. The spirit of Obi-Wan Kenobi reveals that Leia is Luke's twin sister. The Jedi", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "612409", "score": "1.0504107", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "It's a Trap!", "text": "chokes Jabba using her slave chains while her fellow rebels commandeer a transport ship and fly to safety. Luke and R2-D2 fly to Dagobah so Luke can finish his training with Yoda while the others rejoin the rebel fleet. On Dagobah, Yoda explains the final part of training is to face Vader. In his dying words, Yoda reveals that Luke has a sibling. The spirit of Obi-Wan Kenobi appears to Luke and further explains that his sibling is Princess Leia. The rebels begin planning an assault on the new Death Star and Admiral Ackbar explains that they must first destroy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14021939", "score": "1.0494766", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Princess Leia", "text": "a pregnant woman, whom Luke learns is his and Leia's biological mother, Padmé Amidala. Anakin and Padmé are discussing a dream of Anakin's in which Padmé dies in childbirth; later, Luke and Leia watch a clip in which Padmé is talking to Obi-Wan Kenobi about Anakin. Tenel Ka, Queen Mother of the Hapes Consortium, has a daughter, Allana, secretly fathered by Jacen. In \"The Swarm War\" (2005), Luke and Leia view holoclips of their mother's death, and Leia is promoted to Jedi Knight. The bestselling \"Legacy of the Force\" series (2006–08) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia's son Jacen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "612843", "score": "1.0478258", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Princess Leia", "text": "be fed to the Sarlacc. Lando (disguised as a guard) helps them overpower their captors, and Leia seizes the moment to strangle Jabba with her chain. Luke and Leia swing to safety, blowing up Jabba's barge behind them. Later, the heroes go to the forest moon of Endor to prepare for a battle with the Empire. There, Luke reveals to Leia that she is his twin sister and that Vader is their father. Leia joins Han in leading the Rebels in battle with Imperial troops as the Rebel Fleet attacks the second Death Star. Leia is slightly injured, but the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "612814", "score": "1.0443096", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Luke Skywalker", "text": "Han from the vile crime lord, Jabba the Hutt. Luke offers to negotiate with Jabba, but instead, Luke falls into a trap, battling against Jabba's Rancor. When Luke kills the Rancor, he is sentenced to death in the Sarlacc Pit. Luke escapes with R2-D2's help, saving his friends and destroying Jabba's sail barge. During his return trip to Dagobah, Luke hears a dying Yoda confirm that Vader is his father. Luke then learns from Obi-Wan's spirit that he has a twin sister, whom he immediately realizes is Leia. Obi-Wan tells Luke that he must face Vader again in order to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "644660", "score": "1.0394427", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Star Wars Trilogy", "text": "Luke's absent father, Anakin Skywalker, who was Obi-Wan's Jedi apprentice until being murdered by Vader. He tells Luke he must also become a Jedi. After discovering his family's homestead has been destroyed by the Empire, they hire the smuggler Han Solo, his Wookiee Chewbacca and their space freighter, the \"Millennium Falcon\". They discover that Leia's homeworld of Alderaan has been destroyed, and are soon captured by the planet-destroying Death Star. While Obi-Wan disables its tractor beam, Luke and Han rescue the captive Princess Leia. Finally, they deliver the Death Star plans to the Rebel Alliance with the hope of exploiting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4649909", "score": "1.0379182", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Star Wars Infinities", "text": "Tarkin, now an admiral, and takes control of him with a Jedi mind trick. Chewbacca flies the \"Falcon\" to Coruscant, where Luke and Han attempt to infiltrate the Emperor's palace. Once there, Luke and Han defeat a number of red-cloaked Imperial Guards and a reprogrammed, more aggressive C-3PO before confronting the Emperor and his two apprentices, Vader and Leia. At his master's orders, Vader turns his lightsaber over to Leia, who duels with Luke. Luke refuses to kill her and reveals to her that she is his sister. When Leia refuses to kill her brother, the Emperor tortures them both", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5207708", "score": "1.0298481", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Princess Leia", "text": "a First Order attack searching for the Resistance astromech droid BB-8, Leia is reunited with Han, who has helped the renegade stormtrooper Finn and orphaned scavenger Rey bring the droid this far. Han and Leia have been estranged for many years; their marriage fell apart after their son, Ben Solo, fell to the dark side and became the First Order commander Kylo Ren. Leia believes Ben can still be brought back to the light side. Han volunteers for a mission to infiltrate the First Order's Starkiller Base to disable its defensive shields. Confronting Ren, Han tries to convince his son", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "612819", "score": "1.027166", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Luke Skywalker", "text": "young Luke. In 2016, when asked about the character's sexual orientation and if Luke could be gay, Hamill said Luke's sexual orientation \"is meant to be interpreted by the viewer\". He added, \"if you think Luke is gay, of course he is. You should not be ashamed of it. Judge Luke by his character, not by who he loves.\" Ryan Britt of \"Inverse\" noted that leaving interpretations aside, in all media Luke has only been portrayed as straight. In the original \"Star Wars\" films, he is attracted to Leia before discovering she is his biological sister. Deleted scenes from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "644698", "score": "1.0257717", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Star Wars Infinities", "text": "Dagobah. On Dagobah, Luke's training is nearing completion. The last test is for Luke to re-enter the cave. Luke is again confronted by a vision of Vader but is now able to overcome his fears and completely connect to the Force. Han arrives soon after and informs Luke of Leia's whereabouts. Yoda then reveals to Luke the truth that Leia is really his sister and that Vader is their father. Luke, Yoda, Han, Chewbacca and R2-D2 then take on in the \"Falcon\" to Coruscant. Once there, the \"Falcon\" lands on the Justice Star where Yoda and R2 debark. Yoda confronts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5207707", "score": "1.0257702", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Galactic Civil War", "text": "Luke's family was killed. They teamed up with 3PO, R2, Chewbacca, and Han Solo to rescue Leia, and infiltrate the Death Star. They rescue Leia, but Kenobi was killed by Vader in a lightsaber duel. They escape to the rebels, where they assault the Death Star, which destroyed Alderaan. With help from Solo and Kenobi's spirit, Luke destroys the Death Star in the Battle of Yavin. In \"The Empire Strikes Back\", the rebels had been driven from their base on Yavin IV, and they had taken refuge on Hoth. Darth Vader dispatched probe droids across the galaxy. A probe droid", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1989562", "score": "1.0179086", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Padmé Amidala", "text": "\"sent to the protection of friends in a distant system. The mother died shortly thereafter, and Luke's sister was adopted by Ben's friends, the governor of Alderaan and his wife.\" Lucas is quoted in \"Star Wars: The Annotated Scripts\" (1997) as saying: The part that I never really developed is the death of Luke and Leia's mother. I had a backstory for her in earlier drafts, but it basically didn't survive. When I got to \"Jedi\", I wanted one of the kids to have some kind of memory of her because she will be a key figure in the new", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13543755", "score": "1.0146997", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Skywalker family", "text": "fell in love with Anakin Skywalker after he was assigned to protect her from an assassination attempt, and secretly married him shortly after the Battle of Geonosis, and died while giving birth to her children shortly after the first Empire Day. Obi-Wan and Yoda decided to separate the children in order to keep them hidden from Darth Vader. Luke Skywalker is the son of Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker and Senator of Naboo, Padmé Amidala. He is taken in by his uncle and aunt, Owen and Beru Lars, after the death of Padmé and Anakin's fall to the dark side. He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1820783", "score": "1.0144083", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Princess Leia", "text": "quoted Lucas in 1997: In the prequel film \"\" (2005), Padmé Amidala is pregnant with Anakin Skywalker's twins near the end of the Clone Wars. After Anakin turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes Darth Vader, Padmé gives birth to Luke and Leia on Polis Massa and then dies. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail Organa and his wife Queen Breha of Alderaan. Film critic Peter Travers of \"Rolling Stone\" wrote, \"As we watch Anakin nearly melt in the lava, only to be put together, Frankenstein style, in a lab while Lucas intercuts scenes of Padme giving", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "612816", "score": "1.0142949", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Obi-Wan Kenobi", "text": "Luke after Yoda's death on Dagobah. Obi-Wan acknowledges that Darth Vader is indeed Luke's father, revealed by Vader himself in the previous film and confirmed by Yoda on his deathbed, and also reveals that Leia is Luke's twin sister. After the Rebels destroy the second Death Star and defeat the Empire, Obi-Wan appears at the celebration on Endor, alongside the spirits of Yoda and the redeemed Anakin Skywalker (Vader's former Jedi self). In \"\", set 32 years before \"A New Hope\", a 25-year-old Obi-Wan Kenobi appears as the Jedi Padawan (or student) of Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn. He accompanies his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "666585", "score": "1.0134139", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Princess Leia", "text": "to leave the First Order, but Ren instead impales his father on his lightsaber, although hesitant to do so. Leia senses Han's death through the Force, and later shares a moment of grief with Rey, who had thought of Han as a mentor. Leia sees Rey, Chewbacca, and R2-D2 off when they depart to locate Luke, saying, \"may the Force be with you\". Asked why Leia is not shown to be a Jedi in \"The Force Awakens\" (as she is in the \"Star Wars\" expanded universe works), Abrams told IGN, \"It was a great question, and one that we talked", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "612820", "score": "1.0111387", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Princess Leia", "text": "In \"Heir to the Empire\" (1991), Leia is married to Han and three months pregnant with twins. Noghri commandos repeatedly attempt to kidnap her as part of Grand Admiral Thrawn's plan to restore the Empire and crush the New Republic. In \"Dark Force Rising\" (1992), Leia realizes that Darth Vader and the Empire deceived the Noghri to secure their allegiance, and by revealing the truth she turns the alien race to the side of the New Republic. In \"The Last Command\" (1993), Leia gives birth to the twins Jaina and Jacen on Coruscant during Thrawn's siege. Leia, now the Chief", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "612832", "score": "1.010609", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Blue Harvest", "text": "and 3PO flee to Tatooine in an escape pod, where they are captured by Jawas. The droids are sold to a family of moisture farmers, whose nephew Luke Skywalker (Chris) wishes to join the Rebellion and fight the Empire. While cleaning the droids, Luke stumbles upon Leia's message inside R2, who later decides to leave the farm. Luke and C-3PO pursue him, but are attacked by Sand People. Luke is knocked out by one of them (Opie) and is found by Obi-Wan Kenobi (Herbert), who takes them to his hut. Leia's message explains that R2 contains the plans to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8525915", "score": "1.0081367", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Dark Empire II", "text": "them. During the night, Luke has a terrible nightmare that he and Vader are one, not knowing that robotic bugs are injecting poison into his veins as he sleeps. He wakes up and sees two Darksiders ready to kill him. Jem Ysanna and Leia kill two of the Darksiders, but Jem is killed. Vima sees what has happened and saves Luke. Meanwhile, three other Darksiders kidnap Leia's twins. Luckily, Brand, Kam and Rayf are on the scene and duel them. After the fighting ends, Jem joins the Force as Rayf cries over her lost form. Then, they find an AT-AT", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5296394", "score": "1.0074918", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Luke Skywalker", "text": "Luke Skywalker Luke Skywalker is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the original film trilogy of the \"Star Wars\" franchise created by George Lucas. Skywalker, portrayed by Mark Hamill, is a pivotal figure in the Rebel Alliance's struggle against the Galactic Empire. He is the twin brother of Rebellion leader Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan, a friend and brother-in-law of smuggler Han Solo, an apprentice to Jedi Masters Obi-Wan \"Ben\" Kenobi and Yoda, the son of fallen Jedi Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader) and Queen of Naboo/Republic Senator Padmé Amidala and maternal uncle of Ben Solo / Kylo Ren.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "644651", "score": "1.0065205", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "Princess Leia", "long_answer": "Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan (also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher. Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977, Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance. She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire's cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In Return of the Jedi (1983), Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vader's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005) establishes that the twins' mother is Senator (and former queen) Padmé Amidala of Naboo, who dies after childbirth. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan. In The Force Awakens (2015) and The Last Jedi (2017), Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order. She and Han have a son named Ben, who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force.", "chunked_long_answer": "thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire's cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In Return of the Jedi (1983), Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vader's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005) establishes that the twins' mother is Senator (and former queen) Padmé Amidala of", "short_answers": [ "In Return of the Jedi", "Return of the Jedi" ] }

[ "sleet", "hail", "graupel", "snow", "drizzle", "rain" ]

[ { "title": "Precipitation", "text": "The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and \"precipitates\". Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called \"showers.\"", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Precipitation types", "text": "the surface, it is indicative that some form of precipitation is extant at the freezing level, a varying point in the atmosphere in which the temperature is 0°C. In mid-latitude regions, convective precipitation is often associated with cold fronts where as it is often found behind the front, occasionally initiating a squall line. Frontal precipitation is the result of frontal systems surrounding extratropical cyclones or lows, which form when warm and tropical air meets cooler air. Frontal precipitation typically falls out of nimbostratus clouds. When masses of air with different densities (moisture and temperature characteristics) meet, the less dense warmer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10131007", "score": "0.9587404", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Precipitation", "text": "is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool, stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass. It can also form due to the lifting of advection fog during breezy conditions. There are four main mechanisms for cooling the air to its dew point: adiabatic cooling, conductive cooling, radiational cooling, and evaporative cooling. Adiabatic cooling occurs when air rises and expands. The air can rise due to convection, large-scale atmospheric motions, or a physical barrier such as a mountain (orographic lift). Conductive cooling occurs when the air comes into contact with a colder surface, usually", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1980808", "score": "0.95446545", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Precipitation types", "text": "but usually their passage is associated with a drying of the air mass. Orographic or relief rainfall is caused when masses of air are forced up the side of elevated land formations, such as large mountains (often referred to as an upslope effect). The lift of the air up the side of the mountain results in adiabatic cooling, and ultimately condensation and precipitation. In mountainous parts of the world subjected to relatively consistent winds (for example, the trade winds), a more moist climate usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward (downwind) side. Moisture is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10131010", "score": "0.9481834", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Drought", "text": "that can cause the overturning of the atmosphere in that location within an hour and cause heavy precipitation, while stratiform processes involve weaker upward motions and less intense precipitation over a longer duration. Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice. Droughts occur mainly in areas where normal levels of rainfall are, in themselves, low. If these factors do not support precipitation volumes sufficiently to reach the surface over a sufficient time, the result is a drought. Drought can be triggered by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "479552", "score": "0.9309858", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Precipitation types", "text": "an airmass can also cool (e.g. through radiative cooling, or ground contact with cold terrain) without a change in altitude. \"Convective\" precipitation occurs when air rises vertically through the (temporarily) self-sustaining mechanism of convection. \"Stratiform\" precipitation occurs when large air masses rise diagonally as larger-scale atmospheric dynamics force them to move over each other. \"Orographic\" precipitation is similar, except the upwards motion is forced when a moving airmass encounters the rising slope of a landform such as a mountain ridge. Convection occurs when the Earth's surface, especially within a conditionally unstable or moist atmosphere, becomes heated more than its surroundings", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10131005", "score": "0.92584926", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Precipitation", "text": "greater upward motion, which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity. Rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48% and 116%. Partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28% greater between downwind of cities, compared with upwind. Some cities induce a total precipitation increase of 51%. The Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (abbreviated QPF) is the expected amount of liquid precipitation accumulated over a specified time period over a specified area. A QPF will be specified when a measurable precipitation type reaching a minimum threshold is forecast for any hour during a QPF valid period. Precipitation forecasts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1980854", "score": "0.91510916", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Precipitation types", "text": "air overrides more dense and colder air. The warmer air is forced to rise and if conditions are right, and furthermore creates an effect of saturation, causing precipitation. In turn, precipitation can enhance the temperature and dewpoint contrast along a frontal boundary. Passing weather fronts often result in sudden changes in environmental temperature, and in turn the humidity and pressure in the air at ground level. Warm fronts occur where warm air pushes out a previously extant cold air mass. The warm air overrides the cooler air and moves upward dud . Warm fronts are followed by extended periods of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10131008", "score": "0.9036835", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Precipitation", "text": "are suggested by the decreased salinity of mid- and high-latitude waters (implying more precipitation), along with increased salinity in lower latitudes (implying less precipitation, more evaporation, or both). Over the contiguous United States, total annual precipitation increased at an average rate of 6.1% per century since 1900, with the greatest increases within the East North Central climate region (11.6% per century) and the South (11.1%). Hawaii was the only region to show a decrease (-9.25%). The urban heat island warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (1.1 to 10.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas. This extra heat leads to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1980853", "score": "0.89603335", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Climate", "text": "most commonly used form of the Köppen classification has five primary types labeled A through E. These primary types are A) tropical, B) dry, C) mild mid-latitude, D) cold mid-latitude, and E) polar. The five primary classifications can be further divided into secondary classifications such as rainforest, monsoon, tropical savanna, humid subtropical, humid continental, oceanic climate, Mediterranean climate, desert, steppe, subarctic climate, tundra, and polar ice cap. Rainforests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between and . Mean monthly temperatures exceed during all months of the year. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "74813", "score": "0.89518267", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Rain", "text": "of on average. During the fall, winter, and spring, Pacific storm systems bring most of Hawaii and the western United States much of their precipitation. Over the top of the ridge, the jet stream brings a summer precipitation maximum to the Great Lakes. Large thunderstorm areas known as mesoscale convective complexes move through the Plains, Midwest, and Great Lakes during the warm season, contributing up to 10% of the annual precipitation to the region. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation affects the precipitation distribution, by altering rainfall patterns across the western United States, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics. There is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12381901", "score": "0.89501107", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Rain", "text": "is the expected amount of liquid precipitation accumulated over a specified time period over a specified area. A QPF will be specified when a measurable precipitation type reaching a minimum threshold is forecast for any hour during a QPF valid period. Precipitation forecasts tend to be bound by synoptic hours such as 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 GMT. Terrain is considered in QPFs by use of topography or based upon climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail. Starting in the mid to late 1990s, QPFs were used within hydrologic forecast models to simulate impact to rivers throughout the United", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12381887", "score": "0.88977516", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "United States rainfall climatology", "text": "United States rainfall climatology The characteristics of United States rainfall climatology differ significantly across the United States and those under United States sovereignty. Late summer and fall extratropical cyclones bring a majority of the precipitation which falls across western, southern, and southeast Alaska annually. During the winter, and spring, Pacific storm systems bring Hawaii and the western United States most of their precipitation. Nor'easters moving down the East coast bring cold season precipitation to the Carolinas, Mid-Atlantic and New England states. Lake-effect snows add to precipitation potential downwind of the Great Lakes, as well as Great Salt Lake and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9439883", "score": "0.88128376", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Rain", "text": "suggested by the decreased salinity of mid- and high-latitude waters (implying more precipitation), along with increased salinity in lower latitudes (implying less precipitation and/or more evaporation). Over the contiguous United States, total annual precipitation increased at an average rate of 6.1 percent since 1900, with the greatest increases within the East North Central climate region (11.6 percent per century) and the South (11.1 percent). Hawaii was the only region to show a decrease (−9.25 percent). Analysis of 65 years of United States of America rainfall records show the lower 48 states have an increase in heavy downpours since 1950. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12381870", "score": "0.88106763", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Precipitation (chemistry)", "text": "Precipitation (chemistry) Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution. When the reaction occurs in a liquid solution, the solid formed is called the 'precipitate'. The chemical that causes the solid to form is called the 'precipitant'. Without sufficient force of gravity (settling) to bring the solid particles together, the precipitate remains in suspension. After sedimentation, especially when using a centrifuge to press it into a compact mass, the precipitate may be referred to as a 'pellet'. Precipitation can be used as a medium. The precipitate-free liquid remaining above the solid is called the 'supernate' or 'supernatant'. Powders", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1980857", "score": "0.8797145", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "United States rainfall climatology", "text": "at East Hill. Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which leads to more precipitation. As average global temperatures have risen, average global precipitation has also increased. Precipitation has generally increased over land north of 30°N from 1900 to 2005, but declined over the tropics since the 1970s. Eastern portions of North America have become wetter. There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics. Over the contiguous United States, total annual precipitation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9439913", "score": "0.8697289", "original_retrieval_index": 42 }, { "title": "Precipitation", "text": "leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. Most precipitation occurs within the tropics and is caused by convection. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes. Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately of water falls as precipitation each year; of it over the oceans and over land. Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is , but over land it is only", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1980804", "score": "0.863322", "original_retrieval_index": 50 }, { "title": "Dew point", "text": "At temperatures below the dew point, the rate of condensation will be greater than that of evaporation, forming more liquid water. The condensed water is called dew when it forms on a solid surface, or frost if it freezes. The condensed water is called either fog or a cloud, depending on its altitude, when it forms in the air. If the temperature is below the dew point, the vapor is called supersaturated. This can happen if there are not enough particles in the air to act as condensation nuclei. A high relative humidity implies that the dew point is closer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "656247", "score": "0.86140686", "original_retrieval_index": 51 }, { "title": "Rain", "text": "virga and is more often seen in hot and dry climates. Stratiform (a broad shield of precipitation with a relatively similar intensity) and dynamic precipitation (convective precipitation which is showery in nature with large changes in intensity over short distances) occur as a consequence of slow ascent of air in synoptic systems (on the order of cm/s), such as in the vicinity of cold fronts and near and poleward of surface warm fronts. Similar ascent is seen around tropical cyclones outside the eyewall, and in comma-head precipitation patterns around mid-latitude cyclones. A wide variety of weather can be found along", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12381859", "score": "0.8613589", "original_retrieval_index": 52 }, { "title": "Climate of India", "text": "precipitation in the post-monsoon and winter periods. However, parts of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Mumbai also receive minor precipitation from the north-east monsoon. Shown below are temperature and precipitation data for selected Indian cities; these represent the full variety of major Indian climate types. Figures have been grouped by the four-season classification scheme used by the IMD; year-round averages and totals are also displayed. Climate-related natural disasters cause massive losses of Indian life and property. Droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. Other dangers include frequent summer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3411850", "score": "0.85978895", "original_retrieval_index": 55 }, { "title": "Utah", "text": "primary source of precipitation for the state is the Pacific Ocean, with the state usually lying in the path of large Pacific storms from October to May. In summer, the state, especially southern and eastern Utah, lies in the path of monsoon moisture from the Gulf of California. Most of the lowland areas receive less than of precipitation annually, although the I-15 corridor, including the densely populated Wasatch Front, receives approximately . The Great Salt Lake Desert is the driest area of the state, with less than . Snowfall is common in all but the far southern valleys. Although St.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "429044", "score": "0.85875046", "original_retrieval_index": 57 }, { "title": "Droughts in the United States", "text": "intense precipitation over a longer duration. Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice. If these factors do not support precipitation volumes sufficient to reach the surface over a sufficient period of time, the result is a drought. Drought can be triggered by a high level of reflected sunlight and above average prevalence of high pressure systems, winds carrying continental, rather than oceanic air masses, and ridges of high pressure areas aloft can prevent or restrict the developing of thunderstorm activity or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12202665", "score": "0.8580066", "original_retrieval_index": 58 }, { "title": "Precipitation", "text": "less useful in areas where stratiform (layered) precipitation dominates, especially in mid- and high-latitude regions. The more-direct physical connection between hydrometeors and microwave channels gives the microwave estimates greater skill on short time and space scales than is true for IR. However, microwave sensors fly only on low Earth orbit satellites, and there are few enough of them that the average time between observations exceeds three hours. This several-hour interval is insufficient to adequately document precipitation because of the transient nature of most precipitation systems as well as the inability of a single satellite to appropriately capture the typical daily", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1980841", "score": "0.8568953", "original_retrieval_index": 59 }, { "title": "United States rainfall climatology", "text": "recipients of the precipitation are the coastal ranges such as the Olympic Mountains, the Cascades, and the Sierra Nevada range. Lesser amounts fall upon the Continental Divide. Cold-season precipitation into this region is the main supply of water to area rivers, such as the Colorado River and Rio Grande, and also acts as the main source of water to people living in this portion of the United States. During El Niño events, increased precipitation is expected in California due to a more southerly, zonal, storm track. California also enters a wet pattern when thunderstorm activity within the tropics associated with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9439890", "score": "0.85594493", "original_retrieval_index": 61 }, { "title": "Precipitation", "text": "there has been no statistically significant overall trend in precipitation over the past century, although trends have varied widely by region and over time. Eastern portions of North and South America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia have become wetter. The Sahel, the Mediterranean, southern Africa and parts of southern Asia have become drier. There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics. Changes in precipitation and evaporation over the oceans", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1980852", "score": "0.85393786", "original_retrieval_index": 62 }, { "title": "Flood", "text": "precipitation data from NASA's Earth observing satellites and the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite, \"GPM.\" Rainfall data from GPM is combined with a land surface model that incorporates vegetation cover, soil type, and terrain to determine how much water is soaking into the ground, and how much water is flowing into streamflow. Users can view statistics for rainfall, streamflow, water depth, and flooding every 3 hours, at each 12 kilometer gridpoint on a global map. Forecasts for these parameters are 5 days into the future. Users can zoom in to see inundation maps (areas estimated to be covered with water) in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "609524", "score": "0.85338557", "original_retrieval_index": 64 }, { "title": "Environment of Idaho", "text": "range of 5-20%), and to increase by 20% in winter (with a range of 10-40%). Other climate models may show different results, especially regarding estimated changes in precipitation. The impacts described in the sections that follow take into account estimates from different models. The amount of precipitation on extreme wet or snowy days in winter is likely to increase. The frequency of extreme hot days in summer would increase because of the general warming trend. It is not clear how the severity of storms might be affected, although an increase in the frequency and intensity of winter storms is possible.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12403349", "score": "0.8530496", "original_retrieval_index": 65 }, { "title": "Earth", "text": "uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation. Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. This water cycle is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topographic features, and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region. The amount of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "111096", "score": "0.85086155", "original_retrieval_index": 67 }, { "title": "Evapotranspiration", "text": "on windy days because the evaporated moisture can be quickly moved from the ground or plant surface, allowing more evaporation to fill its place. Potential evapotranspiration is expressed in terms of a depth of water, and can be graphed during the year (see figure). Potential evapotranspiration is usually measured indirectly, from other climatic factors, but also depends on the surface type, such as free water (for lakes and oceans), the soil type for bare soil, and the vegetation. Often a value for the potential evapotranspiration is calculated at a nearby climate station on a reference surface, conventionally short grass. This", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "837697", "score": "0.8496307", "original_retrieval_index": 69 }, { "title": "Orography", "text": "a rising moist air parcel may lower its temperature to its dew point, thus allowing for condensation of the water vapor contained within it, and hence the formation of a cloud. If enough water vapor condenses into cloud droplets, these droplets may become large enough to fall to the ground as precipitation. In parts of the world subjected to relatively consistent winds (for example the trade winds), a wetter climate prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward (downwind) side as moisture is removed by orographic precipitation. Drier air (see katabatic wind) is left on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1423797", "score": "0.8458803", "original_retrieval_index": 74 } ]

{ "title": "Precipitation", "long_answer": "In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and \"precipitates\". Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called \"showers.\"", "chunked_long_answer": "The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and \"precipitates\". Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called \"showers.\"", "short_answers": [ "drizzle", "graupel", "hail", "rain", "sleet", "snow" ] }

[ "Yuzuru Hanyu" ]

[ { "title": "Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles", "text": "With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button, who did so in 1952. Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal, and Spain's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal. Fernández won Spain's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Andrei Mozalev", "text": "Andrei Mozalev Andrei Mikhailovich Mozalev (, born 24 March 2003) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2018 JGP Czech Republic champion. Mozalev was born on 24 March 2003 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Mozalev began learning to skate in 2008. He is coached by Kirill Davydenko. In November 2016 Mozalev made his international junior level debut at the 2016 Volvo Open Cup where he won the gold medal. Three weeks later he won another gold medal at the 2016 NRW Trophy. In November 2017 Mozalev won his 3rd international gold medal at the 2017 Tallinn Trophy. At the 2018", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20908918", "score": "1.1144167", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Artur Dmitriev Jr.", "text": "debut at the 2016 Rostelecom Cup where he placed 10th. A week later he skated his 2nd GP event at the 2016 Trophée de France where he placed 9th. In December 2016 he placed 8th at the 2017 Russian Championships. In February 2017 he competed at the 2017 Winter Universiade where he finished 4th. In the 2017–18 season, he won the bronze medal at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb and finished 5th at the 2018 Russian Championships. In the 2018–19 season, he started his season at the 2018 CS Nebelhorn Trophy where he won the bronze medal. At", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14365983", "score": "1.1081736", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Deniss Vasiļjevs", "text": "5th in the free skate and climbed to 6th overall. He went on to win gold at Cup of Tyrol for the second time. In December, Vasiļjevs won his 3rd national title, and along with Diāna Ņikitina, was subsequently selected to represent Latvia in figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics. At the 2018 European Championships in January, he placed 3rd in the short program and earned a small bronze medal. He was 5th in the free skating after falling on a downgraded quad toeloop and finished 4th, matching the record finishes of Angelīna Kučvaļska and Konstantīns Kostins at previous", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17922579", "score": "1.0984559", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Sergei Voronov (figure skater)", "text": "program and 5th in the free skate. In December 2017 Voronov placed 4th at the 2018 Russian Championships after placing 4th in the short program and 3rd in the free skate. Voronov started his season in mid September by competing at the 2018 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy where he won the silver medal behind his teammate Mikhail Kolyada. In October Voronov won the bronze medal at the 2018 Skate America. In early November Voronov competed at his second Grand Prix event, the 2018 NHK Trophy. He was ranked 2nd in both programs and won the silver medal behind Shoma Uno.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9025823", "score": "1.091111", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Dmitri Aliev", "text": "compete at the 2017 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy but withdrew due to ankle inflammation . In October 2017 Aliev made his debut at the Grand Prix series. He placed 6th at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup and 8th at the 2017 NHK Trophy. He then won his first ISU Challenger Series gold medalt at the 2017 CS Tallinn Trophy. He came in third in the 2018 Russian Nationals. In January 2018 he won the silver medal at the 2018 European Championship after placing 2nd in both the short program and the free skate. At the Europeans he scored his personal best", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18997060", "score": "1.0887461", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Alexander Samarin", "text": "at the 2017 Skate Canada and placed 4th at the 2017 Internationaux de France. In December 2017 Samarin competed at the 2018 Russian Championships where he won the silver medal behind Mikhail Kolyada. In January 2018 he competed at the 2018 European Championships where he placed 6th. Samarin started his season at the 2018 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy where he finished 5th. In his Grand Prix events, he placed 4th at 2018 Skate Canada and 3rd at 2018 Internationaux de France. In early December Samarin competed at the 2018 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb where he won the bronze medal.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16813090", "score": "1.0797508", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Artur Danielian", "text": "In February 2018, he won the bronze medal at the 2018 Russian Junior Championships. In March, Danielian competed at the 2018 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria; he won the silver medal, behind teammate Alexey Erokhov, after placing 8th in the short program and second in the free skate. Danielian started his season by competing in the 2018 JGP series. At his first JGP event of the season he placed 5th in Ljubljana, Slovenia. At his 2nd JGP event he placed 4th in Yerevan, Armenia. \"CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix\" \"Small medals for short and free programs awarded", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20618414", "score": "1.0786572", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles", "text": "1952. Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal, and Spain's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal. Fernández won Spain's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics. After the short program, Hanyu, Fernández, Uno, and Jin Boyang were first, second, third, and fourth respectively. Nathan Chen, originally one of the favorites for the podium, skated an uncharacteristically poor short program that placed him at 17th, but fought back to win the free skating with a score of 215.08--8.91 points above the second place free skating by Hanyu. He ended up fifth overall. In the free program,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20518267", "score": "1.0777696", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Roman Savosin", "text": "won the silver medal at the 2018 Russian Junior Championships after placing 6th in the short program and 2nd in the free skate. In March 2018 Savosin competed at the 2018 Junior Worlds where he placed 5th after placing 12th in the short program and 5th in the free skate. Savosin started his season by competing in the 2018 JGP series. At his first JGP event of the season he placed 5th in Bratislava, Slovakia. At his 2nd JGP event he won the bronze medal in Linz, Austria. In late November Savosin finished 5th at the 2018 CS Tallinn Trophy.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19408508", "score": "1.0744681", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Andrei Lazukin", "text": "medal. In early November he placed 6th at the 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki. Two weeks later he finished 7th at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup. \"GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix\" Andrei Lazukin Andrei Olegovich Lazukin (, born 19 November 1997) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2015 Bavarian Open champion, 2017 Triglav Trophy silver medalist, and 2018 CS Lombardia Trophy bronze medalist. Earlier in his career, he won gold at the 2014 ISU Junior Grand Prix in Germany. Andrei Olegovich Lazukin was born on 19 November 1997 in Tolyatti, Russia. Lazukin began learning", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18315993", "score": "1.0642893", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Deniss Vasiļjevs", "text": "Deniss Vasiļjevs Deniss Vasiļjevs (born 9 August 1999) is a Latvian figure skater. He is the 2016 Youth Olympics silver medallist. He is also the 2015 CS Tallinn Trophy bronze medalist, the 2016-17 and 2017-18 Cup of Tyrol champion, the 2018 Minsk-Arena Ice Star champion, and a three-time Latvian national champion. He finished in the top ten at the 2017 European Championships, in the top five at the 2018 European Championships and in the top ten at the 2018 World Championships. Earlier in his career, Vasiļjevs won two silver medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) series. He is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17922571", "score": "1.0615654", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Mikhail Kolyada", "text": "won his 2nd consecutive Russian figure skating title, and despite errors won bronze for the 2nd consecutive year at the European Figure Skating Championships. He was selected to skate both programs for Team Russia in the Olympic Team Figure Skating event, helping the Olympic Athletes of Russia to the Team Silver medal. He won the bronze medal at the 2018 World Figure Skating Championships in Milan, Italy, being 2nd after the short, but dropping to 3rd after errors in the long. Kolyada started his season by competing in two ISU Challenger Series events. In mid September he won the gold", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17130441", "score": "1.0611248", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Paul Fentz", "text": "in the men's event at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. \"GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix\" Paul Fentz Paul Fentz (born 8 September 1992) is a German figure skater. He has won four senior international medals and is the 2018 German national champion. He has competed in the final segment at four ISU Championships. Fentz began appearing on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series in the 2008–09 season. His senior international debut came at the 2011 Triglav Trophy. In the 2011–12 season, he won the silver medal at the 2012 German Championships and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16211242", "score": "1.0567636", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Mikhail Kolyada", "text": "medal at the 2018 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy and in early October he won another gold medal at the 2018 CS Finlandia Trophy. At both events Kolyada ranked first in both the short program and the free skate. In early November he placed 4th at the 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki. Two weeks later he placed 4th again, now at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup. In early December Kolyada competed at the 2018 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb where he won the silver medal after placing first in the short program and second in the free skate. \"GP: Grand Prix; CS:", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17130442", "score": "1.0517375", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Andrei Lazukin", "text": "at the 2017 CS Lombardia Trophy and in early October he finished 8th again in 2017 CS Finlandia Trophy. Two weeks later he made his Grand Prix debut at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup where he placed 10th. In December he skated his 3rd Challenger event of the season at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb where he placed 6th. In late December he finished 7th at the 2018 Russian Championships. In September Lazukin won the bronze medal at the 2018 CS Lombardia Trophy with a personal best score of 243.45 points. This medal was his first ISU Challenger Series", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18315992", "score": "1.0510428", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Artur Danielian", "text": "only at ISU Championships.\" Artur Danielian Artur Ashotovich Danielian (, born 17 December 2003) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2018 World Junior silver medalist and 2018 Russian junior national bronze medalist. Danielian was born on 17 December 2003 in Volgograd, Russia. He is the youngest of three children. Danielian began learning to skate in 2008, after an ice rink opened near his home in Volgograd. In 2016, he moved to Moscow and joined CSKA Moscow. Marina Selitskaia and Elena Buianova became his coaches. In September 2017, Danielian competed at his first Junior Grand Prix (JGP) assignment, placing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20618415", "score": "1.0489796", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Ilia Skirda", "text": "Ilia Skirda Ilia Valeryevich Skirda (, born 21 September 2002) is a Russian figure skater who competes in men's singles. He has won two silver medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series. Skirda skated at Sokolniki Sports school before relocating to Sambo 70 skating club in 2013. He finished 7th at his first junior nationals, in 2015. After a year, he finished 4th at the 2016 Russian Junior Championships, behind Roman Savosin. In August 2016, at age 13, Skirda made his international debut at the 2016–17 Junior Grand Prix (JGP) competition in Saint-Gervais-les-Bains, France. Ranked 9th in the short", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19705142", "score": "1.0474648", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Deniss Vasiļjevs", "text": "European Championships. At the 2018 Winter Olympics, Vasiļjevs was 21st after the short program after falling on a triple axel. In the free skating he fell again on a triple axel and on another element, but was able to move up to 19th place. In March, Vasiļjevs competed at the World Championships, where he skated a clean short program and placed 9th. In the free skate, he set a new personal best and national record to finish 6th overall. His 6th place finish is the highest ever placement by any skater representing Latvia in any discipline at Worlds. In October", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17922580", "score": "1.0408005", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Daniel Albert Naurits", "text": "the free skate, resulting in a final placement of 22nd. He also qualified to the free skate at the 2017 World Junior Championships, finishing 20th in Taipei, Taiwan. Coached by Liina-Grete Lilender, Naurits placed 21st at the 2018 European Championships in Moscow, Russia. \"CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix\" Daniel Albert Naurits Daniel Albert Naurits (born 22 March 1998) is an Estonian figure skater. He is the 2017 Nordic bronze medalist and a two-time Estonian national champion. He has competed in the final segment at three ISU Championships. Naurits began learning to skate in 2001. Early in his career,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20023442", "score": "1.0396855", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Netherlands at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "text": "a total of ten medals, including five golds, Wüst became the best ever Olympic speed skater (male or female) and the seventh-best Winter Olympic athlete overall. Olympic debutant Kjeld Nuis won the gold medal in the men's 1500 metres speed skating event. Patrick Roest, also an Olympic debutant, won the silver medal. Koen Verweij, one of the favorites for the win, disappointed with an eleventh place. In short track speed skating, Yara van Kerkhof unexpectedly won the silver medal in the women's 500 metres event, benefiting from the disqualification of the Korean Choi Min-jeong after initially finishing in third. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20460317", "score": "1.0388012", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Deniss Vasiļjevs", "text": "Trophy. He ranked 6th in both segments and 7th overall at the 2017 European Championships in Ostrava, Czech Republic. In March, he won his first international senior gold medal at the 2017 Cup of Tyrol. He finished 14th at the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland. Due to his result, Latvia qualified a spot in the men's event at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Vasiļjevs began his season in September, finishing 4th at Lombardia Trophy. He finished in 8th place at Rostelecom Cup. In November, he was 9th in the short program at NHK Trophy but placed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17922578", "score": "1.0384722", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Netherlands at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "text": "medal in the men's 5000 metres speed skating event. Kramer became the first man ever to win a gold medal in the same speed skating event at three consecutive Winter Olympics. Netherlands took three of the top four places in the women's 1500 metres speed skating event; Ireen Wüst won the gold medal and Marrit Leenstra took bronze, only 0.01 seconds ahead of Lotte van Beek. On winning the gold medal, Wüst had succeeded in achieving gold medal wins at four consecutive Winter Olympics, exactly twelve years after winning her first gold medal in the 3000 metres in 2006. With", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20460316", "score": "1.0354681", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 5000 metres", "text": "started at 16:00. Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 5000 metres The men's 5000 metres speed skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at Gangneung Oval in Gangneung on 11 February 2018. The event was won by two-time defending champion Sven Kramer in an Olympic record time of 6:09:76. In doing so, he became the first man to win three gold medals in a speed skating event in three consecutive editions of the Olympics. Ted-Jan Bloemen won the silver medal, and Sverre Lunde Pedersen won the bronze medal. Bloemen and Pedersen skated in the same", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20538142", "score": "1.0354221", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Irakli Maysuradze", "text": "Russia, and 7th in Tallinn, Estonia. In November, he stepped onto his first senior international podium, winning silver at Ice Star in Belarus. The following month, he took silver at the Santa Claus Cup in Hungary. Maysuradze remained in Moscow but changed coaches, joining Svetlana Sokolovskaia. During the season, he qualified to the free skate at two ISU Championships. At the 2018 European Championships in Moscow, he finished 17th overall after placing 18th in the short and 15th in the free. At the 2018 World Junior Championships in Sofia (Bulgaria), he placed 9th in the short, 15th in the free,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18642822", "score": "1.0350132", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 5000 metres", "text": "Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 5000 metres The men's 5000 metres speed skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at Gangneung Oval in Gangneung on 11 February 2018. The event was won by two-time defending champion Sven Kramer in an Olympic record time of 6:09:76. In doing so, he became the first man to win three gold medals in a speed skating event in three consecutive editions of the Olympics. Ted-Jan Bloemen won the silver medal, and Sverre Lunde Pedersen won the bronze medal. Bloemen and Pedersen skated in the same pair, posted the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20538139", "score": "1.0339389", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Sergei Voronov (figure skater)", "text": "Voronov competed in two Challenger events. His first event was 2017 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy where he won the silver medal behind his teammate Mikhail Kolyada. He then skated at the 2017 CS Minsk-Arena Ice Star where he won the gold medal. In November 2017 Voronov won his first Grand Prix series gold medal when he won the 2017 NHK Trophy with a personal best score of 271.12 points. He then won the bronze medal at the 2017 Skate America. These results qualified him to the 2017–18 Grand Prix Final where he placed 4th after placing 5th in the short", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9025822", "score": "1.0338589", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Keiji Tanaka", "text": "8th at the 2017 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy after placing 4th in the short program and 9th in the free skate. He received two Grand Prix assignments, 2017 Rostelecom Cup and 2017 Cup of China. He withdrew from the first event due to a muscle injury in his right hip-pelvic area. In December, Tanaka won his second National silver medal, and was named to compete at the 2018 Winter Olympics, 2018 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships and the 2018 World Figure Skating Championships. At the 2018 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, Tanaka set new personal bests in the short program,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15414134", "score": "1.0334284", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Nikita Katsalapov", "text": "where they won the bronze medal. At their GP events they first placed 4th at the 2017 NHK Trophy and then they won the bronze medal at the 2017 Skate America. At the 2018 Russian Championships they had to withdrew after the short dance. Sinitsina/Katsalapov started their season at the 2018 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy where they won the gold medal with a personal best score of 196.42 points. In late October they won the silver medal at the 2018 Skate Canada. In late November they won their second Grand Prix silver medal of the season at the 2018 Internationaux", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13763397", "score": "1.0332742", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Vladislav Bykanov", "text": "in 2015 in Dordrecht, Netherlands, with a time of 5 minutes 2.882 seconds, ahead of Thibaut Fauconnet of France. At the 2017 European Championships he won a bronze medal in the 1,500m. At the January 2018 European Championships in Dresden, Germany, Bykanov won the gold medal in the 3,000m, the silver medal in the Overall competition, and the bronze medal in the 1,500m. He also came in 5th in the 500m, and 21st in the 1,000m. Bykanov competed for Israel at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Short Track Speed Skating in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Vladislav Bykanov Vladislav Bykanov (, )", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17800517", "score": "1.031453", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles", "long_answer": "With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button, who did so in 1952. Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal, and Spain's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal. Fernández won Spain's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics.", "chunked_long_answer": "With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button, who did so in 1952. Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal, and Spain's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal. Fernández won Spain's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics.", "short_answers": [ "Yuzuru Hanyu" ] }

[ "Gatiman", "160km/hour", "Mumbai Rajdhani Express" ]

[ { "title": "Express trains in India", "text": "The india's fastest train now called Gatiman express its ranges 160km/hour between Delhi to Agra In 100 min its cross 180km", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Mumbai Rajdhani Express", "text": "for one month . Recently Virar-Vadodara-Godhra Section top speed is enhanced from 120 km/h to 130 km/h. Hence, Mumbai Rajdhani's time reduced from 16 hours to 15 hr 35 minutes while it continues to be the fastest train in India (including halts) with average speed of 91 km/h.It is the first train (along with 12953/54 August Kranti Rajdhani Express as both have Rake Sharing) to be experimented with HOG (Head On Generation) which powers the train directly from locomotive instead of an EOG or generator van . On 18 April 2011, three coaches of the train caught fire, including the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12854504", "score": "1.0404453", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Express trains in India", "text": "of around 20 km/h for express trains. The \"Duronto Express\" trains introduced in 2009 (which run between major cities without any intermediate halts) are projected to be the fastest trains in India when new services are introduced with a higher speed limit of 120–130 km/h. Despite being limited to a lower speed limit, they take as much time as a \"Rajdhani\" or \"Shatabdi\" on the same route, courtesy the non-stop nature of their journey. \"Rajdhani Express\" which was introduced in 1969 to connect New Delhi with the state capitals in India, travels at speeds up to 130 km/h. Indian railways", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15647163", "score": "1.0313792", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Howrah - Raxaul Express", "text": "Howrah - Raxaul Express The Howrah - Raxaul Express is a express train belonging to Eastern Railway zone that runs between Howrah Junction and RaxaulJunction in India. It is currently being operated with 13043/13044 train numbers on twice in a week basis. It runs from Howrah Junction to Raxaul Junction on Wednesdays and Fridays of every week.In the reverse direction it runs on Thursdays and Saturdays of every week.It connects important stations like Asansol, Jhajha, Barauni, Samastipur, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi.The 13043/Howrah - Raxaul Express has averages speed of 41 km/hr and covers 699 km in 16h 55m. The 13044/Raxaul - Howrah", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20249878", "score": "1.0202051", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Yesvantpur Ahmedabad Weekly Express", "text": "it has second class coaches also. Yesvantpur Ahmedabad Weekly Express The Yesvantpur Ahmedabad Weekly Express is a passenger train that runs from Yesvantpur in Bangalore to Ahmedabad. The train traverses over 1799 km. The average speed of the train is 52 km per hour. The train belongs to the South Western zone and is an AC mail and express train type. From May 2, 2014, the train number has changed to 14805/14806, and a new station, Barmer, was added to the journey. The train doesn’t have an AC 1st tier coach; it has the AC 2nd and AC 3rd tier", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18869801", "score": "1.0173209", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Gujarat Express", "text": "(55 km/hr) & 9 hours 25 mins as 22954 Gujarat Express (55 km/hr). As the average speed of the train is above 55 km/hr, as per Indian Railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge. Prior to Western Railways switching over to the AC system in February 2012, dual traction WCAM 1 or WCAM 2/2P locos would haul the train. Since Western Railway has switched over to the AC system it is hauled end to end by a Vadodara based WAP 5 or WAP 4E loco. Gujarat Express The 22953/22954 Gujarat Express is an express train belonging to Indian Railways", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17542293", "score": "1.0155811", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Howrah–Rajgir Fast Passenger", "text": "Howrah–Rajgir Fast Passenger Howrah–Rajgir Fast Passenger is a passenger train belonging to Eastern Railway zone that runs between Howrah Junction and Rajgir. It is currently being operated with 53043/53044 train numbers on daily basis. The 53043/Howrah–Rajgir Fast Passenger runs with an average speed of 28 km/h and completes 656 km in 23h 45m. The 53044/Rajgir–Howrah Fast Passenger runs with an average speed of 28 km/h and completes 656 km in 23h 45m. The important halts of the train are: The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consist of 11 coaches: Both trains are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20310500", "score": "1.0141243", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Howrah - New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Patna)", "text": "Howrah - New Delhi Rajdhani Express (via Patna) The Howrah - New Delhi Rajdhani Express is an most prestigious Rajdhani class train train belonging to Eastern Railway zone that runs between Howrah Junction and New Delhi in India. It is currently being operated with 12305/12306 train numbers on weekly basis. The 12305/Howrah - New Delhi Rajdhani Express has averages speed of 77 km/hr and covers 1531 km in 19h 55m. The 12306/New Delhi - Howrah Rajdhani Express has averages speed of 79 km/hr and covers 1531 km in 19h 20m. The important halts of the train are: The train has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20298481", "score": "1.0136698", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Yesvantpur–Bikaner Express", "text": "with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand. The 16587 - Express covers the distance of in 50 hours 10 mins (49 km/hr) & in 53 hours 05 mins as the 16588 - Express (46 km/hr). As the average speed of the train is lower than , as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge. The 16587 / 88 Yesvantpur Junction - Bikaner Junction Express runs from via , ,, , , , , , , , , , to . As the route is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20265408", "score": "1.012808", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "New Delhi - Kalka Shatabdi Express", "text": "New Delhi - Kalka Shatabdi Express The New Delhi Kalka Shatabdi Express (Hindi: नई दिल्ली कालका शताब्दी एक्सप्रेस) is a superfast express fully airconditioned train connecting New Delhi and Kalka. It is one of the superfast train in the New Delhi - Kalka section covering a distance of 303 km in a span of 4 hours 5 min. The train runs at an average speed of 95 km per hour (including halts). It is super fast fully electric hauled train in India, with a top speed of 140 kilometers per hour. The train is hauled by a matching WAP 7", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17270310", "score": "1.011432", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Intercity Express (Indian Railways)", "text": "Intercity Express (Indian Railways) The Intercity Express is the express-train service in India which connects major railway junctions and state capitals. These act as long-distance reserved suburban trains with sitting accommodation. These are quite fast and maintain a high average speed for short distances along with priority over other trains. The first Named Intercity Train (Flying Ranee) was introduced in 1906 for providing connections between two cities from one state to another various states in India. The first Named Intercity Train (Flying Ranee) left Surat station for Mumbai Central station to cover a distance of 264 km in 5 hrs", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14037043", "score": "1.0102142", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Chiplun", "text": "– Dadar Sawantwadi Express, 10103 – Mumbai Madgaon Mandovi Express, 12051 – Mumbai Madgaon Janshatabdi Express, 16345 – Mumbai Trivandrum Netravati Express, 12619 – Mumbai Mangalore Matsyagandha Express & 12201 – Mumbai Kochuveli Garibrath Express. All the trains on this route runs have two time tables – a monsoon time table (usually running from 1 June to 31 October), where trains usually run at a reduced speed, and a regular timetable when trains usually run at normal speed 110 kmph for express and 130 kmph for Rajdhani. The fastest train on this route is 12431 – Hazrat Nizamuddin Trivandrum Rajdhani", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8125812", "score": "1.0099576", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Duronto Express", "text": "These trains run faster than Rajdhani Express trains which hold the record of the fastest long-distance trains in India. For example, the New Delhi – Sealdah Duronto Express takes 16 hours to cover the journey against 17 hours taken by Rajdhani Express. The trains will adhere to the speed limit of 130 km/h. New Delhi - Sealdah Duronto express has a top speed of 130 km/h The Chennai, Sealdah, Yeshwantpur and Pune Duronto run at a speed of 130 km/h.The Howrah/Allahabad/Bhubaneshwar New Delhi, Secunderabad Hazrat Nizamuddin, with Hybrid-LHB rakes is the only Duronto permitted to run at a speed of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13538983", "score": "1.0082307", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Viswabharati Fast Passenger", "text": "As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand. The 53047 Howrah Rampurhat Fast Passenger covers the distance of 219 kilometers in 04 hours 55 mins (44.54 km/hr) & in 05 hours 00 mins as 53048 Rampurhat Howrah Fast Passenger (43.80 km/hr). As the average speed of the train is below , as per Indian Railway rules, its fare does not include a Superfast surcharge. The 53047 / 48 Howrah Rampur Hat Fast Passenger runs from Howrah Junction via Bardhaman Junction, Guskara, Bolpur Shantiniketan, Ahmadpur Junction,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18076433", "score": "1.0049236", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Transport in India", "text": "of earnings to the corporation till 2007. India does not have any railways classified as high-speed rail (HSR), which have operational speeds in excess of . The fastest train in India is the Gatimaan Express with a top speed of , which runs between Delhi and Agra. In 2018, a new train stock was made in Chennai called T-18 which is set to replace the Shatabdi express. Prior to the 2014 general election, the two major national parties (Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress) pledged to introduce high-speed rail. The INC pledged to connect all of India's million-plus cities", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "191275", "score": "1.0044951", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Howrah - Darbhanga Express", "text": "Howrah - Darbhanga Express The Howrah - Darbhanga Express is an express train belonging to East Central Railway zone that runs between Howrah Junction and Darbhanga Junction in India. It is currently being operated with 15235/15236 train numbers on a weekly basis. The 15235/Howrah - Darbhanga Express has averages speed of 47 km/hr and covers 536 km in 11h 30m. The 15236/Darbhanga - Howrah Express has averages speed of 48 km/hr and covers 536 km in 11h 15m. The important halts of the train are: The train has standard ICF rakes with a max speed of 110 kmph. The train", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20272499", "score": "1.0029163", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Mumbai Central - Valsad Fast Passenger", "text": "Mumbai Central - Valsad Fast Passenger The Mumbai Central - Valsad Fast Passenger is a passenger train belonging to Western Railway zone that runs between Mumbai Central and Valsad. It is currently being operated with 59023/59024 train numbers on daily basis. Flying Ranee and this Passenger are only Non-AC Double Decker rake are used. The 59023/Mumbai Central - Valsad Fast Passenger runs with an average speed of 41 km/hr and covers 195 km in 4h 45m. The 59024/Valsad - Mumbai Central Fast Passenger runs with an average speed of 44 km/h and completes 195 km in 4h 20m. The important", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20301936", "score": "1.0025637", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Sampoorna Kranti Express", "text": "Sampoorna Kranti Express The Sampoorna Kranti Express is an Indian express passenger train service, which runs between Patna and New Delhi. The service began running on 17 February 2002 and is one of the fastest train services in India, traversing the 999 km distance in under fourteen hours, which is faster than the previous Magadh Express Patna-New Delhi service and the Vikramshila Express on the same route. This train is also known as Janta ki Rajdhani As It Has Fare Lower Than That Of Rajdhani But Matches It In Speed, Punctuality And Priority. Sampoorna Kranti Express Is currently the fastest", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11191306", "score": "1.0019178", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Himsagar Express", "text": "New Delhi (150 min) and in Thiruvananthapuram Central, Ernakulam Town, Kottayam Railway Station, Erode Junction, Bhopal Junction, Nagpur, Itarsi Junction, Jhansi, Gwalior Junction and Vijayawada (10-15 min each). Kanyakumari to Katra: The fastest speed is achieved near Kila Raipur (108 km/h) and the slowest speeds on the Hazrat Nizamuddin to New Delhi (24 km/h) and Bhopal Habibganj to Bhopal Junction (19 km/h) . It takes around three hours for the train to clear the Delhi area. The train has 19 coaches comprising One Second AC (2AC), Two Third AC (3AC), Ten Sleeper class (SL), Three Unreserved coaches (UR/GS), Two Luggage", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4721796", "score": "0.99994105", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Howrah Rajdhani Express", "text": "Howrah Rajdhani Express Howrah Rajdhani is the most prestigious Rajdhani class train in India which connects New Delhi to Howrah, Kolkata. The Howrah Rajdhani was the first Rajdhani Express in India, thereby becoming the first fully air-conditioned train in the country. The train is one of the fastest in India with maximum speed is more than 130 km/h and an average speed of . Howrah Rajdhani gets highest priority on Howrah–Delhi main line and Howrah-Delhi Grand Chord Line. It connects two big metropolis of India. The Howrah Rajdhani Express began operations on 3rd March, 1969. The train departed from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12439803", "score": "0.9978243", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Kondaveedu Express", "text": "be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand. The 17211 - Kondaveedu Express covers the distance of in 18 hours 30 mins and in 16 hours 45 mins as 11205 - Kondaveedu Express. As the average speed of the train is below , as per Indian Railway rules, its fare does not include a Superfast surcharge. The 17211 / 12 Kondaveedu Express runs from via , , , , to . Kondaveedu Express The 17211 / 17212 Kondaveedu Express train belonging to Indian Railways - South Central Railway zone is a tri-weekly train that runs between and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18332723", "score": "0.9972376", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Bihar Sampark Kranti Superfast Express", "text": "speed of the train is more than 55 km/hr. It reverses direction at Samastipur Junction. Bihar Sampark Kranti Superfast Express The 12565/12566 Bihar Sampark Kranti Superfast Express is an Indian daily Superfast Train service of Indian Railways, which runs between the Indian cities Of Darbhanga and New Delhi via Chhapra, Gorakhpur, Lucknow Charbagh, Kanpur central India. It operates as train number 12565 from Darbhanga Junction to New Delhi and as train number 12566 in the reverse direction. It is the most important train in north bihar with Vaishali Express for New Delhi. The other Superfast train which runs via Darbhanga", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17542285", "score": "0.9956533", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Sampoorna Kranti Express", "text": "as follows: class = AC 1 Tier (01), AC 2 Tier (02), AC 3 Tier (03), Sleeper 3 Tier (09), Unreserved seating (03) Pantry Car (01) EOG (02) (Total=22 Coaches). It is among the top priority trains of Indian Railways and will reach speeds of 130 km/hour from 8 August 2015. This Train Has Got Many Firsts To Its Name- - 1st Non AC Superfast Train To Get LHB Coaches. - 1st Non AC Superfast Train To Run At A Maximum Speed of 130kmph. - 1st Non AC Superfast ICF Train To Run At A Maximum Speed Of 115kmph as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11191308", "score": "0.9954962", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Howrah - Ranchi Intercity Express", "text": "Howrah - Ranchi Intercity Express Howrah - Ranchi Intercity Express is a Intercity train belonging to South Eastern Railway zone that runs between Howrah Junction and Ranchi Junction. It is currently being operated with 22891/22892 train numbers on daily basis. The 22891/Howrah - Ranchi Intercity Express has averages speed of 57 km/hr and covers 460 km in 8h 5m. The 22892/Ranchi - Howrah Intercity Express has averages speed of 56 km/hr and covers 460 km in 8h 10m. The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consist of 14 coaches : Both trains are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20305751", "score": "0.99338627", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Okha - Howrah Link Express", "text": "Okha - Howrah Link Express The Okha - Howrah Superfast Express is a superfast train in the Western Railway zone running between Okha and Howrah Junction in India. It is currently operated with 22905/22906 train numbers on a tri-weekly basis. The 22905/Okha - Howrah Link Express has average speeds of 58 km/hr and covers 2593 km in 44h 55m. The 22906/Howrah - Okha Link Express has average speeds of 51 km/hr and covers 2593 km in 26h 15m. The line's important stops are: Each train on the Express has standard ICF rakes and a maximum speed of 110 kmph, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20304213", "score": "0.99312425", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Bhopal-Indore Fast Passenger", "text": "Bhopal-Indore Fast Passenger The Bhopal–Indore express Passenger (Hindi: भोपाल-इंदौर एक्सप्रेस पैसेंजर) (Also pronounced as Indore express Passenger) is an Indian Railways express passenger train, which runs between Bhopal Junction railway station of Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh and Indore Junction railway station of Indore, the largest city & commercial hub of Central Indian state Madhya Pradesh. Also known as Bhopal Indore Night Express. The train goes via Ujjain & Maksi. The important halts of the train are: The train consist of 14 coaches: The train runs with an average speed of 44 km/h. The train runs on daily", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15183527", "score": "0.9927995", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Gorakhpur−Yesvantpur Express", "text": "As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand. The 12592 - express covers the distance of in 45 hours 45 mins (55 km/hr) & in 45 hours 45 mins as the 12591 - (55 km/hr). As the average speed of the train is equal to , as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge. The 12592 / 91 runs from via , , , , , , , , , , , to . As the route is partially electrified, an based", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20261237", "score": "0.9926506", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Howrah Rajdhani Express", "text": "Dhanbad(Jharkhand). Howrah Rajdhani Express Howrah Rajdhani is the most prestigious Rajdhani class train in India which connects New Delhi to Howrah, Kolkata. The Howrah Rajdhani was the first Rajdhani Express in India, thereby becoming the first fully air-conditioned train in the country. The train is one of the fastest in India with maximum speed is more than 130 km/h and an average speed of . Howrah Rajdhani gets highest priority on Howrah–Delhi main line and Howrah-Delhi Grand Chord Line. It connects two big metropolis of India. The Howrah Rajdhani Express began operations on 3rd March, 1969. The train departed from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12439817", "score": "0.99133426", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Rajkot - Porbandar Fast Passenger", "text": "Rajkot - Porbandar Fast Passenger The Rajkot - Porbandar Fast Passenger is a passenger train belonging to Western Railway zone that runs between Porbandar and Rajkot Junction. It is currently being operated with 59211/59212 train numbers on daily basis. The 59211/Rajkot Porbandar Fast Passenger runs with an average speed of 37 km/h and completes 216 km in 5h 50m. The 59212/Porbandar Rajkot Fast Passenger runs with an average speed of 37 km/h and completes 216 km in 5h 50m. The important halts of the train are: The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20284360", "score": "0.9910823", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Kalka Mail", "text": "train is categorized as super-fast and runs at a maximum speed of 110 km/hrs. The engine attached to this train is the modern 6350 HP, WAP-7 based in Howrah. In between Howrah and Kalka, the train stops at 37 stations. Passengers boarding the train have to abide by distance restriction: the minimum travel distance is 160 km in all AC classes and 480 km in Sleeper and 2S. However, it carries all passengers on the. Delhi-Kalka route. Run by the East Indian Railway Company, the train (originally numbered 1 Up / 2 Dn) began operation between Calcutta and Delhi in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14252333", "score": "0.99011326", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Express trains in India", "long_answer": "The india's fastest train now called Gatiman express its ranges 160km/hour between Delhi to Agra In 100 min its cross 180km", "chunked_long_answer": "The india's fastest train now called Gatiman express its ranges 160km/hour between Delhi to Agra In 100 min its cross 180km", "short_answers": [ "160km/hour", "Gatiman" ] }

[ "China", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Russia", "France" ]

[ { "title": "Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council", "text": "The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council (UNSC): China (formerly the Republic of China), Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries were all allies in World War II, which they won. They are also all nuclear weapons states. A total of 15 UN member states serve on the UNSC, the remainder of which are elected. Only the five permanent members have", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "United Nations Security Council", "text": "to block the re-election of Boutros Boutros-Ghali in 1996. Along with the five permanent members, the Security Council has temporary members that hold their seats on a rotating basis by geographic region. Non-permanent members may be involved in global security briefings. In its first two decades, the Security Council had six non-permanent members, the first of which were Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Poland. In 1965, the number of non-permanent members was expanded to ten. These ten non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms starting on 1 January, with five replaced each year. To", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "435503", "score": "1.1671028", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "United Nations Security Council election, 2013", "text": "took place on 6 December, in which Jordan was elected to the Council in lieu of Saudi Arabia. The Security Council has 15 seats, filled by five permanent members and ten non-permanent members. Each year, half of the non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms. A sitting member may not immediately run for re-election. In accordance with the rules whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation purposes, the five available seats are allocated as follows: To be elected, a candidate must receive a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15202668", "score": "1.1557956", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "United Nations", "text": "Poland (2019), and Sweden (2018). The five permanent members hold veto power over UN resolutions, allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with five member states per year voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis. The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month. The UN Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by the Deputy Secretary-General and a staff of international civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by UN bodies for their meetings. It also carries", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "435886", "score": "1.1349753", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "United Nations Security Council election, 2014", "text": "five members will serve on the Security Council for the 2015–16 period. The countries elected were Angola, Malaysia, New Zealand, Spain, and Venezuela. Malaysian Permanent Representative to the UN Datuk Hussein Haniff said: \"I have been participating in all the open debates. The Malaysian mission is actively engaged in lobbying to get elected. We are the only candidate from Asia, so far, for a UNSC non-permanent seat, and need to get a two-third majority in the General Assembly for a non-permanent membership\". Additionally, he asserted that while Malaysia was the sole candidate as of the end of 2013 for the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14836083", "score": "1.1287253", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "2014 International Court of Justice judges election", "text": "no distinction being made between permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council). Only those candidates whose names appear on the ballot papers are eligible for election. Each elector in the General Assembly and in the Security Council may vote for not more than five candidates on the first ballot and, on subsequent ballots for five less the number of candidates who have already obtained an absolute majority. When five candidates have obtained the required majority in one of the organs, the president of that organ notifies the president of the other organ of the names of the five candidates.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18394808", "score": "1.1125567", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "President of the United Nations Security Council", "text": "of the member states' official United Nations names in English. All members of the Council, including the President, must present credentials issued by either the head of state, the head of government, or the minister of foreign affairs of their respective states to the Secretary-General, except if the representative is also the head of government or minister of foreign affairs. The Permanent Representative (ambassador) of the state that holds the presidency is usually the president of the Council, but if an official from the state who is higher in authority than the Permanent Representative (such as a foreign minister, prime", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13590462", "score": "1.104657", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "United Nations Security Council election, 2011", "text": "and ten non-permanent members. Each year, half of the non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms. A sitting member may not immediately run for re-election. In accordance with the rules whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation purposes, the five available seats are allocated as follows: To be elected, a candidate must receive a two-thirds majority of those present and voting. If the vote is inconclusive after the first round, three rounds of restricted voting shall take place, followed by three rounds of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15077434", "score": "1.1042671", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "2016 United Nations Security Council election", "text": "a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council.\" In May 2016, the World Federation of United Nations Associations hosted the first open debates for UN Member States competing for a seat as a non-permanent member to the Security Council. All five contenders participated in the debate. Kazakhstan became the first Central Asian country to sit on the UNSC. Following five rounds of inconclusive voting, Bert Koenders and Paolo Gentiloni, Foreign Ministers of the Netherlands and Italy respectively, announced a proposal whereby the Netherlands and Italy would split the two-year term with each country serving one year. Such arrangements were relatively", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17498561", "score": "1.1026074", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Reform of the United Nations Security Council", "text": "of temporary seats. Most of the leading candidates for permanent membership are regularly elected onto the Security Council by their respective continental groups: Japan was elected for eleven two-year terms, Brazil for ten terms, and Germany for three terms. India has been elected to the council seven times in total, with the most recent successful bid being in 2010 after a gap of almost twenty years since 1991–92. In 2017, it was reported that the G4 nations were willing to temporarily forgo veto power if granted a permanent UNSC seat. As of 2013, the current \"P5\" members of the Security", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6512528", "score": "1.1008061", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "2017 United Nations Security Council election", "text": "for the remainder of Italy's term. In accordance with the Security Council's rotation rules, whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation purposes, the five regularly available seats are allocated as follows: The six elected members began their two-year terms on the 1st of January, 2018 , and will continue to serve on the Security Council until the end of 2019. As a result of the rotation policy implemented by the Security Council for designation of its temporary seats, two nations from Africa would", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17498571", "score": "1.0979047", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council", "text": "by their respective groups. Japan was elected for eleven two-year terms, Brazil for ten terms, and Germany for three terms. India has been elected to the council seven times in total, with the most recent successful bid being in 2010 after a gap of almost twenty years since 1991–92. In 2013, the P5 and G4 members of the UN Security Council accounted for eight of the world's ten largest defence budgets, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). The following are the heads of state and government that represent the permanent members of the UN Security Council :", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16658645", "score": "1.0904405", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council", "text": "votes, which is significant in that the Security Council's permanent membership can vote against a \"procedural\" draft resolution, without necessarily blocking its adoption by the Council. The veto is exercised when any permanent member—the so-called \"P5\"—casts a \"negative\" vote on a \"substantive\" draft resolution. Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does \"not\" prevent a draft resolution from being adopted. There have been proposals suggesting the introduction of new permanent members. The candidates usually mentioned are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. They comprise the group of four countries known as the G4 nations, which mutually support one", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16658643", "score": "1.0839367", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "2019 United Nations Security Council election", "text": "members will serve on the Security Council for the 2020–21 period. 2019 United Nations Security Council election The 2019 United Nations Security Council election will be held in mid-2019 during the 73rd session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The elections are for five non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2020. In accordance with the Security Council's rotation rules, whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17575578", "score": "1.0813056", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "2020 United Nations Security Council election", "text": "five members will serve on the Security Council for the 2021–22 period. 2020 United Nations Security Council election The 2020 United Nations Security Council election will be held in June 2020 during the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The elections are for five non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2021. In accordance with the Security Council's rotation rules, whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17575593", "score": "1.0801774", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations", "text": "The current holder of the position is Dr. Maleeha Lodhi, prominent previous holders include Masood Khan and Muhammad Zafarullah Khan. Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations Pakistan Ambassador to the United Nations or officially the Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations () is the diplomatic position representing Pakistan on all platforms of the United Nations (UN) in New York City. Apart from the Pakistan Mission to the UN in New York, there is another Pakistan Mission based at the UNO office in Geneva, Switzerland. The mission is usually headed by a career foreign service officer, but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12329511", "score": "1.079315", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly", "text": "2014. Notable resolutions include 68/262 in regards to the 2014 Crimean crisis. The election of non-permanent members to the Security Council for 2014–2015 was held in October 2013. Outgoing members were: Morocco, Togo, Guatemala, Pakistan and Azerbaijan. Incoming members are Chad, Nigeria, Lithuania and Chile. While Saudi Arabia were elected they declined to take the role citing \"double standards\" and calling the body ineffective in dealing with the Syrian civil war. Jordan then took its place. An election to choose 18 members of the United Nations Human Rights Council for a three-year term will take place. The outgoing states are:", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16920444", "score": "1.0699341", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Permanent representative", "text": "Permanent representative A permanent representative is a diplomat who is the head of a country’s diplomatic mission to an international organisation. Organizations that receive permanent representatives from their member states include the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, NATO, the European Union, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Organization of American States. Permanent representatives can be sent to subunits or field offices of an organization. For example, in addition to the permanent representatives sent to the United Nations headquarters in New York City, UN member states also appoint permanent representatives to other UN offices, such as those in Geneva,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8521564", "score": "1.069435", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "1979 United Nations Security Council election", "text": "non-permanent members. Each year, half of the non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms. A sitting member may not immediately run for re-election. In accordance with the rules whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation purposes, the five available seats are allocated as follows: To be elected, a candidate must receive a two-thirds majority of those present and voting. If the vote is inconclusive after the first round, three rounds of restricted voting shall take place, followed by three rounds of unrestricted voting,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18236985", "score": "1.0683901", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "United Nations Security Council election, 2007", "text": "members (elected by a two-thirds majority of the General Assembly, in as many rounds of voting as it takes to achieve that majority) served on the Security Council for the 2008–09 period. Seven countries had announced themselves as candidates for the five non-permanent seats on the Security Council for the 2008–2009 term. Vietnam was running for the Asian seat, which if successful, would be the first time serving in the council. Burkina Faso (last served in 1985) and Libya (last served in 1977) were running for the two African seats. All three countries had received endorsements from their regional groupings.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10689649", "score": "1.0659808", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations", "text": "about 10 various secretaries and attaches. Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations This is a list of the Permanent Representatives of Ukraine to the United Nations. Permanent Representative is a head of the permanent mission of Ukraine to the United Nations. The current office holder is Volodymyr Yelchenko, since December 9, 2015. 26 June 1945 was signed the Charter of the United Nations and came into force on 24 October 1945. Ukraine was among the first countries that signed the United Nations Charter, becoming a founding member of the United Nations among 51 countries.. Dmitry Manuilsky, head of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17724014", "score": "1.0641494", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "United Nations Security Council", "text": "Council. United Nations Security Council The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter. Its powers include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action through Security Council resolutions; it is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states. The Security Council held its first session on 17 January", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "435529", "score": "1.0632514", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "United Nations Security Council", "text": "2006 that the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, who are all nuclear powers, have created an exclusive nuclear club that predominately addresses the strategic interests and political motives of the permanent members—for example, protecting the oil-rich Kuwaitis in 1991 but poorly protecting resource-poor Rwandans in 1994. Since three of the five permanent members are also European, and four are predominantly white Western nations, the Security Council has been described as a pillar of global apartheid by Titus Alexander, former Chair of Westminster United Nations Association. The Security Council's effectiveness and relevance is questioned by some because,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "435521", "score": "1.0629743", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "United Nations Security Council election, 2011", "text": "United Nations Security Council election, 2011 The 2011 United Nations Security Council election was held on 21 and 24 October 2011 during the Sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The General Assembly elected Azerbaijan, Guatemala, Morocco, Pakistan, and Togo, as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2012. Azerbaijan was elected after 17 rounds on 24 October, while the other four new members were chosen on 21 October. The Security Council has 15 seats, filled by five permanent members", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15077433", "score": "1.0606894", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "2021 United Nations Security Council election", "text": "members will serve on the Security Council for the 2022–23 period. 2021 United Nations Security Council election The 2021 United Nations Security Council election will be held in mid-2021 during the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The elections are for five non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2022. In accordance with the Security Council's rotation rules, whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17615351", "score": "1.0603975", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Secretary-General of the United Nations", "text": "the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. As the recommendation must come from the Security Council, any of the five permanent members of the Council can veto a nomination. Most Secretaries-General are compromise candidates from middle powers and have little prior fame. Unofficial qualifications for the job have been set by precedent in previous selections. The appointee may not be a citizen of any of the Security Council's five permanent members. The General Assembly resolution 51/241 in 1997 stated that in the appointment of \"the best candidate\", due regard should be given to regional (continental) rotation of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1409916", "score": "1.0598692", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Charter of the United Nations", "text": "the first election of the non-permanent members after the increase of the membership of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen, two of the four additional members shall be chosen for a term of one year. A retiring member shall not be eligible for immediate re-election. 3. Each member of the Security Council shall have one representative. FUNCTIONS and POWERS Article 24 1. In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "896247", "score": "1.0595473", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Reform of the United Nations Security Council", "text": "any amendments to the Charter, requiring them to approve of any modifications to the UNSC veto power that they themselves hold. As stated by then President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva at the General Debate of the 63rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly: As per the official website of India's Permanent Mission to the UN: According to a formal statement by 13th Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh at the General Debate of the 59th Session of the United Nations General Assembly: According to a formal statement by 14th Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6512550", "score": "1.0579357", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "United Nations Security Council election, 2000", "text": "United Nations Security Council election, 2000 The 2000 United Nations Security Council election was held on 10 October 2000 at United Nations Headquarters in New York City during the 55th session of the United Nations General Assembly. The General Assembly elected five non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year terms commencing on 1 January 2001. The five candidates elected were Colombia, Ireland, Mauritius, Norway, and Singapore. In accordance with the General Assembly's rules for the geographic distribution of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, and established practice, the members were to be elected as follows: one from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15842395", "score": "1.0570165", "original_retrieval_index": 42 }, { "title": "2024 United Nations Security Council election", "text": "members will serve on the Security Council for the 2025–26 period. 2024 United Nations Security Council election The 2024 United Nations Security Council election will be held in mid-2024 during the 78th session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The elections are for five non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 2025. In accordance with the Security Council's rotation rules, whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19122929", "score": "1.0569854", "original_retrieval_index": 43 } ]

{ "title": "Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council", "long_answer": "The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council (UNSC): China (formerly the Republic of China), Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries were all allies in World War II, which they won. They are also all nuclear weapons states. A total of 15 UN member states serve on the UNSC, the remainder of which are elected. Only the five permanent members have the power of veto, which enables them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" draft Council resolution, regardless of its level of international support.", "chunked_long_answer": "The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council (UNSC): China (formerly the Republic of China), Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries were all allies in World War II, which they won. They are also all nuclear weapons states. A total of 15 UN member states serve on the UNSC, the remainder of which are elected. Only the five permanent members have", "short_answers": [ "China", "France", "Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States" ] }

[ "16,801", "16,801 students" ]

[ { "title": "University of Miami", "text": "The University of Miami (informally referred to as UM, U of M, or The U) is a private, nonsectarian research university in Coral Gables, Florida, United States. As of 2016, the university enrolls 16,801 students in 12 separate colleges/schools, including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami's Health District, a law school on the main campus, and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key, with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "University of Miami", "text": "University of Miami The University of Miami (informally referred to as UM, U of M, or The U) is a private, nonsectarian research university in Coral Gables, Florida, United States. , the university enrolls 17,331 students in 12 separate colleges/schools, including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami's Health District, a law school on the main campus, and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key, with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County. The university offers 138 undergraduate, 144 master's, and 68", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "882497", "score": "1.0753074", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Miami University", "text": "is Miami's student-run fashion magazine that publishes an issue each semester and also maintains a blog. As of 2017, Miami University has a total enrollment of 24,424 admitted students. The Oxford campus encompasses 19,452 students, of which 17,147 are at the undergraduate and 2,305 at the graduates and professional. Although 40.5% of students come from Ohio, offers of first-year admission for Fall 2017 included students from all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and abroad. Miami University encompasses 3,056 international students from 85 countries. Of the regularly enrolled international students, the most represented countries/regions are China, India, Vietnam and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2016527", "score": "1.0466781", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "University of Miami School of Law", "text": "of attendance for three years is $259,857. The University of Miami School of Law has a flagship student-edited law review and five other student-edited journals. Its flagship publication is the \"University of Miami Law Review\". In addition, the school sponsors: In addition to these typical student-edited law reviews, the school also sponsors \"Jotwell\", a peer-reviewed legal blog specializing in short reviews of recent legal scholarly publications. The University of Miami School of Law has more than 20,000 alumni practicing law throughout the United States and nearly eighty countries around the world. The job-placement rate for graduates of the University of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6163285", "score": "1.0429008", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "University of Miami School of Law", "text": "to a LL.M. degree in taxation, estate planning, real property, comparative law, inter-American law, international law, international arbitration, and ocean and coastal law. The University of Miami School of Law has a total student body of approximately 1,250. For the class of 2021, 50% are female, 50% are minorities, 44% come from out-of-state, 58% speak more than one language, and 37% enroll directly after graduating from college. Students range in age from 19 to 49. The 75th/25th percentiles for the LSAT are 161/155 and for undergraduate GPA are 3.65/3.17. The school offers students the opportunity to compete for membership on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6163279", "score": "1.036361", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "University of Miami", "text": "82 percent graduating within 5 years, and 84 percent graduating within 6 years. Male student-athletes have a 56 percent graduation rate, and 67 percent of female student-athletes graduate within 6 years. UM received a record 34,279 undergraduate applications for fall 2018 and reported an acceptance rate of 32.1%. In 2018, the mean ACT score of enrolled students was 31, and the mean SAT score was 1340. There are currently 2,660 full-time faculty members, with 97 percent of regular faculty holding doctorates or terminal degrees in their field. UM has a student-faculty ratio of 12:1. The University of Miami is accredited", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "882528", "score": "1.0315485", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Miami University", "text": "Miami University Miami University (also referred to as Miami of Ohio or simply Miami) is a public research university on a 2,138-acre campus in Oxford, Ohio, 35 miles north of Cincinnati. The university was founded in 1809, although classes were not held until 1824. Miami University is the second-oldest university in Ohio, and the 10th oldest public (32nd overall) university in the United States. Miami also has regional campuses in Hamilton, Middletown and West Chester, as well as the Dolibois European Center in Differdange, Luxembourg. The Carnegie Foundation classifies Miami University as a research university with a high research activity.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2016500", "score": "0.99672306", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "University of Miami", "text": "doctoral degree programs, of which 64 are research/scholarship and four professional areas of study. Over the years, the university's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries. With more than 15,000 full and part-time faculty and staff, UM is a top 10 employer in Miami-Dade County. UM's main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings. Research is a component of each academic division, with UM attracting $345.8 million in sponsored research grants in FY 2018. UM offers a large library system with over 3.9 million volumes and exceptional", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "882498", "score": "0.9893912", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Miami", "text": "in the neighborhood of Coconut Grove . Miami has over 200,000 students enrolled in local colleges and universities, placing it seventh in the nation in per capita university enrollment. In 2010, the city's four largest colleges and universities (MDC, FIU, UM, and Barry) graduated 28,000 students. Miami is also home to both for-profit and nonprofit organizations that offer a range of professional training and other, related educational programs. \"Per\" Scholas, for example is a nonprofit organization that offers free professional certification training directed towards successfully passing CompTIA A+ and Network+ certification exams as a route to securing jobs and building", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "650442", "score": "0.9831555", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Miami University Hamilton", "text": "Miami University Hamilton Miami University Hamilton is a state-assisted regional campus of Miami University located in Hamilton, Ohio, United States. Miami University Hamilton is a non-residential campus offering bachelor's degrees, associate degrees, one certificate program, and beginning course work for most four-year degrees, and MBA and MEd programs. Enrollment in 2015 was 3,621 students, with a ratio of students to faculty of 27:1. The average age of Miami Hamilton's student body is 24. Miami University Hamilton is a member of the Ohio Regional Campus Conference. The Harriers field competitive teams in men's baseball, women's fast-pitch softball, men's and women's basketball,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10485199", "score": "0.98265994", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "University of Miami School of Law", "text": "metropolitan area in the nation. The School of Law is centered around a central courtyard called the \"Bricks.\" The Law Library has a collection of over 600,000 volumes in print and microform, and subscribes to a large and ever-expanding list of electronic resources. The University of Miami campus is served by the Miami Metrorail at the University Station. Due to the size of the faculty, the University of Miami School of Law is able to provide an extensive curriculum selection for second- and third-year students. First-year students take a series of required courses covering the theory and substance of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6163277", "score": "0.9814483", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "University of Miami School of Law", "text": "by the Honor Council President. According to University of Miami's official 2017 ABA-required disclosures, 75% of the Class of 2017 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. University of Miami's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 13.8%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2017 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation. The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at University of Miami School of Law for the 2015–2016 academic year is $74,815. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6163284", "score": "0.9789389", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Miami Dade College", "text": "County public high school, private high schools, or home school. Dual enrollment allows students to enroll in a college course. The credits that are gained will be used toward both high school graduation and are accepted toward an Associate or Bachelor's degree at Miami Date college. To apply for the dual enrollment program, the student must first apply to college then visit the Dual Enrollment Coordinator´s office at the campus they plan to attend and submit a Dual Enrollment Program Form, students must complete placement testing requirements. Students that are home schooled must submit the form including the signatures of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5080250", "score": "0.97104156", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "University of Miami", "text": "current inflation) to the effort. These contributions were land contracts and mortgages on real estate that had been sold in the city. The university was chartered on April 8, 1925 by the Circuit Court for Dade County. By the fall of 1926, when the first class of 372 students enrolled at UM, the land boom had collapsed, and hopes for a speedy recovery were dashed by a major hurricane. For the next 15 years the university barely remained solvent. The first building on campus, now known as the Merrick Building, was left half built for over two decades due to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "882501", "score": "0.9657657", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Miami University", "text": "South Korea, in that order. With a gender distribution of 49% male students and 51% female students, Miami University's gender disparity between men and women is far below the national average, making it one of the most equally balanced undergraduate institutions in the United States. Ethnic diversity at Miami University is low among public universities in the United States. The student body at Miami University remains predominantly white, despite efforts to recruit more minority students. Miami University ranked 95th out of 100 national universities for academics by diversity and as of Fall 2016, it had the lowest percentage of domestic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2016528", "score": "0.9619744", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "University of Miami School of Law", "text": "Miami School of Law is greater than or equal to the average national job placement rate for the past six years. The American Bar Association reports that within nine months of graduation, about 75% of the 260 students in the Class of 2017 were employed in jobs requiring a JD. Eighteen students were reported unemployed. Most graduates (63 students) are employed in small law firms consisting of 2-10 attorneys followed by non-legal employment in business/industry (49 students). 27 out of the total 260 graduating students were placed in large law firms of 251+ lawyers. Notable faculty include: University of Miami", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6163286", "score": "0.9590894", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Miami University", "text": "It is affiliated with the University System of Ohio. Miami University is well known for its liberal arts education; it offers more than 120 undergraduate degree programs and over 60 graduate degree programs within its 8 schools and colleges in architecture, business, engineering, humanities and the sciences. In its 2017 edition, \"U.S. News & World Report\" ranked the university 79th among national universities and the 30th top public university in the United States. Additionally, Miami University is ranked 2nd best national university (1st among public institutions) for undergraduate teaching. Miami University is one of the original eight Public Ivy schools.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2016501", "score": "0.9550582", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Miami University", "text": "students and women made up about a third of the student body. Andrew Carnegie pledged $40,000 to help build a new library for the University. Enrollment in 1923 was at 1,500 students. The Oxford College for Women merged with Miami University in 1928. By the early 1930s, enrollment had reached 2,200 students. The conservative environment found on campus called for little change during the problems of the Great Depression, and only about 10 percent of students in the 1930s were on government subsidies. During World War II, Miami changed its curriculum to include \"war emergency courses\" and a Navy Training", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2016512", "score": "0.95017666", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "University of Miami School of Law", "text": "the opportunity to get involved in over 25 different projects each year, reaching various underserved and at-risk populations locally, nationally, and abroad. The school also offers several official joint-degree programs (in, among other things, business, public health and marine affairs), including seven LL.M. programs for post-graduate-level law study. The \"Academic Achievement Program\" provide participating students additional tools to succeed in law school. Other special programs at the law school include four Summer Abroad Programs, one each in England and Spain and two involving multiple European nations (Greece, Italy, and England) and (Greece, Italy, and Spain). The University of Miami School", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6163275", "score": "0.9480064", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "University of Miami", "text": "constitutional law expert John Hart Ely, head of the Administrative Conference of the United States, legal expert Paul R. Verkuil, bassist Jaco Pastorius, guitarist Pat Metheny, artist Walter Darby Bannard, and philosopher Colin McGinn. University of Miami The University of Miami (informally referred to as UM, U of M, or The U) is a private, nonsectarian research university in Coral Gables, Florida, United States. , the university enrolls 17,331 students in 12 separate colleges/schools, including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami's Health District, a law school on the main campus, and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "882549", "score": "0.94452715", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "University of Miami School of Law", "text": "University of Miami School of Law The University of Miami School of Law, founded in 1926, is the law school of the University of Miami, located in Coral Gables, Florida, in the United States. The school graduated its first class of 13 students in 1929. According to University of Miami's 2017 ABA-required disclosures, 75% of the Class of 2017 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. From 1948 to 2002, the law school had an evening division for part-time students. Starting in 1952, the school started offering an LL.M. degree in taxation. In 1957, UM began to offer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6163273", "score": "0.9439777", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Miami University", "text": "halved. By 1873, enrollment fell further to 87 students. The board of trustees closed the school in 1873, and leased the campus for a grammar school. The period before its closing is referred to as \"Old Miami.\" The university reopened in 1885, having paid all of its debts and repaired many of its buildings; there were 40 students in its first year. Enrollment remained under 100 students throughout the 1800s. Miami focused on aspects outside of the classics, including botany, physics, and geology departments. In 1888, Miami began inter-collegiate football play in a game against the University of Cincinnati. By", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2016510", "score": "0.94097817", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "University of Miami", "text": "in total revenues and $2,431,500,000 in functional expenses. In the 2019 issue of \"U.S. News & World Report\"s \"America's Best Colleges,\" the University of Miami was ranked 53rd among national universities. \"U.S. News\"s 2018 ranking of U.S. medical schools ranked the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine as the 50th best medical school for research in the nation, while \"US News\" ranked the School of Law as the 65th best law school in the nation. In 2018, \"U.S. News & World Report\" ranked the University of Miami Physical Therapy Department 10th in the nation and the Department of Psychology's Clinical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "882532", "score": "0.9385733", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Miami metropolitan area", "text": "[] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish. Education: In 2005, 83% of people 25 years and over had at least graduated from high school and 30% had a bachelor's degree or higher. Among people 16 to 19 years old, 7% were dropouts; they were not enrolled in school and had not graduated from high school. The total school enrollment in Miami Metro Area was 1.4 million in 2005. Nursery school and kindergarten enrollment was 170,000 and elementary or high school enrollment was 879,000 children. College or graduate school enrollment was 354,000. Occupations and Type of Employer: Among the most common", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3773519", "score": "0.9341532", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "University of Miami", "text": "Gables campus is served by the Miami Metrorail at the University Station. The Metro connects UM to downtown Miami, Brickell, Coconut Grove, Civic Center, and other Miami neighborhoods. The UM campus is about a 15-minute train ride from Downtown and Brickell. The Hurry 'Canes shuttle bus service operates two routes on campus (as well as to the University Station) and weekend routes to various off-campus stores and facilities during the school year; an additional shuttle route provides service to the RSMAS campus on Virginia Key and Vizcaya Station. Miami also has a Zipcar service. There is also a lake called", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "882514", "score": "0.93352604", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Miami University", "text": "Miami 55th nationally. Miami has appeared on the list since it was first published in 1998. \"Forbes\" ranked Miami 155th in the United States among all colleges and universities and listed it as one of \"America's Best College Buys\". In March 2014, BusinessWeek ranked the undergraduate business program for the Farmer School of Business at 23rd among all U.S. undergraduate business schools and was ranked 8th among public schools. \"Entrepreneur\" ranked Miami's Institute for Entrepreneurship in its top ten undergraduate programs in the nation. \"The Wall Street Journal\" ranked Miami 22nd among state schools for bringing students directly from undergraduate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2016519", "score": "0.93274385", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Miami University Hamilton", "text": "golf, tennis and volleyball. The Harrier NASCAR Program has been the campus's most successful athletic program, claiming the ORCC Regular Season and Tournament Championship in 11 of the last 12 seasons. Miami University Hamilton Miami University Hamilton is a state-assisted regional campus of Miami University located in Hamilton, Ohio, United States. Miami University Hamilton is a non-residential campus offering bachelor's degrees, associate degrees, one certificate program, and beginning course work for most four-year degrees, and MBA and MEd programs. Enrollment in 2015 was 3,621 students, with a ratio of students to faculty of 27:1. The average age of Miami Hamilton's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10485200", "score": "0.9322459", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Miami University", "text": "School took up residence on campus. During wartime in 1943, the population of the University became majority women. Due to the G.I. Bill, tuition for veterans decreased; the enrollment at Miami jumped from 2,200 to 4,100 students. Temporary lodges were constructed to accommodate the number of students. By 1952, the student body had grown to 5,000. In 1954, Miami created a common curriculum for all students to complete to have a base for their other subjects. By 1964, enrollment reached nearly 15,000. To accommodate the growing number of students, Miami University started a regional branch of the University at Middletown,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2016513", "score": "0.93122965", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Miami University", "text": "the early 1900s, the state of Ohio pledged regular financial support for Miami University. Enrollment reached 207 students in 1902. The Ohio General Assembly passed the Sesse Bill in 1902, which mandated coeducation for all Ohio public schools. Miami lacked the rooms to fit all of the students expected the next year, and Miami made an arrangement with Oxford College, a women's college in the town, to rent rooms. Miami's first African-American student, Nelly Craig, graduated in 1905. Hepburn Hall, built in 1905, was the first women's dorm at the college. By 1907, the enrollment at the University passed 700", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2016511", "score": "0.92938066", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Miami University", "text": "players Brandon Brooks, Quinten Rollins, Zac Dysert, and two-time Super Bowl-winning quarterback Ben Roethlisberger. Further reading Miami University Miami University (also referred to as Miami of Ohio or simply Miami) is a public research university on a 2,138-acre campus in Oxford, Ohio, 35 miles north of Cincinnati. The university was founded in 1809, although classes were not held until 1824. Miami University is the second-oldest university in Ohio, and the 10th oldest public (32nd overall) university in the United States. Miami also has regional campuses in Hamilton, Middletown and West Chester, as well as the Dolibois European Center in Differdange,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2016550", "score": "0.92717975", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "University of Miami", "long_answer": "The University of Miami (informally referred to as UM, U of M, or The U) is a private, nonsectarian research university in Coral Gables, Florida, United States. As of 2016, the university enrolls 16,801 students in 12 separate colleges/schools, including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami's Health District, a law school on the main campus, and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key, with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County.", "chunked_long_answer": "The University of Miami (informally referred to as UM, U of M, or The U) is a private, nonsectarian research university in Coral Gables, Florida, United States. As of 2016, the university enrolls 16,801 students in 12 separate colleges/schools, including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami's Health District, a law school on the main campus, and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key, with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County.", "short_answers": [ "16,801", "16,801 students" ] }

[ "inverted" ]

[ { "title": "Real image", "text": "Real images can be produced by concave mirrors and converging lenses, only if the object is placed further away from the mirror/lens than the focal point and this real image is inverted. As the object approaches the focal point the image approaches infinity, and when the object passes the focal point the image becomes virtual and is not inverted.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Curved mirror", "text": "to the focus, until it is reduced to a point in the focus when the object is at an infinite distance. These features make convex mirrors very useful: since everything appears smaller in the mirror, they cover a wider field of view than a normal plane mirror does. A concave mirror, or converging mirror, has a reflecting surface that bulges inward (away from the incident light). Concave mirrors reflect light inward to one focal point.They are used to focus light. Unlike convex mirrors, concave mirrors show different image types depending on the distance between the object and the mirror. These", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8139207", "score": "1.2968683", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Plane mirror", "text": "these images appear to be behind the plane in which the mirror lies. A straight line drawn from part of an object to the corresponding part of its image makes a right angle with, and is bisected by, the surface of the plane mirror. The image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual (meaning that the light rays do not actually come from the image), upright, and of the same shape and size as the object it is reflecting. A virtual image is a copy of an object formed at the location from which the light rays appear to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10298211", "score": "1.2751429", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Curved mirror", "text": "Curved mirror A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface. The surface may be either \"convex\" (bulging outwards) or \"concave\" (bulging inwards). Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere, but other shapes are sometimes used in optical devices. The most common non-spherical type are parabolic reflectors, found in optical devices such as reflecting telescopes that need to image distant objects, since spherical mirror systems, like spherical lenses, suffer from spherical aberration. Distorting mirrors are used for entertainment. They have convex and concave regions that produce deliberately distorted images. A convex mirror,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8139201", "score": "1.2572923", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Curved mirror", "text": "for convex ones, and formula_1 and formula_2 are positive when the object and image are in front of the mirror, respectively. (They are positive when the object or image is real.) For convex mirrors, if one moves the formula_7 term to the right side of the equation to solve for formula_8, the result is always a negative number, meaning that the image distance is negative—the image is virtual, located \"behind\" the mirror. This is consistent with the behavior described above. For concave mirrors, whether the image is virtual or real depends on how large the object distance is compared to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8139211", "score": "1.243711", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Curved mirror", "text": "meet is the image point corresponding to the top of the object. Its distance from the axis defines the height of the image, and its location along the axis is the image location. The mirror equation and magnification equation can be derived geometrically by considering these two rays. The mathematical treatment is done under the paraxial approximation, meaning that under the first approximation a spherical mirror is a parabolic reflector. The ray matrix of a spherical mirror is shown here for the concave reflecting surface of a spherical mirror. The formula_13 element of the matrix is formula_14, where formula_3 is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8139214", "score": "1.2302125", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Mirror image", "text": "Mirror image A mirror image (in a plane mirror) is a reflected duplication of an object that appears almost identical, but is reversed in the direction perpendicular to the mirror surface. As an optical effect it results from reflection off of substances such as a mirror or water. It is also a concept in geometry and can be used as a conceptualization process for 3-D structures. In geometry, the mirror image of an object or two-dimensional figure is the virtual image formed by reflection in a plane mirror; it is of the same size as the original object, yet different,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1313469", "score": "1.2290642", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Reflection (physics)", "text": "surface forms a mirror image, which appears to be reversed from left to right because we compare the image we see to what we would see if we were rotated into the position of the image. Specular reflection at a curved surface forms an image which may be magnified or demagnified; curved mirrors have optical power. Such mirrors may have surfaces that are spherical or parabolic. If the reflecting surface is very smooth, the reflection of light that occurs is called specular or regular reflection. The laws of reflection are as follows: These three laws can all be derived from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2790066", "score": "1.2129767", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Curved mirror", "text": "A ray drawn from the top of the object to the surface vertex (where the optical axis meets the mirror) will form an angle with that axis. The reflected ray has the same angle to the axis, but is below it (See Specular reflection). A second ray can be drawn from the top of the object passing through the focal point and reflecting off the mirror at a point somewhere below the optical axis. Such a ray will be reflected from the mirror as a ray parallel to the optical axis. The point at which the two rays described above", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8139213", "score": "1.210647", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Mirror", "text": "Mirror A mirror is an object that reflects light in such a way that, for incident light in some range of wavelengths, the reflected light preserves many or most of the detailed physical characteristics of the original light, called specular reflection. This is different from other light-reflecting objects that do not preserve much of the original wave signal other than color and diffuse reflected light, such as flat-white paint. The most familiar type of mirror is the plane mirror, which has a flat surface. Curved mirrors are also used, to produce magnified or diminished images or focus light or simply", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "275674", "score": "1.2074043", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Curved mirror", "text": "diverging mirror, or fish eye mirror is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges toward the light source. Convex mirrors reflect light outwards, therefore they are not used to focus light. Such mirrors always form a virtual image, since the focal point (\"F\") and the centre of curvature (\"2F\") are both imaginary points \"inside\" the mirror, that cannot be reached. As a result, images formed by these mirrors cannot be projected on a screen, since the image is inside the mirror. The image is smaller than the object, but gets larger as the object approaches the mirror. A", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8139202", "score": "1.2068592", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Curved mirror", "text": "that their wide field of vision was useful for security. Famous examples in art include the \"Arnolfini Portrait\" by Jan van Eyck and the left wing of the \"Werl Altarpiece\" by Robert Campin. The image on a convex mirror is always \"virtual\" (rays haven't actually passed through the image; their extensions do, like in a regular mirror), \"diminished\" (smaller), and \"upright\". As the object gets closer to the mirror, the image gets larger, until reaching approximately the size of the object, when it touches the mirror. As the object moves away, the image diminishes in size and gets gradually closer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8139206", "score": "1.1842484", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Curved mirror", "text": "mirrors are called \"converging mirrors\" because they tend to collect light that falls on them, refocusing parallel incoming rays toward a focus. This is because the light is reflected at different angles, since the normal to the surface differs with each spot on the mirror. Concave mirrors are used in reflecting telescopes. They are also used to provide a magnified image of the face for applying make-up or shaving. In illumination applications, concave mirrors are used to gather light from a small source and direct it outward in a beam as in torches, headlamps and spotlights, or to collect light", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8139208", "score": "1.1799603", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Solar cooker", "text": "made cookers that use this method are available.In practical applications (like in car-headlights), concave mirrors are of parabolic shape Spherical reflectors operate much like paraboloidal reflectors, such that the axis of symmetry is pointed towards the sun so that light is concentrated to a focus. However, the focus of a spherical reflector will not be a point focus because it suffers from a phenomenon known as spherical aberration. Some concentrating dishes (such as satellite dishes) that do not require a precise focus opt for a spherical curvature over a paraboloid. If the radius of the rim of spherical reflector is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4627338", "score": "1.1788749", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Curved mirror", "text": "the focal point of the optical device. Boxes 1 and 3 feature summing the angles of a triangle and comparing to π radians (or 180°). Box 2 shows the Maclaurin series of formula_16 up to order 1. The derivations of the ray matrices of a convex spherical mirror and a thin lens are very similar. Curved mirror A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface. The surface may be either \"convex\" (bulging outwards) or \"concave\" (bulging inwards). Most curved mirrors have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere, but other shapes are sometimes used in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8139215", "score": "1.1748165", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Plane mirror", "text": "highly reflective in their liquid state. Mathematically, a plane mirror can be considered to be the limit of either a concave or a convex spherical curved mirror as the radius, and therefore the focal length, becomes infinite. Plane mirror A plane mirror is a mirror with a flat (planar) reflective surface. For light rays striking a plane mirror, the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. The angle of the incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the surface normal (an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface). Therefore, the angle of reflection is the angle between the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10298214", "score": "1.1603873", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Mirror image", "text": "unless the object or figure has reflection symmetry (also known as a P-symmetry). Two-dimensional mirror images can be seen in the reflections of mirrors or other reflecting surfaces, or on a printed surface seen inside-out. If we look at an object that is effectively two-dimensional (such as writing) and then turn it towards a mirror, the object turns through an angle of 180º and we see a left-right reversal in the mirror. In this example, it is the change in orientation rather than the mirror itself that causes the observed reversal. Another example is when we stand with our backs", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1313457", "score": "1.1519247", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Curved mirror", "text": "from a large area and focus it into a small spot, as in concentrated solar power. Concave mirrors are used to form optical cavities, which are important in laser construction. Some dental mirrors use a concave surface to provide a magnified image. The mirror landing aid system of modern aircraft carriers also uses a concave mirror. Most curved mirrors have a spherical profile. These are the simplest to make, and it is the best shape for general-purpose use. Spherical mirrors, however, suffer from spherical aberration—parallel rays reflected from such mirrors do not focus to a single point. For parallel rays,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8139209", "score": "1.1504371", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Reflection (physics)", "text": "mirrors mutually perpendicular to one another (a corner reflector). The image produced is the inverse of one produced by a single mirror. A surface can be made partially retroreflective by depositing a layer of tiny refractive spheres on it or by creating small pyramid like structures. In both cases internal reflection causes the light to be reflected back to where it originated. This is used to make traffic signs and automobile license plates reflect light mostly back in the direction from which it came. In this application perfect retroreflection is not desired, since the light would then be directed back", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2790072", "score": "1.1447973", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Geometrical optics", "text": "points on either side that can be modeled using the lensmaker's equation. In general, two types of lenses exist: convex lenses, which cause parallel light rays to converge, and concave lenses, which cause parallel light rays to diverge. The detailed prediction of how images are produced by these lenses can be made using ray-tracing similar to curved mirrors. Similarly to curved mirrors, thin lenses follow a simple equation that determines the location of the images given a particular focal length (formula_9) and object distance (formula_10): where formula_12 is the distance associated with the image and is considered by convention to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3285475", "score": "1.1403118", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Mirror", "text": "them mammals. Experiments have found that the following animals can pass the mirror test: Other types of reflecting device are also called \"mirrors\". Mirror A mirror is an object that reflects light in such a way that, for incident light in some range of wavelengths, the reflected light preserves many or most of the detailed physical characteristics of the original light, called specular reflection. This is different from other light-reflecting objects that do not preserve much of the original wave signal other than color and diffuse reflected light, such as flat-white paint. The most familiar type of mirror is the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "275735", "score": "1.1364881", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Curved mirror", "text": "such as those coming from a very distant object, a parabolic reflector can do a better job. Such a mirror can focus incoming parallel rays to a much smaller spot than a spherical mirror can. A toroidal reflector is a form of parabolic reflector which has a different focal distance depending on the angle of the mirror. The Gaussian mirror equation, also known as the mirror and lens equation, relates the object distance formula_1 and image distance formula_2 to the focal length formula_3: The sign convention used here is that the focal length is positive for concave mirrors and negative", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8139210", "score": "1.126465", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Non-reversing mirror", "text": "where the two mirrors meet. The problem with this type of non-reversing mirror is that there is usually a line down the middle interrupting the image. However, if first surface mirrors are used, and care is taken to set the angle to exactly 90 degrees, the join can be made almost invisible. Another type of non-reversing mirror can be made by making the mirror concave (curved inwards like a bowl). At a certain distance from the mirror a non-reversed image will appear. The disadvantage of this is that it only works at a certain distance. A third type of non-reversing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13002593", "score": "1.1222566", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Mirror image", "text": "to the mirror and face an object that's in front of the mirror. Then we compare the object with its reflection by turning ourselves 180º, towards the mirror. Again we perceive a left-right reversal due to a change in orientation. So, in these examples the mirror does not actually cause the observed reversals. The concept of reflection can be extended to three-dimensional objects, including the inside parts, even if they are not transparent. The term then relates to structural as well as visual aspects. A three-dimensional object is reversed in the direction perpendicular to the mirror surface. In physics, mirror", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1313458", "score": "1.1174576", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Mirror", "text": "his work \"On Burning Mirrors\". Ptolemy conducted a number of experiments with curved polished iron mirrors, and discussed plane, convex spherical, and concave spherical mirrors in his \"Optics\". Parabolic mirrors were also described by the physicist Ibn Sahl in the tenth century, and Ibn al-Haytham discussed concave and convex mirrors in both cylindrical and spherical geometries, carried out a number of experiments with mirrors, and solved the problem of finding the point on a convex mirror at which a ray coming from one point is reflected to another point. By the 11th century, glass mirrors were being produced in Moorish", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "275691", "score": "1.1163354", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Retroreflector", "text": "system, while the tapetum lucidum behind the retina forms the spherical concave mirror. Because the function of the eye is to form an image on the retina, an eye focused on a distant object has a focal surface that approximately follows the reflective tapetum lucidum structure, which is the condition required to form a good retroreflection. This type of retroreflector can consist of many small versions of these structures incorporated in a thin sheet or in paint. In the case of paint containing glass beads, the paint adheres the beads to the surface where retroreflection is required and the beads", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "701450", "score": "1.1158772", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Mirrors in Mesoamerican culture", "text": "were roughly sawn or ground down, although there are occasional exceptions. One Olmec mirror had a back that was ground smooth and highly polished. Concave mirrors are depicted in Olmec art, where they are frequently represented as pectorals worn on the chest. They can be divided into two groups; those that have a single drilled hole near the top and those that have at least two drilled holes at the sides. The latter tend to be larger than the former. Most of the mirror stones have been sawn from a larger piece of rock and fashioned into an oval shape;", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16411518", "score": "1.1156533", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Specular reflection", "text": "is \"completely\" linearly polarized parallel to the interface. Brewster's angle is given by The image in a flat mirror has these features: The reversal of images by a plane mirror is perceived differently depending on the circumstances. In many cases, the image in a mirror appears to be reversed from left to right. If a flat mirror is mounted on the ceiling it can appear to reverse \"up\" and \"down\" if a person stands under it and looks up at it. Similarly a car turning \"left\" will still appear to be turning \"left\" in the rear view mirror for the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3183580", "score": "1.1154103", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Projector", "text": "a text by French author Jean de Meun in his part of \"Roman de la Rose\" (circa 1275). A theory known as the Hockney-Falco thesis claims that artists used either concave mirrors or refractive lenses to project images onto their canvas/board as a drawing/painting aid as early as circa 1430. It has also been thought that some encounters with spirits or gods since antiquity may have been conjured up with (concave) mirrors. Around 1420 the Venetian scholar and engineer Giovanni Fontana included a drawing of a person with a lantern projecting an image of a demon in his book about", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14837164", "score": "1.1062901", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Parabolic reflector", "text": "venue of the Games. Parabolic mirrors are one of many shapes for a burning-glass. Parabolic reflectors are popular for use in creating optical illusions. These consist of two opposing parabolic mirrors, with an opening in the center of the top mirror. When an object is placed on the bottom mirror, the mirrors create a real image, which is a virtually identical copy of the original that appears in the opening. The quality of the image is dependent upon the precision of the optics. Some such illusions are manufactured to tolerances of millionths of an inch. A parabolic reflector pointing upward", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1588125", "score": "1.1053888", "original_retrieval_index": 36 } ]

{ "title": "Real image", "long_answer": "Real images can be produced by concave mirrors and converging lenses, only if the object is placed further away from the mirror/lens than the focal point and this real image is inverted. As the object approaches the focal point the image approaches infinity, and when the object passes the focal point the image becomes virtual and is not inverted.", "chunked_long_answer": "Real images can be produced by concave mirrors and converging lenses, only if the object is placed further away from the mirror/lens than the focal point and this real image is inverted. As the object approaches the focal point the image approaches infinity, and when the object passes the focal point the image becomes virtual and is not inverted.", "short_answers": [ "inverted" ] }

[ "The Naughty Nineties", "One Night in the Tropics" ]

[ { "title": "Who's on First?", "text": "Abbott and Costello performed \"Who's on First?\" numerous times in their careers, rarely performing it exactly the same way twice. They did the routine for President Franklin Roosevelt several times. An abridged version was featured in the team's 1940 film debut, One Night in the Tropics. The duo reprised the bit in their 1945 film The Naughty Nineties, and it is that longer version which is considered their finest recorded rendition. They also performed \"Who's on First?\" numerous times on radio and television (notably in The Abbott and Costello Show episode \"The Actor's Home\", widely considered the definitive version).", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "linguistics and miscommunication, it mirrors themes of the \"Who's on First?\" Routine. The names also have significance in the film because the heptapod named Abbott is taller and quieter while the heptapod named Costello is shorter and chattier, just as the real Abbott and Costello were on their shows. Abbott and Costello Abbott and Costello were an American comedy duo composed of Bud Abbott and Lou Costello, whose work on radio and in film and television made them the most popular comedy team of the 1940s and early 1950s. Their patter routine \"Who's on First?\" is one of the best-known", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001467", "score": "1.2853599", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "Who (first base), What (second base) and I Don't Know (third base). The key to the routine is Costello's mounting frustration set against Abbott's unyielding formality. Audio recordings are readily available on the Internet. A notable version is the first television performance on the 1951 Colgate Comedy Hour. \"Who's on First?\" is believed to be available in as many as twenty versions, ranging from one minute to up to ten minutes. The team could time the routine at will, adding or deleting portions as needed for films, radio or television. The longest version is seen in \"The Actors' Home\" episode", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001452", "score": "1.2476866", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "Abbott and Costello Abbott and Costello were an American comedy duo composed of Bud Abbott and Lou Costello, whose work on radio and in film and television made them the most popular comedy team of the 1940s and early 1950s. Their patter routine \"Who's on First?\" is one of the best-known comedy routines of all time in the world, and set the framework for many of their best-known comedy bits. While they had crossed paths a few times prior, the two comedians first worked together in 1935 at the Eltinge Burlesque Theater on 42nd Street in New York City, which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001432", "score": "1.239047", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Lou Costello", "text": "a larger split of their salary, and Abbott agreed. Abbott and Costello were signed by the William Morris talent agency, which succeeded in landing them featured roles and national exposure on \"The Kate Smith Hour\", a popular variety show, in 1938. The team's signature routine, \"Who's on First?\", made its radio debut on Smith's show that year. Many of the team's sketches were further polished by John Grant, who was hired soon after the team joined the radio show. They had their own program, \"The Abbott and Costello Show\", on radio from 1942 to 1949. Their success on the Smith", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001397", "score": "1.2280108", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "February 3, 1938. At first, the similarities between their voices made it difficult for radio listeners (as opposed to stage audiences) to tell them apart during their rapid-fire repartee. As a result, Costello affected a high-pitched, childish voice. \"Who's on First?\" was first performed for a national radio audience the following month. They performed on the program as regulars for two years, while also landing roles in a Broadway revue, \"The Streets of Paris\", in 1939. After debuting their own program, The Abbott and Costello Show, as Fred Allen's summer replacement in 1940, Abbott and Costello joined Edgar Bergen and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001434", "score": "1.2235622", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "\"The Abbott and Costello Show\" originally ran for only two seasons, it found a larger viewership in reruns from the 1960s to the 1990s. The shows have also been released in three different DVD sets over the years. \"Who's on First?\" is Abbott and Costello's signature routine. TIME magazine (December 26, 1999) named it the best comedy routine of the 20th century. The sketch was based on other earlier burlesque wordplay routines. They began honing the routine shortly after teaming up in 1936, and performed it in vaudeville acts in 1937 and 1938. It was first heard by a national", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001450", "score": "1.2046914", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "The Naughty Nineties", "text": "\"Who's on First?\", was ranked No. 91 on American Film Institute's 100 Movie Quotes. The \"Who's on First?\" routine was intended to appear much earlier in the film. Costello begins the routine by saying, \"When we get to St. Louis...\", but at this point in the film they are already in St. Louis. The camera crew can be heard laughing in the background during the routine. The film also contains the \"Lower/Higher\" routine, where Costello auditions as a singer while Abbott shouts directions to the stage crew to change the height and placement of the backdrop curtain. Costello believes Abbott", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8074319", "score": "1.1937196", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Bud Abbott", "text": "version of \"Who's On First?\" During World War II, Abbott and Costello were among the most popular and highest-paid stars in the world. Between 1940 and 1956 they made 36 films and earned a percentage of the profits on each. They had their own radio program (The Abbott and Costello Show) throughout the 1940s, first on NBC from 1942 to 1947, and from 1947 to 1949 on ABC. In the 1950s, they introduced their comedy to live television on \"The Colgate Comedy Hour\", and launched their own half-hour series, \"The Abbott and Costello Show\". Abbott was very supportive of his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001357", "score": "1.1850016", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Who Done It? (1942 film)", "text": "Done It?\" was re-released in 1949 with \"Keep 'Em Flying\", and in 1954 with \"Ride 'Em Cowboy\". There are two references to the team's popular \"Who's on First?\" routine. During the murder scene, Abbott confuses Costello with the \"volts-and-watts\" routine. Lou bleats, \"Next you'll be telling me Watt's on second base!\" Later, in the radio giveaway program scene, Bud and Lou tune the radio to a broadcast of their own \"Who's on First?\" routine, which they promptly turn off. After completion of this film, Abbott and Costello began a tour of the United States to help promote the selling of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8828328", "score": "1.1819785", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "of their filmed TV series, running approximately eight minutes. A live performance commemorating the opening day of the Lou Costello Jr Youth Foundation in 1947 was recorded, and has been included in numerous comedy albums. The team's final performance of \"Who's on First?\" on TV was on Steve Allen's variety show in 1957. Abbott and Costello both married perfomers they met in burlesque. Abbott wed Betty Smith, a dancer and comedienne, in 1918, and Costello married a chorus girl, Anne Battler, in 1934. The Costellos had four children; the Abbotts adopted two. Abbott and Costello faced personal demons at times.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001453", "score": "1.1789546", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Who's on First?", "text": "had become a standard bit for burlesque comics across the United States. Abbott's wife recalled him performing the routine with another comedian before teaming with Costello. Bud Abbott stated that it was taken from an older routine called \"Who's The Boss?\", a performance of which can be heard in an episode of the radio comedy program \"It Pays to Be Ignorant\" from the 1940s. After they formally teamed up in burlesque in 1936, he and Costello continued to hone the sketch. It was a big hit in 1937, when they performed the routine in a touring vaudeville revue called \"Hollywood", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1002090", "score": "1.1518929", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "radio audience on March 24, 1938 when the team were regulars on the Kate Smith radio show. By then, John Grant had been writing or adapting other sketches for the team and may have helped expand \"Who's On First?\" prior to its radio debut. He stayed on as their head writer into the 1950s. Depending upon the version, Abbott has either organized a new baseball team and the players have nicknames, or he points out the proliferation of nicknames in baseball (citing St. Louis Cardinals sibling pitchers Dizzy and Daffy Dean) before launching into the routine. The infielders' nicknames are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001451", "score": "1.1466632", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "Night Live\" host Charlie Sheen and \"SNL\" cast-member Rachel Dratch performed a modified version of \"Who's On First?\" in a sketch. A TV movie called \"Bud and Lou\", based on a book by Hollywood correspondent Bob Thomas, was broadcast in 1978. Starring Harvey Korman as Bud Abbott and Buddy Hackett as Lou Costello, the film told the duo's life story, focusing on Costello and portraying him as volatile and petty. The 1991 Comedy series Morton & Hayes featured a retired two man comedic acting team similar to Abbot and Costello. Jerry Seinfeld is an avid Abbott and Costello fan and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001462", "score": "1.1452084", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Who's on First?", "text": "Who's on First? \"Who's on First?\" is a comedy routine made famous by Abbott and Costello. The premise of the sketch is that Abbott is identifying the players on a baseball team for Costello, but their names and nicknames can be interpreted as non-responsive answers to Costello's questions. For example, the first baseman is named \"Who\"; thus, the utterance \"Who's on first\" is ambiguous between the question (\"Which person is the first baseman?\") and the answer (\"The name of the first baseman is 'Who). \"Who's on First?\" is descended from turn-of-the-century burlesque sketches that used plays on words and names.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1002088", "score": "1.1450317", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello in Hollywood", "text": "Abbott and Costello in Hollywood Abbott and Costello in Hollywood (on screen title Bud Abbott and Lou Costello in Hollywood) is a 1945 black-and-white comedy film from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, produced by Martin A. Gosch, directed by S. Sylvan Simon, that stars the comedy team of Abbott and Costello. A barber, Buzz Curtis (Bud Abbott), and a porter, Abercrombie (Lou Costello), work for a Hollywood salon. They are sent to the office of agent Norman Royce (Warner Anderson) to give him a haircut and a shoeshine. On the way there they run into former co-worker Claire Warren (Frances Rafferty), who is about", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9200440", "score": "1.1395706", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Who's on First?", "text": "that, shortly after Abbott and Costello teamed up, they paid Musto $15 to write the script. Furthermore, several 1996 obituaries of songwriter Irving Gordon mention that he had written the sketch. The sketch has been reprised, updated, alluded to, and parodied innumerable times over the decades in all forms of media. Some notable examples include: Who's on First? \"Who's on First?\" is a comedy routine made famous by Abbott and Costello. The premise of the sketch is that Abbott is identifying the players on a baseball team for Costello, but their names and nicknames can be interpreted as non-responsive answers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1002097", "score": "1.1369321", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Bud Abbott", "text": "with a new partner, Candy Candido, to good reviews. But Abbott called it quits, remarking that \"No one could ever live up to Lou.\" The following year, Abbott performed in a dramatic television episode of \"General Electric Theater\" titled \"The Joke's on Me\". On December 7th, 1962, in Hollywood, a gray haired Abbott , holding a cane , was interviewed by Jack Linkletter. They reprised “Who’s on First?”. In 1966, Bud was filmed alongside Elvis Presley and Barbara Stanwyck ,at a charity event promotion . A year later, Abbott provided his own voice for the Hanna-Barbera animated series \"The Abbott", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001361", "score": "1.1354765", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Dance with Me, Henry", "text": "released through United Artists. It turned out to be the last film that Abbott and Costello made together as a team, as they ended their partnership in July 1957. The film's title was taken from the 1955 song \"The Wallflower (Dance with Me, Henry)\", although the film's plot has nothing to do with the song. During filming, Abbott and Costello's routine Who's on First? was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, where a clip still runs continuously. A bit part in the film went to the \"just released from contract\" Mouseketeer Sherry Allen, who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9301999", "score": "1.1340821", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Who Done It? (1942 film)", "text": "U.S. War Bonds. This film has been released three times on VHS 1989,1991 and 2000. It has also been released twice on DVD. The first time, on \"The Best of Abbott and Costello Volume One\", on February 10, 2004, and again on October 28, 2008 as part of \"Abbott and Costello: The Complete Universal Pictures Collection\". Who Done It? (1942 film) Who Done It? is a 1942 American comedy-mystery film starring Bud Abbott and Lou Costello. Chick Larkin (Bud Abbott) and Mervyn Milgrim (Lou Costello) both work at the soda counter of a local radio station. Their true passion, however,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8828329", "score": "1.1216078", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello in Hollywood", "text": "easily to [Abbott & Costello's] particular brand of slapstick humor.\" Warner Home Video released the film on DVD November 21, 2006 with \"Lost in a Harem\" (1944). During the third season of the television sitcom \"Ellen\", a Spanish language poster for the film is shown hanging in Ellen's apartment. Abbott and Costello in Hollywood Abbott and Costello in Hollywood (on screen title Bud Abbott and Lou Costello in Hollywood) is a 1945 black-and-white comedy film from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, produced by Martin A. Gosch, directed by S. Sylvan Simon, that stars the comedy team of Abbott and Costello. A barber, Buzz Curtis", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9200446", "score": "1.1152868", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello Go to Mars", "text": "Abbott and Costello Go to Mars Abbott and Costello Go to Mars is a 1953 American science fiction comedy film from Universal-International, produced by Howard Christie, directed by Charles Lamont, that stars the comedy team of Abbott and Costello. The film's storyline concerns the misadventures of Lester and Orville who accidentally find themselves aboard a rocketship bound for Mars, or so they think. Instead, they wind up landing at the New Orleans Mardi Gras thinking they have landed on the Red Planet. The pair are forced by bank robbers Mugsy and Harry to fly to the planet Venus, where they", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8783172", "score": "1.1086203", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "Stooge Joe Besser as Stinky, a whiny child in a Little Lord Fauntleroy suit; Gordon Jones as Mike the cop, who always lost patience with Lou, Joe Kirk (Costello's brother-in-law) as Mr. Bacciagalupe, an Italian immigrant caricature whose role varied with the requirements of the script; and Bobby Barber, who played many \"extra\" parts. The simple plot lines were often an excuse to recreate comedy routines from their films and burlesque days, including \"Who's on First?\" Since Lou owned the series (with Abbott working on salary), this allowed them to own these versions of the classic routines as well. Although", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001449", "score": "1.1030216", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "screen in \"Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion\" (1950). The following year they made \"Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man\" (1951); then \"Comin' Round the Mountain\" (1952), a hillbilly comedy. Their first color film, \"Jack and the Beanstalk\" (1952), was made independent of Universal, and distributed by Warner Bros. After making \"Lost in Alaska\" (1952) at Universal, they made a second independent color movie, \"Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd\" (1953) with Charles Laughton, that was also distributed by Warner Bros. At Universal they did \"Abbott and Costello Go to Mars\" (1953) and \"Abbott and Costello Meet Dr.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001446", "score": "1.101854", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "a series of 156 five-minute \"Abbott and Costello\" cartoons made by Hanna-Barbera. Lou's character was voiced by Stan Irwin. Bud Abbott died of cancer on April 24, 1974. For a number of years Abbott and Costello were ranked among the most popular stars in the US according to the Quigley Publishers Poll of Exhibitors: The 1960s cartoon series was not the first time Abbott and Costello were animated. During the height of their popularity in the 1940s, Warner Bros.'s Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies animation unit produced 3 cartoons featuring the pair as cats or mice named \"Babbit and Catstello\". One of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001458", "score": "1.094145", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "the exhibit area. The comedy group \"The Credibility Gap\" performed a rock and roll update of \"Who's on First?\" using the names of rock groups The Who, The Guess Who, and Yes, recorded and released on their first album, \"The Bronze Age of Radio\". In the 1988 movie \"Rain Man\", Dustin Hoffman's autistic character Raymond Babbitt recites an affectless \"Who's on First?\" as a defense mechanism. NBC's \"Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip\" (2006), a drama about life backstage at a television comedy series, used \"Who's on First?\" as a plot device. On the January 13, 2001 episode of \"Saturday", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001461", "score": "1.0933881", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "a television special \"Abbott and Costello Meet Jerry Seinfeld\" (the title refers to the duo's popular film series in which they met some of Universal's famed horror picture characters), on NBC; the special was said to have been seen in 20 million homes. Although they are not inductees of the Hall itself, Abbott and Costello are among the few non-baseball personnel to be memorialized in the Baseball Hall of Fame. A plaque and a gold record of the \"Who's On First?\" sketch have been on permanent display there since 1956, and the routine runs on an endless video loop in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001460", "score": "1.09217", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello", "text": "is now the lobby of an AMC Theatres movie complex. Their first performance resulted from Costello's regular partner becoming ill. Decades later, when AMC moved the old theater further west on 42nd Street to its current location, giant balloons of Abbott and Costello were rigged to appear to pull it. Other performers in the show, including Abbott's wife, encouraged a permanent pairing. The duo built an act by refining and reworking numerous burlesque sketches with Abbott as the devious straight man and Costello as the dimwitted comic. The team's first known radio broadcast was on \"The Kate Smith Hour\" on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1001433", "score": "1.0919915", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Who's on First?", "text": "Bandwagon\". In February 1938, Abbott and Costello joined the cast of \"The Kate Smith Hour\" radio program, and the sketch was first performed for a national radio audience on March 24 of that year. The routine may have been further polished before this broadcast by burlesque producer John Grant, who became the team's writer, and Will Glickman, a staff writer on the radio show. Glickman may have added the nicknames of then-contemporary baseball players like Dizzy and Daffy Dean to set up the routine's premise. This version, with extensive wordplay based on the fact that most of the fictional baseball", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1002091", "score": "1.0896881", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Abbott and Costello Go to Mars", "text": "film was shown on MeTV’s “Svengoolie” program in Chicago. Series host Rich Koz as Svengoolie took humorous swipes at the film as well as giving some background info on the supporting cast. Abbott and Costello Go to Mars Abbott and Costello Go to Mars is a 1953 American science fiction comedy film from Universal-International, produced by Howard Christie, directed by Charles Lamont, that stars the comedy team of Abbott and Costello. The film's storyline concerns the misadventures of Lester and Orville who accidentally find themselves aboard a rocketship bound for Mars, or so they think. Instead, they wind up landing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8783178", "score": "1.0890777", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Who's on First?", "long_answer": "Abbott and Costello performed \"Who's on First?\" numerous times in their careers, rarely performing it exactly the same way twice. They did the routine for President Franklin Roosevelt several times. An abridged version was featured in the team's 1940 film debut, One Night in the Tropics. The duo reprised the bit in their 1945 film The Naughty Nineties, and it is that longer version which is considered their finest recorded rendition. They also performed \"Who's on First?\" numerous times on radio and television (notably in The Abbott and Costello Show episode \"The Actor's Home\", widely considered the definitive version).", "chunked_long_answer": "Abbott and Costello performed \"Who's on First?\" numerous times in their careers, rarely performing it exactly the same way twice. They did the routine for President Franklin Roosevelt several times. An abridged version was featured in the team's 1940 film debut, One Night in the Tropics. The duo reprised the bit in their 1945 film The Naughty Nineties, and it is that longer version which is considered their finest recorded rendition. They also performed \"Who's on First?\" numerous times on radio and television (notably in The Abbott and Costello Show episode \"The Actor's Home\", widely considered the definitive version).", "short_answers": [ "One Night in the Tropics", "The Naughty Nineties" ] }

[ "Dan Stevens" ]

[ { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", "text": "Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. The film is based on Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's eighteenth-century fairy tale. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", "text": "were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively, and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets. The rest of the principal cast, including Josh Gad, Emma Thompson, Kevin Kline, Audra McDonald, Ian McKellen, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou, Mrs. Potts, Maurice, Madame de Garderobe, Cogsworth, Plumette, Lumière and Cadenza, respectively. Susan Egan, who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as \"perfect\". Paige O'Hara, who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels, offered", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18553291", "score": "0.9712624", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Incredibles 2", "text": "Spencer Fox, the original voice of Dashiell \"Dash\" Parr, was replaced in the sequel by younger newcomer Huckleberry Milner. Also that July, Brad Bird and John Ratzenberger were confirmed as reprising their characters from the first film. In November 2017, Pixar announced that Bob Odenkirk and Catherine Keener had been signed to the cast, In January 2018, it was announced that Sophia Bush and Isabella Rossellini would voice new characters Voyd and The Ambassador, while Jonathan Banks would voice Rick Dicker after the character's original voice actor Bud Luckey retired in 2014; after his death in 2018, the film was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17330142", "score": "0.94477993", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery", "text": "re-cast, since Jensen felt Tim Curry, who voiced Knight in \"Sins of the Fathers\", didn't look the part. Dean Erickson took the part, and delivered a take on the character markedly different from Curry's. Erickson explained \"There was no way I was going to do Tim Curry, because... you know, Tim Curry is Tim Curry. He was a little more animated or maybe you could say over the top. What he was doing called for that. What I was doing called for something a little more down to earth and grounded.\" He clarified that \"[Curry] only voiced a character and,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7994060", "score": "0.93294895", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "La La Land (film)", "text": "film's budget since he felt high-quality musicals could not be made cheaply. Initially, Miles Teller and Emma Watson were slated to star in the leads. Watson dropped out because of a commitment to the 2017 musical adaptation of \"Beauty and the Beast\", while Teller departed via long contract negotiations. Conversely, Gosling turned down a role as the Beast in \"Beauty and the Beast\" in favor of \"La La Land\". Chazelle decided to make his characters somewhat older, with experience in struggling to make their dreams, rather than younger newcomers just arriving in Los Angeles. Emma Stone plays Mia, a struggling", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18896500", "score": "0.9290042", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Susan Blu", "text": "Canadian-based company most notable for providing the voice-actors for Viz Communications and \"Beast Wars\" series. She was the voice director for \"Beast Wars\", a prequel (and sequel) of \"The Transformers\", and the sequel, \"Beast Machines\". She was the dialog director on the \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" 1987 TV series and is also the voice director on the \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" 2003 TV series. She was the voice director for \"\" and reprised the role of Arcee. She also played the role of Vikki Grimm from the \"Army Men\" series. She is also the voice director and voice actor for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9472544", "score": "0.92358226", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)", "text": "played during the film's end credits. Groban released a statement, saying: \"I am honored to sing this beautiful new song by two of my absolute favorites, Alan Menken and Tim Rice. \"Beauty and the Beast\" has been with me since my childhood and to have a musical connection to this new film makes me so happy.\" The announcement coincided with the studio's release of a new promotional poster for the film, which Disney allowed the singer to premiere using his official Twitter account. A 30-second sample of the track was uploaded to SoundCloud on February 14, 2017, which Groban also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20071669", "score": "0.9232588", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Finding Dory", "text": "Stanton described Angus' role as a \"jack of all trades\", particularly utilizing his experience in animation and story, as well as in production, having created a few short films himself. In August 2015, at Disney's D23 Expo, it was announced that Hayden Rolence would voice Nemo, replacing Alexander Gould from the first film, whose voice has deepened since reaching adulthood (Gould voiced a minor character in the sequel instead). At the D23 expo they also announced that Ed O'Neill would be the voice of Hank. To make the light more realistic, RenderMan was completely re-engineered, its biggest change in 25", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17199798", "score": "0.90686727", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Evermore (Beauty and the Beast song)", "text": "would not have translated well to the screen due to structural differences between the two formats. In the original animated film, the Beast does little singing apart from a brief solo during \"Something There\" because Menken and Ashman had not been able to agree upon a suitable moment within the film during which the Beast could have performed his own song. However, Menken considered it imperative that the character sing a solo in both the stage and live-action adaptations because he believes the Beast is actually the story's protagonist \"whose life has changed in the most dramatic way.\" In the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20071638", "score": "0.8987301", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Kingdom Hearts III", "text": "previous games include Haley Joel Osment as Sora, Bill Farmer as Goofy, Tony Anselmo as Donald Duck, and Alyson Stoner as Kairi. Many of the voice actors for the Disney and Pixar characters reprise their roles from their respective films. These include: Josh Gad as Olaf; Kristen Bell as Anna; Idina Menzel as Elsa; Jonathan Groff as Kristoff; Zachary Levi as Flynn Rider; Donna Murphy as Mother Gothel; John Ratzenberger as Hamm; Wallace Shawn as Rex; Tate Donovan as Hercules; Kevin McNally as Gibbs; Susan Egan as Megara; Ryan Potter as Hiro; Jamie Chung as Go Go; Scott Adsit as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9874041", "score": "0.8979145", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Drake Bell", "text": "in a limited theater release. Bell recorded a song for the film's soundtrack, titled \"Day & Night\". He also stars alongside Bella Thorne and Cameron Dallas in the United States dub of The Frog Kingdom which was released on June 30, 2015 on video on demand and on DVD. He appeared in a documentary about the genre of rockabilly and its culture titled \"It's a Rockabilly World!\" Bell later reprised his role as Spider-Man in the 2015 game Disney Infinity 3.0. He is also set to appear in an episode with his \"Drake & Josh\" co-star Josh Peck on Peck's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3193097", "score": "0.89696413", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Superman in film", "text": "to voice Superman in the film, but the idea never materialized and Jelenic's pitch was eventually abandoned. In 2018, however, it was announced that Nicolas Cage has been cast to voice Superman in the upcoming animated film \"Teen Titans Go! To the Movies\" based on the \"Teen Titans Go!\" TV show, which will be released on July 27 of the same year. Although it was widely reported that McG had become attached to Attanasio's script, in February 2002, J. J. Abrams was hired to write a new screenplay. It would ignore \"The Death of Superman\" storyline, and instead, it would", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10520391", "score": "0.8907777", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", "text": "Tucci, and Gugu Mbatha-Raw joined the cast, as Cogsworth, Lumière, Cadenza, and Plumette, respectively. Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film's music, with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. In June 2015, Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical. Filming began on May 18, 2015 in London, and production officially wrapped in August 2015. The film was released on March 17, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" merchandise cover a wide variety of products, among them storybook versions of the film's story, a comic book based on the film", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1208692", "score": "0.89009273", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", "text": "film as a \"straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical\". Menken returned to score the film's music, which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman, plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. Menken said the film would not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead, created four new songs. However, an instrumental version of the song \"Home\", which was written for the musical, is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle. On January 19, 2017, it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion—singer of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18553297", "score": "0.8885869", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Man Beast (film)", "text": "Madison\" was given top billing in the credits for playing the part of \"Lon Raynon,\" there is no such character anywhere in the film. Modern sources state that \"Rock Madison\" was just a fake name made up by Jerry Warren to make his cast seem larger. Older sources used to state that Rock Madison may have been the man in the Yeti costume, but Warren's ex-wife Brianne Murphy said years later in an interview that she played the man-beast herself. She said Warren met her in Hollywood around this time and offered her a $50-a-week job handling props, makeup, hair,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20548882", "score": "0.88834894", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", "text": "theatres in a special-edition edit, including a new musical sequence. For this version of the film, much of the animation was cleaned up, a new sequence set to the deleted song \"Human Again\" was inserted into the film's second act, and a new digital master from the original CAPS production files was used to make the high-resolution IMAX film negative. A sing along edition of the film, hosted by Jordin Sparks, was released in select theaters on September 29 and October 2, 2010. Prior to the showing of the film, Sparks showed an exclusive behind-the-scenes look at the newly restored", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1208661", "score": "0.8840101", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "John Erwin", "text": "John Erwin John Lee Erwin (born December 5, 1936) is an American voice actor known for voicing Morris the Cat and He-Man. Erwin was the voice of He-Man in the Filmation productions \"He-Man and the Masters of the Universe\" and \"\" that ran from 1983 to 1986. Due to the extreme cost-cutting by Filmation, the cast of voice actors was small, and producer Lou Scheimer actually performed the bulk of the character voices. Erwin was also the voice of the henchman character Beast Man, and would on occasion do the voices of other supporting characters, too, such as Webstor and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4458277", "score": "0.88028437", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Alan Menken", "text": "the Beast\", with the songs from the 1991 film and new material by Menken and Rice. , Menken is collaborating on writing new songs with Benj Pasek and Justin Paul for a live-action film version of \"Aladdin\" and is also working with Lin-Manuel Miranda on new music for a live-action film adaptation of \"The Little Mermaid\". Menken will also once again be working with Stephen Schwartz to write new songs for \"Disenchanted\", the sequel to \"Enchanted\". With eight Academy Awards (four each for best score and best song), only composer Alfred Newman (nine wins) and Walt Disney (22 wins) have", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2674197", "score": "0.87786263", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "The Lego Movie", "text": "Channing Tatum. By August 2012, Elizabeth Banks was hired to voice Lucy (later getting the alias \"Wyldstyle\") and Morgan Freeman to voice Vitruvius, an old mystic. In October 2012, Warner Bros. shifted the release date for the film, simply titled \"Lego\", to February 7, 2014. In November 2012, Alison Brie, Will Ferrell, Liam Neeson, and Nick Offerman signed on for roles. Brie voices Unikitty, a member of Emmet's team; Ferrell voices the antagonist President/Lord Business; Neeson voices Bad Cop/Good Cop and Offerman voices MetalBeard, a pirate seeking revenge on Business. In July 2012, a Lego-user contest announced on the film's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16955105", "score": "0.87752664", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Greg Cipes", "text": "in cinema. Cipes is perhaps best known for voicing Beast Boy in the animated television series \"Teen Titans\", and Kevin Levin in the \"Ben 10\" and also the voice of Stinkfly in the Ben 10 reboot media franchise. He reprised the role of Beast Boy in the spin-off series \"Teen Titans Go!\", as well as the video games \"Teen Titans\", the video game adaption of the series, and the online game \"DC Universe Online\". He voiced voice Atlas in the \"Astro Boy\" anime series in 2003. He is also referred to in the comic \"Teen Titans Go\" #26 as a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4725920", "score": "0.8773963", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Incredibles (franchise)", "text": "all together, I would probably wanna do that.\" While publicizing the first film, Bird had already conceptualized the eventual approach where Bob and Helen would switch roles, and Jack-Jack would develop multiple powers yet known by the family. Pixar announced in November 2016 that both Holly Hunter and Samuel L. Jackson would return to reprise their roles, and at the July 2017 D23 Expo that both Craig T. Nelson and Sarah Vowell would also return with them. Spencer Fox, the original voice of Dashiell \"Dash\" Parr, was replaced in the sequel by younger newcomer Huck Milner. Also that July, Brad", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20766924", "score": "0.8768198", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Human Again (song)", "text": "by Lumière (Jerry Orbach), Cogsworth (David Ogden Stiers), Mrs. Potts (Angela Lansbury), and The Wardrobe (Jo Anne Worley). Neither Belle nor the Beast sing in the song, but they are seen in a brief scene where Belle teaches the Beast to read starting with \"Romeo & Juliet\" (\"King Arthur\" in the stage version and demo). The song was originally written for the 1991 film, but was cut due to pacing issues and its length. It was included in the 1994 Broadway musical, and was brought back for the 2002 DVD release of the film. Don Hahn explained: \"Kirk and Gary", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17453706", "score": "0.8754437", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", "text": "the Beast (voice of Robby Benson), a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance, and Belle (voice of Paige O'Hara), a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle to become a prince again. To break the curse, Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return before the last petal falls from an enchanted rose or else the Beast will remain a monster forever. The film also features the voices of Richard White, Jerry Orbach, David Ogden Stiers, and Angela Lansbury. Walt Disney first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1208630", "score": "0.8753966", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Beast (Beauty and the Beast)", "text": "Beast in a live-action adaptation of the film, which was released on March 17, 2017. The Beast was portrayed with a “more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation\", where Stevens was \"in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film\". The facial capture for the Beast was done separately order to \"communicate the subtleties of the human face\" and \"[capture the] thought that occurs to him\" which gets \"through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast.” The live-action portrayal closely follows the animated version, but with some", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8316069", "score": "0.87403053", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (musical)", "text": "amateur premiere of Disney's Beauty and the Beast, for which it was nominated for 4 AIMS Awards (Association of Irish Musical Societies) including Best Overall Show in Ireland and winning one, Best Actor in a Supporting Role (John Murphy for the part of Gaston). Belle was played by Bridget Nolan and Beast was played by Derek Ryan. <nowiki>*</nowiki> New song or instrumental cue † Expanded vocal or instrumental content, using either cut lyrics by Ashman or dance arrangements by Glen Kelly, or both. ‡ \"Human Again\" was written by Menken and Ashman for the movie, but was cut, due to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5282256", "score": "0.87313604", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "The Voyage of Doctor Dolittle", "text": "voice animals in the film. In March 2018, Kumail Nanjiani, Octavia Spencer, John Cena, Rami Malek, Craig Robinson, Marion Cotillard, Frances de la Tour and Carmen Ejogo joined the voice cast. Principal production commenced mid-February in 2018. Live action scenes began filming in Kirkby Lonsdale, Cumbria in May 2018, with further location filming at South Forest, Windsor Great Park and on the Menai Suspension Bridge in North West Wales, in June 2018. The film is scheduled to be released on January 17, 2020 by Universal Pictures. It was initially scheduled to be release on April 12, 2019. However, the film", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20068172", "score": "0.87298834", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)", "text": "film and the making of her new \"Beauty and the Beast\" music video. There was also commentary from producer Don Hahn, interviews with the cast and an inside look at how the animation was created. A Disney Digital 3D version of the film, the second of a traditionally animated film, was originally scheduled to be released in US theatres on February 12, 2010, but the project was postponed. On August 25, 2011, Disney announced that the 3D version of the film would make its American debut at Hollywood's El Capitan Theatre from September 2–15, 2011. Disney spent less than $10", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1208662", "score": "0.8726639", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "The Ark and the Aardvark", "text": "film, \"Noah's Ark,\" which Philip LaZebnik would write the screenplay, with ElectroAge handling the animation. In March 2013, the studio hired \"Kung Fu Panda\"s director John Stevenson to handle the creative work on the film with Cameron Hood as co-director. While later on August 20, 2014, it was reported that Stevenson had been hired as the director of the film, which had a script from LaZebnik and Glen Dolman. On October 3, 2016, Miles Teller was set to voice the lead character Gilbert in the film, new titled \"The Ark and the Aardvark,\" which Keith Kjarval and Kurt Rauer would", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20130649", "score": "0.87094194", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Transformers (toy line)", "text": "DeSanto and Don Murphy serving as co-executive producers. In practice, this meant that they were the primary financial sponsors of the film. Shia LaBeouf portrays the lead human character, Sam Witwicky, in the film with Josh Duhamel, Tyrese Gibson, and Megan Fox in supporting roles. Peter Cullen reprises his role as the voice of Optimus Prime. Megatron's voice is provided by Hugo Weaving. It was expected that the release of a new movie would involve the production and release of associated toys from Takara and Hasbro. Images surfaced, on-line, of some toy prototypes, notably Starscream and a new Decepticon who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1538806", "score": "0.87011015", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "John Barrymore", "text": "Actors with trained voices were in demand by the studios, and Barrymore was offered a five-film deal with Warner Bros. at $150,000 per picture, and a share of the profits. Before he began this contract, he played his first speaking role on film: a one-off section in \"The Show of Shows\" (1929), playing Richard, Duke of Gloucester in \"Henry VI, Part 3\". His first two films under contract were \"General Crack\" and \"The Man from Blankley's\", each of which were modestly successful. As he had been frustrated at the inability of making \"The Sea Beast\" as a sound film, Barrymore", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "772186", "score": "0.868614", "original_retrieval_index": 35 } ]

{ "title": "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)", "long_answer": "Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. The film is based on Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's eighteenth-century fairy tale. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles.", "chunked_long_answer": "Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos, and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films. The film is based on Disney's 1991 animated film of the same name, itself an adaptation of Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont's eighteenth-century fairy tale. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the titular characters with Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles.", "short_answers": [ "Dan Stevens" ] }

[ "October 2012" ]

[ { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "In October 2012, Beats unveiled its first two self-developed products, \"Beats Executive\" headphones and \"Beats Pill\" wireless speakers—Iovine believed that the company would now have to \"control [its] own destiny\" in order to continue its growth. Iovine also commented on how other headphone makers had attempted to emulate Beats' celebrity endorsement business model (including Monster themselves, who unveiled Earth, Wind and Fire and Miles Davis-themed headphones at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show), stating that \"some of our competitors are cheap engineers who have never been to a recording studio. You can't just stick someone's name on a headphone that doesn't", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "first quarterly loss in company history. The appointment of a new chief operating officer (COO), a role previously filled by Wood, was announced in early November 2013. Matthew Costello, formerly of IKEA and HTC, was formally appointed into the role in May 2014. On January 21, 2014, the company launched Beats Music, a subscription-based online music streaming service. Prior to the launch of the service, Beats stated that it intends to provide a different type of streaming experience to what was available on the market at the time. Additionally, the service would only be available to consumers in the U.S.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180964", "score": "1.0383899", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "network, the MOG Music Network, which was sold in a separate transaction to the broadcasting company Townsquare Media in August 2012. While MOG indicated that it would continue to operate independently with no immediate change in service, Beats subsequently announced a new subscription-based online music service, known as Beats Music, which launched in January 2014. In comparison to its competitors, such as Spotify and Google Play Music, the service emphasizes recommendations by music professionals alongside algorithmic recommendations. MOG was shut down on May 31, 2014, and existing users were directed to Beats Music. Beats Music was in turn replaced by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180980", "score": "1.0130247", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "as M.I.A., Pharrell Williams, will.i.am, and Gwen Stefani during the early developmental stage. Beats initially partnered with Monster Cable, an audio and video component manufacturer based in Brisbane, California, to manufacture and develop the first Beats-branded products, and debuted its first product, \"Beats by Dr. Dre Studio\" headphones, on July 25, 2008. To promote its products, Beats primarily relied on endorsements by pop and hip-hop music performers, including product placement within music videos, and partnering with musicians and other celebrities to develop co-branded products. Beats' use of endorsements by musicians helped the company aggressively target the young adult demographics. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180958", "score": "1.0125668", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "The Pacemaker", "text": "trade shows. It was also at the Amsterdam dance event. Originally scheduled for release in February 2008, slight delays pushed it back to March 2008 when the first units were shipped. The first release of the device was to the first 2000 people who pre-ordered (all of whom received the \"Premier Edition\" of the device). Using his Tonium Pacemaker, DJ JMS made history in 2009 being the first DJ to play a wireless set to over 5,000 people in the UK's biggest dance club. Pacemaker is being used by top DJs in US, Australia, UK and the Netherlands. India's DJ", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10191862", "score": "0.990433", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Interscope Records", "text": "2006, Dre and Iovine established Beats Electronics. Dre had been approached by his attorney to start a line of sneakers, and when he told Iovine about the idea, Iovine said: \"You know speakers, not sneakers.\" 'Beats by Dr. Dre Studio Headphones' were introduced in January 2008 at the annual Consumer Electronics Show. \"It took us two years to get them right, but when I heard I knew it was going to be big,\" Iovine said in 2010. \"It's just like listening to a hit record.\" The marketing for Beats integrated endorsements from Interscope artists including Gwen Stefani, M.I.A. and Pharrell,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2103584", "score": "0.98709613", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Beats Music", "text": "Beats Music Beats Music was a subscription-based online music streaming service owned by the Beats Electronics division of Apple Inc. First developed in 2012 under the name \"Daisy\", the service combined algorithm-based personalization with expert music suggestions from a variety of sources. The service built upon Beats' existing consumer electronics line, and its 2012 acquisition of the similar service MOG. The service was launched in the United States on January 21, 2014. Beats Music was acquired by Apple Inc. as part of its purchase of Beats Electronics in May 2014. Beats Music was discontinued concurrent with the launch of Apple", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17791201", "score": "0.9861313", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "products in-house. In 2014, the company expanded into the online music market with the launch of its subscription-based streaming service, Beats Music. In 2011, NPD Group reported that Beats' market share was 64% in the U.S. for headphones priced higher than US$100, and the brand was valued at US$1 billion in September 2013. For a period, the company was majority-owned by Taiwanese smartphone maker HTC. The company reduced its stake to 25% in 2012, and sold its remaining stake back to the company in 2013. Concurrently, Carlyle Group replaced HTC as a minority shareholder, alongside Dr. Dre and Iovine in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180956", "score": "0.97782826", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Beats Music", "text": "Music on June 30, 2015. Subscriptions were migrated to the new service. Beats Music was completely discontinued on November 30, 2015. On July 2, 2012, Beats announced it had acquired the online music service MOG, in a purchase reported to have been between $10 million to $16 million. Beats stated this the acquisition was part of the company's goal to develop a \"truly end-to-end music experience.\" The acquisition did not include the company's blog and advertising network, the MOG Music Network, which was sold in a separate transaction to the broadcasting company Townsquare Media in August 2012. MOG initially indicated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17791202", "score": "0.9708786", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Monster Cable", "text": "and LeBron James later that year. In 2010, Monster began developing a series of products for the Chinese market that were co-branded with basketball player Yao Ming. According to analyst firm NPD Group, the Beats brand that Monster distributed exclusively grew to own 53 percent of a $1 billion headphones market. A 51 percent interest in Beats was sold to HTC in August 2011. At the end of the five-year agreement between Monster and Dr. Dre in 2012, Dre decided not to renew. According to Bloomberg, both parties said the separation was \"amicable\" but they had disagreements on who deserves", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6887721", "score": "0.969877", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "Apple Music in June 2015; the service also incorporates a Beats-branded online radio station, Beats 1. Some critics claim that Beats products emphasize appearance over quality and function, arguing that more durable and better-sounding products are available for the same price or lower. Tests done on an HTC smartphone with Beats Audio indicated that the audio technology is a combination of audio equalization that boosts the low (bass) and high ends of the audio range, audio compression, and audio amplification. On accusations that Beats' products were \"bass heavy\", Beats current president denies it, citing that their products are not for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180981", "score": "0.968904", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "vehicle, which included a 10-speaker \"Beats by Dr. Dre\" sound system. Beats audio systems have also been included in models from Fiat Chrysler Automobiles' other marques. Automobile brands that currently have Beats audio systems available in its vehicles are Dodge, Chrysler, Jeep, Fiat, and Volkswagen. On July 2, 2012, Beats announced it had acquired the online music service MOG, in a purchase reported to have been between $10 million to $16 million. Beats stated that the acquisition was part of the company's goal to develop a \"truly end-to-end music experience.\" The acquisition did not include the company's blog and advertising", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180979", "score": "0.967973", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "XE/XL with Beats Audio in September 2011. The software was to be included in most new HTC devices, such as the One series. The Sensation XE and Rezound were also bundled with Beats by Dre earbuds, but HTC abandoned the practice on future devices. A HTC product executive claimed that despite the prominence of the Beats brand, \"an accessory like the headphone doesn't factor in when someone is buying a smartphone.\" In 2011, Beats reached a deal with Chrysler LLC to feature Beats-branded audio systems in its vehicles. The first vehicle under the partnership was its 2012 Chrysler 300S luxury", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180978", "score": "0.96244526", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "in music and are bringing together these extraordinary teams so we can continue to create the most innovative music products and services in the world.\" Beyond stocking Beats products at its retail outlets, Apple did not provide any further indications over how Beats would be integrated into its product line at the time, and whether Beats Music, which competed with Apple's own iTunes Radio service, would continue to operate after the finalization of the acquisition. The acquisition closed on August 1, 2014; to eliminate redundancy, Apple planned to lay off 200 workers from Beats' workforce of around 700. Beats Music", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180969", "score": "0.9572047", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "Beats Electronics Beats Electronics LLC (also known as Beats by Dr. Dre, or simply Beats by Dre) is a division of Apple Inc. that produces audio products. Headquartered in Culver City, California, the company was founded by music producer and rapper Dr. Dre and Interscope Records co-founder Jimmy Iovine. The subsidiary's product line is primarily focused on headphones and speakers that are durable and of excellent sound quality. The company's original product line was manufactured in partnership with the AV equipment company Monster Cable Products. Following the end of its contract with the company, Beats took further development of its", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180955", "score": "0.95410967", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Beats Music", "text": "Phone. Sonos announced that Beats Music would also support its wireless speaker systems on launch. A family plan with support for up to 5 people and 10 devices was also available for $14.99 per month, exclusive to family plan subscribers on AT&T Mobility. AT&T subscribers were also able to access a longer free trial period. An advertisement for the service starring Ellen DeGeneres was aired during Super Bowl XLVIII in February 2014. Spoofing the fairy tale \"The Three Bears\", the ad featured Ellen playing the role of Goldilocks. Beats Music Beats Music was a subscription-based online music streaming service owned", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17791209", "score": "0.95404184", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "name \"Beats Audio\" (rendered beats audio), and technology to other manufacturers. In 2009, HP began to offer personal computers equipped with \"Beats Audio\" systems, beginning with its HP Envy line. The system features a software equalizer with a preset that HP marketed as being optimized for higher quality sound output. Beats Electronics ceased its partnership with HP following its purchase by Apple Inc.; HP subsequently entered into a similar agreement with Bang & Olufsen. Following its acquisition of a stake in the company, most new HTC smartphones began to be released with Beats Audio software, beginning with the HTC Sensation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180977", "score": "0.95323825", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Beats (video game)", "text": "own music, \"the first five minutes of the game are just about the same as the next five hours\". Beats (video game) Beats is a rhythm-based video game for the Sony PlayStation Portable handheld gaming system. It was released in 2007 at the PlayStation Store. In addition to downloading music from the Internet, users may also use their own music to play along to in the My Music Challenge mode. \"Beats\" automatically loads the track titles and artist names of the songs it finds on the user's PSP. However, the game will only read up to 127 tracks for the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11284666", "score": "0.9519439", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "reference, but rather for playback. Beats Electronics Beats Electronics LLC (also known as Beats by Dr. Dre, or simply Beats by Dre) is a division of Apple Inc. that produces audio products. Headquartered in Culver City, California, the company was founded by music producer and rapper Dr. Dre and Interscope Records co-founder Jimmy Iovine. The subsidiary's product line is primarily focused on headphones and speakers that are durable and of excellent sound quality. The company's original product line was manufactured in partnership with the AV equipment company Monster Cable Products. Following the end of its contract with the company, Beats", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180982", "score": "0.95135564", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Beats Pill", "text": "Beats Pill Beats Pill is a brand of portable Bluetooth speakers produced by Beats Electronics. The Pill was released in 2013. The devices include 3.5mm audio input and output jacks and charges over a Micro USB port. Serving as one of the company's first self-developed products after the end of its exclusive manufacturing deal with Monster Cable Products, the Beats Pill was designed by Robert Brunner's studio Ammunition Design Group, and carries a capsule-based design roughly in length. Its appearance is characterized by curved surfaces and a gloss finish. The speaker contains minimal controls; the logo serves as a multi-purpose", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17569823", "score": "0.950637", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Noel Lee (executive)", "text": "Today\" article, Lee and his company were developing furniture with high-end electronics built-in, wireless products to replace audio cords and a user interface to consolidate the consumer's control of their electronics. Lee and his son worked with Dr. Dre to collaborate on the Beats brand of headphones, which was later acquired by Apple for $3 billion in 2014. According to Business Insider, Beats Electronics denies that Monster had a role in the design of the headphones. Lee said Beats had no engineers on staff and it spent millions in research and development to get the product started, but that their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17212557", "score": "0.94646263", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "when there was a transaction resulting in a change of control of Beats\", and that Monster \"did not obtain the right to approve the change of control. Nor did the agreement require that any change of control had to be objectively reasonable\". Beats' original product line were \"Beats by Dre\" headphones. In promotional materials, Dre outlined the line's advantages by alleging that listeners were not able to hear \"all\" of the music with most headphones, and that Beats would allow people to \"hear what the artists hear, and listen to the music the way they should: the way I do.\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180974", "score": "0.94420934", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "EarTop Technologies", "text": "angel funds. The company motto is “Life Unplugged.” It generated $1 million in revenue in 2012. Eartop never delivered on their kickstarter campaign and has gone out of business. No one from the company will comment further. Flow is EarTop’s first product. It plugs into the auxiliary input of Beats by Dr. Dre Bose headphones, Beats Solo and Studio headphones, Bose Quiet Comfort headphones, or speakers so that they work wirelessly. It uses enhanced data receiving (EDR) technology similar to Bluetooth. EarTop claims that sound does not lose quality when it goes wireless using Flow. Flow took six months of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17113339", "score": "0.944023", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Beats 1", "text": "streamed at 64kbit/s and 256kbit/s, utilising HTTP Live Streaming protocol and the HE-AAC audio codec. Apple bought audio equipment maker Beats Electronics in 2014, which included the ownership of Beats' former music service Beats Music, and made Beats Music CEO Ian Rogers responsible for the iTunes Radio service. \"Business Insider\" later reported that Apple was planning to merge the two services. Apple also hired Zane Lowe as a music curator. The day of Beats 1's launch, \"The Guardian\" revealed that they had been given pre-recorded examples of Beats 1 programming, and said it \"suggests an eclectic mix of programming to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18833715", "score": "0.9432994", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Beats Electronics", "text": "at inception. Chief executive of Beats at the time, Ian Rogers, said: We wanted to build a music service that combined the freedom of an on-demand subscription service—unlimited, uninterrupted streaming and downloads of tens of millions of songs – but layer on top features that would give you that feeling only music that moves you can give. The right song at the right time will give you a chill. Make you pull someone close. Nod your head. Sing in the mirror. Roll down the car window and crank the volume to the right. On May 8, 2014, the \"Financial Times\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14180965", "score": "0.94070005", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Monster Cable", "text": "In 2012, the company changed its name from \"Monster Cable Products\" to \"Monster Inc.\". Following the collapse of the Beats deal with Apple, Monster has sought a new sales strategy, forgoing traditional retail chains in favor of experiential sales at non-traditional spaces. Company founder Lee said [We're looking at] “alternative venues – like Barclays’ Center, stadiums where players can wear the headphone when they go in, and talk about how great the headphones sound. [We can] bring great-sounding music to a sports venue. We’re looking at cruise ships, stadiums, EDM concerts.\" As of 2004, Monster owned about 300 trademarks, 70", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6887716", "score": "0.9396647", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "MOG (online music)", "text": "June 2011, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic pre-released his album \"Alpocalypse\" on the MOG website. In March 2012, reports surfaced that Beats Electronicsan audio equipment company then majority-owned by mobile phone maker HTC, was planning to acquire MOG. In April 2012, MOG announced a partnership with Telstra to bring MOG to Australia, the first region outside of the US to have access. Telstra and MOG launched under the BigPond Music branding on 21 June 2012. This partnership also allows Telstra customers to stream without the content counting towards their data quota. In July 2012, it was officially confirmed that Beats would acquire", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8432420", "score": "0.93808085", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "The Beat (Sirius)", "text": "and listings on the website are no longer being used. On January 1, 2014, SiriusXM introduced a new channel called Utopia, which is designed to be the alternative to The Beat. It emphasizes the 1990s and 2000s dance music. The channel was only available through their online listening service or the online app. On July 17, 2014, the channel was added to the satellite service, channel 55 and was added to Dish Network on August 20, 2015 to channel 6055. The Beat (Sirius) The Beat was a Dance Music radio station, one of ten Dance/Electronic music satellite channels operated by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5446453", "score": "0.9377884", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Hip hop", "text": "DAWs do not have to buy all the hardware that a recording studio needed in the 1980s (huge 72 channel audio consoles, multitrack recorders, racks of rackmount effects units), because 2010-era DAWs have everything they need to make beats on a good quality, fast laptop computer. Beats are such an integral part of rap music that many producers have been able to make instrumental mixtapes or albums. Even though these instrumentals have no rapping, listeners still enjoy the inventive ways the producer mixes different beats, samples and instrumental melodies. Examples of these are 9th Wonder's \"Tutenkhamen\" and J Dilla's \"Donuts\".", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5978684", "score": "0.93384635", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Beats 1", "text": "fill the 24-hours-a-day of broadcasting.\" On September 29, 2015, Zane Lowe said he wasn't sure that Apple Music needed Beats 1, but said \"I hope that there’s a place for it.\" In December 2015, rumors spread that Apple would expand on the Beats 1 brand and give it sister stations, after Apple registered trademarks for four additional Beats stations. In September 2016, Apple refreshed the Apple Music interface with the release of iTunes 12.5 and iOS 10. Beats 1 reportedly became harder to get to, due to the clunky interface of iOS 10's Music app. In March 2017, Apple claimed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18833716", "score": "0.9326223", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Beats Electronics", "long_answer": "In October 2012, Beats unveiled its first two self-developed products, \"Beats Executive\" headphones and \"Beats Pill\" wireless speakers—Iovine believed that the company would now have to \"control [its] own destiny\" in order to continue its growth. Iovine also commented on how other headphone makers had attempted to emulate Beats' celebrity endorsement business model (including Monster themselves, who unveiled Earth, Wind and Fire and Miles Davis-themed headphones at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show), stating that \"some of our competitors are cheap engineers who have never been to a recording studio. You can't just stick someone's name on a headphone that doesn't know anything about sound.\" Following the decision to transform Beats into an autonomous entity, the company's revenues reached the US$1-billion mark, according to Iovine.", "chunked_long_answer": "In October 2012, Beats unveiled its first two self-developed products, \"Beats Executive\" headphones and \"Beats Pill\" wireless speakers—Iovine believed that the company would now have to \"control [its] own destiny\" in order to continue its growth. Iovine also commented on how other headphone makers had attempted to emulate Beats' celebrity endorsement business model (including Monster themselves, who unveiled Earth, Wind and Fire and Miles Davis-themed headphones at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show), stating that \"some of our competitors are cheap engineers who have never been to a recording studio. You can't just stick someone's name on a headphone that doesn't", "short_answers": [ "October 2012" ] }

[ "February 14, 2015" ]

[ { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "Adidas Yeezy Boost is the official collaboration sneaker by Kanye West and Adidas. The Adidas Yeezy 750 Boost \"Light Brown\" was the first sneaker to release from this collaboration on February 14, 2015. The second shoe to release was the Adidas Yeezy Boost 350 \"Turtle Dove\". \"Yeezy Season 1\" was the first and only apparel collection to release from this collaboration. It was officially released on October 29, 2015. The Adidas Yeezy 950 Boost was also part of this collection and it was released in four different colorways.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "Adidas Yeezy Adidas Yeezy Boost is the official collaboration sneaker by Kanye West and Adidas. The Adidas Yeezy 750 Boost \"Light Brown\" was the first sneaker to release from this collaboration on February 23, 2015. The second shoe to release was the Adidas Yeezy Boost 350 \"Turtle Dove\". \"Yeezy Season 1\" was the first apparel collection to release from this collaboration. It was officially released on October 29, 2015. The Adidas Yeezy 950 Boot was also part of this collection and it was released in four different colorways. The name \"Boost\" refers to a material used by Adidas. Kanye West", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167389", "score": "1.053999", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "in December 2017, as a pre-order with delivery slated for March 2018. It was only available in a Super Moon Yellow colorway, and only available in a bundle with a hoodie and sweat shorts. Blush Colorway - The Blush color way was the second Yeezy 500 release. It was worn by Kanye West during the NBA All Star Weekend in Los Angeles and sold through online raffle on 2 websites only. The official release of the shoe was scheduled for March 10, 2018, and a re-release on April 14, 2018. It was sold online, through retail, and raffle reservation. Adidas", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167406", "score": "1.029102", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "originally designed a shoe for Adidas in 2006, but it was never released. The first brand to officially collaborate with Kanye West and have a shoe line was Nike. This collaboration lasted for five years and a total of three (was actually two silhouettes, Yeezy 1 and the Yeezy 2) sneaker styles were released. In 2013, after the release of the \"Red Octobers\" Kanye West left Nike. Kanye West wanted Nike to grant him royalties, but they denied his request. Kanye West reached out to Adidas and they agreed to give him royalties. A year after the confirmation of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167390", "score": "1.0232477", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "to the first release of the Yeezy 350 V2, dubbed the \"Beluga 2.0,\" released at various retailers in large quantity seven days after the \"Semi-Frozen Yellow\" on November 25, 2017. It subsequently restocked on the 30th of November. The third colorway, \"Blue Tint,\" was released the 16th of December. All colorways have opted to possess consistent prime knit patterns without a prominent stripe on the sides, however, the iconic \"SPLY-350\" will still be retained on all three pairs with prices being set at $220. Several other iterations of the shoe have been rumored to make its return in 2018; featuring", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167403", "score": "1.0078782", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "left social media in 2017, a group name called YEEZY MAFIA started to leak and announce anything YEEZY months before official announcement, there has been some controversy around this group while some even thought that it was Kanye behind this account. On December 3, 2013, Adidas confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West. On February 8, 2015, the name and design for the Kanye West and Adidas collaboration shoe was revealed. On February 10 Adidas revealed posters of the Yeezy Boost 750 \"Light Brown\" all throughout their flagship stores. The Yeezy boost 750 \"Light Brown\" was initially released on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167393", "score": "1.0052228", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "Adidas and Kanye West collaboration. In February 2015 the collaboration officially debuted. \"Yeezy Season 1\" had been highly anticipated and celebrities such as Rihanna, Diddy, and Kim Kardashian were at the showing. \"Yeezy Season 1\" officially released on October 29, 2015. This collection was noted for its stripped down, ready-to-wear style, which drew on military clothing and flesh-toned colors. Prices ranged from $600 sweatpants to $3,000 jackets. Although, the footwear sold out quickly, the apparel collection did not. West revealed in a 2018 interview that he was in talks with Louis Vuitton for a $30 million apparel deal. The deal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167391", "score": "0.9912652", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Kanye West", "text": "year. The line received positive critical reviews, with \"Vogue\" observing \"a protective toughness, a body-conscious severity that made the clothes more than a simple accessory.\" The release of the Yeezy Boosts and the full Adidas collaboration was showcased in New York City on February 12, 2015, with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world. An initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes. The shoes released worldwide on February", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2794871", "score": "0.98817277", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "and retailers on June 24, 2017. The colorway featured prominent black stripes over a never before seen white overlay, prompting a surge of value and hype from the sneaker community. On April 29, 2017, a long-awaited model labeled as \"Cream White\" was released to the public. All shoe colorways have been released for a retail price of $220. Three new colorways of the Yeezy 350 V2 model have surfaced. A \"Semi-Frozen Yellow\" colorway featuring a bright yellow prime knit upper and unique \"gum soles\" released on November 18, 2017 in limited quantity. Additionally, a colorway with a strikingly familiar pattern", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167402", "score": "0.9824295", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "three different colorways: Peyote, Moonrock, Chocolate, and Pirate black. Each shoe was retailed at $585 USD. \"The Adidas Yeezy 950 extended the Kan and Adidas partnership outside of the sneaker space with its military duckboot inspired design.\" There have been no further releases of the sneaker. The Adidas Yeezy 350 Football Boost \"Turtle dove\" colorway was originally released on September 15, 2016. The Yeezy 350 cleat \"Turtle Dove\" is the first athletic footwear product from the Adidas and Yeezy collaboration. \"The shoe took the overall look and feel of the adidas Yeezy Boost 350 however they installed a Primeknit upper", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167398", "score": "0.9734416", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Nike Air Yeezy", "text": "February 14 only available to those who confirmed a reservation through the Adidas mobile app. On February 21 the Yeezy Boost 750 was available throughout a wider range of retailers than just adidas. The shoe retailed for $350. Colorways released include black, brown and two grey renditions of the model. On June 27 the second shoe from the collaboration, the Yeezy Boost 350 was made available through a worldwide release. The shoe retailed for $200. Nike Air Yeezy The Nike Air Yeezy is an official sneaker collaboration project between Nike and Kanye West. Notable as the shoe brand's first non-athlete", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13668360", "score": "0.97255945", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Nike Air Yeezy", "text": "better fit Kanye West’s foot. As with the original Nike Air Yeezy, several sample colorways were created, the most famous of which was the \"Kobe\" or \"Cheetah\" Nike Air Yeezy 2 sample which was based on a popular Christmas colorway of the Nike Kobe VII. Aside from the rumored three pairs in existence and the pictures of the aforementioned sample that spread through various sneaker media sources, very little is known about the sample. Following a series of high-profile teases of the shoe (including rapper Jay Z exclaiming \"Shoutout to my Yeezys, Yeezy 2s\" during a March 2012 SXSW performance),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13668355", "score": "0.9676807", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Nike Air Yeezy", "text": "Nike announced the Air Yeezy II sneaker on May 29, 2012. Rapper Macklemore was also seen wearing the Nike Air Yeezy 2's during his performance in Times Square, New York on New Year's Eve. Macklemore was also seen throwing the rare sneaker into the crowd. Amid wide anticipation, the shoe was released with 5000 of each color way on June 9, 2012. While sold for a retail price of $245, the shoe gained notoriety for its wildly inflated resale value upwards of $4,000. The Air Yeezy II featured two premier color ways, Solar Red, Pure Platinum, and a third color", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13668356", "score": "0.9557043", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "further releases of the sneaker. On June 27, 2015, the second shoe from the collaboration, the Yeezy Boost 350 was made available through a worldwide release. The shoe was first released in a white and grey \"Turtle Dove\" Color scheme. On August 22, 2015, an all-black version of the Yeezy Boost 350 released, known as the \"Pirate Black.\" An olivine variant, the \"Moonrock,\" was released exclusively to stores who were vendors for the Yeezy Season 1 clothing line. The fourth and final version of Season 1's 350 Boost was the \"Oxford Tan,\" which featured a light-brown color scheme. In early", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167396", "score": "0.9526238", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Kanye West", "text": "28, 2015, were limited to select boutique stores and the Adidas UK stores. He followed with Season 2 later that year at New York Fashion Week. On February 11, West premiered his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album \"The Life of Pablo\". In June 2016, Adidas announced a new long-term contract with Kanye West which sees the Yeezy line extend to a number of stores and enter sports performance products. The Yeezys will be seen in basketball, football, soccer, and more. In February 2017, West unveiled the Yeezy Season", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2794872", "score": "0.9507152", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "of December for a retail price of $120 and a \"Core Black\" colorway releasing shortly after on March 17th 2018. The Adidas Yeezy Boost 700 is the official name for Kanye West's new Adidas Yeezy running shoe. It debuted during the Yeezy Season 5 fashion show in 2017. The shoe released on August 12, 2017 for $300 exclusively via the Yeezy Supply online store. Two colorways of white/gum and black are also expected to release in 2018. The shoe itself has faced large amounts of controversy due to its appearance. Desert Rat Colorway - This Adidas Yeezy 500 was released", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167405", "score": "0.9481467", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "2016, a revised version of the Pirate Black colorway was released. Revisions included additional support and padding to the heel. However, both iterations are relatively identical in appearance. All variants of the shoe retailed for $200. On August 27, 2016, the Yeezy Boost 350 re-released in infant sizes. The shoe was released in the \"Turtle Dove\" and \"Pirate Black\" color scheme. There have been no further releases or restocks of the sneaker. The Yeezy 950 was first released on October 29, 2015 at select retail stores and online. It was part of the Yeezy season 1 collection and came in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167397", "score": "0.94486916", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Nike Air Yeezy", "text": "way of the Air Yeezy II shoes, dubbed the \"Red Octobers\", which underwent a surprise release on February 9, 2014. The \"Red Octobers\" released exclusively on Nike's website, and sold out within seconds. Around the same time in 2009 that the Nike Air Yeezy was being released, so too was Kanye West’s collaboration with Louis Vuitton. The collaboration consisted of three models: the Louis Vuitton Don which was a low top sneaker named after West’s friend and tour manager Don C, the Louis Vuitton Jasper which was a high top named after Kanye’s barber Ibn Jasper, and finally, the Louis", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13668357", "score": "0.9429465", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Nike Air Yeezy", "text": "the very early prototypes, the shoe used LED lights implanted in the outsole, but after issues with low battery life and cost evaluation, production staff at Nike came to the conclusion that phosphorescent rubber would be used in place of the LED lights. While several color and wear test samples of the Nike Air Yeezy were made, some are more widely known and discussed than others. West wore an all black suede pair during his 2008 Grammy Awards performance of \"Stronger\" and \"Hey Mama.\" Up until after his performance, the public was unaware that a collaboration between Nike and Kanye", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13668349", "score": "0.93599606", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "was not approved by the LVMH board and West was left with no clothing partners. After the \"Yeezy Season 1\" show, Adidas announced they would no longer be a part of Yeezy apparel. Instead, they will only be collaborating on footwear. With Yeezy Season 6, we are introduced to several articles of clothing with adidas branding. As of December, 2017, a total of 19 colorways and 6 designs have been released between the Adidas and Yeezy collaboration. Through a combination of factors including popularization by celebrities, Adidas Yeezy sneakers have come to be extremely influential and highly coveted. Since he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167392", "score": "0.93320894", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Kanye West", "text": "next spring.\" The line was developed over the following four years – with multiple pieces teased by West himself – before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009. In 2009, West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe, the Air Yeezys, with a second version released in 2012. In January 2009, West introduced his first shoe line designed for Louis Vuitton during Paris Fashion Week. The line was released in summer 2009. West has additionally designed shoewear for Bape and Italian shoemaker Giuseppe Zanotti. In fall 2009 West moved to Rome and did an internship at Italian fashion brand", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2794868", "score": "0.9264569", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Nike Air Yeezy", "text": "almost equal input from Smith and West, a \"Black/Pink\" colorway (sometimes referred to as the \"Blink\" colorway) which was more the brainchild of Mark Smith and released on May 4th, 2009, and finally a \"Net\" colorway that reflected more of Kanye West’s design tastes and released on June 1, 2009. Each colorway had a suggested retail price of $215 and sold out almost immediately. Anticipation around the release if the Nike Air Yeezy 2 started after a Complex Magazine interview with Mark Smith and Kanye West about designing the Nike Air Yeezy, wherein Kanye stated that there were several designs", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13668352", "score": "0.92523384", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Nike Air Yeezy", "text": "process for the Nike Air Yeezy was long and features dozens of sample colorways and silhouettes. Inspiration behind the line notably include the Air Tech Challenge II, Jordan III and IV. The early prototype of the Air Yeezy had many features that greatly differ from the release version of the shoe. For instance, the midsole and outsole featured what the shoe’s creators referred to as \"Death Star\" tooling, named for the large spherical shape on the back half of the midsole. The outsole also featured the \"Y-print\" that was used on the toebox of the three release versions. Also, on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13668348", "score": "0.92506385", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "New God Flow", "text": "in comparison to that of the Air Jordan brand. The second line was span in his 2015 promotional single \"Facts\" to: \"Yeezy, Yeezy, Yeezy just jumped over Jumpman\". At the 2012 BET Awards, Kanye West, Big Sean, Pusha T and 2 Chainz performed their hit single \"Mercy\", followed by West delivering a solo performance of his single \"Cold\" and then an a cappella version of his verse on \"New God Flow\", marking the very first preview of the song. On July 7, 2012, Kanye West performed \"New God Flow\" alongside Pusha T as the first performance together of the song", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16624796", "score": "0.9247159", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Kanye West", "text": "5 collection to favorable responses from critics. In May 2017, West, alongside wife Kim Kardashian, launched a clothing line for children titled \"Kids Supply\". A second collection was released in July 2017. In February, West tweeted \"\"Yeezy is no longer a fashion company we should be referred to as apparel or clothing or simply YEEZY.\" West's Yeezy shoe line is considered one of the most influential sneaker brands in the world. West founded the record label and production company GOOD Music in 2004, in conjunction with Sony BMG, shortly after releasing his debut album, \"The College Dropout\". John Legend, Common,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2794873", "score": "0.9212004", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Kanye West", "text": "to rival other streaming services such as Spotify, which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties. \"The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again, to recognize its value\", stated Jay-Z on the release of Tidal. On June 6, 2016, West announced the Yeezy Season 2 Zine. The Adidas Yeezy Boost 750 sneakers were released to retailers the following week, on June 11. They are high-top shoes with a glow in the dark sole. In an interview with Vogue, he stated that there will be Yeezy stores, with the first located in California. In an interview with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2794878", "score": "0.91951656", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "No Stylist", "text": "G, I told her \"don't wear no 350s 'round me\", referencing the Adidas sneaker, Adidas Yeezy. The song’s accompanying music video was released on October 9, 2018. It featured cameos from ASAP Rocky, Cam’ron, Dapper Dan, Young Thug, Luka Sabbat, and Slick Rick. No Stylist \"No Stylist\" is a song by French Montana featuring Drake. The song samples Long Red by American rock band Mountain which has been sampled in many other hip hop songs like Barry Bonds by Kanye West featuring Lil Wayne. This song is featured on the No Stylist EP released on September 20, 2018. On August", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20727327", "score": "0.91877115", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "text": "Core Black/Core White colorway, dubbed \"Oreo\", was released December 17, 2016, which also featured a black outsole and prime knit, as well as a white stripe across the shoe. A notable adaption to the Yeezy Boost 350 V2 line was made when a black and red \"Bred\" colorway released February 11, 2017. The colorway possesses a \"triple black\" colorway, with the \"SPLY-350\" displayed in a red tint. Additionally, it officially became the first to opt out the prominent stripe on previous models. A \"Zebra\" colorway was released on February 25, 2017 and later restocked online and in various adidas stores", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19167401", "score": "0.9125512", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Nike Air Yeezy", "text": "Nike Air Yeezy The Nike Air Yeezy is an official sneaker collaboration project between Nike and Kanye West. Notable as the shoe brand's first non-athlete full collaboration, the project has released two editions: the \"Air Yeezy\" (2009) and the \"Air Yeezy II\" (2012 and 2014). The Nike Air Yeezy was developed from 2007 to 2009 by rapper Kanye West and Nike Creative Director Mark Smith. Kanye has spoken very highly of Smith as both a collaborator and designer, and Smith has said the same of Kanye, stating that he is \"a truly creative talent\" and a \"natural designer.\" The design", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13668347", "score": "0.9118022", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Nike Air Yeezy", "text": "Vuitton Hudson, a loafer named after Kanye West’s musical collaborator and G.O.O.D. Music artist Mr. Hudson. After being spotted wearing Bape apparel for years and even appearing in a few of their look-books, Bape offered Kanye West the opportunity to collaborate on their Bapesta model. The shoe was released in 2006 in very limited qualities and the design was inspired by Kanye West’s mascot, the Dropout Bear. Despite the popularity of the Nike Air Yeezy and Nike Air Yeezy 2 models, according to Kanye, Nike refused to give Kanye royalties on his product sales. Kanye responded by signing a deal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13668358", "score": "0.9097182", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Adidas Yeezy", "long_answer": "Adidas Yeezy Boost is the official collaboration sneaker by Kanye West and Adidas. The Adidas Yeezy 750 Boost \"Light Brown\" was the first sneaker to release from this collaboration on February 14, 2015. The second shoe to release was the Adidas Yeezy Boost 350 \"Turtle Dove\". \"Yeezy Season 1\" was the first and only apparel collection to release from this collaboration. It was officially released on October 29, 2015. The Adidas Yeezy 950 Boost was also part of this collection and it was released in four different colorways.", "chunked_long_answer": "Adidas Yeezy Boost is the official collaboration sneaker by Kanye West and Adidas. The Adidas Yeezy 750 Boost \"Light Brown\" was the first sneaker to release from this collaboration on February 14, 2015. The second shoe to release was the Adidas Yeezy Boost 350 \"Turtle Dove\". \"Yeezy Season 1\" was the first and only apparel collection to release from this collaboration. It was officially released on October 29, 2015. The Adidas Yeezy 950 Boost was also part of this collection and it was released in four different colorways.", "short_answers": [ "February 14, 2015" ] }

[ "William DeVaughn" ]

[ { "title": "Be Thankful for What You Got", "text": "\"Be Thankful for What You Got\" is a soul song written and first performed by William DeVaughn.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Be Thankful for What You Got", "text": "the U.S. R&B charts and #4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. With a sound and content influenced by Curtis Mayfield (and often erroneously attributed to him), its simple and encouraging lyrics hit home, to the extent that it became featured on gospel radio stations. The edited version, which is the first part of the song, became a hit. The other half of the song is a longer instrumental with the repeated chords and rhythm before the final chorus comes in. The song is seven minutes long and radio stations preferred the sung portions over the instrumental portions. The song", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11169965", "score": "1.0878161", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Be Thankful for What You Got", "text": "is referenced in the Rihanna song \"Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)\", with the phrase: \"I'm a fine-tuned super-sonic speed machine, with a sunroof top and a gangsta lean.\" The song was covered in 1974 by Arthur Lee and Love on their \"Reel to Real\" album; Reggae versions were done by Donovan Carless in 1974, Bunny Clarke (produced by Lee \"Scratch\" Perry) in 1975, and by Winston Curtis in 1984 (on World International Records); in 1991 by the British trip hop band Massive Attack on their album \"Blue Lines\", in 1993 by Portrait on the soundtrack album \"\", by Peter", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11169968", "score": "1.0730283", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Be Thankful for What You Got", "text": "cover version, retitled \"Be Thankful for What You've Got\", was featured on their 1991 debut album \"Blue Lines\". A music video was produced for the song; however, it was not released as a stand-alone commercial single. Instead, a remix by Paul Oakenfold was also included on their 1992 single release \"Massive Attack EP\". \"Massive Attack EP\" track listing: Lawrence \"Lipbone\" Redding's cover version, \"Be Thankful for What You Got\", appeared on his 2009 EP \"Lipbone Redding and the LipBone Orchestra: Science of Bootyism\", BePop Records. The EP contains two versions of the song. Be Thankful for What You Got \"Be", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11169970", "score": "1.0686841", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Be Thankful for What You Got", "text": "decided to go for a strong groove with a smooth, almost jazzy arrangement, eventually booking time to record at Sigma Sound Studio in Philadelphia. The session featured members of the MFSB group — guitarist Norman Harris, drummer Earl Young, bassist Ron Baker, and vibist Vince Montana — secured by Allan Felder, who also developed the separate ad lib back-up chorus with his sister's vocal choir. Frank Fioravanti then secured the song's release on the Roxbury Records record label, run by producer-songwriter Wes Farrell. The record sold nearly two million copies on its release in spring of 1974, reaching #1 on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11169964", "score": "1.0674584", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Be Thankful for What You Got", "text": "Blakeley as the opening theme for the movie \"The Taking of Beverly Hills\", by Yo La Tengo on its 1997 \"Little Honda\" EP and by Lawrence \"Lipbone\" Redding on his 2009 \"Science of Bootyism\" album. The song has been covered by Rumer (musician) in her EP \"Love is the Answer\". Also covered by vibes player Craig Peyton for Profile Records 1983, electro sequencer arrangement. The song, titled \"Be Thankful\", was covered by Omar Lye-Fook featuring Erykah Badu on his 2001 album \"Best By Far\". The song was also covered by Cleveland Watkiss on \"Blessing in Disguise\" (Polydor 1991). Massive Attack's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11169969", "score": "0.9789393", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Be Thankful for What You Got", "text": "is noted for its repeated line: \"Diamond in the back, sunroof top, diggin' the scene, with a gangsta lean\". DeVaughn would later remake the song on his second album \"Figures Can't Calculate\". The song is featured in the films \"Bug\" (2002), \"Be Cool\" (2005) and \"La Mission\" (2010). The song has been sampled several times, such as by N.W.A in \"Gangsta Gangsta\", Ludacris in \"Diamond in the Back\", Ice Cube in \"Stand Tall\", and Proper Dos in “Hard Time”. The song is referenced in the Parliament-Funkadelic song \"P. Funk (Wants to Get Funked Up)\", with the lyric: \"Gangster lean; Y'all", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11169966", "score": "0.97800714", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "What Do You Got?", "text": "also stated that \"Jon's voice is crisp and clear, up in front in the mix; and Richie Sambora's guitar work is neat, clean, and growing more minimal by the minute\". Describing the composition, Osrin said that song \"continues the band's trend of recording music that tries to be more socially conscious than rollicking\". Songwriting and production Musicians \"What Do You Got?\" was used in a promotional video for \"Grey's Anatomy\" in Canada. What Do You Got? \"What Do You Got?\" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi. It is one of four songs written for the band's \"Greatest", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14853338", "score": "0.91145897", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "What You Got (Grinspoon song)", "text": "by James Teh (Peace Charger Productions). What You Got (Grinspoon song) \"What You Got\" is the second single by Grinspoon from their fifth studio album \"Alibis & Other Lies\". The song was co-written by Phil Jamieson and Matthew Strong (Custard), who is the bass player in Jamieson’s side project, Lost Gospel. The single was only released in a digital format on iTunes. Australian music website, The Dwarf, describes \"What You Got\" as being musically closer to \"Hard Act to Follow\" stating \"It's short, sharp and 100% killer. Just how it should be.\" Michael Olivotto of FasterLouder believes that the song", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10839793", "score": "0.90169466", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "What Do You Got?", "text": "What Do You Got? \"What Do You Got?\" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi. It is one of four songs written for the band's \"Greatest Hits\" album, released in November 2010. The song is the first single from the compilation album. The song was released on the band's official website on August 27. It was officially released on September 21, 2010 as a digital download, but the physical single was released in Germany on October 22, 2010. \"What Do You Got?\" was written by Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora and Brett James, produced by Howard Benson and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14853334", "score": "0.8984649", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "What You Got (Grinspoon song)", "text": "What You Got (Grinspoon song) \"What You Got\" is the second single by Grinspoon from their fifth studio album \"Alibis & Other Lies\". The song was co-written by Phil Jamieson and Matthew Strong (Custard), who is the bass player in Jamieson’s side project, Lost Gospel. The single was only released in a digital format on iTunes. Australian music website, The Dwarf, describes \"What You Got\" as being musically closer to \"Hard Act to Follow\" stating \"It's short, sharp and 100% killer. Just how it should be.\" Michael Olivotto of FasterLouder believes that the song \"instantly wreaks of The Lost Gospel\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10839791", "score": "0.89594305", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "What You Got (Colby O'Donis song)", "text": "What You Got (Colby O'Donis song) \"What You Got\" is the debut single from Colby O'Donis' debut album, titled \"Colby O\". The song features Akon, who also wrote and produced the track with Giorgio Tuinfort. A Spanish version of the song was leaked on the Internet titled \"¿Cuánto Quieres?\", meaning \"How Much You Want?\", however, Akon's verse is still in English. A rap remix was also leaked via Internet featuring Fatman Scoop and Larceny Entertainment's Klepto. It is O'Donis' only charted solo single to date. A music video was produced to promote the single. An independent video was also produced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11721911", "score": "0.8926592", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Thankful (Kelly Clarkson album)", "text": "and \"Just Missed the Train\" by Trine Rein. \"Just Missed the Train\" was previously covered by Danielle Brisebois and Carly Smithson (then Carly Hennessy), who worked on much of her album with Brisebois. Critical response for \"Thankful\" was generally positive. On Metacritic, a website that compiles various reviews, the album received a score of 62, indicating generally favorable reviews. \"Entertainment Weekly\" noted that \"Clarkson glides through octaves with the masterful control of someone who's been doing this for decades\". \"Rolling Stone\" gave the album three out of five stars, praising Clarkson's talent and vocal abilities, while criticizing the album for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4174765", "score": "0.8855623", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Be Thankful for What You Got", "text": "should dig my sun-roof top.\" The song was also referenced in the late guitarist Gabor Szabo's 1976 song, \"Keep Smiling,\" except the \"diamond in the back\" lyric was changed to \"digging the scene with a Philly lean,\" possibly referring to the song's co-author and producer (and Vaughn's Philadelphia International Records label-mate) Bunny Sigler. The B-Side of the single entitled \"Diamond in the Back\" was the same title adopted by Ludacris in 2004. In the song \"Still Fly\" by Big Tymers the last verse mentions an 'old-school Caddy with a diamond in the back' and imitates DeVaughn's higher tone. The song", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11169967", "score": "0.8829818", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Miss Independent (Kelly Clarkson song)", "text": "she also praised Clarkson's vocal performance, telling Clarkson on-air, \"If the song was to go to anyone, I'm glad it went to you because you gave it justice.\" In 2010, Clarkson told \"Bournemouth Daily Echo\", \"I had to argue with the record label to the point of literally crying to get 'Miss Independent' on the album, then they released it as my debut single, and it was a hit.\", and later revealed she was not aware Aguilera co-wrote the track until she was given the liner notes for \"Thankful\" upon its release. \"Miss Independent\" is a R&B-influenced pop song. Katherine", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4840304", "score": "0.86031187", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Breakaway (Kelly Clarkson album)", "text": "it to be on the record and claimed that Davis had detested \"Because of You\" instead, saying that she \"was a shitty writer (\"sic\") who should be grateful for the gifts that he bestows upon her\". Davis reiterated that he loved the song and felt that Clarkson could indeed write hits. Wanting to stray away from the R&B-styled music of \"Thankful\", which she described as a showcase of versatility, she revealed that \"Thankful\"s success \"empowered me to step more into rock, step more into the soulful vibe.\" She described the music of the second album as \"like the first CD", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4232839", "score": "0.85852677", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Can't Remember to Forget You", "text": "song was co-written by Shakira, Rihanna, John Hill, Tom \"Kid Harpoon\" Hull, Daniel Alexander, and Erik Hassle, while production was handled by Shakira, Hill, and Hull. \"Can't Remember to Forget You\" is an uptempo track that fuses reggae, rock and new wave pop. Lyrically the song revolves around forgetting someone who is bad even though you love the person. Upon its release, \"Can't Remember to Forget You\" was met with mixed reviews from critics; while critics praised the ska influences, they felt that the song overall was not memorable. Other critics noted similarities between the song and the music of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17779780", "score": "0.85806286", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Live Your Life (T.I. song)", "text": "song \"Dragostea Din Tei\", which was further made famous by the Numa Numa Internet meme. The first unfinished version of \"Live Your Life\" leaked onto the Internet on August 26, 2008. The official mastered album version, which has Rihanna's own verse, and T.I.'s dedication to soldiers on the Iraqi battlefield (on the first part, he told \"Ay... This a special what's haapnin' to all my, all my soldiers over there in Iraq. Errbody right here, what you need to do is be thankful for the life you got you know what I'm sayin'? Stop lookin' at what you ain't got,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12512492", "score": "0.8566624", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Give Thanks with a Grateful Heart", "text": "distribution rights to the song. The lyrics of \"Give Thanks With a Grateful Heart\" have been erroneously credited to Moen rather than Smith in some media reports. In the United States, the song was used by a Catholic news website to focus on returning a Christian focus to Thanksgiving celebrations. The song has also been cited by Christian authors to be used for thanksgiving and giving thanks to God. Give Thanks with a Grateful Heart \"Give Thanks With a Grateful Heart\" is an American Christian worship song written by Henry Smith in 1978. It is sung in F major with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19766219", "score": "0.8524279", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "What You Got (Colby O'Donis song)", "text": "by Larceny Entertainment to promote the rap remix of this single featuring Klepto. It was released on the internet soon after the release of the original video. \"What You Got\" debuted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on the week of March 15, 2008 at number 86. It peaked at number 14 on the week of May 31, 2008 and stayed in the top 50 for twenty-five weeks. It debuted at number 84 in Canada on the week of May 31, 2008 and peaked at number 29 on the week of August 2, 2008. It stayed on the chart for seventeen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11721912", "score": "0.84938765", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Breakaway (Kelly Clarkson album)", "text": "my last boyfriend. It's the last song I wrote for the album, I almost didn't make the deadline.\" The fourth track, \"Because of You\", was originally intended for \"Thankful\". Clarkson wrote a draft of the song after a late night talk with a friend who had hard time with her family, with Moody and Hodges providing additional writing. \"Gone\", the fifth track, was written by Kara DioGuardi and John Shanks. Clarkson admits she cannot relate thoroughly to the song, but felt that it should be heard nonetheless. The sixth track, \"Addicted\", was written by Clarkson, Ben Moody, and David Hodges.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4232844", "score": "0.8482064", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "I Got This", "text": "I Got This \"I Got This\" is a song performed by American R&B singer and songwriter Jennifer Hudson. It was released as the third single in the United States from her second studio album, \"I Remember Me\" (2011). It was written by Tor Erik Hermansen, Mikkel Erikssen, Crystle Johnson and Mats Lie Skare, with production by StarGate. It was recorded by Mikkel S. Eriken and Miles Walker at Roc The Mic Studios, New York, NYC. It was released to United States contemporary hit radio on October 30, 2011. On September 21, 2011, he song was confirmed to be the next", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16443393", "score": "0.84772676", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Thank God for You", "text": "to thank mama for the cookin' Daddy for the whoopin' The Devil for the trouble that I get into I've got to give credit where credit is due I thank the bank for the money thank God for you\"\" The music video was directed by Michael Salomon and premiered in July 1993. \"Thank God for You\" debuted at number 63 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of July 3, 1993. Thank God for You \"Thank God For You\" is a song written by Mac McAnally and Mark Miller, and recorded by American country music", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11705975", "score": "0.8416158", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "I'll Remember", "text": "apart from the arrangement and the low bass. Madonna sings in a low-key voice which is almost overshadowed by the synth arrangement. Lyrically the song talks about Madonna looking back on a good love affair. According to Alex Balk from The Awl, the lyrics were inspirational, especially the line \"I learned to let go of the illusion that we can possess\", which is answered by Madonna herself that \"[She] remember, happiness\". The song starts with a C major chord sequence and is used on the flattened seventh key of the sequence. But the actual key of the song is D", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6425705", "score": "0.8369299", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "What You Want (Evanescence song)", "text": "that following a music career \"is what I'm supposed to do\". She also explained that the theme of the song was freedom, saying that the song's lyric \"Remember who you really are\" was \"exactly everything you could assume it means\". Another inspiration for the song came from Lee's life, \"That song is me talking to myself about not being afraid and coming back to this thing and living the life I was born to live. Sometimes, it takes a lot to do this. And I do love it very much, but there is always that fear of putting yourself under", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15752092", "score": "0.83121836", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "You Got It All (The Jets song)", "text": "You Got It All (The Jets song) \"You Got It All\" is a song recorded by American band the Jets. It was released in 1986 as the fourth single from their debut studio album \"The Jets\" (1985). It was written by Rupert Holmes, most famous for the 1979 hit \"Escape (The Piña Colada Song)\", and produced by Don Powell (not to be confused with Slade's drummer) and David Rivkin. Holmes wrote it for his 10-year-old daughter Wendy but she never got to hear it become a hit, as prior to its release she died suddenly of an undiagnosed brain tumour.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11006181", "score": "0.8286321", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Because of You (Kelly Clarkson song)", "text": "the divorce of her parents. She wrote the lyrics of the song in less than 25 minutes. In an interview with \"The Guardian\", Clarkson said that she wanted to include the song in her first album, \"Thankful\" (2003), but she was laughed at. Then she took the initiative to polish the song by sending a tape to Moody and Hodges, with whom she later worked, and received co-writing credit of the song. Clarkson explained, \"Hearing the Evanescence album, you can obviously tell that David and Ben have a real passion for music and that big kind of background. And I", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5572430", "score": "0.8278788", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "What You Got (Colby O'Donis song)", "text": "weeks. It peaked at number 59 in Sweden for two nonconsecutive weeks: July 31 and August 14. What You Got (Colby O'Donis song) \"What You Got\" is the debut single from Colby O'Donis' debut album, titled \"Colby O\". The song features Akon, who also wrote and produced the track with Giorgio Tuinfort. A Spanish version of the song was leaked on the Internet titled \"¿Cuánto Quieres?\", meaning \"How Much You Want?\", however, Akon's verse is still in English. A rap remix was also leaked via Internet featuring Fatman Scoop and Larceny Entertainment's Klepto. It is O'Donis' only charted solo single", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11721913", "score": "0.8269706", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "This Is What You Came For", "text": "it and cut the vocals\", and also confirming her previous request for secrecy as co-songwriter. The credit has since been officially changed to \"Taylor Swift\" in BMI's and ASCAP's entry for the song. \"This Is What You Came For\" is an EDM song. Gil Kaufman of \"Billboard\" stated that the song is \"a chilled-out, joyful club track that nods to classic Chicago house from the late 1980s and early 1990s, but with a modern, poppier flavor.\" The song is written in the key of A minor with a tempo of 124 beats per minute. The song follows a chord progression", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19479109", "score": "0.8262851", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "All I Want (A Day to Remember song)", "text": "Lead vocalist Jeremy McKinnon wrote the lyrics, while the music was written by himself, guitarist Kevin Skaff and A Day to Remember. McKinnon stated that the song is about \"taking chances, and doing what you think is right regardless of what people might think. To be honest, whats more important? Live life, and be happy with yourself\". McKinnon said in a 2011 interview with \"USA Today\" that the song is also \"about being in a band.\" The song, along with three others from the album, was mixed by David Bendeth. As the choice of a single, guitarist Neil Westfall said", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14973107", "score": "0.82501054", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Be Thankful for What You Got", "long_answer": "\"Be Thankful for What You Got\" is a soul song written and first performed by William DeVaughn.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"Be Thankful for What You Got\" is a soul song written and first performed by William DeVaughn.", "short_answers": [ "William DeVaughn" ] }

[ "British Columbia, Canada" ]

[ { "title": "The Crossing (TV series)", "text": "The Crossing is an American science fiction thriller series that airs on ABC and CTV. The series debuted on April 2, 2018. On March 20, 2018, ABC released the pilot episode on their website. The series is filmed in British Columbia, Canada.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Crossing (TV series)", "text": "British Columbia and in New Westminster. The first camp footage was filmed at Camp McLean. Filming in Vancouver started in July and wrapped in late-November 2017. On May 11, 2018, ABC canceled the show after one season. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 69% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 12 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". The Crossing (TV series) The Crossing is an American science fiction thriller series that aired", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20183169", "score": "1.1226794", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Crossing South", "text": "Crossing South Crossing South is a travel show, television production that was created by Centurion5. The program explores Tijuana and Northern Baja, demystifying the often-maligned region. Bilingual travel companion and host Jorge Meraz takes you on a journey where the viewer gets to know the people, vernacular, foods, customs and places frequented by the locals. The program has been airing since 2011 on the PBS affiliate in San Diego, KPBS, but it has also aired in 13 cities across the US and has been green light for distribution through participating PBS stations throughout the US on the NETA and CREATE", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17941524", "score": "1.0608789", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Crossing South", "text": "systems. The show is currently airing its third season. Crossing South Crossing South is a travel show, television production that was created by Centurion5. The program explores Tijuana and Northern Baja, demystifying the often-maligned region. Bilingual travel companion and host Jorge Meraz takes you on a journey where the viewer gets to know the people, vernacular, foods, customs and places frequented by the locals. The program has been airing since 2011 on the PBS affiliate in San Diego, KPBS, but it has also aired in 13 cities across the US and has been green light for distribution through participating PBS", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17941525", "score": "1.0556654", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Crossings (TV series)", "text": "Crossings (TV series) Crossings is a Malaysia dark comedy television drama that consisted of 13 episodes. Bob works as a copywriter in an advertising agency where he is constantly heckled by his demanding boss, Ms Merlin, gets bullied and made the butt of jokes by the receptionist and office queen, Anthony, and mercilessly used and played out by the manipulative office beauty, Brenda. The pudgy Bob is a pushover and doesn’t have much going for him. In short, Bob is a loser. Until one day, Bob gets into a freak accident. He ends up being able to see dead souls", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16557354", "score": "1.0110317", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "The Crossing (1990 film)", "text": "The Crossing (1990 film) The Crossing is a 1990 Australian romantic drama film directed by George Ogilvie, and starring Russell Crowe, Robert Mammone and Danielle Spencer. The film was shot in the towns of Junee and Condobolin in New South Wales, Australia. The film was released in Australia on 18 October 1990. The film is set in a small country town in the 1960s. Sam returns home from being away for 18 months to discover his former girlfriend, Meg, has moved on with their common friend, Johnny. An album produced by Martin Armiger was released in 1990 in Australia and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13128553", "score": "1.0059991", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "The Crossing (play)", "text": "The Crossing (play) The Crossing is a 2006 South African one-man play by Jonathan Nkala. The play documents the struggles Nkala had while illegally immigrating from his birth city of Kwekwe, Zimbabwe to Cape Town, South Africa from 2002 to 2006. The original production, titled \"The Journey\", opened November 5 2006 at the Garage Theatre, a 30-seat house in Hout Bay, Cape Town and was directed by Bo Petersen and starred Nkala. The title was changed in July 2008 after Nkala showed the production to his friends who suggested he make the switch. From 2006-2009 the production was staged by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20751338", "score": "0.99974", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Crossing (TV series)", "text": "a threat. Set in the fictional town of Port Canaan, Oregon and in Seattle, the series was filmed in coastal areas of British Columbia and in the city of Vancouver in 2017. The beach where the refugees arrive is near Ucluelet on Vancouver Island while the sheriff's office and some other locations were filmed in and around the village of Britannia Beach, north of Vancouver. The Oceanic Plaza in Vancouver was the setting for the Seattle offices of the show's Homeland Security and other scenes were filmed in and around the city. Additional shooting locations in BC were in Steveston,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20183168", "score": "0.9978481", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "The Crossing (2000 film)", "text": "two men froze to death during the operation. \"The Crossing\" won a Peabody Award for excellence in 2000. Cinematographer Rene Ohashi also won the 2001 ASC Award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Movies of the Week/Mini-Series/Pilot, and the film's sound team was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special. The Crossing (2000 film) The Crossing is a 2000 American made-for-television historical film about George Washington crossing the Delaware River and the Battle of Trenton, directed by Robert Harmon. Based on the novel of the same name by Howard Fast, it stars", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5059162", "score": "0.9913621", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Southern Crossing (film)", "text": "it was filmed was \"so wonderful\" they had to demolish it in references to the theater's heritage factor. Southern Crossing (film) Southern Crossing is a documentary directed by Robert Guillemot and produced by Richard Bradley. The film documents the 1980 International Music Festival, which took place from 7–14 January 1980 at the Regent Theatre in Sydney, Australia. The artists featured in the film were the Dave Brubeck Quartet, Herbie Mann and the Family of Mann, the Les McCann Band, Howie Smith and the Jazz Co-op, the Toshiko Akiyoshi–Lew Tabackin Big Band of Australian All Stars, Galapagos Duck, Judy Bailey Quintet", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17522254", "score": "0.9878046", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "The Crossing (1990 film)", "text": "box office in Australia. The Crossing (1990 film) The Crossing is a 1990 Australian romantic drama film directed by George Ogilvie, and starring Russell Crowe, Robert Mammone and Danielle Spencer. The film was shot in the towns of Junee and Condobolin in New South Wales, Australia. The film was released in Australia on 18 October 1990. The film is set in a small country town in the 1960s. Sam returns home from being away for 18 months to discover his former girlfriend, Meg, has moved on with their common friend, Johnny. An album produced by Martin Armiger was released in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13128555", "score": "0.98394555", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Crossing East", "text": "honored by winning a Peabody Award. Crossing East Crossing East is an American documentary series for public radio produced by Dmae Roberts and MediaRites and hosted by George Takei and Margaret Cho. Covering Asian immigration to the U.S. from pre-nationhood to post-911, the series of eight one-hour documentaries delves into the many waves of Asian immigration into the United States and their impact on the making of America. The series also investigates the global implications of Asia-America immigration. The program's distribution partner is Public Radio International. This topic had never before been the focus of a series produced for public", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10842287", "score": "0.9825698", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "The Crossing Hero", "text": "Fridays, at 12nn. Beginning 5 April 2015, \"The Crossing Hero\" airs on Taiwan's China Television (CTV), on Sundays, at 10pm. Beginning 11 April 2015, \"The Crossing Hero\" airs on Taiwan's CTi Variety, on Saturdays, at 11pm. In Thailand first airs on PPTV, from Wednesdays to Fridays, at 14.55pm. Beginning 13 November 2015. As a first-time producer, Jiro Wang spent millions in production costs perfecting the visual quality of \"The Crossing Hero\". His perfectionist nature meant that production costs frequently overran throughout the filming process. \"I even spent NT$2 million (approximately US$63,000) on one scene, which was spent to build props", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18666366", "score": "0.9809223", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Crossing Lines", "text": "10:00 pm (currently in off-season), in Canada on CBC on Tuesdays at 9:00 pm, in India on AXN every weekday at 9:00 pm(June 2016), and in France on TF1 on Thursdays at 9:00 pm. In the United Kingdom, the series was released on the LoveFilm platform on October 25, 2013. The second season was released on Amazon Video on August 15, 2014. It is now being shown on Alibi (2015). All 3 seasons are being shown on Netflix. (May 2018) Crossing Lines Crossing Lines is a German-French-Italian-American television series created by Edward Allen Bernero and Rola Bauer. The series was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17179548", "score": "0.9798318", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Crossing East", "text": "Crossing East Crossing East is an American documentary series for public radio produced by Dmae Roberts and MediaRites and hosted by George Takei and Margaret Cho. Covering Asian immigration to the U.S. from pre-nationhood to post-911, the series of eight one-hour documentaries delves into the many waves of Asian immigration into the United States and their impact on the making of America. The series also investigates the global implications of Asia-America immigration. The program's distribution partner is Public Radio International. This topic had never before been the focus of a series produced for public radio. In 2007, the program was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10842286", "score": "0.975832", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Southern Crossing (film)", "text": "Southern Crossing (film) Southern Crossing is a documentary directed by Robert Guillemot and produced by Richard Bradley. The film documents the 1980 International Music Festival, which took place from 7–14 January 1980 at the Regent Theatre in Sydney, Australia. The artists featured in the film were the Dave Brubeck Quartet, Herbie Mann and the Family of Mann, the Les McCann Band, Howie Smith and the Jazz Co-op, the Toshiko Akiyoshi–Lew Tabackin Big Band of Australian All Stars, Galapagos Duck, Judy Bailey Quintet with John Sangster, Ricky May, and the Young Northside Big Band. American jazz critic Leonard Feather, who attended", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17522250", "score": "0.96113265", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Crossing Lines", "text": "series, having previously produced miniseries, as well as its first project since being acquired by StudioCanal in 2012. The first season was filmed in Paris, Nice and Prague, with filming ending in February 2013. Locations in Prague were used for parts of Paris, Italy, the Netherlands, Berlin and Vienna. Audio post-production was done by SoundSquare in Prague while video post-production work was done by Universal Production Partners. Approximately €10 million was spent in the Czech Republic on the production of the first season. Bernero said that the show would \"feel familiar and help viewers find their orientation, but the European", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17179543", "score": "0.9568826", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "The Mexican Dream", "text": "of the border crossing action takes place was not that difficult. The bar and carwash were probably the hardest, especially the car wash. The producer's car had never been that clean. Then came the bar, the exterior motel and the interior hallway to “American Dream Productions”. With days taken already by the desert locations and the time constraints the decision was taken to try to find these locations as close to one another as possible. Two months prior to principal photography, the whole cast was put together and rehearsing had started. The group became like a family working close, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13214172", "score": "0.9531599", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Crossing (2007 film)", "text": "He received a Gemini nomination for his work on the show. Crossing (2007 film) Crossing is a 2007 Canadian independent feature film starring Sebastian Spence, Crystal Buble, Bif Naked and Fred Ewanuick. From the writer/director team of Roger Evan Larry and Sandra Tomc. A romantic thriller, \"Crossing\" follows the story of macho Danarama (Sebastian Spence), who makes a deathbed promise to his father to turn their family from petty gangsters to upright brokerage owners. The only thing standing in Daniel's way is his newly discovered desire to dress up like a girl. Embroiling himself in an intense romance with a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8262578", "score": "0.9499575", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "King's Crossing", "text": "King's Crossing King's Crossing is an American nighttime soap opera which aired on ABC from January 16, 1982 to February 27, 1982 on Saturday Night at 8:00pm for seven episodes. Its roots can be found in the 1980 drama \"Secrets of Midland Heights\", which aired on CBS for eight episodes. When that show was canceled, Lorimar Productions announced it would return in a retooled format; \"King's Crossing\" was a completely different show, but employed several actors (including Doran Clark, Linda Hamilton, Marilyn Jones, and Daniel Zippi) who had also appeared in the earlier drama. The show centered on the Hollister", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6218731", "score": "0.94908273", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "The Crossing (play)", "text": "and has to get his asylum permit renewed every six months in Cape Town, forcing him to move there to no longer be an inconvenience to Margaret. In Cape Town, he makes and sells the wire dolls that he has been crafting on stage. He finishes by telling the audiences that his journey has made him strong and brave and that it has allowed him to appreciate his own intelligence. The Journey premiered at The Garage Theatre, a 30-seat house in Bo Petersen's garage in Hout Bay, Cape Town, on November 5, 2006. Jonathan Nkala played himself with Petersen as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20751348", "score": "0.9466516", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "The Crossing (1990 film)", "text": "Europe. \"King of the Road\" was released as the first single, and made the top ten in UK and Germany. A video for \"Nature Boy\" performed by Kate Ceberano was also created to promote the album. Ranald Allan's script had been around for a number of years before being picked up by producer Sue Seeary, who managed to get the film up at Beyond International Group. It was their first feature film. Beyond's head of production, Al Clark did commission some re-writing. Production took place in an around Junee in November and December 1989. \"The Crossing\" grossed A$87,392 at the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13128554", "score": "0.9449466", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Crossing Over (film)", "text": "went straight to DVD anyway. The film was distributed in the United States by MGM and The Weinstein Company. It was given a limited theatrical release on February 27, 2009, and ultimately grossed less than US$500,000 in North America, and just over US$2.5 million internationally. The film has reportedly made another US$1.7 million in U.S. DVD sales. The film received generally negative reviews. Review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes reports that 16% of 106 critics gave the film a positive review, for an average rating of 4.1/10. The site's consensus reads that: \"Crossing Over is flagrant and heavy-handed about a situation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11213882", "score": "0.9443353", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "The Crossing (The Twilight Zone)", "text": "The Crossing (The Twilight Zone) \"The Crossing\" is the thirty-eighth episode and the third episode of the third season (1988–89) of the television series \"The Twilight Zone\". Parish Priest to St. Timothy's Church Father Mark Cassidy is again attempting to find the funds to open a children's wing at a local hospital. Maggie, his housekeeper and cook, comes in with his breakfast but he refuses except for a cup of coffee. She tells him he looks terrible and if he doesn't take care of himself he'll need a hospital bed. As Father Mark heads outside, he notices an old red", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13290270", "score": "0.94281125", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "The Bridge (2011 TV series)", "text": "USJuárez, Mexico; the bridge being the Bridge of the Americas. The series starred Diane Kruger as U.S. Detective Sonya Cross. \"Deadline Hollywood\" announced in February 2013 that FX had picked up the drama series for a 13-episode order and filming began in April. The 13-episode series aired between 10 July 2013 and 2 October. FX ordered a second series in September 2013, which aired in 2014. FX cancelled further series of \"The Bridge\". The Russian series is set between Narva and Ivangorod; the bridge being the road crossing at Narva. Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė plays the Estonian detective Inga Vermaa. The NTV", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16325427", "score": "0.9410932", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Bridge (2013 TV series)", "text": "sit well with Cross, who has undiagnosed Asperger's syndrome or a similar autism spectrum disorder and a by-the-book attitude when it comes to the job. But the two put their differences aside to solve a string of murders on the border, which is already infected with issues that include illegal immigration, drug trafficking, violence and prostitution. Their investigation is complicated by the rampant corruption and general apathy among the Mexican authorities and the violence of the powerful borderland drug cartels. The show title refers to the Bridge of the Americas that serves as a border crossing between El Paso, Texas,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17215106", "score": "0.94083625", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Crossing Lines", "text": "Crossing Lines Crossing Lines is a German-French-Italian-American television series created by Edward Allen Bernero and Rola Bauer. The series was premiered on June 9, 2013, at the screening for the Opening Ceremonies of the 53rd edition of the Festival de Télévision de Monte-Carlo, the first time the festival opened with a television series. Its first television broadcast was in Italy on June 14, 2013, on the public broadcaster's channel Rai 2. \"Crossing Lines\" was premiered in the United States on NBC on June 23, 2013. Bernero and Bauer are the show's executive producers. The show was renewed for a twelve-episode", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17179540", "score": "0.93832415", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "The Crossing (play)", "text": "director. The show returned to the Garage Theatre for single performances in May 2007 and September 2008. On November 20, 2008, the South African Holocaust Federation held a daylong symposium to discuss issues involving immigrants and xenophobia and highlight refugee stories. Nkala was invited to stage a performance of \"The Crossing\" at this symposium in front of an audience including government officials, members of the South African Police Service, and non-governmental organizations. The Crossing (play) The Crossing is a 2006 South African one-man play by Jonathan Nkala. The play documents the struggles Nkala had while illegally immigrating from his birth", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20751349", "score": "0.9379261", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "The Crossing (The Twilight Zone)", "text": "and walks off. The Crossing (The Twilight Zone) \"The Crossing\" is the thirty-eighth episode and the third episode of the third season (1988–89) of the television series \"The Twilight Zone\". Parish Priest to St. Timothy's Church Father Mark Cassidy is again attempting to find the funds to open a children's wing at a local hospital. Maggie, his housekeeper and cook, comes in with his breakfast but he refuses except for a cup of coffee. She tells him he looks terrible and if he doesn't take care of himself he'll need a hospital bed. As Father Mark heads outside, he notices", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13290275", "score": "0.93661416", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Meredith Stiehm", "text": "in the first two seasons. On February 12, 2013, \"Deadline Hollywood\" announced that FX had picked up Stiehm's drama series \"The Bridge\" for a 13-episode order, which is originally based on the Danish/Swedish series \"The Bridge\". Set on the border between El Paso and Juárez, the show centers on two detectives – one from the U.S., Detective Sonya Cross (Diane Kruger), and one from Mexico, Marco Ruiz (Demián Bichir) — who must work together to hunt down a serial killer operating on both sides of the U.S.-Mexican border. It began filming in April 2013 and premiered in July 2013. Meredith", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12007974", "score": "0.9354148", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "The Crossing (TV series)", "long_answer": "The Crossing is an American science fiction thriller series that airs on ABC and CTV. The series debuted on April 2, 2018. On March 20, 2018, ABC released the pilot episode on their website. The series is filmed in British Columbia, Canada.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Crossing is an American science fiction thriller series that airs on ABC and CTV. The series debuted on April 2, 2018. On March 20, 2018, ABC released the pilot episode on their website. The series is filmed in British Columbia, Canada.", "short_answers": [ "British Columbia, Canada" ] }

[ "1967" ]

[ { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "Cool Hand Luke is a 1967 American prison drama film directed by Stuart Rosenberg, starring Paul Newman and featuring George Kennedy in an Oscar-winning performance. Newman stars in the title role as Luke, a prisoner in a Florida prison camp who refuses to submit to the system.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke (novel)", "text": "the day-to-day harsh life of the prisoners than the lead character. Cool Hand Luke (novel) Cool Hand Luke is a novel by Donn Pearce published in 1965. It was adapted into a film of the same name. The story is told in a first-person narrative and is unusual in that although there is dialogue, and all quotes are indented paragraphs, they are not encased in quotation marks as in normal English-language literature. Many of the episodes found in the movie appear in the book as well, including the egg-eating contest, the \"string\" escape, and Boss Godfrey's shooting. The title character", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8242646", "score": "1.1704016", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "the guards showed that there were \"worse ways to pay one's debt with society.\" Ron Clooney also remarked that prisons \"were not hotels and certainly not the stuff of \"Cool Hand Luke\" movies.\" In 2003, AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains rated Luke as the number 30 greatest hero in American cinema, and three years later, AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers: America's Most Inspiring Movies rated Cool Hand Luke number 71. In 2006, Luke was ranked 53rd in \"Empire\" magazine's \"The 100 Greatest Movie Characters.\" The movie solidified Newman's status as a box-office star, while the film is considered a touchstone", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406425", "score": "1.1413285", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke (soundtrack)", "text": "film \"Cool Hand Luke\"... is among his greatest achievements. As the reverie of the end title played so simply by Howard Roberts and Tommy Tedesco becomes a poignant memory of the film's hero and his struggle — as well as his laughter — listeners will find themselves wanting more...\" Dan Goldwasser wrote: \"Lalo's mixture of bluegrass and symphonic music resulted in a unique and satisfying sound. From the distinctive \"Main Title\" theme to the highly energetic (and Copeland-esque) \"Tar Sequence\", the first five minutes alone on the album are enough to give one the clear indication that this is no", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14148290", "score": "1.101036", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke (band)", "text": "Cool Hand Luke (band) Cool Hand Luke is a Christian band variously classified as alternative rock, progressive pop, indie, and emo and signed to Lujo Records on March 16, 2008. Cool Hand Luke was formed by Brandon Morgan and Jason Hammil in 1998 while attending Middle Tennessee State University. The band's early music had a punk rock influence, although the range and scope of Cool Hand Luke's sound changed quickly after Mark Nicks joined the band. With Nicks on drums and lead vocals, Cool Hand Luke became known for playing with their backs to the crowd, lengthy, emotively expressive songs,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9421838", "score": "1.0967745", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke (novel)", "text": "Cool Hand Luke (novel) Cool Hand Luke is a novel by Donn Pearce published in 1965. It was adapted into a film of the same name. The story is told in a first-person narrative and is unusual in that although there is dialogue, and all quotes are indented paragraphs, they are not encased in quotation marks as in normal English-language literature. Many of the episodes found in the movie appear in the book as well, including the egg-eating contest, the \"string\" escape, and Boss Godfrey's shooting. The title character is prominent in the book, although the novel deals more with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8242645", "score": "1.0945337", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "guards. Later, Luke wins a poker game by bluffing with a hand worth nothing. Luke comments that \"sometimes, nothing can be a real cool hand\", prompting Dragline to nickname him \"Cool Hand Luke\". After a visit from his sick mother, Arletta (Jo Van Fleet), Luke becomes more optimistic about his situation. He continually confronts the Captain and the guards, and his sense of humor and independence prove to be both contagious and inspiring to the other prisoners. Luke's struggle for supremacy peaks when he leads a work crew in a seemingly impossible but successful effort to complete a road-paving job", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406395", "score": "1.0939169", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "Jesus, and Christian symbolism is used throughout the film, culminating in a photograph superimposed over crossroads at the end of the film in comparison to the crucifixion. Filming took place within California's San Joaquin River Delta region; the set, imitating a prison farm in the Deep South, was based on photographs and measurements made by a crew sent to Road Prison in Gainesville, Florida by the filmmakers. Upon its release, \"Cool Hand Luke\" received favorable reviews and became a box-office success. The film cemented Newman's status as one of the era's top box-office actors, while the film was described as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406391", "score": "1.092371", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "the \"touchstone of an era.\" Newman was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, George Kennedy won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Pearce and Pierson were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and the score by Lalo Schifrin was also nominated for the Best Original Score. In 2005, the United States Library of Congress selected it for the National Film Registry, considering it to be \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\" It has a 100% rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes. The quotation used by the prison warden (Strother Martin) in the film,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406392", "score": "1.0885353", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "leading role was initially considered for Jack Lemmon or Telly Savalas. Newman asked to play the leading role after hearing about the project. In order to develop his character, he traveled to West Virginia, where he recorded local accents and surveyed people's behavior. George Kennedy turned in an Academy Award-winning performance as the leader of the prisoners, Dragline, who fights Luke, and comes to respect him. During the nomination process, worried about the box office success of \"Camelot\" and \"Bonnie and Clyde\", Kennedy invested US$5,000 in trade advertising to promote himself. Kennedy later stated that thanks to the award his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406408", "score": "1.0850906", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke (band)", "text": "Jesus’ final days, from the perspective of the people in His life. Part rock, part classical, part film score, this is the capstone of Cool Hand Luke’s 13-year career. Over 30 friends contributed to the making of this album, including members of Underoath, Elliott, Quiet Science, Aireline, and the Kopecky Family Band.\" Only 500 physical copies of the album were pressed. After a lengthy hiatus, in 2017, Nicks announced a Kickstarter project for funding a new Cool Hand Luke album titled \"Cora\". Cool Hand Luke (band) Cool Hand Luke is a Christian band variously classified as alternative rock, progressive pop,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9421841", "score": "1.0827682", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 100% based on reviews by 47 critics, and an average of 8.8/10. Its critical consensus states, \"Though hampered by Stuart Rosenberg's direction, \"Cool Hand Luke\" is held aloft by a stellar script and one of Paul Newman's most indelible performances.\" \"Empire\" rated it five stars out of five, declaring the movie one of Newman's best performances. \"Slant\" rated the film three stars out of four. It described Newman's role as \"iconic,\" also praising its cinematography and sound score. Allmovie praised Newman's performance as \"one of the most indelible anti-authoritarian heroes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406421", "score": "1.0793164", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "Paul Newman is the reason this movie works: The smile, the innocent blue eyes, the lack of strutting,\" which no other actor could have produced as effectively. Contrary to the general consensus, Newman's biographer Lawrence J. Quirk thought that it was one of Newman's weaker performances, stating \"For once, even Newman's famed charisma fails him, for in \"Cool Hand Luke\" he completely lacks the charm that, say, Al Pacino in \"Scarecrow\" effortlessly exhibits when he plays a screw-up who also winds up (briefly) incarcerated.\" However, Quirk added that Newman's performance was stronger in the second half and said that \"to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406423", "score": "1.0695143", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "of the era. The film was an inductee of the 2005 National Film Registry list. The book was adapted into a West End play by Emma Reeves. It opened at London's Aldwych Theatre starring Marc Warren, but closed after less than two months, following poor reviews. The show was chosen by \"The Times\" both as \"Critic's Choice\" and \"What the Critics Would Pay To See.\" An episode of the television show \"The Dukes of Hazzard\" entitled \"Cool Hands Luke and Bo\" was shown with Morgan Woodward playing \"Colonel Cassius Claiborne\" the boss of a neighboring county and warden of its", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406426", "score": "1.0490344", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "in movie history.\" Critic Roger Ebert included the film in his review collection \"The Great Movies\", rating it four stars out of four. Ebert stated that it was a \"great\" film and also an anti-establishment one during the time of the Vietnam War. He believed that the film was a product of its time and that no major film company would be interested in producing a film of such \"physical punishment, psychological cruelty, hopelessness and equal parts of sadism and masochism\" today. He praised the cinematography, capturing the \"punishing heat\" of the location, and stated that \"the physical presence of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406422", "score": "1.0364041", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "counterfeiter and safe cracker, wrote the novel \"Cool Hand Luke\", about his experiences working on a chain gang while serving in a Florida prison. He sold the story to Warner Bros. for US$80,000 and received another US$15,000 to write the screenplay. After working in television for over a decade, Rosenberg chose it to make it his directorial debut in cinema. He took the idea to Jalem Productions, owned by Jack Lemmon. Since Pearce had no experience writing screenplays, his draft was reworked by Frank Pierson. Conrad Hall was hired as the cinematographer, while Paul Newman's brother, Arthur, was hired as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406406", "score": "1.0362844", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke (band)", "text": "comprises twelve piano-based songs of a depth, intensity, and relative darkness unseen before in Cool Hand Luke's work. The artwork-intensive album, complete with an enhanced CD, featured lyrics, explorations of each song, a music video, and in-depth exploration of the meanings contained within the artwork. On March 22, 2009, Mark Nicks (the sole remaining member of the band) announced that he was working to complete what he at the time said would be the final album under the \"Cool Hand Luke\" name. The album, Of Man, was released on March 25, 2011. Nicks said, \"The album tells the story of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9421840", "score": "1.0290254", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "which begins with \"What we've got here is failure to communicate,\" was listed at No. 11 on the American Film Institute's list of the 100 most memorable movie lines. Decorated war veteran Lucas \"Luke\" Jackson (Paul Newman), is arrested for cutting parking meters off their poles one drunken night. He is sentenced to two years in prison and sent to a Florida chain gang prison run by a stern warden, the Captain (Strother Martin), and a stoic rifleman, Walking Boss Godfrey (Morgan Woodward), whose eyes are always covered by a pair of mirrored sunglasses. Carr (Clifton James) the floorwalker, tells", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406393", "score": "1.0184686", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "in the United States. Although the music was written for the film, it became more familiar for its association with television news, in part because its staccato melody resembles the sound of a telegraph. Pierson included in his draft explicit religious symbolism. The film contains several elements based on Christian themes, including the concept of Luke as a Saint who wins over the crowds and is ultimately sacrificed. Newman's character of Luke is portrayed as a \"Jesus-like redeemer figure.\" After winning the egg-eating bet, Luke lies exhausted on the table in the position of Jesus as depicted on his crucifixion.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406414", "score": "1.015225", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Coldwater (film)", "text": "Mag wrote: \"Think \"Cool Hand Luke\" meets \"Pulp Fiction\", with a touch of \"The Shawshank Redemption\" thrown in. If these comparisons sound dismissive, I don't mean them to be. I consider all three of these movies to be excellent, and \"Coldwater\" deserves to be mentioned in the same sentence.\" Screen Anarchy published one of the few negative reviews, finding the script \"a bit too self-conscious of its own moral outrage,\" and lamenting the film's \"appeals to raw emotion and visceral discomfort.\" The review warns that \"Coldwater insists on ratcheting all engines to 11 from the word go,\" and that \"Grashaw", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17556067", "score": "0.9926683", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "played by a stunt actor, using dogs from the Florida Department of Corrections. Rosenberg wanted the cast to internalize life on a chain gang and banned the presence of wives on set. After Joy Harmon arrived on location, she remained for two days in her hotel room, and wasn't seen by the rest of the cast until shooting commenced. Despite the director's intentions, the scene was ultimately filmed separately. Rosenberg instructed an unaware Harmon of the different movements and expressions he wanted. Originally planned to be shot in half a day, Harmon's scene took three. For the part of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406412", "score": "0.99129784", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke (band)", "text": "and introspective lyrics. The band signed to Floodgate Records in 2002 and released two full-length albums (2003's Wake Up, O Sleeper and 2004's The Fires of Life). After an extended hiatus (during which Nicks played drums for The Chariot), Cool Hand Luke released The Balancing Act, a career retrospective that fulfilled their contract with Floodgate. The Balancing Act contained songs from the band's early independent releases plus its Floodgate discography. In October 2008, Cool Hand Luke released The Sleeping House on Lujo Records. The album, produced by Matt Goldman and showing such diverse influences as Shudder to Think and Keane,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9421839", "score": "0.987867", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "the first part of his speech (\"What we've got here is a failure to communicate.\"). He is immediately shot in the neck by Boss Godfrey. Dragline carries Luke outside and surrenders, but suddenly charges at Boss Godfrey and strangles him until he is beaten and subdued by the other guards. While Luke is loaded into the Captain's car, Dragline tearfully implores him to live. Against the protests of the local police, the Captain decides to take Luke to the distant prison infirmary instead of the local hospital, ensuring that he will not survive the trip. As the Captain's car drives", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406404", "score": "0.98533744", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Donn Pearce", "text": "Bulge, which received an excellent review from Malcolm Jones in the 21 February 2005 edition of \"Newsweek\". In 2011 a dramatization of \"Cool Hand Luke\" played on London's West Side, and the novel was reissued in the UK. Pearce continues to live and write in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Donn Pearce Donn Pearce (born, September 28, 1928) is an American author and journalist best known for the novel and screenplay \"Cool Hand Luke\". Born Donald Mills Pearce in a suburb of Philadelphia, Pearce left home at 15. He attempted to join the United States Merchant Marine at 16, but was turned", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6194417", "score": "0.984807", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "After learning about the death of his mother, Luke sings \"Plastic Jesus.\" Greg Garrett also compares Luke to Jesus, in that like Jesus, he was not physically threatening to society because of his actions, and like Jesus' crucifixion, his punishment was \"out of all proportion.\" Luke challenges God during the rainstorm on the road, telling him to do anything to him. Later, while he is digging and filling trenches and confronted by the guards, an inmate performs the spiritual \"No Grave Gonna Keep my Body Down.\" Toward the end of the film, Luke speaks to God, evoking the conversation between", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406415", "score": "0.9760295", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "the rules to the new set of prisoners, with any violations resulting in spending the night in \"the box,\" a small square room with limited air and very little room to move. Luke refuses to observe the established pecking order among the prisoners and quickly runs afoul of the prisoners' leader, Dragline (George Kennedy). When the pair have a boxing match, the prisoners and guards watch with interest. Although Luke is severely outmatched by his larger opponent, he refuses to acquiesce. Eventually, Dragline refuses to continue the fight. Luke's tenacity earns the prisoners' respect and draws the attention of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406394", "score": "0.97491926", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "God and Jesus at the Garden of Gethsemane, depicted in the Gospel of Luke. Following Luke's talk, the film depicts Dragline as a Judas, who delivers Luke to the authorities, trying to convince him to surrender. In the final scene, Dragline eulogizes Luke. He explains that despite Luke's death, his actions succeeded in defeating the system. The closing shot shows inmates working on crossroads with the repaired photo of Luke and the two women superimposed. Different traffic signs are used throughout the film, complementing the actions of the characters during the scenes. At the beginning, while Luke cuts the heads", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406416", "score": "0.9732744", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "Mephistopheles.\" He was dubbed \"the man with no eyes\" by the inmates for his mirrored sunglasses. The blonde Joy Harmon was cast for the scene where she teases the prisoners in washing her car after her manager, Leon Lance, contacted the producers. She auditioned in front of Rosenberg and Newman wearing a bikini, without speaking. Filming took place on the San Joaquin River Delta. The set, imitating a southern prison farm, was built in Stockton, California. The filmmakers sent a crew to Tavares Road Prison in Tavares, Florida, to take photographs and measurements, where Pearce had served his time. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406410", "score": "0.9677577", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Ride wit Me", "text": "version of the song was released during the 2001 NBA Finals. The video is mainly based on the 1977 film \"Smokey and the Bandit\", although references to the 1980s TV show \"The Dukes of Hazzard\" and the film \"Cool Hand Luke\" are also present in the video. US promo UK vinyl, 12\" UK vinyl, 12\", promo Europe single It was featured in the parody film \"Scary Movie 2\" during the credits, and was subsequently featured very briefly in the films \"Soul Plane\", \"Are We There Yet?\" and \"Bride and Prejudice\". It was also featured in \"Scrubs\" (episode \"My Fruit Cups\"),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5795939", "score": "0.966169", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "text": "the prison camp, and fitted with two sets of leg irons. Luke is warned by the Captain that if he ever attempts to escape again, he will be killed on the spot. Luke is now annoyed by the other prisoners fawning over the magazine photo and reveals it to be a fake. At first, the other prisoners are angry, but after a long stay in the box, when Luke is punished by being forced to eat a massive serving of rice, they come to help him finish it. As further punishment for his escape, he is forced to repeatedly dig", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1406400", "score": "0.96521825", "original_retrieval_index": 37 } ]

{ "title": "Cool Hand Luke", "long_answer": "Cool Hand Luke is a 1967 American prison drama film directed by Stuart Rosenberg, starring Paul Newman and featuring George Kennedy in an Oscar-winning performance. Newman stars in the title role as Luke, a prisoner in a Florida prison camp who refuses to submit to the system.", "chunked_long_answer": "Cool Hand Luke is a 1967 American prison drama film directed by Stuart Rosenberg, starring Paul Newman and featuring George Kennedy in an Oscar-winning performance. Newman stars in the title role as Luke, a prisoner in a Florida prison camp who refuses to submit to the system.", "short_answers": [ "1967" ] }

[ "Juliet", "William Shakespeare" ]

[ { "title": "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet", "text": "\"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet\" is a popular reference to William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, in which Juliet seems to argue that it does not matter that Romeo is from her family's rival house of Montague, that is, that he is named \"Montague\". The reference is often used to imply that the names of things do not affect what they really are. This formulation is, however, a paraphrase of Shakespeare's actual language. Juliet compares Romeo to a rose saying that if he was not named Romeo he would still be handsome and be Juliet's love. ", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose", "text": "the rose is red for the first time in English poetry for a hundred years.\" (\"Four in America\"). She herself said to an audience at Oxford University that the statement referred to the fact that when the Romantics used the word \"rose\", it had a direct relationship to an actual rose. For later periods in literature this would no longer be true. The eras following romanticism, notably the modern era, use the word rose to refer to the actual rose, yet they also imply, through the use of the word, the archetypical elements of the romantic era. The following lines", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1823520", "score": "0.87856466", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Psalm 45", "text": "6–7 of this psalm are quoted as allusions to Jesus. Shoshanim (roses) may refer to either a musical instrument shaped like a rose (\"shoshana\" in Hebrew), or the tune to which the psalm should be sung. Rashi proposes that the term refers to Torah scholars, and interprets the rest of the psalm according to the scholars' efforts in and reward for Torah study. Dahood asserts that the psalm is an epithalamium, or a wedding song, written to a king on the day of his marriage to a foreign woman, and is one of the royal psalms. \"Die Bibel mit Erklärungen\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14442727", "score": "0.8741205", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Rose (symbolism)", "text": "herself on one of its thorns and stained the flower red with her blood. Book Eleven of the ancient Roman novel \"The Golden Ass\" by Apuleius contains a scene in which the goddess Isis, who is identified with Venus, instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a donkey, to eat rose petals from a crown of roses worn by a priest as part of a religious procession in order to regain his humanity. Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire, the rose became identified with the Virgin Mary. The rose symbol eventually led to the creation of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6928275", "score": "0.87243474", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose", "text": "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose The sentence \"Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.\" was written by Gertrude Stein as part of the 1913 poem \"Sacred Emily\", which appeared in the 1922 book \"Geography and Plays\". In that poem, the first \"Rose\" is the name of a person. Stein later used variations on the sentence in other writings, and \"A rose is a rose is a rose\" is among her most famous quotations, often interpreted as meaning \"things are what they are\", a statement of the law of identity, \"A is A\".", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1823518", "score": "0.869613", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Rose (symbolism)", "text": "Rose (symbolism) The rose has long been used as a symbol. \"Rose\" means pink or red in a variety of languages (such as the Romance languages, and Greek). In ancient Greece, the rose was closely associated with the goddess Aphrodite. In the \"Iliad\", Aphrodite protects the body of Hector using the \"immortal oil of the rose\" and the archaic Greek lyric poet Ibycus praises a beautiful youth saying that Aphrodite nursed him \"among rose blossoms\". The second-century AD Greek travel writer Pausanias associates the rose with the story of Adonis and states that the rose is red because Aphrodite wounded", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6928274", "score": "0.8680896", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Seraphim Rose", "text": "was \"The Soul After Death\", which describes certain \"aerial toll houses\" described by various Church Fathers and saints. According to this teaching, every human soul must pass through a series of these stations after death as part of their initial judgment by God, where they will be accused of specific sins and possibly condemned to hell. Some modern Orthodox theologians, including Archbishop Lazar Puhalo, Stanley Harakas and Alexander Kalomiros among others, have claimed that certain ideas in Rose's book are heretical, and that many of the Church Fathers have been misinterpreted or misquoted to support it. Puhalo claimed that the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4735036", "score": "0.8631679", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Rose Cross", "text": "Rose Cross The Rose Cross (also called Rose Croix and Rosy Cross) is a symbol largely associated with the semi-mythical Christian Rosenkreuz, Qabbalist and alchemist and founder of the Rosicrucian Order. The Rose Cross is said to be a cross with a red, golden or white rose at its centre and symbolizes the teachings of a western esoteric tradition formed within the Christian tenets, albeit \"a Christianity not yet conspicuously in evidence\": Several different meanings have been attributed to the Rose Cross, depending on the source. Some groups, such as the Ancient and Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, from a non-sectarian", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2535212", "score": "0.86013126", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Rose (topology)", "text": "Rose (topology) In mathematics, a rose (also known as a bouquet of \"n\" circles) is a topological space obtained by gluing together a collection of circles along a single point. The circles of the rose are called petals. Roses are important in algebraic topology, where they are closely related to free groups. A rose is a wedge sum of circles. That is, the rose is the quotient space \"C\"/\"S\", where \"C\" is a disjoint union of circles and \"S\" a set consisting of one point from each circle. As a cell complex, a rose has a single vertex, and one", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6757201", "score": "0.8591418", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Rose (heraldry)", "text": "Or.\" Some variations on the rose have been used. Roses may appear with a stem, in which case they are described as \"slipped\" or \"stalked\". A rose with a stalk and leaves may also be referred to as a \"damask rose\", stalked and leaved, as appearing on the Canting arms of the House of Rossetti. Rose branches, slips, and leaves have occasionally appeared in arms alone, without the flower. A combination of two roses, one within the other, is termed a \"double rose\", famously used by the Tudors. A rose sometimes appears surrounded by rays, which makes it a \"rose-en-soleil\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7740665", "score": "0.85373765", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Rosé", "text": "Rosé A rosé (from French \"rosé\"; also known as \"rosado\" in Portuguese and Spanish-speaking countries and \"rosato\" in Italy) is a type of wine that incorporates some of the color from the grape skins, but not enough to qualify it as a red wine. It may be the oldest known type of wine, as it is the most straightforward to make with the skin contact method. The pink color can range from a pale \"onion-skin\" orange to a vivid near-purple, depending on the varietals used and winemaking techniques. There are three major ways to produce rosé wine: skin contact, saignée,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3856795", "score": "0.85266113", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Rose", "text": "in which the goddess Isis, who is identified with Venus, instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a donkey, to eat rose petals from a crown of roses worn by a priest as part of a religious procession in order to regain his humanity. Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire, the rose became identified with the Virgin Mary. The color of the rose and the number of roses received has symbolic representation. The rose symbol eventually led to the creation of the rosary and other devotional prayers in Christianity. Ever since the 1400s, the Franciscans have", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "355877", "score": "0.8494013", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Rose of Allendale", "text": "Scots, Welsh, and Irish hinterlands following the Roman occupation of Britain (43 A.D. to 410 A.D.), there are many songs which exhibit similar ambiguities of origin. In the British tradition of love songs, a rose, regarded as a beautiful and romantic flower, is often the fairest maiden of a region or village. Similarities with a translated version of an older German folk song having a comparable melody have led some to suggest that the song is rooted in an old \"altwürttembergische Melodie\" from the Rems valley. The Rems song is a soldier's farewell to his beloved, reflecting the unstable times", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12393009", "score": "0.84637475", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Rose of Sharon", "text": "it simply as \"the flower of the field\" (Septuagint \"\"ἐγὼ ἄνθος τοῦ πεδίου\"\", Vulgate \"\"ego flos campi\"\",Wiclif \"a flower of the field\"). Contrariwise, the Hebrew word \"ḥăḇatzeleṯ\" occurs two times in the scriptures: in the Song, and in Isaiah 35:1, which reads, \"the desert shall bloom like the rose.\" The word is translated \"rose\" in KJV, but is rendered variously as \"lily\" (Septuagint \"\"κρίνον\"\", Vulgate \"\"lilium\"\", Wiclif \"lily\"), \"jonquil\" (Jerusalem Bible) and \"crocus\" (RSV). Varying scholars have suggested that the biblical \"rose of Sharon\" may be one of the following plants: According to an annotation of \"Song of Solomon\" 2:1", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2722456", "score": "0.84549785", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Dunash ibn Tamim", "text": "the second part of which he disclosed the weak points in the principles of astrology. Another of his astronomical works, prepared for Hasdai ben Isaac ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Cordova, consisted of three parts: (1) the nature of the spheres; (2) astronomical calculations; (3) the courses of the stars. The Arabian author Ibn Baitar, in his book on simple medicaments, quotes the following interesting remark on the rose, made by Ibn Tamim in one of his medicinal works: \"There are yellow roses, and in Iraq, as I am informed, also black ones. The finest rose is the Persian,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4686709", "score": "0.8445612", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "The Name of the Rose", "text": "known as Bernard of Morlaix). Medieval manuscripts of this line are not in agreement: Eco quotes one Medieval variant verbatim, but Eco was not aware at the time of the text more commonly printed in modern editions, in which the reference is to Rome (\"Roma\"), not to a rose (\"rosa\"). The alternative text, with its context, runs: \"Nunc ubi Regulus aut ubi Romulus aut ubi Remus? / Stat Roma pristina nomine, nomina nuda tenemus\". This translates as \"Where now is Regulus, or Romulus, or Remus? / Primordial Rome abides only in its name; we hold only naked names.\" Also the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1564003", "score": "0.84258056", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Miracle of the roses", "text": "Original Sin itself. Thus the Blessed Virgin is often referred to as the 'rose without thorns', since she was immaculately conceived. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux compared her virginity to a white rose and her charity to a red rose. With the rise of Marian devotion and the Gothic cathedral in the twelfth century, the image of the rose became even more prominent in religious life. Cathedrals built around this time usually include a rose window, dedicated to the Virgin, at the end of a transept or above the entrance. The thirteenth century Saint Dominic is credited with the institution of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12763599", "score": "0.84222066", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "The Rose-Tree", "text": "liver, and her husband tasted them and said they tasted strangely. The brother did not eat but buried his sister under a rose-tree. Every day he wept under it. One day, the rose-tree flowered, and a white bird appeared. It sang to a cobbler and received a pair of red shoes; it sang to a watchmaker and received a gold watch and chain; it sang to three millers and received a millstone. Then it flew home and rattled the millstone against the eaves. The stepmother said that it thundered, and the boy ran out, and the bird dropped the shoes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7812842", "score": "0.84175164", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Rose (heraldry)", "text": "'proper'. It is used as a floral emblem of England, just as the thistle is associated with Scotland. It appears in the compartment of the coats of arms of both the United Kingdom and Canada. A red rose appears on the collar of the Order of the Garter. The Luther rose, a rose combined with a ring, heart, and Latin cross, was used by Martin Luther as a personal seal. The Luther rose is sometimes used as a charge in its own right, appearing on the arms of a number of German towns. In the English and Canadian systems of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7740668", "score": "0.8403255", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Laetare Sunday", "text": "was Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, one of the seven chief basilicas; the Golden Rose, sent by Popes to Catholic sovereigns, used to be blessed at this time and for this reason the day was sometimes called \"Dominica de Rosa\". In Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran and Old Catholic churches flowers may appear on the high altar and the organ may be played as a solo instrument. Priests are given the option to wear rose-colored vestments at Mass held on this day in place of the violet vestments normally worn during Lent. The term \"rose\" is used to describe this lighter shade", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4296846", "score": "0.8374456", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Rose (given name)", "text": "of Old English rōse from the Latin rosa; phonetically linked to the Greek rhódon, which is independent of the etymology of the surname Rose. Distinctions can sometimes be made between individuals who derive this given name after the surname and those who are named after the flower. Rhoda, as in Acts 12:12-15, is the Greek equivalent. Rosalia was the name of a 12th-century Sicilian saint. St. Rose of Lima was the first person born in the Americas to be canonized. Rose (given name) Rose is a given female name. It is a late Latin name derived from \"rosa\", meaning \"rose\".", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13863916", "score": "0.83484805", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Rose", "text": "ancient Greece, the rose was closely associated with the goddess Aphrodite. In the \"Iliad\", Aphrodite protects the body of Hector using the \"immortal oil of the rose\" and the archaic Greek lyric poet Ibycus praises a beautiful youth saying that Aphrodite nursed him \"among rose blossoms\". The second-century AD Greek travel writer Pausanias associates the rose with the story of Adonis and states that the rose is red because Aphrodite wounded herself on one of its thorns and stained the flower red with her blood. Book Eleven of the ancient Roman novel \"The Golden Ass\" by Apuleius contains a scene", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "355876", "score": "0.8344968", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Rosalia (festival)", "text": "bodies and corpses of saints were said to exude a floral \"odor of sanctity\" as one of the most notable signs of their holiness. Pope Gregory I described the fragrance and luminosity of the rose as issuing from the blood of martyrs. Herman of Steinfeld exhaled a fragrance \"like a garden full of roses, lilies, violets, poppies and all kinds of fragrant flowers\" as he prayed. The bedridden virgin Lydwine of Schiedam was said to consume nothing but spiced wine, and wept \"fragrant tears of blood\" which she called her roses; when these dried on her cheeks overnight, they were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17298744", "score": "0.8333386", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose", "text": "In Stein's view, the sentence expresses the fact that simply using the name of a thing already invokes the imagery and emotions associated with it, an idea also intensively discussed in the problem of universals debate where Peter Abelard and others used the \"rose\" as an example concept. As the quotation diffused through her own writing, and the culture at large, Stein once remarked, \"Now listen! I'm no fool. I know that in daily life we don't go around saying 'is a ... is a ... is a ...' Yes, I'm no fool; but I think that in that line", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1823519", "score": "0.8329452", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Miracle of the roses", "text": "liturgical texts. In Greco-Roman culture the rose's symbolic qualities represented beauty, the season of spring, and love. It also spoke of the fleetness of life, and therefore of death. In Rome the feast called \"Rosalia\" was a feast of the dead: thus the flower referred to the next world. This symbolism attained a deeper complexity when contrasted with the rose's thorns. This contrast inspired the Christian Latin poet Coelius Sedulius, who wrote (between 430-450) a very elaborate comparison between Eve, our first mother, and Mary, the Mother of Jesus our Savior. He illustrated the parallelism already made by Justin Martyr", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12763596", "score": "0.8313647", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose", "text": "appear at widely separated places in \"Sacred Emily\": Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose The sentence \"Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.\" was written by Gertrude Stein as part of the 1913 poem \"Sacred Emily\", which appeared in the 1922 book \"Geography and Plays\". In that poem, the first \"Rose\" is the name of a person. Stein later used variations on the sentence in other writings, and \"A rose is a rose is a rose\" is among her most famous quotations, often interpreted as meaning \"things are what they are\", a statement", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1823521", "score": "0.831172", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Lilium candidum", "text": "\"Song of Songs\": \"As the lily among thorns, so is my love among the daughters.\" (\"Song of Songs\", 2:2 (KJV)) Customarily it is translated as \"rose\". For example, Abraham ibn Ezra described it as a white flower, which has a good fragrance, and has a six petaled flower and six stamens. But its identity is uncertain, because it typically grows in montane places and not in valleys as the phrase \"the lily of the valleys\" would have it. The Bible describes King Solomon's Temple as adorned with designs of Madonna lilies on the columns, and on the brazen Sea (Laver).", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5087832", "score": "0.829396", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Rose", "text": "Rose A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwestern Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "355861", "score": "0.82879245", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Rosalia (festival)", "text": "the rosary especially for May; the concept of the rosary as a \"crown of roses\" complements local traditions of wearing a flower wreath on the head. Latin hymns and litanies from the earliest Christian era name Mary as the \"Mystical Rose\" and by an array of rose epithets, or as a garden that bore Christ in the image of the rose. Ambrose declared that the blood of Christ in the Eucharist, transubstantiated from wine, was to be perceived as a rose. The five-petaled rose became a symbol of the Five Wounds of Christ and hence of the Resurrection. The living", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17298743", "score": "0.82878506", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "The Name of the Rose", "text": "only the name. In this novel, the lost \"rose\" could be seen as Aristotle's book on comedy (now forever lost), the exquisite library now destroyed, or the beautiful peasant girl now dead. The title is also an allusion to the nominalist position in the problem of universals, taken by William of Ockham. According to nominalism, universals are bare names: there is not a universal rose, only the name \"rose\". This text has also been translated as \"Yesterday's rose stands only in name, we hold only empty names.\" This line is a verse by twelfth century monk Bernard of Cluny (also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1564002", "score": "0.8251591", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet", "long_answer": "\"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet\" is a popular reference to William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, in which Juliet seems to argue that it does not matter that Romeo is from her family's rival house of Montague, that is, that he is named \"Montague\". The reference is often used to imply that the names of things do not affect what they really are. This formulation is, however, a paraphrase of Shakespeare's actual language. Juliet compares Romeo to a rose saying that if he was not named Romeo he would still be handsome and be Juliet's love. This states that if he was not Romeo, then he would not be a Montague and she would be able to get married with no problem at all.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet\" is a popular reference to William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, in which Juliet seems to argue that it does not matter that Romeo is from her family's rival house of Montague, that is, that he is named \"Montague\". The reference is often used to imply that the names of things do not affect what they really are. This formulation is, however, a paraphrase of Shakespeare's actual language. Juliet compares Romeo to a rose saying that if he was not named Romeo he would still be handsome and be Juliet's love. ", "short_answers": [ "Juliet", "William Shakespeare" ] }

[ "Watson", "Crick" ]

[ { "title": "Semiconservative replication", "text": "The deciphering of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 suggested that each strand of the double helix would serve as a template for synthesis of a new strand. However, there was no way of knowing how the newly synthesized strands might combine with the template strands to form two double helical DNA molecules. The semiconservative model seemed most reasonable since it would allow each daughter strand to remain associated with its template strand. The semiconservative model was supported by the Meselson-Stahl experiment and other even more revealing experiments that allowed for autoradiographic visualization of the distribution", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Robin Holliday", "text": "Robin Holliday Robin Holliday (6 November 1932 – 9 April 2014) was a British molecular biologist. Holliday described a mechanism of DNA-strand exchange that attempted to explain gene-conversion events that occur during meiosis in fungi. That model first proposed in 1964 and is now known as the Holliday Junction. Holliday held a B.A. in Natural Sciences and a Ph.D. in Genetics from Cambridge University. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow Australian Academy of Science (FAA), a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization, a Foreign Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, and held the 1987", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10509672", "score": "1.0040163", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "William A. Haseltine", "text": "co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, and Walter Gilbert, who later received a Nobel prize for developing a method to determine the sequence of DNA. Work in this laboratory gave him an excellent grounding in the tools of what was then the new field of molecular biology. As a graduate student he worked on fundamental aspects of regulation of expression of genes. He elucidated the means by which bacteria signal the shift from growth when food is abundant to maintenance when food is scarce, the topic of his PhD thesis titled \"Magic Spot and the Stringent Response\". During his graduate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16936795", "score": "0.9949873", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Florence Bell (scientist)", "text": "when most scientists believed that proteins were the genetic material and that DNA was just a structural component composed of a monotonous repeat of bases. Bell's note book is held in the Leeds University archives. Florence Bell (scientist) Florence Ogilvy Bell (1 May 1913 – 23 November 2000), later Florence Sawyer, was a British scientist who contributed to the discovery of DNA. She was an X-ray crystallographer in the lab of William Astbury. In 1938 they published a paper in \"Nature\" that described the structure of DNA as a \"Pile of Pennies\". Florence Ogilvy Bell was born at 47 Hanover", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20686750", "score": "0.9913826", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Thomas J. Kelly (scientist)", "text": "by using DNA viruses as model systems. His laboratory developed the first cell-free systems for studying the biochemistry of DNA replication in human cells, enabling the identification and functional characterization of components of the human replication machinery. In recognition of this work he received the 2004 Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize of the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation and the 2010 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize of Columbia University. Kelly earned a Ph.D. in biophysics in 1968 and an M.D. in 1969. While a postdoctoral fellow with Hamilton O. Smith at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine during 1969-70, Kelly", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16003775", "score": "0.98635936", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Albrecht Kossel", "text": "is named in his honor. Albrecht Kossel Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (16 September 1853 – 5 July 1927) was a German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1910 for his work in determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids, the genetic substance of biological cells. Kossel isolated and described the five organic compounds that are present in nucleic acid: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. These compounds were later shown to be nucleobases, and are key in the formation of DNA and RNA, the genetic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1826209", "score": "0.9848768", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "John Randall (physicist)", "text": "University of Cambridge for the determination of the structure of DNA. His other staff included Rosalind Franklin, Raymond Gosling, Alex Stokes and Herbert Wilson, all involved in research on DNA. John Randall was born on 23 March 1905 at Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, the only son and the first of the three children of Sidney Randall, nurseryman and seedsman, and his wife, Hannah Cawley, daughter of John Turton, colliery manager in the area. He was educated at the grammar school at Ashton-in-Makerfield and at the University of Manchester, where he was awarded a first-class honours degree in physics and a graduate prize", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15330930", "score": "0.9798548", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Florence Bell (scientist)", "text": "Florence Bell (scientist) Florence Ogilvy Bell (1 May 1913 – 23 November 2000), later Florence Sawyer, was a British scientist who contributed to the discovery of DNA. She was an X-ray crystallographer in the lab of William Astbury. In 1938 they published a paper in \"Nature\" that described the structure of DNA as a \"Pile of Pennies\". Florence Ogilvy Bell was born at 47 Hanover Road, Brondesbury Park, London, the second daughter of Thomas Bell and his wife, Annie Mary Lucas. Her father was a photographer and later advertising manager who had been born in Allendale, Northumberland, and later he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20686743", "score": "0.9787102", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Walter Sutton", "text": "Walter Sutton Walter Stanborough Sutton (April 5, 1877 – November 10, 1916) was an American geneticist and physician whose most significant contribution to present-day biology was his theory that the Mendelian laws of inheritance could be applied to chromosomes at the cellular level of living organisms. This is now known as the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory. Sutton was born in Utica, New York, and was raised on a farm as the fifth of seven sons to Judge William B. Sutton and his wife, Agnes Black Sutton, in Russell, Kansas. On the farm, he developed a mechanical aptitude by maintaining and repairing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4226825", "score": "0.97795403", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Sol Spiegelman", "text": "in 1944. After a year as a U.S. Public Health Service Fellow at the University of Minnesota, he joined the faculty of the University of Illinois and later became a professor of microbiology where he stayed for 20 years. In 1962, he improved a technique that allowed the detection of specific RNA and DNA molecules in cells. Called nucleic acid hybridization originally developed by Rich and Davies in 1956, it was the combination of viral DNA and viral RNA which helped to lay the groundwork for advances in recombinant DNA technology. In 1969 he became a professor of human genetics", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9809919", "score": "0.9689117", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Colin Munro MacLeod", "text": "Colin Munro MacLeod Colin Munro MacLeod (January 28, 1909 – February 11, 1972) was a Canadian-American geneticist. He was one of a trio of scientists who discovered that deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA is responsible for the transformation of the physical characteristics of bacteria, which subsequently led to its identification as the molecule responsible for heredity. MacLeod was born in Port Hastings, Nova Scotia, Canada, one of eight children of a schoolteacher and a Scottish Presbyterian minister. He entered McGill University at the age of 16 after skipping three grades in primary school, and completed his medical studies by age 23.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4947163", "score": "0.9638791", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Arthur Mourant", "text": "Blood Banks and honorary member of the Human Biology Council. Arthur Mourant Arthur Ernest Mourant FRS (11 April 1904 – 29 August 1994) was a British chemist, hematologist and geneticist who pioneered research into biological anthropology and its distribution, genetics, clinical and laboratory medicine, and geology. Mourant graduated from the University of Oxford with honours in chemistry and a Doctor of Philosophy in geology in 1931. He was an early advocate of the then discredited Wegener theory of continental drift, which subsequently gained acceptabtability as plate tectonics. When he left Oxford he failed to find a position in his chosen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10845788", "score": "0.96289504", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "DNA", "text": "according to the nucleotide they have read. DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who, in 1869, discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. As it resided in the nuclei of cells, he called it \"nuclein\". In 1878, Albrecht Kossel isolated the non-protein component of \"nuclein\", nucleic acid, and later isolated its five primary nucleobases. In 1909, Phoebus Levene identified the base, sugar, and phosphate nucleotide unit of the RNA (then named \"yeast nucleic acid\"). In 1929, Levene identified deoxyribose sugar in \"thymus nucleic acid\" (DNA). Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "97614", "score": "0.9622926", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Stephen C. West", "text": "Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (USA). Stephen West was born on 11 April 1952 in Hessle, Yorkshire, to Joseph Clair West, a fishbuyer, and Louise West. Although he came from a working-class background, he did well enough at his local school (Hessle High School) to go to Newcastle University where he studied Biochemistry. He graduated with a BSc in 1974, and stayed in Newcastle to complete his PhD in 1977. His thesis advisor was Peter Emmerson. During his PhD work, he became interested in how cells recombine their DNA and use recombination for DNA repair. In 1977,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15638822", "score": "0.9610924", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Timeline of United States discoveries", "text": "first accurate double-helix model of DNA structure. 1955 Mendelevium 1955 Antiproton \"'1956 Porous silicon\" 1956 Kaon 1956 Antineutron 1956 Neutrino 1956 Nucleic acid hybridization 1958 Van Allen radiation belt 1959 Antiproton 1960 Seafloor spreading 1961 Eta meson 1964 Xi baryon 1964 Cosmic microwave background radiation 1964 Quark 1964 1930 Lucifer 1964 Hepatitis B virus 1965 Aspartame 1965 Pulsating white dwarves 1968 Up quark 1968 Down quark 1969 Mosher's acid 1969 Interstellar formaldehyde 1970 Reverse transcriptase 1972 Opiate receptors 1974 Australopithecus \"Lucy\" Lucy is the common name of AL 288-1, several hundred pieces of bone representing about 40% of the skeleton", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13247553", "score": "0.9608908", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "J. M. Robson", "text": "Sarah Benjamin in September 1930 in Leeds. J. M. Robson John Michael 'Rab' Rabinovich, later known as Prof John Michael Robson FRSE FRCS FRCSE LLD (1900–1982) was a geneticist and physicist who co-founded the science of mutagenesis by mutations in fruit flies exposed to mustard gas, and who first observed neutron beta decay. Born in Belgium to a Russian Jewish family, Rabinovich came prior to World War I in England, where he attended school in Leeds. He studied Science at Leeds University graduating BSc in 1922 then took a second degree in Medicine graduating MB ChB in 1925. In 1929", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11343868", "score": "0.96031857", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Rosalind Franklin", "text": "Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 192016 April 1958) was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer who made contributions to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite. Although her works on coal and viruses were appreciated in her lifetime, her contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were largely recognised posthumously. Born to a prominent British Jewish family, Franklin was educated at a private day school at Norland Place in West London, Lindores School for Young Ladies in Sussex, and St Paul's Girls' School, London. Then she", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "909410", "score": "0.95464337", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Reginald Punnett", "text": "Reginald Punnett Reginald Crundall Punnett FRS (; 20 June 1875 – 3 January 1967) was a British geneticist who co-founded, with William Bateson, the \"Journal of Genetics\" in 1910. Punnett is probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a tool still used by biologists to predict the probability of possible genotypes of offspring. His \"Mendelism\" (1905) is sometimes said to have been the first textbook on genetics; it was probably the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public. Reginald Punnett was born in 1875 in the town of Tonbridge in Kent, England. While", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4657393", "score": "0.95232797", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Holliday junction", "text": "maydis\" and \"Saccharomyces cerevisiae.\" The model provided a molecular mechanism that explained both gene conversion and chromosomal crossover. Holliday realized that the proposed pathway would create heteroduplex DNA segments with base mismatches between different versions of a single gene. He predicted that the cell would have a mechanism for mismatch repair, which was later discovered. Prior to Holliday's model, the accepted model involved a copy-choice mechanism where the new strand is synthesized directly from parts of the different parent strands. In the original Holliday model for homologous recombination, single-strand breaks occur at the same point on one strand of each", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7503045", "score": "0.9518386", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Frederick Sanger", "text": "the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids\". The other half was awarded to Paul Berg \"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA\". Frederick Sanger was born on 13 August 1918 in Rendcomb, a small village in Gloucestershire, England, the second son of Frederick Sanger, a general practitioner, and his wife, Cicely Sanger (née Crewdson). He was one of three children. His brother, Theodore, was only a year older, while his sister May (Mary) was five years younger. His father had worked as an Anglican medical missionary in China but returned", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "731464", "score": "0.95037675", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Walter Bodmer", "text": "In 1962 Walter Bodmer was appointed to the faculty at Stanford. He left Stanford University in 1970 to become the first Professor of Genetics at the University of Oxford . Bodmer developed models for population genetics and worked on the human leukocyte antigen system and the use of somatic cell hybrids for human linkage studies. In 1985 he chaired a Royal Society committee which wrote \"The Bodmer Report\"; this has been credited with starting the movement for the public understanding of science. Bodmer was one of the first to suggest the idea of the Human Genome Project. In 1987 he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4484281", "score": "0.95004797", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Phoebus Levene", "text": "of the molecule. His ideas about the structure of DNA were wrong; he thought there were only four nucleotides per molecule. He even declared that it could not store the genetic code because it was chemically far too simple. However, his work was a key basis for the later work that determined the structure of DNA. Levene published over 700 original papers and articles on biochemical structures. Levene died in 1940, before the true significance of DNA became clear. Levene is known for his \"tetranucleotide hypothesis\" (formulated around 1910) which first proposed that DNA was made up of \"equal\" amounts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6459516", "score": "0.94883573", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "Thomas Harrison Montgomery Jr.", "text": "cell biology, primarily using insect cells. His most notable research includes early observations of the pairing of maternal and paternal chromosomes during cell division. He was first to propose that chromosomes play the dominant role in sex determination, although he rejected the idea that sex was determined by chromosomes alone, and some historians claim he was the first to propose the chromosome theory of inheritance, an idea widely credited to Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri. He also detailed the morphology of the nucleolus, and observed that in some hemipteran insects the germ cells of males but not females contain odd", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18890806", "score": "0.9486417", "original_retrieval_index": 41 }, { "title": "Albrecht Kossel", "text": "Albrecht Kossel Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (16 September 1853 – 5 July 1927) was a German biochemist and pioneer in the study of genetics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1910 for his work in determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids, the genetic substance of biological cells. Kossel isolated and described the five organic compounds that are present in nucleic acid: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil. These compounds were later shown to be nucleobases, and are key in the formation of DNA and RNA, the genetic material found in all living", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1826196", "score": "0.9474001", "original_retrieval_index": 44 }, { "title": "DNA", "text": "system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carries genetic information. In 1933, while studying virgin sea urchin eggs, Jean Brachet suggested that DNA is found in the cell nucleus and that RNA is present exclusively in the cytoplasm. At the time, \"yeast nucleic acid\" (RNA) was thought to occur only in plants, while \"thymus nucleic acid\" (DNA) only in animals. The latter was thought to be a tetramer, with the function of buffering cellular pH. In 1937, William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure. In 1943, Oswald Avery, along with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "97616", "score": "0.94669366", "original_retrieval_index": 45 }, { "title": "Rosalind Franklin and DNA", "text": "Rosalind Franklin and DNA Rosalind Franklin and DNA is a biography of an English chemist Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) written by her American friend Anne Sayre in 1975. Franklin was a physical chemist who made pivotal research in the discovery of the structure of DNA, known as \"the most important discovery\" in biology. DNA itself had become \"life's most famous molecule\". While working at the King's College London in 1951, she discovered two types of DNA called A-DNA and B-DNA. Her X-ray images of DNA indicated helical structure. Her X-ray image of B-DNA (called Photo 51) taken in 1952 became the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20492388", "score": "0.9462505", "original_retrieval_index": 46 }, { "title": "Jean Thomas (biochemist)", "text": "heavily focused on studying the structure and dynamics of chromatin and its role in the repression and activation of genes via regulatory proteins. She was the first person to isolate and characterize the histone octamer, which ultimately and led to the universal nucleosome model for chromatin structure formulated by Roger D. Kornberg. Kornberg would eventually be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on gene transcription and translation. Thomas’s recent work has focused on the in-depth understanding of chromatin proteins, such as high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and histone H1, and their interactions with DNA. In 2007,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10347096", "score": "0.9462252", "original_retrieval_index": 47 }, { "title": "Yuet Wai Kan", "text": "is regarded as a pioneer of applying molecular biology and genetics into clinical medicine. Kan was the first to establish that a single DNA mutation could lead to a human disease, and the first to diagnose a human disease by using DNA. Kan has made many fundamental contributions to our understanding of human blood diseases. Kan was the first to discover the gene deletion in human alpha-thalassemia; he was the first to discover a point-mutation causing human beta-thalassemia; with Golbus' help, he was the first to carry out prenatal diagnosis (for a haemoglobinopathy). Kan is best known for his groundbreaking", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10416220", "score": "0.9457827", "original_retrieval_index": 48 }, { "title": "James C. Wang", "text": "1977, when he joined the faculty at Harvard University. He was named the Mallinckrodt Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Harvard in 1988. Retired in 2006. Wang discovered DNA topoisomerases (or local enzymes) and proposed a mechanism for their operation in the 1970s. He also studied the configuration (or topology) of DNA, an approach that proved fruitful in helping to explain how the structure of the double helix coils and relaxes. James C. Wang James C. Wang (; born November 18, 1936) is Chinese-born American biochemist and biologist. He is a Harvard University Professor of biochemistry and molecular biology.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10426931", "score": "0.9443574", "original_retrieval_index": 49 }, { "title": "Allan Campbell (biologist)", "text": "regulation and expression of genetic material, and the mechanism of integration and excision of genetic material into chromosomal locations. Allan Campbell’s contribution to the field with the ‘Campbell model’ of integration and excision marked a major step forward in the understanding of this process. Allan Campbell (biologist) Allan M. Campbell (April 27, 1929 – April 19, 2018) was an American microbiologist and geneticist whose pioneering work on Lambda phage has helped advance molecular biology in the late 20th century. Dr. Campbell has been a professor of in the Department of Biology at Stanford University since 1968, and he was appointed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9004652", "score": "0.9440193", "original_retrieval_index": 50 } ]

{ "title": "Semiconservative replication", "long_answer": "The deciphering of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 suggested that each strand of the double helix would serve as a template for synthesis of a new strand. However, there was no way of knowing how the newly synthesized strands might combine with the template strands to form two double helical DNA molecules. The semiconservative model seemed most reasonable since it would allow each daughter strand to remain associated with its template strand. The semiconservative model was supported by the Meselson-Stahl experiment and other even more revealing experiments that allowed for autoradiographic visualization of the distribution of old and new strands within replicated chromosomes.", "chunked_long_answer": "The deciphering of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 suggested that each strand of the double helix would serve as a template for synthesis of a new strand. However, there was no way of knowing how the newly synthesized strands might combine with the template strands to form two double helical DNA molecules. The semiconservative model seemed most reasonable since it would allow each daughter strand to remain associated with its template strand. The semiconservative model was supported by the Meselson-Stahl experiment and other even more revealing experiments that allowed for autoradiographic visualization of the distribution", "short_answers": [ "Crick", "Watson" ] }

[ "The Bahamas", "Albany development in the Bahamas" ]

[ { "title": "Hero World Challenge", "text": "Beginning in 2015, the event will be played at the Albany development in the Bahamas, for at least three years.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Hero World Challenge", "text": "Hero World Challenge The Hero World Challenge is a golf tournament hosted by Tiger Woods, which takes place each December. It features a small number (currently 18) of top-ranked golf pros. The tournament is a benefit for the Tiger Woods Foundation. Initially, the tournament had a 16-man field composed of the defending champion, the top 11 available players from the Official World Golf Ranking, and four sponsors exemptions chosen by the Tiger Woods Foundation. In 2008, the field was increased to 18 players, consisting of the most recent winners of the four major PGA tournaments, the top 11 available players", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4705467", "score": "1.2622414", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Hero World Challenge", "text": "from the Official World Golf Ranking, the defending champion, and two special exemption players selected by the foundation. Prize money won by the players is not included in money rankings on any of the world's professional golf tours, but the tournament is recognized as an unofficial money event by the PGA Tour. Since 2009, the event offers Official World Golf Ranking points. In 2007 the total prize fund was $5.75 million, similar to many official PGA Tour events, which usually have fields of about 150 players. In 2014, the first prize was $1 million, and the total purse was $3.5", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4705468", "score": "1.1509395", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Hero World Challenge", "text": "Lehman won the first event in January. The tournament then moved to December of that year Davis Love III won that event. It has been played in December ever since. The January 2000 event was played at Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona. From December 2000 to 2013, the event took place at Sherwood Country Club, a course designed by Jack Nicklaus, in Thousand Oaks, California. In 2008, Woods did not compete due to knee surgery following his 2008 U.S. Open victory, even though he was the two-time defending champion. He did not play in 2009 due to time spent", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4705470", "score": "1.0975174", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Hero World Challenge", "text": "away from golf related to personal matters. Woods returned to the event in 2010. In 2011, Woods won the tournament with a score of −10, defeating Zach Johnson by one shot. Woods made birdie on the final two holes to win; it was his first win in over two years, since the 2009 Australian Masters. It was called the Chevron World Challenge from 2008 through 2011. It previously went by the names Williams World Challenge and Target World Challenge. In 2012, new sponsor Northwestern Mutual was the presenting sponsor instead of a title sponsor. They became the title sponsor in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4705471", "score": "1.0925097", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Hero World Challenge", "text": "million. Woods usually donates his prize money to his foundation. Hero World Challenge tournament is preceded by a pro-am competition, in which professional golfers play with amateurs. Hero World Challenge pro-am is usually organized two days before the first round of professional play. \"Am-Am outing\" takes place on the first day, \"Official Pro-Am\" on the second day. The access to the pro-am competition is limited only to the tournament partners. The pro-am tournament is closed to public. The amateur participants of the 2016 pro-am included, for instance, Derek Jeter and Tino Martinez. In 2000 the tournament was staged twice Tom", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4705469", "score": "1.0754347", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Kiwi Challenge", "text": "Kiwi Challenge The Kiwi Challenge was a golf tournament played as part of the PGA Tour's Challenge Season. It was played in New Zealand. The 36-hole tournament began in 2008 with a four-man field of Anthony Kim, Hunter Mahan, Adam Scott and Brandt Snedeker. It aired in December on NBC and was played on the courses Kauri Cliffs and Cape Kidnappers over two days. The purse was $2.6 million with $1.5 million going to the winner (second: $500,000, third: $350,000, fourth: $250,000). The 2008 event was won by Hunter Mahan. The 2009 event was played November 10–11 and aired on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13453807", "score": "1.0445486", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Ally Challenge", "text": "The Ally Challenge The Ally Challenge is a PGA Tour Champions event at Warwick Hills Golf and Country Club in Grand Blanc Township, Michigan, just south of Flint, which debuted in September 2018. The tournament is sponsored by Grand Blanc-based McLaren Health Care. Detroit-based Ally Financial is the title sponsor. Beyond the tournament, the Ally Challenge event includes a pro-am on Wednesday and Thursday, The Ally Challenge Community Concert on Friday and Adidas 5K Challenge run/walk event on Saturday morning. Net proceeds from the tournament were earmarked for Community Foundation of Greater Flint and Junior Achievement of Southeastern Michigan plus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20600255", "score": "1.0381284", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Professional golf career of Tiger Woods", "text": "his intention to play at the 2017 Hero World Challenge. At this limited-field event, Woods produced a positive performance, finishing tied for ninth. Woods stated that he would make his first appearance of the 2018 PGA Tour at the Farmers Insurance Open in San Diego, California, an event he had previously won seven times. Woods finished in a tie for 23rd, 7 strokes behind winner Jason Day. In February, Woods appeared in back-to-back PGA Tour events for the first time since August 2015. Woods missed the halfway cut at the Genesis Open in Los Angeles, before finishing 12th in at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16228368", "score": "1.0357211", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Northern Ireland Open (Challenge Tour)", "text": "Northern Ireland Open (Challenge Tour) The Northern Ireland Open is a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour. It was played for the first time in August/September 2013 at the Galgorm Castle Golf Club in Ballymena, Northern Ireland. In 2017 the event was changed from 72 holes of stroke play to a \"Super 6\" style format. In 2018 the event reverted to 72-hole stroke-play. The 2017 format was similar to that used for the 2017 World Super 6 Perth. The main difference was that the 6-hole matches are determined by stroke play rather than match play. It retained the 156-player field,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17514398", "score": "0.99752045", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "The Ally Challenge", "text": "playing September 10–16, 2018. An agreement is in place for the $2 million purse tournament until 2020. The Challenge would also included a pro-am on Wednesday and Thursday. On November 10, 2017, the tournament announced McLaren Health Care as presenting sponsor. Plus, they indicated tickets were on sale, a Big & Rich concert would be held after the first round and a 5K run would also be held. The Birdies for Charities fundraising program was announced in May 2018 for additional 501(c)3 charity to join. The 5K run/walk was announced on June 22, 2018 to be sponsor by Adidas as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20600257", "score": "0.9877083", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "The Ally Challenge", "text": "an hour of mostly veterans speaking against the sponsorship, the board reversed it vote, initially 6–2–1 before voting switching made it unanimous. Paul Broadhurst was the inaugural 2018 tournament winner with a 15-under-par 201 score to beat Brandt Jobe by two strokes. All three rounds of the tournament was broadcast on the Golf Channel. The Ally Challenge The Ally Challenge is a PGA Tour Champions event at Warwick Hills Golf and Country Club in Grand Blanc Township, Michigan, just south of Flint, which debuted in September 2018. The tournament is sponsored by Grand Blanc-based McLaren Health Care. Detroit-based Ally Financial", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20600259", "score": "0.98272324", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Indian Open (golf)", "text": "Indian Open (golf) The Indian Open, known as the Hero Indian Open due to sponsorship, is a golf tournament on the Asian Tour that is currently held at the Delhi Golf Club. It became a European Tour co-sanctioned event in 2015. The inaugural event was held in 1964 and won by Peter Thomson of Australia, who was the inspiration behind the event. Thomson used to stop off in India whilst travelling worldwide to play and soon realised the potential for golf and that the best way to promote it would be an international tournament. It was this insight that persuaded", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12599654", "score": "0.98104465", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Father/Son Challenge", "text": "Father/Son Challenge The Father/Son Challenge is an annual golf tournament for two-player teams, consisting of PGA Tour and Champions Tour golfers and (usually) their sons. It is played over two days (36 holes) for the Willie Park Trophy, in memory of the father and son British Open champions Willie Park Snr and Willie Park Jnr. The field of twenty teams plays a scramble format. In 2012 the prize fund was $1,000,000; the tournament is jointly owned by IMG and NBC Sports. The fathers need to have won a major championship or The Players Championship (often called the \"fifth major\") to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9260982", "score": "0.9799968", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Northern Ireland Open (Challenge Tour)", "text": "result above is the score in the final. Northern Ireland Open (Challenge Tour) The Northern Ireland Open is a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour. It was played for the first time in August/September 2013 at the Galgorm Castle Golf Club in Ballymena, Northern Ireland. In 2017 the event was changed from 72 holes of stroke play to a \"Super 6\" style format. In 2018 the event reverted to 72-hole stroke-play. The 2017 format was similar to that used for the 2017 World Super 6 Perth. The main difference was that the 6-hole matches are determined by stroke play rather", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17514400", "score": "0.9769092", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Fred Meyer Challenge", "text": "Fred Meyer Challenge The Fred Meyer Challenge was a charity golf tournament played in the Portland metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Oregon. Held from 1986 to 2002, it was organized by Portland native and PGA Tour golfer Peter Jacobsen and sponsored by the then locally owned hypermarket chain Fred Meyer. The field included active and retired PGA Tour players. It was always played as a two-man team best ball event. In its inaugural year, it was played as in a match play format, with four teams competing. For the rest of its tenure, it was played in a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13451076", "score": "0.97309434", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "2019 PGA Tour", "text": "events were added to the schedule: the Rocket Mortgage Classic will be played at Detroit Golf Club in Detroit, Michigan, and the 3M Open will be played at the TPC Twin Cities in Blaine, Minnesota. Additionally, the WGC Invitational was relocated from Akron, Ohio to Memphis, Tennessee when FedEx took over sponsorship of the event. As a result, the FedEx St. Jude Classic will cease now that the relocated WGC event, WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational, will be played at the Classic's former location in Memphis. Quicken Loans National, played in the Washington, D.C. area, will no longer appear on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20791918", "score": "0.9695994", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Nedbank Golf Challenge", "text": "Nedbank Golf Challenge The Nedbank Golf Challenge, previously known as the Million Dollar Challenge, is an annual men's professional golf tournament played at the Gary Player Country Club in Sun City, North West province, South Africa. It was first played in 1981 and takes place towards the end of the year, in November or December. For many years the tournament was a small-field invitational stroke play event with typically 12 players competing. Since it became a European Tour event in 2013, the field size has increased, to 30 from 2013 to 2015 and to 72 in 2016. Originally it was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4600088", "score": "0.9644982", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Big Break Atlantis", "text": "Big Break: Prince Edward Island participant. The first challenge is a tic-tac-tow challenge where players must hit their balls into nets to put their piece on the board and the winner getting 2 challenge points. The matchups are decided based on points standings, with Natalia, the lowest points earner, facing Gerina. The second stage is a target golf challenge where the players try to hit as close as possible to the hole in three different locations. The circles are marked as targets on the green and the player getting within a specific target gets a particular number of points from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16516685", "score": "0.95954335", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Diamond Resorts Invitational", "text": "Diamond Resorts Invitational The Diamond Resorts Invitational was a PGA Tour Champions Challenge Season event and celebrity golf tournament, played at Tranquilo Golf Club at Four Seasons in Orlando, Florida and benefited Florida Hospital for Children. The tournament began as a celebrity-only tournament in 2013 and in 2017, the tournament was made a PGA Tour Champions Challenge Season event. The 2018 event featured a field of 28 Champions Tour and 4 LPGA Tour professionals, and 50 celebrity amateur golfers. The tournament was a no cut 54-hole event, and used the Modified Stableford scoring system. Over the years, the tournament helped", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19916539", "score": "0.958071", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Tiger Woods PGA Tour 13", "text": "Tiger Woods PGA Tour 13 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 13 is a golfing simulation video game in the \"PGA Tour\" series published by Electronic Arts. It was released in North America on March 27, 2012, in Australia on March 29, 2012 and in Europe on March 30, 2012 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. This is the first version of the game since 2006 not to be released on the Wii. EA has sunsetted the servers which means the courses are no longer available for download. \"Tiger Woods PGA Tour 13\" features a game mode called \"Legacy Challenge,\" where", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16207352", "score": "0.95459926", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "PGA Tour Golf Team Challenge", "text": "PGA Tour Golf Team Challenge PGA Tour Golf Team Challenge is a trackball-based golf arcade game series manufactured by Global VR of San Jose, California. Based on the PC version of EA Sports' \"PGA Tour\" game, the game is run from a computer within the cabinet which has an Intel Pentium 4 processor and Nvidia GeForce video card. The current - and final - edition of the PGA series is titled PGA Tour Golf ‘Team Challenge’. A player can select from a number of real PGA pro golfers & PGA tour courses in either 9 or 18 holes, against up", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9849123", "score": "0.95383644", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Swiss Challenge (golf)", "text": "has been played at Golf Sempachersee in Hildisrieden. Swiss Challenge (golf) The Swiss Challenge is a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour, held in Switzerland. It was first played as the Credit Suisse Private Banking Open in 2000 and 2001 at the Golf Club Patriziale Ascona in Ascona. It replaced the Interlaken Open which ended after financial issues. During the course of the 2002 edition, the heavy rain led to the overflow of the Lake Maggiore and to the cancellation of the event. Following a four-year hiatus, the tournament returned in 2006 and was held at the Wylihof Golf Club", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10796045", "score": "0.9500098", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Ally Challenge", "text": "the Adidas 5K Challenge held before the second round with benefiting non-profits as the Community Foundation of Greater Flint and Junior Achievement of Southeastern Michigan. The Genesee County Board of Commissioners embroiled the tournament in a controversy over their April 2, 2018 approval, 7–1, of using veterans millage funds towards sponsoring the event as \"outreach\". With the sponsorship, the county would get free access for veterans to the tournament and a \"Patriot Pavilion\" at the 18th fairway for all active and reserve military, veterans and their dependents. On April 9, 2018, after a commissioner sponsored petition with 500 signatures and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20600258", "score": "0.94629234", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "PowerPlay Golf", "text": "PowerPlay Golf PowerPlay Golf is a shorter variation of golf, featuring two flags on a green and played over nine holes. It was devised by British amateur golfer Peter McEvoy, a former victorious captain of the Great Britain and Ireland Walker Cup team, and David Piggins, a sports venue owner and operator, assisted shortly afterwards by golf agency owner Andy Hiseman. McEvoy and Hiseman wrote the rules together in February 2007. In PowerPlay Golf, players can choose to play to the 'easy' white flag or the more difficult black flag. If they score a birdie or better to the black", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11262391", "score": "0.94460595", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Hank Haney", "text": "under the name \"World Challenge Golf 2011\" by Virtual Programming on September 28, 2011. Hank Haney Hank Haney (born August 24, 1955) is an American professional golf instructor best known for coaching Tiger Woods and two-time major championship winner Mark O'Meara. A graduate of the University of Tulsa, Haney owns and operates four teaching facilities in the Dallas, Texas area. Haney says, \"My philosophy as a teacher is to teach my students to become their own best teacher by getting them to understand the flight of the golf ball and how it relates to the swing, with emphasis on swinging", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11888221", "score": "0.9410186", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "The Ally Challenge", "text": "additional charities could participate in the Birdies for Charities fundraising program. Grand Blanc Community Schools benefits by using their parking lots to generate revenue. Previously, the area had the Buick Open from 1958 through 2009 at the Warwick Hills Golf Club, as one of six former PGA Tour sites hosting PGA Tour Champions events. Since that tournament left, the golf club had been looking to get a replace in a PGA Tour Champions event. The main issue was finding a title sponsor. The Ally Challenge was announced by the PGA on August 26, 2017 as a PGA Tour Champions tournament", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20600256", "score": "0.93825555", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Golf in India", "text": "Golf Tour of India. The main tournament is the Hero Indian Open, co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and European Tour. In addition to the commendable performances by the Golf players of India, the Indian Golf Union (IGU) is making earnest efforts to improve the standard of the game in the country. Established in 1955, IGU made a significant decision made in 1995, which gave rise to the birth of a separate body for the sport - Professional Golfers' Association of India (PGAI). Recent development in Indian Golf is commencement of Indian Pitch and Putt Union apex body of Pitch and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16492044", "score": "0.9365485", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003", "text": "Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003 is a 2002 golf video game released by EA Sports. Among the features in the game is the Tiger Challenge, in which the player is matched against real or fantasy golfers one at a time. There is also a scenario mode with 50 scenarios, challenging the players' skills in a variety of realistic settings. The game also includes a tournament mode that simulates a season on the PGA Tour. The game was met with universal acclaim to positive reception upon release. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 91%", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4995703", "score": "0.9352583", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003", "text": "386\".\" Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003 is a 2002 golf video game released by EA Sports. Among the features in the game is the Tiger Challenge, in which the player is matched against real or fantasy golfers one at a time. There is also a scenario mode with 50 scenarios, challenging the players' skills in a variety of realistic settings. The game also includes a tournament mode that simulates a season on the PGA Tour. The game was met with universal acclaim to positive reception upon release. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4995705", "score": "0.93518287", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "Hero World Challenge", "long_answer": "Beginning in 2015, the event will be played at the Albany development in the Bahamas, for at least three years.", "chunked_long_answer": "Beginning in 2015, the event will be played at the Albany development in the Bahamas, for at least three years.", "short_answers": [ "Albany development in the Bahamas" ] }

[ "Gene MacLellan" ]

[ { "title": "Put Your Hand in the Hand", "text": "\"Put Your Hand in the Hand\" is a gospel pop song composed by Gene MacLellan and first recorded by Canadian singer Anne Murray from her third studio album Honey, Wheat and Laughter.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Water Man", "text": "The Water Man \"The Water Man\" () was the first Slovene ballad. It was written in the spring of 1826 by the Slovene Romantic poet France Prešeren and was a narration about Urška, a flirt from Ljubljana that ended in the hands of a handsome man who happened to be a vodyanoy (). The poem was based on a story from \"The Glory of Carniola\", about a dance at Old Square in Ljubljana in July 1547, when Urška Šefer was enchanted by a vodyanoy and tugged to the Ljubljanica. Prešeren wrote it due to his unfulfilled love towards Zalika Dolenc.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16782681", "score": "0.8904748", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Helen Keller", "text": "the motions her teacher was making on the palm of her hand, while running cool water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of \"water\". Writing in her autobiography, \"The Story of My Life,\" Keller recalled the moment. \"I stood still, my whole attention fixed upon the motions of her fingers. Suddenly I felt a misty consciousness as of something forgotten — a thrill of returning thought; and somehow the mystery of language was revealed to me. I knew then that w-a-t-e-r meant the wonderful cool something that was flowing over my hand. The living word awakened my soul, gave", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "186500", "score": "0.88372517", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Natalie Natalia", "text": "oars had made whirlpools. A light appeared in the window: your breast, above the candle, burned. We wrapped our cloaks round us: ran with our shoulders against the drawbridge. Hands came through the door and held us; they were tendrils through the stone. You watched from an upstairs window. We were in the hallway of the castle. You stood with the candle and one hand against your breast. The candle burned: it made blood against the snow. The man with the beak of a bird put his head down to embrace you: with one arm round his neck, you were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5043180", "score": "0.88080096", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Bereshit (parsha)", "text": "Moses (as reports) to \"Stretch out your hand over the sea, and divide it.\" So (as reports) \"Moses stretched out his hand over the sea,\" but the sea refused to be divided. So God looked at the sea, and the waters saw God's Face, and they trembled and quaked, and descended into the depths, as says, \"The waters saw You, O God; the waters saw You, they were afraid: the depths also trembled.\" Rabbi Eliezer taught that on the day that God said in \"Let the waters be gathered together,\" the waters congealed, and God made them into twelve valleys,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6203780", "score": "0.8688654", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Beshalach", "text": "So God looked at the sea, and the waters saw God's Face, and they trembled and quaked, and descended into the depths, as says, \"The waters saw You, O God; the waters saw You, they were afraid: the depths also trembled.\" Rabbi Eliezer taught that on the day that God said \"Let the waters be gathered together,\" the waters congealed, and God made them into twelve valleys, corresponding to the twelve tribes, and they were made into walls of water between each path, and the Israelites could see each other, and they saw God, walking before them, but they did", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6749242", "score": "0.85546035", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "John Bunion Murray", "text": "through the bottle of holy water, that person would read messages from God. During the last few years of his life as his reputation grew as a mystic, Murray would receive visitors on his property who requested ritual readings of the holy water. When writing these holy messages, Murray would often hold the bottle of holy water in one hand and write with the other, keeping his hand as limp as possible, and letting the holy spirit guide it. This process of automatic writing was recorded in a documentary directed and produced by Judith McWillie of the University of Georgia", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18130848", "score": "0.84807414", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Man who Put the Germ in Germany", "text": "The Man who Put the Germ in Germany The Man who Put the Germ in Germany is a song written in 1918 during World War I. Lyrics and music were composed by Nora Bayes, Sam Downing, and Abe Glatt. Waterson, Berlin & Snyder, Inc. of New York City published the song for both voice and piano. It reached number seven on the US song charts in August 1918. On the cover of the sheet music is a large picture of Nora Bayes. The song celebrates America by using word play of famous leaders' names like George Washington and Abraham Lincoln", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19183124", "score": "0.8421629", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "The Water Man", "text": "In the first publication of the poem Urška was named Zalika. Later, in Prešeren's Poems (1847), she was named Urška. The Water Man \"The Water Man\" () was the first Slovene ballad. It was written in the spring of 1826 by the Slovene Romantic poet France Prešeren and was a narration about Urška, a flirt from Ljubljana that ended in the hands of a handsome man who happened to be a vodyanoy (). The poem was based on a story from \"The Glory of Carniola\", about a dance at Old Square in Ljubljana in July 1547, when Urška Šefer was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16782682", "score": "0.8412764", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "John Tyndall", "text": "to the reader at the end of a 200-page tutorial book for a \"youthful audience\", \"The Forms of Water\" (1872): \"Here, my friend, our labours close. It has been a true pleasure to me to have you at my side so long. In the sweat of our brows we have often reached the heights where our work lay, but you have been steadfast and industrious throughout, using in all possible cases your own muscles instead of relying upon mine. Here and there I have stretched an arm and helped you to a ledge, but the work of climbing has been", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1881058", "score": "0.83398986", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Put Your Hand in the Hand", "text": "Presley (who also covered MacLellan's \"Snowbird\"), Randy Stonehill, Frankie Laine, Donny Hathaway, Joan Baez, Dutch group Himalaya, the Les Humphries Singers, and a German-language version (\"Ich fand eine Hand\") [I Found a Hand] by Cindy & Bert. Bing Crosby recorded the song for his 1972 album \"Bing 'n' Basie\". Evangelist Garner Ted Armstrong covered the song in a January 1976 episode of \"Hee Haw\". Country acts Sandy Posey, Lynn Anderson, Loretta Lynn, and The Oak Ridge Boys also recorded the song. South African singer Ray Dylan recorded a cover on his album \"Goeie Ou Country - Op Aanvraag\". Put Your", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8403378", "score": "0.8321219", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Donald Finkel", "text": "floating hieroglyph, seamless as water. Then the hand spoke, and the hand said “Let there be meaning,” and the meaning sang: “Let there be love,” and the hand shaped itself another hand of clay. Now, where there had been but one meaning, there were two. So the hands wrestled all night till they saw it was pointless. So together they shaped themselves a cunning tongue, to arbitrate. Now, where there had been two meanings, there were three. And the hands wrung one another, abashed, and the tongue took over. – Donald Finkel From: Natural Bridge Before his death, Finkel returned", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12715619", "score": "0.825979", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Habbani Jews", "text": "receiving the Torah at Mount Sinai with the water being symbolic of the Torah, based on Isaiah 55:1 which states, \"all who are thirsty come for water.\" The first to start this tradition was Mori Yitzhaq ben Salem who would pour drops of water into his hands from a can say, \"I threw pure water on you and it purifies you from all of your impurities,\" from Ezikiel 36:25. In 1912 Zionist emissary Shmuel Yavne'eli came into contact with Habbani Jews who ransomed him when he was captured and robbed by eight Bedouin in southern Yemen. Yavnieli wrote about the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10328319", "score": "0.8255687", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Handwashing in Judaism", "text": "towel. The blessing is cited in the following manner: \"Blessed are you, O Lord, our God, King of the Universe, who has sanctified us through your commandments and has commanded us concerning the washing of hands\" (). Immediately following the recital of the blessing, it is incumbent to dry those hands with a towel &c. Other methods have developed concerning over which hand one is to begin when pouring water over them. The general custom in the morning (based on a kabbalistic teaching) is to take-up the vessel in one's right hand, pass the vessel into his left hand, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17866468", "score": "0.8215442", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "El Shaddai", "text": "12a and reads:Resh Laqish said: what is it that is written: \"I am El Shaddai\" (Genesis 35:11)? I am he who said to the world “enough!”. Resh Laqish [also] said: in the hour that the Holy, blessed be he, created the sea, it started to expand – until the Holy, blessed be he, reproached it. [Then] it dried out as it was said: \"He reproaches the sea and makes it dry; and all the rivers makes desolate\" (Nahum 1:4).This account has two parallel variants with some minute changes. One appears in Bereshit Rabbah 5:8, where Shaddai stops the world from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7946531", "score": "0.8211895", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Put Your Hand in the Hand", "text": "between the second chorus and the second verse, as well as the repeat of the chorus and the final instrumentalist chorus, that ends without the fade. It went on to become 22nd best-seller of 1971. After MacLellan's suicide in 1995, his friend and fellow Atlantic Canadian musician Ron Hynes wrote the song \"Godspeed\" as a tribute, the lyrics for which reference the title of this song. 7\" single A1 \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\" – 2:52 A2 \"Tear Down the Fences\" – 2:53 The song was also covered in the 1970s by a number of other performers, including Elvis", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8403377", "score": "0.81688493", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "A Fish in the Water", "text": "A Fish in the Water A Fish in the Water (originally published as \"\" in 1993), is the memoir of Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2010. It covers two main periods of his life: the first comprising the years between 1946 and 1958, describes his childhood and the beginning of his writing career in Europe. The second period covers his political involvement in later years culminating with his defeat against Alberto Fujimori in the Peruvian presidential elections. The book is divided in twenty chapters in which the writer intersperses his narration with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11831891", "score": "0.813216", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Chris Mosdell", "text": "electronic techno version. It was eventually published in its entirety in book form in 2001 (Shichosha), together with the work of the experimental calligraphy artist Joichi Yoshikawa. Its first version, however, was written to reflect the rhythmical influence of the African continent and recorded by the West African kora player Toumani Diabate in 1992 for the album \"Shake the Whole World to Its Foundations\". Mosdell wrote a series of chants (eventually numbering one thousand) based on the oral poetry of the Ainu whereby, instead of having a fixed lyrical base to a song, he could dip into a pool of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11450428", "score": "0.8127343", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Put Your Hand in Mine", "text": "his hand and a refrigerator magnet, and tells him that if he needs him, the father can put his hand in his son's. In the second verse of the song, the narrator drives past a church. After looking at his son's drawing, he goes into the church to pray. In the third verse, the narrator says that he was unable to sleep because he is thinking about her. He then tells her, \"If you're not too tired / And it's not too late / Put your hand in mine\". \"Put Your Hand in Mine\" spent twenty-five weeks on the Hot", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12902919", "score": "0.8119017", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Viktor Grabovskyj", "text": "Grabovskyj, one poem written by him still in year Chernobyl catastrophe 1986 in English translation by Natalia Ryumina (2012): <poem style=\"margin-left:2em\"> Slow down, my friend! 'Be not like frozen waters, nor like a bird that's soaring in the skies, nor like a stone thrown down a chasm. Slow down in your pathetic stress. Today, right now — instead of striving for the essence of the ozone, you give yourself to it with all your heart, beat by beat. No matter where you are – in small or larger zones — do not engage in measuring your soul, don't rage! When", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15055343", "score": "0.81151885", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "V'Zot HaBerachah", "text": "Aminadab stepped forward and went into the sea first, praying in the words of \"Save me O God, for the waters come into my soul. I sink in deep mire, where there is no standing . . . . Let not the water overwhelm me, neither let the deep swallow me up.\" Moses was then praying, so God prompted Moses, in words parallel those of \"My beloved ones are drowning in the sea, and you prolong prayer before Me!\" Moses asked God, \"Lord of the Universe, what is there in my power to do?\" God replied in the words of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8635219", "score": "0.8107716", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Women in the Bible", "text": "heard how the Lord dried up the water of the Red Sea for you when you came out of Egypt, and what you did to Sihon and Og, the two kings of the Amorites east of the Jordan, whom you completely destroyed. When we heard of it, our hearts melted in fear and everyone’s courage failed because of you, for the Lord your God is God in heaven above and on the earth below. Now then, please swear to me by the Lord that you will show kindness to my family, because I have shown kindness to you. Give me", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8299707", "score": "0.80855644", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Harald Bredesen", "text": "encourage those gathered to understand and exercise their giftings in the meeting. A favorite song always concluded those late Sunday afternoon meetings, when characteristically, all those gathered would hold hands in a wide circle that encompassed frequently the entire sanctuary of the First Reformed Church. \"I'm living on the mountain underneath a cloudless sky; I drinking from the fountain that never shall run dry; oh yes, I feasting on the manna from a bountiful supply; I'm living in Beaulah Land!\" It was during this time that Bredesen met and became close friends with George Otis, founder of Bible Voice, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7919152", "score": "0.80433154", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Beshalach", "text": "\"Save me O God, for the waters come into my soul. I sink in deep mire, where there is no standing . . . . Let not the water overwhelm me, neither let the deep swallow me up.\" Moses was then praying, so God prompted Moses, in words parallel those of \"My beloved ones are drowning in the sea, and you prolong prayer before Me!\" Moses asked God, \"Lord of the Universe, what is there in my power to do?\" God replied in the words of \"Speak to the children of Israel, that they go forward. And lift up your", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6749233", "score": "0.80318594", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Taff's Well Thermal Spring", "text": "in grey beckoned a man who had just been getting some of the water. He put his pitcher down and asked what he could do for her. She asked him to hold her tight by both hands until she requested him to release her. The man did as he was bidden. He began to think it a long time before she bade him cease his grip, when a \"stabbing pain\" caught him in his side and with a sharp cry he loosed his hold. \"Alas! I shall remain in bondage for another hundred years, and then I must get a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15170461", "score": "0.8006677", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Javad Mojabi", "text": "No. - Do you see? - Yes. Behind a paper cloud A man with the blind man's spectacle, Looks after one within a printed paper; The quail sings - at Azadi Cafe - The plectrum of her song, Circles On the sterile flowers, On bold letters of the world, On cigarette smoke, On frozen fingers. Your name has been lost, On the unreadable marble sentence, On the pale blue veins of the stone, And I can't find Save the image of a gun on the marble, The horse of your image has been saddled, And your name takes root in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8442041", "score": "0.79586875", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Watermarks (film)", "text": "swimming scene at Amalienbad, Dein ist mein ganzes Herz (\"Yours is My Heart Alone\"), is from the operetta Das Land des Lächelns composed by Franz Lehár to the lyrics of the first president of Hakoah Vienna, Fritz Löhner-Beda. Löhner-Beda was sent to Auschwitz after the Anschluss where he was shot to death by a Nazi officer for not running quickly enough. Löhner-Beda also wrote the lyrics to the song Buchenwald March to the music of a fellow prisoner and a Viennese cabaret giant, Hermann Leopoldi while they were prisoners at Buchenwald. In the cabaret scene in the film, actor and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7488841", "score": "0.79579943", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "What the Water Gave Me (song)", "text": "website. Welch elaborated on the title and meaning of the song: \"It's a song for the water, because in music and art what I'm really interested in are the things that are overwhelming. The ocean seems to me to be nature's great overwhelmer. When I was writing this song I was thinking a lot about all those people who've lost their lives in vain attempts to save their loved ones from drowning. It's about water in all forms and all bodies. It's about a lot of things; Virginia Woolf creeps into it, and of course Frida Kahlo, whose painfully beautiful", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15867625", "score": "0.7952882", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Lawrence Sutin", "text": "each faced by a vintage postcard-image from the author's personal collection--A Postcard Memoir. His next work was . Most recently, Sutin published a novel, When To Go Into the Water. Sutin creates erasure books with collaged and altered texts; excerpts from these have been published online in the literary journals WaterStone and Sleet and are also on view at his website. Sutin was a full professor in the M.F.A. and M.L.S. programs at the Hamline University Creative Writing Program, in St. Paul, Minnesota. He retired from Hamline in 2015. He was also a faculty member of the Vermont College of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13924952", "score": "0.7942045", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Myra Brooks Welch", "text": "Otis Melvin Welch, who was a clerk in a dry goods store and had two children, Otis and Doris. By 1920, her parents had moved with her and her family and they were all living in La Verne, California. Welch's most noted poem, \"The Touch of the Master's Hand\" was written in 1921 and published on February 26, 1921 in the \"Gospel Messenger\". She published four books of poetry \"The Years Between\" (1929), \"Dorcas\" (1930), \"High Songs\" (1933) and \"The Touch of the Master’s Hand\" (1941). Welch was disabled in a wheelchair from arthritis, which later caused her to not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20205557", "score": "0.79185903", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Put Your Hand in the Hand", "long_answer": "\"Put Your Hand in the Hand\" is a gospel pop song composed by Gene MacLellan and first recorded by Canadian singer Anne Murray from her third studio album Honey, Wheat and Laughter.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"Put Your Hand in the Hand\" is a gospel pop song composed by Gene MacLellan and first recorded by Canadian singer Anne Murray from her third studio album Honey, Wheat and Laughter.", "short_answers": [ "Gene MacLellan" ] }

[ "President" ]

[ { "title": "Joint Session of Indian Parliament", "text": "India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha. Therefore, the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Joint Session of Indian Parliament", "text": "the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Chairman doesn't preside over the joint session at any mens/cost. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House. As per Article 108 of Constitution, a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations. If after a Bill has been passed by one House and submitted to the other House— (a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or (b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19415162", "score": "1.2189009", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka", "text": "House of Common. Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka The Speaker of the Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is the presiding officer of the chamber. The current Speaker of the Parliament is Karu Jayasuriya, in office since 1 September 2015. The Speaker fulfills a number of important functions in relation to the operation the House, which is based upon the British Westminster Parliamentary system. The Speaker is second in the Sri Lankan presidential line of succession, after the Prime Minister. In 1931 under the Donoughmore Constitution the State Council of Ceylon was established and in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10694119", "score": "1.0447435", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament", "text": "of the MPs (i.e. by 151 votes). If this majority is not attained, the vote is repeated, and the candidate who gets the most votes is elected. The Speaker of the Parliament directs the business of the Parliament, represents the Parliament, is responsible for the enforcement of disciplinary measures against parliamentarians, and generally, is the head of all the services of the Parliament and possesses all the responsibilities bestowed on him or her by the Constitution, the Standing Orders, or stemming from the principle of independence of Parliament. In other words, the Speaker has the final say on all matters", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10095776", "score": "1.0228807", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka", "text": "Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka The Speaker of the Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is the presiding officer of the chamber. The current Speaker of the Parliament is Karu Jayasuriya, in office since 1 September 2015. The Speaker fulfills a number of important functions in relation to the operation the House, which is based upon the British Westminster Parliamentary system. The Speaker is second in the Sri Lankan presidential line of succession, after the Prime Minister. In 1931 under the Donoughmore Constitution the State Council of Ceylon was established and in it the first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10694111", "score": "1.0224718", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore", "text": "The Speaker presides over the sittings of Parliament, and enforces the rules prescribed in its Standing Orders for the orderly conduct of parliamentary business. In carrying out their duties, the Speaker must remain impartial and fair to all MPs. The Speaker regulates and enforces the rules of debate. They decide who has the right to speak, and put the question for Parliament to debate on and vote. The Speaker does not take part in the debates, but can abstain or vote for or against a motion if they have a vote as an elected MP. As the guardian of parliamentary", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6591871", "score": "0.99608785", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone", "text": "Speaker of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone Speaker of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone is the presiding officer of Parliament of Sierra Leone. The speaker is the overall leader of Parliament, and is directly elected by sitting members of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone. Like other members of Parliament, the speaker is address as the Honourable. The speaker is given the constitutional power to presides over parliament; calls members of parliament into session; and discipline members who break the rules of Parliament. The current Speaker of Parliament is the Honourable Abel Nathaniel Bankole Stronge", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17708908", "score": "0.9955694", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Joint session", "text": "joint session of the two houses elects the members of the Federal Council (cabinet). In India, disputes between houses are resolved by a joint sitting but without an intervening election. In the Australian federal parliament, a joint sitting can be held, under certain conditions, to overcome a deadlock between the two houses. For a deadlock to be declared, a bill has to be rejected twice by the Senate at an interval of at least three months, after which a double dissolution election can be held. If, following the election, the new parliament is still unable to pass the bill, it", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8057263", "score": "0.9881439", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament", "text": "Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament This article is about Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament. Australia has a bicameral federal parliament, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Subject to the Constitution of Australia, each House has its own rules, standing orders and procedures; its own presiding officer; and meets separately, at dates and times it alone decides. However, there are some occasions when the two Houses have come together as a single body. The reasons for joint meetings have included: The Constitution makes provision for a joint sitting as part of a procedure to resolve legislative", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15429244", "score": "0.98371863", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Joint parliamentary committee", "text": "Joint parliamentary committee Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) is one type of ad hoc Parliamentary committee constituted by the Indian parliament. Joint Parliamentary Committee is formed when motion is adopted by one house and it is supported or agreed by the other house. Another way to form a Joint Parliamentary committee is that two presiding chiefs of both houses can write to each other, communicate with each other and form the joint parliamentary committee. The Lok Sabha members are double compared to Rajya Sabha. for e.g. If Joint Parliamentary committee has 10 Lok Sabha Members then 5 members will be from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15097624", "score": "0.98269093", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)", "text": "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the United Kingdom's lower chamber of Parliament. The office is currently held by John Bercow, who was initially elected on 22 June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin. He was returned as an MP in the 2010 general election and was re-elected as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new parliament on 18 May 2010. He was again returned as an MP in the 2015 general election and was re-elected, unopposed,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2178384", "score": "0.9819307", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Joint address (Canada)", "text": "Joint address (Canada) A joint address is a special procedure of the Canadian parliament in which members of the House of Commons and Senate sit jointly in the former chamber, which, for the occasion, becomes an auditorium. The Speaker of the House of Commons takes his chair as normal, with the Speaker of the Senate seated to his or her right. Members of parliament also take their usual seats, with senators and justices of the supreme court positioned on the floor of the house, in front of the clerk's table. Gallery privileges are suspended during a joint address and access", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8059169", "score": "0.9816319", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Parliament of Singapore", "text": "but became a fully independent republic on 9 August 1965. Its Legislative Assembly was renamed the Parliament of Singapore. The Speaker of Parliament has overall charge of the administration of Parliament and its secretariat, and presides over parliamentary sittings. The Leader of the House is an MP appointed by the Prime Minister to arrange government business and the legislative programme of Parliament, while the unofficial Leader of the Opposition is the MP who leads the largest opposition party able and prepared to assume office if the Government resigns. However, in September 2011, Low Thia Khiang, the secretary-general of the Workers'", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5126623", "score": "0.9807798", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament", "text": "The Deans assist the Speaker in organizational and executive matters of the Parliament, while the Secretaries assist the Speaker in the Parliamentary sessions and are responsible for whatever else the Speaker assigns to them. The current speaker is Vangelis Meimarakis. Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament The Presidium of Parliament is the group of individuals elected by the Hellenic Parliament to deal with the business of organizing and running the Parliament. This is provided for by Article 65 of the Constitution of Greece. The Presidium is: It is mandatory that the fourth Deputy Speaker, one dean and one secretary belong to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10095778", "score": "0.97130287", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)", "text": "he returned to wearing the traditional robe in 2016. Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the United Kingdom's lower chamber of Parliament. The office is currently held by John Bercow, who was initially elected on 22 June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin. He was returned as an MP in the 2010 general election and was re-elected as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new parliament on 18 May 2010. He was again returned as an MP", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2178440", "score": "0.9693072", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Senate of Canada", "text": "Speaker of the Senate of Canada The Speaker of the Senate of Canada () is the presiding officer of the Senate of Canada. The Speaker represents the Senate at official functions, rules on questions of parliamentary procedure and parliamentary privilege, and presides over debates and voting in the senate. The current Speaker is George Furey who assumed office upon nomination by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on December 3, 2015, succeeding Leo Housakos. The Speaker of the Senate is appointed by the Governor General of Canada, on behalf of the Canadian Monarch, and on the Constitutional advice of the Queen's Privy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3326373", "score": "0.96777785", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Senate of Canada", "text": "on the Scrutiny of Regulations, which considers delegated legislation, and the Standing Joint Committee on the Library of Parliament, which advises the two Speakers on the management of the library. Parliament may also establish special joint committees on an \"ad hoc\" basis to consider issues of particular interest or importance. Although legislation may be introduced in either chamber, most bills originate in the House of Commons. Because the Senate's schedule for debate is more flexible than that of the House of Commons, the government will sometimes introduce particularly complex legislation in the Senate first. In conformity with the British model,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1134042", "score": "0.96766376", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad", "text": "bodies he nominates members of parliament as prescribed by law. At the first sitting after a general election, Parliament presided over by the outgoing Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker, proceeds first to elect a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker in the manner laid down in the Rules of Procedure. A person however cannot preside over his own election. After the election of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, the House is adjourned for a short period so as to enable the newly elected Speaker and Deputy Speaker to take oath of their office. The House then", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17354027", "score": "0.966367", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "10th Parliament of Singapore", "text": "the cabinet, which assumed power on November 2001, and later led by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, who assumed power on December 2004. The Opposition is led by the Mr Chiam See Tong of the Singapore Democratic Alliance. The Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore is Abdullah bin Tarmugi, of the People's Action Party. He was elected as the Speaker of the House for the 10th Parliament on March 25, 2002. 10th Parliament of Singapore The 10th Parliament of Singapore was the previous Parliament of Singapore. The first session begun from March 25, 2002 and prorogued on the December 1,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16237571", "score": "0.9652561", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka", "text": "First Parliament of Ceylon on February 4, 1948 granting of independence and the establishment of the Dominion of Ceylon. The Speaker presides over the House's debates, determining which members may speak. The Speaker is also responsible for maintaining order during debate, and may punish members who break the rules of the House. The Speaker remains strictly non-partisan, and renounces all affiliation with his or her former political party when taking office for the duration of his term. The Speaker does not take part in debate or vote (except to break ties). Apart from duties relating to presiding over the House,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10694113", "score": "0.9634757", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore", "text": "Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore The Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore is the head officer of the Parliament of the Republic of Singapore. Parliament must elect a Speaker at the beginning of each new parliamentary term after a general election. Parliament has the freedom to choose how to elect the Speaker. By recent tradition, the Prime Minister nominates a person for the role. The person's name is then proposed and seconded by the Members of Parliament (MPs), before being elected as Speaker. The Constitution states that Parliament has the freedom to decide how to elect its Speaker. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6591869", "score": "0.95920503", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "House of Commons of Canada", "text": "Speaker is assisted by a Deputy Speaker, who also holds the title of Chair of Committees of the Whole. Two other deputies—the Deputy Chair of Committees of the Whole and the Assistant Deputy Chair of Committees of the Whole—also preside. The duties of presiding over the House are divided between the four officers aforementioned; however, the Speaker usually presides over Question Period and over the most important debates. The Speaker controls debates by calling on members to speak. If a member believes that a rule (or Standing Order) has been breached, they may raise a \"point of order\", on which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "741648", "score": "0.9586524", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Joint parliamentary committee", "text": "Resettlement (Second Amendment) Bill, 2015 has been referred to a Joint Parliamentary Committee of both the Houses under the Chairmanship of Shri S.S.Ahluwalia. Joint parliamentary committee Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) is one type of ad hoc Parliamentary committee constituted by the Indian parliament. Joint Parliamentary Committee is formed when motion is adopted by one house and it is supported or agreed by the other house. Another way to form a Joint Parliamentary committee is that two presiding chiefs of both houses can write to each other, communicate with each other and form the joint parliamentary committee. The Lok Sabha members", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15097633", "score": "0.9583459", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)", "text": "Deputy and Second Deputy Chairmen of Ways and Means. Typically, the Speaker presides for only three hours each day; for the remainder of the time, one of the deputies takes the Chair. During the annual Budget, when the Chancellor of the Exchequer reads out the government's spending proposal, the Chairman of Ways and Means, rather than the Speaker, presides. Moreover, the Speaker never presides over the Committee of the Whole House, which, as its name suggests, consists of all the members, but operates under more flexible rules of debate. (This device was used so that members could debate independently of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2178432", "score": "0.9582368", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Parliament of Finland", "text": "Speaker of the Parliament of Finland The speaker of the Parliament of Finland (Finnish \"eduskunnan puhemies\", Swedish \"riksdagens talman\"), along with two deputy speakers, is elected by Parliament during the first plenary session each year. Speakers are chosen for a year at a time. In addition to their preparing the work in plenary sessions the speakers also play a key role in Parliament's international co-operation, which includes visits by speakers and international delegations as well as participation in numerous interparliamentary organisations. The speaker and two deputy speakers are elected by parliament from among its members by secret ballot. After the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4046303", "score": "0.95653236", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Lok Sabha", "text": "Speaker of the Lok Sabha The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha (House of the People), the lower house of the Parliament of India. The speaker is elected generally in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. Serving for a term of five years, the speaker chosen from sitting members of the Lok Sabha (House of people), and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance. The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha. She", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4619821", "score": "0.955574", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana", "text": "vote in parliament. This means that when the votes are tied, the motion is lost. The speaker is also the chairman of the parliamentary service board. The speaker also appoints four additional members to this board. The sixth member of the board is the Clerk of Parliament. Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana The Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana is the presiding officer of the Parliament of Ghana. The current speaker is Mike Oquaye. He was elected on 7 January 2017. The first speaker of the Parliament of Ghana was Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist who was Speaker of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20652158", "score": "0.95421255", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)", "text": "Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) The Speaker of the House of Representatives () is one of the 150 Members of the Dutch House of Representatives and is elected to lead the meetings of the House. They are also chairing the Presidium and the Procedure Committee (\"\"). The office is currently held by Khadija Arib of the Labour Party (PvdA). She was elected on 13 January 2016 in an interim election, after Speaker Anouchka van Miltenburg of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) resigned on 12 December 2015. She was First Deputy and acting Speaker until her", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16459734", "score": "0.95381856", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "Senate of Canada", "text": "the \"Parliament of Canada Act\" authorizes the Speaker to appoint another senator to take his or her place temporarily. Muriel McQueen Fergusson was the Parliament of Canada's first female Speaker, holding the office from 1972 to 1974. The Speaker presides over sittings of the Senate and controls debates by calling on members to speak. If a senator believes that a rule (or standing order) has been breached, he or she may raise a point of order, on which the Speaker makes a ruling. However, the Speaker's decisions are subject to appeal to the whole Senate. When presiding, the Speaker remains", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1134028", "score": "0.9529393", "original_retrieval_index": 41 }, { "title": "Senate of Kazakhstan", "text": "Parliament at joint sessions of the Chambers shall: Parliament at separate sessions of the Chambers through consecutive consideration of issues first in the Mazhilis and then in the Senate shall adopt constitutional laws and laws, and shall: Also shall: The following shall belong to exclusive jurisdiction of the Senate: Each Chamber independently without participation of another Chamber shall: The Chairman of the Senate is a person elected by the Senate among the members of the House by a secret voting majority from the total number of deputies of the House. The candidature on the post of the Chairman of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7438180", "score": "0.9527242", "original_retrieval_index": 42 } ]

{ "title": "Joint Session of Indian Parliament", "long_answer": "The Parliament of India is bicameral. Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill. However, the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha. Therefore, the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House.", "chunked_long_answer": "India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha. Therefore, the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House.", "short_answers": [ "President" ] }

[ "President Yahya Khan", "Yahya Khan" ]

[ { "title": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971", "text": "which they termed as \"suicidal course for Pakistan's unity.\" Throughout November 1971, there were thousands of people led by conservative Pakistani politicians who marched in Lahore and across Pakistan, calling for Pakistan to Crush India. India responded by starting a massive buildup of Indian army on the western borders and the Indian army waited until December, when the drier ground would make for easier operations and Himalayan passes would be closed by snow, preventing any Chinese intervention. On 23 November, President Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency in all of Pakistan and told his people to prepare for war.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto", "text": "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Zulfikar Ali Bhutto () (5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that as the 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He was also the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution in 1979. Educated at Berkeley and Oxford, Bhutto trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. He entered politics as one of President Iskander Mirza's cabinet members, before being assigned several ministries during President Ayub Khan's military", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2406065", "score": "1.0438728", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Muhammad Mahfuz", "text": "Muhammad Mahfuz Naik Muhammad Mahfuz (born 25 October 1944) was a Pakistani soldier, who was awarded the Nishan-i-Haider, the highest military award of Pakistan, he was killed during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Muhammad Mahfuz was born in Pind Malikan (now renamed Mahfuzabad in his honour) in Rawalpindi district, Punjab. He joined the Pakistan Army on 25 October 1962 as an infantry soldier. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, A company of the 15th Punjab Regiment was attached with 43 Punjab Regiment which was deployed in the Wagah-Attari sector along the Indian border. On 17 December 1971, his company was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8804175", "score": "1.0373824", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Iftikhar Khan Janjua", "text": "Iftikhar Khan Janjua Major General Iftikhar Khan Janjua Shaheed, HJ & Bar, SPk, SQA, (Urdu: افتخار خان جنجوعہ) (died December 9, 1971) of the Pakistan Army is the most senior Pakistani officer to have been killed in action. He is known in Pakistan as the hero of Rann of Kutch, as he was a brigadier in command of 6 Brigade, during the fighting in April 1965 prior to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. He was killed in a helicopter crash, in Kashmir, during the Battle of Chamb while in command of 23 Infantry Division during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7038977", "score": "1.0361404", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Ghulam Hussain Chaudry", "text": "in the Pakistan/India war of 1971. The Pakistan/India border near Kasur, Pakistan is named in his honor. G. H. Chaudry defended the Kasur border to his last breath; he was fatally wounded while holding up the Pakistani flag, when he was ambushed by soldiers from the Indian army. The outcome of this skirmish is unknown; however, this region still remains within Pakistani soil, and the border near where this skirmish took place is named in Chaudry's honor. Ghulam Hussain Chaudry Lieutenant Colonel Ghulam Hussain Chaudry or Ghulam Hussain Chaudry Shaheed, HJ, born in 1926, was a Pakistan Army officer who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10639032", "score": "1.0319481", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Politics of Pakistan", "text": "1971, Chief Justice Habib Khan Marvath elected first Chairman Senate of Pakistan. Civilian, yet socialist-oriented autocratic, rule continued from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, but he was deposed by General Zia-Ul-Haq. General Zia was killed in a plane crash in 1988, after which Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. She was the youngest woman ever to be elected the Head of Government and the first woman to be elected as the Head of Government of a Muslim country. Her government was followed by that of Nawaz Sharif, and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "314232", "score": "1.0250437", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Malik Habib", "text": "for ensuring smooth and peaceful Elections in the country against serious security threats and challenges. He was born in Kahuta, District Rawalpindi in the Awan tribe. His grandfather was in the British Army. His first cousin Flight Lieutenant Ghulam Murtaza Malik (Shaheed) was declared as the martyr of Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and received Tamgha-i-Jurat. His ancestor migrated from Pind Dadan Khan in the 16th century. Malik Habib was also a bright student, and Completed his Matriculation with distinction from Punjab Board and his name is displayed on the honour board of the school. He completed BSc (Physics & Mathematics)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17203593", "score": "1.0216186", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq", "text": "Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (12 August 1924 – 17 August 1988) was a Pakistani four-star general who served as the 6th President of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988, after declaring martial law in 1977. He remains the country’s longest-serving \"de facto\" head of state. Educated at Delhi University, Zia saw action in World War II as a British Indian Army officer in Burma and Malaya, before opting for Pakistan in 1947 and fighting as a tank commander in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. In 1970, he led a military training mission to Jordan, proving instrumental to defeating", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1785477", "score": "1.019481", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Ghulam Hussain Chaudry", "text": "Ghulam Hussain Chaudry Lieutenant Colonel Ghulam Hussain Chaudry or Ghulam Hussain Chaudry Shaheed, HJ, born in 1926, was a Pakistan Army officer who received the Hilal-i-Jurat for his service in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. He graduated from the Pakistan Military Academy as part of the 6th PMA, barely 3 years after the formation of Pakistan as an independent state. He was awarded the second most honorable and prestigious award in Pakistan, the HJ, which is awarded to officers for \"acts of valor, courage or devotion to duty performed on land, at sea or in air.\" He was fatally wounded", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10639031", "score": "1.0142632", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "First Families of Pakistan", "text": "Party (PPP) for most of Pakistan's history since independence. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was the founder of PPP and served as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that as the fourth President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. His daughter, Benazir Bhutto, also served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from 1988 until 1990 and 1993 until 1996. She was married to Asif Ali Zardari, the who became President of Pakistan after her death. Her daughters alternately served as the First Lady of Pakistan. Notable members of Bhutto family", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16769207", "score": "1.0142355", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Kafiluddin Chowdhury", "text": "and Land ministries in the provincial government of East Pakistan. He was imprisoned after president Ayub Khan declared Martial Law. He was elected to the National assembly in 1970. He crossed over to India during Bangladesh Liberation War. In November 1971 he had a heart attacked. He moved to independent Bangladesh after the war on 31 January 1972. He died on 12 May 1972. His son Badruddoza Chowdhury would become the 13th President of Bangladesh. Kafiluddin Chowdhury Kafiluddin Chowdhury is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and former member of Provincial and National Assembly of Pakistan. Chowdhury was born in 1898", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19905281", "score": "1.0123013", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Shujaat Hussain", "text": "Shujaat Hussain Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain (; born 27 January 1946), is a senior conservative politician hailing from Gujrat and a business oligarch who previously served as 16th Prime minister of Pakistan from 30 June 2004 on a temporary basis during a transitional period to accommodate Shaukat Aziz till 28 August 2004. Hussain has been party president of the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) since 2003, when he had followed party founder Mian Muhammad Azhar because of his lack of a parliamentary seat. Hailing from the business-industrialist family from the Punjab Province of Pakistan, Hussain graduated from the FC College University and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3352602", "score": "1.0096844", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed", "text": "Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed Abdul Ghafoor Ahmed (Urdu: عبدالغفور احمد ; ‎ 26 June 1927 – 26 December 2012) was a Pakistani politician who represented Jamaat-e-Islami in National Assembly and Senate of Pakistan in 1970 till 1977. He was a signatory and committee member who prepared the draft of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. Ahmed was born on 26 June 1927 to a Muslim family in Barely, British India. He received his early education in his hometown and then earned a master's degree in commerce from University of Lucknow in 1948. After the Partition of India, his family moved to Pakistan", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16997248", "score": "1.0058014", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Farid Ahmad", "text": "managing editor of The Daily Najat. He lost his seat in the 1970 General Election of Pakistan. He supported Pakistan during Bangladesh Liberation war. On 10 April 1971, he helped form the East Pakistan Central Peace Committee in Dhaka and was a founding member of the committee. He served as the president of East Pakistan Peace and Welfare Council. He was an adviser to the paramilitary Razakar Bahini. Ahmad was killed on 23 December 1971, after the independence of Bangladesh, by Mukti Bahini members. Farid Ahmad Farid Ahmad was a Bengali Pakistani politician, lawyer, and vice-president of Pakistan Democratic Party.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20571326", "score": "1.0056875", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Akhtar Hussain Malik", "text": "and its fourth President said Malik was posted to CENTO in Ankara, Turkey where he died in a road accident. His body was brought back to Pakistan and was buried in Rabwah. Akhtar Hussain Malik Lieutenant General Akhtar Hussain Malik (died 22 August 1969) was a distinguished General, a war hero of Pakistan Army in the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965. He was born in a small village named Pindori, located in Punjab. He was the son of Malik Ghulam Nabi, a Headmaster at a local school. Despite the unavailability of schools in his village, his father made an effort to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6978209", "score": "1.0049936", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Abdul Motaleb Malik", "text": "on August 31, 1971. His inauguration was attended by Abdul Monem Khan, Syed Azizul Huq, Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry, Khan A Sabur, Yusuf Ali Chowdhury, Sultanuddin Ahmad, Abdul Jabbar Khan, Ghulam Azam, and Pir Mohsinuddin. He resigned on December 14, 1971 with his entire cabinet and sought refuge in the Red Cross shelter at Dhaka Hotel Intercontinental. On November 20, 1972 he was sentenced to life in prison for waging war against Bangladesh. Abdul Motaleb Malik Abdul Motaleb Malik was the last civilian Governor of East Pakistan. He was born on 1905 in Chuadanga, Bengal Presidency, British India. He was a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19842909", "score": "1.0046741", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "K. M. Azhar", "text": "tanks. He was injured while commanding Pakistani forces on the Rajasthan front in 1971 during his tenure as the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa governor. General K.M. Azhar decided to join \"Jamiat Ulma-e-Pakistan Party\" after Maulana Shah Ahmad Noorani convinced him to do so in 1978. He also served as president of the Pakistan Hockey Federation in 1970 before retirement in 1972 and was the first chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board from 1978 to 1980. K.M. Azhar died at the Combined Military Hospital in Lahore on 29 October 2006, when he was admitted to the hospital after receiving a head injury while performing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11113899", "score": "1.0043873", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Ajmal Khattak", "text": "was defeated by Abdul Haq in the 1970 general election, however following a crackdown against the Party by the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Ajmal Khattak fled into exile to Kabul. He returned in 1989 and was elected in 1990 to the National Assembly of Pakistan, he was then elected President of the Awami National Party following the retirement of Wali Khan. Following a power struggle in 2000, he briefly formed a breakaway party which was routed in the 2002 election. He rejoined the Awami National Party shortly afterwards and retired from active politics. Born in Akora Khattak on 15", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6142497", "score": "1.0043616", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Pratap Chandra Lal", "text": "formal initiation of hostilities of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Pratap Chandra Lal was born on 6 December 1916 in Ludhiana.Having qualified for a diploma in journalism at King's College, London in 1938, Lal expected to return to full-time study of law at the Inns of Court in the fall of 1939. Pratap Chandra Lal Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal (6 December 1916 – August 1982) was the Chief of Air Staff (India) of the Indian Air Force during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971. He served in the IAF from 1939 until his retirement in 1973. He was the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6221562", "score": "1.0037102", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Muhammad Hussain Janjua", "text": "War of 1971. On 5 December 1971, in the Zafarwal-Shakargarh area, he delivered ammunition from trench to trench under heavy enemy fire. On 10 December 1971, he took part in a dangerous mission and went out for reccee and to fight enemy patrols. During reccee, he spotted an enemy tank and directed a recoil-less rifle crew towards the tank and then later was responsible for the destruction of 16 enemy tanks. He was hit in the chest by a burst of machine-gun fire while exposing himself as he was directing fire from recoilless rifles, and was killed. Muhammad Hussain Janjua", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18281594", "score": "1.0024009", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Shabbir Sharif", "text": "Shabbir Sharif Shabbir Sharif (28 April 1943 – 6 December 1971) was a Pakistani Army officer who was posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Haider during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. He is the only person ever who received both the Nishan-e-Haider and Sitara-e-Jurat for his bravery. He is regarded as the most decorated officer of the Pakistan Army. Sharif was born on 28 April 1943 in a Rajput family at Kunjah, Gujrat District to Major Rana Muhammad Sharif. He attended St. Anthony's High School, Lahore. While at Government College Lahore, he received a call to join Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) Kakul. He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8807032", "score": "1.0023732", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Zafar Masud", "text": "Zafar Masud Air Commodore Muhammad Zafar Masud, (Urdu: محمد مسعود ظفر ;b. 1923 – 7 October 2003) , also known as Mitty Masud, was a one star air officer in the Pakistan Air Force and a military strategist who is known his role as commander of the Eastern Air Command of the Eastern Command. Masud had the area responsibility of defending the airspace border of East-Pakistan but resigned from his commission after the military operation took place on 26 March 1971, and left the command to Air Cdre Inamul Haq on 30 March 1971. Muhammad Masud Zafar was born in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14834836", "score": "1.0022101", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Iftikhar Khan Janjua", "text": "brother of Major General Ijaz Amjad, another outstanding general. Iftikhar Khan Janjua Major General Iftikhar Khan Janjua Shaheed, HJ & Bar, SPk, SQA, (Urdu: افتخار خان جنجوعہ) (died December 9, 1971) of the Pakistan Army is the most senior Pakistani officer to have been killed in action. He is known in Pakistan as the hero of Rann of Kutch, as he was a brigadier in command of 6 Brigade, during the fighting in April 1965 prior to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. He was killed in a helicopter crash, in Kashmir, during the Battle of Chamb while in command of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7038985", "score": "1.0017525", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Pervez Musharraf", "text": "Pervez Musharraf Pervez Musharraf ( \"\"; born 11 August 1943) is a Pakistani politician and retired four-star army general who was the tenth President of Pakistan from 2001 until tendering his resignation, to avoid impeachment, in 2008. Born in Delhi during British Raj, Musharraf was raised in Karachi and Istanbul. He went on to study mathematics at the Forman Christian College in Lahore and would later study at the Royal College of Defence Studies in 1991. Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy in 1961 and was commissioned in the Pakistan Army in 1964 and went on to play an active", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "329625", "score": "1.000814", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Wasim Sajjad", "text": "Wasim Sajjad Wasim Sajjad (; born 30 March 1941) is a Pakistani conservative politician and lawyer who served as the acting President of Pakistan for two non-consecutive terms and as the Chairman of the Senate between 1988 and 1999. Born in Jalandhar, British India, Sajjad's father (Justice Sajjad Ahmad Jan) went on to serve as a judge of the Supreme Court, later becoming Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan. Sajjad studied at the Army Burn Hall before moving to Lahore where he studied law at the Punjab University. As a Rhodes Scholar, he moved to Oxfordshire, where he received his Bachelor", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2620841", "score": "1.0001577", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry", "text": "Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry Fazal Elahi Chaudhry (Punjabi, ; 1 January 1904 – 2 June 1982), was the 5th President of Pakistan, serving from 1973 until 1978, prior to the martial law led by Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq. (see codename \"Fair Play\"). Fazal Elahi Chaudhry was born on 1 January 1904 into an influential Gujjar family in Marala village, near the city of Kharian, Gujrat District in Punjab Province. After receiving his education from there, Chaudhry joined the prestigious Aligarh Muslim University in 1920, receiving his LLB in Civil law in 1924. Thereafter, Chaudhry returned to Punjab and attended", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2602443", "score": "0.9998111", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Ahsan Saleem Hayat", "text": "Pakistan Air Force (PAF)-operated PAF High School in Sargodha, Punjab Province. Upon graduation, he went on to attend the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) in the 11th War Course. He was given commission as the second lieutenant in the Pakistan Army Armoured Corps in 1968 and actively participated in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 on the western fronts. As a brigadier general, he commanded the elite 3rd Independent Armored Brigade based in Lahore from 1991–1993. In 1993, he was posted as Deputy Commandant and Chief Instructor of Command and Staff College, Quetta. He also served as DG Planning at the Chief", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7737043", "score": "0.99668944", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Pervez Musharraf", "text": "his autobiography—\"\"—in 2006. Pervez Musharraf Pervez Musharraf ( \"\"; born 11 August 1943) is a Pakistani politician and retired four-star army general who was the tenth President of Pakistan from 2001 until tendering his resignation, to avoid impeachment, in 2008. Born in Delhi during British Raj, Musharraf was raised in Karachi and Istanbul. He went on to study mathematics at the Forman Christian College in Lahore and would later study at the Royal College of Defence Studies in 1991. Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy in 1961 and was commissioned in the Pakistan Army in 1964 and went on to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "329720", "score": "0.9951767", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Mohammad Shariff", "text": "1969, he was appointed Flag Officer Commanding of the Eastern Command of the Pakistan military in the East-Pakistan and led by the Eastern Naval Command during the civil war in East, followed by the foreign intervention by India in 1971. After the war, he was taken as war prisoner alongside with Lieutenant-General A.A.K Niazi after conceding of the surrender of Eastern Command to the Indian Army. He resumed his active military service in the Navy after his repatriation from India and was appointed the Chief of Naval Staff in 1975 after the sudden death of Vice-Admiral Hasan Ahmed. He has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13750968", "score": "0.9948095", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Tahir Hussain Mashhadi", "text": "Tahir Hussain Mashhadi Col (R) Syed Tahir Hussain Mashhadi (; born 26 July 1942 in Jahaniah, Punjab) was a Lt Colonel in the Pakistan Army. Tahir Mashhadi joined the Pakistan Army in 1970 during the war with India and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1971, graduating from the Pakistan Military Academy's 30th short course. He has earned a B.Sc (Hons) from PMA and also completed PSC (Command and Staff Course Quetta) with flying colours. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Mashhadi was stationed in then East Pakistan at Decca Airport t which saw some heaviest air attacks &", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14771043", "score": "0.99425685", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "Indo-Pakistani War of 1971", "long_answer": "By November 1971, the war seemed inevitable and the Soviet Union had reportedly warned Pakistan against the war which they termed as \"suicidal course for Pakistan's unity.\" Throughout November 1971, there were thousands of people led by conservative Pakistani politicians who marched in Lahore and across Pakistan, calling for Pakistan to Crush India. India responded by starting a massive buildup of Indian army on the western borders and the Indian army waited until December, when the drier ground would make for easier operations and Himalayan passes would be closed by snow, preventing any Chinese intervention. On 23 November, President Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency in all of Pakistan and told his people to prepare for war.", "chunked_long_answer": "which they termed as \"suicidal course for Pakistan's unity.\" Throughout November 1971, there were thousands of people led by conservative Pakistani politicians who marched in Lahore and across Pakistan, calling for Pakistan to Crush India. India responded by starting a massive buildup of Indian army on the western borders and the Indian army waited until December, when the drier ground would make for easier operations and Himalayan passes would be closed by snow, preventing any Chinese intervention. On 23 November, President Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency in all of Pakistan and told his people to prepare for war.", "short_answers": [ "Yahya Khan" ] }

[ "Emmanuelle Chriqui" ]

[ { "title": "Lips of an Angel", "text": "Premiering in early 2007, the music video for \"Lips of an Angel\" was directed by Shaun Silva and largely follows the narrative of the song's lyrics, focusing on a late night phone call between the raconteur (Austin Winkler) and his former lover (Emmanuelle Chriqui).", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Lips of an Angel", "text": "Lips of an Angel \"Lips of an Angel\" is a song by American rock band Hinder. It was released as the second single from their album \"Extreme Behavior\". It was their breakthrough hit, charting within the top ten on several US \"Billboard\" charts and reaching number one in Australia and New Zealand. It has sold 3.6 million copies in the US as of January 2015, making it one of the most downloaded rock songs. Jack Ingram released a cover of the song in 2006, which reached No. 16 on the \"Billboard\" country music charts. The lyrics deal with the singer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8367941", "score": "1.3786547", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Lips of an Angel", "text": "an Arms Race\" by Fall Out Boy. In the United States, the song reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Pop 100 and the Mainstream Top 40 charts in November 2006. Elsewhere, the song had limited chart success and remains Hinder's only hit in most countries in which it charted. Digital download CD single The song is featured in the music-related video games \"Lips\" (as downloadable content), \"\", \"Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party\", and \"Band Hero\". Country music artist Jack Ingram released a version of the song in December 2006. Ingram's version, the lead-off single to his 2007 album \"This Is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8367944", "score": "1.2646387", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Hinder", "text": "band's second single, \"Lips of an Angel\", entered charts in the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore; the song lasted for 41 weeks in the New Zealand charts, two weeks of which were spent at the number one spot. The band's third single, \"How Long\", was released in September 2006 and appeared at number six on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. In 2006, as a Christmas gift to their fan club, the Hinder Army, the band recorded their version of the public domain song \"A Little Drummer Boy\" and released it on their fan club website.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7463823", "score": "1.2642307", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Hinder", "text": "new lead singer in order to keep the band alive. The band went on to say that the change in singers was a fresh start for both Hinder and Austin Winkler, and that they are searching for another hit song as big as \"Lips of an Angel\". Also announced during the interview with the \"Baltimore Sun\" the band confirmed the group would release a then-untitled acoustic EP and a full-length studio album with all new original material. The projects were slated to be released in 2016. On March 7, 2016 the band announced that their upcoming acoustic EP would be", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7463834", "score": "1.1996872", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Austin John", "text": "2005. Hinder released their debut single \"Get Stoned\" on July 26, 2005 and released their debut album \"Extreme Behavior\" on September 27, 2005. The album went on to spawn a total of eight singles, including the number one smash hit \"Lips of an Angel\" and gain triple-platinum status in the US. From 2005 to 2007, the band went on numerous tours, headlining and supporting in promotion of the album touring with the likes of Nickelback, Three Days Grace, Breaking Benjamin, Papa Roach, Powerman 5000, Tantric, Buckcherry, Seether, Puddle of Mudd, Hoobastank, Fuel, Faktion, Chevelle, Rev Theory and Saving Abel. After", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18358010", "score": "1.1338989", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Jack Ingram", "text": "also released as a single, peaking at No. 12 on the charts. This song was also recorded by Trent Summar & The New Row Mob (whose frontman, Trent Summar, co-wrote it) on their 2005 album \"Horseshoes & Hand Grenades\". This is also where he met famous country music artist Taylor Swift. Jack stated they were developing a relationship though she wasn't interested. In late 2006, Ingram released a cover of Hinder's song \"Lips of an Angel\". Ingram's cover peaked at No. 16 on the country charts \"Lips of an Angel\" was the lead-off single to \"This Is It\", his second", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6182441", "score": "1.0821395", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Better Than Me (Hinder song)", "text": "ending in suicide by overdose. Billboard magazine called the single \"smaller and less bombastic, but [as] equally infectious\" as \"Lips of an Angel\". Better Than Me (Hinder song) \"Better Than Me\" is the fourth single released from Hinder's debut album, \"Extreme Behavior\". This song was #66 on \"MTV Asia\"s list of Top 100 Hits of 2007. It debuted at #97 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and has peaked at #31, becoming Hinder's second Top 40 hit. The music video for the song starts with the band playing in a dark room. Then it goes to scenes of a young couple.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12984783", "score": "1.0707387", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Angelicus", "text": "city setting. Isabel Bayrakdarian appears in the video. US promo CD (2006) Digital release (2007) Angelicus \"Angelicus\" is the first single from Delerium's album \"Nuages du Monde\" featuring singer Isabel Bayrakdarian. The single was released only as a promotional single in 2007; Its release to DJs enabled the track to reach number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart during the week ending March 31, 2007. Remixes were made by Andy Moor, Morgan Page, Redanka and Panoptica. A music video was also directed by Stephen Scott and released, despite the lack of a commercial single release. Scott directed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17588115", "score": "1.0696976", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "The Reign (Hinder album)", "text": "fresh start for both Hinder and Austin John, and that they are searching for another hit song as big as \"Lips of an Angel\". Also announced during the interview with the \"Baltimore Sun\" the band confirmed the group would release a then-untitled acoustic EP and a full-length studio album with all new original material. The projects were slated to be released in 2016. On March 7, 2016 the band announced that their upcoming acoustic EP would be titled \"Stripped\" and will be released May 13, 2016. The EP will feature six tracks with one newly recorded track titled \"Not An", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20259478", "score": "1.0666926", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Better Than Me (Hinder song)", "text": "overdose. The girlfriend rushes forward to his casket and puts an envelope into his hands after being stopped by her best friend. A contest was held on YouTube challenging aspiring directors to create their own video for the song with the reward being the video being shown on television as well as an unpaid job as an assistant on the set of the official video. Ironically, while the winner was not shown on television, most of the entries involved similar subject matter to the official video, with very few entries not revolving around drug addiction and only a few not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12984782", "score": "1.043618", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Angelicus", "text": "Angelicus \"Angelicus\" is the first single from Delerium's album \"Nuages du Monde\" featuring singer Isabel Bayrakdarian. The single was released only as a promotional single in 2007; Its release to DJs enabled the track to reach number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart during the week ending March 31, 2007. Remixes were made by Andy Moor, Morgan Page, Redanka and Panoptica. A music video was also directed by Stephen Scott and released, despite the lack of a commercial single release. Scott directed the video for After All before. Just like After All this video uses a post-apocalyptic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17588114", "score": "1.0389998", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Carolyna", "text": "and that the danger of homelessness was something that always scared her in her childhood. The music video was directed by Tim Royes and was shot on 3 May 2007, and it was the final video he directed before his death. The video sees Melanie as the guardian angel of a girl, played by actress Christina Chong, who is facing problems in her own life such as alcoholism, fighting with the boyfriend and non-stop partying. Whenever the girl looks herself at the mirror, she will see Melanie looking at her. Throughout the video, Melanie is also seen in the places", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10055699", "score": "1.0360426", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Christmas Angel", "text": "The Christmas Angel Détresse et Charité, released in the United States as The Christmas Angel and in Britain as The Beggar Maiden, is a 1904 French short silent film directed by Georges Méliès. It was released by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 669–677 in its catalogues. At Christmastime, a girl and her family live in poverty; the girl's mother is ill and bedridden. The father asks the girl to go to nearby Paris, and beg for alms. The girl finds a church, but she is pushed aside by the professional beggars working on its steps, and is unable", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18683762", "score": "1.0273687", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Without You (Hinder song)", "text": "graduates high school, while I am left in the dust.\" A teenage girl (Aimee Teegarden) sees her boyfriend flirting with another girl (actress Kayla Ewell). The girl scowls and turns her head away. Later the girl starts fighting with her boyfriend (Kellan Lutz). He puts his arms up and walks away. The girl's face is red with tears, they seemed to have broken up. The next scene shows the girl in a classroom as papers are being handed out, the girl gets a D on the paper. The next scene shows the boy as he runs into two jocks. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12593511", "score": "1.0245063", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Stupid Girls", "text": "people downloaded the video when it was made available on the internet. Zomba's senior vice president of marketing Janet Kleinbaum said that radio programmers \"went online to download the audio from the video in order to get it on radio\". The video shows Pink as an angel and a demon who try to influence the future of a young girl. The angel shows her a series of images demonstrating the stupidity of current trends in female celebrities, and the images feature Pink in various roles, including a dancer in a 50 Cent video, a girl attempting to attract the attention", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7162674", "score": "1.0194225", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Angels (Within Temptation song)", "text": "Angels (Within Temptation song) \"Angels\" is a song by Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation from their third studio album, \"The Silent Force\". It was released as the third single from the album on 13 June 2005, also accompanying a music video. The video earned the band a Golden God Award in the following year. The video is shot in a desert in Spain. It tells the story of a group of vigilante angels who make it their mission to wipe out evil. Sharon den Adel is a woman who has been seemingly abandoned on the side of the road", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9627122", "score": "0.9970323", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Eve (rapper)", "text": "January 23, Eve released an official remix of \"She Bad Bad\" featuring Juicy J and Pusha T. On February 23, 2013 Eve released \"Make It Out This Town\", the first official single from \"Lip Lock\" featuring Gabe Saporta of Cobra Starship. The music video of the song premiered on VEVO on March 29, 2013. In an interview on \"Rap-Up TV\", Eve confirmed that the second official single would be the track \"EVE\" featuring Jamaican reggae artist Miss Kitty. The music video for the song was shot in London in February and premiered on BET on April 29, 2013. \"Lip Lock\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1709532", "score": "0.9912307", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Lips Are Movin", "text": "on November 19, 2014. Trainor told MTV News, \"Here's me being sassy and other people dancing with me and having just a good time and trying to get through this feeling of, Ugh he's cheating on me again\". The video was commissioned by information technology corporation Hewlett-Packard. It features several \"influencers\"—actors, dancers and set designers with large social media followings. The influencers featured in the video include set designer Bri Emery; actors Marcus Johns, Cody Johns, and Robby Ayala; YouTube star Liza Koshy; dancers Les Twins; Spanish stylist Sara Escudero; hair stylist Kristin Ess; Japanese nail artist Mei Kawajiri; American", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18377826", "score": "0.98272526", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Candy Candy (song)", "text": "Mami, the Magic Angel\".In the beginning she runs in a hurry, being late for her appearance on a musical program. Running in a hurry with a slice of toast in the mouth is a stereotype from '80−'90s anime and manga, especially those for girls. When Kyary arrives at the stage, the program is already on air, and she immediately starts to sing and dance. When she takes a rest in her dressing room, a dummy of hers begins to dance in her place, angering her; she then dropkicks him. The ranking table which rolls to show the names of songs", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16393535", "score": "0.97430795", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Whatever (Ayumi Hamasaki song)", "text": "angel in the middle of a destroyed city. An alternative music video was shot for an alternative arrangement of the song; it features Hamasaki singing in front of a red backdrop. However, Avex scrapped it after they preferred the former version. For additional promotion, the song was featured on several concert tours and New Years live countdown shows by Hamasaki. \"Whatever\" was written by Hamasaki, composed by Kazuhito Kikuchi, and produced by Max Matsuura. Japanese composer Izumi Miyazaki was in charge of arranging the song, which included instrumentation of synthesizers, keyboards, and a drum machine. It was one of three", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6677856", "score": "0.97404134", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Lips (KAT-TUN song)", "text": "was released on February 26, 2008 and became KAT-TUN's sixth consecutive number 1 single on the Oricon weekly singles charts & LIPS is the 9th most sold single in 2008 according to Oricon. \"Lips\" was written by Axel-G, who penned \"She Said...\" for the group's debut album. The music and arrangement was composed by Yukihide \"YT\" Takiyama whilst Koki Tanaka wrote his own rap verses under his pen name, JOKER. Described by co-lead vocalist Kazuya Kamenashi as the most intense hard rock song the group had ever done, the song speaks of an obsession with a girl's \"dyed red lips\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12263865", "score": "0.95500636", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Dreamlover (song)", "text": "them. On the latter tour, Carey's wore a black bikini, with a matching cape and Christian Louboutin pumps. She mixed the song with an instrumental remix of Mtume's song \"Juicy Fruit.\" Following the release of her twelfth studio album, \"Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel\" (2009), Carey embarked on the Angels Advocate Tour. It was her first tour that did not regularly feature the song, as it was only performed on a few select dates. In addition, Carey sang the song as a part of her Las Vegas residency, \"Mariah Carey Number 1's\" , which chronicles the singer's 18 US Hot", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5051847", "score": "0.95219946", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Hive (song)", "text": "Hinde. Editing was done by Isaac Hagy, with cinematography by Larkin Seiple. It features slowly panned cameras Sweatshirt in dimly lit rooms and on moonroofs with Casey Veggies and Vince Staples, while he is around bikers wearing SBTRKT-like masks. Murai described the video as: The masks were based on old Halloween costumes and a compilation book of drawings by David Lynch. Murai described the drawings as \"like terrifying children in Halloween masks from the ‘30s and ‘40s. They’re all just really crudely put together. They’re all literally just like, bags with eyes and mouths drawn on them, but they’re just", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17505257", "score": "0.95123184", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Cody Hanson", "text": "Hanson released his debut album with Hinder titled Extreme Behavior on September 27, 2005. The album spawned the hit singles, Get Stoned, Better Than Me, and the mega hit Lips of an Angel. To date the album is 3xxx platinum. Hanson along with former Hinder vocalist Austin John wrote the majority of the songs on the album. After touring nonstop in support of Extreme Behavior from 2006 to late 2007, Hanson and his other bandmates began writing and recording for their next album. In July 2008 Hinder released the lead single titled \"Use Me\" from their sophomore album \"Take It", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10459752", "score": "0.9481744", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Bad Romance", "text": "in ashes. With soot smeared across her body, she calmly smokes a cigarette while her pyrotechnic bra activates. The video received general acclaim from critics and fans. It became the most-viewed video on YouTube. Tim Stack from \"Entertainment Weekly\" called the video \"amazing\" and added, \"I don't think Gaga has ever looked prettier than in the close-ups where she's more stripped down.\" Jennifer Cady of E! was also impressed by the video and commented, \"This music video really makes us appreciate everything Gaga actually brings to pop music. She's exciting to watch, plain and simple. ... We need someone like", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13857661", "score": "0.9479588", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Watch My Lips", "text": "Watch My Lips Watch My Lips is the first and only video album by British singer and songwriter Sophie Ellis-Bextor. It includes Ellis-Bextor's concert at the Shepherd's Bush Empire, as part of the Read My Lips Tour; \"Read My Lips\"–era videos; \"Theaudience\" videos and extras. A critic at Amazon.co.uk reviewed \"Watch My Lips\" positively, saying that \"it successfully mines the seam of hits spawned by her \"Read My Lips\" album and of course, 'Groovejet', her mesmerising collaboration with DJ Spiller\". He also commented: \"Bextor's ironic interpretation of the role of the pop princess, a native musical intelligence and a host", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16220407", "score": "0.9472402", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Angel-A", "text": "has lost her wings, and she rejoices when she sees Andre. The film premiered in the United States at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. It grossed US$9.99 million worldwide, including over $200,000 from the United States. It holds a 44% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 89 reviews, with the consensus \"The clunky dialogue and shallow characters fail to capitalize upon Angel-A's stunning, poetic cinematography.\" Angel-A Angel-A, directed by Luc Besson, is a 2005 French fantasy and romantic drama film featuring Jamel Debbouze and Rie Rasmussen. A freeze frame shows Andre (Jamel Debbouze), who describes himself via a voice", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6696783", "score": "0.94637966", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Just Like Anyone (song)", "text": "song was filmed in Los Angeles during the summer of 1995. Directed by P.J. Hogan and produced by Michelle Alexander, the video features actress Claire Danes, who plays a high school student who is rejected and taunted by other students because she has two noticeable bumps on her back. Hidden beneath the bumps are angel wings, which are revealed later as she takes flight during a school dance. The video received exposure on MTV and MuchMusic, reaching the most-played charts on both networks. \"Just Like Anyone\" peaked at number 52 in the UK and number 55 in Canada, where it", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14065879", "score": "0.9459656", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Our Lips Are Sealed", "text": "Chris Applebaum and filmed in Toronto, Canada in May 2004. Similar to the video for the Go-Go's single, it depicts the Duff sisters driving around town in a car and goofing about, and is interspersed with footage from \"A Cinderella Story\". A second version of the video, that has new scenes and is not interspersed with scenes from \"A Cinderella Story\", can be viewed on the \"Dignity\" deluxe edition DVD. It was released in June 2004 and received medium airplay on MuchMusic in Canada and MTV in the U.S. Though the video was popular on the MTV video chart show", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6174832", "score": "0.94491756", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Lips of an Angel", "long_answer": "Premiering in early 2007, the music video for \"Lips of an Angel\" was directed by Shaun Silva and largely follows the narrative of the song's lyrics, focusing on a late night phone call between the raconteur (Austin Winkler) and his former lover (Emmanuelle Chriqui).", "chunked_long_answer": "Premiering in early 2007, the music video for \"Lips of an Angel\" was directed by Shaun Silva and largely follows the narrative of the song's lyrics, focusing on a late night phone call between the raconteur (Austin Winkler) and his former lover (Emmanuelle Chriqui).", "short_answers": [ "Emmanuelle Chriqui" ] }

[ "Cherokee", "Iroquois Confederacy", "the colonies of British America", "Catawba", "Iroquois" ]

[ { "title": "French and Indian War", "text": "The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States. It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois, Catawba, and Cherokee, and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq, and Algonquin, Lenape, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "John Allan (colonel)", "text": "John Allan (colonel) Colonel John Allan M.P. J.P. (January 3, 1746February 7, 1805) was a Canadian politician who became an officer with the Massachusetts Militia in the American Revolutionary War. He served under George Washington during the Revolutionary War as Superintendent of the Eastern Indians and Colonel of Infantry, and he recruited Indian tribes of Eastern Maine to stand with the Americans during the war and participated in border negotiations between Maine, and New Brunswick. Allan was born in Edinburgh Castle in Scotland, the son of Major William Allan (military officer) (1720 –1790), 'a Scottish gentleman of means and an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8573006", "score": "0.8928907", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Joseph Brant", "text": "join the British in plundering the fort. Brant stayed on and in September 1760 helped to take Montreal. In 1761, Johnson arranged for three Mohawk, including Brant, to be educated at Eleazar Wheelock's \"Moor's Indian Charity School\" in Connecticut. This was the forerunner of Dartmouth College, which was later established in New Hampshire. Brant studied under the guidance of Wheelock, who wrote that the youth was \"of a sprightly genius, a manly and gentle deportment, and of a modest, courteous and benevolent temper\". Brant learned to speak, read, and write English, as well as studying other academic subjects. Brant was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1857146", "score": "0.8927616", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet", "text": "Affairs, Colonel Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, and his common-law wife, Catherine Weissenberg, a Palatine German immigrant. He was baptized as an Anglican in the chapel at Fort Hunter. William Johnson was a military commander during the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War), had promoted the British settlement of the Mohawk Valley and trading with the Mohawk, and founded the community of Johnstown in Tryon County in the Province of New York. From 1757 until 1760, John studied sporadically at The Academy and College of Philadelphia. From 13 years of age, he accompanied his father on military expeditions and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4152864", "score": "0.8906946", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "William Caldwell (ranger)", "text": "William Caldwell (ranger) William Caldwell (b. 1750), was a Scots-Irish immigrant to North America who became a soldier with the British Indian Department. He fought against the American rebels in the American Revolutionary War, especially with Butler's Rangers, based near upstate New York. After the war, together with other Loyalists, Caldwell was granted land in Upper Canada (now Ontario). He helped found the town of Amherstburg, near the mouth of the Detroit River. He also served as a lieutenant colonel in the [War], and as the Superintendent of Indians in the Western Department. He was a merchant and farmer in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8793358", "score": "0.88221717", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "John Ross (1744–1809)", "text": "John Ross (1744–1809) John Ross (1744–1809) was a British Army officer in the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. He is best known for commanding a mixed force of approximately 600 (some sources say 1750) regulars, Loyalists, and Indians in a raid into upstate New York on October 24, 1781 that culminated in the Battle of Johnstown, one of the last battles in the northern theater of the American Revolution. After the war, Ross was instrumental in settling Loyalist refugees in what is now the Kingston area of eastern Ontario. Ross was born in Scotland in 1744. He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19302774", "score": "0.87868965", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Pierre Ayotte", "text": "Pierre Ayotte Pierre Ayotte was a French-Canadian soldier and fur trader who served with the Americans during the American Revolutionary War. Ayotte, a habitant from Kamouraska, was equally devoted to the revolutionary cause as Clément Gosselin. Ayotte and Gosselin were Canadian volunteers who first served with General Richard Montgomery, then went on to become recruiters and agitators on the lower south shore of the Saint Lawrence. Following Montgomery's death at the Battle of Quebec, the two became captains in Colonel Jeremiah Duggan's Canadian regiment. Congress subsequently transferred command of the regiment to Moses Hazen. Ayotte helped to raise troops for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16112233", "score": "0.8758882", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Billy Caldwell", "text": "Dunmore and was wounded. After recovering, he went to Fort Niagara in New York, where he fought with the partisan Butler's Rangers against Patriot colonists in New York and Pennsylvania. After the war, Caldwell abandoned Billy and his mother, moving to the Detroit area. He resettled as a Loyalist in Upper Canada, where he was granted land by the British Crown. In addition to clearing land for his own farm, he helped develop the town of Amherstburg, in present-day Ontario. In 1783, the senior Caldwell married Suzanne Baby (daughter of Jacques Baby dit Dupéron), of French-Canadian descent. They eventually had", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4261457", "score": "0.8735445", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Hercules Mooney", "text": "Hercules Mooney Hercules Mooney (1715–1800) was an Irish-born veteran of the French and Indian and American Revolutionary wars. Born to a Protestant family, in 1733 he emigrated to the United States and settled in Dover, New Hampshire. In 1738 he married Elizabeth Evans, also of Dover. Having been a tutor back in Ireland, Mooney became a teacher and schoolmaster at Dover and after 1750 in Durham. In 1757 Mooney joined the New Hampshire Provincial Regiment to fight in the French and Indian War as a captain in command of a company of soldiers. Capt. Mooney was at the Siege of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7430845", "score": "0.8731872", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Simon Girty", "text": "Simon Girty Simon Girty (November 14, 1741 – February 18, 1818) (Sometimes referred to as \"Katepacomen\"), was an American colonial of Irish descent who served as a liaison between the British and their Indian allies during the American Revolution. He was portrayed as a villain, and was also featured this way in 19th and early 20th-century United States fiction. As children, Girty and his brothers were taken captive in Pennsylvania in a Seneca raid and adopted. He lived with the Seneca for seven years and became fully assimilated, preferring their culture. He was returned to his birth family but retained", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4117011", "score": "0.8720064", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Charles Michel de Langlade", "text": "competing for control. During the subsequent Seven Years' War, he helped defend Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh) against the British. He was named second in command at Fort Michilimackinac and a captain in the Indian Department of French Canada. After the defeat of the French in North America, Langlade became allied with the British, who took control of former French possessions and took the lead in the fur trade. During the American Revolutionary War, Langlade led Great Lakes Indians for the British against the rebel colonists and their Indian allies. At the end of the war, he retired to his home in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8740667", "score": "0.8700106", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "James Rogers (British Army officer)", "text": "James Rogers (British Army officer) James Rogers (c. 1726 – September 23, 1790) was an Irish-born soldier. He emigrated to America at an early age and became a frontiersman. He served with his brother Robert Rogers during the French and Indian War. He then served as a Loyalist leader during the American War of Independence and later settled in Ontario in Canada. Rogers was born to James and Mary Rogers in Ireland, and they immigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony around 1729. Robert Rogers was born in 1731 and a third brother Richard in 1733. During the French and Indian", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11738990", "score": "0.8690151", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Robert Rogers (British Army officer)", "text": "Robert Rogers (British Army officer) Robert Rogers (7 November 1731 – 18 May 1795) was an Irish-American colonial frontiersman. Rogers served in the British army during both the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. During the French and Indian War, Rogers raised and commanded the famous Rogers' Rangers, trained for raiding and close combat behind enemy lines. Robert Rogers was born to Scots-Irish settlers, James and Mary McFatridge Rogers on 7 November 1731 in Methuen, a small town in northeastern Massachusetts. At that time, the town served as a staging point for Scots-Irish settlers bound for the wilderness", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3747222", "score": "0.8678333", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Clément Gosselin", "text": "Clément Gosselin Clément Gosselin (June 12, 1747 – March 9, 1816) was a French Canadian soldier who served in Moses Hazen's 2nd Canadian Regiment of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He recruited other French Canadians, assisted in American operations during and after the Battle of Quebec, and, following the American retreat from Quebec in 1776, continued to serve in Hazen's regiment. Included in that service were spy missions to the province of Quebec. Clément Gosselin was born in 1747. He was the youngest of a large family living in Sainte-Famille, on the eastern side of Île d'Orléans", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8840125", "score": "0.8663791", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Joseph Louis Cook", "text": "French during the French and Indian War. During the American Revolutionary War, Cook supported the rebel colonists and joined their fight against the British. He became the highest-ranking Native American officer in the Continental Army, achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel. He led Oneida warriors, who were allied with the rebels, against the British in some actions. After the war, he settled in central New York State, where he became an important adviser to the Oneida. He represented them and the Seven Nations of Canada to negotiate with the government of New York state in trying to achieve more justice", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12817008", "score": "0.8636949", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "George Drouillard", "text": "born into the Shawnee nation in 1773 in the present-day Olde Sandwich Towne, Windsor Canada, son of Pierre Drouillard, a French Canadian, and \"Asoundechris\" Flat Head, a Shawnee. At the time of the American Revolutionary War, Pierre Drouillard was employed by the British Indian Department as a trader and interpreter of the Huron language, of the Iroquoian language family. (Note: Other accounts say he was born in 1775.). Pierre Drouillard was commissioned as a captain by the British army. Drouillard is credited with saving the life of colonist and explorer Simon Kenton, held as a prisoner of the Shawnee at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4791264", "score": "0.86217904", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Henry Bouquet", "text": "the Forest\", which tells the story of one young man returned to his white family as part of the 1764 treaty. The Colonel is also referred to in Paul Muldoon's poem, \"Meeting the British\". Henry Bouquet Henry Louis Bouquet, generally known as Henry Bouquet (1719 – 2 September 1765), was a prominent British Army officer in the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War. Bouquet is best known for his victory over a Native American force at the Battle of Bushy Run, lifting the siege of Fort Pitt during Pontiac's War. Bouquet was born into a moderately wealthy family in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3992988", "score": "0.86163855", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "John Stuart (priest)", "text": "Canajoharie where he met Mohawk leader Joseph Brant. Stuart collaborated with Joseph Brant to translate the Gospel of St. Mark into the Mohawk dialect. Since Stuart was a Loyalist and an Anglican priest, he was harassed by American Revolutionary War rebels. His home was looted, property confiscated, and his church desecrated. He was almost arrested in 1777 but saved by Joseph Brant and his troops. By 1781, Stuart was permitted to leave for the Province of Quebec. He was exchanged for an army officer who had been imprisoned by the British. With his wife, Jane (née Okill) and three children", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18706047", "score": "0.8612396", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "John Munro (loyalist)", "text": "for the British during the American Revolutionary War which led to the loss of his land following the American victory. He re-settled in Upper Canada, where he became a Judge and was appointed to the first Legislative Council of Upper Canada. John Munro was born in 1728, \"the son of Hugh Munro of Fyrish, Fowlis, in the parish of Alness, in the Shire of Ross, Scotland\". His precise ancestry, previously the subject of much speculation, was successfully accepted by the Court of the Lord Lyon in 1995. Both of his parents were lineally descended from the Munros of Foulis, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6564952", "score": "0.86110306", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Jeremiah French", "text": "Jeremiah French Jeremiah French (July 8, 1743 – December 5, 1820) was a soldier, judge and political figure in Upper Canada. He was born in Stratford, Connecticut in 1743, later settling at Manchester, Vermont. He served on the British side with General John Burgoyne during the American Revolution. After the war, he settled at Maple Grove in Upper Canada. He represented Stormont County in the 1st Parliament of Upper Canada. In 1792, he was appointed magistrate in the Eastern District. He donated the land for the original cemetery at Maple Grove; the cemetery was later relocated when the Saint Lawrence", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7130689", "score": "0.85689366", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Timothy Hierlihy", "text": "Timothy Hierlihy Timothy Hierlihy (Heirlehy, Hirolyhy, Hierlehey) (1734-1797) was a British officer who protected the British coal mines at Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia from attacks by American privateers. He also was the first British settler of Antigonish, known as the \"founder of Antigonish.\" Hierlehy also became the commander of the Royal Nova Scotia Volunteer Regiment. He was born in Ireland in 1734 and at age 19 arrived in Connecticut (1753). He married Elizabeth Wetmore on May 10, 1755 in Christ Church, Middletown and they had 10 children. During the French and Indian War, in 1755 he was in the Connecticut", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20670904", "score": "0.85560507", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Esther de Berdt", "text": "who had studied law in London. Thereafter, she and her widowed mother followed him to Philadelphia in the American colonies. Joseph became a prosperous lawyer and a local political leader, and the couple entertained members of the Continental Congress, including George Washington and John Adams. Reed later served as Washington's secretary and aide-de-camp. Though she was English by birth, Esther was exceptionally devoted to the revolutionary cause. During the Revolutionary War, she helped organize the Ladies Association of Philadelphia which raised more than $7000 in support of the war. At the suggestion of General Washington, the group then used the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8403122", "score": "0.85381967", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Jean-Baptiste Hamelin", "text": "Jean-Baptiste Hamelin Jean-Baptiste Hamelin (August 9, 1733 – September 23, 1804) was a French Canadian soldier who fought on the U.S. side of the American Revolutionary War, serving in Moses Hazen's 2nd Canadian Regiment of the Continental Army. Hamelin participated in the battle of the Congress Own Regiment until 1779 where he was sent in the west to help George Rogers Clark in his campaigns. He was sent by Augustin de la Balme to attack Fort St. Joseph (modern-day Niles, Michigan). The attack itself was successful, but his party was chased down and some of his men were caught and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10463194", "score": "0.8531752", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Henry Gladwin", "text": "Henry Gladwin Major-General Henry Gladwin (1729 or 1730 – 22 June 1791) was a British army officer in colonial America and the British commander at the Siege of Fort Detroit during Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763. He served in the disastrous campaign of Edward Braddock and in other actions in the French and Indian War but is best remembered for his defense of Detroit in Pontiac's Rebellion. Henry was born in 1729 or 1730 at Stubbing Court, near Wingerworth, Chesterfield, in Derbyshire. He was the eldest son of Henry Gladwin (1692–1763) by his second wife Mary daughter of John Digby Dakeyne", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6793497", "score": "0.8525746", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "John Deseronto", "text": "the Mohawk Valley. Educated in a colonial school, he had become acculturated to white customs. In 1759, during the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France, he took part allied with the British in the Battle of Fort Niagara, and the following year he was at the Battle of Quebec, and participated in the capture of Montreal with Amherst. In the summer of 1764, he accompanied John Bradstreet in the attack on Fort Detroit at the end of Pontiac's Rebellion. When the American Revolution started, Deseronto was a chief of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11234904", "score": "0.85017204", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Roger Morris (British Army officer)", "text": "Roger Morris (British Army officer) Roger Morris (28 January 1727 – 13 September 1794) was a colonel in the British Army who fought in the French and Indian War. Morris was born in England on 28 January 1727, the third son of Roger Morris of Netherby, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, and Mary Jackson, the fourth daughter of Sir Peter Jackson. On 13 September 1745, he obtained a commission in the 48th Regiment of Foot. The regiment served at Falkirk and Culloden, and in Flanders. Morris came to America with General Edward Braddock and served as his aide-de-camp. He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9748603", "score": "0.84917957", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Praying Indian", "text": "under the command of Capt. Ebenezer Battle. After the skirmish there is no record of military service, but he was married in Natick in 1777. Joseph Paugenit Jr. was born in Framingham and was baptized in Natick in 1754. His father, Joseph Sr., fought during the French and Indian War. He served in the company of Capt. Thomas Drury under the command of Col. John Nixon, and fought at Bunker Hill. He later re-enlisted in the Col. Thomas Nixon’s 4th Regiment in New York and fought at the Battles of Harlem Heights and White Plains. After his second discharge he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4877248", "score": "0.84807676", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Simon Girty", "text": "blind. Simon Girty Simon Girty (November 14, 1741 – February 18, 1818) (Sometimes referred to as \"Katepacomen\"), was an American colonial of Irish descent who served as a liaison between the British and their Indian allies during the American Revolution. He was portrayed as a villain, and was also featured this way in 19th and early 20th-century United States fiction. As children, Girty and his brothers were taken captive in Pennsylvania in a Seneca raid and adopted. He lived with the Seneca for seven years and became fully assimilated, preferring their culture. He was returned to his birth family but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4117038", "score": "0.8470615", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Phineas Lyman", "text": "Phineas Lyman Phineas Lyman (1716–1774) was a colonial American soldier known for his service in the provincial British army of the French and Indian War. He later led a group of New England veterans of the war to settle in the new colony of West Florida where he died shortly before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. He earned a reputation as the most experienced colonial American officer during the war. Lyman was born at Durham, Connecticut. He graduated at Yale in 1738, was a tutor there until 1741, studied law and began practice at Suffield (which was then", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7578390", "score": "0.84677196", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Molly Brant", "text": "Molly Brant Molly Brant (c. 1736 – April 16, 1796 in Mohawk), also known as Mary Brant, Konwatsi'tsiaienni, and Degonwadonti, was influential in New York and Canada in the era of the American Revolution. Living in the Province of New York, she was the consort of Sir William Johnson, the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, with whom she had eight children. Joseph Brant, who became a Mohawk leader and war chief, was her younger brother. After Johnson's death in 1774, Brant and her children left Johnson Hall in Johnstown, New York and returned to her native village of Canajoharie, further", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4791099", "score": "0.8460769", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "French and Indian War", "long_answer": "The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States. It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois, Catawba, and Cherokee, and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq, and Algonquin, Lenape, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot.", "chunked_long_answer": "The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States. It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois, Catawba, and Cherokee, and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq, and Algonquin, Lenape, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Shawnee, and Wyandot.", "short_answers": [ "Catawba", "Cherokee", "Iroquois" ] }

[ "Pig", "pigs" ]

[ { "title": "Swine influenza", "text": "Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Avian influenza in cats", "text": "the preferred model animals to study the effects of H5N1 in humans. The most common way a cat can obtain H5N1 is by consuming an infected bird. This has been studied in the 2006 and 2007 cases in Germany and Austria where the strains between the cat and the infected birds were not different between the species. A cat is able to then transfer the virus via the respiratory tract and the digestive tract to other cats. However, studies suggest that a cat cannot transfer the virus to a dog, and vice versa, while sharing a food bowl. Though there", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17253655", "score": "0.9363395", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Orthomyxoviridae", "text": "binding of the virus to target cells and entry of the viral genome into the target cell. The hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins are targets for antiviral drugs. These proteins are also recognised by antibodies, i.e. they are antigens. The responses of antibodies to these proteins are used to classify the different serotypes of influenza A viruses, hence the \"H\" and \"N\" in \"H5N1\". Typically, influenza is transmitted from infected mammals through the air by coughs or sneezes, creating aerosols containing the virus, and from infected birds through their droppings. Influenza can also be transmitted by saliva, nasal secretions,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2825418", "score": "0.91722345", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 outbreak", "text": "it was considered significant that Bernard Matthews regularly transports turkeys and turkey products between the UK and its plant in Hungary, and that the H5N1 strains previously found in Hungary, and those found at Suffolk, were effectively genetically identical. H5N1 is a subtype of the Influenza A virus, the viruses responsible for influenza in humans and many other animal species. A bird-adapted strain of H5N1, called \"HPAI A(H5N1)\" for \"highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1\", is the causative agent of H5N1 flu. HPAI A(H5N1) is considered an avian disease, although there is some evidence of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9678382", "score": "0.9146929", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Influenza pandemic", "text": "the currently circulating influenza H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. The hemagglutinin protein of the H1N2 virus is similar to that of the currently circulating H1N1 viruses and the neuraminidase protein is similar to that of the current H3N2 viruses. This section contains strategies to prevent a flu pandemic by a Council on Foreign Relations panel. If influenza remains an animal problem with limited human-to-human transmission it is not a pandemic, though it continues to pose a risk. To prevent the situation from progressing to a pandemic, the following short-term strategies have been put forward: The rationale for vaccinating poultry workers against", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6219532", "score": "0.91322994", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "H5N1 genetic structure", "text": "which codes for hemagglutinin, which is an antigenic glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenza viruses and is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected. Hemagglutinin forms spikes at the surface of flu viruses that function to attach viruses to cells. This attachment is required for efficient transfer of flu virus genes into cells, a process that can be blocked by antibodies that bind to the hemagglutinin proteins. One genetic factor in distinguishing between human flu viruses and avian flu viruses is that avian influenza HA bind alpha 2-3 sialic acid receptors while human", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7561027", "score": "0.893396", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Influenza A virus subtype H7N9", "text": "think this virus is more easily transmitted from poultry to humans than H5N1.\" Furthermore, there is great concern because unlike the H5N1 virus, H7N9 does not cause visible disease in poultry, which makes surveillance, prevention, and control of the virus in poultry extremely difficult. On April 30, it was announced that the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China had asked the Director General of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to send OIE experts to assess the situation and provide advice. According to the information and data collected, it was confirmed that many of the human", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17193896", "score": "0.89192635", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Influenza A virus subtype H5N1", "text": "an antigenic glycosylated enzyme found on the surface of the influenza viruses. It facilitates the release of progeny viruses from infected cells. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) RNA strands specify the structure of proteins that are most medically relevant as targets for antiviral drugs and antibodies. HA and NA are also used as the basis for the naming of the different subtypes of influenza A viruses. This is where the \"H\" and \"N\" come from in \"H5N1\". Influenza A viruses are significant for their potential for disease and death in humans and other animals. Influenza A virus subtypes that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3817617", "score": "0.8900689", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Global spread of H5N1", "text": "on March 15, 2006. People living in areas where the A(H5N1) virus has infected birds are advised to keep their cats indoors. \"Cats can be infected through the respiratory tract. Cats can also be infected when they ingest the virus, which is a novel route for influenza transmission in mammals. But cats excrete only one-thousandth the amount of virus that chickens do [...] The concern is that if large numbers of felines and other carnivores become infected, the virus might mutate in a series of events that could lead to an epidemic among humans. Dogs, foxes, seals, and other carnivores", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6840456", "score": "0.8870071", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Influenza A virus subtype H2N3", "text": "the infection whereas swine H2N3 infected macaques still presented with pathologic changes indicative of chronic pneumonia at day 14 post infection. Swine H2N3 virus was also detected to significantly higher titers in nasal and oral swabs indicating the potential for animal-to-animal transmission. Blood plasma levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and Interferon-gamma were significantly increased in swine H2N3 compared to human H2N2 infected animals supporting the previously published notion of increased IL-6 levels being a potential marker for severe influenza infections. Researchers concluded the swine H2N3 virus represents a threat to humans with the potential for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12586472", "score": "0.8854288", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Influenza A virus subtype H5N1", "text": "and stockpiled by a number of countries, including the United States (in its National Stockpile), Britain, France, Canada, and Australia, for use in an emergency. Research has shown that a highly contagious strain of H5N1, one that might allow airborne transmission between mammals, can be reached in only a few mutations, raising concerns about a pandemic and bioterrorism. HPAI A(H5N1) is considered an avian disease, although there is some evidence of limited human-to-human transmission of the virus. A risk factor for contracting the virus is handling of infected poultry, but transmission of the virus from infected birds to humans has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3817601", "score": "0.8827653", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Influenza A virus subtype H5N1", "text": "including some, like domestic cats, never previously susceptible to any influenza virus. H5N1 is a subtype of the species \"Influenza A virus\" of the \"Influenzavirus A\" genus of the \"Orthomyxoviridae\" family. Like all other influenza A subtypes, the H5N1 subtype is an RNA virus. It has a segmented genome of eight negative sense, single-strands of RNA, abbreviated as PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, MP and NS. HA codes for hemagglutinin, an antigenic glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenza viruses and is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected. NA codes for neuraminidase,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3817616", "score": "0.87953556", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Plum Island Animal Disease Center", "text": "foreign animal diseases, including strategies for prevention, control and recovery. ARS focuses on developing faster-acting vaccines and antivirals to be used during outbreaks to limit or stop transmission. Antivirals prevent infection while vaccine immunity develops. The principal diseases studied are foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, and vesicular stomatitis virus. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS) operates the Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, an internationally recognized facility performing diagnostic testing of samples collected from U.S. livestock. APHIS also tests animals and animal products being imported into the U.S. APHIS maintains the North American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Bank at PIADC", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2544513", "score": "0.8776244", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Influenza A virus subtype H5N1", "text": "chickens, which were in turn infected by other poultry or waterfowl. Migrating waterfowl (wild ducks, geese and swans) carry H5N1, often without becoming sick. Many species of birds and mammals can be infected with HPAI A(H5N1), but the role of animals other than poultry and waterfowl as disease-spreading hosts is unknown. According to a report by the World Health Organization, H5N1 may be spread indirectly. The report stated the virus may sometimes stick to surfaces or get kicked up in fertilizer dust to infect people. H5N1 has mutated into a variety of strains with differing pathogenic profiles, some pathogenic to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3817632", "score": "0.8762213", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Pandemic H1N1/09 virus", "text": "far more virulent but much less contagious to humans. By October 2009, another outbreak at a turkey breeder was identified in Ontario, Canada. In October 2009, a ferret exhibiting flu symptoms was confirmed to have contracted the H1N1 virus from its owner in Oregon, USA. In November 2009, a case of novel H1N1 was confirmed in a household cat. Although the earliest cat fatality from the H1N1 virus in the U.S. occurred in Pennsylvania, the Oregon Veterinary Medical Association was the first to confirm a cat fatality in the U.S. The association recommends that cat owners with flu symptoms avoid", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13366346", "score": "0.87324643", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Transmission of hepadnaviruses", "text": "involving the PreS1 part of the large envelop protein L, which could be a reason for their specificity of host range. Viruses in this genus infect mammals, including human, apes, and rodents, with a narrow host range for each virus. The only known natural host for HBV is human, chimpanzees maybe infected experimentally. The orthohepadnaviruses have been divided into four distinct species, with HBV \"(human Hepatitis B virus)\", WHV \"(Woodchuck Hepatitis virus)\", GSHV \"(Ground squirrel hepatitis virus )\", and WMHV \"(Woolly monkey hepatitis virus)\" as the prototypes, based on the host range from a limited number of studies. From the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15433867", "score": "0.87225735", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Noel St George Hyslop", "text": "he joined the School of Tropical Medicine at the University of Edinburgh and then became senior lecturer in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol, where he taught clinical pathology and the microbiology of infectious diseases. Later he joined the Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright, as head of the Inactivated Vaccine Research Unit. He immigrated to Canada in 1968, where he was named head of the Immunology Section at Canada's Animal Diseases Research Institute. At the time of his death, he was acting director (Western Laboratories) in the Animal Pathology Division of the Department of Health. He was editor-in-chief", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16008501", "score": "0.87059504", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Influenza A virus subtype H7N2", "text": "could be passed from mammal to mammal. In February 2004, an outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A (H7N2) was reported on 2 chicken farms in Delaware and in four live bird markets in New Jersey supplied by the same farms. In March 2004, surveillance samples from a flock of chickens in Maryland tested positive for LPAI H7N2. It is likely that this was the same strain. On 24 May 2007, an outbreak of H7N2 was confirmed at a poultry farm near Corwen, in Wales from tests on chickens that died from H7N2. The owners of the Conwy farm", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7016615", "score": "0.86902004", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Influenza A virus subtype H5N1", "text": "A(H5N1)\". Asian lineage HPAI A(H5N1) is divided into two antigenic clades. \"Clade 1 includes human and bird isolates from Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia and bird isolates from Laos and Malaysia. Clade 2 viruses were first identified in bird isolates from China, Indonesia, Japan, and South Korea before spreading westward to the Middle East, Europe, and Africa. The clade 2 viruses have been primarily responsible for human H5N1 infections that have occurred during late 2005 and 2006, according to WHO. Genetic analysis has identified six subclades of clade 2, three of which have a distinct geographic distribution and have been implicated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3817611", "score": "0.86647826", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Influenza A virus", "text": "labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). There are 18 different known H antigens (H1 to H18) and 11 different known N antigens (N1 to N11). H17N10 was isolated from fruit bats in 2012. H18N11 was discovered in a Peruvian bat in 2013. Each virus subtype has mutated into a variety of strains with differing pathogenic profiles; some are pathogenic to one species but not others, some are pathogenic to multiple species. A filtered and purified influenza A vaccine for humans has been developed, and many countries", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2556914", "score": "0.8662751", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Influenza A virus subtype H5N1", "text": "infect mammals, as well. From this point on, avian flu experts increasingly referred to containment as a strategy that can delay, but not ultimately prevent, a future avian flu pandemic. \"Since 1997, studies of influenza A (H5N1) indicate that these viruses continue to evolve, with changes in antigenicity and internal gene constellations; an expanded host range in avian species and the ability to infect felids; enhanced pathogenicity in experimentally infected mice and ferrets, in which they cause systemic infections; and increased environmental stability.\" \"The New York Times\", in an article on transmission of H5N1 through smuggled birds, reports Wade Hagemeijer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3817637", "score": "0.8657268", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Pandemic H1N1/09 virus", "text": "Chile discovered that the human H1N1/09 virus had jumped, unmutated, to birds, \"opening a new chapter in the global epidemic.\" Top flu and animal-health experts with the WHO and the CDC were monitoring the situation closely. They said the infected turkeys have suffered only mild effects, easing concern about a potentially dangerous development. Chile's turkey meat remains safe to eat, they said, and so far there have been no signs of a potentially dangerous mutation. Virus experts are concerned that a more dangerous and easily transmitted strain could emerge if H1N1/09 combines again with avian flu, which at present is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13366345", "score": "0.8657036", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Pandemic H1N1/09 virus", "text": "touching cat's eyes, nose, and mouth while sick. Thoroughly wash your hands after handling a sick pet since it may be possible for cats to transmit the virus to humans. This is the third confirmed case of H1N1 in a cat in the U.S.; other cases have occurred in Utah and Iowa. The first case of a dog with H1N1 was reported in December 2009. On July 22, 2011 the Norwegian Veterinary Institute reported the first occurrence of 2009-H1N1 influenza virus in minks. The initial outbreak of a novel swine-origin H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009 and the virus strain that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13366347", "score": "0.8650719", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "OIE/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza", "text": "world to share their data. In March, the OFFLU Scientific Committee decided \"to put new emphasis on the need for further collection, characterization, and exchange\" of avian flu viruses and for expansion of sequence data, the FAO reported. At about the same time, Capua and four OFFLU colleagues wrote a letter to the journal Science promising to make H5N1 samples available for sequencing.\" OIE/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza OFFLU is the joint OIE-FAO global network of expertise on animal influenzas. OFFLU aims to reduce negative impacts of animal influenza viruses by promoting effective collaboration between animal health experts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8438111", "score": "0.8642713", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Influenza A virus subtype H1N1", "text": "2 response to H1N1 influenza which may be responsible for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome that causes pulmonary edema and death. On 26 April 2011, an H1N1 pandemic preparedness alert was issued by the World Health Organization for the Americas. In August 2011, according to the U.S. Geological Survey and the CDC, northern sea otters off the coast of Washington state were infected with the same version of the H1N1 flu virus that caused the 2009 pandemic and \"may be a newly identified animal host of influenza viruses\". In May 2013, seventeen people died during an H1N1 outbreak in Venezuela,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6195161", "score": "0.8638631", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "2009 flu pandemic", "text": "the transmissibility of the H1N1 influenza virus in households is lower than that seen in past pandemics. Most transmissions occur soon before or after the onset of symptoms. The H1N1 virus has been transmitted to animals, including swine, turkeys, ferrets, household cats, at least one dog and a cheetah. The H1N1 vaccine was initially in short supply and in the U.S., the CDC recommended that initial doses should go to priority groups such as pregnant women, people who live with or care for babies under six months old, children six months to four years old and health-care workers. In the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13294099", "score": "0.86365736", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Avian influenza in cats", "text": "relationship with the amount of T cells present and the amount of infected cells. Another study to test whether the ALVAC recombinant canarypox virus could prime the immune system in cats was performed. This vaccine has the same hemagglutinin as the H5N1 virus, and therefore worked on preventing death from two different strains of the virus, HPAIV A/Vietnam/1194/2004 and HPAIV A/Indonesia/05/2005. However, some of the cats that were vaccinated did exhibit hyperthermia and weight loss, and all of the cats did have some disease change (assuming lesions) in their lungs. All of the cats, except one, still excreted the virus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17253658", "score": "0.86335266", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "H5N1 genetic structure", "text": "pore complex, ANT3 and VDCA1, [sensitizing] cells to apoptosis. [...] PB1-F2 likely contributes to viral pathogenicity and might have an important role in determining the severity of pandemic influenza.\" This was discovered by Chen \"et al.\" and reported in Nature. \"After comparing viruses from the Hong Kong 1997 H5N1 outbreak, one amino acid change (N66S) was found in the PB1-F2 sequence at position 66 that correlated with pathogenicity. This same amino acid change (N66S) was also found in the PB1-F2 protein of the 1918 pandemic A/Brevig Mission/18 virus.\" The Orthomyxovirus family consists of 5 genera: Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B, Influenzavirus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7561031", "score": "0.8632282", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Robert Webster (virologist)", "text": "Marie Thomas Chair in Virology at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. He is also director of the World Health Organization Collaborating Center on the Ecology of Influenza Viruses in Lower Animals and Birds, the world's only laboratory designed to study influenza at the animal-human interface. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, the Royal Society of Medicine and the Royal Society of New Zealand, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. In December 2002, he was presented with the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Infectious Diseases Research. Webster has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6212700", "score": "0.8628787", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Avian influenza", "text": "however. A study published in 2012 in Science Magazine reported on research findings that allowed for the airborne transmission of H5N1 in laboratory ferrets. The study identified the 5 mutations necessary for the virus to become airborne and immediately spiked controversy over the ethical implications of making such potentially dangerous information available to the general public. The study was allowed to remain available in its entirety, though it remains a controversial topic within the scientific community. The study in question, however, created airborne H5N1 via amino acid substitutions that largely mitigated the devastating effects of the disease. This fact was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2563008", "score": "0.8617002", "original_retrieval_index": 36 } ]

{ "title": "Swine influenza", "long_answer": "Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.", "chunked_long_answer": "Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.", "short_answers": [ "pigs" ] }

[ "optical smoke detector" ]

[ { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "A photoelectric, or optical smoke detector contains a source of infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light (typically an incandescent light bulb or light-emitting diode), a lens, and a photoelectric receiver (typically a photodiode). In spot-type detectors all of these components are arranged inside a chamber where air, which may contain smoke from a nearby fire, flows. In large open areas such as atria and auditoriums, optical beam or projected-beam smoke detectors are used instead of a chamber within the unit: a wall-mounted unit emits a beam of infrared or ultraviolet light which is either received and processed by a separate device,", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Security alarm", "text": "meet all the local fire code requirements of a fire alarm system. Traditional smoke detectors are technically ionisation smoke detectors which create an electric current between two metal plates, which sound an alarm when disrupted by smoke entering the chamber. Ionisation smoke alarms can quickly detect the small amounts of smoke produced by fast-flaming fires, such as cooking fires or those fueled by paper or flammable liquids. A newer, and perhaps safer, type is a photoelectric smoke detector. It contains a light source in a light-sensitive electric sensor, which is positioned at a 90-degree angles to the sensor. Normally, light", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4292330", "score": "1.0240674", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "either detect both heat and smoke, or use both the ionization and photoelectric processes. Some combination alarms may include a carbon monoxide detection capability. The type and sensitivity of light source and photoelectric sensor, and type of smoke chamber differ between manufacturers. Carbon monoxide sensors detect potentially fatal concentrations of carbon monoxide gas, which may build up due to faulty ventilation where there are combustion appliances such as gas heaters and cookers, although there is no uncontrolled fire outside the appliance. High levels of carbon dioxide (CO) may indicate a fire, and can be detected by a carbon dioxide sensor.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203026", "score": "1.0229075", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "particulates of smoke, air-borne dust, or other substances; the circuitry detects the light intensity and generates the alarm if it is below a specified threshold, potentially due to smoke. In other types, typically chamber types, the light is not directed at the sensor, which is not illuminated in the absence of particles. If the air in the chamber contains particles (smoke or dust), the light is scattered and some of it reaches the sensor, triggering the alarm. According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), \"photoelectric smoke detection is generally more responsive to fires that begin with a long period", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203024", "score": "1.0228933", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Security alarm", "text": "from the light source shoots straight across and misses the sensor. When smoke enters the chamber, it scatters the light, which then hits the sensor and triggers the alarm. Photoelectric smoke detectors typically respond faster to a fire in its early, smoldering stage – before the source of the fire bursts into flames. Motion sensors are devices that use various forms of technology to detect movement. The technology typically found in motion sensors to trigger an alarm includes infrared, ultrasonic, vibration and contact. Dual technology sensors combine two or more forms of detection in order to reduce false alarms as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4292331", "score": "1.0151889", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "Both AFAC and the IAFF recommend photoelectric smoke alarms, but not combination ionization/photoelectric smoke alarms. According to fire tests conformant to EN 54, the CO cloud from open fire can usually be detected before particulate. Due to the varying levels of detection capabilities between detector types, manufacturers have designed multi-criteria devices which cross-reference the separate signals to both rule out false alarms and improve response times to real fires. Commercial smoke detectors are either conventional or addressable, and are connected to security alarm or fire alarm systems controlled by fire alarm control panels (FACP). These are the most common type", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203033", "score": "1.0086973", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "where air, which may contain smoke from a nearby fire, flows. In large open areas such as atria and auditoriums, optical beam or projected-beam smoke detectors are used instead of a chamber within the unit: a wall-mounted unit emits a beam of infrared or ultraviolet light which is either received and processed by a separate device, or reflected back to the receiver by a reflector. In some types, particularly optical beam types, the light emitted by the light source passes through the air being tested and reaches the photosensor. The received light intensity will be reduced due to scattering from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203023", "score": "1.0019935", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "encasing the detector. The 10-year-lithium-battery-powered smoke alarm was introduced in 1995. The photoelectric (optical) smoke detector was invented by Donald Steele and Robert Emmark of Electro Signal Lab and patented in 1972. An ionization smoke detector uses a radioisotope, typically americium-241, to ionize air; a difference due to smoke is detected and an alarm is generated. Ionization detectors are more sensitive to the flaming stage of fires than optical detectors, while optical detectors are more sensitive to fires in the early smouldering stage. The smoke detector has two ionization chambers, one open to the air, and a reference chamber which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203016", "score": "0.9803812", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Optical beam smoke detector", "text": "beam, typically through either absorbance or light scattering. Once a certain percentage of the transmitted light has been blocked by the smoke, a fire is signalled. Optical beam smoke detectors are typically used to detect fires in large commercial and industrial buildings, as components in a larger fire alarm system. Optical beam smoke detectors consist of at least one light transmitter and one receiver, which is photosensitive. The photosensitive receiver monitors light produced by the transmitter under normal conditions. In the absence of smoke, light passes from the light transmitter to the receiver in a straight line. In a fire,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16654744", "score": "0.9718637", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "A presentation by Siemens and the Canadian Fire Alarm Association reports the ionization detector as best at detecting incipient-stage fires with invisibly small particles, fast-flaming fires with smaller 0.01-0.4 micron particles, and dark or black smoke, while more modern photoelectric detectors are best at detecting slow-smouldering fires with larger 0.4–10.0 micron particles, and light-coloured white/grey smoke. Photoelectric smoke detectors respond faster to fire in its early, smouldering stage (before it breaks into flame). The smoke from the smouldering stage of a fire is typically made up of large combustion particles—between 0.3 and 10.0 µm. Ionization smoke detectors respond faster (typically", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203028", "score": "0.9636202", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "Smoke detector A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself. Smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about in diameter and thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either optically (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization); detectors may use either, or both, methods. Sensitive alarms", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203009", "score": "0.95429766", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "30–60 seconds) in the flaming stage of a fire. The smoke from the flaming stage of a fire is typically made up of microscopic combustion particles—between 0.01 and 0.3 µm. Also, ionization detectors are weaker in high air-flow environments, and because of this, the photoelectric smoke detector is more reliable for detecting smoke in both the smoldering and flaming stages of a fire. In June 2006, the Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council, the peak representative body for all Australian and New Zealand fire departments, published an official report, 'Position on Smoke Alarms in Residential Accommodation'. Clause 3.0 states,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203029", "score": "0.9456394", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Electric eye", "text": "the power line alternating current frequency, but modern photodetector systems use an infrared light-emitting diode modulated at a few kilohertz, which allows the detector to reject stray light and improves the range, sensitivity and security of the device. Highway vehicle counter First compact commercial unit Automatic wrapping machines Automatic door opener Business alarm system Automatic cameras Electric eye An electric eye is a photodetector used for detecting obstruction of a light beam. An example is the door safety system used on garage door openers that use a light transmitter and receiver at the bottom of the door to prevent closing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8076124", "score": "0.94508713", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Optical beam smoke detector", "text": "is also an advantage for aesthetic installations, where fire protection is required without introducing unsightly or overtly modern devices. Aesthetic considerations are especially important for cultural and heritage sites. End-to-end detectors include open-area smoke imaging detection, in which two wavelengths of light are used to detect smoke. UV and IR wavelengths of light react to smoke differently, and the comparative difference helps to verify real smoke by comparing the reflections and seeing a difference in the profile. UV and IR respond identically to things like blockage (ladder in front to detector path), bugs (blocking beam), fog, steam, and other things", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16654746", "score": "0.9355426", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "\"Ionization smoke alarms may not operate in time to alert occupants early enough to escape from smouldering fires.\" In August 2008, the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF, with over 300,000 members in North America) passed a resolution recommending the use of photoelectric smoke alarms, saying that changing to photoelectric alarms, \"Will drastically reduce the loss of life among citizens and fire fighters.\" In May 2011, the Fire Protection Association of Australia's (FPAA) official position on smoke alarms stated, \"Fire Prevention Association Australia considers that all residential buildings should be fitted with photoelectric smoke alarms...\" In December 2011, the Volunteer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203030", "score": "0.93208873", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "to disclose the level of visible smoke required to trigger the manufacturers' ionization smoke alarms under CSIRO scientific testing. The US state of California banned the sale of smoke detectors with replaceable batteries Smoke detector A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself. Smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203057", "score": "0.9310508", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "than photoelectric alarms (57 to 62 seconds faster response), and photoelectric alarms provided (often) considerably faster response to smoldering fires than ionization type alarms (47 to 53 minutes faster response).\" Regular cleaning can prevent false alarms caused by the build-up of dust and insects, particularly on optical type alarms as they are more susceptible to these factors. A vacuum cleaner can be used to clean domestic smoke detectors to remove detrimental dust. Optical detectors are less susceptible to false alarms in locations such as near a kitchen producing cooking fumes. On the night of May 31, 2001, Bill Hackert and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203045", "score": "0.9235289", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "the validity of testing criteria used by American and Australian government agencies when undergoing scientific testing of ionization smoke alarms in smoldering fires. In June 2010 the City of Albany, California enacted photoelectric-only legislation after a unanimous decision by the Albany City Council; several other Californian and Ohioan cities enacted similar legislation shortly afterwards. In November 2011 the Northern Territory enacted Australia's first residential photoelectric legislation mandating the use of photoelectric smoke alarms in all new Northern Territory homes. In the Australian State of Queensland, from 1 January 2017 all smoke alarms in new dwellings (or where a dwelling is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203054", "score": "0.92300206", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "Fire Fighter's Association of Australia published a World Fire Safety Foundation report, 'Ionization Smoke Alarms are DEADLY', citing research outlining substantial performance differences between ionization and photoelectric technology. In November 2013, the Ohio Fire Chiefs' Association (OFCA) published an official position paper supporting the use of photoelectric technology in Ohioan residences. The OFCA's position states, \"In the interest of public safety and to protect the public from the deadly effects of smoke and fire, the Ohio Fire Chiefs' Association endorses the use of Photoelectric Smoke Alarms … In both new construction and when replacing old smoke alarms or purchasing new", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203031", "score": "0.9218627", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "Such sensors are often used to measure levels of CO which may be undesirable but not indicative of a fire; this type of sensor can also be used to detect and warn of the much higher levels generated by a fire. One manufacturer says that detectors based on CO levels are the fastest fire indicators, and also, unlike ionization and optical detectors, detect fires that do not generate smoke, such as those fuelled by alcohol or gasoline. CO fire detectors are not susceptible to false alarms due to particles, making them particularly suitable for use in dusty and dirty environments.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203027", "score": "0.91918766", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Infrared detector", "text": "semiconductors with narrow band gaps. Incident IR photons can cause electronic excitations. In photoconductive detectors, the resistivity of the detector element is monitored. Photovoltaic detectors contain a p-n junction on which photoelectric current appears upon illumination. A few detector materials: Infrared detector An infrared detector is a detector that reacts to infrared (IR) radiation. The two main types of detectors are thermal and photonic (photodetectors). The thermal effects of the incident IR radiation can be followed through many temperature dependent phenomena. Bolometers and microbolometers are based on changes in resistance. Thermocouples and thermopiles use the thermoelectric effect. Golay cells follow", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6327186", "score": "0.9183692", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "Fire Protection Association recommends that home-owners replace smoke detector batteries with a new battery at least once per year, when it starts chirping (a signal that the battery is low), or when it fails a test, which the NFPA recommends to be carried out at least once per month by pressing the \"test\" button on the alarm. A 2004 NIST report concluded that \"Smoke alarms of either the ionization type or the photoelectric type consistently provided time for occupants to escape from most residential fires,\" and, \"Consistent with prior findings, ionization type alarms provided somewhat better response to flaming fires", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203044", "score": "0.91802216", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Optical beam smoke detector", "text": "that commonly cause false alarms, so the two wavelengths of light are used together to detect smoke accurately. A reflective optical beam smoke detector incorporates a light transmitter and the detector on the same unit. The light path is created by reflecting light emitted from the transmitter off a retroreflector that is placed opposite the detector. A motorised optical beam smoke detector automatically aligns itself during installation and can compensate for alignment 'drift' i.e. where the optical path of the light beam changes over time Both end-to-end systems and reflective systems can be motorised. Early examples of optical beam smoke", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16654747", "score": "0.90654635", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Optical beam smoke detector", "text": "Optical beam smoke detector An optical beam smoke detector is a device that uses a projected beam of light to detect smoke across large areas, typically as an indicator of fire. They are used to detect fires in buildings where standard point smoke detectors would either be uneconomical or restricted for use by the height of the building. Optical beam smoke detectors are often installed in warehouses as a cost effective means of protecting large open spaces. Optical beam smoke detectors work on the principle of light obscuration, where the presence of smoke blocks some of the light from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16654743", "score": "0.9065156", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "the need for external wiring. Ionization smoke detectors are usually cheaper to manufacture than optical detectors. They may be more prone to false alarms triggered by non-hazardous events than photoelectric detectors, and have been found to be much slower to respond to typical house fires. Americium-241 is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 432.6 years. Alpha particle radiation, as opposed to beta (electron) and gamma (electromagnetic) radiation, is used for two additional reasons: alpha particles have high ionization, so sufficient air particles will be ionized for the current to exist, and they have low penetrative power, meaning they will", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203019", "score": "0.90534616", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "Protection Association reports 0.53 deaths per 100 fires in homes with working smoke alarms compared to 1.18 deaths in homes without (2009–2013). Some homes do not have any smoke alarms, some alarms do not have working batteries; sometimes the alarm fails to detect the fire. The first automatic electric fire alarm was patented in 1890 by Francis Robbins Upton, an associate of Thomas Edison. George Andrew Darby patented the first European electrical heat detector in 1902 in Birmingham, England. In the late 1930s Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger tried to invent a sensor for poison gas. He expected that gas entering", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203011", "score": "0.90216184", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "alarms, we recommend Photoelectric Smoke Alarms.\" In June 2014, tests by the North Eastern Ohio Fire Prevention Association (NEOFPA) on residential smoke alarms were broadcast on the ABC's 'Good Morning America' program. The NEOFPA tests showed ionization smoke alarms failing to activate in the early, smoldering stage of fire. The combination ionization-photoelectric alarms failed to activate until an average of over 20 minutes after the stand-alone photoelectric smoke alarms. This vindicated the June 2006 official position of the Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council (AFAC) and the October 2008, official position of the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF).", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203032", "score": "0.900887", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Flame detector", "text": "water vapour and of cold CO in the air. In the case of a very small flame, on the other hand, the decreasing flickering of the flame will play an increasing part. A more exact relation - valid when the distance between the flame and the flame detector is small - between the radiation density, \"E\", at the detector and the distance, \"D\", between the detector and a flame of effective radius, \"R\", emitting energy density, \"M\", is given by When \"R\"«\"D\" then the relation reduces to the (inverse) square law Flame detector A flame detector is a sensor designed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11454311", "score": "0.9007407", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Smoke detector", "text": "substantially renovated) must be photoelectric, not also contain an ionisation sensor, be hardwired to the mains power supply with a secondary power source (i.e. battery) and be interconnected with every other smoke alarm in the dwelling so all activate together. From that date, all replacement smoke alarms must be photoelectric. From 1 January 2022, all dwellings sold, leased or where a lease is renewed must comply as for new dwellings. From 1 January 2027, all dwellings must comply as for new dwellings. In June 2013, in an Australian Parliamentary speech, the question was asked, \"Are ionization smoke alarms defective?\" This", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2203055", "score": "0.89781344", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Microphone", "text": "7,580,533 issued for a Particulate Flow Detection Microphone based on a laser-photocell pair with a moving stream of smoke or vapor in the laser beam's path. Sound pressure waves cause disturbances in the smoke that in turn cause variations in the amount of laser light reaching the photodetector. A prototype of the device was demonstrated at the 127th Audio Engineering Society convention in New York City from 9 through 12 October 2009. Early microphones did not produce intelligible speech, until Alexander Graham Bell made improvements including a variable-resistance microphone/transmitter. Bell's liquid transmitter consisted of a metal cup filled with water", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "751362", "score": "0.8970821", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Smoke detector", "long_answer": "A photoelectric, or optical smoke detector contains a source of infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light (typically an incandescent light bulb or light-emitting diode), a lens, and a photoelectric receiver (typically a photodiode). In spot-type detectors all of these components are arranged inside a chamber where air, which may contain smoke from a nearby fire, flows. In large open areas such as atria and auditoriums, optical beam or projected-beam smoke detectors are used instead of a chamber within the unit: a wall-mounted unit emits a beam of infrared or ultraviolet light which is either received and processed by a separate device, or reflected back to the receiver by a reflector. In some types, particularly optical beam types, the light emitted by the light source passes through the air being tested and reaches the photosensor. The received light intensity will be reduced due to scattering from particulates of smoke, air-borne dust, or other substances; the circuitry detects the light intensity and generates the alarm if it is below a specified threshold, potentially due to smoke. In other types, typically chamber types, the light is not directed at the sensor, which is not illuminated in the absence of particles. If the air in the chamber contains particles (smoke or dust), the light is scattered and some of it reaches the sensor, triggering the alarm.", "chunked_long_answer": "A photoelectric, or optical smoke detector contains a source of infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light (typically an incandescent light bulb or light-emitting diode), a lens, and a photoelectric receiver (typically a photodiode). In spot-type detectors all of these components are arranged inside a chamber where air, which may contain smoke from a nearby fire, flows. In large open areas such as atria and auditoriums, optical beam or projected-beam smoke detectors are used instead of a chamber within the unit: a wall-mounted unit emits a beam of infrared or ultraviolet light which is either received and processed by a separate device,", "short_answers": [ "optical smoke detector" ] }

[ "1780–1830" ]

[ { "title": "Romanticism", "text": "in literature as taking place \"roughly between 1770 and 1848\", and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found. In English literature, M. H. Abrams placed it between 1789, or 1798, this latter a very typical view, and about 1830, perhaps a little later than some other critics. Others have proposed 1780–1830. In other fields and other countries the period denominated as Romantic can be considerably different; musical Romanticism, for example, is generally regarded as only having ceased as a major artistic force as late as 1910, but in an extreme extension the Four Last Songs of Richard Strauss", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Romanticism", "text": "Romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature—all components of modernity. It", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "353337", "score": "1.1221015", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Romanticism", "text": "focuses his interpretation on Slavic pagan and occult elements found in the drama. In his book \"Mickiewicz hermetyczny\" he writes about hermetic, theosophic and alchemical philosophy on the book as well as Masonic symbols. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanticism&action=submit Romanticism Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "353450", "score": "1.0890465", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "British literature", "text": "end of the 18th century. Various dates are given for the Romantic period in British literature, but here the publishing of \"Lyrical Ballads\" in 1798 is taken as the beginning, and the crowning of Queen Victoria in 1837 as its end, even though, for example, William Wordsworth lived until 1850 and William Blake published before 1798. The writers of this period, however, \"did not think of themselves as 'Romantics'\", and the term was first used by critics of the Victorian period. The Romantic period was one of major social change in England, because of the depopulation of the countryside and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2025827", "score": "1.0815847", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Romantic literature in English", "text": "Romantic literature in English Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. Various dates are given for the Romantic period but here the publishing of William Wordsworth's \"Lyrical Ballads\" in 1798 is taken as the beginning, and the crowning of Queen Victoria in 1837 as its end. Romanticism arrived later in other parts of the English-speaking world, such as America. The Romantic period was one of major social change in England, because of the depopulation of the countryside and the rapid development of overcrowded industrial cities, that took place", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19555579", "score": "1.0734355", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Romanticism", "text": "or five years ago\". It is only from the 1820s that Romanticism certainly knew itself by its name, and in 1824 the Académie française took the wholly ineffective step of issuing a decree condemning it in literature. The period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought. Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place \"roughly between 1770 and 1848\", and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found. In English literature, M. H. Abrams placed it between 1789, or 1798, this latter a very typical view, and about 1830,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "353348", "score": "1.0673276", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Romanticism in Scotland", "text": "important offshoots of Romanticism in New England, Transcendentalism, particularly in the writing of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–82). In literature, Romanticism is often thought to have ended in the 1830s, with a few commentators, like Margaret Drabble, describing it as over by 1848. Romanticism continued much longer in some places and areas of endeavour, particularly in music, where it has been dated from 1820 to 1910. The death of Scott in 1832 has been seen as marking the end of the great romantic generation, and Scottish literature and culture in general lost some of its international prominence from this point. Scott's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16528509", "score": "1.0492402", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Romanticism", "text": "see in it the inaugural moment of modernity, and some like Chateaubriand, Novalis and Samuel Taylor Coleridge see it as the beginning of a tradition of resistance to Enlightenment rationalism—a \"Counter-Enlightenment\"— to be associated most closely with German Romanticism. An earlier definition comes from Charles Baudelaire: \"Romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor exact truth, but in the way of feeling.\" The end of the Romantic era is marked in some areas by a new style of Realism, which affected literature, especially the novel and drama, painting, and even music, through Verismo opera. This movement was led", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "353355", "score": "1.048965", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Romantic poetry", "text": "Poland was a literary, artistic and intellectual period in the evolution of Polish culture, which began around 1820, coinciding with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822. It ended with the suppression of the Polish-Lithuanian January 1863 Uprising against the Russian Empire in 1864. The latter event ushered in a new era in Polish culture known as \"Positivism\". The 19th century is traditionally referred to as the \"Golden Era\" of Russian literature. Romanticism permitted a flowering of especially poetic talent: the names of Vasily Zhukovsky and later that of his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore. Pushkin", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4089059", "score": "1.0329593", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Romanticism in Poland", "text": "Romanticism in Poland Romanticism in Poland, a literary, artistic and intellectual period in the evolution of Polish culture, began around 1820, coinciding with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822. It ended with the suppression of the Polish-Lithuanian January 1863 Uprising against the Russian Empire in 1864. The latter event ushered in a new era in Polish culture known as \"Positivism\". Polish Romanticism, unlike Romanticism in some other parts of Europe, was not limited to literary and artistic concerns. Due to specific Polish historical circumstances, notably the partitions of Poland, it was also an ideological, philosophical and political", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6048604", "score": "1.0288786", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Romantic literature in English", "text": "as obsession, the nature of evil, and human struggle against the elements. By the 1880s, however, psychological and social realism were competing with Romanticism in the novel. Romantic literature in English Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. Various dates are given for the Romantic period but here the publishing of William Wordsworth's \"Lyrical Ballads\" in 1798 is taken as the beginning, and the crowning of Queen Victoria in 1837 as its end. Romanticism arrived later in other parts of the English-speaking world, such as America. The Romantic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19555619", "score": "1.027429", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Romanticism in Spanish literature", "text": "the values and customs of the past, contributed to the decadence of the Romantic movement and the rise of Realism, as it became bourgeois and turned into a style of description. The Romantic period encompasses the first half of the 19th century, a time of high political tension. The conservatives defended their privileges, but the liberals and progressives fought to supplant them. This opened the way for the laity and Freemasonry to enjoy great influence. Traditional Catholic thought defended itself against the freethinkers and the followers of the German philosopher Karl C. F. Krause. The working class unleashed protest movements", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8118058", "score": "1.0199457", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Romanticism", "text": "as a sentimental painter of young women. His Romantic period included many historical pieces of \"Troubadour\" tendencies, but on a very large scale, that are heavily influenced by Gian Battista Tiepolo and other late Baroque Italian masters. Literary Romanticism had its counterpart in the American visual arts, most especially in the exaltation of an untamed American landscape found in the paintings of the Hudson River School. Painters like Thomas Cole, Albert Bierstadt and Frederic Edwin Church and others often expressed Romantic themes in their paintings. They sometimes depicted ancient ruins of the old world, such as in Fredric Edwin Church's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "353423", "score": "1.0181609", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Swedish literature", "text": "my beloved daughter, if I would have had one') - are the exhortions to remain at home and not get involved with literature or politics serious or satirical? In European history, the period \"circa\" 1805–1840 is known as Romanticism. It also made a strong impression on Sweden, due to German influences. During this relatively short period, there were so many great Swedish poets that the era is referred to as the Golden Age of Swedish poetry. The period started around 1810 when several periodicals were published which rejected the literature of the 18th century. An important society was the \"Gothic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4956941", "score": "1.0155593", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Romanticism in evolution theory", "text": "Romanticism in evolution theory Romanticism was an intellectual movement that arose in the late eighteenth century and continued through the nineteenth century. The movement had roots in the arts, literature, and science. Largely conceived as a reaction towards the extreme rationalism of the Enlightenment, it championed expressing emotions through aesthetic and emphasizing the transcendent allure of the natural world. There has been significant work done by historians about how romanticism played a significant role in the development of modern theories of evolution. Most notable is the work done by Robert J. Richards, a professor at the University of Chicago. Richards,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20611439", "score": "1.0118523", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Romanticism", "text": "prominent in Romantic fiction. As a survivor of the French retreat from Moscow in 1812, fantasies of heroism and adventure had little appeal for him, and like Goya he is often seen as a forerunner of Realism. His most important works are \"Le Rouge et le Noir\" (\"The Red and the Black\", 1830) and \"La Chartreuse de Parme\" (\"The Charterhouse of Parma\", 1839). Romanticism in Poland is often taken to begin with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822, and end with the crushing of the January Uprising of 1863 against the Russians. It was strongly marked by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "353386", "score": "1.0118021", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Romantic poetry", "text": "he and Friedrich Schiller ended their period of association with it by initiating what would become Weimar Classicism. Jena Romanticism – also the Jena Romantics or Early Romanticism (Frühromantik)) – is the first phase of Romanticism in German literature represented by the work of a group centred in Jena from about 1798 to 1804. Heidelberg was the centre of the epoch of \"Romantik\" (Romanticism) in Germany. The phase after Jena Romanticism is often called Heidelberg Romanticism (see also Berlin Romanticism). There was a famous circle of poets, the Heidelberg Romantics, such as Joseph von Eichendorff, Johann Joseph von Görres, Ludwig", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4089057", "score": "1.0110023", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Romanticism", "text": "end of the Romantic era in chess is considered to be the 1873 Vienna Tournament where Wilhelm Steinitz popularized positional play and the closed game. One of Romanticism's key ideas and most enduring legacies is the assertion of nationalism, which became a central theme of Romantic art and political philosophy. From the earliest parts of the movement, with their focus on development of national languages and folklore, and the importance of local customs and traditions, to the movements that would redraw the map of Europe and lead to calls for self-determination of nationalities, nationalism was one of the key vehicles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "353440", "score": "1.0106926", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Orientalism", "text": "1785 and ended around 1830. The term \"Romantic\" references the ideas and culture that writers of the time reflected in their work. During this time, the culture and objects of the East began to have a profound effect on Europe. Extensive traveling by artists and members of the European elite brought travelogues and sensational tales back to the West creating a great interest in all things \"foreign\". Romantic Orientalism incorporates African and Asian geographic locations, well-known colonial and \"native\" personalities, folklore, and philosophies to create a literary environment of colonial exploration from a distinctly European worldview. The current trend in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "516096", "score": "1.0104094", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "History of literature", "text": "Germany, the \"Sturm und Drang\" period of the late 18th century merges into a Classicist and Romantic period, epitomized by the long era of Goethe's activity, covering the first third of the century. The conservative \"Biedermeier\" style conflicts with the radical \"Vormärz\" in the turbulent period separating the end of the Napoleonic wars from the Revolutions of 1848. In Denmark, the early 19th century Golden Age produced prolific literary authors such as Søren Kierkegaard and Hans Christian Andersen. In the later 19th century, Romanticism is countered by Realism and Naturalism. The late 19th century, known as the \"Belle Époque\", with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1251531", "score": "1.0103774", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Post-romanticism", "text": "Post-romanticism Post-romanticism or Postromanticism refers to a range of cultural endeavors and attitudes emerging in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, after the period of Romanticism. Herman Melville and Thomas Carlyle are post-Romantic writers. Flaubert's \"Madame Bovary\" is a post-Romantic novel. The period of post-romanticism in poetry is defined as the late nineteenth century, but includes the poetry of Letitia Elizabeth Landon and Tennyson. Post-romanticism in music referred to Romantic composers who would use forms that were found typically in the Classical and Baroque while still retaining aspects of the Romantic era. Among the most well known post-Romantic composers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6830440", "score": "1.0075592", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Romanticism", "text": "definition of Romanticism has been the subject of debate in the fields of intellectual history and literary history throughout the 20th century, without any great measure of consensus emerging. That it was part of the Counter-Enlightenment, a reaction against the Age of Enlightenment, is generally accepted in current scholarship. Its relationship to the French Revolution, which began in 1789 in the very early stages of the period, is clearly important, but highly variable depending on geography and individual reactions. Most Romantics can be said to be broadly progressive in their views, but a considerable number always had, or developed, a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "353351", "score": "1.005919", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Austrian literature", "text": "1790 these ideas were firmly rooted and the ancient classic cultures (Greek and Roman) were the inspiration for poets, artists, architects and writers. Harmony and Beauty were some of the ideals of that time. There was a lot of philosophical and aesthetic writing which accumulated in the Romantic era around 1820 (mostly writers from the nobility). With the Napoleonic Wars going on, a lot of people wanted literature which took them away in a fantasy world. A lot of religious writing was also providing people with new hope. Klemens Maria Hofbauer, Eduard von Bauernfeld and Franz Grillparzer are but three", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5829994", "score": "1.0051439", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Romanticism", "text": "finishing around the 1820s, or sometimes even earlier, although many authors of the succeeding decades were no less committed to Romantic values. The most significant novelist in English during the peak Romantic period, other than Walter Scott, was Jane Austen, whose essentially conservative world-view had little in common with her Romantic contemporaries, retaining a strong belief in decorum and social rules, though critics have detected tremors under the surface of some works, especially \"Mansfield Park\" (1814) and \"Persuasion\" (1817). But around the mid-century the undoubtedly Romantic novels of the Yorkshire-based Brontë family appeared. Most notably Charlotte's \"Jane Eyre\" and Emily's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "353373", "score": "1.0048541", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Romanticism in science", "text": "\"cold philosophy\" in the poem \"Lamia\" influenced Edgar Allan Poe's 1829 sonnet \"To Science\" and Richard Dawkins' 1998 book, \"Unweaving the Rainbow\". The rise of Auguste Comte's positivism in 1840 contributed to the decline of the Romantic approach to science. Romanticism in science Romanticism (or the Age of Reflection, 1800–40) was an intellectual movement that originated in Western Europe as a counter-movement to the late-18th-century Enlightenment. Romanticism incorporated many fields of study, including politics, the arts, and the humanities, but it also greatly influenced 19th-century science. In contrast to Enlightenment mechanistic natural philosophy, European scientists of the Romantic period held", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9257784", "score": "1.0031784", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Romanticism", "text": "by France, with Balzac and Flaubert in literature and Courbet in painting; Stendhal and Goya were important precursors of Realism in their respective media. However, Romantic styles, now often representing the established and safe style against which Realists rebelled, continued to flourish in many fields for the rest of the century and beyond. In music such works from after about 1850 are referred to by some writers as \"Late Romantic\" and by others as \"Neoromantic\" or \"Postromantic\", but other fields do not usually use these terms; in English literature and painting the convenient term \"Victorian\" avoids having to characterise the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "353356", "score": "1.0029688", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Spanish literature", "text": "of the Enlightenment period and a reaction against the rationalization of nature, in art and literature Romanticism stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror, and the awe experienced in confronting the sublimity of nature. It elevated folk art, nature and custom. The characteristics of the works of Romanticism are: Various are the themes of the romanticist works: In Realism (end of the 19th century), which is mixed with Naturalism, important topics are the novel, with Juan Valera, José María de Pereda, Benito Pérez Galdós, Emilia Pardo Bazán, Leopoldo Alas", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2896947", "score": "1.0019543", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Ricarda Huch", "text": "established her reputation as a historian. \"Ausbreitung und Verfall der Romantik\" was published in 1902. Huch argued that German Romanticism went through a period of blossoming and a later period of decay. She argued that August Wilhelm Schlegel, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, Friedrich von Hardenberg, Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder and Ludwig Tieck were exponents of early German Romanticism. In this blossoming period utopian thinking and a striving for balance between reason and fantasy, mind and body, culminated in the idea that human perfectibility was a task for everyone. Huch identifies late German Romanticism with a leaning towards simplistic folklore, myth and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6550541", "score": "1.0014806", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Romantic poetry", "text": "Romantic poetry Romantic poetry is the poetry of the Romantic era, an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. It involved a reaction against prevailing Enlightenment ideas of the 18th century, and lasted from 1800 to 1850, approximately. In early 19th century England, the poet William Wordsworth defined his and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's innovative poetry in his Preface to \"Lyrical Ballads\" (1798):I have said before that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin in emotion recollected in tranquility: the emotion is contemplated till, by a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4089046", "score": "0.9985339", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Polish literature", "text": "against the foreign occupation, and expressed the ideals and the traditional way of life of the Polish people. The period of Romanticism in Poland ended with the Tsarist suppression of the January 1863 Uprising, marked by public executions by the Russians and deportations to Siberia. The literature of Polish Romanticism falls into two distinct periods, both defined by insurgencies: the first around 1820–1830, ending with the November Uprising of 1830; and the second between 1830–1864, giving birth to Polish Positivism. In the first period, Polish Romantics were heavily influenced by other European Romantics - Their art featured emotionalism and imagination,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "560059", "score": "0.99842006", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Romanticism", "long_answer": "The period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought. Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place \"roughly between 1770 and 1848\", and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found. In English literature, M. H. Abrams placed it between 1789, or 1798, this latter a very typical view, and about 1830, perhaps a little later than some other critics. Others have proposed 1780–1830. In other fields and other countries the period denominated as Romantic can be considerably different; musical Romanticism, for example, is generally regarded as only having ceased as a major artistic force as late as 1910, but in an extreme extension the Four Last Songs of Richard Strauss are described stylistically as \"Late Romantic\" and were composed in 1946–48. However, in most fields the Romantic Period is said to be over by about 1850, or earlier.", "chunked_long_answer": "in literature as taking place \"roughly between 1770 and 1848\", and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found. In English literature, M. H. Abrams placed it between 1789, or 1798, this latter a very typical view, and about 1830, perhaps a little later than some other critics. Others have proposed 1780–1830. In other fields and other countries the period denominated as Romantic can be considerably different; musical Romanticism, for example, is generally regarded as only having ceased as a major artistic force as late as 1910, but in an extreme extension the Four Last Songs of Richard Strauss", "short_answers": [ "1780–1830" ] }

[ "Christina Perri" ]

[ { "title": "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song)", "text": "\"A Thousand Years\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Christina Perri and David Hodges. It is taken from the album The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 1: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. The song serves as the second single from the album. The song was released as a digital download on October 18, 2011 worldwide. Perri re-recorded the song with vocals from Steve Kazee for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack titled A Thousand Years, Pt. 2.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "God Only Knows", "text": "has itself been challenged and subverted\", in Lambert's opinion. The song closes with perpetual rounds, a centuries-old technique that was not normally heard in pop music of its time. According to Wilson: \"I liked all those old songs that used rounds, like 'Row, Row, Row Your Boat' and 'Frère Jacques'. I liked rounds because they made it seem like a song was something eternal.\" The song is told from the point of view of someone contemplating life without their lover, as Asher describes, I'll love you till the sun burns out, then I'm gone,' ergo 'I'm gonna love you forever.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4009709", "score": "0.7793367", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "I Remember You (1941 song)", "text": "Bob Howe, to record a duet version of the song that included the original first verse that was not recorded in the 1962 version. The accompanying video clip included old footage of Ifield and new footage of Gillis and Ifield working with Howe. I Remember You (1941 song) \"I Remember You\" is a popular song, published in 1941. The music was written by Victor Schertzinger, the lyrics by Johnny Mercer. The song was one of several introduced in the film \"The Fleet's In\" (1942). It was sung in the film by Dorothy Lamour (with harmony by Bob Eberly and Helen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8364173", "score": "0.7709411", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Till I Loved You (song)", "text": "Till I Loved You (song) \"Till I Loved You\" is a song from the never-staged musical \",\" based on the life of the Spanish artist Francisco Goya. It was written by American composer Maury Yeston. The original was sung by tenor Plácido Domingo and American singer Dionne Warwick. It was subsequently released as a single by Domingo with another collaborator to the album Jennifer Rush. The song reached #24 on the UK Charts in 1989, and was featured on the concept album of the musical. It was covered (although released first) as a duet by Barbra Streisand and Don Johnson,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10752963", "score": "0.7678449", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Till I Loved You (album)", "text": "about the recording of the song: Burt Bacharach produced and wrote three tracks on \"Till I Loved You\" with his wife and lyricist Carole Bayer Sager. According to his own words, \"Barbra has great range. Nobody sounds like her when she's up that high, with that kind of clarity and purity. You can tell right away it's her. You can't say that about many singers.\" Phil Ramone produced the song \"All I Ask of You\", which was originally a duet in Andrew Lloyd Webber's blockbuster musical \"The Phantom of the Opera\". Ramone commented: Information taken from Liner Notes Information taken", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13493451", "score": "0.767291", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Once in a Lifetime Love", "text": "his favorite songs and said, \"It's probably the best vocal performance I've ever given. I was listening to Whitney Houston's version of I Will Always Love You - man, I want to write something like that.\" During an interview with \"Billboard\", Walker mentioned that producer Doug Johnson was crucial for the performance. Walker stated, \"I think he got everything there is to get out of me.\" The song is about a man who asks his lover if their love is a once in a lifetime experience and what would happen if they never had a chance at it. He ponders", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15779710", "score": "0.762706", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Plaisir d'amour", "text": "my love loves me And now he's gone like a dream that fades into dawn But the words stay locked in my heartstrings, my love loves me </poem> In the 1949 film \"The Heiress\", the song is played and sung by Montgomery Clift's character, Morris. The song is woven throughout the score, foreshadowing his betrayal and the title character's lifelong heartbreak. Hermann Hesse's short story \"Chagrin d'Amour\" (1908) narrates a fictional origin for this song at a medieval tournament. Hesse has it composed by an obscure troubadour named Marcel, who sings this song to a queen named Herzeloyde to express", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11639565", "score": "0.7609757", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "I'll Remember You", "text": "I'll Remember You \"l'll Remember You\" is a song written by Kui Lee in 1964. Many artists including Elvis Presley (1966), Andy Williams, Tony Bennett, Herb Alpert, and Roger Williams covered it, and it was also performed by Tommy Sands in the 1968 \"Hawaii Five-O\" episode \"No Blue Skies\". Perhaps the most famous version was by his friend Don Ho, who was an aspiring singer at Honey's Nightclub, where Lee worked as a doorman and which was owned by Don Ho's mother. Frank Sinatra's daughter, Nancy Sinatra, visited 'Honey's' with friends. Hearing Don Ho perform and watching his ease with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15455122", "score": "0.7607951", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Whitney Houston", "text": "dreams of millions and inspiring the climbing careers of countless imitators\", adding \"When she was at her best, nothing could match her huge, clean, cool mezzo-soprano.\" Lauren Everitt from BBC News Magazine commented on melisma used in Houston's recording and its influence. \"An early 'I' in Whitney Houston's 'I Will Always Love You' takes nearly six seconds to sing. In those seconds the former gospel singer-turned-pop star packs a series of different notes into the single syllable\", stated Everitt. \"The technique is repeated throughout the song, most pronouncedly on every 'I' and 'you'. The vocal technique is called melisma, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "459725", "score": "0.7604015", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Someone like You (Adele song)", "text": "finished by Tom Coyne. According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony Music Publishing, \"Someone like You\" is a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of A major. Adele's vocal range spans from F to E during the song. A slow, plaintive ballad pairing Adele's voice with a looping piano line, \"Someone like You\" is the lyrical opposite of \"Rolling in the Deep\" on which the singer narrates coming to terms with the end of the relationship: \"Nevermind, I'll find someone like you/I wish nothing but the best", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15365670", "score": "0.7587157", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "I Remember You (1941 song)", "text": "I Remember You (1941 song) \"I Remember You\" is a popular song, published in 1941. The music was written by Victor Schertzinger, the lyrics by Johnny Mercer. The song was one of several introduced in the film \"The Fleet's In\" (1942). It was sung in the film by Dorothy Lamour (with harmony by Bob Eberly and Helen O'Connell and featuring the Jimmy Dorsey Orchestra) and is one of the songs most associated with the singer/actress. Schertzinger, who co-wrote all the film's songs with Mercer, was also the director of the movie. According to the TCM documentary \"Johnny Mercer: The Dream's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8364169", "score": "0.75319445", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Someone like You (Adele song)", "text": "her confronting his marriage. At the beginning of the song, she sings the lines \"I heard that you're settled down/That you found a girl and you're married now. I heard that your dreams came true/Guess she gave you things I couldn't give to you\" with a softly voice and accompanied just by a simple piano melody. The lyrics of \"Someone like You\" are talking about what once was and what could have been as stated by a writer of \"Daily Herald\". Finding the strength to bounce back from hardship and heartache, Adele sings the lines, \"Never mind, I'll find someone", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15365673", "score": "0.75121486", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You", "text": "while reaching No. 7 on \"Billboard\"s Easy Listening chart, and No. 14 on Canada's R.P.M. Play Sheet. (Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You \"(Remember Me) I'm The One Who Loves You\" is a song written and originally sung by Stuart Hamblen, which he released in 1950. The song was also a hit for Ernest Tubb the same year, and Dean Martin in 1965. Hamblen's version reached No. 2 on \"Billboard\"s chart of \"Country & Western Records Most Played by Folk Disk Jockeys\", No. 3 on \"Billboard\"s chart of \"Best-Selling Retail Folk (Country & Western) Records\", and No. 4", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19721991", "score": "0.7478081", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Who Loves You (song)", "text": "fade out, a loud, high-pitched ending chord is sung by the full company. However, the Original Broadway Cast Recording includes the instrumental break. Often used as bumper music by late night radio talk show host Art Bell when he hosted \"Coast to Coast AM\" in the 1990s. The song and Frankie was referenced in Einstein on the Beach. Who Loves You (song) \"Who Loves You\" is the title song of a 1975 album by The Four Seasons. It was composed by Bob Gaudio and Judy Parker and produced by Gaudio. It reached number 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10268924", "score": "0.7468649", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "I Remember You (Adventure Time)", "text": "message to her from a thousand years ago scrawled on the back. The message, written by Simon before his mind was completely consumed by the magic of the crown, asks Marceline to forgive him for whatever he does under the crown's influence. The Ice King fails to understand the context, and believes that he has written not a note of apology but lyrics, and attempts to add music to his \"song\". Overcome by emotion, Marceline cries and begins singing along while the Ice King plays drums, oblivious as to what is actually going on. As they sing, a flabbergasted Finn", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17229453", "score": "0.74542475", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Someone like You (Adele song)", "text": "like you. I wish nothing but the best for you, too/Don't forget me, I beg, I remember you said/Sometimes it lasts in love but sometimes it hurts instead.\" Talking about the meaning and the composition of the song, Jer Fairall of PopMatters said: \"The song's subject—Adele mentally addressing an old lover who has since found happiness elsewhere—is familiar, but the detail she colors it with are vibrantly tactile and resonant, from the sense-memory setting of 'we were born and raised in a summer haze' to her recollection of his cruel kiss-off line 'I remember you said, 'sometimes it lasts in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15365674", "score": "0.74493", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "I'll Never Love Again", "text": "I'll Never Love Again \"I'll Never Love Again\" is a song from the 2018 film \"A Star Is Born\", performed by its stars Lady Gaga and director Bradley Cooper whose character sings the final chorus in the flashback scene. The soundtrack contained both versions of the song including the extended version that featured Gaga as the sole performer. Gaga wrote the song with Natalie Hemby, Hillary Lindsey, and Aaron Raitiere. Both tracks were produced by Lady Gaga and Benjamin Rice. The song has received positive critical reception and has reached the top of the Slovakian digital charts, the top-ten of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20921770", "score": "0.74323404", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "I Remember You (Adventure Time)", "text": "in writing a song to woo princesses, taking pages randomly torn from an old scrapbook with him for later inspiration. He flies to her cave, and after a minor scuffle that involves Finn and Jake, Marceline finally relents and helps him write a song. At first, the Ice King simply sings a song he wrote about Princess Bubblegum, before breaking down, crying about his loneliness and damaging Marceline's living room with his ice magic. Marceline tells him to \"stop acting crazy\", and he pushes her, before timidly retreating to the top of her refrigerator. Marceline begins to lament, via the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17229451", "score": "0.7404915", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)", "text": "special from 1968. A live recording featured on the album \"Aretha in Paris\" (1968). The song was sung by Maria Doyle in the 1991 Alan Parker film \"The Commitments\", and appeared on the film's soundtrack album. It also featured in the 1995 movie \"Major Payne\", and the 2007 movie \"This Christmas\", starring Loretta Devine. Garth Brooks recorded the song for the 2013 \"Blue-Eyed Soul\" album in the \"Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences\" compilation. I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You) \"I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)\" is a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8247187", "score": "0.73977995", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Amy Elsie Horrocks", "text": "minor and D minor.], 1891 \"My little House.\" Song, words by M. Byron, 1914 \"My Love is a slumb'ring Flower.\" Song, words by M. C. Gillington, 1913 \"My Love will ne'er forsake me.\" Irish Love Song, words by Mrs. G. Byron, 1895 \"The Night has a Thousand Eyes.\" Canon, words by F. W. Bourdillon, 1899 \"The Nightingale\". Song. The Words by F. E. Weatherly, 1897 \"On a Nankin Plate.\" Song, words by A. Dobson, 1896 \"On the Pond.\" [Two-part song.] Words by F. Schloesser. Op. 18. No. 6, 1896 \"Philomel and the Aloe Flower.\" [Song.] Words by A. Webster, 1902", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15171684", "score": "0.7392867", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Somebody Loves Me", "text": "on the street. So - in the S-dog version - the lyrics were Orwell'd, as we'd say. A marching song for never knowing if you are loved - and figuring out (great melody here) that most love coming your way is never recognized. Somebody Loves Me \"Somebody Loves Me\" is a popular song, with music written by George Gershwin, and lyrics by Ballard MacDonald and Buddy DeSylva. This is not to be confused with the Southern gospel song written by W.F. & Marjorie Crumley. The song was published in 1924 and featured in George White's Scandals of 1924. There were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8544037", "score": "0.73854506", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "I Cried for You", "text": "with Harry James and His Music Makers. Frank Sinatra interpreted the song in \"The Joker Is Wild\" (1957), and Diana Ross sang it in \"Lady Sings the Blues\", personifying Billie Holiday (1972). I Cried for You \"I Cried for You\" is a pop and jazz standard with music written by Gus Arnheim and Abe Lyman, with lyrics by Arthur Freed. It was introduced by Abe Lyman and His Orchestra in 1923. The recording by Benny Krueger and His Orchestra the same year peaked at number 2 for two weeks and remained in the charts for ten weeks at large. Also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10598595", "score": "0.73820853", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Ach, wie wärs möglich dann", "text": "\"Oh, how is it possible that I can let you! Love you dearly, believe me. You have my soul taken so completely, that I love no one, as you alone. Blue is a Blümelein, that is, forget-me-not; this little flower is to the heart and think of me! This bloom and hope the same, we are rich in love, because she never dies with me, believe me, if I were a bird, I want to be with you soon, does not shy away from Falk and Habicht, fly quickly to you; a hunter kills me, I fell in your lap;", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20603936", "score": "0.73819745", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "I Love You Truly", "text": "ballad\", a genre of the period applied to serious ballads that were suitable for cultured venues as opposed to vaudeville. It became a standard at wedding ceremonies. It also became a mainstay of barbershop harmony arrangers and singers. Jacobs-Bond was invited to sing at the White House by three presidents, and each time sang \"I Love You Truly\". The song was a hit record for Elsie Baker in 1912 (Victor B-12069). It has been recorded by numerous artists, including Sophie Braslau (1916), Dusolina Giannini (1926), Al Bowlly (1934), Bing Crosby (1934 and 1945), Erskine Hawkins (1942), Helen Traubel (1946), Jeanette", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11457445", "score": "0.73758864", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You", "text": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You \"(Remember Me) I'm The One Who Loves You\" is a song written and originally sung by Stuart Hamblen, which he released in 1950. The song was also a hit for Ernest Tubb the same year, and Dean Martin in 1965. Hamblen's version reached No. 2 on \"Billboard\"s chart of \"Country & Western Records Most Played by Folk Disk Jockeys\", No. 3 on \"Billboard\"s chart of \"Best-Selling Retail Folk (Country & Western) Records\", and No. 4 on \"Billboard\"s chart of \"Most Played Juke Box Folk (Country & Western) Records.\" Hamblen's version was also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19721989", "score": "0.7374739", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Song", "text": "you and I. Oh, do you see the stars, How it shows my scars, when it lights up the dark. Jean Nicolas De Surmont (2017), From vocal poetry to song, toward a Theory of Song Obects\" with a foreword by Geoff Stahl, Stuttgart, Ibidem. Song A song, most broadly, is a single (and often standalone) work of music that is typically intended to be sung by the human voice with distinct and fixed pitches and patterns using sound and silence and a variety of forms that often include the repetition of sections. The word \"song\" is widely used by people", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "391730", "score": "0.73723686", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Love song", "text": "Love song A love song is a song about romantic love, falling in love, heartbreak after a breakup, and the feelings that these experiences bring. A comprehensive list of even the best known performers and composers of love songs would be a large order. Love songs can be found in a variety of different music genres. Love songs have been around for centuries and can be found in the histories and cultures of most societies, though their ubiquity is a modern phenomenon. A highly controversial and startling explanation of the genesis of love songs can be found in Denis de", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5163938", "score": "0.73627156", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You (album)", "text": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You (album) (Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You is a 1965 studio album by Dean Martin, produced by Jimmy Bowen and arranged by Ernie Freeman. The album was Martin's fifth album to appear in the Top 40, and peaked at number 12 on the \"Billboard\" Top LP's chart. The album was reissued on CD by Hip-O Records in 2009. William Ruhlmann on AllMusic gave the album three stars out of five, commenting on the \"Formula\" developed by Bowen for Martin's sound, of \"piano triplets, a 4/4 beat, swooping strings, a female", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17880075", "score": "0.7345385", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "The One That I Love", "text": "The One That I Love \"The One That I Love\" was the Maltese entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998, performed in English by Chiara. The song is a ballad, with Chiara telling her lover how she feels about him. She begins by describing the evening, before confessing that \"I think that I'm in love and you mean so much to me\" and later becoming more definite, singing that \"I'm certain and now I know/For me, yes, you're just the one/The one that I love\". A Maltese language version, titled \"Lilek Inħobb\" was recorded and also the German singer Melanie", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9130498", "score": "0.7344225", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Four Decades of Song", "text": "Forever\" (John Barry, Don Black) CD2 extra tracks for 2008 re-issue: 4. \"You'll Never Know\" (Harry Warren, Mack Gordon) 20. \"What Kind of Fool Am I?\" (Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley) CD3 extra tracks for 2008 re-issue: 19. \"I (Who Have Nothing)\" (Mogol, Donida, Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) 20. \"I'll Get By (As Long As I Have You)\" (Fred E. Ahlert, Roy Turk) Four Decades of Song Four Decades of Song is a three-CD compilation from Shirley Bassey issued in 1996. This set features 54 songs recorded between 1959 and 1993. In 2008 EMI repackaged and retitled this boxset as \"Shirley", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13837681", "score": "0.73424864", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song)", "long_answer": "\"A Thousand Years\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Christina Perri and David Hodges. It is taken from the album The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 1: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. The song serves as the second single from the album. The song was released as a digital download on October 18, 2011 worldwide. Perri re-recorded the song with vocals from Steve Kazee for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack titled A Thousand Years, Pt. 2.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"A Thousand Years\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Christina Perri and David Hodges. It is taken from the album The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 1: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. The song serves as the second single from the album. The song was released as a digital download on October 18, 2011 worldwide. Perri re-recorded the song with vocals from Steve Kazee for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack titled A Thousand Years, Pt. 2.", "short_answers": [ "Christina Perri" ] }

[ "Vincenzo Peruggia" ]

[ { "title": "Vincenzo Peruggia", "text": "Vincenzo Peruggia (October 8, 1881 – October 8, 1925) was an Italian thief, most famous for stealing the Mona Lisa on 21 August 1911. Born in Dumenza, Varese, Italy, he died in Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Seymour Reit", "text": "Day They Stole the Mona Lisa\", written in 1981, is about the theft of the Mona Lisa from the Louvre in 1911. In the book, Reit asserted that there were \"two\" genuine \"Mona Lisas\" in the world: the one in the Louvre, and an earlier version of the work painted by Leonardo da Vinci which was being held in a bank vault in New Jersey (the so-called \"Vernon Mona Lisa\"). A long-planned movie adaptation of the book has never materialized, although the Internet Movie Database lists a movie by the same title tentatively planned for 2009. In addition to those", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12334087", "score": "1.2137444", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Mona Lisa", "text": "he stresses that the images never existed. Kemp is also adamant that Cotte’s images in no way establish the existence of a separate underlying portrait. On 21 August 1911, the painting was stolen from the Louvre. The theft was not discovered until the next day, when painter Louis Béroud walked into the museum and went to the Salon Carré where the \"Mona Lisa\" had been on display for five years, only to find four iron pegs on the wall. Béroud contacted the head of the guards, who thought the painting was being photographed for promotional purposes. A few hours later,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "793093", "score": "1.2130799", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Louis Lépine", "text": "major disturbances were largely avoided. Throughout the crisis Lépine was a visible presence attempting to lead from the front by reassuring Parisians that order would be maintained alongside the humanitarian efforts that were taking place. The theft on August 22, 1911 of the Mona Lisa from the Musée du Louvre was more of an embarrassment to Lépine although initially he acted with his usual decisiveness ordering the museum to be closed for a week whilst forensic analysis was carried out. French poet Guillaume Apollinaire came under suspicion; he was arrested and put in jail. Apollinaire tried to implicate his friend", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13665701", "score": "1.1904451", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Yves Chaudron", "text": "found that can be attributed to anyone named Chaudron. Yves Chaudron Yves Chaudron was a supposed French master art forger who is alleged to have copied images of Leonardo da Vinci's \"Mona Lisa\" as part of Eduardo de Valfierno's famous 1911 \"Mona Lisa\" painting theft. In reality he may be a fictional character created by Karl Decker for an article that ran in a 1932 issue of the \"Saturday Evening Post\", and passed off as a real person. There is also very little evidence that Valfierno actually existed, or if he did, that he was involved in the theft of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7707585", "score": "1.175684", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Yves Chaudron", "text": "by reporter Karl Decker, in the \"Saturday Evening Post\"s “Why and How the Mona Lisa Was Stolen,” June 25, 1932.' According to Decker, Valfierno had provided details of the theft in confidence; to be published only after his death. According to that account, in 1910, Valfierno had conspired with Chaudron to steal the \"Mona Lisa\" and produce copies of the painting which would then be sold to private buyers as the genuine painting. The plan had been to sell each copy as the \"original\" while the location of the real painting was unknown. Chaudron, \"spent the winter of 1910 creating", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7707580", "score": "1.1741037", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Yves Chaudron", "text": "Yves Chaudron Yves Chaudron was a supposed French master art forger who is alleged to have copied images of Leonardo da Vinci's \"Mona Lisa\" as part of Eduardo de Valfierno's famous 1911 \"Mona Lisa\" painting theft. In reality he may be a fictional character created by Karl Decker for an article that ran in a 1932 issue of the \"Saturday Evening Post\", and passed off as a real person. There is also very little evidence that Valfierno actually existed, or if he did, that he was involved in the theft of the Mona Lisa at all. Valfierno's account was relayed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7707579", "score": "1.1680112", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Eduardo de Valfierno", "text": "\"Mona Lisa\". The forgeries were then shipped to around the world, readying them for the buyers he had lined up. Valfierno knew once the \"Mona Lisa\" was stolen it would be harder to smuggle copies past customs. After the heist the copies were delivered to their buyers, each thinking they had the original which had been stolen for them. Because Valfierno wanted to sell forgeries, he only needed the original \"Mona Lisa\" to disappear and never contacted Peruggia again after the crime. Eventually Peruggia was caught trying to sell the painting. It was returned to the Louvre in 1913. Peruggia", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6286094", "score": "1.1547639", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Théodore Steeg", "text": "responsible for Posts and Telegraphs. In 1907 he was appointed the rapporteur on the Public Education budget. Théodore Steeg was appointed Minister of Public Instruction and Beaux-Arts in Ernest Monis's cabinet on 2 March 1911. The Mona Lisa was stolen from the Louvre on 21 August 1911, and Steeg was forced to start an administrative inquiry into how such an important painting could have been stolen from such a major museum. Steeg was a supporter of the Nouvelle Sorbonne movement with its insistence on basic republican principles. He rejected a petition to revise the Sorbonne reforms of 1902, to which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2416372", "score": "1.1425886", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Mona Lisa", "text": "two years, Peruggia grew impatient and was caught when he attempted to sell it to directors of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. It was exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery for over two weeks and returned to the Louvre on 4 January 1914. Peruggia served six months in prison for the crime and was hailed for his patriotism in Italy. Before its theft, the \"Mona Lisa\" was not widely known outside the art world. It was not until the 1860s that some critics, a thin slice of the French intelligentsia, began to hail it as a masterwork of Renaissance painting. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "793096", "score": "1.131299", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Which Lie Did I Tell?", "text": "the actual 1911 theft of the \"Mona Lisa\" painting, partially based on Seymour Reit's book \"The Day They Stole The Mona Lisa\". \"The Dolphin,\" inspired by a New York Times article about an autistic 10 year-old boy surviving four days lost in an alligator and snake infested Florida swamp. The final section is an original screenplay where he examines the writing process and asks other famous screenwriters for their opinions. In between chapters are various musings on a range of topics from why not to open a script with a courtroom scene to how he sets about adapting a book.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6355613", "score": "1.1269727", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Louis Béroud", "text": "museum, and it was confirmed that the \"Mona Lisa\" was not with the photographers. The Louvre was closed for an entire week to aid in investigation of the theft. List of some of his works in French national museums: Louis Béroud Louis Béroud (January 17, 1852, Lyon-October 9, 1930, Paris) was a French painter of the late 19th, early 20th century. Some of his paintings are visible at the Musée Carnavalet and The Louvre in Paris. On August 22, 1911, Béroud came to The Louvre to sketch his painting \"\" but where the famous \"La Joconde\", by Leonardo da Vinci,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13213336", "score": "1.1246483", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "The Theft of the Mona Lisa", "text": "Louvre in hopes of impressing his sweetheart. But when the girl proves to be a fickle sort, the crestfallen hero confesses his crime and is carted off to jail. Unwilling to admit that he'd been led astray by a woman, Vicenzo claims that he stole the \"Mona Lisa\" to restore it to his native Italy, and as a result is hailed as a national hero! The Theft of the Mona Lisa The Theft of the Mona Lisa (German: Der Raub der Mona Lisa) is a 1931 German drama film directed by Géza von Bolváry and starring Trude von Molo ,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10630178", "score": "1.0975665", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations", "text": "hanging in one of the great museums of the world.\" The image had yet to gain iconic status, and, Sassoon adds, was \"not even the most valued painting in the Louvre.\" The painting's theft on August 11, 1911, and the subsequent media frenzy surrounding the investigation and its recovery are contributing factors which ignited public interest and catapulted \"Mona Lisa\" to its current standing. \"Mona Lisa\" is in the public domain and free to be exploited, explaining its reproduction on everything from postcards to coffee mugs, with no legal repercussions. Artistic replicas and reinterpretations as a whole – demonstrating adequate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16727598", "score": "1.0967444", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Scotland Yard Investigator", "text": "on the scam, so he pays him a visit, reveals his part in the theft and tells the director of his suspicion. By Collison's reaction, Hoffmeyer concludes he was unaware of the scam. Hoffmeyer suspects an art dealer named Sam Todworthy of the theft of the real Mona Lisa, and pays him a visit. Sam had told Hoffmeyer before the attempt to steal the painting, that is might not be the real one hanging in the gallery. Prior to Hoffmeyer's visit, Sam and his wife Emma gets a visit from a French man, Anton Miran. He is the brother of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16923441", "score": "1.0964738", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Mona Lisa", "text": "Louvre\", but the painting was known more by the intelligentsia than the general public. The 1911 theft of the \"Mona Lisa\" and its subsequent return was reported worldwide, leading to a massive increase in public recognition of the painting. During the 20th century it was an object for mass reproduction, merchandising, lampooning and speculation, and was claimed to have been reproduced in \"300 paintings and 2,000 advertisements\". It has been said that the \"Mona Lisa\" was regarded as \"just another Leonardo until early last century, when the scandal of the painting's theft from the Louvre and subsequent return kept a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "793114", "score": "1.0952573", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Theft of The Weeping Woman from the National Gallery of Victoria", "text": "frame and left the gallery undetected. McCaughey stated that a specialised type of screwdriver not available to the public would have been required to take the painting off the wall. It has been suggested that the thieves knew their art history: the method of the theft was an ironic \"homage\" to the 1911 theft of the \"Mona Lisa\" from the Louvre. (In 1911, Picasso and his contemporary Guillaume Apollinaire, were both suspects in the \"Mona Lisa\" theft; they were cleared of any association with the crime.) The theft of \"The Weeping Woman\" was not noticed until Monday 4 August 1986.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17366093", "score": "1.0938268", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Still Life with Candlestick", "text": "by Léger. In the process, he stole paintings by Picasso, Matisse, Modigliani, and Braque. The paintings taken, in addition to \"Still Life with Chandeliers\", were \"Le pigeon aux petits pois\" (\"Dove with Green Peas\", or \"Pigeon with Peas\", 1911) by Pablo Picasso, \"La Pastorale\" (1906) by Henri Matisse, \"L'Olivier Près de l'Estaque\" (\"Olive Tree near L'Estaque\", 1906) by Georges Braque, \"\" (\"Woman with a Fan\", 1919) by Amedeo Modigliani. A window had been smashed and CCTV footage showed a masked man taking the paintings. Authorities believe the thief acted alone. The man carefully removed the paintings from their frames, which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20789878", "score": "1.089981", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem", "text": "of London. On 15 April 1983, some 200 items, including paintings and dozens of rare clocks and watches, were stolen when the museum was burgled. Among the stolen timepieces was the watch known as the \"Marie Antoinette\", the so-called \"Mona Lisa\" of watches, and the crown jewel of the watch collection, made by the famed French-Swiss watchmaker Abraham-Louis Breguet reputedly for Queen Marie Antoinette, and estimated to be worth US$30 million. It was part of a unique collection of 57 Breguet timepieces donated to the museum by the daughter of Sir David Lionel Salomons, one of the leading experts on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4358695", "score": "1.0876286", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Yves Chaudron", "text": "A museum administrator there was suspicious, reported the attempted sale and Peruggia was arrested. The original \"Mona Lisa\" was returned to the Louvre in 1913. More than 100 years later, none of these six paintings has ever surfaced, bringing into question if they ever in fact existed. Further, the only evidence that the \"famed forger\" Yves Chaudron even existed is Karl Decker's 1932 \"Saturday Evening Post\" article. There are no known photos of the man or relatives or any biographical details outside of this incident. None of his other forged works has ever come to light, and it is quite", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7707582", "score": "1.0779426", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Guillaume Apollinaire", "text": "Larionov and Picasso. In 1911 he joined the Puteaux Group, a branch of the Cubist movement soon to be known as the Section d'Or. The opening address of the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or—the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition—was given by Apollinaire. On 7 September 1911, police arrested and jailed him on suspicion of aiding and abetting the theft of the \"Mona Lisa\" and a number of Egyptian statuettes from the Louvre, but released him a week later. The theft of the statues was committed by a former secretary of Apollinaire, Honoré Joseph Géry Pieret, who had", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "720679", "score": "1.0714407", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "GE True", "text": "also appear in this episode. In \"The Tenth Mona Lisa\" (1963), Italian farmer Vincenzo Perugia (Vito Scotti) in 1911 steals the \"Mona Lisa\" from the Louvre Museum in Paris but is apprehended by a French detective when he attempts to unload the painting on an art dealer. In the two-part 1963 episode \"Heydrich\", two Czech sergeants assassinate the Nazi hangman Reinhard Heydrich; Chancellor of the Third Reich Adolf Hitler takes revenge on an entire village in his search for the sergeants. In \"Five Tickets to Hell\", the series finale, John Quigley (Bing Russell), a Chicago mobster travels to Chihuahua, Mexico,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12700276", "score": "1.0709221", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Pablo Picasso", "text": "brownish and neutral colours. Both artists took apart objects and \"analyzed\" them in terms of their shapes. Picasso and Braque's paintings at this time share many similarities. In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters, including André Breton, poet Guillaume Apollinaire, writer Alfred Jarry and Gertrude Stein. In 1911, Picasso was arrested and questioned about the theft of the \"Mona Lisa\" from the Louvre. Suspicion for the crime had initially fallen upon Apollinaire due to his links to Géry Pieret, an artist with a history of thefts from the gallery. Apollinaire in turn", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "328556", "score": "1.0685672", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Mona Lisa", "text": "had closed. Peruggia was an Italian patriot who believed Leonardo's painting should have been returned for display in an Italian museum. Peruggia may have been motivated by an associate whose copies of the original would significantly rise in value after the painting's theft. A later account suggested Eduardo de Valfierno had been the mastermind of the theft and had commissioned forger Yves Chaudron to create six copies of the painting to sell in the U.S. while the location of the original was unclear. However, the original painting remained in Europe. After having kept the \"Mona Lisa\" in his apartment for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "793095", "score": "1.0682845", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Mona Lisa (opera)", "text": "Vinci had been stolen from the Louvre in 1911, and rediscovered in Florence in 1913. The opera was first performed on 26 September 1915 in the Hofoper in Stuttgart, with the composer conducting. In the same year it was also performed in Vienna (with Maria Jeritza in the title role), Berlin (Richard Strauss conducting the first two performances), Breslau, Hamburg and Budapest. The North American premiere took place at the Metropolitan Opera in New York on 1 March 1923, Artur Bodanzky conducting, with Barbara Kemp, Michael Bohnen (both making their Met debut) and Curt Taucher in the principal roles. Post", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6031262", "score": "1.0638942", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Beatrice von Dovsky", "text": "Beatrice von Dovsky Beatrice von Dovsky (14 November 1866, Vienna – 18 July 1923, Vienna) was an Austrian poet, writer, and actress. She is best known for writing the libretto for Max von Schillings's opera \"Mona Lisa\" which she presented to the composer in the spring of 1913. The subject was very topical at the time, because the painting by Leonardo da Vinci had been stolen from the Louvre in 1911, and rediscovered in Florence in 1913. The opera premiered successfully at the Staatsoper Stuttgart in September 1915, and, while not part of the standard opera repertory, has been commercially", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14801610", "score": "1.0585034", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Horst Fantazzini", "text": "a series of mocking letters to the Italian police and he was labelled the \"Red Pimpernel\". And what was this dangerous criminal wanted by half the police in Europe doing? As soon as he reached Paris he went to the Louvre to see the Mona Lisa. He lived in a luxury villa in Mannheim with his young partner... a refined dandy, the height of elegance, driving sports cars, hopping between France, Germany and Italy acquiring millions which he carried around with him on his first-class air flights.\" In 1968 he was arrested while trying to rob a bank in Saint-Tropez.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15223116", "score": "1.0566381", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Héctor Feliciano", "text": "back the stolen works of art found in Germany at the end of WW2 to their legitimate owners. The French government had to increase efforts to find original owners (or their heirs) of the nearly 2,000 looted works of arts stolen by Nazi Germany. A Matisse painting titled \"Oriental Woman Seated on Floor,\" was identified in the Seattle Art Museum as a piece that belonged to the heirs of Paul Rosenberg by someone who read the book. The Rosenberg family then laid claim to the painting. The \"Paysage\" (pictured), a 1911 Cubist landscape by Albert Gleizes at the Pompidou Center", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12303253", "score": "1.0565063", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Albrecht Gaiswinkler", "text": "weeks and months of the war harassing local German forces. When the Americans arrived, his information helped them capture several eminent Nazis. He and his colleagues had captured the salt mine, prevented the destruction of the artworks held there and were able to hand over \"\"a number of Nazi treasure hoards, including the Mona Lisa and the Austrian Imperial Crown Jewels\"\". Other artworks rescued included the Ghent Altarpiece. The administrators of the Louvre have stated that the Mona Lisa was kept in France during the Second World War, but that it is possible that a 15th- or 16th-century copy of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5489936", "score": "1.0558882", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris", "text": "the paintings were removed from France. Birn's co-defendants testified he was \"too smart\" to destroy €100 million worth of artwork. The French auctioneer and president of the , , commented, \"These five paintings are unsellable, so thieves, sirs, you are imbeciles, now return them.\" The theft follows the $162 million heist of masterpieces by Cézanne, Degas, Van Gogh and Monet from Foundation E.G. Bührle in Zurich in February 2008 and could be one of the biggest art thefts in history (by value). It has been described as the \"heist of the century\". Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11532400", "score": "1.0489843", "original_retrieval_index": 37 } ]

{ "title": "Vincenzo Peruggia", "long_answer": "Vincenzo Peruggia (October 8, 1881 – October 8, 1925) was an Italian thief, most famous for stealing the Mona Lisa on 21 August 1911. Born in Dumenza, Varese, Italy, he died in Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France.", "chunked_long_answer": "Vincenzo Peruggia (October 8, 1881 – October 8, 1925) was an Italian thief, most famous for stealing the Mona Lisa on 21 August 1911. Born in Dumenza, Varese, Italy, he died in Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France.", "short_answers": [ "Vincenzo Peruggia" ] }

[ "Hodel" ]

[ { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "text": "own arranged marriage, \"Do You Love Me?\" After dismissing Tevye's question as foolish, she eventually admits that, after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters, she does. Meanwhile, Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka. News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia (\"The Rumor/I Just Heard\"), and Hodel is determined to join him there. At the railway station, she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved, wherever he may be, although she will always love her family (\"Far From the Home I Love\").", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof (film)", "text": "Fiddler on the Roof (film) Fiddler on the Roof is a 1971 American musical comedy-drama film produced and directed by Norman Jewison. It is an adaptation of the 1964 Broadway musical of the same name, with music composed by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and screenplay by Joseph Stein and based on stories by Sholem Aleichem. Starring Topol, Norma Crane, Leonard Frey, Molly Picon, and Paul Mann, the film centers on Tevye, the father of five daughters, and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the family's lives. He must cope", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9408931", "score": "1.1002822", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof (film)", "text": "to start a revolution, was extended in the film. A new song sung by Perchik was recorded (\"Any Day Now\"), but was omitted from the final print; however, it was included in the 2004 reissue of the soundtrack. When the film was re-released to theaters in 1979, 32 minutes were cut, including the songs \"Far from the Home I Love\" and \"Anatevka\". In the film, Tevye and Lazar Wolf discuss Wolf's proposed marriage to Tzeitel in Wolf's home, while in the stage version, the two meet in a tavern. The film shows Wolf's home as filled with golden artifacts. Prior", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9408948", "score": "1.1001213", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Jan Bart", "text": "Bart – Seva 64 − Anatevka Jan Bart – Sings Fiddler on the Roof in Yiddish – Londisc − Do you love me Jan Bart – Sings Fiddler on the Roof in Yiddish – Londisc − Far from the home I love Jan Bart – Sings Fiddler on the Roof in Yiddish – Londisc − Fiddler on the roof Jan Bart – Sings Fiddler on the Roof in Yiddish – Londisc − If I were a rich man Jan Bart – Sings Fiddler on the Roof in Yiddish – Londisc − Matchmaker Jan Bart – Sings Fiddler on the Roof", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19798478", "score": "1.089867", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "text": "Fiddler on the Roof Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in 1905. It is based on \"Tevye and his Daughters\" (or \"Tevye the Dairyman\") and other tales by Sholem Aleichem. The story centers on Tevye, the father of five daughters, and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach upon the family's lives. He must cope both with the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters, who wish to marry", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "901870", "score": "1.0800735", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "text": "none. The 2007 West End revival was nominated for Olivier Awards for best revival, and Goodman was nominated as best actor. Fiddler on the Roof Fiddler on the Roof is a musical with music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, and book by Joseph Stein, set in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia in 1905. It is based on \"Tevye and his Daughters\" (or \"Tevye the Dairyman\") and other tales by Sholem Aleichem. The story centers on Tevye, the father of five daughters, and his attempts to maintain his Jewish religious and cultural traditions as outside influences encroach", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "901916", "score": "1.0545496", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Fidler Afn Dakh", "text": "Fidler Afn Dakh Fidler Afn Dakh is a yiddish adaptation of the musical Fidler on the Roof. Translated and adapted by Shraga Friedman, this version of the show reflects a connection to collection of yiddish short story the original 'Fiddler on the Roof' was based on – Tevye the Dairyman (written approximately in 1894). The musical premiered in 2018 at the National Yiddish Theater Folksbiene's seasonal mainstage production at Museum of Jewish Heritage in Manhattan, New York City, under the direction of Joel Grey. Cast included Jackie Hoffman (as Yente), Steven Skybell (as Tevye), Mary Illes (as Golde), Jennifer Babiak", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20789292", "score": "1.0466679", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof (film)", "text": "three Academy Awards, including Best Music, Scoring Adaptation and Original Song Score for arranger-conductor John Williams. It was nominated for several more, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Topol as Tevye, and Best Supporting Actor for Frey, who played Motel Kamzoil the Tailor. Topol and Frey had performed in stage productions of the musical; Topol as Tevye in the London production and Frey in a minor part as Mendel, the rabbi's son, on Broadway. The film's plot largely follows that of the musical from which it is adapted. In 1905, Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman living in the Ukrainian village", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9408933", "score": "1.04193", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Baker Street (musical)", "text": "of romance between the two. Because of problems the show went through during out of town tryouts, Sheldon Harnick and Jerry Bock, the successful composing team of \"Fiddler on the Roof\" were brought in to contribute additional songs including \"Cold Clear World\" and \"I Shall Miss You.\" They also wrote \"I'm In London Again\" which was the first number for Irene Adler, but after opening night, this number (which can be heard on the cast album) was dropped and replaced by another Bock-Harnick composition, \"Buffalo Belle\" which had Irene Adler performing an elaborate Wild West number. The musical opened on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6011541", "score": "1.03023", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof (film)", "text": "only) during Tevye's dream sequence. The film follows the plot of the stage play very closely, retaining nearly all of the play's dialogue, although it omits the songs \"Now I Have Everything\" and \"The Rumor (I Just Heard)\". Lyrical portions of \"Tevye's Dream (tailor Motel Kemzoil)\" were omitted to avoid repetition. The film's soundtrack release notably contained some of these omissions, indicating they were removed during filming. These include Golde blessing herself, before going back to sleep. Changes were also made in the song \"Tradition,\" with the film omitting the dialogue between Reb Nachum the beggar (who, in the film,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9408946", "score": "1.0229639", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "text": "the lives of Tevye's descendants living in an assimilated 1970s suburban America. The H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society published a musical theatre and album parody of \"Fiddler on the Roof\" called \"A Shoggoth on the Roof\", which incorporates the works of H. P. Lovecraft. In the film \"Mrs. Doubtfire\" (1993), Robin Williams parodies \"Matchmaker\". References to the musical on television have included a 2005 episode of \"Gilmore Girls\" titled \"Jews and Chinese Food\", involving a production of the musical. A skit by \"The Electric Company\" about a village fiddler with a fear of heights, so he is deemed \"Fiddler on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "901908", "score": "1.0205312", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof (film)", "text": "Gary Arnold of \"The Washington Post\" stated, \"Jewison's 'Fiddler' is a great film, by which I mean great in the sense that matters most—greatly moving, an extraordinarily powerful, emotional experience.\" Pauline Kael of \"The New Yorker\" called it \"an absolutely smashing movie; it is not especially sensitive, it is far from delicate, and it isn't even particularly imaginative, but it seems to me the most \"powerful\" movie musical ever made.\" American Film Institute recognition Fiddler on the Roof (film) Fiddler on the Roof is a 1971 American musical comedy-drama film produced and directed by Norman Jewison. It is an adaptation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9408953", "score": "1.0200465", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "text": "of \"Fiddler\" titled, \"Fiddler, Please!\", with an all-black cast dressed in \"Fiddler on the Roof\" costumes singing \"It's Hard to Be Jewish in Russia, Yo\". Chabad.org kicked off their 2008 \"To Life\" Telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical. Broadway references have included \"Spamalot\", where a \"Grail dance\" sends up the \"bottle dance\" in \"Fiddler\"s wedding scene. \"The Producers\" (2001) includes a musical number in the style of Jerry Bock that features an actual fiddler on a roof. Also in 2001, Chicago's Improv Olympic produced a well-received parody, \"The Roof Is on Fiddler\",", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "901910", "score": "1.0157208", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "text": "Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography. It spawned five Broadway revivals and a highly successful 1971 film adaptation and has enjoyed enduring international popularity. It has also been a popular choice for school and community productions. \"Fiddler on the Roof\" is based on \"Tevye (or \"Tevye the Dairyman\") and his Daughters\", a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century. It is also influenced by \"Life Is with People\", by Mark", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "901872", "score": "1.0147898", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "text": "album 4 stars and states \"Cannonball plays near his peak; this is certainly the finest album by this particular sextet\". That same year, Eydie Gormé released a single of \"Matchmaker\". In 1999, Knitting Factory Records released \"Knitting on the Roof\", a compilation CD featuring covers of \"Fiddler\" songs by alternative bands such as The Residents, Negativland, and The Magnetic Fields. Indie rock band Bright Eyes recorded an adaptation of \"Sunrise, Sunset\" on their 2000 album \"Fevers and Mirrors\". \"Allmusic\" gave the album a favorable review, and the online music magazine \"Pitchfork Media\" ranked it at number 170 on their list", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "901912", "score": "1.0055444", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "text": "although she will always love her family (\"Far From the Home I Love\"). Time passes. Motel has purchased a used sewing machine, and he and Tzeitel have had a baby. Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka. Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul, but marriage outside the Jewish faith is a line he will not cross. He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again. When Golde brings news that Chava has eloped with Fyedka, Tevye wonders where he went wrong (\"Chavaleh Sequence\"). Chava returns and tries to reason with him, but he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "901887", "score": "1.0031132", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Alexander Rybak", "text": "\"Fiddler on the Roof\" and won the Hedda Award for this role. Rybak won the 54th Eurovision Song Contest in Moscow, Russia, with a record 387 points, singing \"Fairytale\", a song inspired by Norwegian folk music. The song was composed and written by Rybak and was performed with the modern folk dance company Frikar. The song received good reviews with a score of 6 out of 6 in the Norwegian newspaper \"Dagbladet\", and, in an \"ESCtoday\" poll, he scored 71.3%, making him the favourite to get into the final. In the 2009 Norwegian national heats, Rybak achieved a clean sweep,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9216166", "score": "0.9946357", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Jan Bart", "text": "the roof – Yiddish − Do you love me Jan Bart – Fiddler on the roof – Yiddish − Far from the home I love Jan Bart – Fiddler on the roof – Yiddish − Fiddler on the roof Jan Bart – Fiddler on the roof – Yiddish − If I were a rich man Jan Bart – Fiddler on the roof – Yiddish − Matchmaker Jan Bart – Fiddler on the roof – Yiddish − Now I have Everything Jan Bart – Fiddler on the roof – Yiddish − Sabbath prayer Jan Bart – Fiddler on the roof –", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19798471", "score": "0.9910163", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "text": "writes that while the original Broadway cast version is the clear first choice among recordings of this musical, he also likes the Columbia Records studio cast album with Bernardi as Tevye; the film soundtrack, although he feels that the pace drags a bit; and some of the numerous foreign versions, including the Israeli, German and Japanese casts. The musical's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media and elsewhere. The show or its songs have been parodied and covered widely: Parodies relating to the show have included \"Antenna on the Roof\" (\"Mad Magazine\" #156, January 1973), which speculated about", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "901907", "score": "0.9848397", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Tokyo International Players", "text": "\"Fiddler on the Roof\" music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, directed by Lenne Hardt, musical direction by Joseph Amato Mar 2004: \"The Dining Room\" by A. R. Gurney, directed by David Neale Jan 2004: \"Proof\" by David Auburn, directed by Robert Tsonos Oct 2003: \"Blithe Spirit\" by Noël Coward, directed by John Owens May 2003: \"Dial M for Murder\" by Frederick Knott, directed by Robert Tsonos Mar 2003: \"You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown\", book, music & lyrics by Clark Gesner, directed by Renato Brandao, musical direction by April Hayes Oct 2002: \"What the Butler Saw\" by Joe", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13115954", "score": "0.983945", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof (film)", "text": "both with the strong-willed actions of his three older daughters, who wish to marry for love – each one's choice of a husband moves further away from the customs of his faith – and with the edict of the Tsar who evicts the Jews from the town of Anatevka. Throughout the film, Tevye talks to God and directly to the audience, breaking the fourth wall. In these monologues, Tevye ponders tradition, the difficulties of being poor, the Jewish community's constant fear of harassment from their non-Jewish neighbors, and important family decisions. The film was released to critical acclaim and won", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9408932", "score": "0.98304534", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "text": "for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration. It was also covered in 2008 and 2009 by the Capitol Steps, poking fun at Illinois politics, especially then-Governor Rod Blagojevich. The Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps performs the \"Bottle Dance\" from \"Fiddler\" as a \"recurring trademark\", including at the Drum Corps International World Championships. The song \"Sunrise, Sunset\" is often played at weddings, and in 2011 Sheldon Harnick wrote two versions of the song, suitable for same-sex weddings, with minor word changes. For example, for male couples, changes include \"When did they grow to be so handsome\". \"Fiddler\"s original Broadway production in 1964", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "901914", "score": "0.9777312", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof (film)", "text": "will be married under a canopy. Meanwhile, Tzeitel and Motel become parents, and Motel finally buys the sewing machine for which he has long scrimped and saved. Tevye's third daughter Chava falls in love with a Russian Orthodox Christian named Fyedka. Tevye tells Chava to be distant friends with Fyedka, because of the difference in their religions. When Chava eventually works up the courage to ask Tevye's permission to marry Fyedka, Tevye tells her that marrying outside the family's faith is against tradition. He forbids her from having any contact with Fyedka or from even mentioning his name. The next", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9408940", "score": "0.9773471", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Do You Love Me? (Fiddler on the Roof)", "text": "Do You Love Me? (Fiddler on the Roof) \"Do You Love Me?\" is a song from the musical \"Fiddler on the Roof\". It is performed by Tevye and his wife Golde. Chaim Topol explained: Tevye and Golde's daughters choose men they love as marital partners. As they themselves had an arranged marriage, Tevye asks Golde if she actually loves him. Southern light Opera explains \"‘Do you love me’ sums up the confusion in Tevye’s mind as times change\". Culture in Northern Ireland described it as \"lovely\". According to \"The Irish Times\", \"In an enchanting duet with his wife, Tevye philosophises", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18137441", "score": "0.9767256", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "text": "that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980's pop songs. The original Broadway cast of the musical \"Avenue Q\" and the Broadway 2004 revival cast of \"Fiddler on the Roof\" collaborated for a Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10-minute-long show, \"Avenue Jew\", that incorporated characters from both shows, including puppets. Songs from the musical have been covered by notable artists. For example, in 1964, jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album \"Fiddler on the Roof\", which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical. \"AllMusic\" awarded the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "901911", "score": "0.9745291", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "text": "a limited run (53 performances) at Lincoln Center's New York State Theater. It starred Herschel Bernardi as Tevye and Karnilova as Golde. Other cast members included Liz Larsen, Fyvush Finkel, Lawrence Leritz and Paul Lipson. Robbins directed and choreographed. The third Broadway revival opened on November 18, 1990, and ran for 241 performances at the George Gershwin Theatre. Topol starred as Tevye, and Marcia Lewis was Golde. Robbins' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes. The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival. A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26, 2004, and ran for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "901895", "score": "0.97355413", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Fiddler on the Roof (film)", "text": "of Anatevka, a typical shtetl in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia, compares the lives of the Jews of Anatevka to a fiddler on the roof (who appears throughout the film in this metaphorical role), using tradition to \"scratch out a pleasant, simple tune\" without breaking their necks. In town, Tevye meets Perchik, a radical Marxist from Kiev, who admonishes them for talking but doing nothing about news of Jews being banished from their villages by the tsar. Tevye invites Perchik to stay with his family, offering him room and board in exchange for Perchik tutoring his daughters. Tevye", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9408934", "score": "0.9721458", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Jon Rennard", "text": "of Joseph Myers (Rennard) 6 Go From My Window (traditional) 7 Broom Besoms 8 The Sheffield Apprentice 9 Chicken Fat 10 The Bailiff's Daughter of Islington (traditional) 11 The Old Man's Lament (traditional) 12 Lullaby (Rennard) One of the tracks on that album is \"The Bailiff's Daughter of Islington\", Child ballad number 105. Rennard offers traditional rendering of traditional material, deftly sung and played on an acoustic guitar. Beside the title song, other traditional songs include \"Broom Besoms\", \"Go From My Window\", \"I Live Not Where I Love\", and \"The Sheffield Apprentice\", the latter two sung unaccompanied. There is also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16408593", "score": "0.96417755", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Do You Love Me? (Fiddler on the Roof)", "text": "about the existence of love in his own 25-year marriage – Do You Love Me is one of the most memorable songs of the evening and captures the vividness of Sheldon Harnick’s lyrics.\" Daily Breeze says \"There’s no surprise at the end of the couple’s duet, “Do You Love Me?” when indeed she reveals her love.\" Seen and Heard names it \"bittersweet\". The Shuttle described it as \"an inoffensive but adorable highlight\". Talkin' Broadway notes one performance was \"sweet, charming and completely realistic\". Decent Films Guide called it \"quietly bittersweet\". Des Moines Register named it an \"old-married-couple duet\". Do You", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18137442", "score": "0.96222985", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Torres (musician)", "text": "the Opera\", Mackenzie found her first musical passion: Broadway. She started singing in her high school's musical production of \"Fiddler on the Roof\". She began to perform in musicals, she learned to play guitar, and started playing and singing hymns during church services and at a nursing home every Saturday. After high school, Torres moved to Nashville, Tennessee to begin college. At Belmont University, she received a degree in Songwriting and a minor in English Literature. It was in Nashville where Mackenzie began to record her music. She graduated in December 2012. In July 2012, while she was still a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17174806", "score": "0.95770794", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "Fiddler on the Roof", "long_answer": "Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde. \"Love,\" he says, \"it's the new style.\" Tevye asks Golde, despite their own arranged marriage, \"Do You Love Me?\" After dismissing Tevye's question as foolish, she eventually admits that, after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters, she does. Meanwhile, Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka. News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia (\"The Rumor/I Just Heard\"), and Hodel is determined to join him there. At the railway station, she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved, wherever he may be, although she will always love her family (\"Far From the Home I Love\").", "chunked_long_answer": "own arranged marriage, \"Do You Love Me?\" After dismissing Tevye's question as foolish, she eventually admits that, after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters, she does. Meanwhile, Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka. News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia (\"The Rumor/I Just Heard\"), and Hodel is determined to join him there. At the railway station, she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved, wherever he may be, although she will always love her family (\"Far From the Home I Love\").", "short_answers": [ "Hodel" ] }

[ "1974" ]

[ { "title": "Billy Don't Be a Hero", "text": "\"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" is a 1974 pop song that was first a UK hit for Paper Lace and then, some months later, a US hit for Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods. The song was written and composed by two British songwriters, Mitch Murray and Peter Callander.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Billy Don't Be a Hero", "text": "Weekend\" in the film \"Reservoir Dogs.\" The song features in the 1993 film \"The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert.\" The \"Mystery Science Theater 3000\" characters often use the line \"Billy, don't be a hero!\" when riffing on movies, one example being the episode \"The Creeping Terror.\" In the first episode of \"Friends,\" Ross (David Schwimmer) is sad because it has been so long since he last picked up a woman, saying, \"Do the words 'Billy, Don't Be a Hero' mean anything to you?\" Massive Attack's 1991 track \"Blue Lines\" (from the album of the same name) features the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5968832", "score": "0.9599736", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Billy Don't Be a Hero", "text": "performed a comedic cover of this song, featuring the altered line, \"Where did Billy's head go?\" in place of \"Billy, keep your head low.\" Dav Pilkey, creator of Captain Underpants, named the hero of \"The Adventures of Super Diaper Baby\" Billy solely to make possible a passing homage to \"Billy Don't Be a Hero.\" Since then, the \"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" homage has been applied to other characters whose names rhyme with \"Billy\" in several Captain Underpants spin-off comics. In the season 4 episode of \"Dinosaurs,\" the episode title was referenced, \"Earl, Don't Be A Hero.\" Billy Don't Be", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5968835", "score": "0.9467524", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Billy Don't Be a Hero", "text": "lyrics \"take a walk, Billy, don't be a hero.\" In \",\" the song is briefly heard during a montage in a disco cover by Dewey Cox (John C. Reilly) performing on rollerblades during \"The Dewey Cox Show.\" A much longer cut of this scene can be seen in the director's cut, and the whole performance was included in the extras for the 2-Disc editions. In \"The Powerpuff Girls\", the leader of the Gang Green Gang, Ace, says to another member, Billy, \"Billy, don't be a hero!\" when he decides to save the Powerpuff Girls from a subway train. In \"The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5968833", "score": "0.9373311", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Billy Don't Be a Hero", "text": "Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack,\" the episode \"K'nuckles, Don't Be a Hero\" is named after the song. In \"The Justice Friends\" (Cartoon Network, 1996), Major Glory says \"Billy, don't be a hero!\" to William, Valhallen's pet goat, when it jumps to save Krunk from the attack of Valhallen's living clothes. In an episode of \"ALF,\" the title character, Gordon \"Alf\" Shumway(voice by Paul Fusco), uses the line \"Willie, don't be a hero, don't be a fool with your life,\" referring to the head of the household, Wille Tanner(Max Wright), after Willie comes up with a bad idea. The Doug Anthony Allstars", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5968834", "score": "0.9352726", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Pilot (Friends)", "text": "was already tired the last two times he tried it\". \"Entertainment Weekly\" rates the episode B+ and states that \"After 22 minutes, these six people are believably set up as lifelong buddies\". Ross's line, \"Do the words 'Billy, Don't Be a Hero' mean anything to you?\" is singled out as the best line of the episode. The authors of \"Friends Like Us: The Unofficial Guide to Friends\" call it a \"good, solid start to the series\" but \"the regular cast (particularly Perry and Schwimmer) might be trying just a little too hard\". Schwimmer recalls enjoying the physical humor involving Ross,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3248257", "score": "0.8276768", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Billy Don't Be a Hero", "text": "blue, and \"riding out\" (cavalry) refer to the American Civil War. However the drum beat and cavalry \"riding out\" is not specific to the American Civil War, and blue uniforms were common in the 19th century. That being said, Paper Lace themselves performed the song on \"Top of the Pops\" wearing Union-style uniforms, as can be seen on YouTube. A young woman is distraught that her fiancé chooses to enlist with Army recruiters passing through the town, causing her to implore him: The song goes on to describe how Billy is killed in action in a pitched battle after volunteering", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5968829", "score": "0.7935995", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Billy T. James", "text": "was recorded live and released on LP as \"Billy T Live! at Pips Cabaret, Whangarei\". Featuring standup comedy selections and live versions of songs such as Running Bear and When A Child Is Born, this title was out-of-print for more than a decade before being re-released in CD format in 2008. He made a notable appearance in the 1985 feature film \"Came a Hot Friday\" and provided voice-talent for the popular animated film \"\". Also in 1985 Billy was named New Zealand Entertainer of the Decade. In 1986 James was appointed as a member of the Order of the British", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2211260", "score": "0.78474295", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "William Miller (criminal)", "text": "On April 16, they were confronted by authorities when Miller was spotted by police in Bowling Green, resulting in a shootout. Floyd attempted to come to Miller's aid, killing Patrolman Ralph Castner, but Miller was already dead by the time the battle had ended. While Floyd was able to escape back to Oklahoma, Rose Ash and Beulah Baird, the latter being wounded during the gunfight, were both arrested and charged with harboring fugitives. William Miller (criminal) William \"Billy the Killer\" Miller (1906 – April 16, 1931) was an American bank robber and Depression-era outlaw. In his brief criminal career, he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13712823", "score": "0.7817843", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Billy doll", "text": "Billy doll Billy – The World's First Out and Proud Gay Doll (a.k.a. The Billy Doll and Billy The Gay Doll) is a doll introduced in the US in 1997. Billy was created by artists John McKitterick and Juan Andres and marketed by London based Totem International Ltd and New York based Totem International Inc as \"the first out and proud gay doll\" although that distinction actually belongs to Gay Bob, introduced in 1977. Unlike Barbie and GI Joe, Billy was sold exclusively to adults. John McKitterick and Juan Andres created Billy based on sketches they drew while living in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11323260", "score": "0.7806194", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Billy Steinberg", "text": "Billy Steinberg William Endfield \"Billy\" Steinberg (born February 26, 1950) is an American songwriter. He achieved his greatest success in the 1980s with songwriting partner Tom Kelly; together the two wrote or co-wrote the No. 1 hits \"Like a Virgin\" by Madonna (1984), \"True Colors\" by Cyndi Lauper (1986), \"Eternal Flame\" by the Bangles (1989), \"So Emotional\" by Whitney Houston (1987) and \"Alone\" (covered by Heart in 1987). They also wrote or co-wrote the hit songs \"I Drove All Night\" (recorded by various artists, 1987), \"I Touch Myself\" by Divinyls (1990), and \"I'll Stand By You\" by The Pretenders (1994).", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4177753", "score": "0.77503693", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "The Night Chicago Died", "text": "\"High Fidelity\". The song is also featured in a Season 1 episode of \"That '70s Show\". \"The Night Chicago Died\" was Paper Lace's follow-up single to \"Billy Don't Be a Hero\", a #1 hit in the U.K. but virtually unheard in the U.S. where Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods' cover reached #1. Callander and Murray wrote both songs. The U.S. single received a Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America, signifying sales of at least one million copies. Though the song's story is set in the United States, Paper Lace were unable to perform the song live in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6175357", "score": "0.77144074", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Billy doll", "text": "Industry Fights AIDS, John McKitterick, Juan Andres, Totem International and LIFEbeat joined forces with Fortune Records and released a compilation music CD entitled \"Out and About With Billy\" with donated tracks from Boy George, Pet Shop Boys and Billie Ray Martin. The CD went on the bestseller lists of both Tower Records and Virgin Records. In 1998 Jones Soda released a soda called \"Billy Pop\" with labels designed by Tommy Hilfiger, Jean Paul Gaultier, Christopher Makos, Richard Bernstein, John McKitterick and Juan Andres. All proceeds from the venture to benefit the charity LIFEbeat – The Music Industry Fights AIDS. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11323271", "score": "0.76768565", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods", "text": "Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods are an American pop music group, known mainly for their 1970s hit singles, \"Billy Don't Be A Hero\" and \"Who Do You Think You Are\". The band was formed in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1965 by their leader, Robert Walter \"Bo\" Donaldson. They were first discovered while touring with The Osmonds in the early 1970s and signed with Family Productions, releasing their first single in 1972, \"Special Someone,\" but their big break came after moving to ABC Records and working with the record producer Steve Barri in 1973. Although their first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10859126", "score": "0.76758283", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Meeker Hotel", "text": "Catherine, Billy the Kid was left parentless and turned to a life of crime as early as age thirteen. He became involved in New Mexico's infamous Lincoln County War where he was accused of killing Sheriff Brady. He was arrested in 1880 for that murder, but escaped jail. Billy the Kid was then hunted down by Pat Garrett and is believed by many to have been shot on July 14, 1881. To confuse matters, numerous Billy the Kid sightings were made in New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado after this date- leading many to question the validity of The Kid's death.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16499183", "score": "0.7670816", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Paper Lace", "text": "that did not include Wright or Fish. In 1990, three original Paper Lace members, Philip Wright, Mick Vaughan and Chris Morris, were given the financial backing to re-record Billy Don't Be A Hero with an up-to-date sound. However, this was never released as when the Gulf War began the BBC produced a list of songs it deemed inappropriate at the time, this including Billy Don't Be A Hero. In 1997, Wright joined Sons and Lovers. He continues to be listed as a member. In 2011 Carlo Paul Santanna re-joined Morris' and Raynor's Paper Lace. The line-up today of the band", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4389955", "score": "0.7661667", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Billy Rose", "text": "Billy Rose Billy Rose (born William Samuel Rosenberg, September 6, 1899 – February 10, 1966) was an American impresario, theatrical showman and lyricist. For years both before and after World War II, Billy Rose was a major force in entertainment, with shows such as \"Billy Rose's Crazy Quilt\" (1931), \"Jumbo\" (1935), \"Billy Rose's Aquacade\" (1937), and \"Carmen Jones\" (1943). As a lyricist, he is credited with many famous songs, notably \"Me and My Shadow\" (1927), \"More Than You Know\" (1929), \"Without a Song\" (1929), \"It Happened in Monterrey\" (1930) and \"It's Only a Paper Moon\" (1933). Despite his accomplishments, Rose", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2172382", "score": "0.7649449", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Billy Murray (singer)", "text": "\"Shine On, Harvest Moon\", two of his songs would be heard in BioShock Infinite. the former being heard faintly in one of the reveal trailers, and the latter being heard in The Fellow Traveller Pub. This list is confined primarily to songs which have Wikipedia articles: Billy Murray (singer) William Thomas \"Billy\" Murray (May 25, 1877 – August 17, 1954) was one of the most popular singers in the United States in the early 20th century. While he received star billing in vaudeville, he was best known for his prolific work in the recording studio, making records for almost every", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3026672", "score": "0.7637353", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Midnight Express (film)", "text": "to bribe Hamidou into taking him where there are no guards, but Hamidou takes Billy to another room and prepares to rape him. Billy is clearly afraid and powerless, but he is still fighting back. He suddenly and inadvertently kills Hamidou by pushing his head/skull onto a coat hook that sticks out of the wall. That is clearly the miracle he has been waiting for four years. He seizes the opportunity to escape by putting on a guard's uniform and walking out of the front door. In the epilogue, it is explained that on the night of October 4, 1975,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "985950", "score": "0.75983495", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Billy Guy", "text": "Billy Guy Billy Guy (June 20, 1936 – November 5, 2002) was an American singer, best known as a lead singer for the Coasters. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. Born Frank Phillips in Texas, Guy is best known as a member of the Coasters, singing lead on such hits as \"Searchin'\", \"Little Egypt\", \"Run Red Run\", \"Wait A Minute\", among others. Songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller praised his \"marvelous sense of comedy and timing.\" Before Guy joined The Coasters in 1955, he was part of a comedy singing duo called \"Bip", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9434439", "score": "0.7596791", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Billy Squier", "text": "Square Garden. Squier signed with Capitol Records and released his solo debut in 1980. \"The Tale of the Tape,\" which included work by Bruce Kulick, later of Kiss, got Billy's momentum going, spending three months on \"Billboard's\" album chart. The song \"You Should Be High Love\"—for which Billy filmed an elaborate music video—got massive radio play. Squier asked Brian May of Queen to produce his second album, \"Don't Say No.\" May declined due to scheduling conflicts, but he recommended Reinhold Mack who had produced one of Queen's albums, \"The Game.\" Squier and Mack went on to produce \"Don't Say No.\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4250219", "score": "0.7584245", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Billy Walkabout", "text": "A Warrior's Spirit,\" by Cherokee artist Talmadge Davis. \"I'm at peace with myself. I've got my dignity and I've got my pride. ... I never lost the war in Vietnam, I never lost a day of it. Even when I was wounded, I didn't lose. When I fought, I won. I won my wars.\" – Billy Walkabout, 1986 Billy Walkabout Billy Walkabout (March 31, 1949 – March 7, 2007) is thought to be the most decorated Native American soldier of the Vietnam War. He received one Distinguished Service Cross (upgraded from Silver Star), one Bronze Star Medal, one Army Commendation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9874052", "score": "0.7577284", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Billy doll", "text": "Doll is now recognized as an important chapter in gay and doll history. Today, Billy is highly sought after by collectors, with editions and artworks commanding considerable prices at exhibition and auction. Billy doll Billy – The World's First Out and Proud Gay Doll (a.k.a. The Billy Doll and Billy The Gay Doll) is a doll introduced in the US in 1997. Billy was created by artists John McKitterick and Juan Andres and marketed by London based Totem International Ltd and New York based Totem International Inc as \"the first out and proud gay doll\" although that distinction actually belongs", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11323280", "score": "0.7571186", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Billy Crain", "text": "health reasons Crain left the Outlaws in 2013, but not before helping Henry Paul produce the critically acclaimed \"It's About Pride\" album released in 2012. Billy Crain William Sherwood \"Billy\" Crain (born August 9, 1954 in Nashville, Tennessee) is an American songwriter and musician. He has been a staple performer in the Southern rock scene since the early 1970s. He's the younger brother to former Charlie Daniels Band guitarist Tommy Crain, who died in 2011. He has performed with various artists including The Allman Brothers Band, The Rossington-Collins Band, The Rolling Stones and ZZ Top. In the late 1980s he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16090089", "score": "0.755054", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Billy Guy", "text": "This, A Little Of That\". In 1977, he appeared, along with Grady Chapman and Jerome Evans, on a recording \"Paid The Price\" by Michelle Phillips on her album \"Victim Of Romance\". Billy Guy died on November 5, 2002, in Clark County, Nevada, of cardiovascular disease. Billy Guy Billy Guy (June 20, 1936 – November 5, 2002) was an American singer, best known as a lead singer for the Coasters. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. Born Frank Phillips in Texas, Guy is best known as a member of the Coasters, singing lead on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9434443", "score": "0.75299823", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Billy the Kid (Billy Dean song)", "text": "\"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of May 23, 1992. Billy the Kid (Billy Dean song) \"Billy the Kid\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Billy Dean. It was released in May 1992 as the third single from his album \"Billy Dean\". The song spent twenty weeks on the Hot Country Songs charts in 1992, peaking at number four. The song was written by Dean and Paul Nelson. The music video was directed by Bill Young and premiered in May 1992. At the beginning, the music from Dean's previous song, \"Only the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13503378", "score": "0.75200456", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "William V. Morrison", "text": "County War and related that Billy the Kid was not killed by Pat Garrett in 1881. Morrison was intrigued, but skeptical. Hines would not reveal the name or whereabouts of The Kid, but did provide some leads that Morrison was able to follow which eventually led him to William H. \"Brushy Bill\" Roberts in Hico, TX. Following a period of interviews and approximately one year of gathering evidence, Morrison became convinced that Roberts was The Kid and took the 90 year old Roberts in front of New Mexico Governor Thomas Mabry to obtain a pardon. Mabry was unimpressed, and allowed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20379569", "score": "0.7518476", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Billy Abbott", "text": "the outpouring of warm welcome from all the fans!\" In October 2015, Daytime Confidential broke news that Jenkins had been fired from the show, and that former \"General Hospital\" actor Jason Thompson is one of the soap's top choices for recast, following another \"plastic surgery arc\" storyline. Jenkins last appeared on January 5, 2016. On December 3, 2015, \"Entertainment Weekly\" confirmed reports that Thompson had joined the cast, and began appearing on January 13, 2016. Billy has been known from a young age to be a spoiled rich boy. As he grew up, he became a playboy and a notorious", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8279673", "score": "0.7513692", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "The Ballad of Billy the Kid", "text": "that Joel's \"outlaw\" character doesn't match Joel's light, catchy \"Marlboro Man melodies.\" Bordowitz comments on the \"interesting, if somewhat jejune parallel\" in the lyrics between a teenage rebel in the 1800s American West and in the 1900s American suburbs. \"The Ballad of Billy the Kid\" is featured during the \"Family Guy\" episode \"Dial Meg for Murder\". The Ballad of Billy the Kid \"The Ballad of Billy the Kid\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Billy Joel from the album \"Piano Man\". It was also issued as a single in the UK backed with \"If I Only Had The Words (To", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9482471", "score": "0.7501923", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "The Story of Billy", "text": "track \"The Story of Billy (24個比利)\" debuted at number one on MTV Taiwan Mandarin Chart and Taiwan Hito Mandarin Chart for the week of 25 August to 31 August 2012, and 27 August to 2 September 2012 respectively. The song stayed at number one for two weeks on MTV Taiwan Mandarin Chart. The lead single \"Don't Wanna Wake Up (不想醒來)\" debuted at the ninth position on the 623rd edition of Global Chinese Music Chart (全球華語歌曲排行榜) and topped the chart for one week on the 625th edition. The song debuted at number eight on the 137th edition of Global Chinese Golden", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16690160", "score": "0.74887085", "original_retrieval_index": 37 } ]

{ "title": "Billy Don't Be a Hero", "long_answer": "\"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" is a 1974 pop song that was first a UK hit for Paper Lace and then, some months later, a US hit for Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods. The song was written and composed by two British songwriters, Mitch Murray and Peter Callander.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"Billy Don't Be a Hero\" is a 1974 pop song that was first a UK hit for Paper Lace and then, some months later, a US hit for Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods. The song was written and composed by two British songwriters, Mitch Murray and Peter Callander.", "short_answers": [ "1974" ] }

[ "Stephen Sondheim", "lyrics by Stephen Sondheim", "Leonard Bernstein" ]

[ { "title": "Somewhere (song)", "text": "\"Somewhere\", sometimes referred to as \"Somewhere (There's a Place for Us)\" or simply \"There's a Place for Us\", is a song from the 1957 Broadway musical West Side Story that was made into a film in 1961. The music is composed by Leonard Bernstein with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and takes a phrase from the slow movement of Beethoven's 'Emperor' Piano Concerto, which forms the start of the melody, and also a longer phrase from the main theme of Pyotr Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "There's a Place for Us (song)", "text": "There's a Place for Us (song) \"There's a Place for Us\" is a song written by David Hodges, Hillary Lindsey, and co-written and recorded by American country artist Carrie Underwood, and is featured on the soundtrack for the 2010 film \"\". The song was featured during the end credits of the film. The song was also performed by other artists for country-specific releases outside the United States. The song received a nomination for \"Best Original Song\" at the 68th Golden Globe Awards. It was released on November 16, 2010 as the soundtrack's lead single, and can be purchased exclusively through", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15148253", "score": "1.1438192", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "There's a Place for Us (song)", "text": "famous as a result of various reality TV talent shows, such as \"American Idol\" in the case of Carrie Underwood, \"X Factor\" in the UK for Joe McElderry, and \"Swedish Idol\" in the case of E.M.D. There's a Place for Us (song) \"There's a Place for Us\" is a song written by David Hodges, Hillary Lindsey, and co-written and recorded by American country artist Carrie Underwood, and is featured on the soundtrack for the 2010 film \"\". The song was featured during the end credits of the film. The song was also performed by other artists for country-specific releases outside", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15148256", "score": "1.116602", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "There's a Place for Us", "text": "There's a Place for Us There's a Place for Us is an album recorded by Motown girl group The Supremes in 1965, for many years the most famous of the trio's unreleased albums. The album, composed of show-tunes and pop standards, was released by Motown and Hip-O Records in 2004. \"There's a Place for Us\" was recorded in late 1964 and through the first half of 1965, and was to have been issued in the summer of that year to tie in with the group's debut appearance at the famous Copacabana nightclub in New York City. Supremes members Diana Ross,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8542818", "score": "1.0837204", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "There's a Place for Us (song)", "text": "over 7,000 copies. Due to Sony Music's tight recording schedule, McElderry accidentally sang \"king and queen\" in the chorus instead of the printed lyric, \"kings and queens\" (referring to the kings and queens of Narnia), although attempts were made to electronically correct this in post-production. \"There's a Place For Us\" served as the B-Side to \"Someone Wake Me Up\" and thus shares its chart positions. Various versions of the song \"There's a Place for Us\" are featured in international versions of the soundtrack, used to promote artists signed to Sony Music in different marketing regions. Many of these artists became", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15148255", "score": "1.028736", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "There's a Place for Us", "text": "Wilson sings a rare lead vocal on \"Our Day Will Come\", while Florence Ballard sings lead on \"People\". Diana Ross sings lead on the remaining songs. They are all featured on an original number, \"Fancy Passes\". There's a Place for Us There's a Place for Us is an album recorded by Motown girl group The Supremes in 1965, for many years the most famous of the trio's unreleased albums. The album, composed of show-tunes and pop standards, was released by Motown and Hip-O Records in 2004. \"There's a Place for Us\" was recorded in late 1964 and through the first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8542821", "score": "1.0276452", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "There's a Place (The All-American Rejects song)", "text": "There's a Place (The All-American Rejects song) \"There's a Place\" is a song by American rock band The All-American Rejects, released October 30, 2015 by Interscope Records as the soundtrack to the film \"Miss You Already\" (2015), in which frontman Tyson Ritter appears. Tyson Ritter wrote \"There's a Place\" while filming \"Miss You Already\" in 2014. Ritter spoke of the song, saying, \"I had this ringing in my ear. Having not composed a piece of music for over a year at that point, I didn’t recognize that I was hearing a melody. With that melody, came the words. Immediately I", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19118265", "score": "1.0161204", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "There's a Place (The All-American Rejects song)", "text": "whaling slide tones, moving Mike Kennerty to play the bass guitar. \"There's a Place\" is the only studio released song by the band that was written solely by Ritter, without the collaboration of Nick Wheeler. The music video was shot in September 2015 and directed Catherine Hardwicke. It was released on the same day as the song itself on October 30, 2015. The video follows Ritter, who sings the song to Toni Collette from the street, as he ages throughout the video. The whole band appears in the video, playing their instruments on the street. There's a Place (The All-American", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19118267", "score": "1.015363", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Joe McElderry", "text": "the second single taken from the album. It was released as a single on 5 December 2010 in the United Kingdom. It debuted and peaked at number 68 on the UK Singles Chart. McElderry was approached by Twentieth Century Fox to record the specially written track, \"There's A Place For Us\", written by American songstress Carrie Underwood, which features in \"\". and was also the B-side to \"Someone Wake Me Up\". The song was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2011 for Best Original Song – Motion Picture. After \"Someone Wake Me Up,\" McElderry released no further singles or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13869461", "score": "1.004655", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Somewhere Out There (Our Lady Peace song)", "text": "since former lead guitarist Mike Turner left to form Fair Ground. Somewhere Out There (Our Lady Peace song) \"Somewhere Out There\" is a song by Canadian alternative rock group Our Lady Peace. It was released in April 2002 as the lead single from their fifth studio album, \"Gravity\". It was the most successful single from the album, and is also their most internationally successful single. The correct title of the song is indeed \"Somewhere Out There\", however the specific chorus lyrics \"defying gravity\" and the fact that the album is titled \"Gravity\", led some to believe that the title of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8958974", "score": "0.978614", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "There's a Star-Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere", "text": "There's a Star-Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere \"There's A Star-Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere\" is a patriotic anthem written in 1942 by Paul Roberts and Shelby Darnell (a pseudonym for producer Bob Miller). The song was completed, along with other tunes, on Swan's Island, Maine, where Paul Roberts visited and performed with his soon to become wife, Annie Marrithew, during World War II. The song enjoyed its greatest popularity during the war years. The \"somewhere\" in the title of the song refers to an idealistic version of heaven reserved for the brave U.S. soldiers fighting the Axis Powers, somewhat akin to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6432518", "score": "0.9759649", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader", "text": "\"There's a Place for Us\" written by Carrie Underwood, David Hodges, and Hillary Lindsey, and recorded by Carrie Underwood, was released on November 16, 2010 exclusively on iTunes. It was released on December 7, 2010 by Sony Masterworks. Covers of the song have been recorded by various singers around the world for international releases of the film. In addition to its production budget, Fox and Walden spent around $100 million to promote the film around the world. In late November 2009, three still pictures from the film were released on the social networking site Facebook. In February 2010, Narnia.com, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13214653", "score": "0.974611", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "There's a Place (The All-American Rejects song)", "text": "knew what it was, it was a song for Milly, a song that was written as a goodbye note to her loved ones. ‘There’s A Place’ is something I’m very proud of as it came from the purest center of myself. As soon as I finished the demo, I sent it to Catherine and she was into it, and as simple as that, it was in the movie.” In 2014, Ritter, and lead guitarist Nick Wheeler played an acoustic version of the song at The Hotel Cafe. Because Ritter plays the main guitar part in the song, Nick Wheeler plays", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19118266", "score": "0.9657223", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "There's a Place for Us (song)", "text": "iTunes. It has sold 77,000 copies as of January 18, 2011. The song did not enter the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 but peaked at number 7 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles extension chart. It also entered two digital charts tracked by \"Billboard\" — at number 64 on the Hot Canadian Digital Songs (component of Canadian Hot 100) and at number 11 on Country Digital Songs (component of Hot Country Songs). Joe McElderry recorded the song for a United Kingdom release. It was released on December 6, 2010 as the b-side to McElderry's \"Someone Wake Me Up\" where it sold", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15148254", "score": "0.9640219", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Somewhere (song)", "text": "track on Side 2. This is rectified on the CD as \"Somewhere\" is correctly placed in sequence to the film between \"The Rumble\" and \"Cool.\" In 1964, P. J. Proby released his version of \"Somewhere\", which reached number 6 on the British singles chart and 7 on the Australian singles chart. The song also charted well in various European countries. In 1965, the Supremes recorded the song for their album, \"There's a Place for Us\", though it went unreleased until 2004. They also used it for their debut appearance at the Copacabana nightclub in New York City and it eventually", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11457192", "score": "0.96082366", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "There's No Place Like London", "text": "all\". In 2012, Gerard Kenny was interviewed by Radio Warwickshire about writing this and other songs. In the interview he revealed how he and de Paul wrote the song and how proud he was to hear Bassey sing it at the Royal Variety performance in front of Queen Elizabeth II, who clearly liked it and was part of the spontaneous standing ovation that Bassey received. There's No Place Like London \"There's No Place Like London\" is a song co-written by Lynsey de Paul and Gerard Kenny, and held by the British Library that was published by Lynsey de Paul Music/Chelsea", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19676204", "score": "0.9532505", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "E.M.D.", "text": "19, 2010. The album was released on December 3, 2010 with the release of the \"There's a Place for Us\" third single and second music video for the album on December 5, 2010, after the music video was released on November 26. In late 2010, the band announced an indefinite breakup. \"There's a Place for Us\" is a bonus track on E.M.D.'s album \"Rewind\" and was featured as the main theme song in the Swedish version of both the motion picture and soundtrack for \"\". The original version of the song which is otherwise featured in the motion picture and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11440555", "score": "0.94351983", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Somewhere Out There (Our Lady Peace song)", "text": "11\" and in the end credits of the 2005 film \"White Noise\". \"Somewhere Out There\" was culled from two sets of lyrics written by Raine Maida during Christmas, 2001. \"Bob called me in Toronto the night before Christmas and asked if I had any other song ideas that we should consider before we headed back to Hawaii to finish the album in January,\" he explained. \"The phone call propelled me to write seven new songs during the ten days we had off at Christmas. When we got back to Maui, he combined a verse from one song and a chorus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8958971", "score": "0.93857425", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Somewhere Out There (Our Lady Peace song)", "text": "Somewhere Out There (Our Lady Peace song) \"Somewhere Out There\" is a song by Canadian alternative rock group Our Lady Peace. It was released in April 2002 as the lead single from their fifth studio album, \"Gravity\". It was the most successful single from the album, and is also their most internationally successful single. The correct title of the song is indeed \"Somewhere Out There\", however the specific chorus lyrics \"defying gravity\" and the fact that the album is titled \"Gravity\", led some to believe that the title of the song was \"Gravity\". The song is mislabeled as such in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8958969", "score": "0.9384985", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "There's a Place for Us", "text": "Florence Ballard and Mary Wilson worked with two sets of producers, one in Los Angeles, the other in Detroit. The album was postponed and finally cancelled, with the live album \"The Supremes at the Copa\" being released in November 1965. Several standards similar to those recorded for this album appeared on the Supremes' next studio album, 1966's \"I Hear a Symphony\", whose cover is similar to that intended for \"There's a Place for Us\". Several selections from \"There's a Place for Us\" would remain a staple of the group's live act for several years to come, most notably \"You're Nobody", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8542819", "score": "0.93755305", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Is There No Place on Earth for Me?", "text": "The book originally ran as a four-part series in \"The New Yorker\" in 1981 and won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction. Is There No Place on Earth for Me? Is There No Place On Earth For Me? written by Susan Sheehan and published in 1982 by Houghton Mifflin, it won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. This book recounts the lonely, harrowing life of Sylvia Frumkin who is diagnosed schizophrenic. Sheehan followed Frumkin for two-and-a-half years, much of which was spent inside a mental hospital, Creedmoor Psychiatric Center, in Queens. It presents outstanding reporting on what it's like", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11665729", "score": "0.9282837", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me", "text": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me \"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me\" is a song written in the 1960s by songwriting team Burt Bacharach and Hal David. The lyrics are from the point of view of a man who has just broken up with his lover. He would prefer to forget about her, but everywhere he goes there is always something there to remind him. Originally recorded as a demo by Dionne Warwick in 1963, \"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me\" first charted for Lou Johnson whose version reached No. 49 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8423938", "score": "0.9248493", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Somewhere Somehow (album)", "text": "Somewhere Somehow (album) Somewhere Somehow is the fourth studio album by American rock band We the Kings. It is the first album without bassist Drew Thomsen, who was replaced by Charles Trippy. Keyboardist Coley O'Toole was also added into the lineup. After parting ways with S-Curve Records, the group released the single \"Just Keep Breathing\" in April 2013. Over the next couple of months, the band released \"Find You There\" and \"Any Other Way\" as singles before going on the Summer Fest tour. In late September, the band started a campaign to crowd-fund their next album; it eventually received over", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17716117", "score": "0.9235123", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Somewhere (song)", "text": "was so overcome with emotion that she practically stumbled through the speech, but got an extraordinary ovation from the studio audience. It would once again be nationally televised several months later that year when the group paired up with the Temptations for an NBC television special, \"TCB\". The monologue for that special went as follows: \" \"Yes, there's a place for each of us, \" And we must try to pursue this place. \" Where love is like a passion, that burns like a fire, \" Let our efforts be as determined as that of Dr. Martin Luther King, \"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11457194", "score": "0.9201437", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me", "text": "Me\". (There's) Always Something There to Remind Me \"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me\" is a song written in the 1960s by songwriting team Burt Bacharach and Hal David. The lyrics are from the point of view of a man who has just broken up with his lover. He would prefer to forget about her, but everywhere he goes there is always something there to remind him. Originally recorded as a demo by Dionne Warwick in 1963, \"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me\" first charted for Lou Johnson whose version reached No. 49 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8423950", "score": "0.91921794", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "David Hodges", "text": "and electronic instrumental tracks. In October 2011, Hodges released an album entitled \"Kings & Thieves\" with the band Arrows to Athens, composed of Hodges and guitarist Steven Solomon. Additionally in 2010, Hodges wrote with Carrie Underwood and Hillary Lindsey, this time for the end title song in the latest Chronicles of Narnia film. The song was called \"There's a Place for Us,\" and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for best original song in a motion picture. In May 2011, Christina Perri released her debut album \"Lovestrong\". Hodges helped produce and co-wrote many songs on the album, including singles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4982386", "score": "0.9154771", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Susan Sheehan", "text": "Susan Sheehan Susan Sheehan (née Sachsel; born August 24, 1937) is an Austrian-born American writer. Born in Vienna, Austria, she won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction in 1983 for her book \"Is There No Place on Earth for Me?\" The book details the experiences of a young New York City woman diagnosed with schizophrenia. Portions of the book were published in \"The New Yorker\", for which she has written frequently since 1961 as a staff writer. Her work as a contributing writer has also appeared in \"The New York Times\" and \"Architectural Digest\". In 1986, Sheehan published in \"The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6328520", "score": "0.914668", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "There's a Place", "text": "the album of the film's soundtrack at the time of writing \"There's a Place\" and acknowledges its influence. The song's subject matter was pitched on higher intellectual plane than most pop songs of that period, as Lennon explained: There's a Place' was my attempt at a sort of Motown, black thing. It says: 'In my mind there's no sorrow...' It's all in your mind.\" McCartney is quoted as saying: \"In our case the place was in the mind, rather than round the back of the stairs for a kiss and a cuddle. This was the difference with what we were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5580784", "score": "0.90937936", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Is There No Place on Earth for Me?", "text": "Is There No Place on Earth for Me? Is There No Place On Earth For Me? written by Susan Sheehan and published in 1982 by Houghton Mifflin, it won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. This book recounts the lonely, harrowing life of Sylvia Frumkin who is diagnosed schizophrenic. Sheehan followed Frumkin for two-and-a-half years, much of which was spent inside a mental hospital, Creedmoor Psychiatric Center, in Queens. It presents outstanding reporting on what it's like to be mentally ill and how the mental health system often fails in its treatment of those it was designed to help.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11665728", "score": "0.9059603", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "There's No Home for You Here", "text": "idea was to see how far we could go with an eight track recorder, and I think how far we went is too far.\" There's No Home for You Here \"There's No Home for You Here\" is a song by American alternative rock band The White Stripes, featured on their 2003 fourth studio album \"Elephant\". It was released as the fourth single from the album on March 15, 2004 in the United Kingdom. The B-side of the 7\" vinyl record is a medley of \"I Fought Piranhas\" and \"Let's Build a Home\" – from \"The White Stripes\" (1999) and \"De", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5993597", "score": "0.90139544", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "Somewhere (song)", "long_answer": "\"Somewhere\", sometimes referred to as \"Somewhere (There's a Place for Us)\" or simply \"There's a Place for Us\", is a song from the 1957 Broadway musical West Side Story that was made into a film in 1961. The music is composed by Leonard Bernstein with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and takes a phrase from the slow movement of Beethoven's 'Emperor' Piano Concerto, which forms the start of the melody, and also a longer phrase from the main theme of Pyotr Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"Somewhere\", sometimes referred to as \"Somewhere (There's a Place for Us)\" or simply \"There's a Place for Us\", is a song from the 1957 Broadway musical West Side Story that was made into a film in 1961. The music is composed by Leonard Bernstein with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and takes a phrase from the slow movement of Beethoven's 'Emperor' Piano Concerto, which forms the start of the melody, and also a longer phrase from the main theme of Pyotr Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake.", "short_answers": [ "Leonard Bernstein", "Stephen Sondheim", "lyrics by Stephen Sondheim" ] }

[ "all transmissions" ]

[ { "title": "File Transfer Protocol", "text": "FTP does not encrypt its traffic; all transmissions are in clear text, and usernames, passwords, commands and data can be read by anyone able to perform packet capture (sniffing) on the network. This problem is common to many of the Internet Protocol specifications (such as SMTP, Telnet, POP and IMAP) that were designed prior to the creation of encryption mechanisms such as TLS or SSL.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "FTPS", "text": "FTP protocol control messages in order to determine which secondary data connections they need to allow. However, if the FTP control connection is encrypted using TLS/SSL, the firewall cannot determine the TCP port number of a data connection negotiated between the client and FTP server. Therefore, in many firewalled networks, an FTPS deployment will fail when an unencrypted FTP deployment will work. This problem can be solved with the use of a limited range of ports for data and configuring the firewall to open these ports. FTPS FTPS (also known as FTPES, FTP-SSL, and \"FTP Secure\") is an extension to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4242904", "score": "0.8288152", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "FTPS", "text": "FTPS FTPS (also known as FTPES, FTP-SSL, and \"FTP Secure\") is an extension to the commonly used File Transfer Protocol (FTP) that adds support for the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and, formerly, the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL, which is now prohibited by RFC7568) cryptographic protocols. FTPS should not be confused with the SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), a secure file transfer subsystem for the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol with which it is not compatible. It is also different from FTP over SSH, which is the practice of tunneling FTP through an SSH connection. The File Transfer Protocol was drafted in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4242893", "score": "0.80961055", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "FireFTP", "text": "current directory. The pane on the right shows the remote FTP server. Between the panes there are two buttons with arrows, one for upload and the other for download. To connect to an FTP server, one can either enter a site name directly (\"QuickConnect\") or use the Account Manager to make FireFTP remember settings about that particular site, including the username and password, security settings (encryption schemes), passive mode, initial directories to change to upon connection, and case changes to be performed in file names after transmissions. FireFTP supports caching directory listings, and it can also do a comparison between", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6351255", "score": "0.78452206", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "File Transfer Protocol", "text": "File Transfer Protocol The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network. FTP is built on a client-server model architecture using separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves with a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. For secure transmission that protects the username and password, and encrypts the content, FTP is often secured with SSL/TLS (FTPS)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "642327", "score": "0.7815715", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "File eXchange Protocol", "text": "high-bandwidth server, but only a low-bandwidth client, such as a network administrator working away from location, has the authority to access the resources on both servers. Enabling FXP support can make a server vulnerable to an exploit known as FTP bounce. As a result of this, FTP server software often has FXP disabled by default. Some sites restricted IP addresses to trusted sites to limit this risk. Some FTP Servers such as glFTPd, cuftpd, RaidenFTPD, drftpd, and wzdftpd support negotiation of a secure data channel between two servers using either of the FTP protocol extension commands; CPSV or SSCN. This", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3440167", "score": "0.7716776", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "File Transfer Protocol", "text": "typical in web pages. FTP has a stateful control connection which maintains a current working directory and other flags, and each transfer requires a secondary connection through which the data are transferred. In \"passive\" mode this secondary connection is from client to server, whereas in the default \"active\" mode this connection is from server to client. This apparent role reversal when in active mode, and random port numbers for all transfers, is why firewalls and NAT gateways have such a hard time with FTP. HTTP is stateless and multiplexes control and data over a single connection from client to server", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "642335", "score": "0.76596844", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "File Transfer Protocol", "text": "When an FTP—rather than an HTTP—URL is supplied, the accessible contents on the remote server are presented in a manner that is similar to that used for other web content. A full-featured FTP client can be run within Firefox in the form of an extension called FireFTP. FTP URL syntax is described in , taking the form: codice_1 (the bracketed parts are optional). For example, the URL <nowiki>ftp://public.ftp-servers.example.com/mydirectory/myfile.txt</nowiki> represents the file \"myfile.txt\" from the directory \"mydirectory\" on the server \"public.ftp-servers.example.com\" as an FTP resource. The URL <nowiki>ftp://user001:secretpassword@private.ftp-servers.example.com/mydirectory/myfile.txt</nowiki> adds a specification of the username and password that must be used to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "642338", "score": "0.75861275", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "File eXchange Protocol", "text": "RFC 959 by the IETF as: File eXchange Protocol File eXchange Protocol (FXP) and (FXSP) is a method of data transfer which uses FTP to transfer data from one remote server to another (inter-server) without routing this data through the client's connection. Conventional FTP involves a single server and a single client; all data transmission is done between these two. In the FXP session, a client maintains a standard FTP connection to two servers, and can direct either server to connect to the other to initiate a data transfer. The advantage of using FXP over FTP is evident when a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3440169", "score": "0.7570784", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Secure FTP (software)", "text": "Secure FTP (software) Secure FTP is a Java-based FTP client developed by Glub Tech. Some of its features include: FTPS (FTP over SSL/TLS), bookmarks, compression, proxy and firewall support, multiple connections, chmod, drag-and-drop, command-line scripting, and localization for 8 languages, including English, French, German, Spanish, Japanese, Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese and Russian. It can be used via its GUI or CLI. In 1999, Secure FTP started as a senior project at UCSD by classmates Gary Cohen and Brian Knight. The intent of the project was to address the inherent security flaws in FTP. Up to this point, there were no easy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14128433", "score": "0.75661063", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header", "text": "starting from plain HTTP. The client starts an HTTP/1.1 connection and sends an codice_8 header. If the server supports HTTP/2, it replies with HTTP 101 Switching Protocol status code. The HTTP Upgrade mechanism is used only for cleartext HTTP2 (h2c). In the case of HTTP2 over TLS (h2), the ALPN TLS protocol extension is used instead. HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header The Upgrade header field is an HTTP header field introduced in HTTP/1.1. In the exchange, the client begins by making a cleartext request, which is later upgraded to a newer HTTP protocol version or switched to a different protocol. Connection upgrade", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15766683", "score": "0.7537117", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "GridFTP", "text": "able to make better use of the bandwidth. Striped and interleaved transfers, again either from multiple or single sources, allow further speed increases. Although FTP has the ability to resume an interrupted file transfer from a specific point in a file, it does not support the transmission of only a certain portion of a file. GridFTP allows a subset of a file to be sent. Such a feature is useful in applications where only small sections of a very large data file are required for processing (a motivating example being the processing of data from a high energy physics experiment,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11966583", "score": "0.7429628", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Internet Protocol Control Protocol", "text": "the configuration is done, the link is able to carry IP data as a payload of the PPP frame. This code indicates that IP data is being carried. IPCP header: Code. 8 bits.<br> Specifies the function to be performed. Identifier. 8 bits. Used to match requests and replies. Length. 16 bits.<br> Size of the packet including the header. Data. Variable length.<br> Zero or more bytes of data as indicated by the Length. This field may contain one or more \"Options\". IPCP Configuration Options allow negotiatiation of desirable Internet Protocol parameters. IPCP uses the same Configuration Option format defined for LCP", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6630911", "score": "0.7413533", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "HTML-Kit", "text": "modes; FTP Workspace for uploading, downloading and online editing of files. HTML-Kit can be extended with plugins. Over 400 free plugins are available for download via the program's web site. The default installation of HTML Kit does include some plugins of general utility, such as HTML Tidy for creating standards-compliant HTML/XHTML pages, a library of code snippets and an HTML color picker. HTML-Kit enables running batch actions such as global search and replace in multiple files, Internet Explorer and Mozilla / Netscape side-by-side previewing, W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines checking through HTML Tidy, internal Command Prompt, TimeTracker, translations, Text to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1631400", "score": "0.740541", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol", "text": "name-based virtual hosting (no extra IPs, ports, or URI space), however, few implementations support this method. In S-HTTP, the desired URL is not transmitted in the cleartext headers, but left blank; another set of headers is present inside the encrypted payload. In HTTP over TLS, all headers are inside the encrypted payload, and the server application does not generally have the opportunity to gracefully recover from TLS fatal errors (including 'client certificate is untrusted' and 'client certificate is expired'). Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP) is an obsolete alternative to the HTTPS protocol for encrypting web communications", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6669610", "score": "0.73992324", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "File Transfer Protocol", "text": "With many SSH clients, attempting to set up a tunnel for the control channel (the initial client-to-server connection on port 21) will protect only that channel; when data is transferred, the FTP software at either end sets up new TCP connections (data channels) and thus have no confidentiality or integrity protection. Otherwise, it is necessary for the SSH client software to have specific knowledge of the FTP protocol, to monitor and rewrite FTP control channel messages and autonomously open new packet forwardings for FTP data channels. Software packages that support this mode include: Explicit FTPS is an extension to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "642341", "score": "0.739694", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "FTPS", "text": "the application layer wrapper, Secure Sockets Layer. This protocol enabled applications to communicate across a network in a private and secure fashion, discouraging eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery. While it could add security to any protocol that uses reliable connections, such as TCP, it was most commonly used by Netscape with HTTP to form HTTPS. The SSL protocol was eventually applied to FTP, with a draft Request for Comments (RFC) published in late 1996. An official IANA port was registered shortly thereafter. However, the RFC was not finalized until 2005. Two separate methods were developed to invoke client security for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4242895", "score": "0.7395432", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "File Transfer Protocol", "text": "commonly asked to send their email address instead of a password, no verification is actually performed on the supplied data. Many FTP hosts whose purpose is to provide software updates will allow anonymous logins. FTP normally transfers data by having the server connect back to the client, after the PORT command is sent by the client. This is problematic for both NATs and firewalls, which do not allow connections from the Internet towards internal hosts. For NATs, an additional complication is that the representation of the IP addresses and port number in the PORT command refer to the internal host's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "642333", "score": "0.734202", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Shared resource", "text": "a local area network (LAN) service, while FTP is an Internet service. Shared file access is transparent to the user, as if it was a resource in the local file system, and supports a multi-user environment. This includes concurrency control or locking of a remote file while a user is editing it, and file system permissions. Shared file access involves but should not be confused with file synchronization and other information synchronization. Internet-based information synchronization may, for example, use the SyncML language. Shared file access is based on server side pushing of folder information, and is normally used over an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9031207", "score": "0.7335664", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "WISE-FTP", "text": "of T-Online since 2004. Using Wise-FTP files can be encrypted and compressed for the transfer. The program is able to upload and download multiple files simultaneously – e.g. to different FTP servers. A direct transfer from one FTP server to another is also possible. A macro recorder allows to record frequently used sequences of commands and run them subsequently as often as you wish. In addition, Wise-FTP has a Task Planner which allows to schedule file transfers. With the integrated HTML editor, HTML or text files can be changed on the FTP server. The synchronization of folders and subfolders between", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11182226", "score": "0.73148966", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "WS FTP", "text": "and encryption options over traditional FTP transfers. The WS_FTP client has a \"classic\" GUI with two panes, one showing the local computer and the other accessing the remote host, though newer versions of the software have updated interfaces, including a web browser interface. The WS_FTP secure server encrypts files using SSL/FTPS, SSH, or SCP2 and HTTPS transfers. It is self-contained, eliminating the need for an external database. WS_FTP's additional built-in capabilities include email client integration, alerts and notification, server failover, and transfer scheduling. WS FTP WinSock File Transfer Protocol, or WS_FTP, is a secure file transfer software package produced by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6020656", "score": "0.7294787", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "File Transfer Protocol", "text": "and usernames, passwords, commands and data can be read by anyone able to perform packet capture (sniffing) on the network. This problem is common to many of the Internet Protocol specifications (such as SMTP, Telnet, POP and IMAP) that were designed prior to the creation of encryption mechanisms such as TLS or SSL. Common solutions to this problem include: FTP over SSH is the practice of tunneling a normal FTP session over a Secure Shell connection. Because FTP uses multiple TCP connections (unusual for a TCP/IP protocol that is still in use), it is particularly difficult to tunnel over SSH.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "642340", "score": "0.72880805", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header", "text": "HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header The Upgrade header field is an HTTP header field introduced in HTTP/1.1. In the exchange, the client begins by making a cleartext request, which is later upgraded to a newer HTTP protocol version or switched to a different protocol. Connection upgrade must be requested by the client; if the server wants to enforce an upgrade it may send a codice_1 response. The client can then send a new request with the appropriate upgrade headers while keeping the connection open. One use is to begin a request on the normal HTTP port but switch to Transport Layer Security", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15766680", "score": "0.7287909", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Internet Cache Protocol", "text": "a successor to ICP, attempts to handle various problems found in ICP deployments. An ICP message consists of two sections: Header: Header length is fixed to 20 octets (five 32-bit words). Data: Data is of variable length, limited by the maximum ICP message size (including header) of 16,384 octets. The ICP header consists of 8 fields, with 2 optional fields. The fifth and sixth field is optional (pink background in table) and appropriately named “options” and “option data”. Internet Cache Protocol The Internet Cache Protocol (ICP) is a UDP-based protocol used for coordinating web caches. Its purpose is to find", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4810719", "score": "0.72810286", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "FTPS", "text": "an unknown security mechanism, the FTPS server will respond to the AUTH command with error code \"504 (not supported)\". Clients may determine which mechanisms are supported by querying the FTPS server with the FEAT command, although servers are not necessarily required to be honest in disclosing what levels of security they support. Common methods of invoking FTPS security included AUTH TLS and AUTH SSL.] The explicit method is defined in RFC 4217. In the later versions of the document, FTPS compliance required that clients always negotiate using the AUTH TLS method. FTPS includes full support for the TLS and SSL", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4242899", "score": "0.72420084", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Image hosting service", "text": "ability to upload one ZIP archive containing multiple images. Additionally, some hosts allow FTP access, where single or multiple files can be uploaded in one session using FTP software or an FTP-capable browser. After this process, the image is hosted on the server. Typically this means that the image is available on the web (to the public). The uploader may also be allowed to specify inline links to the hosted image, in order to embed it on other websites e.g. Usually, the image host will put restrictions on the maximum image size allowed, or the maximum space or bandwidth allowed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5577209", "score": "0.7240034", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Xplico", "text": "GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2. To clarify what Xplico does we can imagine to have the raw data (Ethernet or PPP) of a web navigation (HTTP protocol), in this case Xplico is able to extract and reconstruct all the Web pages and contents (images, files, cookies, and so on). Similarly Xplico is able to reconstruct the e-mail exchanged with the IMAP, POP, and SMTP protocols. Among the protocols that Xplico identifies and reconstructs there are VoIP, MSN, IRC, HTTP, IMAP, POP, SMTP, and FTP. The Xplico's software architecture provides: With the \"output module\" Xplico can have different user", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16594807", "score": "0.7229117", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "IP header", "text": "but may be data for an Internet Layer (e.g., ICMPv6) or Link Layer (e.g., OSPF) instead. IP header An IP header is header information at the beginning of an IP packet which contains information about IP version, source IP address, destination IP address, time-to-live, etc. Two different versions of IP are used in practice today: IPv4 and IPv6. The IPv6 header uses IPv6 addresses and thus offers a much bigger address space, but is not backwards compatible with IPv4. IPv4 is the fourth version in the development of the Internet Protocol (IP), and routes most traffic on the Internet. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12277555", "score": "0.72198546", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Van Jacobson TCP/IP Header Compression", "text": "Van Jacobson TCP/IP Header Compression Van Jacobson TCP/IP Header Compression is a data compression protocol described in RFC 1144, specifically designed by Van Jacobson to improve TCP/IP performance over slow serial links. Van Jacobson compression reduces the normal 40 byte TCP/IP packet headers down to 3-4 bytes for the average case. It does this by saving the state of TCP connections at both ends of a link, and only sending the differences in the header fields that change. This makes a very big difference for interactive performance on low speed links, although it will not do anything about the processing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4150059", "score": "0.72128934", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Search engine technology", "text": "perl, and so on. The primary method of storing and retrieving files was via the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). This was (and still is) a system that specified a common way for computers to exchange files over the Internet. It works like this: Some administrator decides that he wants to make files available from his computer. He sets up a program on his computer, called an FTP server. When someone on the Internet wants to retrieve a file from this computer, he or she connects to it via another program called an FTP client. Any FTP client program can connect", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8506832", "score": "0.7212035", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "File Transfer Protocol", "long_answer": "FTP does not encrypt its traffic; all transmissions are in clear text, and usernames, passwords, commands and data can be read by anyone able to perform packet capture (sniffing) on the network. This problem is common to many of the Internet Protocol specifications (such as SMTP, Telnet, POP and IMAP) that were designed prior to the creation of encryption mechanisms such as TLS or SSL.", "chunked_long_answer": "FTP does not encrypt its traffic; all transmissions are in clear text, and usernames, passwords, commands and data can be read by anyone able to perform packet capture (sniffing) on the network. This problem is common to many of the Internet Protocol specifications (such as SMTP, Telnet, POP and IMAP) that were designed prior to the creation of encryption mechanisms such as TLS or SSL.", "short_answers": [ "all transmissions" ] }

[ "Pradyumna" ]

[ { "title": "Pradyumna", "text": "Affliation = Avatara of Kamadeva. Pradyumna (Sanskrit: प्रद्युम्न) is the name of a character in the Srimad Bhagavatam. He was the son of Lord Krishna and Rukmini. Pradyumna is considered as one of the four vyuha avatars of Vishnu. According to some accounts, Pradyumna was an incarnation of Kamadeva, the god of love. Pradyumna is also a name of the Hindu god Vishnu, being referred to as Vishnu Ankar Gupta. He is one in 24 Keshava Namas (names), praised in all pujas. It is also the only name in Sanskrit with all the 3 letters joint (referred as जोडाक्षर)", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Jagannath Temple, Puri", "text": "to confirm Shri Vallabh's answers. A pen and paper were left in the inner sanctum. After some time, the doors were opened and 4 answers were written. 1) The Son of Devaki (Krishna) is the God of Gods 2) His name is the highest of mantras 3) His song is the highest scripture (Bhagavat Geeta) 4) Service to Him is the Highest service. The king was shocked and declared Shri Vallabh the winner of the discourse. Some of the pandits who participated became jealous of Shri Vallabh and wanted to test Him. The next day was Ekadashi, a fasting day", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7689387", "score": "1.0474515", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Nanda Baba", "text": "Krishna derives his name \"Nandanandana\" (meaning son of Nanda) from him. Nandagopa was the father of the baby girl yogamaya which is an incarnation of goddess durga to save krishna from getting killed in the hands of kamsa he was also the adopted father of Lord Sri Krishna. He took care of his sister Rohini's son Balrama. Nanda, also identified as King Nanda in many scriptures was a kinsman and great friend of King Vasudeva. The fact that King Nanda and King Vasudeva were brothers is confirmed both by Bhagavat Purana, Book 10, and Mahabharata. According to \"Bhagavata Purana\", King", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5311744", "score": "0.9445175", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Krishna", "text": "Krishna Krishna (, ; ) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the eighth avatar of the god Vishnu and also as the supreme God in his own right. He is the god of compassion, tenderness, and love in Hinduism, and is one of the most popular and widely revered among Indian divinities. Krishna's birthday is celebrated every year by Hindus on Janmashtami according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar, which falls in late August or early September of the Gregorian calendar. The anecdotes and narratives of Krishna's life are generally titled as \"Krishna Leela\". He is a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "524987", "score": "0.92642343", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Parashara", "text": "blessed her with a son, Krishna Dvaipāyana, who was dark-complexioned and hence may be called by the name Krishna (black), and also the name Dwaipayana, meaning 'island-born'. He later compiled the classic Vedic literatures of India, and so is called Vyasa who is the 17th incarnations of Lord Vishnu. Parashara granted her the boon that the finest fragrance may emit from her person. She was thereafter known as Satyavati (pure fragrance). Leaving Satyavati in the care of Vyasa, Parashara proceeded to perform Tapas (intense meditation). Later Vyasa also became a Rishi and Satyavati returned to her father's house, and in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5598891", "score": "0.9200023", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Prsnigarbha", "text": "In the second life, during Treta Yuga, He was born as Vamana, son of Aditi and Kasyapa. In the third life, towards the end of Dwapara Yuga, He was born as Krishna, son of Vasudeva and Devaki. Prsnigarbha Prsnigarbha is the Avatar of Vishnu. He appeared before Dhruva and created the planet known as Dhruvaloka for the habitation of Dhruva. Prajapati Sutapa and his wife Prsni worshipped Vishnu with such devotion that He Himself appeared before them for granting boon. In their over enthusiasm they asked thrice \"We need a son equivalent to you\". Vishnu told them that He Himself", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9688539", "score": "0.9153089", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Mahabharata", "text": "that, unlike in the Hindu Puranas, the names Baladeva and Vasudeva are not restricted to Balarama and Krishna in Jain puranas. Instead they serve as names of two distinct class of mighty brothers, who appear nine times in each half of time cycles of the Jain cosmology and rule the half the earth as half-chakravartins. Jaini traces the origin of this list of brothers to the Jinacharitra by Bhadrabahu swami (4th–3rd century BCE). According to Jain cosmology Balarama, Krishna and Jarasandha are the ninth and the last set of Baladeva, Vasudeva, and Partivasudeva. The main battle is not the Mahabharata,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "263542", "score": "0.9117383", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Tourism in Uttarakhand", "text": "The other version of the legend states that the confluence derives its name from the Yadava king Nanda, the foster-father of god Krishna. According to the legend, Vishnu granted a boon of the birth of a son to Nanda and his wife Yashoda and also the same boon to Devaki, wife of Vasudeva. Placed in a dilemma, since both were his disciples, he ensured that Krishna, an incarnation of Vishnu, was born to Devaki and Vasudeva but was fostered by Yashoda and Nanda. There is temple for Gopal, a form of Krishna, here. The legends also narrate that sage Kanva", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16648489", "score": "0.91030115", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Vyasa (title)", "text": "is considered to be the scribe of both the Vedas and Puranas. Krishna Dvaipāyana Vyasa is also considered to be one of the seven Chiranjivins (long lived, or immortals), who are still in existence according to general Hindu belief. Krishna Dvaipāyana Vyasa will also become one of the Saptarishi in the 8th Manvantara along with sage Kripa ,sage Aswatthama and sage Parashurama Ashwatthama or Drauni was the son of guru Drona.Drona did many years of severe penance to please Lord Siva in order to obtain a son who possesses the same valiance as of Lord Siva. Aswatthama is the avatar", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18601591", "score": "0.9102237", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Manvantara", "text": "Svayambhuva-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar was called Yajna. The first Manu was Svayambhuva Manu. His three daughters, namely Akuti, Devahuti and Prasuti. Devahuti gave birth to one son name kapila and 9 daughters while Prasuti gave birth to Yajna and Akuti gave birth to one son and one daughter. Svayambhuva Manu, along with his wife, Satarupa, went into the forest to practice austerities on the bank of the River Sunanda. At some point in time, Rakshasas attacked them, but Yajna, accompanied by his sons the Yamas and the demigods, killed them. Then Yajna personally took the post of Indra, the King", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10443654", "score": "0.9082109", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Kali Yuga", "text": "Ganga, verses 50–60 are Lord Sri Krishna's answer. This text is taken from the Brahma-vaivarta Purana [14] Text 59: The above is supported in 4.90.32–33: Hence to protect ourself from Kaliman, it is believed that we should start doing japa, meditation, or any yoga such as Bhakti yoga, karma yoga, Raja yoga, and jnana yoga. But, chanting the holy name of God is the best path in Kali Yuga. Kali is the reigning lord of Kali Yuga and his nemesis is Kalki, the tenth and final Avatar of Lord Vishnu. According to the Vishnu Purana, Kali is a negative manifestation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1492455", "score": "0.9072504", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Narakasura", "text": "ask him to deliver them from Narakasura. Vishnu promised them that he would attend to this matter, when he would be incarnated as Krishna. As promised to Mother Earth, Narakasura was allowed to enjoy a long reign. At last Vishnu was born as Krishna. Aditi, who was a relative of Krishna's wife Satyabhama (believed to be an Avatar of Bhudevi - Narakasura' mother), approached Satyabhama for help. When Satyabhama heard of the Narakasura's ill treatment of women and his behaviour with Aditi, she was enraged. Satyabhama approached Lord Krishna for permission to wage a war against Narakasura. As promised to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6375684", "score": "0.9060721", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Pranava yoga", "text": "also nice, because Omkara is Krishna. If we simply remember, ‘This Omkara is Krishna,’ then we become perfect, because the goal is to become Krishna conscious. So you can become Krishna conscious while chanting Om.” “Om is the highest Name of God, and comprises many other Names of God. It should be borne in mind that Om is the Name of God exclusively–and of no other object material or spiritual–while the others are but descriptive titles and not exactly proper names.” “This is the Ultimate Word: but can any express its marvellous savor? He who has savored it once, he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8722847", "score": "0.9043424", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Govinda", "text": "Govinda ' and ' (Sanskrit/Hindi: / and ) (also known as ) are the names of Vishnu which mean \"The finder of Veda\" & \"Protector of Veda\" as 'Go' means Veda, Cow and also senses. So Govinda, Gopala means \"Cowherd\" or \"Protector of Cows\", or one who gives pleasure to senses. These names are also popularly addressed to Krishna, referring to his youthful activity as a cowherd boy. This name appears as the 187th and the 539th name of Lord Vishnu in Vishnu Sahasranama. Lord Vishnu or his complete incarnation Krishna are regarded as the Supreme God in the Vaishnava", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2855845", "score": "0.90425783", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Krishna in the Mahabharata", "text": "lineage of the Yadavas continued through Aniruddha's son, prince Vajra, great grandson of Krishna and grandson of Pradhyumna. Parikshit was the son of Abhimanyu and the grandson of Arjuna. Late Sri. Kulapati K.M.Munshi's famous narration of the life of Lord Krishna, Krishnavatara (Volumes 1 to 8) published by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan is a very good read into the political aspects of Lord Krishna, painting Krishna not as the God Almighty but as a human Hero and a Great Leader. A very interesting read between the lines into the inner aspects of politics by Krishna as a human being. The following", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7462501", "score": "0.9029889", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Vasudeva", "text": "Vasudeva In the Bhagavad Purana, Vasudeva (Devanagari , IAST \") was the father of the eighth incarnation of Vishnu, Krishna, and his siblings Balarama and Subhadra. He was a Yadav Prince. He was the son of great Yadav king Shurasena. He was the brother of Nanda Baba, who took care of Krishna during his early years as a child. His sister Kunti was married to Pandu. Kunti plays a big role later in the war Mahabharata. The patronymic \" (with long \"ā\") is a popular name of Krishna. According to the Harivansa Purana, Vasudeva and Nanda were brothers. He was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "971580", "score": "0.902739", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Shri Krishnanjaneya Yuddham", "text": "he permits it. Once Anjaneya sees Yama Dharma Raju, he captures him and asks where he had hidden his Lord by throttling his neck. Narada makes him relieved and replies that Rama Avatar is ended long back and the present god is Krishna. Then he says with anger that there is only one god in this universe that is his Rama. Narada exaggerates the situation by telling him that he if says Rama, everyone will think of Balarama, brother of Krishna. Now Anjaneya sends a warning to Balarama to change his name. In anger, Balarama starts for war, but he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14999593", "score": "0.9018167", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Krishna in the Mahabharata", "text": "of worship in Krishnaism and Vaishnavism. This tradition is considered separately to other traditions that led to amalgamation at a later stage of the historical development, that form the basis of current tradition of monotheistic religion of Krishna. Some early scholars would equate it with Bhagavatism, and the founder of this religious tradition is believed to be Krishna, who is the son of Vasudeva, thus his name is \"Vāsudeva\", and according to them his followers called themselves Bhagavatas and this religion had formed by the 2nd century BC (the time of Patanjali), or as early as the 4th century BC", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7462518", "score": "0.9010855", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Sharanga", "text": "gave this to God Varuna, the lord of the hydrosphere. Lord Krishna is 8th incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Lord Agni (God of fire) suffered from a digestive problem because of intake of lot of ghee from the yagnas performed by many people. He approached Lord Brahma for help. Lord Brahma told him to burn entire forest of Khandava to clear the problem and satisfy hunger. Soon Lord Agni came to know that Takshaka, the serpent-king lived in the same forest and was a friend of Indra's. Indra also promised that he would be on Takshaka side to save the forest.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13454581", "score": "0.90024966", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Govinda", "text": "Child Krishna), and the original cult of Krishna-Vasudeva which may date back to several centuries before the Common Era. \"Govinda\" is a name of Krishna and also appears as the 187th and 539th name of Vishnu in the Vishnu Sahasranama, the 1000 names of Vishnu. According to Adi Sankara's commentary on the Vishnu Sahasranama, translated by Swami Tapasyananda, Govinda has four meanings: Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, in his commentary on the Bhagavad-Gita, states that Govinda means \"master of the senses\". In the Mahabharata, when Draupadi's saree was stripped by Dushasana in the court of Hastinapura, it is said that Draupadi prayed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2855847", "score": "0.8990162", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Nilamata Purana", "text": "by Lord Krishna's brother, Balarama. In order to avenge his father's death, Gonanda's son Damodara went to Gandhara to fight with lord Krishna who had gone there to attend a Svayamvara. Krishna killed Damodara in the fight but taking into consideration the high sanctity of Kashmir he coronated his rival's pregnant widow Yasovati. Damodara's Posthumous son Bala Gonanda was a minor at the time of the great war, so he did not join either the Kauravas or the Pandavas. Vaismpayana points out the importance of Kashmir by referring to its numerous charms and its identification with Uma. He points out", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18593461", "score": "0.8983753", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Madhava (Vishnu)", "text": "goddess of fortune (Lakshmi). Arjuna addresses Krishna in the first chapter as follows: \"\"What should we gain, O Krishna, husband of the goddess of fortune, and how could we be happy by killing our own kinsmen?\"\" (Bhagavad-Gita 1.36) Also in the Bhagavad-Gita, Arjuna address Krishna as \"Madhava\" (meaning \"Lord of fortune and also slayer of the demon Madhu\"). According to Adi Sankara' s commentary on the Vishnu sahasranama, Madhava means the consort (dhava) of the Mother (Ma), or Mahalaksmi, the 'Mother of the Universe'. Alternatively, it means 'one who is fit to be known through Madhu-vidya' or can mean 'One", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6118420", "score": "0.89554065", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Nagnajiti", "text": "in his court, the king rose from his throne and honoured Krishna with gifts and welcomed him warmly to Kosala. Naganjiti was also very joyful to see Krishna and prayed that Krishna be her husband. Both the king and his daughter are aware of Krishna's divinity. Nagnajit worships Krishna and asks the purpose of his visit. When Krishna declared that he wished to marry Nagnajiti, the King states that there would no better husband for his daughter, but he had taken a vow that he would marry his daughter to a brave prince who would bring the seven bulls under", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17083342", "score": "0.89481884", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Manvantara", "text": "Pivara. In Tapasa-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar was called Hari. He was named Tapasa because he was born during Tapasya (deep meditation) Tapasa/Tamasa, the brother of the third Manu, was the fourth Manu, and he had ten sons, including Prithu, Khyati, Nara and Ketu. During his reign, the Satyakas, Haris, Viras and others were demigods, the seven great saints were headed by Jyotirdhama, and Trisikha became Indra. Harimedha begot a son named Hari by his wife Harini. Hari saved the devotee Gajendra. Saptarshis list: Hirannyaroma, Vedasrí, Urddhabahu, Vedabahu, Sudhaman, Parjanya, and Mahámuni. In Raivata-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar was called Vaikuntha. Vaikuntha", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10443657", "score": "0.8945371", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Krishna in the Mahabharata", "text": "Krishna in the Mahabharata Within the Indian epic Mahabharata, Krishna was the son of the Yadava chief Vasudeva and his wife Devaki. Hence he was known as Vasudeva Krishna or Vaasudeva. Krishna was the key political figure in overthrowing Kansa, the king of Surasena Kingdom. The kingdom of Surasena was the native kingdom of Yadava clans constituted by the Andhakas, Vrishnis and Bhojas. By overthrowing Kansa, Krishna re-established the old king Ugrasena on the throne and stabilized the kingdom from collapse due to factional fighting within the kingdom. The next threat came from outside the country, from the Magadha Kingdom.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7462497", "score": "0.89375293", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Radha-vallabha", "text": "having the Yugal Darshan of Radhavallabh ji. It is also a popular name of Krishna, meaning the consort of Radha.Shri Radhavallabhlalji is considered as Krishna as well as Radha in one. The appearance of Lord-Krishna, the reincarnation of the almighty with complete \"sixteen-kala\" avtar with his Divine-love consorts Sri Radha more than five thousands year age in \"Brij-India\"; is a well accepted fact of life by the people of India and not a mere legend of Historians. In the lap of nature, in Vrindavan with its cluster of forests and meadows surrounded by the revered river Yamuna, the almighty mingled", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5790918", "score": "0.89173603", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Vishnu Puran (TV series)", "text": "Rohini took away their seventh son, who later came to be known as Balarama. Lord Krishna is born as the eighth son. Kans sends Demon queen Putana to kill Krishna. Child Krishna sucks out her life. Lord Krishna as child performs Leelas with cowherd friends. Kans goes through nightmares. Krishna kills Kans' elephant Kuwaliyapeed. Krishna appears in various forms in Rangshala. Krishna kills Kans. Episode 122: Using the scenes from previous volumes, this episode summarizes Lord Vishnu's Ten Incarnations. The first incarnation was as a fish to protect Manu and to punish the demon Hayagriva who had stolen the four", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9914439", "score": "0.8914763", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Svayam Bhagavan", "text": "all sorrows by chanting the \"Vishnu sahasranama\", which are the thousand names of the all-pervading supreme being Vishnu, who is the master of all the worlds, supreme over the \"devas\" and who is one with Brahman. This seems to indicate that Krishna is identical with Vishnu. Indeed, Krishna himself said, \"Arjuna, one may be desirous of praising by reciting the thousand names. But, on my part, I feel praised by one shloka. There is no doubt about it.” Many Vaishnava schools have different interpretation of the concept as for example followers of the Swaminarayan Sampraday believe that Lord Narayana manifested", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11827663", "score": "0.89092845", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Vishnu Sahasranama", "text": "to that of Vishnu. Based on another verse in the Padma Purana which says that the benefit of chanting the one thousand names of Vishnu can be derived from chanting one name of Rama, and a verse in the Brahma Vaivarta Purana equating the benefit of chanting three names of Rama with one name of Krishna. However, it is important to realize that those verses in those puranas are not to be interpreted literally, as many believe that there is no difference between Vishnu and Krishna. This theological difference can be expressed as follows: Many Vaishnava groups recognize Krishna as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3507961", "score": "0.89074033", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Ekasarana Dharma", "text": "who is the supreme entity himself. who is suddha (pure), satya (true). All other deities are subservient to Him. Brahman, Vishnu and Krishna are fundamentally one. Krishna is alone the supreme worshipful in the system. Sankaradeva's Krishna is Nārāyana, the Supreme Reality or Parama Brahma and not merely an avatara of Visnu. Krishna is God Himself. It considers Narayana (Krishna) as both the cause as well as the effect of this creation, and asserts Narayana alone is the sole reality. From the philosophical angle, He is the Supreme Spirit (Param-Brahma). As the controller of the senses, the Yogis call him", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8619296", "score": "0.88973546", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Pradyumna", "long_answer": "Affliation = Avatara of Kamadeva. Pradyumna (Sanskrit: प्रद्युम्न) is the name of a character in the Srimad Bhagavatam. He was the son of Lord Krishna and Rukmini. Pradyumna is considered as one of the four vyuha avatars of Vishnu. According to some accounts, Pradyumna was an incarnation of Kamadeva, the god of love. Pradyumna is also a name of the Hindu god Vishnu, being referred to as Vishnu Ankar Gupta. He is one in 24 Keshava Namas (names), praised in all pujas. It is also the only name in Sanskrit with all the 3 letters joint (referred as जोडाक्षर)", "chunked_long_answer": "Affliation = Avatara of Kamadeva. Pradyumna (Sanskrit: प्रद्युम्न) is the name of a character in the Srimad Bhagavatam. He was the son of Lord Krishna and Rukmini. Pradyumna is considered as one of the four vyuha avatars of Vishnu. According to some accounts, Pradyumna was an incarnation of Kamadeva, the god of love. Pradyumna is also a name of the Hindu god Vishnu, being referred to as Vishnu Ankar Gupta. He is one in 24 Keshava Namas (names), praised in all pujas. It is also the only name in Sanskrit with all the 3 letters joint (referred as जोडाक्षर)", "short_answers": [ "Pradyumna" ] }

[ "B. R. Ambedkar" ]

[ { "title": "Constitution of India", "text": "The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world. B. R. Ambedkar, the chairman of the Drafting Committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Mahendra Pal Singh", "text": "Mahendra Pal Singh Mahendra Pal Singh (born 15 July 1940), popularly known as M.P. Singh, is a renowned constitutional law scholar of India. He is best known amongst students of Constitution of India for being the revising author of \"V.N. Shukla's Constitution of India\" a standard textbook for lawyers on Constitution of India. Internationally however, he is more famous amongst scholars of comparative constitutional law and comparative administrative law for his work, \"German Administrative Law in Common Law Perspective\". Professor Singh was born in an ordinary farmer's family in a village called Jitholi in the district of Meerut in Uttar", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10918096", "score": "1.0360316", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Mahendra Pal Singh", "text": "Their three children are Sandhya, Shailendra and Swati. Mahendra Pal Singh Mahendra Pal Singh (born 15 July 1940), popularly known as M.P. Singh, is a renowned constitutional law scholar of India. He is best known amongst students of Constitution of India for being the revising author of \"V.N. Shukla's Constitution of India\" a standard textbook for lawyers on Constitution of India. Internationally however, he is more famous amongst scholars of comparative constitutional law and comparative administrative law for his work, \"German Administrative Law in Common Law Perspective\". Professor Singh was born in an ordinary farmer's family in a village called", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10918108", "score": "1.0351412", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Subhash C. Kashyap", "text": "Subhash C. Kashyap Subhash C. Kashyap (born 10 May 1929) is a former Secretary-General of 7th Lok Sabha, 8th Lok Sabha and 9th Lok Sabha and Lok Sabha Secretariat (Lower House of Parliament of India) from 1984 to 1990. He is well known Political Scientist, expert in Indian Constitution, Constitutional Law, Parliamentary Experts and distinguished scholar. He also headed an International Centre for Parliamentary Documentation,IPU at Geneva till 1983. He was Honorary Constitutional Advisor to the Government of India on Panchayati Raj Laws and Institutions. He is also Recipient of several prestigious awards for the Best Books in Constitution, Law", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15409381", "score": "1.0120726", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Prasanna Kumar Patasani", "text": "High Court under Article 348 (2) of the Constitution of India. Dr. Prasanna PAtasani is termed as the principal leader leading Odia language to be declared as the Classical Language status in India since he argued that the History of Odia Language and Odia script in Pali too and is very much available in the caves of Khandagiri and Udaya Giri in Bhubaneswar which goes back to three thousand years. Prasanna Kumar Patasani Prasanna Kumar Patasani ()(born 27 April 1946) is a Lawyer, Philosopher, Poet, and Member of the 16th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Bhubaneswar constituency of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8807764", "score": "0.9970702", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Vallabhbhai Patel", "text": "and India's civil servants. Patel was a senior leader in the Constituent Assembly of India and was responsible in large measure for shaping India's constitution. He is also known as the \"Bismarck of India\". Patel was a key force behind the appointment of Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar as the chairman of the drafting committee, and the inclusion of leaders from a diverse political spectrum in the process of writing the constitution. Patel was the chairman of the committees responsible for minorities, tribal and excluded areas, fundamental rights, and provincial constitutions. Patel piloted a model constitution for the provinces in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "701166", "score": "0.98636013", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Sharfuddin Ahmad", "text": "India's Constitution. Sharfuddin Ahmad Sharfuddin Ahmad (born 15 September 1955), is an Indian lawyer, political leader and author. In 1996, he contested in the 11th Lok Sabha Elections from Kanpur Constituency under the platform of Bahujan Samaj Party and came third. Presently he is the National Vice-President of the Social Democratic Party of India. He was born at Farrukhabad in Uttar Pradesh, India on 15 September 1955. He studied Law at the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He started his career as an advocate at the Fatehgarh District Court and after working for around two years he shifted to Allahabad High", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20080480", "score": "0.98499006", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Beohar Rammanohar Sinha", "text": "Beohar Rammanohar Sinha Beohar Rammanohar Sinha (15 June 1929 – 25 October 2007) was an Indian artist who is very well known for his illustrations in the original final manuscript of Constitution of India, including the complete Preamble-page, which was brought to fruition in 1949 as one of the most beautiful Constitution in the world in addition to being the most comprehensive one. He is also known as a cultural ambassador of India who disseminated Indian art in the Far East, and brought Oriental Art to India. His works are housed in numerous prestigious public and private collections throughout the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15732395", "score": "0.9846593", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Sharad Arvind Bobde", "text": "Jasti Chelameswar, and Chokkalingam Nagappan, ratified an earlier order of the Supreme Court and clarified that no Indian citizen without an Aadhaar card can be deprived of basic services and government subsidies. Sharad Arvind Bobde Sharad Arvind Bobde (born 24 April 1956 Nagpur) is a judge of the Supreme Court of India. He is a former Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court. He is also serving as the Chancellor of Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai and Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur. He is due to retire on 23 April 2021. With a tenure of 8 years in Supreme Court", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17752190", "score": "0.980197", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Kesavananda Bharati", "text": "Supreme Court of India that outlined the basic structure doctrine of the constitution. Indian national newspaper \"The Hindu\", in April 2013, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary, noted that this was the case which saved the Indian democracy and thanked Shri Kesavananda Bharati and jurist Nanabhoy Palkhivala for the same. He is the present head and guru of Sri Edneer Mutt which belongs to the parampara of Sri Thotakacharya, one of the first four disciples of Sri Adi Shankaracharya and follows Smartha Bhagawatha tradition of Advaitha Pantha which has more than 1200 years of history of religion, culture, art,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16645647", "score": "0.9721185", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Kazi Syed Karimuddin", "text": "include Syed Mukassir Shah, former chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council and Justice M.M. Qazi, former chairman of the Maharashtra Administrative Council and retired judge of the Bombay High Court Kazi Syed Karimuddin Kazi Syed Karimuddin MA, LLB (19 July 1899, in Yavatmal District, Maharashtra – 14 November 1977) was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India that framed the Indian Constitution. The son of Kazi Syed Nasiruddin and Dayanath Begum, he studied at the Aligarh Muslim University founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. A criminal lawyer \"par excellence\", he was a prominent member of the Congress party.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8778532", "score": "0.9690286", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Hormasji Maneckji Seervai", "text": "changes to the Constitution of India. His most famous case, \"\"Keshavananda Bharati vs the State of Kerala\" \" 1973, perhaps is a case the full repercussions of which have not yet completely been understood but which stands as the defining and distinguishing part of democracy under the written constitution vs. the British model. The decision in this matter established that a legislature, elected for the legislative process, does not have the ability to amend the basic structure of the constitution. This in itself indicates a departure from the British Westminster democracy, where the unwritten constitution can be amended at will", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6396380", "score": "0.9673959", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Harendra Coomar Mookerjee", "text": "Harendra Coomar Mookerjee Harendra Coomar Mookerjee (1887–1956), also spelt as H.C. Mookherjee or H.C. Mukherjee or H.C. Mukerji or H.C. Mukerjee, was the Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly of India for drafting the Constitution of India before Partition of India, and the first Governor of West Bengal after India became a republic with partition into India and Pakistan. He was an educationalist, prominent Christian leader of Bengal, and was the chairman of the Minority rights committee and Provincial constitution committee of the Constituent Assembly—consisting of indirectly elected representatives to draft the Constitution of India, including for provinces of present Pakistan", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8089238", "score": "0.96475637", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Vaijnath Mohiniraj Pundlik", "text": "Vaijnath Mohiniraj Pundlik Vaijnath Mohiniraj Pundlik (Born 23 December 1913 - Death 9 March 2009) was an Indian architect, considered an important figure of South Asian architecture and noted for his contributions to the evolution of architectural discourse in India. He is known for his contributions to the architecture of Indian Parliament at Delhi. Vaijnath Mohiniraj Pundlik was born in Parli Vaijnath, India. His father was working in postal and telegram department. His father had a transferable job and had service at many places in Maharashtra. Vaijnath Mohiniraj Pundlik studied his schooling at Pandharpur and Parbhani. At that time, Parbhani", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16906458", "score": "0.9589107", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Constitution bench (India)", "text": "State of Madras, Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (basic structure doctrine) and Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India (OBC reservations) etc. Constitution bench (India) Constitution bench is the name given to the benches of the Supreme Court of India which consist of at least five judges of the court which sit to decide any case “involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation” of the Constitution of India. This provision has been mandated by Article 145 (3) of the Constitution of India. The Chief Justice of India has the power to constitute a Constitution Bench and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18008081", "score": "0.957251", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Hormasji Maneckji Seervai", "text": "readers alike. Simplicity In many respects, Seervai, the man, was greater than Seervai, the lawyer, but the two characters were inextricably mixed, making him the most respected person in law and giving him that indefinable eminence over several lawyers of his day who were reputed to be clever and more astute than he was. Seervai is best known for his 1967 analysis, the \"Constitutional Law of India – a Critical Commentary\". This work contributed significantly to the \"Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala\" case (1973) that led to the development of the \"Basic structure doctrine\", which inhibits politically motivated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6396379", "score": "0.9565647", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Mohan Dharia", "text": "time started his political career. He was previously associated with the Praja Socialist Party and also participated in National Struggle. He was General Secretary of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee 1962—67 and Member of All India Congress Committee 1962—75. A highlight of Dharia's political career was his staunch opposition to the Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India, introduced in 1975 by Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi. He called it 'a surrender of parliamentary democracy to the coming dictatorship'. His opposition to the imposition of a state of emergency in June 1975 led to his detention by the government with other dissenting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14061729", "score": "0.9564066", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "K. K. Venugopal", "text": "K. K. Venugopal Kottayan Katankot Venugopal (born 1931), known generally as K. K. Venugopal (personal name is Venugopal) is an Indian constitutional lawyer and a senior advocate in the Supreme Court of India. On 30 June 2017, he was appointed as the Attorney General of India under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Venugopal was born in Kanhangad, a town in the erstwhile South Canara district of Madras Presidency of British India (present-day Kerala, India), and grew up in Mangalore. Venugopal did his B.Sc in Physics from the prestigious Madras Christian College at Tambaram, Chennai and law from Raja", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12417517", "score": "0.95636046", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Adish Aggarwala", "text": "Chief Minister of Haryana and Mr. Indresh Kumar, Member, National Executive Committee, RSS. Adish Aggarwala Adish C. Aggarwala is a jurist and the President of International Council of Jurists, Chairman of All India Bar Association, Convener of Indian Council of Jurists, Chairman of India Legal Information Institute, Secretary General of All India Senior Advocates Association and Patron of All India Law Students Association. In 2009, Aggarwala authored the book \"Constitution of India\". The foreword was contributed by Justice K.G. Balakrishnan, Chief Justice of India which was presented to the President of India Pratibha Devisingh Patil. Also co-authored (with British author", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14520583", "score": "0.9543875", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Moturi Satyanarayana", "text": "its drafting was a major accomplishment. Moturi Satyanarayana Satyanarayana Moturi (2 February 1902 – 6 March 1995) was an Indian freedom fighter alongside Mohandas Gandhi until 1947 and then a member of the Constituent Assembly of India which drafted the Indian Constitution. He was a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha (the Upper House in the Indian government) until 1966. He was instrumental in making Hindi an official language in the Indian Constitution, while tolerating the other major Indian languages. He devoted his later life to helping spread Hindi in South India. Moturi was born in Dondapadu village in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13579826", "score": "0.9541719", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "text": "would be the normal constitutional procedure. Jawaharlal Nehru Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru (; ; 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was a freedom fighter, the first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence. He emerged as an eminent leader of the Indian independence movement under the tutelage of Mahatma Gandhi and served India as Prime Minister from its establishment as an independent nation in 1947 until his death in 1964. He is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state: a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. He was also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "216219", "score": "0.9467799", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Amendment of the Constitution of India", "text": "Amendment of the Constitution of India Amending the Constitution of India is the process of making changes to the nation's fundamental law or supreme law. The procedure of amendment in the constitution is laid down in Part XX (Article 368) of the Constitution of India. This procedure ensures the sanctity of the Constitution of India and keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament of India. However, there is another limitation imposed on the amending power of the constitution of India, which developed during conflicts between the Supreme Court and Parliament, where Parliament wants to exercise discretionary use of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14033954", "score": "0.9466781", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Ranganath Misra", "text": "Ranganath Misra Ranganath Misra (25 November 1926 – 13 September 2012) was as the 21st Chief Justice of India, serving from 25 September 1990 to 24 November 1991. He was also the first chairman of the National Human Rights Commission of India. He also served as Member of Parliament in Rajya Sabha from the Congress Party between 1998-2004. Ranganath Misra was born on 25 November 1926 in Banapur, Odisha into an Odia family. His father, Godavaris Mishra (sometimes spelt Godabarish Misra), was an Odia litterateur and congress politician who became education minister of Orissa state in 1941 while India was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12827922", "score": "0.9454737", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Hans Raj Khanna", "text": "He also wrote an autobiography, \"Neither Roses nor Thorns\", (Lucknow, 1985). In the conclusion of his \"Making of India's constitution\", he writes: If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people. Imbecility of men, history teaches", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8895977", "score": "0.9440298", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Amendment of the Constitution of India", "text": "included the following: Amendment of the Constitution of India Amending the Constitution of India is the process of making changes to the nation's fundamental law or supreme law. The procedure of amendment in the constitution is laid down in Part XX (Article 368) of the Constitution of India. This procedure ensures the sanctity of the Constitution of India and keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament of India. However, there is another limitation imposed on the amending power of the constitution of India, which developed during conflicts between the Supreme Court and Parliament, where Parliament wants to exercise", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14033998", "score": "0.9401703", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Laxman Mahadeo Chitale", "text": "Laxman Mahadeo Chitale Laxman Mahadeo Chitale, (1892-1960) was an Indian architect, author and one of the first Indian associates of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He was the architect of several landmark buildings in India such as the Life Insurance Corporation of India building, Chennai, Ram Mohan Palace, Kochi which was once the seat of the High Court of Kerala, Subramania Bharati Monument, Ettayapuram, Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar and the Reserve Bank of India building, Nagpur. The Government of India honoured him in 1957, with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18730972", "score": "0.9397631", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "R. Venkataraman", "text": "R. Venkataraman Ramaswamy Venkataraman (, 4 December 191027 January 2009) was an Indian lawyer, Indian independence activist and politician who served as a Union Minister and as the eighth President of India. Venkataraman was born in Rajamadam village in Tanjore district, Madras Presidency. He studied law and practised in the Madras High Court and the Supreme Court of India. In his young age, he was an activist of the Indian independence movement and participated in the Quit India Movement. He was appointed as the member of the Constituent Assembly and the provisional cabinet. He was elected to the Lok Sabha", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3329998", "score": "0.93923914", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "J. R. Mudholkar", "text": "– September 1960 and was acting Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court during August – September 1960. He was amongst the first Indian Supreme Court justices to proclaim the notion that later became known as the Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution. In his separate concurring judgment agreeing with the majority to dismiss the petition of Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan, Mudholkar averred, somewhat hesitatingly, that constitution had certain \"basic features\" that cannot be amended by Parliament through its amending powers under Article 368: \"Before I part with this case I wish to make it clear that what", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16268917", "score": "0.938616", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Chokkalingam Nagappan", "text": "a Judge of The Supreme Court of India and sworn in on 19.09.2013. Nagappan who held a relatively short tenure retired as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India on 03.10.2016. A three judge bench of the Indian Supreme Court, comprising Nagappan, Jasti Chelameswar, and Sharad Arvind Bobde ratified an earlier order of the Supreme Court and clarified that no Indian citizen without an Aadhaar card can be deprived of basic services and government subsidies. Chokkalingam Nagappan Chokkalingam Nagappan (born 4 October 1951) is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India serving from September 2013 till his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17152004", "score": "0.93857616", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India", "text": "Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1955, empowered the President to prescribe a time limit for a State Legislature to convey its views on proposed Central laws relating to the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. The amendment also permitted the President to extend the prescribed limit, and prohibited any such bill from being introduced in Parliament until after the expiry of the prescribed or extended period. The 5th Amendment re-enacted the proviso to Article", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17695448", "score": "0.9353397", "original_retrieval_index": 33 } ]

{ "title": "Constitution of India", "long_answer": "The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world. B. R. Ambedkar, the chairman of the Drafting Committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world. B. R. Ambedkar, the chairman of the Drafting Committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect.", "short_answers": [ "B. R. Ambedkar" ] }

[ "BeBe Winans" ]

[ { "title": "I Wanna Be the Only One", "text": "\"I Wanna Be the Only One\" is a song by British R&B girl group Eternal. It was the third single released from their album Before the Rain. Topping the UK Singles Chart, the release became the group's third collaboration with BeBe Winans, who produced 1994's \"Crazy\" (from Always & Forever) and 1995's \"It Will Never End\" (from Power of a Woman).", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Eternal (group)", "text": "disbanded in 2000. Eternal made a brief comeback in 2013, with Kéllé Bryan returning to the group, only for the group to disband once again in 2014. They were considered the UK's answer to the American girl group En Vogue. Eternal's 1993 debut album \"Always & Forever\" peaked at number two on the UK Album Chart and went four-times platinum in the UK. In 1997, they reached number one on the UK Singles Chart with \"I Wanna Be the Only One\", which won them the 1997 Mobo Award for Best Single. They also received seven Brit Award nominations. In total", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2988015", "score": "1.0830996", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Eternal (Eternal album)", "text": "Eternal (Eternal album) Eternal is the fourth and final studio album by the British R&B group Eternal, released in November 1999. It was the first album they recorded without former member Kelle Bryan who was sacked from the band in 1998. The album had very little promotion, only peaking at #87 on the UK Albums Chart, but was praised for its more modern R&B sound. \"What'cha Gonna Do\" was the only single to be released from the album and it gave Eternal their last Top 20 hit. \"I Cry Real Tears\" was due to be the second single from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11850091", "score": "1.0425491", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Eternal (group)", "text": "leaving Eternal in the form of a no. 14 single called \"Higher Than Heaven\" in October 1999, but her debut solo album, \"Breakfast in Bed\", was never released. A second single, \"I Wanna Know\", was cancelled due to further health issues. She went on to launch her own artist management company, Red Hot Entertainment and finished as the female runner up on the reality TV show Love Island. Kéllé appeared in the BBC sitcom series Me and Mrs. Jones (2012) with Neil Morrisey. Kéllé, who is now a Mother of 2, can be found on Twitter. Easther teamed up with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2988027", "score": "1.0134125", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Lotti Golden", "text": "& Forever\" (EMI), certified 4x Platinum by BPI paved the way for other female UK groups like All Saints and the Spice Girls. Golden's experience as a vocalist helped shape Eternal's vocal sound on the four songs she co-produced and wrote with Faragher, including the international hit single \"Oh Baby I...\", which topped the UK Singles Chart at #4. The first UK girl group with six singles to reach the Top 15 on the UK charts from their debut LP, Eternal went on to become one of Britain's most successful girl groups achieving both international and domestic success. In 1994,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15045247", "score": "1.0056679", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "War Eternal", "text": "known as a dear friend and a superb vocalist for many years. I always thought she deserved a chance to shine – and now she’s getting it. Just like I got that chance back in 2001.\" White-Gluz also released a statement saying: The artwork for this album was created by Costin Chioreanu. Chief songwriter, guitarist and band leader Michael Amott commented about the artwork: The first single and music video \"War Eternal\" was released on March 20, 2014. The video was the first of three produced and directed by Patric Ullaeus and his Revolver Film Company. The band will start", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17948117", "score": "1.0020922", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Eternal discography", "text": "in November 1999, peaking at number 87. \"What'cha Gonna Do\", the album's sole single, peaked at number 16 in the UK and appeared on the German, Swedish and Dutch singles charts. Eternal has sold over 10 million albums. Eternal discography The discography of Eternal, a British female R&B and pop group, consists of four studio albums, five compilation albums, one remix album, two video albums and nineteen singles on EMI Records. In 1993 they released their debut single \"Stay\", which reached the top 5 in the United Kingdom and Australia (where it was certified Gold); it also reached the top", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11823314", "score": "0.9970229", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Eternal (group)", "text": "on the Dina Carroll tracks \"This Time\" and \"Don't Be a Stranger\" (1993) along with her sister Vernie. Vernie stepped out of the limelight following the split of Eternal. She went back to finish studying law and, in 2006, gave birth to her first child. In August 2010, Bennett signed with ASM Artist Management. Vernie has been busy raising funds for charities close to her heart like cancer research and CMV Action Uk. Performing with her sister Easther at Jog On for Cancer. She has also taken her first acting role on stage as Spirit of the Bean and appeared", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2988029", "score": "0.99574995", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Kéllé Bryan", "text": "She has appeared in ITV's \"The Bill\", and on 31 March 1992 she appeared as Debbie in BBC's \"EastEnders\" who was a college friend of Lloyd Tavernier (Garey Bridges). In 1993, Bryan and Nurding, together with sisters Easther and Vernie Bennett formed the 1990s award-winning, multi-million selling, chart-topping British R&B girl group Eternal. Eternal sold millions of albums and had many international hits, including 16 consecutive top 15 UK chart singles such as \"Stay\", \"Just a Step from Heaven\", \"Oh Baby I\", \"Power of a Woman\", \"I Am Blessed\", \"Someday\", \"Don't You Love Me\", \"I Wanna Be the Only One\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8216031", "score": "0.99506354", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Jeff Wootton", "text": "track 'The Eternal' through The FADER magazine, it became Q Magazine’s Track of the Day and one of NME’S top 20 tracks you need to hear. Wootton’s first single ‘The Eternal’ was officially released on Nov 6th 2015 On Dec 2nd 2015 Lauren Laverne from BBC Radio 6 Music premiered a new track entitled The Eternal [Reconstruction] Feat. Nick Zinner from Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Bootie Brown of The Pharcyde. On Jan 26th 2016 Vice (magazine) premiered a new track Sonik Drips. In March 2016 he supported The Last Shadow Puppets on Tour. He supported Kasabian for two nights at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15566100", "score": "0.99148494", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Kara (British band)", "text": "Walker. He plays piano, accordion, ukulele, keyboards, bass, guitar and mandolin on the album, which also features Kate Rouse, Kaity Rae, Luke Jackson and Lauren Deakin-Davies. \"Eternal Child\" was Blues and Roots Radio's Album of the Week on 24 January 2015, one of Paul Mansell's albums of the week on Radio Marlow FM 97.5 and Album of the Month for January 2015 on \"FolkWords\". Reviewing the album for Folking.com, Dai Jeffries described Daria Kulesh's debut as very different from another Kara album – \"ten original songs that are largely autobiographical... Daria writes strong melodies to go with her crystal clear", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18700398", "score": "0.98601556", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Eternal discography", "text": "the Only One\" received Platinum certifications from the British Phonographic Industry and Norwegian branch of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. In October of that same year, the group released \"Greatest Hits\", which peaked at number 2 and was certified 3x Platinum in the UK. The compilation also received Platinum certifications in New Zealand and Norway. \"Angel of Mine\", released as the sole single from the compilation, was a top 5 hit in the UK and Norway; whilst the 1999 cover by American recording artist Monica peaked at number 1 in the US. Eternal released their self-titled fourth album", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11823313", "score": "0.9834849", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "BeBe Winans", "text": "2010 in the category of Urban Recorded Song. In 1989, BeBe won his first Grammy for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Male for his contribution to \"Abundant Life\", a track on his brother Ronald's Family & Friends Choir. BeBe signed with Atlantic records and delivered a self-titled solo debut in 1997. The album featured the singles \"In Harms' Way\", \"Thank You\", and the international crossover hit \"I Wanna Be the Only One\" featuring British soul trio Eternal. The song topped the UK Singles Chart in Eternal's native United Kingdom in May 1997. The next album released was the fruit of a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7022524", "score": "0.98223364", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Vernie Bennett", "text": "Vernie Bennett Vernett \"Vernie\" Bennett (born 17 May 1971) is an English singer. She is a founding member of R&B girl group Eternal, with her sister Easther Bennett is also a member. Original line up included Louise and Kelle. The band was formed in 1991 and released their first single ‘Stay’ in 1993 which achieved their first top ten hit in the UK and their first top 20 hit on the American Billboard Hot 100 Chart. Nominated for four Brit Awards, Vernie and her band mates went on to sing the lead soundtrack for the Disney movie ‘The Hunchback of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11814884", "score": "0.9800016", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Peter Perrett", "text": "clothing designer and was the manager of The Only Ones from 1977–1981. Both suffer from COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) as a result of drug abuse. Solo The Only Ones The One Peter Perrett Peter Albert Neil Perrett (born 8 April 1952) is an English singer, songwriter, musician and record producer. He is the singer, rhythm guitarist and principal songwriter for the rock band the Only Ones. Prior to forming the Only Ones, who were initially active between 1976 and 1982, Perrett formed England's Glory whose recordings were finally released in 1987. Following the break-up of the Only Ones, Perrett", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4882021", "score": "0.97792184", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "The Eternal Kansas City", "text": "as \"The only song on the album where there was evidence of Morrison's mysterious majesty, it blended the lily-white sound of Anita Kerr Singers with strong gospel overtones.\" Dr John, arranger and musician on \"A Period of Transition\", describes the song as being: The song that Van got the whole album hooked up around. It was a real deep thing for him to focus on. It goes from a real ethereal voice sound to a jazz introduction and then into a kind of chunky R&B. The Eternal Kansas City \"The Eternal Kansas City\" is a song by Northern Irish singer-songwriter", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12237360", "score": "0.9752784", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Jennifer Rush", "text": "a prolific songwriter and co-wrote many of the songs on her albums, with her producers most notably being Desmond Child, Phil Ramone, Michael J. Powell, Barry Eastmond, Christopher Neil and Diane Warren. She scored hits as a singer throughout Europe, Africa and Asia with songs like \"Ring of Ice,\" \"Destiny,\" \"I Come Undone,\" \"Madonna's Eyes,\" \"Flames of Paradise\"(a duet with Elton John), \"25 Lovers,\" \"Till I Loved You\"(a duet with Plácido Domingo), \"Heart Over Mind\", \"You're My One and Only,\" \"Who Wants to Live Forever\" (a duet with Brian May from Queen), and \"Amigos Para Siempre\" (a duet with José", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3475353", "score": "0.9630817", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "I'm the Only One", "text": "even if her partner is in a new relationship, that the singer will always be the only one who really loves them with passion. The music video for \"I'm the Only One\" was directed by David Hogan, marking their first collaboration on a video. Hogan, who became friends with Etheridge, later helmed several other of her videos, including \"Your Little Secret\" in 1995 and \"I Want to Be in Love\" in 2001. The song has been covered many times on American Idol. In the Top 4 of season one, it was covered by Nikki McKibbin on 80's/90's week. In the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8955497", "score": "0.9628887", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Dina Carroll", "text": "the single and the album were shelved. However, Carroll appeared on the charity single \"It's Only Rock 'n' Roll...\" along with many other huge stars such as the Spice Girls. It reached No. 19 in the Christmas charts of 1999. In 2000, First Avenue Management entered into a crisis phase when most of their artists were dropped by their labels, e.g. Eternal, Louise, Dana Dawson, Kele Le Roc, The Honeyz, Kéllé Bryan, Michelle Gayle, etc. All of their acts had declining record sales and Carroll was also caught up in this so left First Avenue at the end of 2000.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7563293", "score": "0.96016854", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "I Only Want to Be with You", "text": "2008 Shelby Lynne on her Dusty Springfield tribute album \"Just a Little Lovin'\"<br> 2009 Jessica Andersson as \"I Only Wanna Be With You\" on her album \"Wake Up\" 2011 Amy Macdonald: recorded 2008 for canceled multi-artist Dusty Springfield 2013 Lodovica Comello (/) as \"I Only Want To Be With You\" on her album 2018 South Korean boy band Super Junior () as \"Ahora Te Puedes Marchar\" on their mini-album \"One More Time\", their first fully Spanish song after Korean/Spanish collaborations with Leslie Grace and Reik I Only Want to Be with You \"I Only Want to Be with You\" is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9416253", "score": "0.95815754", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Mark Kelson", "text": "do their second Japanese tour in April 2011 but due to the tsunami that hit Japan a few days earlier, the band's Japanese label was forced to postpone the tour. The Eternal worked with Canadian musician Jeff Martin of the multi-platinum band The Tea Party on their last album, 'Under A New Sun'. The album was co-produced by Martin and Kelson and also features them singing a duet on the song 'The Sleeper'. During 2011, Mark worked with Duncan Patterson (ex-Anathema, ex-Antimatter) to create a debut album called 'The Brink' for Duncan's new band. The band is called Alternative 4,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15830997", "score": "0.9567642", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Sarah Blasko", "text": "Kiss, The Devoted Few) on guitar and other instruments; David Hunt on piano and ukulele; Fredrik Rundqvist on drums; and David Symes on bass guitar. By July she was touring with her backing band and Fletcher was also her support act. In 2015, at her preview show of \"Eternal Return\", Blasko introduced an entirely new backing band. She was joined by Lawrence Pike on drums, Donny Benet on bass, Sarah Belkner on keys, autoharp and backing vocals, Neil Sutherland on keyboards and synthesizer and David Hunt on guitar and keyboards. In 2017, Blasko embarked on an extensive tour around metro", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15345781", "score": "0.9567059", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Johnny Franz", "text": "matched first-class pop rock material and vocalists with the sort of orchestral production that was more typical of middle of the road pop. Franz's role with these artists seems not to have been so much that of an innovator as one of a capable delegator. For Dusty Springfield's first solo record in 1963 \"I Only Want to Be with You\" and the many that followed – which were the best British equivalents to Phil Spector's Wall of Sound – he relied heavily upon arranger Ivor Raymonde who also co-wrote \"I Only Want To Be With You\". Raymonde also did some", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4130783", "score": "0.95607054", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Eternal (group)", "text": "Eternal (group) Eternal were a British R&B girl group formed in 1992 with the line-up consisting of Easther Bennett and her older sister Vernie Bennett, with Kéllé Bryan and her friend and classmate Louise Redknapp who were also recruited into the group by the label. The group became an international success, selling around 10 million records worldwide. Louise Redknapp left the group after the release of their debut album to focus on her solo career with the same label. Kéllé Bryan left the group under undisclosed circumstances. Sisters Easther Bennett and Vernie Bennett were the only members left when they", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2988014", "score": "0.9525199", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Eddie Gordon", "text": "for Eternal from their debut album \"Always & Forever\" the songs \"Stay\", \"Crazy\", \"Just a Step from Heaven\", \"Sweet Funky Thing\", \"Save Our Love\", and \"So Good\", all of which went to No. 1 in the UK Club Charts and helped the Eternal album sell 3 million copies. The UK music charts love affair with girl groups was created from this success. West End also enjoyed Club Chart Number 1 success with Dina Carroll \"Here\", \"Ain't No Man\" and \"Express\", Donna Summer \"Melody of Love\" and Toni Braxton \"Breathe Again\". Further information in the discography below. Eddie Gordon Eddie Gordon", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11449389", "score": "0.9505191", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "You're Mine (Eternal)", "text": "the song peaked at number 88 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, with 32,000 digital downloads accounting for 62% of its charting points. It became Carey's 46th chart entry since her debut in 1990; it was also her first song since \"Obsessed\" in 2009 to chart on the Hot 100 which was neither a festive/holiday song nor a collaboration nor a cover song. \"You're Mine (Eternal)\" became her seventeenth number-one song on the Dance Club Songs chart since her 1991 single \"Someday\" topped the chart, placing her in joint fifth place with Donna Summer for artist with the most number-one", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17852469", "score": "0.9496944", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "I'd Be Lost / Only One", "text": "as she makes her way alone through a carpark and starts dancing. I'd Be Lost / Only One \"I'd Be Lost\" and \"Only One\" are two songs recorded by Australian singer-songwriter Sarah Blasko for her fifth studio album \"Eternal Return\". Both songs premiered on 13 September 2015 during Richard Kingsmill's new music segment on Triple J and were released as a double A-side on 18 September 2015. On 5 November 2015, the music videos for \"I'd Be Lost\" and \"Only One\" were uploaded to Blasko's VEVO channel. \"I'd Be Lost\" features the singer in front of a backdrop of incoming", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19923323", "score": "0.94952273", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Eternal (group)", "text": "reggae band Aswad to record a cover of Diana King's \"Shy Guy\", which was released as a single in August 2002 and peaked at #62 on the UK Singles Chart. Easther also recorded a solo cover of the classic song \"First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\" which appeared on many \"Love\" themed compilations around 2002/3 including \"The All Time Classic Tearjerkers\". She also features on the Peter Cox cover of the Marvin Gaye song \"Your Precious Love\". Easther then decided to turn to songwriting and has written for many different artists including Girls Aloud. Easther also sings backing vocals", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2988028", "score": "0.9478173", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Kim Gordon", "text": "fiercely freaky Sonic Youth were a major-label act for nearly 20 years. \"The Eternal\" marks their literal return to indie rock —and that’s no big whoop, since they’ve always done pretty much what they want anyway. The irony is that \"The Eternal\" might be their most concise record ever. It’s also a rock & roll ass-kicker.\" The same year, Gordon, along with the rest of Sonic Youth, made an appearance in the television series \"Gossip Girl\" and performed an acoustic version of the song \"Starpower\". In October 2011, it was confirmed that that Gordon and Moore had separated after 27", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "835297", "score": "0.94780743", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Eternal (group)", "text": "later, Bryan was diagnosed with lupus and was forced to abandon plans for a solo career. , \"What'Cha Gonna Do\" was released from their fourth album \"Eternal\" and hit number 16. With lack of promotion the album charted at number 87. The next single \"I Cry Real Tears\" was expected to be released in April 2000, with a new version of the song; however, the single was scrapped due to poor sales of the album and Eternal were released from their recording deal with EMI. Internationally, the track \"Free to Live\" was released and translated to \"Libre para vivir\" which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2988022", "score": "0.94756657", "original_retrieval_index": 37 } ]

{ "title": "I Wanna Be the Only One", "long_answer": "\"I Wanna Be the Only One\" is a song by British R&B girl group Eternal. It was the third single released from their album Before the Rain. Topping the UK Singles Chart, the release became the group's third collaboration with BeBe Winans, who produced 1994's \"Crazy\" (from Always & Forever) and 1995's \"It Will Never End\" (from Power of a Woman).", "chunked_long_answer": "\"I Wanna Be the Only One\" is a song by British R&B girl group Eternal. It was the third single released from their album Before the Rain. Topping the UK Singles Chart, the release became the group's third collaboration with BeBe Winans, who produced 1994's \"Crazy\" (from Always & Forever) and 1995's \"It Will Never End\" (from Power of a Woman).", "short_answers": [ "BeBe Winans" ] }

[ "Rajendra Prasad", "Dr. Rajendra Prasad, INC", "Dr. Rajendra Prasad" ]

[ { "title": "Constituent Assembly of India", "text": "Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman (temporary) of Constituent Assembly. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University. Also chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution, and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Mustapha Ben Jafar", "text": "The leading parties agreed instead on a power-sharing arrangement according to which Ben Jafar would be named President of the Constituent Assembly. He was elected to that post by the Assembly when it met on 22 November 2011, receiving 145 votes against 68 for opposition candidate Maya Jribi. Mustapha Ben Jafar Mustapha Ben Jafar () (born 8 December 1940) is a Tunisian politician and medical doctor who was President of the Constituent Assembly of Tunisia from November 2011 to December 2014. He founded and has led the Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (FDTL), a political party, since 1994. Ben", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15244951", "score": "1.086004", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar", "text": "report on the need to separate the Constitution-making role of the Constituent Assembly from its legislative role. Later, on the basis of this Committee's recommendation, the legislative and Constitution-making roles of the Assembly were separated and it was decided to have a Speaker to preside over the Assembly when during its functioning as the legislative body. Mavalankar was elected to the office of speaker of the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) on 17 November 1947. With the adoption of the Constitution of India on 26 November 1949, the nomenclature of the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) was changed to the Provisional Parliament. Mavalankar became", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6429495", "score": "1.0188287", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Moncef Marzouki", "text": "running it. Following President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali's departure from Tunisia and the Tunisian revolution, Marzouki announced his return to Tunisia and his intention to run for the presidency. On 12 December 2011, the Constituent Assembly of Tunisia, a body elected to govern the country and draft a new constitution, elected Marzouki as the interim President of the Tunisian Republic, with 155 votes for, 3 against, and 42 blank votes. Blank votes were the result of a boycott from the opposition parties, who considered the new mini-constitution of the country an undemocratic one. On 14 December, one day after", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15246660", "score": "1.0120425", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Constituent Assembly (Peru)", "text": "Constituent Assembly (Peru) The Constituent Assembly was the tenth Constituent Assembly of Peru, convened by the government of General Francisco Morales Bermudez to facilitate the return of democracy following a decade of the self-styled Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces. It was settled on July 28, 1978 and was led by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, historical leader of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance. Its main mission was to develop a new constitution replacing the old 1933 Constitution. This new Constitution was enacted and promulgated on July 12, 1979, and entered into force on July 28, 1980, on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17302733", "score": "0.995628", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "President of the Constituent National Assembly", "text": "President of the Constituent National Assembly The President of the Constituent National Assembly () was the head of state of the Republic of German-Austria and later the First Austrian Republic, as well as the presiding officer of the Constituent National Assembly. The office was only held by Karl Seitz. The President succeeded the State Council in its capacity as head of state. As presiding officer of the Constituent National Assembly, the President succeeded the three Presidents of the Provisional National Assembly. The President in turn was succeeded by the President of Austria as head of state, and by the President", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20991283", "score": "0.9920722", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Hashim al-Atassi", "text": "In 1928, he was also elected President of the Constituent Assembly, and charged with laying out Syria's first republican constitution. The assembly was dissolved by the French high commissioner in May 1930 because of its adherence to the 1920 proclamation, and Atassi was imprisoned by the French for several months at Arwad Island. After being freed, he renominated himself for the presidency but lost the first round of elections and dropped out of the second, giving his endorsement to the independent Mohammad Ali al-Abid, who became president in the summer of 1932. In 1928 and 1932, he became a deputy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3648441", "score": "0.9805131", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Constituent Assembly of Italy", "text": "deputies were to be elected, although the elections could not be held in South Tyrol, Trieste, Gorizia, Pola, Fiume and Zara, which were then under Allied or Yugoslav military control. Thus, 556 deputies resulted elected. On 25 June 1946 the assembly was established, with Giuseppe Saragat (future president of the Republic) as president. Its first act, on 28 June, was the election of Enrico De Nicola as the Italian Republic's provisional president. On 504 voters, De Nicola (a member of the Italian Liberal Party) obtained 396 votes, followed by Cipriano Facchinetti (Italian Republican Party) with 40, Ottavia Penna Buscemi (Common", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8186354", "score": "0.979311", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis", "text": "by high unemployment, corruption, political repression and poor living conditions forcing President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to flee the country ending his 23-year rule over Tunisia. This was followed by the suspension then dissolution of the former ruling RCD party and the resignation of Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi amid further public pressure. Following the revolution, an election for a constituent assembly which had 217 seats was held on 23 October 2011 that saw the Ennahda Movement led by Rashid al-Ghannushi win a plurality in the election (41% of the seats) closely followed by the Congress for the Republic (CPR)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17871633", "score": "0.97649705", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Silvia Lazarte", "text": "all have to think with our hearts; we women and men legislators have to think how to end our differences” At the time of her becoming President of the Constituent Assembly, she was 42 years old and she was founder and Executive Secretary of the Central New Chapare Federation for Women. Silvia Lazarte Silvia Lazarte (born 1964), a Bolivian Indigenous woman from Quechua ancestry, became the President of the Constituent Assembly on August 6, 2006. Ms. Lazarte is a peasant leader representing the Santa Cruz department, although she was born in the Cochabamba Department. She became the principal authority of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11293139", "score": "0.9737214", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Constituent Assembly of Georgia", "text": "Constituent Assembly of Georgia The Constituent Assembly of Georgia (, \"sak’art’velos damp’udznebeli kreba\") was a national legislature of the Democratic Republic of Georgia which was elected in February 1919 to ratify the Act of Independence of Georgia and enact the Constitution of 1921. The assembly remained active until the Soviet Russian military intervention brought Georgia’s three-year independence to an end in March 1921. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Georgia seceded from Russia first as a part of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic on April 9, 1918, and then as its own sovereign republic on May 26, 1918, the day", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11762456", "score": "0.9722747", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "António Barbosa de Melo", "text": "Mendes, in which party he exercised many offices at its national organs. He integrated the Commission to the Elaboration of the Electoral Law for the Constituent Assembly in 1974, in which he was also a Deputy, as he was also at the Assembly of the Republic from 1976 to 1977 and from 1991 to 1999. He was elected the 9th President of the Assembly of the Republic during the 6th legislature (7 November 1991 - 26 October 1995). He was also a member of the Portuguese Council of State as the President of the Assembly of the Republic during the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12585703", "score": "0.9711118", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Constituent assembly", "text": "political class is trying to thwart the will of the people by disrespecting the result of the 2012 constitutional referendum. The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of India, and served as its first Parliament as an independent nation. It was set up as a result of negotiations between the leaders of the Indian independence movement and members of the British Cabinet Mission. The constituent assembly was elected indirectly by the members of the Provincial legislative assembly, which existed under the British Raj. It first met on December 9, 1946, in Delhi. On August 15, 1947,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1925461", "score": "0.96753854", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Naceur Ben Jaâfar", "text": "of the Tunisian Government representatives in charge of contacts with the fellagas all over Tunisia, in order to convince them to relinquish their weapons, with the militant Houcine Bouzaiane, Naceur Ben Jaâfar was elected as a member of the National Assembly in 1969. After the independence of Tunisia on March 20, 1956, he was elected as a member of the first Constituent Assembly, at the head of the National Front ballot list (coalition between the Neo-Destour, the Tunisian General Labour Union UGTT, the Tunisian Union for Agriculture and Fishing UTAP and the Tunisian Union for Industry, Commerce and Handicraft UTICA)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20973280", "score": "0.9670993", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Ibrahim Kassas", "text": "got elected. He does not hesitate to criticize the government, constituent assembly and the president of the Republic. He quickly became famous for his interventions broadcast on TV. Ibrahim Kassas Ibrahim Kassas is a Tunisian politician and one of the 217 members of the Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. Young, he left Tunisia to have a turn in Europe and found himself in Iraq where he found a job and met his wife. Later, he came back to his country where his life condition was hard. There, he worked as truck driver and afterwards became a driver of share taxis with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16669204", "score": "0.9657235", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Constituent Assembly of Tunisia", "text": "Constituent Assembly of Tunisia The Constituent Assembly of Tunisia, or National Constituent Assembly (NCA) was the body in charge of devising a new Tunisian constitution for the era after the fall of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and his Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD)–regime. Convoked after the election on 23 October 2011, the convention consists of 217 lawmakers representing Tunisians living both in the country and abroad. A plurality of members comes from the moderate Islamist Ennahda Movement. The Assembly held its first meeting on 22 November 2011, and was dissolved and replaced by the Assembly of the Representatives of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16014027", "score": "0.9651648", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "1945 Albanian parliamentary election", "text": "of public debate and discussion on the constitutional draft, Albania's first postwar Constitution was enacted on 14 March and the Constituent Assembly was then turned into the People's Assembly. On 18 March Enver Hoxha was tasked by this Assembly on its first meeting with forming a new government, which was approved on March 22 and sworn in on March 24 as Hoxha became Chairman of the Council of Ministers and therefore the head of government. 1945 Albanian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections for a Constituent Assembly were held in Albania on 2 December 1945. The Democratic Front, organized and led by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14138696", "score": "0.9637052", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Rafael Caldera", "text": "against the continuous violent attacks that members of his newly created party were suffering from government supporters. In 1946, he was elected as a representative to the National Constituent Assembly, inaugurated on 17 December of that year. This legislative body had the task of drafting a new Constitution guided by the principles of the October Revolution. Venezuelans from every corner of the country came to admire the rhetorical skills of the young politician. Venezuelans were able to listen to Caldera’s speeches after Andrés Eloy Blanco, President of the National Constituent Assembly, granted Caldera’s request to allow live radio broadcast of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1716388", "score": "0.96355325", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Démosthène Ollivier", "text": "and moved to Paris, where he lived quietly and raised his large family. After the February Revolution of 1848 Démosthène Ollivier had his 23-year-old son Émile Ollivier named commissary-general of the Republic in Marseille. Démosthène Ollivier was elected on 23 April 1848 to represent Bouches-du-Rhône in the Constituent Assembly. In the opening session on 4 May 1848 he asked that the oath to the Republic be delivered individually to the tribune. What that was refused, he asked that the minutes record that our acclamation of the Republic was made unanimously. The whole assembly rose in assent to this motion. Ollivier", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18690355", "score": "0.9630754", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Constituent Assembly of Georgia", "text": "when the Georgian National Council anonymously adopted the Act of Independence of Georgia. The Council declared itself provisional Parliament in October 1918 and began preparations for a nationwide legislative elections - the only general elections in pre-Soviet Georgia. The Constituent Assembly was elected in the free and direct elections held from February 14 to 17 1919, to ratify the Act of Independence and adopt the republic’s constitution. The elections were contested by 15 political parties and the results were a triumph for the Social-Democratic Party (Mensheviks) and its leaders. Of the 130 seats in the Assembly, they obtained 109; the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11762457", "score": "0.96274424", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Egyptian Constituent Assembly of 2012", "text": "Mohamed Abdel-Qader, withdrew on Tuesday, 20 November 2012. The number of withdrawals from the Constituent Assembly would have made it impossible for there to be the quorum necessary to send the constitution to a popular vote, as required by the rules of the Constituent Assembly. The Constituent Assembly has 85 members voting on the constitution, with 11 liberal members replaced with alternates. Thus, there were enough members to achieve the required 67 votes for passage. The remaining members of the assembly said they would resume their work. It was reported that there were at least 40 withdrawals overall from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16398784", "score": "0.9596664", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Constitution of El Salvador", "text": "junta governments (including those that enacted agrarian, banking, and foreign-commerce reforms). Having reestablished a working legal framework, the assembly voted itself the power to act as a legislature through the passage of constituent decrees. Since it could not serve as both the legislative and the executive branch, the Constituent Assembly was required to approve the appointment of a provisional president. Many observers believed that Arena leader Roberto D'Aubuisson Arrieta, who was elected president of the assembly on April 22, 1982, was the most likely candidate. D'Aubuisson's reputed ties with the violent right wing, however, militated against him. It was reported", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13545446", "score": "0.9596608", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Abderrahmane Farès", "text": "of the four seats. When the elected Constituent Assembly member Bachir Abdelouahab resigned, Farès overtook his seat in the Assembly on March 14, 1946. He sat in the French Section of the Workers' International (Social-Democrats) parliamentary group. In the Constituent Assembly he was included in the Interior, Algeria and General Administration Commission. He then took part to the Algerian Assembly election in 1948 and 1951, and became its President in 1953. He joined the FLN after the 1955 massacres of Muslim civilians by Pieds-Noirs settlers without reaction from the French army present on the scene. Abderrahmane Farès Abderrahmane Farès (;", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10247482", "score": "0.95912594", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Gagan Thapa", "text": "Nepalese Constituent Assembly in 2008, elected under Party-list proportional representation from the Nepali Congress party. He was in the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principle of the Constituent Assembly and the Natural Resources and Means committee of the Legislative Parliament. He was also elected as a member of Constituent Assembly from second Constitutional Assembly election held on 19 November 2013 where he ran as the Nepali Congress candidate in Kathmandu constituency 4, which he won with 22,336 votes against the other candidates Nirmal Kuikel of CPN (UML) (9,028 votes) and Nanda Kishor Pun (Pashang) of the UCPN Maoists (6,462 votes). On", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16025347", "score": "0.9589124", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "President of Nepal", "text": "removed from the King of Nepal, and the Nepalese Constituent Assembly elected in the 2008 Constituent Assembly election was to decide in its first meeting whether to continue the monarchy or to declare a republic. During the suspension of the monarchy, Girija Prasad Koirala, then Prime Minister of Nepal, acted as Head of State. On 28 May 2008, the Assembly voted to abolish the monarchy. Dr. Ram Baran Yadav won the historic election from the Constituent Assembly, and was sworn in as the nation's first president ending a 247 year old monarchy. The President is elected by an electoral college", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12021407", "score": "0.9585563", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Constituent Assembly of Tunisia", "text": "the People on 26 October 2014. Provisionally, a time of approximately one year was envisioned to develop the new constitution, although the convention itself was to determine its own schedule. Before the first session of the NCA, the Ennahda, Congress for the Republic (CPR) and Ettakatol agreed to share the three highest posts in state. Accordingly, the parliament voted Mustapha Ben Jafar (Ettakatol) speaker of the NCA upon being convoked on 22 November. Meherzia Labidi (Ennahda) and Larbi Abid (CPR) were elected vice presidents. On 10 December 2011, the assembly adopted a provisional constitution (\"Law on the provisional organisation of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16014023", "score": "0.9553353", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly", "text": "1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly The 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly was a unicameral body of 601 members that served from May 28, 2008 to May 28, 2012. It was formed as a result of the first Constituent Assembly election held on April 10, 2008. The Constituent Assembly was tasked with writing a new constitution, and acting as the interim legislature for a term of two years. 240 members were elected in single seat constituencies, 335 were elected through proportional representation, and the remaining 26 seats were reserved for nominated members. The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (CPN (M)) was the largest", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11820204", "score": "0.9547322", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Francisque Gay", "text": "was elected to the first National Constituent Assembly on the MRP platform for the first district of the Seine. He voted against the draft constitution of 19 April 1946. He was reelected to the second National Constituent Assembly and voted for the draft constitution of 28 September 1946, which was ratified by a popular referendum. Gay was deputy for the Seine from 1946 to 1951. He was Minister of State from 21 November 1945 to 26 January 1946 in the cabinet of Charles de Gaulle. He was Vice-President of the Council (deputy to the President) from 26 January 1946 to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19103424", "score": "0.9534258", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "1945 Panamanian Constitutional Assembly election", "text": "Adolfo Jiménez, former Panamanian Ambassador to Washington, Provisional President of the Republic to hold office during the life of the Constitutional Assembly and until a new President, elected in accordance with the provisions of the new Constitution, would assume office. This election took place on 15 June 1945. Former President de la Guardia retired from public office to become Director and General Manager of the newspaper La Nacion. 1945 Panamanian Constitutional Assembly election The Republic of Panama held a parliamentary election on 5 May 1945, electing a Constitutional Assembly. On 28 December 1944, a severe political crisis took place just", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14172711", "score": "0.9517353", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Habib Bourguiba", "text": "the constituents of Monastir, as the Neo-Destour candidate. On 8 April, the assembly held its opening session, chaired by M'hamed Chenik while Al-Amine bey attended the ceremony. The same day, Bourguiba was elected as President of the National Constituent Assembly and gave a speech, summarizing his ambitions for the country: With this new start, Tahar Ben Ammar's mission as head of government had ended and therefore, he delivered his resignation to al-Amine bey. Therefore, the Neo-Destour nominated Bourguiba to be their candidate for the office, on 9 April. Bourguiba accepted and was officially invited by the bey, three days after", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2376201", "score": "0.95105594", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Constituent Assembly of India", "long_answer": "Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman (temporary) of Constituent Assembly. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University. Also chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution, and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.", "chunked_long_answer": "Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman (temporary) of Constituent Assembly. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University. Also chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution, and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.", "short_answers": [ "Dr. Rajendra Prasad" ] }

[ "diastema (plural diastemata)", "diastema" ]

[ { "title": "Diastema", "text": "A diastema (plural diastemata) is a space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars. Diastemata are common for children and can exist in adult teeth as well. Diastemata are primarily caused by imbalance in the relationship between the jaw and the size of teeth. If the labial frenulum (lip tissue) pulls, it can also push the teeth apart and cause a diastema between the center of the two front teeth.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Temporomandibular joint", "text": "the lower front teeth to the edge of the upper front teeth is 40 millimeters and the overbite is 3 millimeters, then the jaw opening is 43 millimeters. During jaw movements, only the mandible moves. Normal movements of the mandible during function, such as mastication, or chewing, are known as excursions. There are two lateral excursions (left and right) and the forward excursion, known as protrusion. The reversal of protrusion is retrusion. When the mandible is moved into protrusion, the mandibular incisors, or front teeth of the mandible, are moved so that they first come edge to edge with the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1642203", "score": "0.9688008", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Guidraco", "text": "due to their extreme length the front teeth extend far beyond the upper and lower edges of the head, the protruding parts being up to twice as long as the depth of the snout or lower jaw. The teeth can also be divided into two types according to their built: the first nine teeth of the upper jaw and eight teeth of the lower jaw have vertical ridges on the back of their enamel; the back teeth have a uniformly smooth enamel and thickened crown bases, giving them a more triangular outline. Though not having the form of a true", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16322617", "score": "0.9636909", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Pennatomys", "text": "has four roots—two large roots at the front and back and two smaller ones in the middle. There are three roots under m2, two at the front and one at the back, and two under m3, at the front and back. Upper toothrow length ranges from 5.6 to 6.7 mm and lower toothrow length is 5.9 to 7.4 mm. On M1, the anterocone (the cusp at the front of the tooth) is not divided into smaller cuspules. The connection between the protocone and the paracone, the major cusps immediately after the anterocone, is located relatively far toward the front. Behind", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15107803", "score": "0.962729", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Ferugliotherium", "text": "that it converges with the lingual row towards the back of the tooth. The front lingual corner of the tooth is missing, but it appears that the first cusps in the lingual and middle rows are connected by two ridges, one at the front margin of the tooth and one at the back of the cusps. A deep fossa (basin) lies between the two cusps and their connecting ridges. Behind these two cusps, a transverse furrow extends across the width of the tooth. The second lingual and middle cusps are also connected by a crest, which is somewhat weaker than", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1705761", "score": "0.9620713", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Machairodontinae", "text": "a gap between the lower and upper canines larger than an inch or so, not enough to use for killing. Machairodonts, along with the other groups of animals that acquired similar teeth by convergent evolution, needed a way to change their skulls to accommodate the canines in several ways. The main inhibitors of a large gape for mammals are the temporalis and masseter muscles at the back of the jaw. These muscles have the capacity to be powerful and undergo a great degree of modification for ranging bite forces, but are not very elastic due to their thickness, placement, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4192331", "score": "0.9528914", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Synodontis lucipinnis", "text": "that divides the toothpad. This character is used as a method of differentiating between two different but similar species of \"Syndontis\". In \"S. lucipinnis\", the toothpad is interrupted, or separated into two distinct groups. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of \"Syndontis\" are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as \"s-shaped\" or \"hooked\". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in \"S. lucipinnis\", there are 35 to 51 teeth on the mandible, arranged in six short rows. Some of the species of \"Synodontis\" have an opening or series of openings called", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13386392", "score": "0.9527494", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Bolong", "text": "of the prefrontal bone, consisting of a front-to-rear depth cavity above the edges of the eye socket, the lower protrusion of the predentarium extending rearwardly parallel to the lower edge, the interface of the predentarium that occupies less than two-thirds of the height of the dentarium so that the front tip of the dentarium protrudes a third above the predentarium, and that the teeth in the maxilla have dental crowns of which the main ridge bends at the tip of the tooth. The second specimen showed a different autapomorphy: the inside of the maxillary teeth are thickened and enclosed from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14973351", "score": "0.9439723", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Agathaeromys", "text": "At the back of the tooth, there is a distinct posteroloph. In \"A. donovani\", there are two roots at the front (labial and lingual) and one at the back. There are no M3 of \"A. praeuniversitatis\" with preserved roots. The anteroconid—the cusp at the front of m1—is usually divided in two by a central indentation (the anteromedian fossettid) in \"A. donovani\", but this fossettid is absent in \"A. praeuniversitatis\". Behind the anteroconid is the protoconid—metaconid pair of cusps. There is an anterolabial cingulum—a crest at the front labial margin, in front of the protoconid. There is a long crest behind", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14871947", "score": "0.9397899", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Synodontis polli", "text": "species of \"Syndontis\". In \"S. polli\", the toothpad is interrupted, with a distinct gap between groups of teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of \"Syndontis\" are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as \"s-shaped\" or \"hooked\". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in \"S. polli\", there are 40 to 70 teeth on the mandible, arranged in a 6 to 8 rows. Some of the species of \"Synodontis\" have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the sides of the body below the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10698006", "score": "0.93135947", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Datonglong", "text": "dental structures. In the middle and back of the jaw are two functional teeth in each tooth position. Further, the main ridge of the tooth on the inner side is situated more to the back, while the secondary ridge is well developed. There are no further vertical ridges. The top of the tooth crown is bent slightly backwards. The only known fossil of dinosaur’s dentarium has a length of and contains at least twenty-seven tooth positions, though it is believed it may have possessed up to twenty-nine tooth positions. The \"processus coronoides\" is vertically oriented. The teeth are large, standing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19301138", "score": "0.9286275", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Molar (tooth)", "text": "Suffixes are added to these names: -id is added to cusps on a lower molar (e.g., protoconid); -ule to a minor cusp (e.g., protoconulid). A shelf-like ridge on the lower part of the crown (on an upper molar) is called a cingulum; the same feature on the lower molar a cingulid, and a minor cusp on these, for example, a cingular cuspule or conulid. The design that is considered one of the most important characteristics of mammals is a three-cusped shape called a tribosphenic molar. This molar design has two important features: the trigonid, or shearing end, and the talonid,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "978739", "score": "0.9262089", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Permanent teeth", "text": "This phenomenon is called hyperdontia and is often erroneously referred to as \"a third set of teeth.\" These teeth may erupt into the mouth or remain impacted in the bone. Hyperdontia is often associated with syndromes such as cleft lip and palate, trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, cleidocranial dysplasia, and Gardner's syndrome. Permanent teeth Permanent teeth or adult teeth are the second set of teeth formed in diphyodont mammals. In humans and old world simians, there are thirty-two permanent teeth, consisting of six maxillary and six mandibular molars, four maxillary and four mandibular premolars, two maxillary and two mandibular canines, four maxillary and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6508795", "score": "0.9260464", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Canis", "text": "with the dental notation for the upper-jaw teeth using the upper-case letters I to denote incisors, C for canines, P for premolars, and M for molars, and the lower-case letters i, c, p and m to denote the mandible teeth. Teeth are numbered using one side of the mouth and from the front of the mouth to the back. In carnivores, the upper premolar P4 and the lower molar m1 form the carnassials that are used together in a scissor-like action to shear the muscle and tendon of prey. Canids use their premolars for cutting and crushing except for the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2419144", "score": "0.9256651", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Cingulid", "text": "Cingulid A cingulid is a term used when describing teeth, it refers to a ridge that runs around the base of the crown of a lower tooth (the equivalent on the upper teeth is the cingulum). The presence or absence of a cingulid is often a diagnostic feature for different species of animal, especially among mammals. Some animals don't have a cingulid. Those that do may have them on only some, or all of the teeth, though most often on the molar teeth. It can be on the upper or lower teeth, or both. There are four common descriptions of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19940765", "score": "0.9252987", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Dental anatomy", "text": "food during chewing. There are no cusps on the teeth. Instead, the surface area of the tooth used in eating is called the incisal ridge or incisal edge. Though similar, there are some minor differences between the primary and permanent incisors. The maxillary central incisors are usually the most visible teeth, since they are the top center two teeth in the front of a mouth, and they are located mesial to the maxillary lateral incisor. The overall length of the deciduous maxillary central incisor is 16 mm on average, with the crown being 6 mm and the root being 10", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9585129", "score": "0.92015386", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Dental anatomy", "text": "of the permanent dentition that replace primary teeth (incisors, canines, and premolars of the permanent dentition). Succedaneous would refer to these teeth as a group. Further, the name depends upon which arch the tooth is found in. The term, \"maxillary\", is given to teeth in the upper jaw and \"mandibular\" to those in the lower jaw. There are four classes of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Premolars are found only in permanent teeth; there are no premolars in deciduous teeth. Within each class, teeth may be classified into different traits. Incisors are divided further into central and lateral incisors.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9585111", "score": "0.9188149", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Cingulid", "text": "the position of the cingulid: Cingulid A cingulid is a term used when describing teeth, it refers to a ridge that runs around the base of the crown of a lower tooth (the equivalent on the upper teeth is the cingulum). The presence or absence of a cingulid is often a diagnostic feature for different species of animal, especially among mammals. Some animals don't have a cingulid. Those that do may have them on only some, or all of the teeth, though most often on the molar teeth. It can be on the upper or lower teeth, or both. There", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19940766", "score": "0.91873014", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Trapalcotherium", "text": "uncertain). Transverse ridges, separated by deep valleys, connect the lingual and labial cusps; therefore, the cusps are not strongly separate, but rather fused. The lingual cusps are larger and separated by larger valleys than the labial ones. At the front of the tooth is a triangular structure consisting of the first lingual and the first two labial cusps. A low crest connects the first lingual to the first labial cusp and a stronger crest, separated from the first by a relatively shallow valley, connects the second lingual to the first labial cusp. Behind this structure, a second triangle is formed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14785219", "score": "0.9172676", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Dorygnathus", "text": "front where they fuse into the symphysis ending in a toothless point after which the genus has been named. In MBR 1920.16, the mandibula as a whole has a length of 147 millimetres. In the lower jaws the first three pairs of teeth are very long, sharp and pointing outwards and forwards. They contrast with a row of eight or more upright-standing much smaller teeth that gradually diminish in size towards the back of the lower jaw. No such extreme contrast exists in the upper jaws, but the four teeth in the premaxilla are longer than the seven in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8020830", "score": "0.9147814", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Incisor", "text": "Incisor Incisors (from Latin \"incidere\", \"to cut\") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, whereas armadillos have none. Adult humans normally have eight incisors, two of each type. The types of incisor are: Children with a full set of deciduous teeth (primary teeth) also have eight incisors, named the same way as in permanent teeth. Young children may have from zero to eight incisors depending on the stage of their tooth", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2157794", "score": "0.91234976", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Human tooth", "text": "found in the maxilla (upper jaw) and ten in the mandible (lower jaw), for a total of 20. The dental formula for primary teeth is . In the primary set of teeth, there are two types of incisors – centrals and laterals, and two types of molars – first and second. All primary teeth are normally later replaced with their permanent counterparts. Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and 16 in the mandible, for a total of 32. The dental formula is . The maxillary teeth are the maxillary central incisor, maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary canine, maxillary", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "775180", "score": "0.91185045", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Argentodites", "text": "the back one. In side view, the upper and back margins are straight, but the front margin is convex. There are eight cusps arranged in a row on the upper margin, the first of which is located about one third of the tooth's length from the front margin. Only the last is slightly worn, indicating that the tooth is from a young animal. Long ridges extend from the cusps diagonally toward the front on both the lingual and labial (outer) sides of the tooth. The first seven ridges on both sides are connected to the respective cusps, but the eighth", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14761912", "score": "0.90851593", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Lagrivea", "text": "\"Albanensia\". The first cheekteeth, p4, is large and about triangular in form, short and quite broad at the back. The two cusps at the front, the protoconid and metaconid, are isolated from each other. In front of the metaconid, there is a small cuspule, an anteroconid, at the lingual side of the tooth (the side of the tongue). The central basin of the tooth is relatively deep. At the back of the tooth, the entoconid cusp is connected to the posterolophid, a crest that forms the back margin. Of the two roots, the one at the front is round and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14867135", "score": "0.9083495", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Incisor", "text": "humans, the incisors serve to cut off pieces of food, as well as in the grip of other food items. Incisor Incisors (from Latin \"incidere\", \"to cut\") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, whereas armadillos have none. Adult humans normally have eight incisors, two of each type. The types of incisor are: Children with a full set of deciduous teeth (primary teeth) also have eight incisors, named the same way", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2157797", "score": "0.90528095", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Synodontis petricola", "text": "thin band of skin that divides the toothpad. This character is used as a method of differentiating between to different but similar species of \"Syndontis\". In \"S. petricola\", the toothpad is interrupted, or clearly divided between the groups of teeth on the toothpad. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of \"Syndontis\" are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as \"s-shaped\" or \"hooked\". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in \"S. petricola\", there are 31 to 50 teeth on the mandible, arranged in a six short rows. Some of the species", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11603631", "score": "0.9041467", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Tooth", "text": "mammals have deep roots, and this pattern is also found in some fish, and in crocodilians. In most teleost fish, however, the teeth are attached to the outer surface of the bone, while in lizards they are attached to the inner surface of the jaw by one side. In cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, the teeth are attached by tough ligaments to the hoops of cartilage that form the jaw. Some animals develop only one set of teeth (monophyodont) while others develop many sets (polyphyodont). Sharks, for example, grow a new set of teeth every two weeks to replace worn", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14142318", "score": "0.9038649", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Dentition", "text": "mammals the infants have a set of teeth that fall out and are replaced by adult teeth. These are called deciduous teeth, primary teeth, baby teeth or milk teeth. Animals that have two sets of teeth, one followed by the other, are said to be diphyodont. Normally the dental formula for milk teeth is the same as for adult teeth except that the molars are missing. Because mammal teeth are specialised for different functions, many mammal groups have lost teeth not needed in their adaptation. Tooth form has also undergone evolutionary modification as a result of natural selection for specialised", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "975329", "score": "0.9035797", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Occlusion (dentistry)", "text": "tooth. The scheme is not recommended in patients with compromised periodontium or or if the patient has a horizontal masitcatory cycle. As the teeth start to erupt at six months, the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) primary (baby) teeth aim to occlude with two teeth of the opposing jaw. The two exceptions to this are the upper left and right central incisor and the lower left and right second molar. Normal alignment and occlusion of the two arches should be achieved after 2 years of age, with the full formation of the roots by the time the child has reached", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9925376", "score": "0.90307367", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Permanent teeth", "text": "Permanent teeth Permanent teeth or adult teeth are the second set of teeth formed in diphyodont mammals. In humans and old world simians, there are thirty-two permanent teeth, consisting of six maxillary and six mandibular molars, four maxillary and four mandibular premolars, two maxillary and two mandibular canines, four maxillary and four mandibular incisors. The first permanent tooth usually appears in the mouth at around six years of age, and the mouth will then be in a transition time with both primary (or deciduous dentition) teeth and permanent teeth during the mixed dentition period until the last primary tooth is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6508793", "score": "0.9030553", "original_retrieval_index": 35 } ]

{ "title": "Diastema", "long_answer": "A diastema (plural diastemata) is a space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars. Diastemata are common for children and can exist in adult teeth as well. Diastemata are primarily caused by imbalance in the relationship between the jaw and the size of teeth. If the labial frenulum (lip tissue) pulls, it can also push the teeth apart and cause a diastema between the center of the two front teeth.", "chunked_long_answer": "A diastema (plural diastemata) is a space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars. Diastemata are common for children and can exist in adult teeth as well. Diastemata are primarily caused by imbalance in the relationship between the jaw and the size of teeth. If the labial frenulum (lip tissue) pulls, it can also push the teeth apart and cause a diastema between the center of the two front teeth.", "short_answers": [ "diastema", "diastema (plural diastemata)" ] }

[ "Longline fishing", "Longliners", "Longline" ]

[ { "title": "Longline fishing", "text": "Longline fishing is a commercial fishing technique. It uses a long line, called the main line, with baited hooks attached at intervals by means of branch lines called snoods (or gangions). A snood is a short length of line, attached to the main line using a clip or swivel, with the hook at the other end. Longlines are classified mainly by where they are placed in the water column. This can be at the surface or at the bottom. Lines can also be set by means of an anchor, or left to drift. Hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks can hang from a single line. Longliners commonly target swordfish, tuna, halibut, sablefish and many other species.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Recreational boat fishing", "text": "be very large and heavy tackle is needed. Fishing is usually done with sea rods, such as downtide rods, with lines of 30 to 50 pounds and multiplier reels. Baits are the same as for inshore fishing and include squid and whole mackerel as well as artificial lures such as perks. Fishing takes place over reefs and wrecks for very large cod, ling and congers. Recreational boat fishing Recreational fishermen usually fish either from a boat or from a shoreline or river bank. When fishing from a boat, or fishing vessel, most fishing techniques can be used, from nets to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11094731", "score": "1.0187353", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Recreational boat fishing", "text": "spool reels are being used more and more. Baits are similar to those used for beach and rock fishing except they are often larger since larger fish are targeted. The species will include all the beach species, but now also include big conger eels and small sharks like tope and smoothhound. Offshore boat fishing, sometimes called deep sea or open water fishing, is fishing in deep water (more than 30 metres) and at some distance from land. It is dangerous compared to shallow water or lake fishing. More knowledge is needed about weather patterns, navigation and safety precautions, and this", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11094729", "score": "1.009599", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "RV Vantuna", "text": "tuna. As a fishing boat, the \"Vantuna\" was configured for albacore fishing. The vessel held two large, live bait tanks and a 15-ton refrigerated fish hold. Metal racks attached to the stern provided platforms for fishermen close to the water's surface. They used long fishing poles with stainless steel leaders and barbless hooks. When large schools of albacore were located, live bait thrown into the water caused the fish to go into a feeding frenzy where they would bite anything, including the barbless hooks of the fishing poles. Fish that were hooked were quickly pulled onboard by the fisherman. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13602817", "score": "0.9950311", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Fishing vessel", "text": "a newspaper report at that time, the \"Crete\" had \"a deep cockpit, a chair fitted for landing big fish and leather pockets for placing the pole.\" It is difficult to estimate how many recreational fishing boats there are, although the number is high. The term is fluid, since most recreational boats are also used for fishing from time to time. Unlike most commercial fishing vessels, recreational fishing boats are often not dedicated just to fishing. Fishing vessel A fishing vessel is a boat or ship used to catch fish in the sea, or on a lake or river. Many different", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9895158", "score": "0.97292984", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Fishing vessel", "text": "are double-outrigger craft, consisting of a narrow main hull with two attached outriggers, commonly known as \"jukung\" in Indonesia and \"banca\" in the Philippines. Recreational fishing is done for pleasure or sport, and not for profit or survival. Just about anything that will stay afloat can be called a recreational fishing boat, so long as a fisher periodically climbs aboard with the intent to catch a fish. Usually some form of fishing tackle is brought on board, such as hooks, lines, sinkers or nets. Fish are caught for recreational purposes from boats which range from dugout canoes, kayaks, rafts, pontoon", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9895156", "score": "0.9705774", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Sea Bright Skiff", "text": "with a spritsail mainsail and small jib with an unstayed mast. The early fishing versions used an oar as the rudder, more modern versions, however, have a regular rudder & tiller. The larger pound boat, built to the same lines, was generally around 30 feet, but could run to 50 feet in length, 10 foot beam. It was used to carry to shore fish caught in offshore weirs. Like sardine carriers and buy boats, it was heavily laden on return, with very little freeboard. This boat has nearly disappeared from the shores of New Jersey except as used by lifeguards", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4049654", "score": "0.9663199", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Trolling (fishing)", "text": "refrigerated vessels 30 meters long. In many tropical artisanal fisheries, trolling is done with sailing canoes with outriggers for stability. With properly designed vessels, trolling is an economical and efficient way of catching tuna, mackerel and other pelagic fish swimming close to the surface. Purpose built trollers are usually equipped with two or four trolling booms raised and lowered by topping lifts, held in position by adjustable stays. Electrically powered or hydraulic reels can be used to haul in the lines. Commercial trolling for tuna is more successful near offshore banks than in open water areas, and is also enhanced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "578919", "score": "0.9587343", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Billfish", "text": "for elusive blue marlin and sailfish in the deep blue water about 60 miles out.\" A lot of resources are committed to the activity, particularly in the construction of private and charter billfishing boats to participate in the billfishing tournament circuit. These are expensive purpose-built offshore vessels with powerfully driven deep sea hulls. They are often built to luxury standards and equipped with many technologies to ease the life of the deep sea recreational fisherman, including outriggers, flying bridges and fighting chairs, and state of the art fishfinders and navigation electronics. The boats cruise along the edge of the continental", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5505497", "score": "0.9585768", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Marlin fishing", "text": "used by sport fishermen are fishing with artificial lures, rigged natural baits, or live bait. The pioneers of blue marlin angling employed natural baits rigged to skip and swim. Today, rigged baits, particularly Spanish mackerel and horse ballyhoo continue to be widely used for blue marlin. Trolling for blue marlin with rigged baits, sometimes combined with an artificial lure or skirt to make \"skirted baits\" or \"bait/lure combinations\", is still widely practiced, especially along the eastern seaboard of the United States and in the Bahamas, the Caribbean, and Venezuela. Rigged natural baits are also used as \"pitch baits\" that are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7530680", "score": "0.95822173", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Fisherman", "text": "in place of bait. Some people make handmade lures, including plastic lures and artificial flies. The practice of catching or attempting to catch fish with a hook is called angling. When angling, it is sometimes expected or required that the fish be caught and released. Big-game fishing is fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna, sharks and marlin. Noodling and trout tickling are also recreational activities. For some communities, fishing provides not only a source of food and work but also community and cultural identity. The fishing industry is hazardous for fishermen. Between 1992 and 1999,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1822254", "score": "0.9568788", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Caribbean Sailing Yachts", "text": "fishing. The original idea of the vessel was to have a large fish hold centered in the boat, with a crew compartment forward, a captain's quarters aft, and work center in the tall pilothouse. This commercial pilothouse provides a good visible with navigation counter, resting berth, and galley-sliding doors either side. A shaded area was built over the fish hold; side decks are continuous, with no steps or raised section aft. The CSY Bottomliner was an excellent fishing platform for the grouper snapper fishery; it would fish in much heavier seas and at much greater depths than the standard vessels", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13481604", "score": "0.95369935", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Marlin fishing", "text": "baited. In the Cairns fishery, a wide variety of baitfish species are used successfully, including kawa kawa and other small tunas, queenfish, and scad. Baits range from scad to dogtooth tuna and narrowbarred mackerel of and more. The use of live bait is also popular for targeting both large and small black marlin, and under the right circumstances, is extremely effective, although sharks and other nontargeted gamefish can often be a problem with this method. Small live baits such as slimy mackerel and yellowtail scad are highly effective for juvenile black marlin, and are fished both by slow trolling and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7530715", "score": "0.94571185", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Recreational boat fishing", "text": "Recreational boat fishing Recreational fishermen usually fish either from a boat or from a shoreline or river bank. When fishing from a boat, or fishing vessel, most fishing techniques can be used, from nets to fish traps, but some form of angling is by far the most common. Compared to fishing from the land, fishing from a boat allows more access to different fishing grounds and different species of fish. Inshore boat fishing is fishing from a boat in easy sight of land and in water less than about 30 metres deep. The boat can be as small as a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11094727", "score": "0.9443808", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Poveiro (boat)", "text": "Poveiro (boat) The Poveiro is a type of fishing vessel that was used for coastal and deep sea fishing from the Douro river in Northern Portugal to Galicia. It was use by the fishermen of Póvoa de Varzim and related communities in Northern Portugal. It is characterized by a wide flat-bottom, curved stem and a deep helm. There were diverse boats with different sizes, uses and shapes, including \"catraia pequena\", \"catraia grande\", \"caíco\" and the most notable of which, the \"Lancha Poveira\". The Lancha Poveira or Lancha Poveira do Alto was a large ship adapted to deep waters and used", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15804988", "score": "0.9426334", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Cape Cod Bay", "text": "as Blue Fish, Cod, Flounder, Striped Bass, Bonito, Tuna, Mackerel, Pollock, Haddock, and even Sharks. Fishing season typically takes place between May and October. Although plenty of fisherman prefer to fish from shore rather than a boat, Massachusetts requires a Recreational Saltwater Fishing Permit for anyone 16 years of age or older. Many coastal towns have fishing piers, and boat charters that provide daily trips into Cape Cod Bay to catch fish. The most popular bait used is sea clams. Cape Cod Bay Cape Cod Bay is a large bay of the Atlantic Ocean adjacent to the U.S. state of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4218001", "score": "0.9422968", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Marlin fishing", "text": "boats with slower cruising speeds traveling from spot to spot. These speeds allow quite substantial areas to be effectively worked in a day's fishing. A pattern of four or more lures is trolled at varying distances behind the boat. Lures may be fished either straight from the rod tip (\"flat lines\"), or from outriggers. Live-bait fishing for blue marlin normally uses small tuna species, with skipjack generally considered the best choice. As trolling speed is limited because baits must be trolled slowly to remain alive, live-baiting is normally chosen where fishing areas are relatively small and easily covered, such as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7530684", "score": "0.93995", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Fishing", "text": "recreational fishing boats there are, although the number is high. The term is fluid, since most recreational boats are also used for fishing from time to time. Unlike most commercial fishing vessels, recreational fishing boats are often not dedicated just to fishing. Just about anything that will stay afloat can be called a recreational fishing boat, so long as a fisherman periodically climbs aboard with the intent to catch a fish. Fish are caught for recreational purposes from boats which range from dugout canoes, kayaks, rafts, pontoon boats and small dinghies to runabouts, cabin cruisers and cruising yachts to large,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "471022", "score": "0.9352731", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Fishing", "text": "not in the mouth. The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a rod, reel, line, hooks and any one of a wide range of baits or lures such as artificial flies. The practice of catching or attempting to catch fish with a hook is generally known as angling. In angling, it is sometimes expected or required that fish be returned to the water (catch and release). Recreational or sport fishermen may log their catches or participate in fishing competitions. Big-game fishing is fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna, sharks, and marlin. Sport", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "471024", "score": "0.9342917", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Fishing vessel", "text": "bait, three tonnes of salt, half a tonne each of food and firewood for the crew, and return with six tonnes of fish. Decked areas forward and aft probably provided accommodation, storage and a cooking area. An anchor would have allowed extended periods fishing in the same spot, in waters up to 18 metres deep. The dogger would also have carried a small open boat for maintaining lines and rowing ashore. A precursor to the dory type was the early French bateau type, a flat bottom boat with straight sides used as early as 1671 on the Saint Lawrence River.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9895135", "score": "0.9270816", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Fly fishing", "text": "and caught with fly tackle include: bonefish, redfish or red drum, permit, snook, spotted sea trout, tuna, dorado (mahi-mahi), sailfish, tarpon, striped bass, salmon, giant trevally and marlin. Offshore saltwater species are usually attracted to the fly by \"chumming\" with small baitfish, or \"teasing\" the fish to the boat by trolling a large hookless lure (Billfish are most often caught using this latter method). Many saltwater species, particularly large, fast and powerful fish, are not easily slowed down by \"palming\" the hand on the reel. Instead, a purpose-made saltwater reel for these species must have a powerful drag system. Furthermore,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1713582", "score": "0.92649245", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Fishing line", "text": "a line is drawn through the water. Trolling from a moving boat is a technique of big-game fishing and is used to catch large open-water species such as tuna and marlin. Trolling is also a freshwater angling technique often used to catch salmon, northern pike, muskellunge and walleye. This technique allows anglers to cover a large body of water in a short time. Long-line fishing, also known as a trot line is a commercial fishing technique that uses many baited hooks hanging from a single line. Snagging is a technique where the object is to hook the fish in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "579105", "score": "0.9254297", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Bottom fishing", "text": "Bottom fishing Bottom fishing, called legering in the United Kingdom, is fishing the bottom of a body of water. A common rig for fishing on the bottom is a weight tied to the end of the line, and a hook about an inch up line from the weight. The method can be used both with hand lines and rod fishing. The weight can also be used to cast or throw the line to an appropriate distance. Bottom fishing can be done both from boats and from the land. Bottom fishing targets groundfish such as sucker fish, bream, catfish, and crappie.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5106330", "score": "0.9233991", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Striped bass", "text": "trolling and surf casting with topwater lures a good pick for surf casting, as well as bait casting with live and dead bait. Striped bass will take a number of live and fresh baits, including bunker, clams, eels, sandworms, herring, bloodworms, mackerel, and shad, bluegills, worms, crayfish, bucktails jigs, silver spoons, and sassy shad baits with the last being an excellent bait for freshwater fishing. The largest striped bass ever taken by angling was an 81.88-lb (37.14-kg) specimen taken from a boat in Long Island Sound, near the Outer Southwest Reef, off the coast of Westbrook, Connecticut. The all-tackle world", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "579754", "score": "0.9224375", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Bass boat", "text": "Bass boat A bass boat is a small boat that is designed and equipped primarily for bass fishing or fishing for other panfish, usually in freshwater such as lakes, rivers and streams. The modern bass boat features swivel chairs that permit the angler to cast to any position around the boat, storage bins for fishing tackle and equipment such as rods and lures, and a live well with recirculating water where caught fish may be stored and kept alive. Bass boats are usually propelled by two means: an outboard motor, which moves the boat swiftly from place to place; and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11816899", "score": "0.92241955", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Rapala", "text": "Rap Crank Deep, Scatter Rap Crank, Saltwater Sliver, X-Rap Magnum 30, and Deep Tail Dancer. Other Rapala products include crankbaits, jigging lures, lipless crankbaits, surface poppers, filet knives, fishing rods, reels, and various fishing tools as well as the Rapala Giant 6 foot Lure. Rapala Rapala ( is the world's largest manufacturer of fishing lures and other fishing related products. It was founded in Finland in the 1930s by Lauri Rapala. Their most popular product is a balsa wood minnow imitation lure called the Original Floater. Rapala sells over 20 million lures each year, in 140 different countries. 242 all-time", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7538969", "score": "0.9202275", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Mackerel", "text": "Entire schools are then encircled with fast auxiliary boats which deploy purse seine nets as they speed around the school. Suitably designed trollers can also catch mackerels effectively when they swim near the surface. Trollers typically have several long booms which they lift and drop with \"topping lifts\". They haul their lines with electric or hydraulic reels. Fish aggregating devices are also used to target mackerel. The North Sea has been overfished to the point where the ecological balance has become disrupted and many jobs in the fishing industry have been lost. The Southeast US region spans the Gulf of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "578936", "score": "0.9201094", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Swordfish", "text": "strong fishing rods and reels, as swordfish can become quite large, and it is not uncommon to use five pounds or more of weight to get the baits deep enough during the day, up to 2,000 feet is common. Night fishing baits are usually fished much shallower, often less than . Standard baits are whole mackerel, herring, mullet, bonito, or squid; one can also use live bait. Imitation squids and other imitation fish lures can also be used, and specialized lures made specifically for swordfishing often have battery-powered or glow lights. Even baits are typically presented using glow sticks or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1744147", "score": "0.91943103", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Marlin fishing", "text": "weighing caught in 1970 by a party of anglers fishing out of Oahu, Hawaii, aboard the charter boat \"Coreene C\" skippered by Capt. Cornelius Choy (this fish often referred to as 'Choy's Monster') still stands as the largest marlin caught on rod and reel. This fish was found to have a yellowfin tuna of over in its belly. In the Atlantic, the heaviest sport-fishing capture is Paulo Amorim's fish from Vitoria, Brazil. Commercial fishermen have boated far larger specimens, with the largest blue marlin brought into Tsukiji market in Tokyo supposedly weighing a massive . Large blue marlin have traditionally", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7530675", "score": "0.91929746", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Recreational fishing", "text": "Some hobbyists make handmade tackle themselves, including plastic lures and artificial flies. The practice of catching or attempting to catch fish with a hook is known as angling. Big-game fishing is conducted from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna, sharks and marlin. Noodling and trout tickling are also recreational activities. The early evolution of fishing as recreation is not clear. For example, there is anecdotal evidence for fly fishing in Japan as early as the ninth century BCE, and in Europe Claudius Aelianus (175–235 CE) describes fly fishing in his work \"On the Nature of Animals\". But", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3232996", "score": "0.91889274", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Longline fishing", "long_answer": "Longline fishing is a commercial fishing technique. It uses a long line, called the main line, with baited hooks attached at intervals by means of branch lines called snoods (or gangions). A snood is a short length of line, attached to the main line using a clip or swivel, with the hook at the other end. Longlines are classified mainly by where they are placed in the water column. This can be at the surface or at the bottom. Lines can also be set by means of an anchor, or left to drift. Hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks can hang from a single line. Longliners commonly target swordfish, tuna, halibut, sablefish and many other species.", "chunked_long_answer": "Longline fishing is a commercial fishing technique. It uses a long line, called the main line, with baited hooks attached at intervals by means of branch lines called snoods (or gangions). A snood is a short length of line, attached to the main line using a clip or swivel, with the hook at the other end. Longlines are classified mainly by where they are placed in the water column. This can be at the surface or at the bottom. Lines can also be set by means of an anchor, or left to drift. Hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks can hang from a single line. Longliners commonly target swordfish, tuna, halibut, sablefish and many other species.", "short_answers": [ "Longline", "Longline fishing", "Longliners" ] }

[ "2,579 steps", "2,579" ]

[ { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "A metal staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps, and the SkyPod 100 m (328 ft) above after 2,579 steps; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth. These stairs are intended for emergency use only and are not open to the public, except for two times per year for charity stair-climb events. The average climber takes approximately 30 minutes to climb to the base of the radome, but the fastest climb on record is 7 minutes and 52 seconds in 1989 by Brendan Keenoy, an Ontario Provincial Police officer. In 2002, Canadian Olympian and Paralympic champion Jeff", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "These stairs are intended for emergency use only and are not open to the public, except for twice per year for charity stair-climb events. The average climber takes approximately 30 minutes to climb to the base of the radome, but the fastest climb on record is 7 minutes and 52 seconds in 1989 by Brendan Keenoy, an Ontario Provincial Police officer. In 2002, Canadian Olympian and Paralympic champion Jeff Adams climbed the stairs of the tower in a specially designed wheelchair. The stairs were originally on one of the three sides of the tower (facing north), with a glass view,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76058", "score": "1.1337512", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Tourism in Toronto", "text": "winter time. It consists of 5.7 million litres of water, representing the marine and freshwater habitats from all around the world. The CN Tower is Canada's National Tower and it is one of the attractions that is open 364 days a year. It is visited by approximately 2 million people every year. In 1995, the CN Tower was classified as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers and for more than 30 years it was the world's tallest free-standing structure. The CN tower consists of many inner attractions like the Glass", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15100889", "score": "1.1012117", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Tourism in Toronto", "text": "Floor, Skypod, 360 restaurant and the newest addition; Edgewalk. Edgewalk is a full circle hands-free walk on a 5 feet wide ledge encircling the top of the Tower, which is 1168 feet above the ground. It has also been mentioned in the Guinness Book of World Records, for the highest external walk on a building. Also, the CN tower provides various services for individuals with disabilities and special needs. There are a number of tours of different kinds available to visitors in Toronto, giving them the chance to view the city or specific areas of the city, led by local", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15100890", "score": "1.079559", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "from almost any building in the Toronto area. The CN Tower can be seen from at least as far away as Kennedy Street in Aurora, Ontario, approximately to the north. It is also viewable to the naked eye from east of Toronto in Oshawa, several points along the Niagara Escarpment west of Toronto in Hamilton, Ontario, and to the south from Fort Niagara State Park in the U.S. state of New York. The original plan for the tower envisioned a tripod consisting of three independent cylindrical \"pillars\" linked at various heights by structural bridges. Had it been built, this design", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76043", "score": "1.0693595", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "PATH underground pedestrian system. By the mid-1990s, it was the centre of a thriving tourist district. The entire area continues to be an area of intense building, notably a boom in condominium construction in the first two decades of the 21st century, as well as the 2013 opening of the Ripley's Aquarium by the base of the tower. The CN Tower consists of several substructures. The main portion of the tower is a hollow concrete hexagonal pillar containing the stairwells and power and plumbing connections. The Tower's six elevators are located in the three inverted angles created by the Tower's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76053", "score": "1.0461406", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "but these were later replaced with the third elevator pair and the stairs were moved to the inside of the core. Top climbs on the new, windowless stairwell used since around 2003 have generally been over ten minutes. On August 1, 2011, the CN Tower opened the EdgeWalk, an amusement in which thrill-seekers can walk on and around the roof of the main pod of the tower at , which is directly above the 360 Restaurant. It is the world's highest full-circle, hands-free walk. Visitors are tethered to an overhead rail system and walk around the edge of the CN", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76059", "score": "1.0457542", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "people until February 22, 1974, during which it had already become the tallest structure in Canada, surpassing the recently built Inco Superstack in Sudbury, which was built using similar methods. In total, the tower contains of concrete, all of which was mixed on-site in order to ensure batch consistency. Through the pour, the vertical accuracy of the tower was maintained by comparing the slip form's location to massive plumb bobs hanging from it, observed by small telescopes from the ground. Over the height of the tower, it varies from true vertical accuracy by only . In August 1974, construction of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76047", "score": "1.0443451", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Behemoth (roller coaster)", "text": "riders to the coaster's maximum height of . From the top, a passenger can clearly see the iconic CN Tower to the left and overlook the entire park to the right. The train drops from its peak at a 75-degree angle and reaches a maximum speed of in 3.9 seconds. At the base of the first drop, the train banks a few degrees to the right and climbs the first air-time hill and descends. Following this, the train climbs up to a hairpin 180-degree hammerhead turn to the left. The train descends from the height of the turn to travel", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10815441", "score": "1.0434823", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "the Glass Floor and Outdoor Observation Terrace, which are both located at an elevation of , the Indoor Lookout Level (formerly known as \"Indoor Observation Level\") located at , and the higher SkyPod (formerly known as \"Space Deck\") at , just below the metal antenna. The hexagonal shape can be seen between the two areas; however, below the main deck, three large supporting legs give the tower the appearance of a large tripod. The main deck level is seven storeys, some of which are open to the public. Below the public areas — at — is a large white donut-shaped", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76055", "score": "1.0429559", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "PATH (Toronto)", "text": "50 buildings or office towers are connected through the PATH system. It comprises twenty parking garages, five subway stations (Osgoode station connects only to the Four Seasons Centre), two major department stores, two major shopping centres, six major hotels, and a railway terminal. The CN Tower, Ripley's Aquarium of Canada, and Rogers Centre are connected via an enclosed elevated walkway, called the SkyWalk, from Union Station, although the walkway does not have indoor connections to these attractions. PATH (Toronto) PATH is a network of underground pedestrian tunnels, elevated walkways, and at-grade walkways connecting the office towers of Downtown Toronto, Ontario,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3888851", "score": "1.0392857", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "radome containing the structure's microwave receivers. The glass floor and outdoor observation deck are at . The glass floor has an area of and can withstand a pressure of . The floor's thermal glass units are thick, consisting of a pane of laminated glass, airspace and a pane of laminated glass. Some people experience acrophobia when standing on the glass floor and looking down at the ground below. In 2008, one elevator was upgraded to add a glass floor panel, believed to have the highest vertical rise of any elevator equipped with this feature. The Horizons Cafe and the lookout", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76056", "score": "1.022086", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "of different media and by numerous companies. There is no AM broadcasting on the CN Tower. The FM antennas are situated above ground. The CN Tower has been featured in numerous films, television shows, and video games, as well as having its own official mascot, which resembles the tower itself. CN Tower The CN Tower () is a concrete communications and observation tower located in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Built on the former Railway Lands, it was completed in 1976. Its name \"CN\" originally referred to Canadian National, the railway company that built the tower. Following the railway's decision to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76076", "score": "1.0177491", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "CN Tower (Edmonton)", "text": "CN Tower (Edmonton) CN Tower is an office tower in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It stands at or 26 storeys tall, and was built and formerly owned by the Canadian National Railway Company. At the time of its construction it was the first skyscraper in Edmonton, and the tallest building in Western Canada. Its reign as Western Canada's tallest building lasted from 1966 to 1971, when it was surpassed by Edmonton House. The building site was once the home to the CNR Edmonton station c. 1905 as well as the 1928 addition. The former was demolished in 1953 and latter gave", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9912598", "score": "1.0145125", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "North Toronto station", "text": "9 inches, by 114 feet, 2 inches, with a midway and baggage room built under the tracks that measured 156 feet, 8 inches, by 81 feet, 1 inch, and clock tower was 24 feet, 9 inches, square. The clock tower stands 140 feet tall and, estimating from the photographs, the main building is about 50 feet high. Once entered, the building only has one floor with the rails elevated by an embankment that allows passage underneath without having to change floors. Additions in 2003 added a triangular section to the north side of the building that includes more retail space", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6414626", "score": "1.0046283", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "CN Tower (Edmonton)", "text": "have stopped at the Edmonton railway station situated near the then active Edmonton City Centre Airport (shut down in 2013). The building suffered structural damage to the exterior on July 18, 2009, during a severe thunderstorm. Two vehicles were crushed by the falling debris at the base of the building. CN Tower (Edmonton) CN Tower is an office tower in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It stands at or 26 storeys tall, and was built and formerly owned by the Canadian National Railway Company. At the time of its construction it was the first skyscraper in Edmonton, and the tallest building in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9912600", "score": "1.0046064", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "CN Tower The CN Tower () is a concrete communications and observation tower located in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Built on the former Railway Lands, it was completed in 1976. Its name \"CN\" originally referred to Canadian National, the railway company that built the tower. Following the railway's decision to divest non-core freight railway assets prior to the company's privatization in 1995, it transferred the tower to the Canada Lands Company, a federal Crown corporation responsible for real estate development. The CN Tower held the record for the world's tallest free-standing structure for 32 years until 2007 and was the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76039", "score": "1.002309", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Harbour Centre", "text": "building is listed as being 28 stories tall, though the tower/observation deck extends above the 28 office floors (claimed to be approximately 44 stories in total). There is some disagreement as to the building's height. According to the Vancouver Lookout's website the observation deck is above the 'street level'. The CTBUH however lists the buildings architectural height as actually being . Furthermore, Skyscraperpage lists the buildings height to the roof as being only . This is stated to be the height from the Hastings Street entrance while the height from the back entrance on Cordova Street is . It also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6414565", "score": "0.9931003", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "instead of the planned six months. The tower was topped-off on April 2, 1975, after 26 months of construction, officially capturing the height record from Moscow's Ostankino Tower, and bringing the total mass to . Two years into the construction, plans for Metro Centre were scrapped, leaving the tower isolated on the Railway Lands in what was then a largely abandoned light-industrial space. This caused serious problems for tourists to access the tower. Ned Baldwin, project architect with John Andrews, wrote at the time that \"All of the logic which dictated the design of the lower accommodation has been upset,\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76050", "score": "0.991674", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "the CN Tower due to the expansive parking lots and lack of development in the area at the time. As the area around the tower was developed, particularly with the completion of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in 1984 and the SkyDome in 1989 (renamed Rogers Centre in 2005), the former Railway Lands were redeveloped and the tower became the centre of a newly developing entertainment area. Access was greatly improved with the construction of the SkyWalk in 1989, which connected the tower and SkyDome to the nearby Union Station railway and subway station, and, in turn, to the city's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76052", "score": "0.9847529", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Architecture of Toronto", "text": "that of the Royal Ontario Museum's collection; its renovation was completed in 2008. Dufferin, Union, and Pape subway stations were renovated during the mid-2010s to add new artwork and in the case of Union, a second platform was added as well, though not as a Spanish solution. The most prominent landmark in Toronto, and its best known symbol, is the CN Tower. It was the world's tallest free-standing structure for 31 years, from its completion in 1975 until Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates surpassed it in 2007; it remains the tallest free-standing \"tower\" in the Western Hemisphere. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10526840", "score": "0.984662", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "wanted to build a large TV and radio communication platform to serve the Toronto area, as well as demonstrate the strength of Canadian industry and CN in particular. These plans evolved over the next few years, and the project became official in 1972. The tower would have been part of Metro Centre (see CityPlace), a large development south of Front Street on the Railway Lands, a large railway switching yard that was being made redundant by newer yards outside the city. Key project team members were NCK Engineering as structural engineer; John Andrews Architects; Webb, Zerafa, Menkes, Housden Architects; Foundation", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76041", "score": "0.97703075", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Calgary Tower", "text": "of downtown Calgary. The restaurant does a complete rotation every 45 minutes during the day and every 60 minutes in the evening. The base of the tower is connected through the +15 skyway network to One Palliser Square, Fairmont Palliser Hotel and EnCana Place. Stairs to the observation deck are not opened to the public, but have been used on occasions for publicity, as well as for an annual charity stair-climbing race. There are 802 steps. The tower also features a carillon that was presented to the city by the local Dutch community in 1975 as part of the city's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3396531", "score": "0.9767292", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "hexagonal shape (two elevators per angle). Each of the three elevator shafts is lined with glass, allowing for views of the city as the glass-windowed elevators make their way through the Tower. The stairwell was originally located in one of these angles (the one facing north), but was moved into the central hollow of the Tower; the Tower's new fifth and sixth elevators were placed in the hexagonal angle that once contained the stairwell. On top of the main concrete portion of the Tower is a tall metal broadcast antenna, carrying TV and radio signals. There are three visitor areas:", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76054", "score": "0.97146714", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "used by Guinness was defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat as 'a building in which less than 50% of the construction is usable floor space'. \"Guinness World Records\" editor-in-chief Craig Glenday announced that Burj Khalifa was not classified as a tower because it has too much usable floor space to be considered to be a tower. CN Tower still held world records for highest above ground wine cellar (in 360 Restaurant) at 351 metres, highest above ground restaurant at 346 metres (Horizons Restaurant), and tallest free-standing concrete tower during Guinness's recertification. The CN Tower was surpassed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76074", "score": "0.9710211", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "world's tallest tower until 2009 being overtaken by Burj Khalifa and Canton Tower, respectively. It is now the ninth tallest free-standing structure in the world and remains the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. In 1995, the CN Tower was declared one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. It also belongs to the World Federation of Great Towers. It is a signature icon of Toronto's skyline and attracts more than two million international visitors annually. The original concept of the CN Tower originated in 1968 when the Canadian National Railway", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76040", "score": "0.9707037", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Tower", "text": "can be human-made. In history, simple towers like lighthouses, bell towers, clock towers, signal towers and minarets were used to communicate information over greater distances. In more recent years, radio masts and cell phone towers facilitate communication by expanding the range of the transmitter. The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada was built as a communications tower, with the capability to act as both a transmitter and repeater. Its design also incorporated features to make it a tourist attraction, including the world's highest observation deck at 147 storeys. Towers can also be used to support bridges, and can reach heights", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1695008", "score": "0.9693174", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "CN Tower", "text": "Ostankino Tower was completed nine years before the CN Tower, and is only shorter. The parallels between the towers led to some concern that the CN Tower could be at risk of a similar tragedy. However, Canadian officials subsequently stated that it is \"highly unlikely\" that a similar disaster could occur at the CN Tower, as it has important safeguards that were not present in the Ostankino Tower. Specifically, officials cited: Officials also noted that the CN Tower has an excellent safety record, although there was an electrical fire in the antennae on August 16, 2017 — the tower's first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "76063", "score": "0.9667566", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "The One (Toronto)", "text": "The One (Toronto) The One is a skyscraper currently under construction in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. When completed, it will be the tallest building in Canada. At 306.3 metres (1,005 feet) and 85 storeys, it will be taller than First Canadian Place, which has been Canada's tallest building since 1976. It will also be Canada’s first supertall (300+ m) skyscraper, as defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. The construction of The One is expected to be completed by 2022 or 2023 with The One's retail space anticipated for opening in 2020. Located in Toronto's Yorkville neighbourhood at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19739724", "score": "0.9658053", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Canada Life Building", "text": "completed on August 9, 1951, made the structure the third-highest in Toronto, after the Canadian Bank of Commerce Building and the Royal York Hotel. 190 Simcoe Street is a 9-floor addition to the Campus, built directly West of the original. It connects to the original building through two enclosed, elevated walkways It was completed in 1970. 180 Simcoe Street is a 12-floor addition to the Campus, built directly South of 190 Simcoe Street. It connects to 190 Simcoe Street through a short walkway. It was completed in 1994. Canada Life Tower is a 16-floor addition to the campus, built South-West", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5010390", "score": "0.95898557", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "CN Tower", "long_answer": "A metal staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps, and the SkyPod 100 m (328 ft) above after 2,579 steps; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth. These stairs are intended for emergency use only and are not open to the public, except for two times per year for charity stair-climb events. The average climber takes approximately 30 minutes to climb to the base of the radome, but the fastest climb on record is 7 minutes and 52 seconds in 1989 by Brendan Keenoy, an Ontario Provincial Police officer. In 2002, Canadian Olympian and Paralympic champion Jeff Adams climbed the stairs of the tower in a specially designed wheelchair. The stairs were originally on one of the three sides of the tower (facing north), with a glass view, but these were later replaced with the third elevator pair and the stairs were moved to the inside of the core. Top climbs on the new, windowless stairwell used since around 2003 have generally been over ten minutes.", "chunked_long_answer": "A metal staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps, and the SkyPod 100 m (328 ft) above after 2,579 steps; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth. These stairs are intended for emergency use only and are not open to the public, except for two times per year for charity stair-climb events. The average climber takes approximately 30 minutes to climb to the base of the radome, but the fastest climb on record is 7 minutes and 52 seconds in 1989 by Brendan Keenoy, an Ontario Provincial Police officer. In 2002, Canadian Olympian and Paralympic champion Jeff", "short_answers": [ "2,579", "2,579 steps" ] }

[ "April 2016", "2016" ]

[ { "title": "East African Community", "text": "South Sudan was eventually approved for membership to the bloc in March 2016, and signed a treaty of accession in April 2016. It had six months to ratify the agreement, which it did on 5 September, at which point it formally acceded to the community. It does not yet participate to the same extent as the other members.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "East African Community", "text": "September 2011, the \"Daily Nation\" quoted a South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the EAC, it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a \"dumping ground\" for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan exports. This was contradicted by President Salva Kiir, who announced South Sudan had begun the application process one month later. The application was deferred by the EAC in December 2012, however incidents with Ugandan boda-boda operators in South Sudan have created political tension and may delay", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4218836", "score": "1.2037123", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Foreign relations of South Sudan", "text": "in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, which has expressed interest in giving South Sudan admission despite not being a majority Muslim state. On 24 July 2011, President Salva Kiir told the Speaker of the East African Legislative Assembly that he hoped the EAC will consider expediting South Sudan's accession to the supranational organisation. South Sudan is considered very likely to join the EAC, but an exact timetable for admission has not yet been mooted publicly. Bangladesh recognizes the independence of South Sudan on July 20, 2011. China recognizes the independence of South Sudan on July 9, 2011. Essam Sharaf, Prime", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15717150", "score": "1.1393657", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "South Sudan", "text": "EAC expansion in the short term, and an article in Tanzanian daily \"The Citizen\" that reported East African Legislative Assembly Speaker Abdirahin Haithar Abdi said South Sudan was \"free to join the EAC\" asserted that analysts believe the country will soon become a full member of the regional body. On 17 September 2011, the \"Daily Nation\" quoted a South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the EAC, it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a \"dumping ground\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15746617", "score": "1.1217374", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "South Sudan", "text": "for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan exports. This was contradicted by President Salva Kiir, who announced South Sudan had officially embarked on the application process one month later. The application was initially deferred by the EAC in December 2012, however incidents with Ugandan boda-boda operators in South Sudan have created political tension and may delay the process. In December 2012, Tanzania officially agreed to South Sudan's bid to join the EAC, clearing the way for the world's newest state to become the regional bloc's sixth member. In May 2013 The EAC set aside $82,000 for the admission of South Sudan into", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15746618", "score": "1.1200278", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "East African Community", "text": "Council of Ministers, then directed it to start the negotiation process with South Sudan. A team was formed to assess South Sudan's bid; however, in April 2014, the nation requested a delay in the admissions process, presumably due to ongoing internal conflict. South Sudan's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Barnaba Marial Benjamin, claimed publicly in October 2015 that, following evaluations and meetings of a special technical committee in May, June, August, September and October, the committee has recommended that South Sudan be allowed to join the East African Community. Those recommendations, however, had not been released to the public. It was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4218838", "score": "1.1200126", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "South Sudan", "text": "has not yet been reached between Sudan and South Sudan regarding this highly contentious issue. The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan to apply for membership upon the independence of South Sudan in 2011, and South Sudan was reportedly an applicant country as of mid-July 2011. Analysts suggested that South Sudan's early efforts to integrate infrastructure, including rail links and oil pipelines, with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on the part of Juba to pivot away from dependence on Sudan and toward the EAC. Reuters considered South Sudan the likeliest candidate for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15746616", "score": "1.1133406", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "East African Federation", "text": "potential accession of South Sudan to the EAC may affect the timeline for federation or the scope thereof, but given the infrastructure problems that persist in the fledgling country since President Salva Kiir Mayardit cut off oil commerce with Sudan, the South has decided to invest in constructing pipelines that circumvent Sudan's, which it had been using until that time. These new pipelines would extend through Ethiopia to the ports of Djibouti, as well as to the southeast to the coast of Kenya. These collaborations could increase the likelihood of South Sudan joining the East African Federation at some point.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10653478", "score": "1.1059027", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "South Sudan", "text": "that Swahili will be introduced in South Sudan with the goal of supplanting Arabic as a \"lingua franca\", in keeping with the country's intention of orientation toward the East African Community rather than Sudan and the Arab League. Nevertheless, South Sudan submitted an application to join the Arab League as a member state on 25 March 2014, which is still pending. In an interview with the newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat, the Foreign Minister of South Sudan Deng Alor Kuol said: South Sudan is the closest African country to the Arab world, and we speak a special kind of Arabic known as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15746595", "score": "1.1020864", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Foreign relations of South Sudan", "text": "to shed its reliance on Sudan, reportedly planning to introduce the Swahili language and orient itself toward East Africa. Sudan was the first country to recognise the independence of South Sudan on 8 July 2011, 1 day prior to independence. Four other states followed suit on 8 July. Over 25 countries had recognised the country on 9 July, including all permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. On 14 July 2011, South Sudan was admitted as a member of the United Nations without a vote or objections raised by its members. Both before and after South Sudan admission to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15717146", "score": "1.1016104", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "South Sudan", "text": "Rationalist process included Kenya, Uganda, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Eritrea, United Kingdom, Norway. South Sudan is a member state of the United Nations, the African Union, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. South Sudan plans to join the Commonwealth of Nations, the East African Community, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank. Some international trade organizations categorize South Sudan as part of the Greater Horn of Africa Full membership in the Arab League has been assured, should the country's government choose to seek it, though it could also opt for observer status. It was admitted to UNESCO", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15746576", "score": "1.0943638", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Salva Kiir Mayardit", "text": "are allowed to carry out their duties safely.\" At present, none of the parties responsible for ordering the murders or perpetrators of the crimes have been arrested, charged, or convicted. In mid-October 2011, Kiir announced South Sudan had applied for accession to the East African Community. He declared the EAC to be \"at the centre of our hearts\" due to its members' support of the South during the Sudanese civil wars. On 20 December 2011, Kiir visited Israel to thank it for its support during the First Sudanese Civil War in 1956–1972, and met with Israeli president Shimon Peres to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5701202", "score": "1.093918", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "East African Community", "text": "2011. Analysts suggested that South Sudan's early efforts to integrate infrastructure, including rail links and oil pipelines, with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on the part of Juba to pivot away from dependence on Sudan and toward the EAC. Reuters considers South Sudan the likeliest candidate for EAC expansion in the short term, and an article in Tanzanian daily \"The Citizen\" that reported East African Legislative Assembly Speaker Abdirahin Haithar Abdi said South Sudan was \"free to join the EAC\" asserted that analysts believe the country will soon become a full member of the regional body. On 17", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4218835", "score": "1.0919995", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Economy of South Sudan", "text": "said to officially become a member in the future. Analysts suggested that South Sudan's early efforts to integrate infrastructure, including rail links and oil pipelines, with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on the part of Juba to pivot away from dependence on Sudan and toward East Africa. Reuters considers South Sudan the likeliest candidate for EAC expansion in the short term, and an article in Tanzanian daily \"The Citizen\" that reported East African Legislative Assembly Speaker Abdirahin Haithar Abdi said South Sudan was \"free to join the EAC\" asserted that analysts believe the country will soon become a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15747600", "score": "1.0858165", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "History of South Sudan", "text": "This agreement lasted until 2011, when South Sudan declared independence. From 9–15 January 2011 people from South Sudan voted on whether they should break away from Sudan and declare independence. On 30 January 2011, the results had shown that 98.83% of the population had voted for independence from Sudan. At midnight on 9 July 2011, South Sudan became an independent country under the name Republic of South Sudan. On 14 July 2011, South Sudan became the 193rd member state of the United Nations. On 28 July 2011, South Sudan joined the African Union as its 54th member state. Certain disputes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15749998", "score": "1.0837951", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Languages of South Sudan", "text": "who have had the opportunity of going to school, either within South Sudan or in the diaspora. South Sudan's ambassador to Kenya said on 2 August 2011 that Swahili will be introduced in South Sudan with the goal of supplanting Arabic as a \"lingua franca\", in keeping with the country's intention of orientation toward the East African Community rather than Sudan and the Arab League. Nevertheless, South Sudan submitted an application to join the Arab League as a member state on 25 March 2014, which is still pending. In an interview with the newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat, the Foreign Minister of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15752040", "score": "1.0744731", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Foreign relations of South Sudan", "text": "South Sudan was a stumbling block. See also; \"South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations\" South Sudan has applied for full membership of the Commonwealth. If and when it is accepted, South Sudan will become the newest Commonwealth republic. Foreign relations of South Sudan The foreign relations of South Sudan are the relations between the Republic of South Sudan and sovereign states and international organizations. The establishment of the relationships followed the formation of the South Sudanese state on 9 July 2011. South Sudan's former parent country Sudan became the first state in the world to recognize South Sudan. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15717154", "score": "1.069765", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "East African Community", "text": "actions toward black Africans, its record of human rights violations, and its history of hostilities with both Uganda and South Sudan, it was ineligible to join. Sudan's application was rejected by the EAC in December 2011. Representatives of Somalia applied for membership in the EAC in March 2012. The application was considered by the EAC Heads of State in December 2012, which requested that the EAC Council work with Somalia to verify their application. In February 2015, the EAC again deliberated on the matter but deferred a decision as verification had not yet started nor had preparations with the government", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4218848", "score": "1.0598137", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "India–South Sudan relations", "text": "July 2011, the day it declared independence, and Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari attended the country's independence day celebrations in Juba. In a letter to South Sudanese President Salva Kiir, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh wrote, \"India stands ready to share its development experience and extend whatever assistance possible to South Sudan. I am confident that our co-operation will grow from strength to strength in the coming days for the mutual benefit of our two peoples.\" The Indian government has stated that it was willing to assist in developing infrastructure, training officials in health, education and rural development. A Foreign", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15791681", "score": "1.0528294", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "South Sudan", "text": "Government of Southern Sudan was formed. South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011, following a referendum that passed with 98.83% of the vote. South Sudan has a population of 12 million, with Christianity as the majority religion. Half of the habitants in South Sudan are under 18 years of age, said Virginia Gamba, the UN Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict when he visited South Sudan in April 2017. It is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the East African Community and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development. In July 2012, South Sudan signed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15746548", "score": "1.049469", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "South Sudan", "text": "to determine whether South Sudan should become an independent country and separate from Sudan. 98.83% of the population voted for independence. South Sudan formally became independent from Sudan on 9 July, although certain disputes still remained, including the division of oil revenues, as 75% of all the former Sudan's oil reserves are in South Sudan. The region of Abyei still remains disputed and a separate referendum will be held in Abyei on whether they want to join Sudan or South Sudan. The South Kordofan conflict broke out in June 2011 between the Army of Sudan and the SPLA over the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15746557", "score": "1.046334", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "East Africa", "text": "Puntland and Somaliland regions of Somalia, have also seen relative stability. South Sudan peacefully seceded from Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the South Kordofan conflict, particularly a dispute over the status of the Abyei Area, and both Abyei and South Kordofan's Nuba Hills remain a source of tension between Juba and Khartoum. According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants. East Africa East Africa or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1896925", "score": "1.0423462", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Economy of South Sudan", "text": "full member of the regional body. On 17 September, the \"Daily Nation\" quoted a South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the EAC, it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a \"dumping ground\" for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan imports. This was contradicted by President Salva Kiir, who announced South Sudan had officially embarked on the application process one month later. Economy of South Sudan The economy of South Sudan is one of the world's weakest and most", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15747601", "score": "1.0413449", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "International reaction to the South Sudanese Civil War", "text": "a campaign, were it to occur in South Sudan, may be predisposed to being successful strictly in terms of maintaining peace, but not regarding building state capacity. African Union - An African Union mediation team arrived in Juba on 19 December 2013 with representatives from Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda. South Sudan government spokesman Ateny Wek Ateny said: \"The African Union is till now meeting with the president. Their message is that they are trying to broker peace between the two forces,\" while he added \"Bor has surrendered actually because the forces that were in Bor were mainly loyal to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17771555", "score": "1.035319", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "South Sudan", "text": "Nuba Mountains. On 9 July 2011 South Sudan became the 54th independent country in Africa and since 14 July 2011, South Sudan is the 193rd member of the United Nations. On 27 July 2011 South Sudan became the 54th country to join the African Union. South Sudan was at war with at least seven armed groups in 9 of its 10 states, with tens of thousands displaced. The fighters accuse the government of plotting to stay in power indefinitely, not fairly representing and supporting all tribal groups while neglecting development in rural areas. Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15746558", "score": "1.0350684", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "South Sudan", "text": "on 3 November 2011. On 25 November 2011, it officially joined the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, a regional grouping of East African states. The United States supported the 2011 referendum on South Sudan's independence. The \"New York Times\" reported that \"South Sudan is in many ways an American creation, carved out of war-torn Sudan in a referendum largely orchestrated by the United States, its fragile institutions nurtured with billions of dollars in American aid.\" The U.S. government's long-standing sanctions against the Sudan were officially removed from applicability to newly independent South Sudan in December 2011, and senior RSS officials participated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15746577", "score": "1.0350019", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–11)", "text": "and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included Lado, Gondokoro, Dufile and Wadelai. In 1947, British hopes to join the southern part of Sudan with Uganda were dashed by the Juba Conference, to unify northern and southern Sudan. The region was affected by two civil wars since Sudanese independence – the Sudanese government fought the Anyanya rebel army from 1955 to 1972 in the First Sudanese Civil War and then SPLA/M in the Second Sudanese Civil War for almost twenty-one years after the founding of SPLA/M in 1983 – resulting in serious", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15387565", "score": "1.0328742", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "South Sudan", "text": "British hopes to join South Sudan with Uganda as well as, leaving Western Equatoria as part of The Democratic Republic of Congo were dashed by the Rajaf Conference to unify North and South Sudan. South Sudan has an estimated population of 8 million, but, given the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be severely distorted. The economy is predominantly rural and relies chiefly on subsistence farming. Around 2005, the economy began a transition from this rural dominance, and urban areas within South Sudan have seen extensive development. The region has been negatively affected by two civil", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15746555", "score": "1.0325538", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Economy of South Sudan", "text": "in Uganda and Tanzania. In 1992, the Sudanese Pound replaced the dinar as Sudan's currency. Until a referendum, South Sudan will become to first to use the new currency and will be nicknamed 'the Sudani'. Inaugural Finance Minister David Deng Athorbie announced the creation of the South Sudanese pound to go into effect a week after independence. The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan to apply for membership upon the independence of South Sudan in 2011, and South Sudan was reportedly an applicant country as of mid-July 2011. As of early-October, South Sudan is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15747599", "score": "1.0302813", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "India–South Sudan relations", "text": "Peoples' Assembly in Juba. According to the Embassy of India in Khartoum, \"On the whole, the visit to Juba made it evident that the Southern Sudanese have deeper respect for India.\" Indian engagement with South Sudan increased after the end of the Second Civil War. Then Indian Minister of State for External Affairs E.A. Ahamed attended the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement on 9 January 2005 in Nairobi. From 2006, India began inviting South Sudanese citizens for training and exchange programmes in India. India opened a consulate in Juba in August 2007. India formally recognized South Sudan on 9", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15791680", "score": "1.0252802", "original_retrieval_index": 35 } ]

{ "title": "East African Community", "long_answer": "South Sudan was eventually approved for membership to the bloc in March 2016, and signed a treaty of accession in April 2016. It had six months to ratify the agreement, which it did on 5 September, at which point it formally acceded to the community. It does not yet participate to the same extent as the other members.", "chunked_long_answer": "South Sudan was eventually approved for membership to the bloc in March 2016, and signed a treaty of accession in April 2016. It had six months to ratify the agreement, which it did on 5 September, at which point it formally acceded to the community. It does not yet participate to the same extent as the other members.", "short_answers": [ "2016", "April 2016" ] }

[ "1979/80", "Since 1979/80" ]

[ { "title": "Over (cricket)", "text": "Since 1979/80, all Test cricket has been played with six balls per over. However, overs in Test cricket originally had four balls per over, and there have been varying numbers of balls per over around the world up to 1979/80, generally the same as the number of balls per over in force in other first-class cricket in that country.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Over (cricket)", "text": "the allotted overs per innings; thus, in a 50 overs match each bowler can bowl up to a maximum of 10 overs. In Test and first-class cricket, there is no limit to the number of overs which may be completed in a team's innings, nor is there any limit to the number of overs which may be bowled by a single bowler. In these matches, there is a requirement to bowl a minimum of ninety overs in a day's play, to ensure a good spectacle, and to prevent the fielding team from wasting time for tactical reasons. A \"maiden over\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2629386", "score": "1.0631032", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "One Day International", "text": "coloured kits and a white ball became more commonplace over time, and the use of white flannels and a red ball in ODIs ended in 2001. In the main the Laws of cricket apply. However, in ODIs, each team bats for a fixed number of overs. In the early days of ODI cricket, the number of overs was generally 60 overs per side, and matches were also played with 40, 45 or 55 overs per side, but now it has been uniformly fixed at 50 overs. Simply stated, the game works as follows: Where a number of overs are lost,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2349824", "score": "1.0500982", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Over (cricket)", "text": "over, but merely stated that the number of balls should be agreed by the two captains prior to the toss. In practice, the number of balls was usually stipulated in the playing regulations governing the match being played. Although six was the usual number of balls, it was not always the case. From the 1980 code onwards, law 17.1 was amended to read, \"\"The ball shall be bowled from each end alternately in overs of 6 balls\"\". Balls per over In England In Australia In South Africa In New Zealand In Pakistan In India, West Indies, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2629392", "score": "1.0448332", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Over (cricket)", "text": "the United Arab Emirates (venue, not host) and Ireland all Test matches have been played with six ball overs. Over (cricket) In the sport of cricket, an over consists of six consecutive legal balls bowled by a single bowler from one end of a cricket pitch to the batsman at the other end. After six deliveries the umpire calls 'over'; the fielding team switches ends, and a different bowler is selected to bowl from the opposite end. The captain of the fielding team decides which bowler will bowl any given over, and no bowler may bowl two overs in succession.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2629393", "score": "1.042845", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Short form cricket", "text": "are split into 15 eight-ball overs. This reduces the amount of time spent moving between overs and enables the same amount of cricket to be played in a shorter time. In contrast to orthodox cricket rules, an extra ball is not awarded following a wide or no-ball, in order to save time. Instead, two runs are added to the score instead of the usual one run. This rule does not usually apply for the last over of each innings to ensure that no strategic advantage can be gained from the deliberate bowling of a wide ball. The fielding side is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3125919", "score": "1.0324247", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Indoor cricket (UK variant)", "text": "itself differs significantly from its outdoor counterpart in several ways, most notably on the field of play and the means by which runs are obtained. The rules of 6-aside indoor cricket are identical to that of outdoor cricket with the following exceptions, some of which may vary between local leagues. There are six players per team, and the game is played over innings of a maximum of 12 overs of six balls, all of which take place from the same end of the pitch. Bowlers are limited to a maximum of three overs, and batsman must retire upon reaching a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17062666", "score": "1.0308185", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "100-ball cricket", "text": "six-ball overs, and a 10-ball over, a 20-delivery shortfall on traditional twenty20 matches. Various groups have come up with different positives and negatives of this type of system. The loss of 20 balls per innings, vis-a-vis a T20 match, will help to ensure that the competition fits comfortably into a three-hour window. the proposed 10-ball final over may require buy-in from MCC's law-makers, seeing as Law 17.1 that currently states: \"The ball shall be bowled from each end alternately in overs of 6 balls each.\" Some experts have stated that proposals for the new format outlined by the ECB are,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20683020", "score": "1.0285349", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "History of cricket", "text": "and then this was changed to the current six balls per over in 1900. Subsequently, some countries experimented with eight balls per over. In 1922, the number of balls per over was changed from six to eight in Australia only. In 1924 the eight balls per over was extended to New Zealand and in 1937 to South Africa. In England, the eight balls per over was adopted experimentally for the 1939 season; the intention was to continue the experiment in 1940, but first-class cricket was suspended for the Second World War and when it resumed, English cricket reverted to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3119397", "score": "1.0140114", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Over (cricket)", "text": "Over (cricket) In the sport of cricket, an over consists of six consecutive legal balls bowled by a single bowler from one end of a cricket pitch to the batsman at the other end. After six deliveries the umpire calls 'over'; the fielding team switches ends, and a different bowler is selected to bowl from the opposite end. The captain of the fielding team decides which bowler will bowl any given over, and no bowler may bowl two overs in succession. Although this has not always been so, with overs of four, and eight balls, currently an over must consist", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2629383", "score": "0.98903644", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Run rate", "text": "Dutchman Daan van Bunge. And then, on 19 September 2007 in the ICC World Twenty20 Super 8 match held at Kingsmead in Durban, Indian player Yuvraj Singh hit 6 sixes in an over up against English bowler Stuart Broad. What counts as a good run rate depends on the nature of the pitch, the type of match and the level of the game. A Test match held over five days typically shows a lower run rate than a limited-overs game, because batsmen adopt a more cautious approach, whereas in limited overs cricket the batsmen must adopt a more gung-ho approach", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6422233", "score": "0.98503137", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "2009 Women's Cricket World Cup", "text": "standard One Day International playing conditions. All matches were to be 50 overs a side unless stated otherwise by the umpires or match referee, with each bowler entitled to bowl a maximum of 10 overs per match. In the event of bad weather, the side batting second must have batted a minimum of 20 overs for a result to be declared (if the match was not otherwise won, for example if the team batting second was dismissed before the completion of 20 overs). In the event of interrupted matches (due to rain or some other factor), the Duckworth-Lewis method was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12217394", "score": "0.9834096", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Limited overs cricket", "text": "played in England in 2003. It has proven very popular, and several Twenty20 matches have been played between national teams. It makes several changes to the usual laws of cricket, including the addition of a \"bowl-out\" (similar to a penalty shoot-out in football) to decide the result of tied matches, which was subsequently dispensed in favour of a Super Over. 100-ball cricket, another form of one-day cricket with 100 deliveries per side, will launch in England in 2020. It is designed to further shorten game time and hopes to attract a new audience. It makes further changes to the usual", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "304947", "score": "0.9799361", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Short form cricket", "text": "performers. This makes it an extremely enjoyable format for amateur cricketers to play. Six-a-side Cricket is a very short form of the sport designed to be played by teams of only six players. Each team receives one innings, with a maximum of only five overs. Naturally, with far fewer fielders, runs are much easier to score, and sixes matches are typically frenetic affairs. As the games last less than an hour, sixes cricket is typically played in a tournament format with multiple teams competing at the same ground. Other major changes to the Laws of Cricket include: Six-a-side cricket or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3125922", "score": "0.9774922", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "2009 Hong Kong Cricket Sixes", "text": "down by the MCC applied with the following significant differences: Games are played between two teams of six players, and consist of five overs of six balls, with the exception of the final which consists of five overs of eight balls. Each member of the fielding side, with the exception of the wicket-keeper shall bowl one over. Wides and no-balls count as two runs to the batting side, plus an extra ball. If five wickets fall (not including batsmen retiring not out) before the allocated overs have been completed, the remaining batsman continues, with the last batsman out remaining as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14189800", "score": "0.97734773", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Limited overs cricket", "text": "innings total in any List A limited overs match is 496 for 4 by Surrey against Gloucestershire in their Friends Provident Trophy 50-overs match at the Oval, London on 29 April 2007. That surpassed the 443 for nine by Sri Lanka against the Netherlands in their One Day International 50-overs match at Amstelveen on 4 July 2006, which was the record ODI score at the time. On 19th June 2018, England set a new international record, totalling 481 for 6 against Australia at Trent Bridge. The lowest ever total is 23 by Yorkshire against Middlesex at Headingley in 1974 in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "304957", "score": "0.97665703", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Limited overs cricket", "text": "laws of cricket, including the addition of one 10-ball over which is bowled by each side in addition to 15 traditional 6-ball overs. One Day International matches are usually played in brightly coloured clothing often in a \"day-night\" format where the first innings of the day occurs in the afternoon and the second occurs under stadium lights. Every four years, the Cricket World Cup involves all the Test-playing nations and other national sides who qualify through the ICC World Cup Qualifier. It usually consists of round-robin stages, followed by semi-finals and a final. The International Cricket Council (ICC) determines the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "304948", "score": "0.97346056", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "2002 ICC Champions Trophy", "text": "overs and the match was abandoned due to rain without result. According to ICC rules, an ODI match is only official after 25 overs bowled to the side batting second. A Man of the Series award was not made. The International Cricket Council's (ICC) rule for One Day International (ODI) cricket at that time, \"a minimum of 25 overs have to be bowled to the side batting second to constitute a match\", was criticized by former Indian cricketers. Former Indian wicket-keeper Farokh Engineer rejected the rule saying that it \"doesn't make any sense\". Another former Test cricketer Sanjay Manjrekar said", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7403048", "score": "0.9710189", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Indoor cricket (UK variant)", "text": "prevent the ball from reaching it. If the batsman is unable to hit the ball against the back wall, he may instead resort to attempting to score 3 runs by hitting the ball against a side wall and completing a quick single with his partner. In order to attempt to prevent this, the remaining two fielders are generally placed on either side of the batsman in front of the side wall. Using these tactics, a typical score in a 12 over 6 aside game will vary between 100 and 140 runs per side. Indoor Cricket is extremely popular around the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17062672", "score": "0.9703462", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Forms of cricket", "text": "a limit of typically 50 overs, has a planned duration of one day only. A separate form of limited overs is Twenty20, originally designed so that the whole game could be played in a single evening, in which each team has an innings limited to twenty overs. Double innings matches usually have at least six hours of playing time each day. Limited overs matches often last at least six hours; and Twenty20 matches are generally completed in under four hours. In a full day's play scheduled for at least six hours, there are formal intervals on each day for lunch", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3593976", "score": "0.9676041", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Australian women's cricket team in England in 2005", "text": "the required run rate just around six per over. However, fast bowler Cathryn Fitzpatrick took four wickets to trouble the English middle order, having Arran Brindle bowled for 50 to see England to 240 for 6. England only needed 20 for the last four wickets, and with England's captain Clare Connor hitting a couple of fours after being forced down the order, England needed six off the last over to win with one wicket in hand - having suffered two run outs as well. Isa Guha hit the first ball for a single, bringing Connor on strike with five needed.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5504883", "score": "0.9674877", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Bowling (cricket)", "text": "for twenty-over cricket is four overs per bowler, for forty-over cricket eight per bowler and for fifty-over cricket ten per bowler. There is, however, no limit on the number of overs each bowler may bowl in first-class cricket matches, except that no two overs can be bowled consecutively thus restricting any one bowler from a maximum of 50% (plus 1 over) of each innings total. The rule also applies in terms of breaks within a Test innings (Drinks, Lunch and Tea breaks, end of day and beginning of next day). The rule can only been broken if one finishes the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "628931", "score": "0.96638197", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "2012 ICC World Twenty20 Final", "text": "stabilized the innings added 59 runs in 8.5 overs. Marlon Samules played a beautiful and sensible knock of 78 from 55 balls, involving 3 fours and 6 sixes including the longest six of the tournament at 108 meters. Captain Darren Sammy also led a late charge that produced small but valuable knock of 26 runs of just 15 balls. West Indies added 108 runs in the last 10 overs resulting to able to the respectable score of 137 with the loss of 6 wickets and thus able to set Sri Lanka a target of 138. In reply Sri Lanka also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19178313", "score": "0.9613304", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Indoor cricket", "text": "striker's crease is in the regulation place in front of the stumps, but the non-striker's crease is only halfway down the pitch. Indoor cricket is played between 2 teams of 8 players. Each player must bowl 2 eight ball overs, and bat in a partnership for 4 overs. A faster version of the game exists, where each side is reduced to 6 players and each innings lasts 12 overs instead of 16. The stumps used in indoor cricket are not, for obvious reasons, stuck in the ground. Instead, they are collapsible spring-loaded stumps that immediately spring back to the standing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2873944", "score": "0.9598965", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Stuart Broad", "text": "Zealand but could not prevent another defeat for England. On 19 September 2007, Indian batsman Yuvraj Singh hit six sixes from one Broad over in a group match at Kingsmead Cricket Ground in Durban, South Africa, during 2007's ICC World Twenty20. This was the fourth time the feat had been performed in senior cricket and the only time in Twenty20 cricket. The performance has never been repeated in any form of the game in international cricket against a leading bowler from a test playing nation. The 36-runs from the Broad over helped Yuvraj Singh make the quickest 50 in international", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7062898", "score": "0.95927954", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Australian cricket team in England in 2005", "text": "after 6.3 overs. Two balls later, Hayden went for one expansive stroke too many – driving to Ashley Giles at mid-off for 17. England captain Michael Vaughan brought his change bowlers on, first Andrew Flintoff for Jones (who had been taken for 29 runs in his first three overs) and then Steve Harmison. Those changes turned the match on its head. Instead of the Australian batsmen taking easy runs off the English bowlers, the English bowlers now tied down the batting, getting rewards in the form of wickets. Gilchrist gave a catch to Kevin Pietersen at short leg for 27,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5255227", "score": "0.95891035", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Forms of cricket", "text": "by children. A tennis ball is often used rather than the harder cricket ball. Much like beach cricket, the rules may vary wildly. This type of cricket is popular in the South Asian sub-continent, USA and Canada. In this game a harder version of tennis ball is used. The number of overs in the game varies from 6 to 25 overs. Considering that the ball is not as hard as the professional cricket ball, the use of protective gear like gloves, pads and helmets is optional. As tennis ball cricket games are shorter when compared to the conventional version, it", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3594002", "score": "0.9581189", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Twenty20 International", "text": "Zealand, Martin Crowe developed Cricket Max, in which each team bats for 10 eight-ball overs, while in Australia they considered an eight-a-side contest they dubbed \"Super 8s\". At the same time, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) conducted consumer research, and proposed the idea of a 20 overs-per-side contest, which would last for about three hours. The first match was played in 2003 between Hampshire and Sussex. The first Twenty20 International match between two men's sides was played on 17 February 2005, involving Australia and New Zealand. \"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack\" reported that \"neither side took the game especially seriously\",", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8060381", "score": "0.95659363", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Forms of cricket", "text": "6-aside or 8-aside, are also common for tournament play. Indoor cricket is a format of the game designed to be played in an indoor sports hall at times of the year when outdoor play is not possible. There are two recognised forms of indoor cricket. The traditional version played with a hard ball is popular in the UK. This format is played with six players per side and features modified rules designed specifically for indoor play. A soft ball version is played by junior cricketers in the UK and is also popular amongst adults in the Southern Hemisphere. A match", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3593996", "score": "0.95580006", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Over (cricket)", "text": "or becomes ineffective, the captain will replace that bowler with another. The period of time during which a bowler bowls every alternate over is known as a \"spell\". In limited overs cricket matches, such as one-day cricket (for example, a One-Day International, \"ODI\") and Twenty20 (\"T20\"), each team has one batting innings, which ends either after all wickets are lost or when the allotted overs are completed. In such a match, bowlers are generally restricted to the total number of overs they may bowl in a match. The general rule is that no bowler can bowl more than 20% of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2629385", "score": "0.9529506", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Over (cricket)", "long_answer": "Since 1979/80, all Test cricket has been played with six balls per over. However, overs in Test cricket originally had four balls per over, and there have been varying numbers of balls per over around the world up to 1979/80, generally the same as the number of balls per over in force in other first-class cricket in that country.", "chunked_long_answer": "Since 1979/80, all Test cricket has been played with six balls per over. However, overs in Test cricket originally had four balls per over, and there have been varying numbers of balls per over around the world up to 1979/80, generally the same as the number of balls per over in force in other first-class cricket in that country.", "short_answers": [ "1979/80", "Since 1979/80" ] }

[ "The House of Representatives" ]

[ { "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives", "text": "The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death, resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker. The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations: there are normally two, one from each major party (each party having previously met to decide on its nominee). The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives, each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting. Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives", "text": "the lower House as the \"House of Commons\" before the Revolution as well as afterward.\" Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives The Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives is the presiding officer of one of the houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The Speaker is elected by the members of the house when they convene for their regular session in January of each odd-numbered year. Perhaps the most important duty of the Speaker is to appoint members and chairs of the various standing committees of the House. The office evolved from the office of Speaker", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8512594", "score": "1.1682562", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives", "text": "Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives The Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives is the presiding officer of one of the houses of the North Carolina General Assembly. The Speaker is elected by the members of the house when they convene for their regular session in January of each odd-numbered year. Perhaps the most important duty of the Speaker is to appoint members and chairs of the various standing committees of the House. The office evolved from the office of Speaker of the lower house of the legislature in the Province of Carolina, called the House", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8512591", "score": "1.1578326", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Kansas House of Representatives", "text": "2017-2019 session: The Speaker of the Kansas House of Representatives is the leader of the chamber and is elected by his fellow state representatives. The speaker presides over the legislative process on the floor of the chamber or appoints a presiding officer in his or her place. He or she also decides the committee structure. The majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. Kansas House of Representatives The Kansas House of Representatives is the lower house of the legislature of the U.S. state of Kansas. Composed of 125", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8479047", "score": "1.1536577", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Keys", "text": "Speaker of the House of Keys The Speaker of the House of Keys () is the principal officer of the House of Keys, the lower house of the Isle of Man legislature. The Speaker is elected from the membership of the House at its first sitting after an election. He is responsible for controlling the procedure of the House and for the authoritative interpretation of its standing orders. He sets the business of the House and authorises the order of business of the House for each sitting. The Speaker uses the letters SHK after his name. The Speaker is not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6930544", "score": "1.1507788", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Assembly of Dominica", "text": "of its predecessor, the Legislative Council. Speaker of the House of Assembly of Dominica The Speaker of the House of Assembly of Dominica is responsible for the management and general administration of the House, ensuring that rules of procedure are followed. The Speaker is elected by the House of Assembly at its first sitting after a general election. A member of the House who is elected as Speaker can only vote to break ties (a casting vote). If someone outside the membership of the House is elected as Speaker, they become a member, but cannot cast an original or casting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13376772", "score": "1.1454325", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives", "text": "of Representatives. He or she does not take part in debates in the House, does not vote in the House except in the (rare) event of a tied vote, and does not speak in public on party-political issues (except at election time in his or her own constituency). He or she is expected to conduct the business of the House in an impartial manner, and generally does so. There have been several memorable clashes between Speakers and the governments that caused them to be elected: In addition, a notable occurrence in 2011, a Speaker survived being countermanded by the House.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2172681", "score": "1.1437659", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Assembly of Dominica", "text": "Speaker of the House of Assembly of Dominica The Speaker of the House of Assembly of Dominica is responsible for the management and general administration of the House, ensuring that rules of procedure are followed. The Speaker is elected by the House of Assembly at its first sitting after a general election. A member of the House who is elected as Speaker can only vote to break ties (a casting vote). If someone outside the membership of the House is elected as Speaker, they become a member, but cannot cast an original or casting vote. Louis Cools-Lartigue, OBE, was Speaker", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13376771", "score": "1.1405671", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)", "text": "a backrest that is higher than the other seats in the House. The Speaker is elected by the Members of the House. Such an election takes place shortly after a general election or after the position became vacant. The House adopts a profile that outlines the desired qualities that potential candidates should have, such as prior experience and personal traits. The profile is not binding, however. Members can submit their candidacy, but this is not required. The election itself requires the participation of at least 76 Members. To win the election, a Member needs to obtain an absolute majority of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16459737", "score": "1.1361719", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Rhode Island House of Representatives", "text": "of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. The current Speaker of the House is Democrat is Nicholas A. Mattiello. He was elected as Speaker of the House by his House colleagues on March 25, 2014. First elected in November 2006 to Represent District 15 in Cranston & he served as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4564078", "score": "1.1340021", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly", "text": "majority vote, and the Speaker can resign. In practice, the Speaker is usually a member of the governing party or parties, who have the majority in the House, and continues to be a member of his or her political party, but it is left to their individual discretion as to whether or not they attend party meetings. The Speaker also continues to carry out his or her ordinary electorate duties as a member of Parliament and must take part in an election campaign to be re-elected as a member of Parliament. A Deputy Speaker, also elected by the Assembly, supports", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7387546", "score": "1.1328017", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Victorian Legislative Assembly", "text": "Assembly elects one of its members as a presiding officer, known as the Speaker. If the incumbent Speaker seeks a new term, then the House may re-elect him or her merely by passing a motion; otherwise, a secret ballot is held. In practice, the Speaker is usually a member of the governing party or parties, who have the majority in the House. The Speaker continues to be a member of his or her political party, but it is left to their individual discretion as to whether or not they attend party meetings. The Speaker also continues to carry out his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2914078", "score": "1.1293017", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives", "text": "elected by the House at the beginning of a parliamentary term. If the office of Speaker becomes vacant during a parliamentary term, the House must elect a new Speaker when it next sits. The election of a speaker is presided over by the Clerk of the House. It is not unusual for an election to be contested. If there are two candidates, members vote in the lobbies for their preferred candidate. In the case of three or more candidates, a roll-call vote is conducted and the candidate with the fewest votes eliminated, with the process continuing (or reverting to a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2424982", "score": "1.1262779", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Washington House of Representatives", "text": "the majority party caucus followed by a vote of the full House. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation. In the absence of the Speaker the Speaker Pro Tem assumes the role of Speaker. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the House. The current Speaker of the House is Democrat Frank Chopp (D-Seattle) of the 43rd Legislative District. The Speaker Pro Tempore is Tina Orwall (D-Des Moines) of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8443822", "score": "1.1255212", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Kentucky House of Representatives", "text": "bill. Traditionally, the Speaker has also served as Chair of the Rules Committee and the Committee on Committees. When the Speaker is absent from the floor or otherwise unavailable, the Speaker pro tempore fills in as the chief presiding officer of the House. In addition to the Speaker and Speaker pro tem, each party caucus elects a floor leader, a whip, and caucus chair. † Winner of a special election Kentucky House of Representatives The Kentucky House of Representatives is the lower house of the Kentucky General Assembly. It is composed of 100 Representatives elected from single-member districts throughout the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6279602", "score": "1.1253846", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)", "text": "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom) The Speaker of the House of Commons is the presiding officer of the House of Commons, the United Kingdom's lower chamber of Parliament. The office is currently held by John Bercow, who was initially elected on 22 June 2009, following the resignation of Michael Martin. He was returned as an MP in the 2010 general election and was re-elected as Speaker when the House sat at the start of the new parliament on 18 May 2010. He was again returned as an MP in the 2015 general election and was re-elected, unopposed,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2178384", "score": "1.1185853", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "House of Representatives of the Philippines", "text": "He presides over the session; decides on all questions of order, subject to appeal by any member; signs all acts, resolutions, memorials, writs, warrants and subpoenas issued by or upon order of the House; appoints, suspends, dismisses or disciplines House personnel; and exercise administrative functions. The speaker is elected by majority of all the members of the house, including vacant seats. The speaker is traditionally elected at the convening of each Congress. Before a speaker is elected, the House's sergeant-at-arms sits as the \"Presiding Officer\" until a speaker is elected. Compared to the Senate President, the unseating of an incumbent", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2004148", "score": "1.1165106", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines", "text": "Macapagal Arroyo from Pampanga. She was elected to the office on July 23, 2018, and is the first woman and 21st person to serve as Speaker. When the Office of the Speaker is vacant (usually at the beginning of a new Congress), the Secretary-General of the House sits as the Speaker until a person is elected. A Speaker is usually elected via majority vote via roll call of the Representatives, after nomination at the start of each new Congress. Usually, despite the current multi-party system used, only two representatives are nominated, with nominations being agreed upon before each Congress during", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9097550", "score": "1.1137847", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "United States House of Representatives", "text": "who are sent to trial before the Senate, and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President, the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office, with one vote given to each state for that purpose. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party. The Speaker and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference, depending on whichever party has more voting members.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12503521", "score": "1.1127913", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "House of Commons of Canada", "text": "from voting. Finally, under the Constitution Act, 1867, a member of the Senate may not also become a member of the House of Commons and MPs must give up their seats when appointed to the Senate or the bench. The House of Commons elects a presiding officer, known as the Speaker, at the beginning of each new parliamentary term, and also whenever a vacancy arises. Formerly, the Prime Minister determined who would serve as Speaker. Although the House voted on the matter, the voting constituted a mere formality. Since 1986, however, the House has elected Speakers by secret ballot. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "741647", "score": "1.110734", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives", "text": "House. The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce House rules. The Speaker's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber. In particular, the Speaker has great influence over the committee process. The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules, subject to the approval of the entire majority party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members. Furthermore, the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a bill is introduced, the Speaker determines which committee will", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "565019", "score": "1.1100171", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives", "text": "Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives The Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the Texas House of Representatives. The Speaker's main duties are to conduct meetings of the House, appoint committees, and enforce the Rules of the House. The current speaker is Joe Straus, a Republican from San Antonio, who was first elected Speaker on January 13, 2009. The speaker is elected from the legislature of Texas, by a vote of its fellow members. On the first day of each regular session, the members may nominate a fellow member, and a record vote", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7557846", "score": "1.1088834", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives", "text": "the House, the speaker-elect is confirmed in office by the Governor-General. At the start of a term of Parliament, the newly confirmed speaker follows the tradition of claiming the privileges of the House. Each day, prior to the sitting of the House of Commons, the Speaker and other officials travel in procession from the Speaker's personal apartments to the debating camber. The procession includes the Doorkeeper, the Serjeant-at-Arms, the Speaker and the Speaker's Assistant. The Serjeant-at-Arms attends the Speaker on other occasions, and in the House; he or she bears the ceremonial mace that symbolises the royal authority under which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2424984", "score": "1.1058308", "original_retrieval_index": 45 }, { "title": "Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland", "text": "Speaker are both absent, the House must choose a member to act as Speaker for that day. Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland is a member of the Legislative Assembly, elected by his or her fellow members to preside over sittings of the Assembly and to maintain orderly proceedings. The position is currently held by Curtis Pitt, a former Treasurer of Queensland who was elected to the post on 13 February 2018. The Legislative Assembly must choose a new Speaker when it meets following a general election. The member with the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9139287", "score": "1.1047435", "original_retrieval_index": 46 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)", "text": "Canadian provincial and territorial legislatures also have Speakers with much the same roles. The position was preceded by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada. Key: Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada) The Speaker of the House of Commons () is the presiding officer of the lower house of the Parliament of Canada and is elected at the beginning of each new parliament by fellow Members of Parliament (MPs). The Speaker's role in presiding over Canada's House of Commons is similar to that of speakers elsewhere in other countries that use the Westminster system. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2305666", "score": "1.0987713", "original_retrieval_index": 50 }, { "title": "Connecticut House of Representatives", "text": "addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also its chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation and committee assignments. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. The current Speaker is Joe Aresimowicz of the 30th House District (Berlin). The Majority Leader is Matthew Ritter of the 1st House District (Hartford). The Minority Leader is Republican Themis Klarides of the 114th House District (Woodbridge, Orange, and Derby). Current members of the Connecticut House of Representatives, . Connecticut House of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4517184", "score": "1.0976098", "original_retrieval_index": 51 }, { "title": "Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)", "text": "a division and maintain the original ruling; this power, however, is used only rarely, usually when members make frivolous requests for divisions in order to delay proceedings. The Speaker does not vote in the division, except when the Ayes and Noes are tied, in which case he or she must use the casting vote. In exercising the casting vote, the Speaker may theoretically vote as he or she pleases, but, in practice, always votes in accordance with certain unwritten conventions, such as Speaker Denison's rule. First, the Speaker votes to give the House further opportunity to debate a bill or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2178425", "score": "1.0963889", "original_retrieval_index": 52 }, { "title": "Dean of the House (Canada)", "text": "Dean of the House (Canada) In Canada, the Dean of the House is the Member of the House of Commons with the longest unbroken record of service. The Dean is responsible for presiding over the election of the Speaker of the House of Commons at the beginning of each Parliament. The position is the equivalent of the Father of the House in the British House of Commons. Following a General election, or, the resignation or death of the sitting Speaker, the house meets to elect a new Speaker. This was started in 1986, however at the time, Speaker John Bosley", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3557135", "score": "1.0953166", "original_retrieval_index": 54 }, { "title": "Kentucky House of Representatives", "text": "least 24 years old at the time of election, have resided in the state at least 2 years and the district at least 1 year prior to election. Per section 30 of the Kentucky Constitution, representatives are elected every two years in the November following a regular session of the General Assembly. The Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives is the chief presiding officer of the Kentucky House. The Speaker's official duties include maintaining order in the House, recognizing members during debate, appointing committee chairs and determining the composition of committees, and determining which committee has jurisdiction over which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6279601", "score": "1.0926456", "original_retrieval_index": 57 }, { "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives", "text": "indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting. Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for any person, even for someone who is not a member of the House at all, and a few individuals have cast protest votes for non-members since 1997. They may also abstain by voting \"present\". Although no rule exists, based on tradition and practice from the earliest days of the nation, to be elected speaker a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals, i.e. excluding those who abstain. If no", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "564983", "score": "1.0925347", "original_retrieval_index": 58 } ]

{ "title": "Speaker of the United States House of Representatives", "long_answer": "The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death, resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker. The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations: there are normally two, one from each major party (each party having previously met to decide on its nominee). The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives, each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting. Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for any person, even for someone who is not a member of the House at all. They may also abstain by voting \"present\".", "chunked_long_answer": "The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death, resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker. The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations: there are normally two, one from each major party (each party having previously met to decide on its nominee). The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives, each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting. Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for", "short_answers": [ "The House of Representatives" ] }

[ "Beverly Garland" ]

[ { "title": "My Three Sons", "text": "The following year in the tenth season, 1969-1970, Steve remarries, taking widowed teacher Barbara Harper (Beverly Garland) as his wife; she brings with her a 5-year-old daughter, Dorothy \"Dodie\" (Dawn Lyn), so Steven now had a stepdaughter whom he also subsequently adopts. (Dodie is wary of Steve at first, believing that he wants her to simply forget her late father, until he explains that he wants her to always remember and love him, but since he's no longer alive, Steve wants to raise her in his place, and hopes she'll come to love him also.) Also, the last year-and-a-half of", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "My Three Sons", "text": "My Three Sons My Three Sons is an American sitcom. The series ran from 1960 to 1965 on ABC, and moved to CBS until the end of its run on April 13, 1972. \"My Three Sons\" chronicles the life of widower and aeronautical engineer Steven Douglas (Fred MacMurray) as he raises his three sons. The series originally featured William Frawley (who had first co-starred with MacMurray 25 years earlier in the movie \"Car 99\") as the boys' live-in maternal grandfather and housekeeper, William Michael Francis \"Bub\" O'Casey. William Demarest, playing Bub's brother, \"Charley\", replaced Frawley in 1965 due to Frawley's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1486478", "score": "1.0863967", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "All My Sons", "text": "My Sons\" was made into a made-for-TV film. This version is more faithful to Arthur Miller's original play than the 1948 film version. The main roles are James Whitmore who plays Joe Keller, Aidan Quinn as Chris Keller, Michael Learned as Kate Keller and Joan Allen who plays Ann Deever. This version was directed by Jack O'Brien. Unlike the 1948 version, this version refers to George's father as Steve as in the play rather than Herb or Herbert. In 1998, L.A. Theatre Works put on an unabridged radio production for broadcast on Voice of America and NPR. All My Sons", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3717403", "score": "1.052697", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Stephen Schnetzer", "text": "\"A Talent for Murder\"; and \"Filumena\", directed by Laurence Olivier. Schnetzer married Amy Ingersoll in 1976, and in 1982 married his second wife, actress Nancy Snyder, whom he met while she was playing Katrina Karr on \"One Life to Live\". They have two children, Max and Ben Schnetzer, who is also an actor. Stephen Schnetzer Stephen Paul Schnetzer (born June 11, 1948) is an American actor. Schnetzer was born in Canton, Massachusetts, the son of Thomas A. Schnetzer. He attended Catholic Memorial School. After playing the role of Julie Olson Williams' brother, Steven Olson, on \"Days of Our Lives\", he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3237511", "score": "1.0066379", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Nancy Travis", "text": "Children, My Africa\". Travis has had roles in many films, including \"Three Men and a Baby\" and its sequel, \"Three Men and a Little Lady\", plus \"Air America\" and \"Internal Affairs\" (as the wife of Andy García's character), \"So I Married an Axe Murderer\", as the bride of Mike Myers' character, thriller \"The Vanishing\" with Kiefer Sutherland, \"Greedy\" with Michael J. Fox, and in the action-comedy \"Destiny Turns on the Radio\" with Dylan McDermott. Other notable films include the 1995 box office bomb \"Fluke\", 1996 Whoopi Goldberg's comedy \"Bogus\", political comedy/drama \"Running Mates\" with \"Three Men and a Baby\" co-star", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3206350", "score": "0.99808466", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Dawn Lyn", "text": "been cast for \"My Three Sons\". After ABC's lawsuit against Lyn failed, Kim Richards was cast as Prudence Everett, although Lyn was a brunette and Richards was a blonde. Lyn remained on \"My Three Sons\" until it ended three seasons later. Later, Lyn worked steadily in her youth on many popular series like \"Adam-12\", \"Emergency!\", \"Marcus Welby, M.D.\" and \"Gunsmoke\". In 1971 Lyn had a major role in the western \"Shoot Out\" as Gregory Peck's character's daughter. She also appeared in movies such as the \"Walking Tall\" trilogy. (Her brother was also among the cast.) In 1973 Lyn auditioned for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9944436", "score": "0.9932997", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Barry Livingston", "text": "of \"My Three Sons\" to still have an active Screen Actors Guild Card. Barry Livingston married his wife Karen in 1983. The couple has two children: Spencer (b. 1989) and Hailey (b. 1992). Barry Livingston Barry Gordon Livingston (born December 17, 1953) is an American television and film actor, known for his role as \"Ernie Douglas\" on the television series \"My Three Sons\" (1963–72). He is the younger brother of actor/director Stanley Livingston, who played Ernie's older brother \"Chip\" on the show. Livingston was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Lillian Rochelle \"Marilyn\" Palyash and Hilliard Livingston. He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8952834", "score": "0.98802125", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Me and the Boys (TV series)", "text": "acting role before her death in 1995, ten months after the series' cancellation) co-starred as Steve Tower's mother-in-law Mary. Chaz Lamar Shepherd, Wayne Collins, Jr. and Benjamin LeVert played the sons of Steve Harvey's character. The series was scheduled on Tuesdays following \"Full House\" (which co-creators Dames and Ripps had previously written and produced on) and preceding \"Home Improvement\". Despite ranking #20 in the ratings, ABC canceled the series after one season. Me and the Boys (TV series) Me and the Boys is an American sitcom that aired on the ABC network from September 20, 1994 until February 28, 1995.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12175752", "score": "0.987682", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "My Three Sons", "text": "illness. In September 1965, eldest son Mike (Tim Considine) married, and his character was written out of the show. To keep the emphasis on \"three sons\", original youngest son Chip's friend Ernie was adopted. In the program's later years, Steven Douglas remarried and adopted his new wife's young daughter Dorothy (\"Dodie\") (Dawn Lyn). The series was a cornerstone of the ABC and CBS lineups in the 1960s. With 380 episodes produced, it is third only to \"The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet\" (14 seasons, 1952–1966, 434 episodes) and \"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia\" (13 seasons) as television's longest-running live-action sitcom.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1486479", "score": "0.9864858", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "My Three Sons", "text": "Grady and Stanley Livingston. Grady's character was written out of the show at the end of the 11th season, which allowed for his wife Katie and their triplet sons to remain within the Douglas household the following season (as a structural engineer Robbie was working on a bridge construction in Peru). Chip and his teenaged wife Polly (Ronne Troup) (who eloped after Polly's disciplinarian father refused to sanction their marriage) move into their own apartment. At the end of the 1970-1971 season (the show's 11th year), \"My Three Sons\" was still garnering healthy ratings. By the spring of 1971, it", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1486493", "score": "0.97511876", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "My Three Sons", "text": "27, 1966), Mike is specifically mentioned as teaching at a college. MacRae joined \"Petticoat Junction\" the following year, the last of three actresses to play Billie Jo Bradley. To keep the show's title plausible, the show's head writer, George Tibbles fashioned a three-part story arc in which an orphaned friend of youngest brother Richard (Chip, played by Stanley Livingston), Ernie Thompson (played by his real-life brother, Barry Livingston), awaits adoption when his current foster parents are transferred to the Orient. Steve offers to adopt Ernie, but faces antagonism from Uncle Charley, who finds Ernie a bit grating, and forecasts major", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1486487", "score": "0.975034", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Katey Sagal", "text": "Hyde, Steven Hyde's mother, in three episodes of \"That '70s Show\". She starred in the short-lived NBC sitcom \"Tucker\" in 2000. Sagal was cast as the wife of John Ritter in the sitcom \"8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter\" in 2002. Ritter had completed only three episodes of the second season before his death, and the show was cancelled in 2005 after its third season. In 2005 and 2006, Sagal made two appearances on \"Lost\" as Helen Norwood. In 2007, she had a role in the season finale of \"The Winner\" as Glen Abbot's former teacher, with whom", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1689595", "score": "0.96820045", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Pert Kelton", "text": "and hysteria being caused by the blacklist, as many others in the entertainment industry had also rejected the Red Scare of the 1950s. In 1963 Kelton appeared on \"The Twilight Zone\", playing the overbearing mother of Robert Duvall in the episode \"Miniature.\" The next year she guest-starred on the popular family sitcom \"My Three Sons\" starring Fred MacMurray as Steve Douglas and William Frawley as Bub O'Casey. In that series' episode \"Stage Door Bub\", Kelton portrays Thelma Wilson, a veteran itinerant stage actress who longs for a settled domestic life but soon realizes that lifestyle is actually ill-suited for her", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6853688", "score": "0.96687186", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Mike Minor (actor)", "text": "in Los Angeles and Brown Military Academy in San Diego. Since then he had appeared at Bimbo's in San Francisco, the Rat Fink Room in New York City, the Elegante in Brooklyn, Izzy's Supper Club in Vancouver and the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Los Angeles. In 1961, Minor played the character Ray in an episode of \"My Three Sons\", a show produced by his father. He played Steve Elliott on \"Petticoat Junction\" in seasons four through seven (1966–70). His character, a pilot, crashed his airplane in Hooterville, then recovered and eventually married the character Betty Jo Bradley (though he was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6234401", "score": "0.9659879", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Hazel (TV series)", "text": "in with George's younger brother, Steve (Ray Fulmer), a real estate agent, Steve's wife Barbara (Lynn Borden) and their daughter Susie (Julia Benjamin). Hazel provides the same housekeeping services for her revamped family. (CBS said that Blake was not available after NBC's cancellation, although DeFore stated that he was never informed of the change and found out about it while reading the newspaper). Ann Jillian, who was then a teenager, was also added to the cast as Millie Ballard, Steve Baxter's receptionist; she later went on to star in her own series, \"It's a Living\" and numerous television movies. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4682468", "score": "0.96453387", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Nancy Dussault", "text": "the revue \"Side by Side by Sondheim\" on Broadway. In Arthur Hiller's 1979 film, \"The In-Laws\", she played Carol Kornpett, wife of Alan Arkin who played Sheldon S. Kornpett, D.D.S. On television, she was a regular on the 1970s series \"The New Dick Van Dyke Show\" and the long running \"CBS\" game show \"Match Game\". She also played Ted Knight's wife in the role of the photographer Muriel Rush on the 1980s situation comedy \"Too Close for Comfort\". She was part of the first anchor team of \"Good Morning America\", paired with David Hartman, when the show launched in 1975.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5417606", "score": "0.96048105", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Don Grady", "text": "to understand that a Confederate soldier, Lawrence (played by Dick Powell), who is holding him prisoner, is a man of decency and strength of commitment. Simon Oakland appeared in this episode as a less sympathetic Confederate named Townsend. In 1960, he began a 12-year run as Robbie Douglas in the show \"My Three Sons\" starring Fred MacMurray. Initially airing on ABC, the show moved to CBS in 1965. During production of \"My Three Sons\", Grady both appeared with his own band The Greefs on the series, writing two original songs for the show and was the drummer for The Yellow", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8668532", "score": "0.9549289", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "All My Sons", "text": "Deever is renamed Herbert Deever, and makes an onscreen appearance, played by actor Frank Conroy. In 1950, Lux Radio Theater broadcast a radio play of \"All My Sons\" with Burt Lancaster as Joe. The play was adapted by S. H. Barnett and, in an interesting twist, featured the character of Steve Deever in a speaking role. In 1958, the play was adapted for television by Stanley Mann and directed by Cliff Owen. This production starred Albert Dekker as Joe Keller, Megs Jenkins as Kate Keller, Patrick McGoohan as Chris Keller and Betta St. John as Ann Deever. In 1987, \"All", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3717402", "score": "0.9530998", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Cynthia Pepper", "text": "of explanation before he was hanged. In 1964, Pepper returned to \"My Three Sons\" for a final guest appearance. In the story line, she returns to fictitious Bryant Park to see Mike Douglas one more time but learns that Mike is engaged to Sally Ann Morrison. That year she also appeared on \"Perry Mason\" as Annalee Fisher in \"The Case of the Drifting Dropout.\" Thereafter, her roles were limited to guest appearances on such series as \"The Addams Family\" with John Astin, \"Julia\" with Diahann Carroll and Lloyd Nolan, \"The Flying Nun\" with Sally Field, and the short-lived \"The Jimmy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11975099", "score": "0.950248", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Amy Hill", "text": "the Sun\", \"The Sarah Silverman Program\", and \"My Wife & Kids\". She has had many notable recurring roles on TV shows as well, such as the lesbian daughter of D. L. Hughley's neighbor (played by Pat Morita) on \"The Hughleys\", the upstairs neighbor of Monica and Rachel on \"Friends\", Mrs. DePaulo on \"That's So Raven\", Mama Tohru on \"Jackie Chan Adventures\", Mrs. Hasagawa on \"\", Penny Candy on \"The Puzzle Place\", Maureen Nervosa, the owner of \"Cafe Nervosa\" on Frasier\",\" Mah Mah the adopted mother of Francine on \"American Dad!\", Dr. Lauren Brown on \"General Hospital\", and Suji on \"The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8269428", "score": "0.94601226", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Carol Nugent", "text": "certificate and when he died she was living with their two children only a few blocks from his house in Beverly Hills. In 2002 Nugent renewed her acquaintance with John G. Stephens who had been production manager on the 1960s television series \"My Three Sons\". Her father Carl had been property master for the show. Stephens' wife, actress Joan Vohs (1927–2001), had recently died from heart failure. Stephens and Nugent married later that year. Carol Nugent Carol Lou Nugent (born July 7, 1937) is an American actress who began her career as a child. Nugent appeared in over 20 feature", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11016615", "score": "0.9457621", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Doris Singleton", "text": "episodes, titled \"The Crooked Candle\" and \"The Purple Woman\". She guest-starred on \"My Three Sons\", playing two different characters who had recurring roles throughout the long run of the show. She originally played the mother of Meredith MacRae whose character Sally Morrison married original oldest son Mike Douglas (Tim Considine) in the 1964-65 season. Later she played Margaret, mother of Polly Williams (Ronne Troup) in the 1970-71 season. At the time of her death in June 2012, Singleton was the last surviving major recurring adult cast member from the \"Lucy\" shows. Her last major acting role was in \"Deadly Messages\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10105944", "score": "0.9450198", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Joan Tompkins", "text": "also appeared in the 1967 episode \"There goes the Ballgame\" as Rose. She is also fondly remembered by fans of classic television as the mother to Don Grady's TV wife Tina Cole on \"My Three Sons\" playing the recurring role of Lorraine Miller. She played the part nine times during the period from 1967-70. In the 1962-1963 television season, Tompkins played legal secretary Trudy Wagner in Edmond O'Brien's NBC legal drama \"Sam Benedict\", co-starring Richard Rust. From 1967-1970, she guest starred nine times as Lorraine Miller in Fred MacMurray's CBS situation comedy, \"My Three Sons\", with her last appearance in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14196097", "score": "0.94435346", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Steve Schirripa", "text": "Podge and Rodge Show\". He also did spots as \"Steve the Judgmental Bastard\" on \"The Tonight Show\" with Jay Leno, and taped several episodes of \"The Gong Show with Dave Attell,\" as one of the celebrity judges. From 2008 to 2012, Schirripa had a recurring role in the ABC Family show, \"The Secret Life of the American Teenager\", as Leo Boykewick, Ben's dad. In 2009, he made a cameo appearance alongside fellow \"Sopranos\" actor Frank Vincent in \"Stargate Atlantis\" episode \"Vegas\". Recently, he was in \"My Fake Fiancé\" with Melissa Joan Hart and Joey Lawrence as the Monkey. He has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2801610", "score": "0.94318634", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Steve Carell", "text": "struggles with addiction in \"Beautiful Boy\". Carrell will return to television by starring in \"The Morning Show\" for Apple opposite Reese Witherspoon and Jennifer Aniston. On August 5, 1995, Carell married \"Saturday Night Live\" alumna Nancy Carell (née Walls), whom he met when she was a student in an improvisation class he was teaching at Second City. They have two children, Elisabeth Anne \"Annie\" (born May 2001) and John \"Johnny\" (born June 2004). In addition to working with Carell as a fellow correspondent on \"The Daily Show\", Nancy acted with him on \"The Office\" as his realtor and short-lived girlfriend", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4336910", "score": "0.9431783", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Sneeze (blog)", "text": "and has two sons, aged three and seven as of . Blog posts often feature humorous or surreal conversations with the younger of the two boys. Steve has also blogged about the perennial growth of a bizarre \"tree brain\", or sulfur shelf fungus, on a tree outside his house. Steve has interviewed Adam Savage of \"MythBusters\", animator and director Savage Steve Holland, and actor and comedian Don Novello, best known for his \"Saturday Night Live\" character Father Guido Sarducci. He is friends with the band Cloud Cult and Brian Rosenworcel of Guster, as well as Natalie Dee and Drew of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10298391", "score": "0.9427725", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Judith Barcroft", "text": "Nancy Wickwire) who was in love with Wayne but blamed Lenore for stealing his affections. After leaving \"Another World\", she took over the role of Ann Tyler on \"All My Children\". As the daughter of the wealthy Phoebe and Charles Tyler, she married handsome lawyer Paul Martin. After Ann gave birth to a baby who died suddenly, she underwent a mental breakdown, forcing Paul and Phoebe to commit her to a mental hospital. She played the role for six years, leaving All My Children in 1977. The following year, she appeared on \"The Edge of Night\", playing Louise Cavanaugh (Miles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5343747", "score": "0.94225043", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Kelly Coffield Park", "text": "episodes \"The Chinese Woman\" and \"The Pledge Drive\" as \"Noreen,\" whose relationships with men were regularly destroyed by Elaine Benes. Kelly has also made guest appearances on \"My Wife and Kids\" and \"The Jamie Foxx Show\". She married Steve Park, another former cast member of \"In Living Color\", in 1991. They have a son, Owen, and a daughter, Eliza. Kelly Coffield Park Kelly Coffield Park is an American actress and comedian. She is best known for being an original cast member of the sketch comedy television series \"In Living Color\". In 1997, Park had a supporting role in the short-lived", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5834887", "score": "0.9406303", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Steve Smith (American Dad!)", "text": "Steve Smith (American Dad!) Steven Anita \"Steve\" Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series \"American Dad!\", voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's 15-year-old son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters. Steve only has 3 human friends that always stand by his side no matter what crazy scenario is going on. However, he has the biggest bond with his pet alien Roger because they are always going from one crazy adventure to another. They even made a fake detective agency where they came up with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7159137", "score": "0.93765604", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "My Three Sons", "text": "in several episodes of \"I Love Lucy\". Actress Tina Cole (Katie) was born into the King Family, a popular 1950s–1960s group. Ronne Troup (Polly) was the step-daughter of singer Julie London and daughter of musician/composer Bobby Troup (who wrote the song \"Route 66\" and also starred in the TV program \"Emergency!\" along with wife London), and Dawn Lyn is the younger sister of 1970s pop idol Leif Garrett. Don Grady (Robbie) composed and produced music, having created successful Las Vegas venues for \"Phantom of the Opera\" star Michael Crawford and pop star David Cassidy. Grady also played drums in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1486498", "score": "0.9371163", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "My Three Sons", "long_answer": "The following year in the tenth season, 1969-1970, Steve remarries, taking widowed teacher Barbara Harper (Beverly Garland) as his wife; she brings with her a 5-year-old daughter, Dorothy \"Dodie\" (Dawn Lyn), so Steven now had a stepdaughter whom he also subsequently adopts. (Dodie is wary of Steve at first, believing that he wants her to simply forget her late father, until he explains that he wants her to always remember and love him, but since he's no longer alive, Steve wants to raise her in his place, and hopes she'll come to love him also.) Also, the last year-and-a-half of the series feature fewer appearances of both Don Grady and Stanley Livingston. Grady's character was written out of the show at the end of the 11th season, which allowed for his wife Katie and their triplet sons to remain within the Douglas household the following season (as a structural engineer Robbie was working on a bridge construction in Peru). Chip and his teenaged wife Polly (Ronne Troup) (who eloped after Polly's disciplinarian father refused to sanction their marriage) move into their own apartment.", "chunked_long_answer": "The following year in the tenth season, 1969-1970, Steve remarries, taking widowed teacher Barbara Harper (Beverly Garland) as his wife; she brings with her a 5-year-old daughter, Dorothy \"Dodie\" (Dawn Lyn), so Steven now had a stepdaughter whom he also subsequently adopts. (Dodie is wary of Steve at first, believing that he wants her to simply forget her late father, until he explains that he wants her to always remember and love him, but since he's no longer alive, Steve wants to raise her in his place, and hopes she'll come to love him also.) Also, the last year-and-a-half of", "short_answers": [ "Beverly Garland" ] }

[ "Four Seas", "Four" ]

[ { "title": "Chinese dragon", "text": "There are four major Dragon Kings, representing each of the Four Seas: the East Sea (corresponding to the East China Sea), the South Sea (corresponding to the South China Sea), the West Sea (sometimes seen as the Qinghai Lake and beyond), and the North Sea (sometimes seen as Lake Baikal).", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Chinese dragon", "text": "and strong enough, hence earning the right to wear the dragon on his skin, lest his luck be consumed by the dragons. Chinese dragons are strongly associated with water and weather in popular religion. They are believed to be the rulers of moving bodies of water, such as waterfalls, rivers, or seas. The Dragon God is the dispenser of rain as well as the zoomorphic representation of the \"yang\" masculine power of generation. In this capacity as the rulers of water and weather, the dragon is more anthropomorphic in form, often depicted as a humanoid, dressed in a king's costume,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "756089", "score": "1.0448365", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Chinese dragon", "text": "clouds or hide in water (according to the \"Guanzi\"). It can form clouds, can turn into water, can change color as an ability to blend in with their surroundings, as an effective form of camouflage or glow in the dark (according to the \"Shuowen Jiezi\"). In many other countries, folktales speak of the dragon having all the attributes of the other 11 creatures of the zodiac, this includes the whiskers of the Rat, the face and horns of the Ox, the claws and teeth of the Tiger, the belly of the Rabbit, the body of the Snake, the legs of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "756087", "score": "1.0212153", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Chinese dragon", "text": "yin essence (negative). Initially, the dragon was benevolent, wise, and just, but the Buddhists introduced the concept of malevolent influence among some dragons. Just as water destroys, they said, so can some dragons destroy via floods, tidal waves, and storms. They suggested that some of the worst floods were believed to have been the result of a mortal upsetting a dragon. Many pictures of Chinese dragons show a flaming pearl under their chin or in their claws. The pearl is associated with spiritual energy, wisdom, prosperity, power, immortality, thunder, or the moon. Chinese art often depicts a pair of dragons", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "756085", "score": "1.0203975", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Dragon boat", "text": "were dragon boats, too. Of the twelve animals which make up the traditional Chinese zodiac, only the Dragon is a mythical creature. All the rest are non-mythical animals, yet all twelve of the zodiac creatures were well known to members of ancient Chinese agrarian communities. Dragons were traditionally believed to be the rulers of water on earth: rivers, lakes, and seas; they were also thought to dominate the waters of the heavens: clouds, mists, and rains. There are earth dragons, mountain dragons, and sky or celestial dragons (Tian Long) in Chinese tradition. Mythical dragons and serpents are also found widely", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1784493", "score": "1.0125008", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Dongyin, Lienchiang", "text": "dragon playing in the water. Therefore, Dragon Sea Cave is nicknamed “Marine Dragon Play at Sea”. The sleek and agile dragon is the long-eroded sea arch. Due to the scarcity of extensive tidal flats and sandy beaches in Dongyin, the pebble beach in Dongao (東澳) is one of few ports that give access to the sea. The stairs connected to the port used to be very steep, but after renovation, they are now well established with handrails. Tourists can stay under the shade of huge stones away from blistering sun. The pebbles at the port are suitable for resting and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6433290", "score": "1.0085533", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Throne of Jade", "text": "back to the Commonwealth. Novik includes an allusion to the legend of Hua Mulan, or at least the Disney version: The historical Chinese policy of isolationism is a major plot point. The smuggling of opium and other European activities in China influence Chinese attitudes, but the presence of dragons results in a greater capacity to fend off European powers and maintain control over the borders. In the alternate setting, dragons are an important part of Chinese society. Unlike the European nations, which consider dragons to be barely controlled monsters, the Chinese folklore on dragons views them as symbols of power,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8653309", "score": "1.0052799", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Dragon", "text": "and their associations with rain are the source of the Chinese customs of dragon dancing and dragon boat racing. Many East Asian deities and demigods have dragons as their personal mounts or companions. Dragons were also identified with the Emperor of China, who, during later Chinese imperial history, was the only one permitted to have dragons on his house, clothing, or personal articles. The word \"dragon\" entered the English language in the early 13th century from Old French \"dragon\", which in turn comes from (nominative \"draco\") meaning \"huge serpent, dragon\", from , \"drakon\" (genitive \"drakontos\", δράκοντος) \"serpent, giant seafish\". The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "107301", "score": "0.9997871", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Dragon boat", "text": "and calamity and encourage rainfall, which is needed for the fertility of the crops and thus, for the prosperity of an agrarian way of life. Celestial dragons were the controllers of rain, monsoons, winds, and clouds. The Emperor was \"The Dragon\" or the \"Son of Heaven\", and Chinese people refer to themselves as \"dragons\" because of its spirit of strength and vitality. Unlike dragons in European mythology, which are typically considered to be evil and demonic, Asian dragons are regarded as wholesome and benevolent, and thus worthy of veneration, not slaying. If rainfall is insufficient, however, drought and famine can", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1784496", "score": "0.99833393", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Chinese water dragon", "text": "small fish, mammal or reptile. Chinese water dragons have established themselves in Hong Kong, probably from released pet animals. Chinese water dragon The Chinese water dragon (\"Physignathus cocincinus\") is a species of agamid lizard native to China and mainland Southeast Asia. It is also known as the Asian water dragon, Thai water dragon, and green water dragon. Chinese water dragons can grow up to in total length, including tail, and can live from ten to fifteen years. Coloration ranges from dark to light green, or sometimes purple with an orange stomach. Diagonal stripes of green or turquoise are found on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6309645", "score": "0.99641204", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "The Dragon Pearl", "text": "Lin Jin) join their respective parents, Chris (Sam Neill) and Dr. Li (Wang Ji) on an archaeological dig in China they encounter something trapped beneath a temple beyond their wildest imagination. A real live Chinese dragon. Two thousand years earlier, to defend his kingdom, the dragon lent an emperor his all powerful pearl. Instead of being returned the pearl was buried with the emperor beneath his palace, and helpless without its source of power the dragon has remained entombed ever since. With the Dragon Pearl buried on the excavation site, Josh and Ling implore their parents for help, but met", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15931005", "score": "0.99621916", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Dragonkeeper", "text": "Wang Cao. After killing the Dragon hunter, they go to the Ocean. After reaching the ocean, Danzi tells Ping he must go over Ocean to reach a river of life and will take Hua, who was hurt by Diao, with him, so that the river can heal them both. The stone (now found to be an egg) hatches into a purple baby dragon. Before Danzi leaves, he gives the baby a name: Long Kai Duan. Ping is now left alone with the baby dragon, the last and the first. Tian FEN - The Emperor's Counsellor, who was present at Huangling", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8372754", "score": "0.993383", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "The Dragon Pearl", "text": "with disbelief the children realize they must find the pearl on their own. However thereʼs one who does believe them: archaeologist Philip Dukas (Robert Mammone), who wants to seize the pearlʼs awesome power for his own sinister ambitions. The only way to stop him is for Josh and Ling to get to it first and return it to its rightful owner. Dragons are legendary creatures that appear in the myths of many cultures. In the West, European dragons are depicted as reptilian or serpent-like creatures that breathe fire. The Chinese dragon is completely different. Chinese dragons are benevolent creatures that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15931006", "score": "0.9917338", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Chinese numismatic charm", "text": "in the heavens as clouds, this would also imply that like flowing water cash coins should circulate freely. The appearance of wiggly-lines that represent Chinese dragons happened around this time as well and may have also been based on the Wu Xing element of water as dragons were thought to be water animals that were the bringers of both the winds and the rain, this would also confirm that dragons represented the nation that the circulation of cash coins should be free akin to how water flows. In later Chinese charms, amulets, and talismans the dragon became a symbol of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13916833", "score": "0.98992085", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "The Dragon Pearl", "text": "give emperors their power and are representative of all the forces of nature. In many representations of the Chinese dragons, they are shown pursuing the elusive flaming pearl, the symbol of all power and knowledge. There are nine different Chinese dragons. The dragon depicted in the story is the Golden Dragon, the most powerful and benevolent. There are many graphical depictions of the dragon, with variations according to location and historical period. The challenge was how to depict a \"realistic\" dragon in a live action movie: not only how the dragon should “look”, but also how it should “move” and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15931007", "score": "0.9888898", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Dragon of the Lost Sea", "text": "Dragon of the Lost Sea Dragon of the Lost Sea is a fantasy novel by Chinese-American author Laurence Yep. It was first published in 1982 and is the first book in his \"Dragon\" series. Having already written several books, Yep had wanted to adapt Chinese mythology into a fantasy form for some time, and began writing the story in 1980 after undertaking careful research. He had originally intended to adapt a Chinese folktale in which the Monkey King captured a river spirit who had flooded an entire city, which he at first tried to conceive in picture book form. However,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11288555", "score": "0.98841166", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Chinese mythology", "text": "a master of storms and bringer of rain. Zhulong the Torch Dragon is a giant red solar deity. Sometimes he appears in composite snake-like, human-dragon form. There were various dragon kings. They mostly lived undersea and were of the Ao family, such as Ao Guang. Various mythology accounting human-dragon relationships exist, such as the story of Longmu, a woman who raise dragons. Specific dragons, or types of dragon, include: Dilong, the earth dragon; Fuzanglong, the treasure dragon; Jiaolong, dragon of floods and sea; Teng, a flying creature, sometimes considered a type of snake or dragon-snake; Tianlong, the celestial dragon, sometimes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1296936", "score": "0.9853621", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Dragon", "text": "with a spade and cut off part of his tail. Li burst through the ceiling and flew away to the Black Dragon River in northeast China, where he became the god of that river. On the anniversary of his mother's death on the Chinese lunar calendar, Old Li returns home, causing it to rain. He is still worshipped as a rain god. In China, dragons are closely associated with rain and drought is thought to be caused by a dragon's laziness. Prayers invoking dragons to bring rain are common in Chinese texts. The \"Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "107357", "score": "0.9825649", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Gunung Bonpuri", "text": "Dragon King of the West Sea with his bow and arrow. The Dragon King of the West Sea's scale was so hard it could not be destroyed even by lightning; however, Wang Janggun pierced the scale with nothing but his strength. After the death of the Dragon King of the West Sea and the destruction of his undersea kingdom, the Dragon King of the East Sea promised that Wang Janggun could take any object from his Dragon Palace. Choribdongi whispered to Wang Janggun that his sister was carefully hidden inside an old writing box. Wang Janggun said that he wanted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16815295", "score": "0.98204494", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Faxian", "text": "dragons were the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka. On Faxian's way back to China, after a two-year stay in Ceylon, a violent storm drove his ship onto an island, probably Java. After five months there, Faxian took another ship for southern China; but, again, it was blown off course and he ended up landing at Mount Lao in what is now Shandong in northern China, east of the city of Qingdao. He spent the rest of his life translating and editing the scriptures he had collected. Faxian wrote a book on his travels, filled with accounts of early Buddhism, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2180174", "score": "0.9699937", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Chinese dragon", "text": "a rain deity that fosters harmony. It was reported that the Chinese government decided against using the dragon as its official 2008 Summer Olympics mascot because of the aggressive connotations that dragons have outside of China, and chose more \"friendly\" symbols instead. Sometimes Chinese people use the term \"Descendants of the Dragon\" () as a sign of ethnic identity, as part of a trend started in the 1970s when different Asian nationalities were looking for animal symbols as representations, for example, the wolf may be used by the Mongols as it is considered to be their legendary ancestor. The dragon", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "756078", "score": "0.96992093", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Chinese sun and moon mirrors", "text": "moon-mirrors, and \"tulong\" 土龍 \"clay dragons\" believed analogously to cause rainfall like Chinese \"long\" dragons. It describes a dispute between Han astronomer Liu Xin, who used a clay dragon in a rain sacrifice, but could not explain the reason why it worked, when the scholar Huan Tan argued that only a genuine lodestone can attract needles. The objection that the dragon was not genuine, is all right, but it is wrong not to insist on relationship. When an east wind blows, wine flows over, and [when a whale dies, a comet appears.] The principle of Heaven is spontaneity, and does", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19057252", "score": "0.9673742", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Chinese dragon", "text": "in China called \"Nine Dragons\", the most famous being Kowloon (in Cantonese) in Hong Kong. The part of the Mekong in Vietnam is known as \"Cửu Long\", with the same meaning. The Dragon is one of the 12 animals in the Chinese zodiac which is used to designate years in the Chinese calendar. It is thought that each animal is associated with certain personality traits. Dragon years are usually the most popular to have children. There are more people born in Dragon years than in any other animal years of the zodiac. The Azure Dragon (Qing Long, 青龍) is considered", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "756106", "score": "0.96395904", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Dongyin, Lienchiang", "text": "Cave (燕秀潮音) is the best bet. Dragon Sea Cave (海現龍闕) is situated in the south of Beiao (北澳), and at the east coastline of Wind Tiger Cape (風虎角). A meters-long sea chasm and a sea arch formed on the seafront after years of erosion by strong wind and waves. Retreat of a sea cliff exposes basalt bedrock. When the sea is at peace, divisional planes and grains of basalt rock are observed. With wind and waves picking up, or during the fog season (March - May), the image of the sea arch flickers in the waves and fog, like a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6433289", "score": "0.9630315", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Chinese water dragon", "text": "Chinese water dragon The Chinese water dragon (\"Physignathus cocincinus\") is a species of agamid lizard native to China and mainland Southeast Asia. It is also known as the Asian water dragon, Thai water dragon, and green water dragon. Chinese water dragons can grow up to in total length, including tail, and can live from ten to fifteen years. Coloration ranges from dark to light green, or sometimes purple with an orange stomach. Diagonal stripes of green or turquoise are found on the body, while the tail is banded from the middle to the end with green and white. Their undersides", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6309641", "score": "0.96272767", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Chinese dragon", "text": "it was customary for the local gentry and government officials to lead the community in offering sacrifices and conducting other religious rites to appease the dragon, either to ask for rain or a cessation thereof. The King of Wuyue in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was often known as the \"Dragon King\" or the \"Sea Dragon King\" because of his extensive hydro-engineering schemes which \"tamed\" the sea. According to Chinese legend, both Chinese primogenitors, the earliest Door and the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), were closely related to 'Long' (Chinese dragon). At the end of his reign, the first legendary", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "756091", "score": "0.95675445", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Descendants of the Dragon", "text": "The song was promoted by both the governments of Taiwan and mainland China. It has been noted in its assertion of racial and cultural identity of Chineseness. The song states that China is the dragon, and Chinese people the \"Descendants of the Dragon\". Although the use of Chinese dragon as a motif has a long history, using dragon to represent the Chinese people only became popular since the 1970s. During the pre-modern dynastic periods, the dragon would often be associated with the rulers of China and used as a symbol of imperial rule, and there were strict stipulations on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19755722", "score": "0.95657253", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Dragon King", "text": "Forms of the Highest Deity (五方上帝 \"Wǔfāng Shàngdì\"), or their zoomorphic incarnation. One of his epithets is Dragon King of Wells and Springs. The dragon king is the king of the dragons and he also controls all of the creatures in the sea. The dragon king gets his orders from the Jade Emperor. Besides being a water deity, the Dragon God frequently also serves as a territorial tutelary deity, similarly to Tudigong and Houtu. The Yellow Dragon (黃龍 \"Huánglóng\") does not have a precise body of water of which he is the patron. However, as the zoomorphic incarnation of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1872563", "score": "0.9560938", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Dragon Lady (Terry and the Pirates)", "text": "keep an eye on Japanese shipping and other activities. They, naturally were much more effective if they had ships. The South China Sea was (and is today) full of pirates. Numerous bands of pirates were recruited to keep an eye on the Japanese military. One of these bands was located near Shanghai [according to my information], and was run by a woman, who was fairly young and quite good looking. Hence, the \"Dragon Lady\". Reportedly, her band was quite successful, and she ran a taut ship. Another event in the strip was when the characters were supposedly setting up radio", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10444391", "score": "0.9526567", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Chinese water dragon", "text": "and Burma), Chinese water dragons are most commonly found along the banks of freshwater lakes and streams. They are active during the day (diurnal), and spend most of their time in the trees or plants (arboreal). If threatened, the dragon will drop from the trees into the water and either swim to safety or remain submerged for up to 90 minutes. Water dragons live in areas with average humidity levels of 40–80% and temperatures ranging from 80–90 °F (26–32 °C). Though they will also eat vegetation, the diet of the water dragon consists mainly of insects, supplemented with an occasional", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6309644", "score": "0.9516964", "original_retrieval_index": 36 } ]

{ "title": "Chinese dragon", "long_answer": "There are four major Dragon Kings, representing each of the Four Seas: the East Sea (corresponding to the East China Sea), the South Sea (corresponding to the South China Sea), the West Sea (sometimes seen as the Qinghai Lake and beyond), and the North Sea (sometimes seen as Lake Baikal).", "chunked_long_answer": "There are four major Dragon Kings, representing each of the Four Seas: the East Sea (corresponding to the East China Sea), the South Sea (corresponding to the South China Sea), the West Sea (sometimes seen as the Qinghai Lake and beyond), and the North Sea (sometimes seen as Lake Baikal).", "short_answers": [ "Four", "Four Seas" ] }

[ "You are a Puzzle" ]

[ { "title": "Naz Khialvi", "text": "Naz Khialvi (1947 – 12 December 2010) was a Pakistani lyricist and radio broadcaster, who is mainly known for his Sufi verse Tum Ek Gorakh Dhanda Ho (You are a Puzzle), later sung by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, a legendary Qawwali singer, making both of them a household name. He also hosted a radio programme, Sandhal Dharti at Faisalabad radio station for 27 years.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Dhanda, Punjab", "text": "Dhanda, Punjab Dhanda is a village in Rurka Kalan tehsil in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is from the postal head office in Goraya, from Phillaur, from the district headquarters Jalandhar, and from the state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj. The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed upper primary school (GMS Dhanda). The school provides mid-day meal as per Indian Midday Meal Scheme, and the meal prepared in school premises. It was found in 1981. According to the report published by Census India", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19611642", "score": "1.0375731", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Dhanda, Punjab", "text": "activities out of the total population of Dhanda, which includes 486 males and 97 females. According to census survey report 2011, 93.14% workers describe their work as main work and 6.86% workers are involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Goraya railway station is the nearest train station; Phillaur Junction train station is from the village. The village is from the domestic airport in Ludhiana, and the nearest international airport is in Chandigarh. Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second-nearest airport, away in Amritsar. Dhanda, Punjab Dhanda is a village in Rurka Kalan", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19611644", "score": "0.999575", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Gorakh Hill", "text": "is said that the great medieval Hindu saint, Sri Gorakhnath Ji, had extensively wandered in hills and the region. According to Nandu, an authority on Sanskrit, Gorakh is a Sanskrit word which means \"shepherding of sheep, cow and goat, etc.\" Gorakh Hill Station is situated on one of the highest plateaus of Sindh, spread over of land. It is very attractive to nature-lovers owing to its temperate weather and beautiful surroundings. Gorakh Hill Station is famous for its nightlife, specially Bonfire setup. Gorakh's elevation gives it a special climate, with sub-zero temperatures during winter and generally below 20 °C in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9490438", "score": "0.9623432", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Gorakh Hill", "text": "Gorakh Hill Gorakh (), () is a Hill Station of Sindh, Pakistan. It is situated at an elevation of in the Kirthar Mountains, northwest of Dadu city. The Gorakh Hill station is situated 423 km from Karachi and nearly 8 hours driving distance. The Hill station attracts thousands of tourists from the city. The name Gorakh is derived from the Brahvi language in which, word \"Gurgh\" means Wolf and that Balochi language word \"Gurkh\" is later dialectic adaptation of Brahvi language word Gurgh, meaning wolf. Different opinions have been given about the history and origin of the hill station. It", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9490437", "score": "0.9134258", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Kala Dhanda Goray Log", "text": "Kala Dhanda Goray Log Kala Dhanda Goray Log (Translation: Fair People Black Deeds) is a 1986 action thriller Hindi film directed by Sanjay Khan, starring Sunil Dutt, Sanjay Khan, Anita Raj, Akbar Khan and Amrita Singh. The film's music was by Louis Banks and Laxmikant-Pyarelal, while the lyrics were by Anand Bakshi. The film was shot Chandivali Studio and Film City in Mumbai. This was Khan's last film, before shifting to television, acting and directing TV series like \"The Sword of Tipu Sultan\" (1990). The title of film became a popular phrase regarding corruption in high places. The music of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16410812", "score": "0.91014874", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Dhanda, Punjab", "text": "in 2011, Dhanda has 343 houses and population of 1612, 838 males and 774 females. The literacy rate of Dhanda is 78.16%, higher than state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 147, which is 9.12% of total population of Dhanda, and child sex ratio is approximately 815 females per 1000 males, lower than state average of 846. Most of the people are from Schedule Caste, which constitutes 55.40% of total population in Dhanda. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population. As per census 2011, 583 people were engaged in work", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19611643", "score": "0.9000595", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Alakh Niranjan", "text": "organised and assimilated most Yogis of the Hatha Yoga and Tantra Cult into the enormous Nath tradition. The city of Gorakhpur in North India is named after the legendary Yogi. 'Alakh Niranjan' became a very popular name for God all over India during and after Gorakhnath's time. Later first Sikh Guru, Nanak used this holy name to denote God. ADESH ADESH - Whenever Yogis or Nath-Yogis meet, they greet each other with the salutation “Adesh-Adesh!” Gorakshanath the Maha Yogi wrote: Thus the yogi in his contact with others expressed only the simple truth in the words, “Adesh-Adesh!” It is a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7382508", "score": "0.8960213", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Firaq Gorakhpuri", "text": "the highest literary award of India, the Jnanpith Award, and also the 1960 Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu. During his life, he was given the positions of Research Professor at the University Grants Commission and Producer Emeritus by All India Radio. After a long illness, he died on 3 March 1982, in New Delhi. Gorakhpuri was well-versed in all traditional metrical forms such as ghazal, nazm, rubaai and qat'aa. He wrote more than a dozen volumes of Urdu poetry, a half dozen of Urdu prose, several volumes on literary themes in Hindi, as well as four volumes of English prose", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8785882", "score": "0.89438635", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Firaq Gorakhpuri", "text": "Firaq Gorakhpuri Raghupati Sahay (28 August 1896 – 3 March 1982), better known under his pen name Firaq Gorakhpuri, was a writer, critic, and, according to one commentator, one of the most noted contemporary Urdu poets from India. He established himself among peers including Muhammad Iqbal, Yagana Changezi, Jigar Moradabadi and Josh Malihabadi. Raghupati Sahay was born in Gorakhpur on 28 August 1896 in a well-to-do and educated family. He finished his basic education and then completed his Master's degree in Urdu, Persian and English literature. Firaq had shown early signs of excellence in Urdu poetry and had always shown", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8785880", "score": "0.88770413", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Gora Chakk Wala", "text": "Gora Chakk Wala Gora Chakk Wala (), also spelled as Gora Chakwala, is a noted Punjabi singer-songwriter belongs to Bathinda district (Malwa region) of Punjab, India. Gora was born as Gurpreet pal to father Late \"Shri Ram Gopal \" and mother Late \"Jamuna Devi\" in the village of Chakk Fateh Singh Wala of Bathinda district in Indian Punjab. He got his primary education from the village, passed senior secondary from \"Khalsa Senior Secondary School, Bathinda\" and done his graduation from Rajindra College of Bathinda. His first song was recorded in Balkar Sidhu's album while he was doing his graduation. As", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16310041", "score": "0.8867092", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Punjabi folk religion", "text": "It is 34 km far away from Deara Ghazi Khan. A 9-day fair is organised every year in Mukandpur, Punjab, India. Seetla Mata is worshiped for protection against childhood diseases. A notable fair is held annually in Ludhiana district and is known as the Jarag mela. Gorakhnath was an 11th to 12th centuryNath yogi, connected to Shaivism as one of the two most important disciples of Matsyendranath, the other being Caurangi. Gorakhnath healed Puran Bhagat. Puran Bhagat is a revered saint in the Punjab region and other areas of the subcontinent. He was the Prince of Sailkot and the son", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14121109", "score": "0.86351776", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "History of Allahabad", "text": "the name of Firaq Gorakhpuri. Firaq was a major Urdu poet and literary critic of the 20th century. Both Firaq and Harivansh Bachchan were professors of English at Allahabad University. Firaq Gorakhpuri and Mahadevi Varma were awarded the Jnanpith Award, the highest literary honour conferred in the Republic of India in 1969 and 1982 respectively. Akbar Allahabadi is one of the most well-read poets of modern Urdu Literature. Other poets from Allahabad include Nooh Narwi, Tegh Allahabadi, Raaz Allahabadi, Firaq Gorakhpuri, and Asghar Gondvi. Professor A. K. Mehrotra, former head of English department at the University of Allahabad, has been", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9795538", "score": "0.8625426", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Gora Chakk Wala", "text": "more than one and a half dozen albums. Gora Chakk Wala Gora Chakk Wala (), also spelled as Gora Chakwala, is a noted Punjabi singer-songwriter belongs to Bathinda district (Malwa region) of Punjab, India. Gora was born as Gurpreet pal to father Late \"Shri Ram Gopal \" and mother Late \"Jamuna Devi\" in the village of Chakk Fateh Singh Wala of Bathinda district in Indian Punjab. He got his primary education from the village, passed senior secondary from \"Khalsa Senior Secondary School, Bathinda\" and done his graduation from Rajindra College of Bathinda. His first song was recorded in Balkar Sidhu's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16310043", "score": "0.8611429", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Gorakhnath Math", "text": "Gorakhnath Math The Gorakhnath Math (Gorakhnath Mutt) is a temple of the Nath monastic group of the Nath tradition. The name Gorakhnath derives from the medieval saint, Gorakhnath (c. 11th century), a yogi who travelled widely across India and authored a number of texts that form a part of the canon of Nath Sampradaya. The Nath tradition was founded by guru Matsyendranath. This math is situated in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh within a large premises. The temple performs various cultural and social activities and serves as the cultural hub of the city. Gorakhpur takes its name from Gorakhnath, who was a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5717939", "score": "0.86067045", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Gorakhnath", "text": "the Nath monastic group named after the medieval saint, Gorakhnath (c. 11th century), of the Nath sampradaya. The math and town of Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh is named after him. The monastery and the temple perform various cultural and social activities and serve as the cultural hub of the city. The monastery also publishes texts on the philosophy of Gorakhnath. Some scholars associate the origins of Hatha yoga with the Nath yogis, in particular Gorakhnath and his guru Matsyendranath. According to British indologist James Mallinson, this association is false. In his view, the origins of hatha yoga should be associated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7275558", "score": "0.85556763", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Dhadi (music)", "text": "spirit. Two Dhadis of that age, Bhai Natha and Bhai Abdulla, are still remembered with respect. Bhai Abdulla was a gifted poet and used to sing his own compositions in the Guru's court. Dhadi Jatha (Jatha means 'a team' or a group) is an ensemble or band of Dhadis which usually consists of three or four Dhadis: one Sarangi master/player, two dhadd players and one telling the story by a lecture. The singers sing one by one or together like chorus according to the lyrics. The Dhadis today are the integral part of Sikh and Punjabi music. The tradition has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16356092", "score": "0.8516035", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Gorakhnath", "text": "Gorakhnath Yogi Gorakhnath (also known as Goraksanath, estimated c. early 11th century) was a Hindu yogi and saint who was the influential founder of the Nath Hindu monastic movement in India. He is considered as one of the two notable disciples of Matsyendranath. His followers are found in India at the place known as Garbhagiri which is in Ahmednagar in the state of Maharashtra. These followers are called yogis, \"Gorakhnathi\", \"Darshani\" or \"Kanphata\". The details of his biography are unknown and disputed. He was one of nine saints also known as Navnath and is widely popular in Maharashtra, India. Hagiographies", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7275550", "score": "0.85108817", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Gorakhnath", "text": "many verses that describe the avadhuta\" (liberated) yogi. The \"Siddha Siddhanta Paddhati\" text is based on an advaita (nonduality) framework, where the yogi sees \"himself in all beings, and all in himself\" including the identity of the individual soul (Atman) with the universal (Brahman). This idea appears in the text in various forms, such as the following: Gorakhnath Yogi Gorakhnath (also known as Goraksanath, estimated c. early 11th century) was a Hindu yogi and saint who was the influential founder of the Nath Hindu monastic movement in India. He is considered as one of the two notable disciples of Matsyendranath.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7275564", "score": "0.850253", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Gorakh Hill", "text": "summer, with about 120 mm of average annual rainfall. The Government of Sindh is in the process of constructing a new road from Dadu to Gorakh Hill. There is a new rest house for visitors on the hill. Tourists can arrange their own transport from Sehwan Sharif to the hill station. Gorakh Hill Gorakh (), () is a Hill Station of Sindh, Pakistan. It is situated at an elevation of in the Kirthar Mountains, northwest of Dadu city. The Gorakh Hill station is situated 423 km from Karachi and nearly 8 hours driving distance. The Hill station attracts thousands of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9490439", "score": "0.8489871", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Yogi Adityanath", "text": "2015, Adityanath commented that actor Shah Rukh Khan was using the same \"language\" as Pakistani terrorist Hafiz Saeed. Yogi Adityanath Yogi Adityanath (born Ajay Mohan Bisht on 5 June 1972) is an Indian monk and Hindu nationalist politician who is the current Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, in office since 19 March 2017. He was appointed as the Chief Minister on 26 March 2017 after the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won the 2017 State Assembly elections, in which he was a prominent campaigner. He has been the Member of Parliament from the Gorakhpur constituency, Uttar Pradesh for five consecutive terms", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8801888", "score": "0.846542", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Urdu", "text": "Urdu Urdu (; )—or, more precisely, Modern Standard Urdu—is a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language. It is the official and \"lingua franca\" of Pakistan. In India, it is one of the 22 official languages recognized in the Constitution of India, having official status in the six states of Jammu and Kashmir, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, as well as the national capital territory of Delhi. It is a registered regional language of Nepal. Apart from specialized vocabulary, spoken Urdu is mutually intelligible with Standard Hindi, another recognized register of Hindustani. The Urdu variant of Hindustani", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "441089", "score": "0.84091467", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Maqta", "text": "can \"talk to himself\", \"to somebody else\", \"refer to something\" etc. For example \"Firaq\" Gorakhpuri, whose \"takhallus\" is the word for the common theme in Urdu poetry of the state of pining for the beloved, plays on his nome de plume and the word \"firaq\": \"Tu yeh na samajh ke Firaq teri Firaq mein hai\"<br> \"Firaq uski Firaq mein hai jo teri Firaq mein hai\" Don't think that Firaq pines for you (as in a desire to meet you)<br> Firaq pines for the one who pines for you (as Firaq wants to meet him first, who wants to meet you)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3829935", "score": "0.839051", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Buddha Goraya", "text": "Erstwhile it was also called as Rammalli Gorayan Di which is also composite of Rah (passage) Malli (occupied) Gorayan Di (by the Gorayas), that makes the etymological development more authentic. There is a Shrine of a sufi sain Pir Madha Shah Sultan which according to the stories was built around 1700. There is also PEER SALAM's shrine. There are some families which are living here since centuries. There is Bhirr (mound of earth, remnants of settlement), that is said to be a village destroyed by earthquake, about 3 km south of Buddha Goraya. Now this is used as Play Ground", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14054738", "score": "0.83900774", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Hindustani language", "text": "a wide spectrum of dialects and registers, with the highly Persianised Urdu at one end of the spectrum and a heavily Sanskrit-based dialect, spoken in the region around Varanasi, at the other end. In common usage in India, the term \"Hindi\" includes all these dialects except those at the Urdu spectrum. Thus, the different meanings of the word \"Hindi\" include, among others: Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and an officially recognised regional language of India. Urdu is the official language of all Pakistani provinces and is taught in all schools as a compulsory subject up to the 12th", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "765201", "score": "0.8389803", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Kala Dhanda Goray Log", "text": "film was given by Louis Banks and Laxmikant-Pyarelal, while the lyrics were by Anand Bakshi. It also featured a qawwali, \"Allah Hoo Allah Hoo\", for which veteran actor Shammi Kapoor made a guest appearance. Kala Dhanda Goray Log Kala Dhanda Goray Log (Translation: Fair People Black Deeds) is a 1986 action thriller Hindi film directed by Sanjay Khan, starring Sunil Dutt, Sanjay Khan, Anita Raj, Akbar Khan and Amrita Singh. The film's music was by Louis Banks and Laxmikant-Pyarelal, while the lyrics were by Anand Bakshi. The film was shot Chandivali Studio and Film City in Mumbai. This was Khan's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16410813", "score": "0.8349557", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Majnun Gorakhpuri", "text": "Majnun Gorakhpuri Ahmad Siddiq, better known by his pen name Majnun Gorakhpuri (Urdu:احمد صدیق مجنوں گورکھپوری), (10 May 1904 – 4 June 1988) was an Urdu short story (Afsana) writer, poet and literary critic. Ahmad Siddiq, known as Majnun Gorakhpuri, was born on 10 May 1904 in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh (then United Provinces). His father was Muhammed Farooq Devana Gorakhpuri who used to teach at Aligarh Muslim University as a professor and also used to write a newspaper column in Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar's newspaper \"Hamdard\". His friend Firaq Gorakhpuri also hailed from Gorakhpur and was now settled in Allahbad.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12530936", "score": "0.83467513", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Matha", "text": "Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, north Bihar, and Nepal. The Gorakhnath matha is an active Shaivism monastery named after the medieval saint, Gorakhnath of the Nath sampradaya. The matha and town of Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh is named after him. The monastery and the temple performs various cultural and social activities and serves as the cultural hub of the city. The monastery also publishes texts on the philosophy of Gorakhnath. Nath Shaiva monastic organization was one of those Hindu monk groups that militarized and took up arms following the Muslim conquest of India, to resist persecution. They were scorned and persecuted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5774889", "score": "0.8345362", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Urdu poetry", "text": "the end of the name. The word \"takhallus\" is derived from Arabic, meaning \"ending\". This is because in the ghazal]form, the poet would usually incorporate his or her pen name into the final couplet (maqta) of each poem. In Pakistan and Deccan region of India, Urdu poetry is written in the standard Nasta'liq calligraphy style of the Perso-Arabic script. However, in north India, where Urdu poetry is very popular, the Perso-Arabic is often found transliterated into the Devanāgarī script, as an aid for those Hindī-speakers, who can comprehend Urdu, but cannot read the Perso-Arabic script. With the dawn of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2772444", "score": "0.8317976", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Firaq Gorakhpuri", "text": "on literary and cultural subjects. His biography, \"Firaq Gorakhpuri: The Poet of Pain & Ecstasy\", written by his nephew Ajai Mansingh was published by Roli Books in 2015. The book included anecdotes from his life and translations of some of his work. Firaq Gorakhpuri died on 3 March 1982 at age 85. Firaq fought for secularism all his life and played a key role against the then government's effort to label Urdu as a language of the Muslims. Firaq Gorakhpuri Raghupati Sahay (28 August 1896 – 3 March 1982), better known under his pen name Firaq Gorakhpuri, was a writer,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8785883", "score": "0.82866514", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Naz Khialvi", "long_answer": "Naz Khialvi (1947 – 12 December 2010) was a Pakistani lyricist and radio broadcaster, who is mainly known for his Sufi verse Tum Ek Gorakh Dhanda Ho (You are a Puzzle), later sung by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, a legendary Qawwali singer, making both of them a household name. He also hosted a radio programme, Sandhal Dharti at Faisalabad radio station for 27 years.", "chunked_long_answer": "Naz Khialvi (1947 – 12 December 2010) was a Pakistani lyricist and radio broadcaster, who is mainly known for his Sufi verse Tum Ek Gorakh Dhanda Ho (You are a Puzzle), later sung by Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, a legendary Qawwali singer, making both of them a household name. He also hosted a radio programme, Sandhal Dharti at Faisalabad radio station for 27 years.", "short_answers": [ "You are a Puzzle" ] }

[ "Jeana Yeager", "Phil Simms", "Dick Rutan" ]

[ { "title": "I'm going to Disney World!", "text": "In his 1998 memoir Work in Progress, Disney CEO Michael Eisner credited his wife, Jane, with the idea for the campaign. According to Eisner, during the January 1987 grand opening for the Star Tours attraction at Disneyland, the couple dined with Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, who in December 1986 had piloted the first aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling. After Jane Eisner asked what the pilots planned to do next, they replied, \"Well, we're going to Disneyland.\" She later told her husband the phrase would make a great advertising campaign.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "I'm going to Disney World!", "text": "I'm going to Disney World! \"I'm going to Disney World!\" and \"I'm going to Disneyland!\" are advertising slogans used in a series of television commercials by The Walt Disney Company that began airing in 1987. Used to promote the company's theme park resorts in Florida and California, the commercials most often are broadcast following the Super Bowl and typically feature an NFL player (usually the Super Bowl MVP) shouting the phrase while celebrating the team's victory immediately after the championship game. These commercials have also promoted champions from other sports, and winners of non-sport competitions such as \"American Idol\". Disney", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7088633", "score": "0.8972848", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "I'm going to Disney World!", "text": "famous phrase in an interview after Super Bowl 50. The commercials generally star a single NFL player immediately following the Super Bowl but the campaign also has featured athletes from other championship games and several non-celebrities. 1987 1988 1989 1991 1994 1997 2004 2007 2008 2009 2010 I'm going to Disney World! \"I'm going to Disney World!\" and \"I'm going to Disneyland!\" are advertising slogans used in a series of television commercials by The Walt Disney Company that began airing in 1987. Used to promote the company's theme park resorts in Florida and California, the commercials most often are broadcast", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7088639", "score": "0.88229644", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "I'm going to Disney World!", "text": "phrase, so that the ads can be broadcast in different American media markets to strategically promote either the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida or the Disneyland Resort in California. In most cases, Disney arranges for its star to appear in a parade at either Disneyland or one of the Walt Disney World theme parks the day immediately following the victory in order to fulfill the spoken promise in one version. In his 1998 memoir \"Work in Progress\", Disney CEO Michael Eisner credited his wife, Jane, with the idea for the campaign. According to Eisner, during the January 1987 grand", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7088635", "score": "0.8341508", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Walt Disney World", "text": "she predicted that Disney was building a second theme park in Florida. Three days later after gathering more information from various sources, the \"Sentinel\" published another article headlined, \"We Say: 'Mystery Industry' Is Disney\". Walt Disney had originally planned to publicly reveal Disney World on November 15, 1965, but in light of the \"Sentinel\" story, Disney asked Florida Governor Haydon Burns to confirm the story on October 25. His announcement called the new theme park \"the greatest attraction in the history of Florida\". The official reveal was kept on the previously-planned November 15 date, and Disney joined Burns in Orlando", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "481821", "score": "0.8203175", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "I'm going to Disney World!", "text": "company later aired three more ads that year with other athletes following major sports championships. Ray Lewis was named Super Bowl XXXV MVP, however due to the bad attention over a murder trial Lewis was involved in the previous year, the signature phrase \"I'm going to Disney World!\" was given instead to quarterback Trent Dilfer, who was a game manager. In subsequent years, Disney reportedly has offered $30,000 to athletes and other stars for participating in the ads and appearing at one of its theme parks. Although Tom Brady was named MVP of Super Bowl LI, he gave the Disney", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7088637", "score": "0.8168725", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Walt Disney Parks and Resorts", "text": ", which was carried out in 1964, amassing by . Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in . Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. on May 12, 1967, allowing Disney to build the infrastructure for the second park. Ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30. In Roy O. Disney's last act as CEO in 1968, he officially named the second park Walt Disney World. Disneyland International was incorporated on . The next", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4352708", "score": "0.81673783", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Walt Disney World", "text": "the complex. Without him spearheading the construction, the company built a resort similar to Disneyland, abandoning the experimental concepts for a planned community. Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot (1982), Disney's Hollywood Studios (1989), and Disney's Animal Kingdom (the newest, 1998). Today, Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world, with average annual attendance of more than 52 million. The resort is the flagship destination of Disney's worldwide corporate enterprise and has become a popular staple in American culture. In 1959, Walt Disney Productions began", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "481814", "score": "0.8161023", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Walt Disney World Inside Out", "text": "of World Showcase at Epcot '94.Then the announcer Marc Elliot fills us in with what else Scott is doing in this episode. So pack your bags, grab your passports and \"keep your arms and legs inside the sofa at all times\" because we're heading off on a journey to visit 11 countries in \"27 and a half minutes\". First Scott heads to Disney-MGM-Studios to ride Star Tours. His mission: Save the universe \"without messing up his hair\". After interviewing guests waiting in line as well as a cast member who told Scott that the first time he put on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19517841", "score": "0.813652", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Shanghai Disney Resort", "text": "Shanghai stated. DeSimone Consulting Engineers were the structural engineers behind the construction work. On 27 February 2014, PepsiCo announced a strategic partnership with the resort, making the Shanghai Resort the first Disney property in 25 years to sell Pepsi products and not Coca-Cola products. On 28 April 2014, Disney CEO Bob Iger announced an extra investment to add additional rides and entertainment by opening day, bringing the total budget to . In February 2016, it was rumored that the resort was still behind schedule and was over budget, causing the United States-based resorts (Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12957246", "score": "0.81254554", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "I'm going to Disney World!", "text": "refers to the campaign as \"What's Next?\" in reference to the commercial's usual format, which has the star appear to be answering a question posed by an unseen narrator—\"What are you going to do next?\"—after his or her moment of triumph. The narrator is Mark Champion, a veteran radio play-by-play announcer for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Detroit Lions, Detroit Pistons, and Westwood One. Most ads feature the song \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" and end with a shot of fireworks over Cinderella Castle or Sleeping Beauty Castle. Typically the star records two versions of the commercial, one for each", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7088634", "score": "0.8086045", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Soarin'", "text": "to prepare for the new film debuting on June 17, 2016. The attraction was duplicated, simply as \"Soarin\", and officially opened inside \"The Land\" pavilion at Epcot in Walt Disney World on May 5, 2005. Unlike the Disney California Adventure version, the idea is that guests are taking flights \"to\" California, rather than already being there. This is further reinforced in the theming that you are loaded into \"gates\" and with airport-themed spiels which reference \"Flight 5505\", which is a homage to the opening day of the attraction. Its cast members wear costumes that resemble flight attendant costumes, whereas the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2261829", "score": "0.80347884", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Joe Rohde", "text": "all of which are souvenirs from decades of travel to remote corners of the world. This tradition began when he stuck his 5-year anniversary pin into his ear. Rohde is the lead designer of Disney's Animal Kingdom, one of four theme parks at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida, and the principal creative force behind the park's Expedition Everest thrill ride, which debuted in 2006. He was one of the lead designers behind the Disney Vacation Club property Aulani in Oʻahu, Hawaii. He was chosen for the role because of his experience with the Island and its native people, having", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6930942", "score": "0.8002924", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Emily Bavar", "text": "Emily Bavar Emily Bavar (1915 - July 28, 2003) (later Emily Bavar Kelly) was a reporter for \"The Sentinel Star\", the newspaper which later became \"The Orlando Sentinel\". She is best known for her story which speculated that Walt Disney was behind the secret purchase of large parcels of land in central Florida, which became Walt Disney World. In 1965, Disneyland planned a year-long celebration of its ten-year anniversary, nicknamed the \"Tencennial\". Reporters from across America were flown to Anaheim and entertained by Disney, in exchange for their coverage of the celebration. The Southeast was a not a focus area", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9696064", "score": "0.7977235", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Anna (Frozen)", "text": "Kingdom theme park, Walt Disney World, with Anna showing up in her coronation dress for the first time in a Disney park. On April 20, 2014, Anna and Elsa moved from Epcot to the Princess Fairytale Hall at Magic Kingdom, with wait time to see the characters amounted to three hours, comparing to Cinderella and Rapunzel's 15 minutes. Anna made a few appearances in Disney California Adventure's \"Winter Dreams\", a 30-minute, winter-themed new show of the nighttime spectacle \"World of Color\" with Olaf, the show's host, and Elsa. Disneyland Paris's nighttime spectacular \"Disney Dreams!\" featured Anna as the French co-narrator", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17370663", "score": "0.79690504", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Joyce Carlson", "text": "Small World\" opened first in Disneyland; Carlson later helped bring her signature attraction to Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disneyland. She continued to work on newer attractions at Disneyland, Disney World, Tokyo Disneyland and Disneyland Resort Paris. She served as a mentor to several high-profile theme park attraction designers including Mary Blair, John Hench and Grace Bailey. Carlson moved to Central Florida, the location of Disney World, in 1982. She became the first female Disney employee to reach the 50 and 55 years of employment milestone in 1994. She was working at Walt Disney World as a senior show production", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11395940", "score": "0.7962309", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Emily Bavar", "text": "your governor the privilege of making the official announcement that Disney Productions is the mystery industry.\" On November 15, 1965, at 2pm, Disney, along with his brother Roy O. Disney and Burns, held a press conference at the Cherry Plaza Hotel in Orlando to formally announce to the press that they had indeed purchased of land in Central Florida for building an entertainment venture. Emily Bavar Emily Bavar (1915 - July 28, 2003) (later Emily Bavar Kelly) was a reporter for \"The Sentinel Star\", the newspaper which later became \"The Orlando Sentinel\". She is best known for her story which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9696068", "score": "0.79456174", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Magic Kingdom", "text": "Magic Kingdom Magic Kingdom is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division, the park opened on October 1, 1971, as the first of four theme parks at the resort. Initialized by Walt Disney and designed by WED Enterprises, its layout and attractions are based on Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, and is dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters. The park is represented by Cinderella Castle, inspired by the fairy tale castle seen in the 1950", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2831957", "score": "0.7933487", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Margaret E. Lynn", "text": "New York at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and to celebrate the opening of Walt Disney World In Florida. In 1982, Lynn left the Department of the Army and formed her own company, called Creative Consultants. She was simultaneously named general manager of the World Showcase Festival Program for the Disney organization. She brought more than 1,100 dancers, singers, and other performing artists from 23 countries to Orlando for the opening of EPCOT Center at Walt Disney World on October 1, 1982. The groups, including Moroccan dancers and drummers,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9819315", "score": "0.7927656", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Barry Michaels", "text": "of the Year by the Bobby Poe Pop Music Survey. Michaels was the first radio personality selected to broadcast from Disney World, celebrating the tenth anniversary of their location in Orlando, Florida. He was asked by Disney officials to return for the first ever live broadcast in 1982 at the opening of Epcot Center. Barry's humanitarian efforts on behalf of the American Cancer Society, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and other local and national organizations have helped raise awareness of their efforts to assist those in the community. Until April 22, 2010, Barry did mornings, imaging, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6482126", "score": "0.79269934", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Happiest Homecoming on Earth", "text": "Aguilera; and LeAnn Rimes singing the 50th anniversary theme song \"Remember When\", composed by Richard Marx. A video conference featured celebrities at the Magic Kingdom (the only live video conference, with Wayne Brady, actor and former Walt Disney World Resort cast member), Tokyo Disneyland, Disneyland Paris and the construction site of Hong Kong Disneyland. Before the Ceremony, at a media presentation in Disney California Adventure Park, Disneyland Resort president Matt Ouimet announced the new attractions and Turtle Talk with Crush. The actual day of Disneyland's 50th Dedication Day/Press Preview was an event marked by fans' enthusiasm. The first person to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4495170", "score": "0.78795207", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "It's a Small World", "text": "It's a Small World It's a Small World (officially styled as \"it's a small world\") is a water-based dark ride located in the Fantasyland area at the various Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide; these include: Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Tokyo Disneyland, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland, with its inaugural version having originally premiered at the 1964 New York World's Fair before permanently moving to Disneyland. The ride features over 300 audio-animatronic children in traditional costumes from cultures around the world, frolicking in a spirit", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2550859", "score": "0.78782856", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Walt Disney World", "text": "Walt Disney World The Walt Disney World Resort, also called Walt Disney World and Disney World, is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, in the United States, near the cities Orlando and Kissimmee. Opened on October 1, 1971, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was first operated by Walt Disney World Company. The property covers nearly and only half of it has been used, comprises four theme parks, two water parks, twenty-seven themed resort hotels, nine non-Disney hotels, several", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "481812", "score": "0.7877097", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Fantasy in the Sky", "text": "hours and provide much needed night-time entertainment. Early shows were performed by having cast members manually launch hand flares. The show was extremely popular, and became a vital component of the Disneyland experience. When the second Disney park, the Magic Kingdom, opened in Florida in 1971, it was only natural to duplicate the show there. The predecessors to Walt Disney Creative Entertainment, the company who create all the entertainment for Disney parks worldwide, were able to produce a much larger show with a bigger budget and more space to work with — Cinderella Castle is almost three times as tall", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6663783", "score": "0.78728557", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Walt Disney World Inside Out", "text": "Avarista and Lou Avsrista Jr. from Greenville, Rhode Island took a crack at it. Finally Dave Ironman from Ft. Lauderdale, Florida went up. Scott tells Dave that Star Search auditions are tomorrow. After the guests are done memorizing the song, Scott introduces Dave Ironman as the winner by \"using cultural references\". The big prize for Dave is a stuffed parrot. Along with Dave, every guest received a T-shirt. Scott and the guests then went on the ride again. (With Scott sitting next to Dave) Scott then heads to Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground to have a chat with Gary", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19517825", "score": "0.78648216", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Walt Disney World Inside Out", "text": "Seven Seas Lagoon Ferry at Epcot, and animatronics. Last but not least, Victoria & Albert's restaurant. To close out the episode, Scott sits in a tram and tells some guests that when they're looking for their vehicle, all of the parking spots are named after the famous Disney characters. Scott personally parked on Goofy. As it turns out, when Scott arrives at the Magic Kingdom, he sees his polka dot Volkswagen beetle literally on top of Goofy! Goofy tells Scott to give his car a start. Scott opens the door to find the Walt Disney World Inside Out insider a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19517850", "score": "0.78494024", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Magic Kingdom", "text": "Roy O. Disney for the entire resort was placed within its gates. The first, and as of today, only land added to the original roster of lands in the park was Mickey's Toontown Fair. The land originally opened in 1988 as Mickey's Birthdayland to celebrate Mickey Mouse's 60th birthday. Later the land was renovated as Mickey's Starland and eventually to Mickey's Toontown Fair. The land was home to attractions such as Mickey's Country House, Minnie's Country House, The Barnstormer at Goofy's Wiseacre Farm, and Donald's Boat. It closed on February 12, 2011, to make way for the expansion of Fantasyland.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2831962", "score": "0.78157806", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Epcot", "text": "(grass areas hold additional 500+ vehicles). Before it opened on October 1, 1982, Walt Disney World Ambassador Genie Field introduced E. Cardon Walker, Disney's chairman and CEO, who dedicated EPCOT Center. Walker also presented a family with lifetime passes for the two Walt Disney World theme parks. His remarks were followed by Florida Governor Bob Graham and William Ellinghaus, president of AT&T. As part of the opening-day ceremony, dancers and band members performed \"We've Just Begun to Dream\". The Sherman Brothers wrote a song especially for the occasion entitled \"The World Showcase March\". During the finale, doves and many sets", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "481992", "score": "0.78131473", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room", "text": "Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room is an attraction located in Disneyland at the Disneyland Resort, in Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World, and in Tokyo Disneyland at Tokyo Disney Resort. Opened in 1963 at the Disneyland Resort, the attraction is a pseudo-Polynesian themed musical animatronic show drawing from American tiki culture. The attraction opened June 23, 1963, and was the first to feature Audio-Animatronics technology, a WED Enterprises patented invention. The attraction was sponsored by United Airlines for its first 12 years; in 1976, sponsorship passed over to Hawaii's Dole Food Company, which remains the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2115501", "score": "0.77983963", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Judi Dench", "text": "the updated Walt Disney World Epcot attraction Spaceship Earth in February 2008. The same month, she was named as the first official patron of the York Youth Mysteries 2008, a project to allow young people to explore the York Mystery Plays through dance, film-making and circus. Her only film of 2008 was Marc Forster's \"Quantum of Solace\", the twenty-second Eon-produced James Bond film, in which she reprised her role as M along with Daniel Craig. A direct sequel to the 2006 film \"Casino Royale\", Forster felt Dench was underused in the previous films, and wanted to make her part bigger,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "874684", "score": "0.7792073", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "I'm going to Disney World!", "long_answer": "In his 1998 memoir Work in Progress, Disney CEO Michael Eisner credited his wife, Jane, with the idea for the campaign. According to Eisner, during the January 1987 grand opening for the Star Tours attraction at Disneyland, the couple dined with Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, who in December 1986 had piloted the first aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling. After Jane Eisner asked what the pilots planned to do next, they replied, \"Well, we're going to Disneyland.\" She later told her husband the phrase would make a great advertising campaign.", "chunked_long_answer": "In his 1998 memoir Work in Progress, Disney CEO Michael Eisner credited his wife, Jane, with the idea for the campaign. According to Eisner, during the January 1987 grand opening for the Star Tours attraction at Disneyland, the couple dined with Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, who in December 1986 had piloted the first aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling. After Jane Eisner asked what the pilots planned to do next, they replied, \"Well, we're going to Disneyland.\" She later told her husband the phrase would make a great advertising campaign.", "short_answers": [ "Dick Rutan", "Jeana Yeager" ] }

[ "John Hancock" ]

[ { "title": "John Hancock", "text": "John Hancock (January 23, 1737 [O.S. January 12, 1736] – October 8, 1793) was an American merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that the term John Hancock has become a synonym in the United States for one's signature.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "George Read Jr.", "text": "George Read, a prominent lawyer and politician who would go on to sign both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. His mother was Gertrude Ross Read, the daughter of Rev. George Ross (the first rector of the Immanuel Episcopal Church on the Green) and the sister of lawyer George Ross, another future signatory to the Declaration. At the time of Read's birth, his father was serving as both the Crown Attorney General for the Delaware Colony as well as a member of the Delaware Assembly. By the time the boy turned ten, his father was serving in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18661406", "score": "1.0920693", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Thomas Stone", "text": "by the NPS. The site, located on 6655 Rose Hill Road in Port Tobacco Village, Maryland, opened to the public in 1997. Thomas Stone Thomas Stone (1743 – October 5, 1787) was an American planter and lawyer who signed the United States Declaration of Independence as a delegate for Maryland. He later worked on the committee that formed the Articles of Confederation in 1777. He acted as President of Congress for a short time in 1784. Stone was born into a prominent family at \"Poynton Manor\" in Charles County, Maryland. He was the second son in the large family of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1900176", "score": "1.0794961", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Maryland in the American Revolution", "text": "to sign the Declaration of Independence, and until his death in 1832 he was its last living signatory. Samuel Chase (1741–1811), was a \"firebrand\" states-righter and revolutionary, and was a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland. He co-founded Anne Arundel County's Sons of Liberty chapter with his close friend William Paca, and led opposition to the 1765 Stamp Act. Later he became an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Public opinion in Maryland before the war was bitterly divided; many Marylanders either actively supported the Crown or were unwilling to countenance", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14219329", "score": "1.0768325", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "George Ross (delegate)", "text": "a prominent Sussex County judge and politician; after his death, she married George Read, another signer of the Declaration. George Ross was the last of the Pennsylvania delegation to affix his signature to the Declaration of Independence. He had been loyal to the King but he soon became disgusted with Tory politics and supported the cause of the Patriots. In 1750, he was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar (member of Pennsylvania) when he was 20 years old, and he established his own practice in Lancaster. In 1751, he married Ann Lawler at Lancaster, Pa. He fathered two sons and a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1900166", "score": "1.0755274", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "John Penn (North Carolina politician)", "text": "honoring Penn was the first one erected by the State of North Carolina (January 10, 1936) John Penn (North Carolina politician) John Penn (May 17, 1741 – September 14, 1788) was a signer of both the United States Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation as a representative of North Carolina. Penn was born near Port Royal in Caroline County, Virginia, an only child of Moses Penn and Catherine [Taylor] Penn. He attended at common school for two years as his father did not consider education to be important. At age 18, after his father's death, Penn privately read", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1900123", "score": "1.069025", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Stratford Hall (plantation)", "text": "delegates from Virginia to the Second Continental Congress, and signers of the Declaration of Independence. Richard Henry was later instrumental in guiding the fledgling nation, serving as President of Congress in 1784-85. Thomas Ludwell Lee, active in local politics, served as a Virginian legislator and helped compose the Virginia Declaration of Rights. William Lee (1739–95) and Dr. Arthur Lee (1740–92) were diplomats to England during the turbulent struggle for American independence. Hannah Lee was an early proponent of women's rights, and Alice Lee married the prominent physician William Shippen, Jr. (1736-1808) of Philadelphia. Philip Ludwell Lee, Sr. (1727–75), a member", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5389159", "score": "1.0671825", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Deborah Norris Logan", "text": "colonial legislature), and in later life Deborah recalled standing in her yard behind a fence and listening to the first-ever reading of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776. Just 14 at the time, she took note of the fact that the crowd was a small one and that (in the sardonic phrasing of her mature self): \"those among them who joined in the acclamation were not the most sober or reflecting.\" On September 6, 1781, she married the physician George Logan (1753–1821), grandson of William Penn's secretary James Logan. Two years later they moved into Stenton, a mansion built", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18516912", "score": "1.0603948", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Scotch-Irish Americans", "text": "Following this, about 400 backcountry settlers, primarily Scotch-Irish, marched on Philadelphia demanding better military protection for their settlements, and pardons for the Paxton Boys. Benjamin Franklin led the politicians who negotiated a settlement with the Paxton leaders, after which they returned home. The United States Declaration of Independence contained 56 delegate signatures. Of the signers, eight were of Irish descent. Two signers, George Taylor and James Smith, were born in Ulster. The remaining five Irish-Americans, George Read, Thomas McKean, Thomas Lynch, Jr., Edward Rutledge and Charles Carroll, were the sons or grandsons of Irish immigrants, and at least McKean had", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5112169", "score": "1.0579216", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Thomas Stone", "text": "Thomas Stone Thomas Stone (1743 – October 5, 1787) was an American planter and lawyer who signed the United States Declaration of Independence as a delegate for Maryland. He later worked on the committee that formed the Articles of Confederation in 1777. He acted as President of Congress for a short time in 1784. Stone was born into a prominent family at \"Poynton Manor\" in Charles County, Maryland. He was the second son in the large family of David (1709–1773) and Elizabeth Jenifer Stone. His brothers Michael J. Stone and John Hoskins Stone also had important political careers. His uncle", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1900170", "score": "1.0535203", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "James Wilson", "text": "James Wilson James Wilson (September 14, 1742 – August 21, 1798) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. Wilson was elected twice to the Continental Congress, where he represented Pennsylvania, and was a major force in drafting the United States Constitution. A leading legal theorist, he was one of the six original justices appointed by George Washington to the Supreme Court of the United States. Born near St Andrews, Scotland, Wilson immigrated to Philadelphia in 1766, becoming a teacher at the College", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13110563", "score": "1.0504321", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence", "text": "New Hampshire Massachusetts Bay Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Eight delegates never signed the Declaration, out of about 50 who are thought to have been present in Congress during the voting on independence in early July 1776: John Alsop, George Clinton, John Dickinson, Charles Humphreys, Robert R. Livingston, John Rogers, Thomas Willing, and Henry Wisner. Clinton, Livingston, and Wisner were attending to duties away from Congress when the signing took place. Willing and Humphreys voted against the resolution of independence and were replaced in the Pennsylvania", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15717326", "score": "1.0466416", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "1768 Petition, Memorial, and Remonstrance", "text": "sent to the British Government by Acting Lt. Governor John Blair. This particular imprint had been owned by David Hartley, sometime Member of Parliament and a long-time friend of Benjamin Franklin. He probably received it from G.W. Fairfax, a George Washington friend, who returned to England in 1773. Hartley was the sole official British signatory of the 1783 Treaty of Paris formally ending the American Revolution. Hartley had long supported freedoms for all Englishmen, at home and in the colonies: freedoms sought in the PMR and later reflected in the \"Declaration of Independence\". History texts say little about this Virginia", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18287348", "score": "1.0447407", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Charles Carroll of Carrollton", "text": "as first United States Senator for Maryland. He was the sole Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence. Carroll was known contemporaneously as the \"First Citizen\" of the American Colonies, a consequence of his editorials in the \"Maryland Gazette\". Carroll was the wealthiest, the longest-lived survivor, and possessed the highest formal education of all of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. A product of his 17-year Jesuit education in France, Carroll spoke five languages fluently. Born in Annapolis, Maryland, Carroll inherited vast agricultural estates and was regarded as the wealthiest man in the American colonies when the American Revolution", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1806204", "score": "1.0437886", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Benjamin Rush", "text": "Benjamin Rush Benjamin Rush ( – April 19, 1813) was a signer of the Declaration of Independence (U.S.) and a civic leader in Philadelphia, where he was a physician, politician, social reformer, humanitarian, and educator as well as the founder of Dickinson College. Rush attended the Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence. His later self-description there was: \"He aimed right.\" He served as Surgeon General of the Continental Army and became a professor of chemistry, medical theory, and clinical practice at the University of Pennsylvania. Rush was a leader of the American Enlightenment and an enthusiastic supporter of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1896490", "score": "1.0434394", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Johannes de Decker", "text": "the articles of surrender signed by De Decker on a British ship in the harbor. Articles of surrender New Amsterdam to British. De Decker (lawyer for New Amsterdam) led the Commission that negotiated the articles of surrender which included many legal rights and freedoms for residents of the city that became New York. Many of these legal rights were later included in the Declaration of Independence and the American constitution. There were 12 signers, six were English from New England, 6 were Dutch, three represented the Provincial government and the West India Company and three represented the Citizens interests. De", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17868368", "score": "1.041519", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Margaret Manny", "text": "width with which to prepare an ensign. The goods were charged to the account of the ship \"Alfred\", flagship of the squadron and, with 30 guns, largest of the first four. The \"Declaration of Independence\" was signed under the flag of the Grand Union. Margaret Manny Margaret Manny was a milliner in colonial Philadelphia who made flags for the United States during the American Revolution. She may have made the Grand Union Flag for the Continental Navy. Manny began making jacks and ensigns for ships as early as December 1774. She also supposedly made the Grand Union Flag, or Continental", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11171814", "score": "1.0405763", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "John Penn (North Carolina politician)", "text": "John Penn (North Carolina politician) John Penn (May 17, 1741 – September 14, 1788) was a signer of both the United States Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation as a representative of North Carolina. Penn was born near Port Royal in Caroline County, Virginia, an only child of Moses Penn and Catherine [Taylor] Penn. He attended at common school for two years as his father did not consider education to be important. At age 18, after his father's death, Penn privately read law with his uncle, Edmund Pendleton. He became a lawyer in Virginia in 1762. In 1774,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1900120", "score": "1.0395075", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "George Read (American politician, born 1733)", "text": "George Read (American politician, born 1733) George Read (September 18, 1733 – September 21, 1798) was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, a Continental Congressman from Delaware, a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787, President of Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served as U.S. Senator from Delaware and Chief Justice of Delaware. Read was one of only two statesmen who signed all three of the great State papers on which the country's history is based: the original Petition", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1900124", "score": "1.0382016", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Harrison family of Virginia", "text": "Carter (1702–1745), daughter of Robert \"King\" Carter (1662/63–1732), and built the family homestead, Berkeley Plantation. His son, Benjamin Harrison V (1726—1791), is known in modern times in the family as \"the Signer\" of the Declaration of Independence, representing Virginia in both the First and Second Continental Congresses. He also served in the House of Burgesses and later as Governor of Virginia. He was a rather corpulent and boisterous man by Puritan standards (John Adams referred to him as the Congress' \"Falstaff.\") A quote is attributed to Harrison—as he was about to put his signature to the Declaration, he turned to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6133908", "score": "1.037213", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Francis Lewis", "text": "Francis Lewis Francis Lewis (March 21, 1713 – December 31, 1802) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York. Born in Llandaff, Wales, he was the only child of Morgan Lewis and Anne Pettingale. His father and maternal grandfather were both clergymen. He was educated in Scotland and attended Westminster School in England. He entered a mercantile house in London, then moved to Whitestone, New York in 1734. He married Elizabeth Annesley, the younger sister of his business partner, on June 15, 1745. He was taken prisoner while serving as a British", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1900077", "score": "1.0348103", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Thomas Heyward Jr.", "text": "there for about 11 months until they were freed in a prisoner exchange. Thomas Heyward Jr. Thomas Heyward Jr. (July 28, 1746 – March 6, 1809) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and of the Articles of Confederation as a representative of South Carolina. He was born in St. Luke's Parish (now known as Jasper County), South Carolina and educated at home, then traveled to England to study law where he was a member of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775 and signed the Declaration of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1900054", "score": "1.0339541", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Rutledge, Pennsylvania", "text": "the estate of Edward Rutledge, who served as Representative from South Carolina at the Constitutional Convention of July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia and was the youngest signer of the Declaration of Independence. In 1958, George Raymond, the president of the NAACP Chester branch, purchased a house in Rutledge. The day before he was to move in, a fire burned down the house. After the fire, the township attempted to exercise eminent domain and claim Raymond's property as a site for a new town hall. Raymond threatened legal action and the township backed down. The house was rebuilt and Raymond took", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1199496", "score": "1.0338562", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence", "text": "Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence is a memorial depicting the signatures of the original 56 signatories to the United States Declaration of Independence. It is located in the Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington, DC. Public Law 95-260 was passed by Congress in 1978 to create a memorial to the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The memorial is a gift from the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration and consists of 56 stone blocks, each with a facsimile of the signer's actual signature,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17580802", "score": "1.0310061", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "James Smith (delegate)", "text": "James Smith (delegate) James Smith (September 17, 1719 – July 11, 1806), was an American lawyer and a signer to the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Pennsylvania. He was born in the province of Ulster, Ireland; his family immigrated to Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1729. Smith attended the Philadelphia Academy. He studied law at the office of his brother George and was admitted to the bar in Pennsylvania, initially practicing near Shippensburg, and later near York. He became captain of the militia there. He was appointed to the provincial convention in Philadelphia in 1775, to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4138168", "score": "1.0301678", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "George Read (American politician, born 1733)", "text": "home to establish a practice at New Castle, Delaware. In 1763 he married Gertrude Ross Till, daughter of the Rev. George Ross, the Anglican rector of Immanuel Church in New Castle and widowed sister of George Ross, also a future signer of the Declaration of Independence. They had four children, John, George Jr., William, and Mary, who married Matthew Pearce (she is often confused with her paternal aunt, Mary Read, who in 1769 married Gunning Bedford, Sr., a future Governor of Delaware). They lived on The Strand in New Castle and their house was in what is now the garden", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1900128", "score": "1.0293512", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Matthew Thornton", "text": "He was first President of the New Hampshire House of Representatives and Associate Justice of the Superior Court of New Hampshire. He was elected to the Continental Congress after the debates on independence had occurred, but as he did not arrive in Philadelphia until November 1776, he was granted permission to actually sign the Declaration of Independence four months after the formal signing in July. He became a political essayist. He retired from his medical practice and in 1780 moved to Merrimack, New Hampshire, where he farmed and operated Thornton's ferry with his family. Although he did not attend law", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1900193", "score": "1.0291283", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Wallach Hall", "text": "of the Continental Congress that drafted the Declaration, Livingston did not actually sign the historic document.) The building was home, among others, to Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, an Indian jurist, political leader, philosopher, anthropologist, historian, orator, prolific writer, economist, scholar, editor, a revolutionary and one of the founding fathers of independent India. Ambedkar received a Baroda State Scholarship of 11.50 British pounds per month for three years in 1913 to join the Politics Department of Columbia University as a postgraduate student. Wallach Hall was also home to Beat Generation author Jack Kerouac. In his autobiography \"Vanity of Duluoz\" he expressed his", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8819712", "score": "1.0283244", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Stephen Hopkins (politician)", "text": "a pamphlet entitled \"The Rights of Colonies Examined\" which was critical of British Parliament and its taxation policies. Hopkins signed the Declaration of Independence in the summer of 1776 with worsening palsy in his hands. He signed it by holding his right hand with his left and saying, \"My hand trembles, but my heart does not.\" He served in the Continental Congress until September 1776, when failing health forced him to resign. He was a strong backer of the College of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (later named Brown University) and became the institution's first chancellor.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1759464", "score": "1.0272235", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "History of Routledge surname 15th to 18th centuries", "text": "(1776–1842), and States Whitcomb (1783–1829). Edward Rutledge, the youngest son of Dr John Rutledge and Sarah Hext, is distinguished first and foremost as the youngest signer of America's Declaration of Independence (1776). During the war years, he participated in the Continental Congress of 1774 based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the governing body of the 13 united colonies. At the same time, he also held a seat in the South Carolina House of Representatives. As Captain of Charleston Artillery he fought in the Battle of Beaufort in 1779, and, after the British captured Charleston, he was among a group of men charged", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20112254", "score": "1.0265911", "original_retrieval_index": 33 } ]

{ "title": "John Hancock", "long_answer": "John Hancock (January 23, 1737 [O.S. January 12, 1736] – October 8, 1793) was an American merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that the term John Hancock has become a synonym in the United States for one's signature.", "chunked_long_answer": "John Hancock (January 23, 1737 [O.S. January 12, 1736] – October 8, 1793) was an American merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that the term John Hancock has become a synonym in the United States for one's signature.", "short_answers": [ "John Hancock" ] }

[ "June 2012", "13 to 22 June 2012" ]

[ { "title": "United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "text": "The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio 2012, Rio+20 (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁi.u ˈmajʒ ˈvĩtʃi]), or Earth Summit 2012 was the third international conference on sustainable development aimed at reconciling the economic and environmental goals of the global community. Hosted by Brazil in Rio de Janeiro from 13 to 22 June 2012, Rio+20 was a 20-year follow-up to the 1992 Earth Summit / United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in the same city, and the 10th anniversary of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "R20 Regions of Climate Action", "text": "from a unique concentration of International Organizations, Financial institutions, NGOs and Academia that the NGO can work with to further its mission. To facilitate and bring together local authorities, technology providers and investors, R20 works with regional offices installed around the world: Austria (Vienna), France (Paris), USA (Santa Monica), Algeria (Oran), and Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). As of November 2016, R20 has 49 direct members (both national & sub-national authorities) and 134 businesses and project facilitators (academic institutions, national agencies, NGOs, private companies, UN programs and Intergovernmental organizations), and 41 investors and financial institutions. During his tenure as Governor of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16487004", "score": "1.0787624", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Belinda Stronach", "text": "and hosted the G(irls)20 Summit. Modelled after the G(20) Summit, The G(irls)20 Summit would solicit grassroots ideas on how to reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that most impact girls and women. The G(irls)20 Summit was launched in Toronto in 2010, followed by Paris, France 2011. Each was attended by one girl from each of the G20 countries, as well as a representative from the African Union. Delegates engaged in a conversation about the economic prowess of girls and women, culminating in the development of a communiqué outlining their recommendations on how to empower and engage girls and women globally.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2479305", "score": "1.0415269", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "2010 G20 Seoul summit", "text": "among the leaders. In addition to President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina, Prime Minister Julia Gillard of Australia, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, and the president-elect of Brazil, Dilma Rousseff, accompanied her nation's delegation. This was the first G20 summit for Australia's Prime Minister Gillard, who had only been elected shortly before the Toronto summit. This was also the first opportunity for Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore to listen and to make his voice heard at the G20 leaders' meetings. Security for the G20 summit presented a unique array of problems. In addition to the security of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14663765", "score": "1.0351528", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Richard Attias", "text": "the High Patronage of Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo, it is the premier international business & investment forum focused on infrastructure in Africa. RA&A organized the XVth Francophonie Summit, the biennal meeting of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). The event was held in Dakar, Senegal in 2014, with approximately 3000 participants. For the first time, the summit was concluded by an economic forum on December 1–2. During this event, many political leaders, and CEO proposed to reinforce the links between this community, such as Macky Sall, Alain Juppé, or Thierry Breton. In 2015,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10959900", "score": "1.0202839", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "2015 G20 Antalya summit", "text": "Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius as his representative. This meeting was the second time Argentine President could not be in attendance, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner being represented by Economy Minister Axel Kicillof, owing to the timing of a general election on 22 November. 2015 G20 Antalya summit The 2015 G20 Antalya summit was the tenth annual meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state. It was held in Belek, Antalya Province, Turkey on 15–16 November 2015. The venue for the Leaders Summit was Regnum Carya Hotel Convention Centre at the Regnum Carya Golf & Resort Spa. Turkey officially took over", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16103768", "score": "1.0153251", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit", "text": "2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit \"\" The 2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit, was the thirteenth meeting of Group of Twenty (G20), which was held on 30 November and 1 December 2018 in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was the first G20 summit to be hosted in South America. President Mauricio Macri of Argentina assumed the one-year G20 presidency on 30 November 2017, during an official ceremony at the Kirchner Cultural Centre in Buenos Aires. President Xi Jinping of China (2016 host), Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany (2017 host), and Prime Minister Shinzō Abe of Japan (2019 host) all", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19151554", "score": "1.0151764", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "2015 G20 Antalya summit", "text": "they are the 2015 chair of the African Union, Malaysia was invited as they are the 2015 Chair of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Senegal was representing the New Partnership for Africa's Development, and Azerbaijan and Singapore were also invited. The 11th edition of the G20 summit will be hosted by China in Hangzhou, in 2016. To discuss the world's biggest political and security crises, including Syria and the mass migration of refugees. In September 2015, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Jack Lew planned to visit Turkey, as did his Chinese and other G20 finance minister counterparts and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16103764", "score": "1.012732", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "African Consensus", "text": "ACHPR Forum in Gambia, in April 2011. The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa picked up on the ideas in the declaration and held a drafting session in October 2011 to draft a document called \"African Consensus Statement to Rio+20\". It was presented at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) during the conference summer 2012, incorporating the vision into the ideas of inclusive sustainability promoted by the UN system. The two documents – \"African Consensus Declaration\" and the \"African Consensus Statement to Rio+20\" – underpin the economic paradigm by building a body of internationally recognized documentation. In summer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18398905", "score": "1.0067962", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Robert Swan", "text": "750,000 young people across South Africa. During the World Summit, the 'Ice Station' exhibit was visited by 128 world leaders and 35,000 visitors, including 12,000 young people. It was awarded first prize for outstanding contribution to the World Summit. As the first step to the 2012 World Summit, Swan brought a team of young African leaders on \"2041\" for the Cape to Rio Yacht Race. Returning from the Rio, the yacht embarked on \"The Circumnavigation of Africa\". The voyage promoted AIDS awareness, water saving, and recycling whilst visiting over 30 ports. Along the route, communities came out in force to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8910194", "score": "1.0037781", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "R20 Regions of Climate Action", "text": "composed of green finance leaders, the R20 Foundation meets the demands of development banks, sovereign funds, private bans, private equities, family offices and pension funds. The current Board is composed of Armand Jost, Founder and CEO of SB3i (Chairman), Dr. Patrick Scheurle, CEO of BlueOrchard Finance Ltd., Craig Cogut, Chairman and President of Pegasus Capital Advisors, Dr. , Chairman of the Executive Commitee, «» Foundation, Terry Tamminen, CEO of the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation, Chrisophe Dossarps, CEO of the Sustainable Infrastructure Foundation and Dr. Frannie Léautier, Founder and Managing partner of Ezembat Group. R20 is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and benefits", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16487003", "score": "1.0010769", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Sustainable Development Goals", "text": "United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio+20, was held as a 20-year follow up to UNCED. Colombia proposed the idea of the SDGs at a preparation event for Rio+20 held in Indonesia in July 2011. In September 2011, this idea was picked up by the United Nations Department of Public Information 64th NGO Conference in Bonn, Germany. The outcome document proposed 17 sustainable development goals and associated targets. In the run-up to Rio+20 there was much discussion about the idea of the SDGs. At the Rio+20 Conference, a resolution known as \"The Future We Want\" was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17124629", "score": "0.99956846", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "2010 G20 Toronto summit", "text": "partially due to most countries' entering recovery mode from the global economic recession after the past G20 summits; thus, the likelihood of new issues being raised was minimal. During the working dinner for G20 leaders on the evening of June 26, South African president [Jacob Zuma] promoted more partnership between the international community and Africa for the development in the continent. \"As Africa we bring to the G20 Summit the key message that we must, together as the developing and developed worlds, promote stronger and more effective and equal international partnerships for growth and development,\" he remarked. At the summit,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14552225", "score": "0.99796766", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Match Against Poverty", "text": "world a better place.\"\" The tenth Match Against Poverty was held in Porto Alegre in 2012. It followed nine successful editions that took place in Basel, Madrid, Düsseldorf, Marseille, Málaga, Fez, Lisbon, Athens and Hamburg. Each year funds raised support specific projects in different countries facing difficult challenges. Proceeds from the tenth Match in Brazil were split between two projects – one in Brazil and one in Cape Verde, West Africa, both aimed at re-integrating marginalized youth. In Brazil, proceeds funded the “Rede Esporte para Mudança Social (REMS)” a project that promotes poverty reduction and social inclusion through sports. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18322162", "score": "0.99522436", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Children and Youth International", "text": "Children and Youth International Children and Youth International formerly Rio+twenties is a non-governmental youth-led and volunteer based youth empowerment organization based in Brussels, Belgium and Brighton, UK. Its goal is to \"build capacity and empower young people and their representative structures to actively participate in the preparatory processes of the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) in Rio in 2012 (Rio+20)\". The organization also serves as one of the Organising Partners of the Major Group for Children and Youth of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. Within the international community working on sustainable development and the Rio+20 Conference, Rio+twenties", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16569315", "score": "0.9876057", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Women in Parliaments Global Forum", "text": "of Rwanda with around 200 Members of Parliament from 51 countries. The WPL Summit was part of the 20th Commemoration of the Genocide in Rwanda. With 64% of its Parliamentarians being women, the Rwandan Parliament is the global champion. At this Summit, keynote speakers included Erna Solberg, Prime Minister of Norway, and Paul Kagame, President of the Republic of Rwanda. The Summit themed “New Leadership for Global Challenges” took place at the African Union Headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on the occasion of the “Year of Women’s Empowerment and Development towards Africa’s Agenda 2063”. At this WPL Summit there were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18954393", "score": "0.9875587", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit", "text": "sent messages of support, which were shown at the ceremony. The first G20 meetings of the Argentine Presidency began in Bariloche in early December 2017. They were attended by central bank deputy governors and deputy ministers of finance, as well as the sherpas. During the buildup to the G20 Summit between world leaders on 30 November 2018, Argentina hosted over 45 meetings at various government levels and areas in 11 different cities throughout the country. List of leaders who took part in the 2018 G20 Buenos Aires summit: As the host nation, Argentina invited additional guest countries and international organizations", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19151555", "score": "0.9867737", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Cyril Ramaphosa", "text": "a trip to Kigali, Rwanda along with Foreign Minister Lindiwe Sisulu, and met with President Paul Kagame and spoke about restoring relations between South Africa and Rwanda, later participating as panelists on African Continental Free Trade Area Business Forum (ACFTABF) ahead of the 10th African Union Extraordinary Summit. On 21 March, 2018, Ramaphosa signed the Kigali Declaration on the establishment of the (ACFTABF) at the 10th African Union Extraordinary Summit. Ramaphosa hosted the 11th BRICS summit for 25 - 27 July 2018, at the Sandton Convention Centre in Johannesburg. Ramaphosa publicly declared in South Africa on 24 May 2018 that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3942687", "score": "0.98598903", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Agriculture and Rural Development Day", "text": "The third event took place as a side event at the 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP15) in Durban, South Africa. The fourth event took place at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD)—also called Rio 2012, Rio+20, or the Earth Summit 2012—in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was co-hosted by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) and the CGIAR. The fifth and final ARDD, called Agriculture, Landscapes, and Livelihoods Day 5(ALL-5), took place alongside Forest Day on the sidelines of the 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP18) in Doha, Qatar. In 2013, this event merged with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20489681", "score": "0.98464835", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "6th BRICS summit", "text": "6th BRICS summit The 6th BRICS summit was the sixth annual diplomatic meeting of the BRICS, a grouping of major emerging economies that includes Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. It was hosted by Brazil, as the first host country of the current five-year summit cycle; the host city was Fortaleza. Though Brazil had previously hosted a four-member BRIC summit in April 2010, 2014 marked its first full BRICS summit; the 2010 summit in Brasília did not officially include South Africa, who were only invited as guests as a prelude to their gaining full membership in December 2010. Argentine", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17419481", "score": "0.9825051", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "31st G8 summit", "text": "of seven African nations attended, as well as the five leading developing countries: China, India, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa. The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa (ICA) was established at the Gleneagles summit in 2005. In subsequent years, the ICA’s annual meeting is traditionally hosted by the country holding the Presidency of the G8. Closer investigation of many of the promises made at Gleneagles reveals that some of the aid funds were rehashed versions of aid already pledged and the aid was often used to privatise public services to businesses based in the donor country. However even three years on many", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5297135", "score": "0.9812123", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "R20 Regions of Climate Action", "text": "the R20 Charter, which was signed by representatives of Regions, national governments, NGOs, foundations, private companies and finance institutions. In September 2011, the First constitutive General Assembly of R20 marked the official creation of the NGO. Linda Adam, The California Environmental Protection Agency State Secretary, was officially elected President of the R20 Board and Terry Tamminen was nominated as R20 Special Advisor to Governor Schwarzenegger, the Honorary Founding Chair of R20. In January 2012, Dr. Christophe Nuttall, Director of the UNDP Hub for Innovative Partnership, officially joined R20 as Executive Director. From 2013 to 2017, Michèle Sabban took on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16487007", "score": "0.9781823", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Ebrahim Patel", "text": "the discussion that led to the Conclusions on the Scope of the Employment Relationship and the Conclusions on Human Resource Development. He was part of the South African delegation at several ministerial meetings of the World Trade Organization (WTO), including at Singapore, Seattle – which he attended together with Zwelinzima Vavi, head of Cosatu – and Geneva. In 2009, he led the labour engagement with government leaders as part of the preparations for the G20 Summit, when a small global labour team met with Presidents Motlanthe (South Africa) and Lula (Brazil), Prime Ministers Gordon Brown (UK) and Kevin Rudd (Australia)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13347646", "score": "0.9770303", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "text": "diverse groups struggled to take advantage of the conference in order to gain international attention. The British online newspaper, The Guardian reported that, \"Downtown Rio de Janeiro was partly shut-down as an estimated 50,000 protesters, some of whom were naked, took to the streets.\" A few key global leaders—mostly G20 leaders and namely United States President Barack Obama, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, and UK Prime Minister David Cameron—did not attend the conference and blamed their absence on the ongoing European sovereign-debt crisis. Their collective absence was seen as a reflection of their administrations' failure to prioritize sustainability issues. \"In not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15239874", "score": "0.97354794", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Global Mayors' Forum", "text": "was called off due to the H1N1 epidemic. In 2010 Zhuhai's was named as the host city for the 2011 and 2012 GMF conferences. The theme for the GMF 2011 is “Road to Rio +20” in reference to the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. Like the Rio +20 conference, the GMF 2011 will be focused on sustainable development and the development of a green economy. The GMF 2011 will be held in Zhuhai, China. This city was selected by the five organizing institutions to host the 2011 GMF for its unique history and sustainable development practices. Zhuhai was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15795698", "score": "0.97287303", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "G20", "text": "held since 2010. Agriculture ministerial meetings were conducted in 2011 and 2012; meetings of foreign ministers were held in 2012 and 2013; trade ministers met in 2012 and 2014, and employment ministerial meetings have taken place annually since 2010. In March 2014, the former Australian foreign minister Julie Bishop, as host of the 2014 G20 summit in Brisbane, proposed to ban Russia from the summit over its role in the 2014 Crimean crisis. The BRICS foreign ministers subsequently reminded Bishop that \"the custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5512023", "score": "0.9719757", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "2014 G20 Brisbane summit", "text": "2014 G20 Brisbane summit The 2014 G20 Brisbane summit was the ninth meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state. It was held in Brisbane, the capital city of Queensland, Australia, on 15–16 November 2014. The hosting venue was the Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre at South Brisbane. The event was the largest ever peacetime police operation in Australia. On 1 December 2013 Brisbane became the official host city for the G20. The City of Brisbane had a public holiday on 14 November 2014. Up to 4,000 delegates were expected to attend with around 2,500 media representatives. The leaders", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16044038", "score": "0.9702459", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner", "text": "W. Bush. During her stay in Washington, she held meetings with Brazilian leader Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (at the Four Seasons Hotel in Georgetown), Madeleine Albright (representing U.S. President-elect Barack Obama), Senator Christopher Dodd and Australia's Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd at the Park Hyatt Hotel. She then attended the G20 meeting in London April 2, 2009 and was given a seat of honour at the dinner held the night before at 10 Downing Street, when she was seated across from President Obama. Also in the year 2008, Cristina Kirchner vetoed the \"Law of protection of the glaciers\" ( ),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15289407", "score": "0.970224", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "2015 G20 Antalya summit", "text": "2015 G20 Antalya summit The 2015 G20 Antalya summit was the tenth annual meeting of the G20 heads of government/heads of state. It was held in Belek, Antalya Province, Turkey on 15–16 November 2015. The venue for the Leaders Summit was Regnum Carya Hotel Convention Centre at the Regnum Carya Golf & Resort Spa. Turkey officially took over the presidency of the G20 from Australia on 1 December 2014, and China will preside over the summit in 2016. The Antalya summit is the 10th edition of the G20 leaders' meeting. Together, the G20 represent around 90% of global GDP, 80%", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16103762", "score": "0.9679032", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "R20 Regions of Climate Action", "text": "and collaboration between a wide range of stakeholders. This is why R20's approach aims to “connect the dots” and foster understanding and interconnection between policy-makers, clean technology providers and public-private investors throughout the whole project development value chain. Through collaboration and with support from many partners, including the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation, R20 has created a unique value chain approach that facilitates the identification, structuring, development (or bankability) and financing of green infrastructure projects. Sub-national governments from around the world can benefit from this unique one stop shop to improve the sustainability of their regions. Since June 2017, R20 consists of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16487000", "score": "0.96487844", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "long_answer": "The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio 2012, Rio+20 (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁi.u ˈmajʒ ˈvĩtʃi]), or Earth Summit 2012 was the third international conference on sustainable development aimed at reconciling the economic and environmental goals of the global community. Hosted by Brazil in Rio de Janeiro from 13 to 22 June 2012, Rio+20 was a 20-year follow-up to the 1992 Earth Summit / United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in the same city, and the 10th anniversary of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg.", "chunked_long_answer": "The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio 2012, Rio+20 (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʁi.u ˈmajʒ ˈvĩtʃi]), or Earth Summit 2012 was the third international conference on sustainable development aimed at reconciling the economic and environmental goals of the global community. Hosted by Brazil in Rio de Janeiro from 13 to 22 June 2012, Rio+20 was a 20-year follow-up to the 1992 Earth Summit / United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in the same city, and the 10th anniversary of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg.", "short_answers": [ "13 to 22 June 2012", "June 2012" ] }

[ "Austin, Texas" ]

[ { "title": "Small Steps (novel)", "text": "Two years after his release from Camp Green Lake, Theodore \"Armpit\" Johnson is living in Austin, Texas trying to build a stable lifestyle by digging deep holes and caring for his neighbor Ginny McDonald, a ten-year-old girl with cerebral palsy. While working at the mayor's home, he is approached by Rex \"X-Ray\" Washburn, one of his friends from Camp Green Lake, who wants Armpit to loan him money for a ticket scalping scheme for an upcoming concert by teen pop star Kaira Deleon. Armpit agrees, and at first the scheme seems to go as planned.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Small Steps (novel)", "text": "suffer by comparison with Sachar's last novel.\" During his review for the \"New York Times\", A.O. Scott praised the novel's prose as being \"clear and relaxed, and funny in a low-key, observant way,\" and observed that unlike \"Holes\", in \"Small Steps\" \"the realism is more conventional, and the book sticks more closely to the genre of young-adult problem literature.\" Small Steps (novel) Small Steps is a 2006 novel for young adults by Louis Sachar, first published by Delacorte Books (Dell). It is a spinoff and the sequel to \"Holes\", although the main character of \"Holes\", Stanley Yelnats, is only briefly", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7606464", "score": "1.0047779", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Steps (book)", "text": "Steps (book) Steps is a book by a Polish-American writer Jerzy Kosiński, released in 1968 by Random House. The work comprises scores of loosely connected vignettes or short stories, which explore themes of social control and alienation by depicting scenes rich in erotic and violent motives. \"Steps\" won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction in 1969. \"Steps\" was Kosiński's second novel, a follow-up to his successful \"The Painted Bird\" released in 1965. It consists of a series of short stories, reminiscences, anecdotes and dialogues, loosely linked to each other or having no connection at all, written in the first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16659677", "score": "0.9750619", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Small Steps: The Year I Got Polio", "text": "she is moved back to the Sheltering Arms hospital where she rooms with four other girls who have polio, Dorothy, Shirley, Alice and Renee, who later become her friends. The story takes place in Peg's school, Peg's house, at the Sheltering Arms, and at the University Hospital beginning in 1949. \"Small Steps\" won the Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award, the Golden Kite Award in 1997 and the Mark Twain Readers Award in 1997. Small Steps: The Year I Got Polio Small Steps: The Year I Got Polio is a memoir of author Peg Kehret's childhood experience of polio. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11267844", "score": "0.9744343", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Small Steps: The Year I Got Polio", "text": "Small Steps: The Year I Got Polio Small Steps: The Year I Got Polio is a memoir of author Peg Kehret's childhood experience of polio. The book won the Golden Kite Award in 1997. In September 1949, Peg collapses at her school in Austin, Minnesota. She goes home with a high fever, and around midnight, she starts to vomit. Her parents take her to the hospital where she is diagnosed with three different kinds of polio. She spends a little time at Sheltering Arms before she is transferred to University Hospital because she needs a respirator. Peg is placed under", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11267842", "score": "0.96730304", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Small Talk (book)", "text": "July 2013 to discuss the book and the Small Talk Time techniques. The book and the Small Talk Time techniques set out within it have featured in major publications in countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Belgium and Lithuania. Nicola Lathey also appeared on Radio New Zealand on 28 June 2013. The book has also featured in a number of other magazines, websites, newspapers and radio stations. Dr. T. Berry Brazelton, Professor of Pediatrics, Emeritus, at Harvard Medical School claims that “in a fun, down-to-earth style, Small Talk gives parents the practical tools to understand their babies and to help", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17371171", "score": "0.93900466", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Steps (book)", "text": "person. The book does not name any characters or places where described situations take place. The book has been interpreted as being about \"a Polish man's difficulties under the harsh Soviet regime at home played against his experiences as a new immigrant to the United States and its bizarre codes of capitalism.\" The stories reflect upon control, power, domination and alienation, depicting scenes full of brutality or sexually explicit. \"Steps\" contains remarkable autobiographical elements and numerous references to World War II. Despite its commercial failure, especially when compared to \"The Painted Bird\", \"Steps\" met with generally positive critics' reviews and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16659678", "score": "0.93699336", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Small Talk (book)", "text": "Small Talk (book) Small Talk is a book written by speech therapist Nicola Lathey and journalist Tracey Blake, whose stated purpose is to help boost language and communication skills from birth to four years old. The book is 320 pages and was published in the UK and internationally by Pan Macmillan on 20 June 2013. It will be published in the U.S. and Canada by The Experiment in April 2014. The book is intended to provide ways to enhance a baby's language and communication skills to help make them \"smarter and more sociable\". Nicola Lathey is a Speech and Language", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17371167", "score": "0.932883", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Small Talk (book)", "text": "years when the brain is busy creating pathways to the jaw, lips and tongue, establishing the building blocks of first speech. Since its launch in June 2013, the book has received a significant amount of media coverage both in the UK and worldwide. A three-page lead article about Small Talk was published in the Femail section of the Daily Mail on 13 June 2013 and also repeated on the Mail Online. On the 14 June, Nicola and Tracey were interviewed about the book on BBC Breakfast, and Nicola appeared as a guest on BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour on 26", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17371170", "score": "0.91850924", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Steps (book)", "text": "to prove his theory that unknown authors always find their books rejected, sent out excerpts from \"Steps\" to four different publishers, using the pseudonym Erik Demos. All four did not accept the sample. In 1977, Ross sent out the entire book to ten publishers, including Random House, which had originally published the book, and thirteen literary agents. Again, the book was rejected, also by Random House, having not been recognized, despite being an award-winning work. Steps (book) Steps is a book by a Polish-American writer Jerzy Kosiński, released in 1968 by Random House. The work comprises scores of loosely connected", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16659680", "score": "0.9169123", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Small Talk (book)", "text": "them develop speech and language while sharing the excitement of each new word.” In an article for the New Zealand Herald, Dr Linda Hand, the Head of Speech Science at Auckland University, said the techniques set out in Small Talk made for \"extremely good advice\". Small Talk (book) Small Talk is a book written by speech therapist Nicola Lathey and journalist Tracey Blake, whose stated purpose is to help boost language and communication skills from birth to four years old. The book is 320 pages and was published in the UK and internationally by Pan Macmillan on 20 June 2013.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17371172", "score": "0.91334826", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "A Small Place in Italy", "text": "A Small Place in Italy A Small Place in Italy is a travel memoir and autobiographical novel written by Eric Newby, author of \"The Last Grain Race\" and \"Slowly Down the Ganges\". In 1967, Eric Newby and his wife Wanda acquire an old run-down farmhouse in Italy, I Castagni (The Chestnuts), in the foothills of the Apuan Alps on the borders of Liguria and northern Tuscany. The book is a personal memoir of the couple's experiences in renovating the house, which had a tileless roof, a long-abandoned septic tank and a wealth of indigenous flora and fauna, as well as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11102744", "score": "0.9082823", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Small Steps (novel)", "text": "that she knows Armpit bought the tickets from X-Ray, but that she is closing the case. Later on, Armpit hears Kaira on the radio singing about her and Armpit's relationship, accompanied only by a piano. Armpit is touched by this. He accepts his life can't revolve around Kaira DeLeon, and decides to continue with his plan of taking small steps towards making a better life for himself. In a review for \"Holes\", Josh Lacey commented \"Small Steps\" \"has a lot to recommend it - funny dialogue, a fast-moving story, some emotive scenes, an interesting central character - but does inevitably", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7606463", "score": "0.89435947", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Little Red Book (Alcoholics Anonymous)", "text": "The Little Red Book (Alcoholics Anonymous) The Little Red Book is a non-conference approved study guide to The Big Book which was also called The Big Red Book because of its red and yellow cover when it was first published; however the cover of The Big Book became blue with the second edition in 1955. The original title was The Twelve Steps: An Interpretation of the Twelve Steps of the Alcoholics Anonymous Program. It was endorsed by AA co-founder Dr Bob as a companion to The Big Red Book. The title later became \"The Little Red Book\" with the 5th", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15552317", "score": "0.8849976", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "The Little Red Book (Alcoholics Anonymous)", "text": "printing in 1949. There are three separate versions: The books are published by Hazelden Foundation. The Little Red Book (Alcoholics Anonymous) The Little Red Book is a non-conference approved study guide to The Big Book which was also called The Big Red Book because of its red and yellow cover when it was first published; however the cover of The Big Book became blue with the second edition in 1955. The original title was The Twelve Steps: An Interpretation of the Twelve Steps of the Alcoholics Anonymous Program. It was endorsed by AA co-founder Dr Bob as a companion to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15552318", "score": "0.880522", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "In His Steps", "text": "In His Steps In His Steps is a best-selling religious fiction novel written by Charles Monroe Sheldon. First published in 1896, the book has sold more than 30,000,000 copies, and ranks as one of the best-selling books of all time. The full title of the book is \"In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do?\". Though variations of the subtitle \"What would Jesus do\" have been used by Christians for centuries as a form of \"imitatio dei\", the imitation of God, it gained much greater currency following publication of the book. Chicago Advance, the original publisher, failed to register the copyright", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6379885", "score": "0.8805051", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Rachel Kelly", "text": "those yet to embark on it.\" In 2015 her book Walking on \"Sunshine: 52 Small Steps to Happiness\" was then released. In \"The New Statesman\", India Bourke wrote of the work that, \"Drawing equally from science and art, each chapter (one for every week of the year) offers salves for both body and mind, from probiotics to poetry.\" The book was ranked #4 on Amazon’s best-seller list as well as #1. The chapters revolve around activities and other items that have helped Kelly in the past in dealing with her depression. In 2017 Kelly co-authored the book \"The Happy Kitchen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20726860", "score": "0.8775853", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Taking Steps", "text": "1982. Taking Steps Taking Steps is a 1979 farce by British playwright Alan Ayckbourn. It is set on three floors of an old and reputedly haunted house, with the stage arranged so that the stairs are flat and all three floors are on a single level (hence the play on words in the title). There are six characters in the play: The play is set in a dilapidated Victorian three-storey country house, reputedly a former bordello and said to be haunted by a deceased prostitute. According to the set design favoured by the author, all three floors are represented on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11733537", "score": "0.8761529", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Two Steps Forward", "text": "Two Steps Forward Two Steps Forward is a 2017 novel by Australian husband and wife novelists Graeme Simsion and Anne Buist. The work was first published on October 2, 2017 in Australia and New Zealand by Text Publishing. The novel follows two dissimilar people, Zoe and Martin, as their paths cross during a 2000 kilometre walk on the Camino de Santiago. Zoe Witt is an American artist with new-age views, who makes a spontaneous decision to walk the Chemin de St Jacques / Camino de Santiago de Compostela from Cluny in central France following the sudden death of her husband.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20384389", "score": "0.87276304", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Steps (book)", "text": "eventually won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction in 1969. Canadian critic Hugh Kenner in his review of \"Steps\" in \"The New York Times\" compared it to the works by Louis-Ferdinand Céline and Franz Kafka. American novelist David Foster Wallace in 1999 described \"Steps\" as a \"collection of unbelievably creepy little allegorical tableaux done in a terse elegant voice that's like nothing else anywhere ever.\" \"Only Kafka's fragments get anywhere close to where Kosinski goes in this book, which is better than everything else he ever did combined\", he praised. In 1975, a freelance writer Chuck Ross, in order", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16659679", "score": "0.87214637", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Taking Steps", "text": "Taking Steps Taking Steps is a 1979 farce by British playwright Alan Ayckbourn. It is set on three floors of an old and reputedly haunted house, with the stage arranged so that the stairs are flat and all three floors are on a single level (hence the play on words in the title). There are six characters in the play: The play is set in a dilapidated Victorian three-storey country house, reputedly a former bordello and said to be haunted by a deceased prostitute. According to the set design favoured by the author, all three floors are represented on stage", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11733530", "score": "0.869109", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "One Small Step (short story)", "text": "slight disappointment\". One Small Step (short story) One Small Step is a 1990 novella written by British writer Reginald Hill featuring the detective characters Dalziel and Pascoe. It is set in 2010, many years after the other Dalziel and Pascoe stories, and involves the detectives investigating the first murder on the Moon. \"One Small Step\" was originally published separately in 1990. In 1996, it was included, along with three other Dalziel and Pascoe stories, in the collection \"Asking for the Moon\". In May 2010, Emile Lemarque, a French astronaut, is killed by a short circuit in his urine collection device", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19443630", "score": "0.86671686", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "The Small Rain", "text": "The Small Rain The Small Rain is a semi-autobiographical novel by Madeleine L'Engle, about the many difficulties in the life of talented pianist Katherine Forrester between the ages of 10 and 19. Published in 1945 by the Vanguard Press, it was the first of L'Engle's long list of books, and was reprinted in 1984. L'Engle began work on it in college, and completed it while an actress in New York. An adaptation of the first part of \"The Small Rain\" for young people was also published by the Vanguard Press in 1968, entitled Prelude. Young Katherine Forrester has not seen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9301517", "score": "0.8566886", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Jamie Smart (author)", "text": "Fulham, in his post-match interview, he walked in holding a copy of \"Clarity\". Financial Times wrote about the book that, \"Unlike some self-help books Clarity feels like a gentle pep talk rather than a military boot camp. It guides you along the way rather than asking you to set out specific goals within strict time frames. Worth a read.\" The PA Life magazine gave the book a positive review saying, \"broken down into clear chapters that take you on a pathway to clarity and guide you in making changes as you move forward.\" Smart released his second book, titled \"Little", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18699767", "score": "0.85658205", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "One Small Step (short story)", "text": "One Small Step (short story) One Small Step is a 1990 novella written by British writer Reginald Hill featuring the detective characters Dalziel and Pascoe. It is set in 2010, many years after the other Dalziel and Pascoe stories, and involves the detectives investigating the first murder on the Moon. \"One Small Step\" was originally published separately in 1990. In 1996, it was included, along with three other Dalziel and Pascoe stories, in the collection \"Asking for the Moon\". In May 2010, Emile Lemarque, a French astronaut, is killed by a short circuit in his urine collection device at the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19443628", "score": "0.84949744", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Two Steps Forward", "text": "The Herald Sun praised it as a ‘delightful tale of renewal and shedding unnecessary burdens’. Both reviewers noted that it would appeal to fans of Simsion’s The Rosie Project. The Sydney Morning Herald described it as ‘compelling reading’ and ‘entertaining and refreshingly unpredictable’. Two Steps Forward Two Steps Forward is a 2017 novel by Australian husband and wife novelists Graeme Simsion and Anne Buist. The work was first published on October 2, 2017 in Australia and New Zealand by Text Publishing. The novel follows two dissimilar people, Zoe and Martin, as their paths cross during a 2000 kilometre walk on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20384393", "score": "0.8482299", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Adria Vasil", "text": "Vasil's first book was published by Vintage Canada (an imprint of Random House) in 2007. David Suzuki said, \"This book is for people who want to do something to lighten their impact on the planet. The small steps cost us little in the way of effort, money or time, but the cumulative effects can be enormous.\" \"Ecoholic Home\" (Vintage Canada 2009) further explores how to live a greener life, this time focusing on our day-to-day home-life. Lindsay Borthwick, of \"Green Living Online\" says \"Ecoholic Home\" gives \"informed, affordable and practical advice on how to green your home on any budget,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17573859", "score": "0.8459542", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "In His Steps", "text": "weeks. \"In His Steps\" takes place in the railroad town of Raymond, probably located in the eastern U.S.A. (Chicago, IL and the coast of Maine are mentioned as being accessible by train), and Chicago Illinois. The main character is the Rev. Henry Maxwell, pastor of the First Church of Raymond, who challenges his congregation to not do anything for a whole year without first asking: “What Would Jesus Do?” Other characters include Ed Norman, senior editor of the Raymond Daily Newspaper, Rachel Winslow, a talented singer, and Virginia Page, an heiress, to name a few. The novel begins on a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6379887", "score": "0.8457027", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Stitches (book)", "text": "Stitches (book) Stitches: A Memoir is a graphic memoir written and illustrated by David Small. It tells the story of Small's journey from sickly child to cancer patient, to the troubled teen who made a risky decision to run away from home at sixteen—with nothing more than the dream of becoming an artist. It is a story about voicelessness—both physical and psychological—told artfully in pictures that made Jules Feiffer say, \"It left me speechless.\" The book is set in Detroit, Michigan, where Small spent his childhood. Small's family—on the surface a model of 1950's-style middle class contentment and success—was a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17393997", "score": "0.8433944", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Steps to Christ", "text": "boxes with additional inserted comments have been published for youth. Steps to Christ Steps to Christ is an evangelistic book written by Ellen G. White, pioneer and prophetess of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It was first published in 1892 by Fleming H. Revell Company. The copyright was purchased by Seventh-day Adventist publisher Review and Herald Publishing Association in 1892, and was first printed there in 1896. A new first chapter, \"God's Love for Man\" was added per request of the Seventh-day Adventist publishing house in the United Kingdom (Stanborough Press) in 1893 in order to secure a copyright. This is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10024009", "score": "0.8417082", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Small Steps (novel)", "long_answer": "Two years after his release from Camp Green Lake, Theodore \"Armpit\" Johnson is living in Austin, Texas trying to build a stable lifestyle by digging deep holes and caring for his neighbor Ginny McDonald, a ten-year-old girl with cerebral palsy. While working at the mayor's home, he is approached by Rex \"X-Ray\" Washburn, one of his friends from Camp Green Lake, who wants Armpit to loan him money for a ticket scalping scheme for an upcoming concert by teen pop star Kaira Deleon. Armpit agrees, and at first the scheme seems to go as planned.", "chunked_long_answer": "Two years after his release from Camp Green Lake, Theodore \"Armpit\" Johnson is living in Austin, Texas trying to build a stable lifestyle by digging deep holes and caring for his neighbor Ginny McDonald, a ten-year-old girl with cerebral palsy. While working at the mayor's home, he is approached by Rex \"X-Ray\" Washburn, one of his friends from Camp Green Lake, who wants Armpit to loan him money for a ticket scalping scheme for an upcoming concert by teen pop star Kaira Deleon. Armpit agrees, and at first the scheme seems to go as planned.", "short_answers": [ "Austin, Texas" ] }

[ "1969", "XI" ]

[ { "title": "Minnesota Vikings", "text": "one of only six NFL teams to win at least 15 games in a regular season. The Vikings have won one NFL Championship, in 1969, before the league's merger with the American Football League (AFL). Since the league merger in 1970, they have qualified for the playoffs 27 times, third-most in the league. The team has played in Super Bowls IV, VIII, IX, and XI, though failing to win any of them. In addition, they have lost in their last six NFC Championship Game appearances since 1978. The team currently has 14 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "2015 Minnesota Vikings season", "text": "to win it with 20 seconds remaining, but Walsh missed a 27-yard field goal, reminding Vikings fans of Gary Anderson's missed field goal in the 1998 NFC Championship Game, which would have sent the team to a fifth Super Bowl. Running back Adrian Peterson was the only Minnesota Viking selected for the 2016 Pro Bowl. It was Peterson's seventh Pro Bowl selection, tying him for the fourth-most in Vikings franchise history with offensive tackle Ron Yary. After Houston Texans DE J. J. Watt suffered an injury in the wildcard round game against the Kansas City Chiefs, Vikings defensive end Everson", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18389021", "score": "1.0897285", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "History of the Minnesota Vikings", "text": "hits to Favre (who suffered a painful ankle injury), the Vikings drove to the Saints' 33-yard-line with seconds remaining in regulation. However, after Minnesota called a time out, they were penalized for allowing 12 men in the huddle. On the next play, Favre threw across the middle and was intercepted by New Orleans cornerback Tracey Porter, ending the potential game-winning field goal attempt with seven seconds left in regulation. In overtime, New Orleans won the coin toss and drove down field and kicked a 38-yard field goal, bringing the final score to 31–28 and sending them to the Super Bowl.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9862194", "score": "1.0527151", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "1988 Minnesota Vikings season", "text": "Bowl era. The Vikings made the postseason for the second consecutive time under coach Jerry Burns. They defeated the Los Angeles Rams in the Wildcard round, but the following week, the Vikings couldn't flick the switch this time, losing 34-9 to the rejuvenated San Francisco 49ers, who would go on to win their third Super Bowl. This was the last time the Vikings had won a playoff game until 1997. 1988 Minnesota Vikings season The 1988 Minnesota Vikings season was the team's 28th year in the National Football League. The team won eleven games, and finished second to the Chicago", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9975608", "score": "1.0384614", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Joe Kapp", "text": "Burk, George Blanda, Y. A. Tittle, Nick Foles, Peyton Manning and Drew Brees). Burk was one of the officials who worked the game. Kapp led the Vikings to a 12–2 record, and a berth in Super Bowl IV after defeating the Cleveland Browns 27–7 in the last NFL Championship game ever played. However, he was unable to lead the team to victory in the Super Bowl, as the Vikings lost 23–7 to the Kansas City Chiefs. In 1970, the NFL and AFL consummated a merger that had been agreed to in 1966, and the NFL Championship game was no more", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6162616", "score": "1.0376489", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "2017 Minnesota Vikings season", "text": "2017 Minnesota Vikings season The 2017 season was the Minnesota Vikings' 57th in the National Football League, and their fourth under head coach Mike Zimmer. With the team's home stadium, U.S. Bank Stadium, scheduled to host Super Bowl LII at the end of the season, the Vikings attempted to make history as the first team to play the Super Bowl on their home field; in recording their best regular season record since 1998, they clinched a first-round bye for the first time since 2009 and became the eighth team in the Super Bowl era to qualify for the playoffs in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19820625", "score": "1.0364605", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "1969 Minnesota Vikings season", "text": "football game between the two leagues. It was the second consecutive Super Bowl win for the younger league. The Vikings won the last NFL Championship prior to the league's merger with the American Football League. The season was chronicled for \"\", as one of the five greatest NFL teams to never win the Super Bowl. The Vikings, led by head coach Bud Grant, ended the season with an NFL best 12–2 regular season record, leading the older league in total points scored (379) and fewest points allowed (133). They had scored 50 or more points in three different games. They", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9975444", "score": "1.0322483", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "History of the Minnesota Vikings", "text": "yards in a playoff game with 227 yards. The Vikings played the Washington Redskins in the NFC Championship Game on January 17, 1988, at RFK Stadium. Trailing 17–10, the Vikings drove to the Redskins 6-yard line with a little over a minute left in the game but failed to get the ball into the end zone. Running back Darrin Nelson dropped a pass from Wade Wilson at the goal line to officially end the Vikings' hopes of a Super Bowl. Nelson would later be traded to the Dallas Cowboys in possibly the worst trade in NFL history, the Herschel Walker", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9862148", "score": "1.030599", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Minnesota Vikings", "text": "in franchise history, Super Bowl VIII, against the Miami Dolphins at Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas; however, the Dolphins prevailed, 24–7. The Vikings won the Central Division again in 1974 with a 10–4 record. In the playoffs they built on their cold weather reputation, defeating both the St. Louis Cardinals and the Los Angeles Rams in frozen Metropolitan Stadium. The Vikings played in their second straight Super Bowl, Super Bowl IX (3rd overall), losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers, 16–6, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans on January 12, 1975. Led by Tarkenton and running back Chuck Foreman, the 1975 Vikings", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "271630", "score": "1.0258603", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome", "text": "On December 29, 2013, the Vikings played their final game at the Metrodome, a 14-13 victory over the Detroit Lions. The team's all-time record at the dome was 162-88 in the regular season and 6-4 in playoff games. They finished with a perfect record at the dome against the Arizona Cardinals (8-0), Baltimore Ravens (1-0), Cincinnati Bengals (4-0), and Houston Texans (1-0), but with a winless record there against the New York Jets (0-3). NFL owners voted during their May 24, 1989 meeting to award Super Bowl XXVI to Minneapolis over Indianapolis, Pontiac and Seattle.. The game on January 26,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1792361", "score": "1.0250702", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "2017 Minnesota Vikings season", "text": "Bowl due to injury, replaced by Thomas Davis and Michael Bennett respectively. Source: Minnesota Vikings' official website Source: NFL.com. 2017 Minnesota Vikings season The 2017 season was the Minnesota Vikings' 57th in the National Football League, and their fourth under head coach Mike Zimmer. With the team's home stadium, U.S. Bank Stadium, scheduled to host Super Bowl LII at the end of the season, the Vikings attempted to make history as the first team to play the Super Bowl on their home field; in recording their best regular season record since 1998, they clinched a first-round bye for the first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19820630", "score": "1.0221502", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "History of the Minnesota Vikings", "text": "Bowl in franchise history, Super Bowl VIII, against the Miami Dolphins at Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas. The Dolphins prevailed 24–7. The Vikings won the Central Division again in 1974 with a 10–4 record. In the playoffs, they built on their cold weather reputation, defeating both the St. Louis Cardinals and the Los Angeles Rams in frozen Metropolitan Stadium. On January 12, 1975, The Vikings played in their second straight Super Bowl, Super Bowl IX (3rd overall), losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers, 16–6, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans. In 1975, Mike Lynn, who had been hired the previous year", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9862135", "score": "1.0219295", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Paul Krause", "text": "recorded an interception in Super Bowl IV and a fumble recovery in Super Bowl IX. Krause was often referred to as the Vikings \"center fielder\" because of his success as an interscholastic baseball player and his ability to catch interceptions. He currently holds the all-time interception record in the NFL with 81, which he returned for 1,185 yards and three touchdowns. He set the record in 1979 against the Los Angeles Rams, in the second quarter of a 27-21 overtime loss with his 81st interception coming in the final quarter. The previous record of 79 was held by Emlen Tunnell,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17028311", "score": "1.0215442", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "2009 Minnesota Vikings season", "text": "NFC Championship Game in team history, and their first appearance since the 2000 season with a 13–4 record. Brett Favre became the oldest player to start and win a playoff game, but also won his first postseason game in four against Dallas. This would be the Vikings' final win in a playoff game until (after) 2017. Coming off their dominant divisional home win over the Cowboys, the Vikings flew to the Louisiana Superdome for the NFC Championship Game against the top-seeded New Orleans Saints. Minnesota delivered the opening strike in the first quarter with running back Adrian Peterson's 19-yard touchdown", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12843993", "score": "1.017173", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "History of the Minnesota Vikings", "text": "fourth NFC Championship Game in five years at Texas Stadium. Minnesota lost to the eventual Super Bowl champions, 23–6. By 1978, age was taking its toll on the Vikings, but they still took advantage of a weak division to make the playoffs with an 8–7–1 record. The team had all but run out of gas as the Rams finally defeated them 34–10 in Los Angeles. Fran Tarkenton retired at the end of the season just short of his 39th birthday. With Tommy Kramer taking over as quarterback, the Vikings fell to a 7–9 record in 1979. After that season ended,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9862140", "score": "1.0151556", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "History of the Minnesota Vikings", "text": "the New York Giants (24–21), the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field (20–17, once again on a last-second field goal), the Cleveland Browns (24–12), the Detroit Lions at Ford Field (21–16), and a 27–13 home victory over the St. Louis Rams. Johnson ended up with the lowest interception-to-attempt ratio in Vikings history and the third-best passer rating in the NFC. The winning streak ended with an 18–3 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers, the eventual Super Bowl champions. Christmas Day 2005 will go down as a day Vikings fans would much rather forget. After having their chances of winning the NFC", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9862169", "score": "1.0138868", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Super Bowl IV", "text": "30 seconds left on the clock. Then Minnesota easily demolished the Cleveland Browns in the NFL championship game, jumping to a 24-0 halftime lead and going on to win 27-7. The Vikings offense gained 381 yards without turning the ball over, with Kapp passing for 169 yards and a touchdown, while Osborn rushed for 108 yards and Washington gained 125 yards on just 3 receptions. Many sports writers and fans fully expected that the Vikings would easily defeat the Chiefs. Although the AFL's New York Jets won Super Bowl III at the end of the previous season, many were convinced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "393749", "score": "1.0131433", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Minnesota Vikings", "text": "to Monday and play it at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan. Because of on-going repairs to the roof of the Metrodome, the Vikings played their December 20 game versus the Chicago Bears at TCF Bank Stadium. Favre threw the final touchdown pass of his career (to Percy Harvin) in this game. The game was played 29 years to the day after the last outdoor game at old Met Stadium. On December 26, the NFL announced that the game versus the Philadelphia Eagles was being postponed to Tuesday, December 28, 2010 because of blizzard conditions. This marks the third consecutive venue", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "271663", "score": "1.0060878", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Minnesota Vikings", "text": "Divisional Playoff game, they beat the 13–2 San Francisco 49ers 36–24 at Candlestick Park. During that game, Anthony Carter set the all-time record for most receiving yards in a playoff game with 227 yards. The Vikings played the Washington Redskins in the NFC Championship Game on January 17, 1988, at RFK Stadium. Trailing 17–10, the Vikings drove to the Redskins' 6-yard line with a little over a minute left in the game, but failed to get the ball into the end zone. The Vikings' hopes of a Super Bowl ended when Darrin Nelson dropped a pass from Wade Wilson on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "271639", "score": "1.0051739", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Paul Allen (sports commentator)", "text": "last play touchdown in the playoffs on January 14, 2018. Allen is known for his over the top and emotional calls, such as the aforementioned 2009 NFC Championship, the 2003 Vikings vs Cardinals Regular Season Finale, and The 2015 Wildcard Playoff game between the Vikings and the Seahawks.! Paul Allen (sports commentator) Paul Allen is a sports commentator who calls play-by-play for the Minnesota Vikings on KFAN. He is the voice of the Minnesota Vikings Radio Network and Canterbury Park. Allen previously called horse races at different locations throughout the United States until he came to Canterbury Park in Shakopee,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16816800", "score": "1.004337", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "1998 NFC Championship Game", "text": "Super Bowl. The game is considered one of the most memorable conference championship games in NFL history. In 1998, the Vikings were the favorite to win the Super Bowl, as they had set the NFL record for most points scored by a team in a single season. They had gone undefeated in their home stadium, the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, during the regular season, and their placekicker, Gary Anderson, had become the first kicker in NFL history to convert every field goal and extra point attempt in a season. At a critical moment late in the game, Anderson missed a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20017118", "score": "1.0042392", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "1998 NFC Championship Game", "text": "first franchise to lose four Super Bowls as a result. They had not appeared in a Super Bowl since their fourth loss following the 1976 season, although they had come close in other seasons. In a 1975 Divisional round playoff game, the Vikings lost to the Dallas Cowboys as a result of a 50-yard touchdown pass from Roger Staubach to Drew Pearson in the game's final seconds, a play in which Vikings observers claim that Pearson should have been penalized for pass interference. The Vikings also lost to the Washington Redskins in the 1987 NFC Championship Game, during which Vikings", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20017121", "score": "1.0033228", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Brad Johnson (American football)", "text": "in the Vikings' game against the defending Super Bowl champion Dallas Cowboys on December 28, 1996. Minnesota lost to Dallas 40-15, as Johnson completed 15 of 27 passes for 208 yards, 1 touchdown, and 2 interceptions and rushed 14 yards on three carries for one touchdown. Starting the first 12 games of 1997, Johnson led Minnesota to an 8-4 record, including a six-game winning streak from September 28 (Week 5) to November 9 (Week 10), before suffering a season-ending neck injury in Week 13. By Week 6, Johnson set a team record with 15 straight games with a touchdown pass.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6499010", "score": "1.0017852", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "2009–10 NFL playoffs", "text": "his third touchdown on the next play, tying the score with just over eight minutes left in the game. After forcing a punt, the Vikings got the ball back with 2:42 left and drove to the Saints 33-yard line, within range of a potential game-winning field goal by kicker Ryan Longwell. However, on the next two plays, Peterson and running back Chester Taylor were both tackled for no gain. Then, after calling a timeout with 19 seconds left, Minnesota was flagged for having 12 men in the huddle and penalized five yards, bringing up third down and 15 from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13705863", "score": "1.0016503", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Super Bowl LII", "text": "(who, coincidentally, had also worn green jerseys). To coordinate the game and 10 days of events, the National Football League temporarily operated an events office within the Minnesota Vikings office building next to U.S. Bank Stadium. More than 150,000 visitors were expected to attend events associated with the Super Bowl over ten days. Among them were some 5,000-plus media members; media day events and press conferences were held at The Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota. No sales tax was collected on admission tickets to the game and related events, including parking. To increase security around U.S. Bank Stadium, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17473836", "score": "1.000893", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "2010 Minnesota Vikings season", "text": "run. The Vikings tried to come back, but only came away with a 48-yard field goal from Longwell, giving the Vikings a loss and thus closing out the season on a 6–10 record. After Minnesota's disappointing season, only one Vikings player was selected to play in the 2011 Pro Bowl: RB Adrian Peterson. He missed out on the NFC's starting lineup to the Atlanta Falcons' Michael Turner, and was joined on the bench by the St. Louis Rams' Steven Jackson. Peterson received the most fan votes out of all running backs in the NFL (948,410), and the sixth most out", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14206461", "score": "1.0007684", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Fran Tarkenton", "text": "Vikings to three National Football Conference championships, but in each instance the Vikings lost the ensuing Super Bowl. In Tarkenton's first Super Bowl appearance his team lost to the Miami Dolphins 24–7 in Houston. It lost the second to the Pittsburgh Steelers 16–6 in New Orleans, and in the last Super Bowl Tarkenton played (and Minnesota's last Super Bowl to date), the Vikings lost to the Oakland Raiders 32–14 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. In his 18 NFL seasons, Tarkenton completed 3,686 of 6,467 passes for 47,003 yards and 342 touchdowns, with 266 interceptions, all of which were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1944765", "score": "1.000485", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Mike Merriweather", "text": "score the winning points in an overtime game with a safety when he blocked a punt out of the end zone in a game against the Los Angeles Rams for a final score of 23-21, the same game in which the Vikings' Rich Karlis had scored a then-record 7 field goals to get the 21 points that sent the game into overtime. His last year at Minnesota was the 1992 season; he played his final season in 1993 for the New York Jets and Green Bay Packers. In 1993, Merriweather was inducted into the Pacific Athletics Hall of Fame. He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8764269", "score": "0.99934894", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Super Bowl IV", "text": "that it was a fluke. They continued to believe that all of the NFL teams were far and away superior to all of the AFL teams. And regardless of the differences among the leagues, the Vikings simply appeared to be a superior team. Minnesota had the NFL's best record and outscored their opponents by 246 points, while Kansas City had not even won their own division. Super Bowl IV provided another chance to show that Dawson belonged at the same level with all of the great NFL quarterbacks. But five days before the Super Bowl, news leaked that his name", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "393750", "score": "0.9975027", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Minnesota Vikings", "text": "38-yard field goal attempt with just over 2 minutes remaining, the Falcons' ensuing drive tied the game. This led to a controversial decision by head coach Dennis Green to run out the clock and let the game go to overtime. Though the Vikings won the coin toss, Atlanta went on to win it 30–27 in overtime on Morten Andersen's 38-yard field goal. The Vikings became the first 15–1 team to fail to reach the Super Bowl. The Falcons lost Super Bowl XXXIII to John Elway and the Denver Broncos. Cunningham resumed duties again in 1999, but after a lukewarm 2–4", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "271644", "score": "0.99687994", "original_retrieval_index": 35 } ]

{ "title": "Minnesota Vikings", "long_answer": "Since the team's first season in 1961, the Vikings have had one of the highest winning percentages in the NFL. As of 2017, they have won at least three games in every season except in 1962, and are one of only six NFL teams to win at least 15 games in a regular season. The Vikings have won one NFL Championship, in 1969, before the league's merger with the American Football League (AFL). Since the league merger in 1970, they have qualified for the playoffs 27 times, third-most in the league. The team has played in Super Bowls IV, VIII, IX, and XI, though failing to win any of them. In addition, they have lost in their last six NFC Championship Game appearances since 1978. The team currently has 14 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "chunked_long_answer": "one of only six NFL teams to win at least 15 games in a regular season. The Vikings have won one NFL Championship, in 1969, before the league's merger with the American Football League (AFL). Since the league merger in 1970, they have qualified for the playoffs 27 times, third-most in the league. The team has played in Super Bowls IV, VIII, IX, and XI, though failing to win any of them. In addition, they have lost in their last six NFC Championship Game appearances since 1978. The team currently has 14 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.", "short_answers": [ "XI" ] }

[ "20" ]

[ { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 7)", "text": "The season consisted of 20 episodes, in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016, with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017. The season's premiere aired on June 21, 2016, on Freeform. Production and filming began in the end of March 2016, which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King. The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino. King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17, 2016. On August 29, 2016, it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 7)", "text": "air, that \"Pretty Little Liars\" will end after the seventh season. Production began on February 1, 2016, when King announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing brainstorming and mapping the seventh season. Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 and officially wrapped up in October 2016. The seventh season has nine roles receiving star billing, with eight of them returning from the previous season, six of which was part of the original cast from the first season. The season saw the four protagonists of the series continue the roles as they try to take", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19269399", "score": "1.10103", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 6)", "text": "first 10 episodes of the season, executive producer Joseph Dougherty said that they \"are going to be like nothing that's ever happened before on this series. It's an incredible amount of information in every episode, but if we've done the job completely right, you should be able to figure the mystery out just before you find out.\" ABC Family promoted the sixth season by creating an online contest in which fans of the show could be a part of the marketing campaign to promote the show by sending in their art for consideration. After the fifth-season finale, fans could send", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18651115", "score": "1.0781467", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 7)", "text": "seventh season, but would not necessarily mean that the show would end after the seventh season. Hale said on \"The Late Late Show with James Corden\" that the show was ending after the seventh season. Bellisario's fiancé Patrick J. Adams said in June 2016, that the show was ending in 2017, as the couple has decided to get married after the show ends. Freeform gave out a statement not long after saying that \"There has been no official decision made for PLL beyond a season 7.\" It was announced on August 29, 2016, the day before the mid-season finale would", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19269398", "score": "1.067789", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars", "text": "primarily on social media. On March 26, 2013, a spin-off series was announced, titled \"Ravenswood\", but was canceled after one season. On June 10, 2014, \"Pretty Little Liars\" was renewed for its sixth and seventh seasons. On August 29, 2016, Freeform confirmed that the series would be ending after its seventh season in 2017. Filming of the series officially wrapped on October 26, 2016. The series finale was viewed by an estimated 1.41 million viewers. It had the second-highest rating of any cable TV series that aired that night. The episode was followed by \"A-List Wrap Party\", a live special", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14201328", "score": "1.0670779", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars", "text": "was announced on June 10, 2014 that \"Pretty Little Liars\" was renewed for two seasons, making the show ABC Family's longest running original hit series. On August 29, 2016, I.Marlene King announced that \"Pretty Little Liars\" would be ending after the seventh season had aired. The second half of the seventh season will begin airing later than previous season, in April instead of January. \"Pretty Little Liars\" opened with mixed reviews. Metacritic gave the pilot episode 52 out of 100, based upon 14 critical reviews. The New York \"Daily News\" gave the show a positive review, commenting that it \"makes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14201343", "score": "1.0546417", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 7)", "text": "\"Pretty Little Liars\" ever since the show was renewed for two additional seasons. In an interview with \"BuzzFeed\", Troian Bellisario said “This is the beginning of the end. But the best part about these last two years is that, because it’s the beginning of the end, we can actually start telling the story I think we’ve been waiting to tell for a long time.\" Regarding the show's ending, Lucy Hale said to \"E! News\" that \"Seven seasons will definitely end the show.\" Showrunner I. Marlene King commented on these rumors to \"TVLine\" as she said \"We have enough story to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19269396", "score": "1.0523793", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Original G'A'ngsters", "text": "was another solid episode of this Freeform drama. It's time to start giving us all of the answers now.\" For \"SpoilerTV\", Gavin Hetherington wrote for the episode a mixed to positive review, stating, \"The seventh episode in Pretty Little Liars' seventh season proved to be a worthy hour for the show, with minor plot progression for some of the characters, much needed reunions and flashbacks galore. A couple of shady moments thrown in and we have a typical episode of our favourite Freeform show.\" Jessica Goldstein of Vulture gave the episode three out of 5 stars. The episode currently holds", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19689373", "score": "1.0500796", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 6)", "text": "fan spreading incorrect information to rile up the fan base.\" The sixth season was met with positive reviews from critics. The season premiere was down from the previous premiere and down from the season five finale, with a 1.1 at the target 18–49 demographic and 2.38 total viewers, making it the least watched season premiere in the show's history. Pretty Little Liars (season 6) The sixth season of the American mystery drama television series \"Pretty Little Liars\", based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard, was renewed on June 10, 2014 for two additional seasons, making the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18651118", "score": "1.0452693", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 5)", "text": "of ABC Family's \"25 Days of Christmas\" programming event on December 9, 2014. ABC Family announced that they would air a special behind-the-scenes halloween episode where the cast of \"Pretty Little Liars\" would be interviewed and answering questions from fans. It was announced that the show would return with its winter premiere and remaining 12 episodes, which began airing on January 6, 2015. The fifth season had nine roles receiving star billing, with all of them returning from the previous season, seven of which was part of the original cast from the first season. The season saw the four protagonists", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17916499", "score": "1.0373682", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 7)", "text": "Liars\" would end after the seventh season. King also announced that the show would start airing the second half of the season later than usual, in April 2017 and that the series finale would be a two-hour episode event. It was reported on October 26, 2016, that a tell-all special will air after the series finale \"Till Death Do Us Part\", where the main cast and showrunner I. Marlene King talked about the show and behind-the-scenes exclusive. The seventh season had been speculated by both fans and the cast and crew of the show to being the final season of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19269395", "score": "1.0367668", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 5)", "text": "and therefore trapped. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The show was renewed for a fifth season on March 26, 2013, while in its third season. I. Marlene King announced on Twitter that the fifth season would contain 25 episodes, including a Christmas special instead of a halloween episode, which the last three seasons have had. Right before the season five premiere aired, on June 10, 2014, the series was renewed for two additional seasons through season 6 and 7, making the show ABC Family's longest running original series. On October 13, 2014, it was announced that the special Christmas episode would air as part", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17916498", "score": "1.0353582", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 4)", "text": "Pretty Little Liars (season 4) The fourth season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars began airing on ABC Family on June 11, 2013. The season consisted of 24 episodes, which were filmed between March 14, 2013 and November 2, 2013. The season concluded its broadcast on March 18, 2014. The season continues from where it left off in the third-season finale, where the girls were rescued from the burning building by who they believe is Alison. The girls begin looking for answers that could lead to Alison's whereabouts while dealing with the aftermath of Detective Wilden's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17159774", "score": "1.029275", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Original G'A'ngsters", "text": "a 8.6/10 rating on TV.com and 8.5/10 rating on IMDb. Original G'A'ngsters \"Original G'A'ngsters\" is the seventh episode of the seventh season of the mystery drama television series \"Pretty Little Liars\", which aired on August 9, 2016, on the cable network Freeform. The hundred and forty-seventh episode of the series, it was directed by Melanie Mayron and written by Kateland Brown. The episode received a Nielsen rating of 0.6 and was viewed by 1.16 million viewers, up from the previous episode. It received positive reviews from critics. This episode is rated TV-14. The series focuses on a group of five", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19689374", "score": "1.0258284", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 5)", "text": "in the 24th episode, following her appearance in the first season episode \"The Homecoming Hangover\" as the Rosewood High School substitute teacher. In Australia, the season premiered on Fox8 on June 13, 2014. The second part premiered on January 9, 2015. In the United Kingdom, the first part was released on Netflix on January 1, 2015, with new episodes streaming from the day after it airs in the US. The season premiere was down from the previous premiere, and down from the season four finale \"A is for Answers\", with a 1.1 at the target 18–49 demographic and 2.72 total", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17916504", "score": "1.0249058", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 7)", "text": "the premiere \"Tick-Tock, Bitches\" on Twitter. \"Variety\" announced that season premiere would air on June 21, 2016, the latest for a season premiere in the show's history. Additionally, series star Troian Bellisario would make her directorial debut this season. Bellisario is set to direct the fifteenth episode of the season. A promo was released on May 12, 2016. Freeform released a promotional poster for the season, on June 7, 2016. After the season premiere, Freeform released another poster which included Ashley Benson. On August 29, 2016, I. Marlene King with the principal cast of the show announced that \"Pretty Little", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19269394", "score": "1.0248352", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars", "text": "28, 2010, ABC Family ordered 12 more episodes of the show, bringing its total first-season order to 22. On January 10, 2011, ABC Family picked the show up for a second season that premiered on June 14, 2011. During the summer of 2011, \"Pretty Little Liars\" was basic cable's top scripted series in women aged 18–34 and viewers 12–34. The second half of season 2 aired on Mondays at 8/7c, beginning on January 2, 2012. On November 29, 2011, ABC Family renewed the show for a third season, which consisted of 24 episodes. On October 4, 2012, ABC Family announced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14201341", "score": "1.0246333", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 2)", "text": "to 25 episodes. On December 13, 2011, it was announced that the identity of A would be revealed in the Spring Finale. Plus, the season finale will see someone arrested for the murder of Alison, as well as the death of a beloved character — excluding the four female leads. Filming of season two wrapped on December 16, 2011. Janel Parrish, Tammin Sursok, Bianca Lawson, and Tyler Blackburn return in the second season as Mona Vanderwaal, Jenna Marshall, Maya St. Germain, and Caleb Rivers. Also returning are Yani Gellman, Torrey DeVitto, Lindsey Shaw, Claire Holt, Keegan Allen, Brant Daugherty, Brendan", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15461434", "score": "1.0173993", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 5)", "text": "viewers an episode, down from the previous season, and a 0.9 demo rating, also down from the previous season. The premiere was watched by 2.72 million viewers, while the finale was watched by 2.65 million viewers. The girls try to adjust to the new world in which Alison is very much alive, while still trying to keep up with Ali's new lie about her whereabouts over the last two years. They try to live their lives free from 'A' after Aria manages to save them from Shana, the rooftop shooter, in New York. The girls think Shana was 'A', and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17916489", "score": "1.0117853", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 2)", "text": "Pretty Little Liars (season 2) The second season of Pretty Little Liars, based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard, premiered on June 14, 2011 and concluded on March 19, 2012 on ABC Family. On January 10, 2011, ABC Family renewed the series for a second season. The season premiere brought in 3.68 million viewers, which was higher than the season 1 premiere. The Halloween special aired on October 19, 2011, drawing 2.5 million total viewers. The second half of season 2 premiered on January 2, 2012. Picking up the night Ian Thomas's body disappears, Spencer, Aria,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15461425", "score": "1.0068417", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 3)", "text": "Pretty Little Liars (season 3) The third season of Pretty Little Liars, based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard, premiered on June 5, 2012 on ABC Family and concluded on March 19, 2013. On November 29, 2011, ABC Family renewed the series for a third season, consisting of 24 episodes. Filming of the season began on April 2, 2012. On October 4, 2012, ABC Family renewed the series for a fourth season, consisting of 24 episodes. This season of Pretty Little Liars takes place five months following the discovery that Mona Vanderwaal (Janel Parrish) was the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16130495", "score": "1.0066334", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Exes and OMGs", "text": "of \"Vulture\" wrote a mixed review for the episode, saying: \"It's possible that I've said this before, but I think we have really, truly crossed over to a realm where \"Pretty Little Liars\" has no plot at all. Not like 'the plot doesn't make any sense,' a conundrum faced many a time in Rosewood. We are operating in a universe with a total absence of plot.\" \"Exes and OMGs\" currently holds an 8.1/10 rating on IMDb and an 8.5/10 on TV.com. Exes and OMGs \"Exes and OMGs\" is the eighth episode of the seventh season of the mystery drama television", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19696052", "score": "1.0040715", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 6)", "text": "said that the sixth season will deal with the mystery of Charles DiLaurentis and the \"A\" mystery. She confirmed that a time jump to after college will be included, and will happen after the first ten episodes. King also confirmed that the sixth season will include the liars graduating from high school. In an interview with \"Entertainment Online\", King said that the sixth season \"is about answers and closure for all of them. It is an ending to the story that we started so long ago, but it's a very fast-paced ending to the story.\" As a regard to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18651114", "score": "1.000048", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 7)", "text": "take us to the end of Season 7, and we’re going to let the fans tell us if they’re ready to say goodbye to this world and these characters.\" She confirmed to being open for an eighth season and a movie and a new book. In an interview with \"Variety\" regarding the five-year time-jump, King said \"I think that this story when we're back will end next year at the end of Season 7\". She later took to Twitter where she confirmed that the current storyline that began in the second half of the sixth season would end after the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19269397", "score": "0.99910223", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars", "text": "that the show was renewed for a fourth season, again comprising 24 episodes. The second half of the third season began airing on January 8, 2013 and finished March 19, 2013. \"Pretty Little Liars\" returned for Season 4 on June 11, 2013. On March 25, 2013, it was again announced that \"Pretty Little Liars\" had been renewed for a fifth season scheduled for a 2014 air date and a new spin off show entitled \"Ravenswood\" would begin airing after the season four annual Halloween special in October 2013. The second half of season four premiered on January 7, 2014. It", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14201342", "score": "0.99856585", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars", "text": "season two's premiere and finale episodes, each yielding nearly 3.7 million viewers. The show stands as the most watched series on ABC Family, maintaining a steady viewership of over 2.5 million and currently standing as the only show to yield an average of over 2 million viewers. \"Ravenswood\" is a supernatural teen drama mystery-thriller series, set in the fictional town of Ravenswood, Pennsylvania, the series follows five strangers whose lives become intertwined by a deadly curse that has plagued their town for generations. They have to dig into the town's dark past to solve the mysterious curse. \"Pretty Little Liars:", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14201348", "score": "0.989799", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars", "text": "featuring the cast and executive producer King discussing the series ending. On September 25, 2017, Freeform announced that a second spin-off series, titled \"\", had been ordered, with Pieterse and Parrish reprising their roles as Alison DiLaurentis and Mona Vanderwaal respectively. On May 14, 2018, Freeform picked up the series for a 10-episode first season, set to air in 2019. In a 2018 panel, Parrish said that some plot points created in \"Pretty Little Liars\" will be resolved during the spin-off. Set in the small suburban town of Rosewood, Pennsylvania, the series follows the lives of five girls: Spencer Hastings,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14201329", "score": "0.98643273", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 7)", "text": "Marlene King. The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino. King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17, 2016. On August 29, 2016, it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series. A.D. gives the Liars 24 hours to find Charlotte's real killer or Hanna dies. While discussing possible suspects, the girls' suspicion fell on Alison. Aria suspects the red jacket blonde she saw entering the church was Alison. Emily finds the jacket in Alison's things and Caleb gives it to A.D. Meanwhile, Hanna manages to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19269384", "score": "0.9844993", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 6)", "text": "Kara Royster was cast as Yvonne, a friend of the character Toby. She will play a recurring role and will appear in three episodes starting with the 14th episode. Executive producer Oliver Goldstick revealed in an interview that the first half of the sixth season would contain 10 episodes instead of 12, like the previous seasons, and would deal almost exclusively with the mystery of Charles DiLaurentis and every unanswered \"A\" mystery question since the start of the show. King said that \"This is our chance to finally end this great and wonderful story.\" In an interview I. Marlene King", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18651113", "score": "0.981545", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e", "text": "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e \"'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e\" is the first episode, and the premiere of the fourth season of the American mystery drama television series \"Pretty Little Liars\", and is the 72nd episode overall, which aired on ABC Family on June 11, 2013. The episode was written and directed by showrunner I. Marlene King, marking the second episode King has directed for the TV series. In the episode, Aria, Emily, Hanna, and Spencer try to find answers by questioning Mona about her knowledge of \"A\", in addition the Liars deal with different personal problems which they are facing. As", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18748398", "score": "0.97458667", "original_retrieval_index": 38 } ]

{ "title": "Pretty Little Liars (season 7)", "long_answer": "The season consisted of 20 episodes, in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016, with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017. The season's premiere aired on June 21, 2016, on Freeform. Production and filming began in the end of March 2016, which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King. The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino. King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17, 2016. On August 29, 2016, it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series.", "chunked_long_answer": "The season consisted of 20 episodes, in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016, with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017. The season's premiere aired on June 21, 2016, on Freeform. Production and filming began in the end of March 2016, which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King. The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino. King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17, 2016. On August 29, 2016, it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series.", "short_answers": [ "20" ] }

[ "Czech" ]

[ { "title": "Robot", "text": "The term comes from a Czech word, robota, meaning \"forced labor\"; the word 'robot' was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 play R.U.R. by the Czech writer, Karel Čapek but it was Karel's brother Josef Čapek who was the word's true inventor. Electronics evolved into the driving force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol, England in 1948, as well as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools in the late 1940s by John T. Parsons and Frank L. Stulen. The first commercial, digital and programmable", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Robotics", "text": "in reference to an etymology in the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" in which he named his brother Josef Čapek as its actual originator. According to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\", the word \"robotics\" was first used in print by Isaac Asimov, in his science fiction short story \"Liar!\", published in May 1941 in \"Astounding Science Fiction\". Asimov was unaware that he was coining the term; since the science and technology of electrical devices is \"electronics\", he assumed \"robotics\" already referred to the science and technology of robots. In some of Asimov's other works, he states that the first use of the word", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12865005", "score": "1.0361187", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Android (robot)", "text": "in the story, \"In this age of Realien advancement, who knows what goes on in the mind of those responsible for these mechanical dolls.\" The term made an impact into English pulp science fiction starting from Jack Williamson's \"The Cometeers\" (1936) and the distinction between mechanical robots and fleshy androids was popularized by Edmond Hamilton's Captain Future (1940–1944). Although Karel Čapek's robots in \"R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)\" (1921)—the play that introduced the word \"robot\" to the world—were organic artificial humans, the word \"robot\" has come to primarily refer to mechanical humans, animals, and other beings. The term \"android\" can mean", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1949", "score": "0.996022", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Robotics", "text": "\"robotics\" was in his short story \"Runaround\" (Astounding Science Fiction, March 1942), where he introduced his concept of The Three Laws of Robotics. However, the original publication of \"Liar!\" predates that of \"Runaround\" by ten months, so the former is generally cited as the word's origin. In 1948, Norbert Wiener formulated the principles of cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics. Fully autonomous only appeared in the second half of the 20th century. The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Commercial", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12865006", "score": "0.9953466", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Robot", "text": "'30s to early '40s the second sylable was pronounced with a long \"O\" like \"row-boat.\" By the late '50s to early '60s, some were pronouncing it with a short \"U\" like \"row-but\" while others used a softer \"O\" like \"row-bought.\" By the '70s, its current pronunciation \"row-bot\" had become predominant. In 1928, one of the first humanoid robots, Eric, was exhibited at the annual exhibition of the Model Engineers Society in London, where it delivered a speech. Invented by W. H. Richards, the robot's frame consisted of an aluminium body of armour with eleven electromagnets and one motor powered by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "348515", "score": "0.99245757", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Robot", "text": "was named by his brother Karel as the true inventor of the term robot. The word 'robot' itself was not new, having been in the Slavic language as \"robota\" (forced laborer), a term which classified those peasants obligated to compulsory service under the feudal system (see: Robot Patent). Čapek's fictional story postulated the technological creation of artificial human bodies without souls, and the old theme of the feudal \"robota\" class eloquently fit the imagination of a new class of manufactured, artificial workers. English pronunciation of the word has evolved relatively quickly since its introduction. In the U.S. during the late", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "348514", "score": "0.99061203", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Robot", "text": "the year. The origin of the word is the Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian) \"rabota\" \"servitude\" (\"work\" in contemporary Bulgarian and Russian), which in turn comes from the Proto-Indo-European root \"*orbh-\". \"Robot\" is cognate with the German root \"Arbeit\" (work). The word robotics, used to describe this field of study, was coined by the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov. Asimov created the \"\"Three Laws of Robotics\"\" which are a recurring theme in his books. These have since been used by many others to define laws used in fiction. (The three laws are pure fiction, and no technology yet created has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "348530", "score": "0.97219074", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Robot", "text": "tend to possess some or all of the following abilities and functions: accept electronic programming, process data or physical perceptions electronically, operate autonomously to some degree, move around, operate physical parts of itself or physical processes, sense and manipulate their environment, and exhibit intelligent behavior, especially behavior which mimics humans or other animals. Closely related to the concept of a \"robot\" is the field of Synthetic Biology, which studies entities whose nature is more comparable to beings than to machines. The idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world. Engineers and inventors from ancient civilizations,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "348505", "score": "0.97066414", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Automation", "text": "robot came shortly after World War II as United States saw the need for a quicker way to produce industrial and consumer goods. Servos, digital logic and solid state electronics allowed engineers to build better and faster systems and overtime these systems were improved and revised to the point where a single robot is capable of running 24 hours a day with little or no maintenance. In 1997, there were 700,000 industrial robots in use, the number has risen to 1.8M in 2017 In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) with robotics are also used in creating an automatic labelling solution,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1481928", "score": "0.96728563", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Robot", "text": "Robot A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer— capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. Robots can be guided by an external control device or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to take on human form but most robots are machines designed to perform a task with no regard to how they look. Robots can be autonomous or semi-autonomous and range from humanoids such as Honda's \"Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility\" (ASIMO) and TOSY's \"TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot\" (TOPIO) to industrial robots, medical operating robots, patient assist robots, dog", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "348499", "score": "0.9662914", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Isaac Asimov", "text": "English Dictionary\" credits his science fiction for introducing into the English language the words \"robotics\", \"positronic\" (an entirely fictional technology), and \"psychohistory\" (which is also used for a different study on historical motivations). Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" without suspecting that it might be an original word; at the time, he believed it was simply the natural analogue of words such as mechanics and hydraulics, but for robots. Unlike his word \"psychohistory\", the word \"robotics\" continues in mainstream technical use with Asimov's original definition. \"\" featured androids with \"positronic brains\" and the first-season episode \"Datalore\" called the positronic brain \"Asimov's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "190785", "score": "0.9631341", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "History of robots", "text": "motor powered by a 12-volt power source. The robot could move its hands and head and could be controlled by remote control or voice control. In 1939, the humanoid robot known as Elektro appeared at the World's Fair. Seven feet tall (2.1 m) and weighing 265 pounds (120 kg), it could walk by voice command, speak about 700 words (using a 78-rpm record player), smoke cigarettes, blow up balloons, and move its head and arms. The body consisted of a steel gear cam and motor skeleton covered by an aluminium skin. In 1939 Konrad Zuse constructed the first programmable electromechanical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11087556", "score": "0.962744", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Robots in literature", "text": "autonomy or self-awareness. In Lyman Frank Baum's children's novel \"Ozma of Oz\", the first-ever introduction of a humanoid-appearance mechanical man that would satisfy the later \"humanoid robot\" definition occurred in 1907 - some fifteen years before the word \"robot\" was coined - with Tik-Tok, powered with a trio of clockwork movements for his thinking, movement and speech, none of which he could wind up himself. The first use of the word \"Robot\" was in Karel Čapek's play \"R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)\" written in 1920 and first performed in Czechoslovakia in 1921, in New York City in 1922 and an English", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1430888", "score": "0.9623595", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "History of robots", "text": "History of robots The history of robots has its origins in the ancient world. The modern concept began to be developed with the onset of the Industrial Revolution, which allowed the use of complex mechanics, and the subsequent introduction of electricity. This made it possible to power machines with small compact motors. In the early 20th century, the notion of a humanoid machine was developed. Today, one can envisage human-sized robots with the capacity for near-human thoughts and movement. The first uses of modern robots were in factories as industrial robots – simple fixed machines capable of manufacturing tasks which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11087541", "score": "0.96010935", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Robot", "text": "use of robots and their role in society. Robots are blamed for rising technological unemployment as they replace workers in increasing numbers of functions. The use of robots in military combat raises ethical concerns. The possibilities of robot autonomy and potential repercussions have been addressed in fiction and may be a realistic concern in the future. The word \"robot\" can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as bots. There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots but there is general agreement among experts, and the public, that robots", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "348504", "score": "0.9584464", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Cloud robotics", "text": "illegal activities, who should be responsible for it. The term \"Cloud Robotics\" first appeared in the public lexicon as part of a talk given by James Kuffner in 2010 at the IEEE/RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robotics entitled \"Cloud-enabled Robots\". Since then, \"Cloud Robotics\" has become a general term encompassing the concepts of information sharing, distributed intelligence, and fleet learning that is possible via networked robots and modern cloud computing. From the early days of robot development, it was common to have computation done on a computer that was separated from the actual robot mechanism, but connected by wires for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18449292", "score": "0.9581414", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Robot", "text": "a twelve-volt power source. The robot could move its hands and head and could be controlled through remote control or voice control. Both Eric and his \"brother\" George toured the world. Westinghouse Electric Corporation built Televox in 1926; it was a cardboard cutout connected to various devices which users could turn on and off. In 1939, the humanoid robot known as Elektro was debuted at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Seven feet tall (2.1 m) and weighing 265 pounds (120.2 kg), it could walk by voice command, speak about 700 words (using a 78-rpm record player), smoke cigarettes, blow", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "348516", "score": "0.9567584", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Agricultural robot", "text": "early as the 1920s, with research to incorporate automatic vehicle guidance into agriculture beginning to take shape. This research led to the advancements between the 1950s and 60s of autonomous agricultural vehicles. The concept was not perfect however, with the vehicles still needing a cable system to guide their path. Robots in agriculture continued to develop as technologies in other sectors began to develop as well. It was not until the 1980s, following the development of the computer, that machine vision guidance became possible. Other developments over the years included the harvesting of oranges using a robot both in France", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10161652", "score": "0.95500076", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Mobile industrial robots", "text": "Human safety must also be considered. Robots must prioritize the safety of human operators over their programmed task - which may complicate the coordination of multiple autonomous robots. Especially in a surgical setting, there is no room for error on the robot's part. Even though some challenges are present, mobile robot technology promises to streamline aspects across much of the industry. Automation began in the automobile industry in the years surrounding WWII (1946) and the origin of the term itself belongs with D.S. Harder, the engineering manager at the Ford Motor Company. At first, the term was used to describe", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19336830", "score": "0.9508671", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Robot", "text": "programmable robot was built by George Devol in 1954 and was named the Unimate. It was sold to General Motors in 1961 where it was used to lift pieces of hot metal from die casting machines at the Inland Fisher Guide Plant in the West Trenton section of Ewing Township, New Jersey. Robots have replaced humans in performing repetitive and dangerous tasks which humans prefer not to do, or are unable to do because of size limitations, or which take place in extreme environments such as outer space or the bottom of the sea. There are concerns about the increasing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "348503", "score": "0.948147", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Self-reconfiguring modular robot", "text": "in the 1970s. Here, special modules each with a common connection mechanism could be automatically swapped out on the end of a robotic arm. However, taking the basic concept of the common connection mechanism and applying it to the whole robot was introduced by Toshio Fukuda with the CEBOT (short for cellular robot) in the late 1980s. The early 1990s saw further development from Greg Chirikjian, Mark Yim, Joseph Michael, and Satoshi Murata. Chirikjian, Michael, and Murata developed lattice reconfiguration systems and Yim developed a chain based system. While these researchers started with from a mechanical engineering emphasis, designing and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9021923", "score": "0.9435989", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "History of robots", "text": "computer, laying the foundation for the construction of a humanoid machine that is now deemed a robot. In 1941 and 1942, Isaac Asimov formulated the Three Laws of Robotics, and in the process coined the word \"robotics\". In 1945 Vannevar Bush published As We May Think, an essay that investigated the potential of electronic data processing. He predicted the rise of computers, digital word processors, voice recognition and machine translation. He was later credited by Ted Nelson, the inventor of hypertext. In 1948, Norbert Wiener formulated the principles of cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics. The first electronic autonomous robots", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11087557", "score": "0.94277674", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "History of robots", "text": "to General Motors in 1960, and it was installed in 1961 in a plant in Ewing Township, New Jersey to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and place them in cooling liquid. \"Without any fanfare, the world's first working robot joined the assembly line at the General Motors plant in Ewing Township in the spring of 1961... It was an automated die-casting mold that dropped red-hot door handles and other such car parts into pools of cooling liquid on a line that moved them along to workers for trimming and buffing.\" Devol's patent for the first", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11087561", "score": "0.94081116", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Isaac Asimov", "text": "in 1969 that \"In the last ten years, I've done a couple of novels, some collections, a dozen or so stories, but that's \"nothing\"\". Asimov coined the term \"robotics\" in his 1941 story \"Liar!\", though he later remarked that he believed then that he was merely using an existing word, as he stated in \"Gold\" (\"The Robot Chronicles\"). While acknowledging the Oxford Dictionary reference, he incorrectly states that the word was first printed about one-third of the way down the first column of page 100, \"Astounding Science Fiction\", March 1942 printing of his short story \"Runaround\". Asimov also coined the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "190810", "score": "0.9404279", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Robot", "text": "the robotic analogue of the personal computer. , 190 companies in the US have bought Baxters and they are being used commercially in the UK. Roughly half of all the robots in the world are in Asia, 32% in Europe, and 16% in North America, 1% in Australasia and 1% in Africa. 40% of all the robots in the world are in Japan, making Japan the country with the highest number of robots. As robots have become more advanced and sophisticated, experts and academics have increasingly explored the questions of what ethics might govern robots' behavior, and whether robots might", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "348542", "score": "0.9319704", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "History of robots", "text": "management software, artificial representations of humans are also becoming widespread. Examples include OpenMRS and EMRBots. History of robots The history of robots has its origins in the ancient world. The modern concept began to be developed with the onset of the Industrial Revolution, which allowed the use of complex mechanics, and the subsequent introduction of electricity. This made it possible to power machines with small compact motors. In the early 20th century, the notion of a humanoid machine was developed. Today, one can envisage human-sized robots with the capacity for near-human thoughts and movement. The first uses of modern robots", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11087578", "score": "0.9318763", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Industrial robot", "text": "robots, (gantry robots or x-y-z robots). In the context of general robotics, most types of robots would fall into the category of robotic arms (inherent in the use of the word \"manipulator\" in ISO standard 1738). Robots exhibit varying degrees of autonomy: The earliest known industrial robot, conforming to the ISO definition was completed by \"Bill\" Griffith P. Taylor in 1937 and published in Meccano Magazine, March 1938. The crane-like device was built almost entirely using Meccano parts, and powered by a single electric motor. Five axes of movement were possible, including \"grab\" and \"grab rotation\". Automation was achieved using", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1311380", "score": "0.9316298", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "American robotics", "text": "not autonomous. Therefore, they do fit the classical description of a robot. American robotics Robots of the United States include simple household robots such as Roomba to sophisticated autonomous aircraft such as the MQ-9 Reaper that cost 18 million dollars per unit. The first industrial robot, robot company, and exoskeletons as well as the first dynamically balancing, organic, and nanoscale robots originate from the United States. In 1898 Nikola Tesla publicly demonstrated a radio-controlled torpedo. Based on patents for \"teleautomation\", Tesla hoped to develop it into a weapon system for the US Navy. In 1926, Westinghouse Electric Corporation created Televox,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12646921", "score": "0.9313649", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)", "text": "the first go-kart out of old car frame tubing, welding beads, and a lawnmower motor, not realizing that he had invented a new sport and form of auto racing. 1956 Industrial robot An industrial robot is an automatically controlled, re-programmable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes. The first to invent an industrial robot was George Devol and Joseph F. Engelberger. 1956 Operating system (batch processing) An operating system (OS) is software (programs and data) that runs on computers and manages the computer hardware and provides common services for efficient execution of various application software. For hardware functions such", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15178162", "score": "0.9311242", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "History of robots", "text": "launched no further attention or action was required from the operator. The development of humanoid robots was advanced considerably by Japanese robotics scientists in the 1970s. Waseda University initiated the WABOT project in 1967, and in 1972 completed the WABOT-1, the world's first full-scale humanoid intelligent robot. Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs, and to grip and transport objects with hands, using tactile sensors. Its vision system allowed it to measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors, artificial eyes and ears. And its conversation system allowed it to communicate with a person", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11087565", "score": "0.9278768", "original_retrieval_index": 40 } ]

{ "title": "Robot", "long_answer": "The term comes from a Czech word, robota, meaning \"forced labor\"; the word 'robot' was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 play R.U.R. by the Czech writer, Karel Čapek but it was Karel's brother Josef Čapek who was the word's true inventor. Electronics evolved into the driving force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol, England in 1948, as well as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools in the late 1940s by John T. Parsons and Frank L. Stulen. The first commercial, digital and programmable robot was built by George Devol in 1954 and was named the Unimate. It was sold to General Motors in 1961 where it was used to lift pieces of hot metal from die casting machines at the Inland Fisher Guide Plant in the West Trenton section of Ewing Township, New Jersey.", "chunked_long_answer": "The term comes from a Czech word, robota, meaning \"forced labor\"; the word 'robot' was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 play R.U.R. by the Czech writer, Karel Čapek but it was Karel's brother Josef Čapek who was the word's true inventor. Electronics evolved into the driving force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol, England in 1948, as well as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools in the late 1940s by John T. Parsons and Frank L. Stulen. The first commercial, digital and programmable", "short_answers": [ "Czech" ] }

[ "on the continent of Antarctica" ]

[ { "title": "South Pole", "text": "The Geographic South Pole is located on the continent of Antarctica (although this has not been the case for all of Earth's history because of continental drift). It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 metres (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (800 mi) from the nearest open sea at Bay of Whales. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "South Pole", "text": "which is defined based on the Earth's magnetic field. The South Pole is at the center of the Southern Hemisphere. For most purposes, the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface (the other being the Geographic North Pole). However, the Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small \"wobbles\" (polar motion), so this definition is not adequate for very precise work. The geographic coordinates of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined and irrelevant. When", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12773962", "score": "1.06465", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "South", "text": "south at midday. True south is the direction towards the sun end of the axis about which the Earth rotates, called the South Pole. The South Pole is located in Antarctica. Magnetic south is the direction towards the south magnetic pole, some distance away from the south geographic pole. Roald Amundsen, from Norway, was the first to reach the South Pole, on 14 December 1911, after Ernest Shackleton from the UK was forced to turn back some distance short. The Global South refers to the socially and economically less-developed southern half of the globe. 95% of the Global North has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "826235", "score": "1.0577892", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "South Pole", "text": "level, and is located about 1,300 km (800 mi) from the nearest open sea at Bay of Whales. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level. The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 metres per year in a direction between 37° and 40° west of grid north, down towards the Weddell Sea. Therefore, the position of the station and other artificial features relative to the geographic pole gradually shift over time. The Geographic South Pole", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12773964", "score": "1.0381527", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "South Magnetic Pole", "text": "changes in the Earth's magnetic field. As of 2005 it was calculated to lie at , placing it off the coast of Antarctica, between Adélie Land and Wilkes Land. In 2015 it lay at (est). That point lies outside the Antarctic Circle. Due to polar drift, the pole is moving northwest by about per year. Its current distance from the actual Geographic South Pole is approximately . The nearest permanent science station is Dumont d'Urville Station. Wilkes Land contains a large gravitational mass concentration. Early unsuccessful attempts to reach the magnetic south pole included those of French explorer Dumont d'Urville", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15350913", "score": "1.029481", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "North Pole", "text": "east and clockwise is west. The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere. While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass, the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice. This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole (unlike the South Pole). However, the Soviet Union, and later Russia, constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937, some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "289977", "score": "1.0206282", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station", "text": "The zone identifier in the IANA time zone database is Antarctica/South Pole. Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station is a United States scientific research station at the South Pole, the southernmost place on the Earth. The station is located on the high plateau of Antarctica at an elevation of 2,835 metres (9,301 feet) above sea level and is administered by the Division of Polar Programs within the National Science Foundation under the United States Antarctic Program (USAP). It is named in honor of Norwegian Roald Amundsen and Englishman Robert F. Scott, who led separate teams that raced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1726789", "score": "1.0167944", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "South Magnetic Pole", "text": "bar magnet) placed at the center of the Earth. The South Geomagnetic Pole is the point where the axis of this best-fitting tilted dipole intersects the Earth's surface in the southern hemisphere. As of 2005 it was calculated to be located at , near the Vostok Station. Because the field is not an exact dipole, the South Geomagnetic Pole does not coincide with the South Magnetic Pole. Furthermore, the South Geomagnetic Pole is wandering for the same reason its northern magnetic counterpart wanders. South Magnetic Pole The South Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the Earth's Southern Hemisphere where", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15350917", "score": "1.0117958", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "South Pole Traverse", "text": "to arrive at the South Pole by tricycle. South Pole Traverse The South Pole Traverse, also called the McMurdo–South Pole Highway, is an approximately compacted snow road in Antarctica that links the United States's McMurdo Station on the coast to the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. It was constructed by leveling snow and filling in crevasses, but is not paved; flags mark its route. After four years of development, the trail was fully traversed for the first time in 2005, with Caterpillar and Case Corp. tractors pulling specialized sleds to deliver fuel and cargo to the South Pole in about 40", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7574060", "score": "1.0109814", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station", "text": "Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station is a United States scientific research station at the South Pole, the southernmost place on the Earth. The station is located on the high plateau of Antarctica at an elevation of 2,835 metres (9,301 feet) above sea level and is administered by the Division of Polar Programs within the National Science Foundation under the United States Antarctic Program (USAP). It is named in honor of Norwegian Roald Amundsen and Englishman Robert F. Scott, who led separate teams that raced to become the first to the South Pole in the early 1900s.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1726752", "score": "1.0065765", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "South Pole Traverse", "text": "South Pole Traverse The South Pole Traverse, also called the McMurdo–South Pole Highway, is an approximately compacted snow road in Antarctica that links the United States's McMurdo Station on the coast to the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. It was constructed by leveling snow and filling in crevasses, but is not paved; flags mark its route. After four years of development, the trail was fully traversed for the first time in 2005, with Caterpillar and Case Corp. tractors pulling specialized sleds to deliver fuel and cargo to the South Pole in about 40 days. The return trip to McMurdo Station, with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7574055", "score": "0.9996486", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "South Magnetic Pole", "text": "South Magnetic Pole The South Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the Earth's Southern Hemisphere where the geomagnetic field lines are directed vertically upwards. It should not be confused with the South Geomagnetic Pole described later. For historical reasons, the \"end\" of a freely hanging magnet that points (roughly) north is itself called the \"north pole\" of the magnet, and the other end, pointing south, is called the magnet's \"south pole\". Because opposite poles attract, the Earth's South Magnetic Pole is physically actually a magnetic north pole (see also ). The South Magnetic Pole is constantly shifting due to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15350912", "score": "0.9979499", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "South Pole", "text": "is marked by a stake in the ice alongside a small sign; these are repositioned each year in a ceremony on New Year's Day to compensate for the movement of the ice. The sign records the respective dates that Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott reached the Pole, followed by a short quotation from each man, and gives the elevation as \"9,301 \"FT.\"\". A new marker stake is designed and fabricated each year by staff at the site. The Ceremonial South Pole is an area set aside for photo opportunities at the South Pole Station. It is located some meters", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12773965", "score": "0.9946326", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "North Magnetic Pole", "text": "Island in northern Canada at . It was situated at in 2005. In 2009, while still situated within the Canadian Arctic territorial claim at , it was moving toward Russia at between per year. As of 2017, the pole is projected to have moved beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to . Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole. Since the Earth's magnetic field is not exactly symmetrical, the North and South Magnetic Poles are not antipodal, meaning that a straight line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric centre of the Earth.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15350854", "score": "0.99232626", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "South Pole", "text": "once per year, and all lines of longitude, and hence all time zones, converge. There is no \"a priori\" reason for placing the South Pole in any particular time zone, but as a matter of practical convenience the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station keeps New Zealand Time (UTC+12/UTC+13). This is because the US flies its resupply missions (\"Operation Deep Freeze\") out of McMurdo Station, which is supplied from Christchurch, New Zealand. Due to its exceptionally harsh climate, there are no native resident plants or animals at the South Pole. Remarkably, though, off-course south polar skuas and snow petrels are occasionally seen", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12773981", "score": "0.97006273", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "South Pole", "text": "of movement of the ice and the accumulation of snow, it is believed, as of 2010, to lie between 1.8 and 2.5 km (1.1 and 1.5 miles) from the Pole at a depth of 17 m (56 ft) below the present surface. Argentine Flagpole: A flagpole erected at the South Geographical Pole in December 1965 by the First Argentine Overland Polar Expedition has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 1) following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted Antarctica, with the very", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12773967", "score": "0.9694067", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "South Magnetic Pole", "text": "rationed their biscuits down to the crumbs, and hunted seals and penguins. However, there is now some doubt as to whether their location was correct. The approximate position of the pole on 16 January 1909 was . The South Magnetic Pole has also been estimated by fits to global sets of data such as the World Magnetic Model (WMM) and the International Geomagnetic Reference Model (IGRF). For earlier years back to about 1600, the model GUFM1 is used, based on a compilation of data from ship logs. The Earth's geomagnetic field can be approximated by a tilted dipole (like a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15350916", "score": "0.963843", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Earth's magnetic field", "text": "pole, located near Greenland in the northern hemisphere, is actually the south pole of the Earth's magnetic field, and the South geomagnetic pole is the north pole. The magnetic field is generated by electric currents due to the motion of convection currents of molten iron in the Earth's outer core driven by heat escaping from the core, a natural process called a geodynamo. While the North and South magnetic poles are usually located near the geographic poles, they can wander widely over geological time scales, but sufficiently slowly for ordinary compasses to remain useful for navigation. However, at irregular intervals", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1303965", "score": "0.9605285", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "South Pole", "text": "from the Geographic South Pole, and consists of a metallic sphere on a short bamboo pole, surrounded by the flags of the original Antarctic Treaty signatory states. Amundsen's Tent: The tent was erected by the Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen on its arrival on 14 December 1911. It is currently buried beneath the snow and ice in the vicinity of the Pole. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 80), following a proposal by Norway to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. The precise location of the tent is unknown, but based on calculations of the rate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12773966", "score": "0.9580605", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "60th parallel south", "text": "60th parallel south The 60th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 60 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. No land lies on the parallel — it crosses nothing but ocean. The closest land is a group of rocks north of Coronation Island (Melson Rocks or Governor Islands) of the South Orkney Islands, which are about 54 km south of the parallel, and Thule Island and Cook Island of the South Sandwich Islands, which both are about 57 km north of the parallel (Thule island slightly closer). The parallel marks the northern limit of the Southern Ocean", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12144051", "score": "0.953122", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station", "text": "as the South Pole Telescope. The DASI telescope has since been decommissioned and its mount used for the Keck Array. The AMANDA / IceCube experiment makes use of the two-mile (3 km)-thick ice sheet to detect neutrinos which have passed through the earth. An observatory building, the Martin A. Pomerantz Observatory (MAPO), was dedicated in 1995. The importance of these projects changed the priorities in station operation, increasing the status of scientific cargo and personnel. The 1998–1999 summer season was the last year that VXE-6 with its Lockheed LC-130s serviced the U.S. Antarctic Program. Beginning in 1999–2000, the New York", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1726766", "score": "0.9522728", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station", "text": "continuously occupied since it was built and has been rebuilt, demolished, expanded, and upgraded several times since 1956. Since the Amundsen–Scott Station is located at the South Pole, it is at the only inhabited place on the land surface of the Earth from which the Sun is continuously visible for six months and is then continuously dark for the next six months. Thus, during each year, this station experiences one extremely long \"day\" and one equally long \"night\". During the six-month \"day\", the angle of elevation of the Sun above the horizon varies continuously. The Sun rises on the September", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1726754", "score": "0.9506028", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Polheim", "text": "Geographical Society in London in November 1909, given by the British astronomer and geographer, Arthur Robert Hinks. In his lecture on Surveying and Cartography at Cambridge University, Hinks put forward this theory when discussing the subject of determining positions near the Pole. With the instruments he had, Amundsen estimated that he could determine the position of the pole by no better than a nautical mile (1.85 km). In order to ensure that there was no doubt that his expedition had in fact reached the South Pole, he determined to encircle, or \"box\" the pole. Three members of the expedition were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4617256", "score": "0.9502809", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "North Pole", "text": "North Pole The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is (subject to the caveats explained below) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth, lying diametrically opposite the South Pole. It defines geodetic latitude 90° North, as well as the direction of true north. At the North Pole all directions point south; all lines of longitude converge there, so its longitude can be defined as any degree value. Along tight latitude circles, counterclockwise is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "289976", "score": "0.94722635", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Geography of Antarctica", "text": "Pole are situated here. Divided into: Larger ice shelves are: For all ice shelves see List of Antarctic ice shelves. For a list of all Antarctic islands see List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands. Seven nations have made official Territorial claims in Antarctica. Geography of Antarctica The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and, thus, by ice. The Antarctic continent, located in the Earth's southern hemisphere, is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle. It is washed by the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean or, depending on definition, the southern Pacific,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5447", "score": "0.9415323", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Monica Kristensen Solås", "text": "south. She was awarded a Founders Gold Medal by the Royal Geographical Society in 1989. In 1991-92 she led a glaciology and climate change expedition titled the Aurora Program and based on the Filchner Ice Shelf. There was a side mission to locate and recover the tent erected by Roald Amundsen at the South Pole (Polheim) in February 1992. After sailing from Montevideo, Uruguay on 12 December 1991, they eventually were able to establish a five-hut base named Blaenga (Norwegian for \"blue field) at 77.5°S-34.2°W beginning on 2 January 1992. Construction was completed by 18 January, and local glaciological studies", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10295568", "score": "0.9408833", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Southern Ocean", "text": "as the South Pole. Another two days' sailing would have brought him to Coat's Land (to the east of the Weddell Sea) but Weddell decided to turn back. The first land south of the parallel 60° south latitude was discovered by the Englishman William Smith, who sighted Livingston Island on 19 February 1819. A few months later Smith returned to explore the other islands of the South Shetlands archipelago, landed on King George Island, and claimed the new territories for Britain. In the meantime, the Spanish Navy ship \"San Telmo\" sank in September 1819 when trying to cross Cape Horn.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12774247", "score": "0.9397387", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Geomagnetic pole", "text": "of the 'open' magnetic field lines which connect to the interplanetary magnetic field and provide a direct route for the solar wind to reach the ionosphere. it was located at approximately , on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. The South Geomagnetic Pole is the point where the axis of this best-fitting tilted dipole intersects the Earth's surface in the southern hemisphere. As of 2005 it was calculated to be located at 79.74°S 108.22°E, near the Vostok Station. Because the Earth's actual magnetic field is not an exact dipole, the (calculated) North and South Geomagnetic Poles do not coincide with the North", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15586432", "score": "0.93541944", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Geographic coordinate system", "text": "of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator, the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The \"longitude\" (abbreviation: Long., λ, or lambda) of a point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "587059", "score": "0.93502754", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Navigation", "text": "from 0° at the Equator to 90° at the North and South poles. The latitude of the North Pole is 90° N, and the latitude of the South Pole is 90° S. Mariners calculated latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by sighting the North Star Polaris with a sextant and using sight reduction tables to correct for height of eye and atmospheric refraction. The height of Polaris in degrees above the horizon is the latitude of the observer, within a degree or so. Similar to latitude, the longitude of a place on Earth is the angular distance east or west of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "290192", "score": "0.9329586", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "South Pole", "long_answer": "The Geographic South Pole is located on the continent of Antarctica (although this has not been the case for all of Earth's history because of continental drift). It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 metres (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (800 mi) from the nearest open sea at Bay of Whales. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Geographic South Pole is located on the continent of Antarctica (although this has not been the case for all of Earth's history because of continental drift). It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 metres (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (800 mi) from the nearest open sea at Bay of Whales. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level.", "short_answers": [ "on the continent of Antarctica" ] }

[ "France" ]

[ { "title": "History of Vietnam since 1945", "text": "In 1947 full-scale war broke out between the Viet Minh and France. Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide, France fashioned a semi-independent State of Vietnam, within the French Union, with Bảo Đại as Head of State. Meanwhile, as the Communists under Mao Zedong took over China, the Viet Minh began to receive military aid from China. Beside supplying materials, Chinese cadres also pressured the Vietnamese Communist Party, then under First Secretary Trường Chinh, to emulate their brand of revolution, unleashing a purge of \"bourgeois and feudal\" elements from the Viet Minh ranks, carrying out a ruthless and", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Vietnam national football team", "text": "Forces) competitions at Indonesia in 1962 and Cambodia in 1966. Both team ceased to exist when the North and South regions were combined together into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam following the end of the Vietnam War, but North Vietnam remained not a member of AFC and FIFA before 1975. Due to South Vietnam was a member of FIFA, the later unified Vietnam team is classified as successor of South Vietnam by FIFA. Vietnamese professional football league known as the All Vietnam Football Championship was launched in 1980 to redevelop Vietnamese football after a long period of civil war. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4052940", "score": "1.1446897", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "North Vietnam national football team", "text": "purposes. Based on North Vietnam statistics North Vietnam national football team The North Vietnam national football team was the national team of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. After the partition of Vietnam in 1954, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the North and the Republic of Vietnam in the South established separate national football teams. While the South Vietnamese team participated in FIFA World Cup qualification and the AFC Asian Cup finals, the North Vietnamese team did not join FIFA and mostly played against other Communist and Communist-sympathizing countries. The North Vietnam football team participated in both editions of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8626178", "score": "1.1252102", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Korean reunification", "text": "Cambodia. The end of the war resulted in all three countries coming under control of the Communist-oriented independence movements, with China and the Soviet Union competing for influence. Relations between North and South Vietnam were also acrimonious, with North Vietnam being largely isolated and unrecognized except by other communist states, similarly to North Korea. Similarly to both Germany and Korea, the separation of North and South Vietnam has also left significant cultural differences that continue today. Furthermore, cultural differences between the two parts of Vietnam had also existed prior to the partition of the country. The North Vietnamese population was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "710759", "score": "1.11765", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "North Vietnam", "text": "addition to the Viet Cong in South Vietnam, other communist insurgencies also operated within neighboring Kingdom of Laos and Khmer Republic, both formerly part of the French colonial territory of Indochina. These were the Pathet Lao and the Khmer Rouge, respectively. These insurgencies were aided by the North Vietnamese government, which sent troops to fight alongside them. Democratic Republic of Vietnam was diplomatically isolated by many Western states, and many other anti-communist states worldwide throughout most of the North's history, as these states only extended recognition to the anti-communist government of South Vietnam. North Vietnam however, was recognized by almost", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13561898", "score": "1.1145905", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "South Vietnam", "text": "Vietnam became a member state in 1977). South Vietnam's origins can be traced to the French colony of Cochinchina, which consisted of the southern third of Vietnam which was Cochinchina [Nam Kỳ], a subdivision of French Indochina, and the southern half of Central Vietnam or Annam [Trung Kỳ] which was a French protectorate. After the Second World War, the anti-Japanese Viet Minh guerrilla forces, led by Ho Chi Minh, proclaimed the establishment of a Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi in September 1945, issuing a Declaration of Independence modeled on the U.S. one from 1776. In 1949, anti-communist Vietnamese politicians", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "705524", "score": "1.1061273", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "North Vietnam national football team", "text": "North Vietnam national football team The North Vietnam national football team was the national team of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. After the partition of Vietnam in 1954, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the North and the Republic of Vietnam in the South established separate national football teams. While the South Vietnamese team participated in FIFA World Cup qualification and the AFC Asian Cup finals, the North Vietnamese team did not join FIFA and mostly played against other Communist and Communist-sympathizing countries. The North Vietnam football team participated in both editions of the Games of the New Emerging Forces", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8626176", "score": "1.1042485", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "North Vietnam", "text": "fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, or Vietcong, alongside the North Vietnamese Army, governed South Vietnam during the period before reunification. However it was seen as a vassal government of North Vietnam. North and South Vietnam were officially reunited under one state on 2 July 1976, forming the Socialist Republic of Vietnam which continues to administer the country today. From 1960, the North Vietnamese government went to war with Republic of Vietnam via its proxy the Viet Cong, in an attempt to annex South Vietnam and reunify Vietnam under", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13561896", "score": "1.0927615", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "South Vietnam", "text": "the northern Democratic Republic of Vietnam, with other assistance rendered by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact communist satellites, along with neighboring People's Republic of China and North Korea. Larger escalation of the insurgency occurred in 1965 with the landing of United States regular forces of Marines, followed by Army units to supplement the cadre of military advisors guiding ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam) southern forces. A regular bombing campaign over North Vietnam was conducted by offshore U.S. Navy airplanes, warships, and aircraft carriers joined by Air Force squadrons through 1966 and 1967. Fighting peaked up to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "705526", "score": "1.0853765", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "South Vietnam", "text": "South Vietnam South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, ), was a country that existed from 1955 to 1975 and comprised the southern half of what is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. It received international recognition in 1949 as the \"State of Vietnam\" (a self-governing entity in the French Empire), which was a constitutional monarchy (1949–1955). This became the \"Republic of Vietnam\" in 1955. Its capital was Saigon. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and the Philippines,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "705522", "score": "1.0844616", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Vietnam", "text": "Vietnam and the kingdoms of Cambodia and Laos. Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the Demilitarised Zone, approximately along the 17th parallel north, pending elections scheduled for July 1956. A 300-day period of free movement was permitted, during which almost a million northerners, mainly Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the communists. The partition of Vietnam was not intended to be permanent by the Geneva Accords, which stipulated that Vietnam would be reunited after elections in 1956. However, in 1955, the State of Vietnam's Prime Minister, Ngô Đình Diệm toppled Bảo Đại in a fraudulent", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1637692", "score": "1.0829502", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "North Vietnam national football team", "text": "(GANEFO), finishing fourth in 1963, and third in 1966. It also earned third place in the football-only GANEFO event that took place in 1965. After North and South Vietnam merged into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1975, the new state apparently inherited South Vietnam's place in FIFA and the AFC. Vietnam, however, did not enter any more football tournaments until the 1991 Southeast Asian Games in the Philippines. Some football record agencies count the South Vietnam matches as part of the all-time record of the Vietnam national team, while considering North Vietnam to be a separate team for statistical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8626177", "score": "1.0802876", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "North Vietnam", "text": "of the country into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The expanded Democratic Republic retained North Vietnam's political culture under Soviet influence and continued its existing memberships in international organisations such as Comecon. After about 300 years of partition by feudal dynasties, Vietnam was again under one single authority in 1802 when Gia Long founded the Nguyễn dynasty, but the country became a French protectorate after 1883 and under Japanese occupation after 1940 during World War II. Soon after Japan surrendered on 2 September 1945, the Việt Minh in the August Revolution entered Hanoi, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13561875", "score": "1.079937", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Northern and southern Vietnam", "text": "than the other two regions. Hanoi, being the capital of French Indochina, was the only place in Northern Vietnam with significant French influence. From 1954 to 1975, Vietnam was again divided into two separate nations, divided by the Bến Hải River in Quảng Trị Province at the 17th parallel. The North, ruled by a communist government, was allied with communist China and the Soviet Union, while the South had a free-market economy, quasi-democratic government and had contact with the United States, the West and Western-aligned nations. Although the nation has been united since 1975, linguistic, cultural, and other differences serve", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9910248", "score": "1.078225", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "South Vietnam", "text": "the southern third of Vietnam was the concession (nhượng địa) of Cochinchina, which was administered as part of French Indochina. A French governor-general (toàn quyền) in Hanoi administered all the five parts of Indochina (Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchina, Laos, and Cambodia.) while Cochinchina (Nam Kỳ) was under a French governor (thống đốc), but the difference from the other parts was that most indegenous intellensia and wealthy were naturalized French (Tourane of Đà Nẵng in the central third of Vietnam also enjoyed this privilege because this city was a concession too.) The northern third of Vietnam (then the colony (thuộc địa) of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "705530", "score": "1.0765467", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "North Vietnam", "text": "to reunify Vietnam by elections, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam attempted to unify the country by force in the Vietnam War (1955–75). North Vietnam and the Việt Cộng insurgents supported by their communist allies, including the Soviet Union and China, fought against the military of South Vietnam, the United States and other anti-communist military forces, including South Korea, Australia, Thailand, and smaller players. North Vietnam also supported indigenous communist rebels in Cambodia and Laos against their respective U.S.-backed governments. The war ended when North Vietnamese forces and the Việt Cộng defeated South Vietnam and in 1976 united the two parts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13561874", "score": "1.0704403", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "People's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam", "text": "the PLAF were South Vietnamese. However, casualties of war forced North Vietnam to provide volunteers for the PLAF. As a result, many people mistakenly believed that the PLAF was a part of the People's Army of Vietnam. North Vietnam and other communist nations recognised the PLAF as the main militarily force in South Vietnam and considered the People's Army of Vietnam as supporter. After the reunification of Vietnam, the PLAF was merged into the People's Army of Vietnam. In January 1961, the militia in South Vietnam became the official force there. On February 15, 1961, North Vietnam recognized it as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19086691", "score": "1.0684246", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Quỳnh Lưu uprising", "text": "the land reform and other reforms carried out by the government. According to the 1954 Geneva Accords, of which North Vietnam was signatory to, Vietnam was partitioned into two halves, with a communist Viet Minh-controlled North Vietnam, and an anti-communist State of Vietnam (which became South Vietnam) with Bao Dai as head of state. There would be a 300-day period, ending May 18, 1955, where people could relocate freely to 1 of the 2 Vietnams of their choosing before the border at the 17th parallel was sealed. However, in late 1954 and early 1955, along with counter-propaganda, the Viet Minh", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17726946", "score": "1.0677912", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "North Vietnam", "text": "proclaimed on 2 September 1945: a government for the entire country, replacing the Nguyễn dynasty. Hồ Chí Minh became leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt had spoken against French rule in Indochina, and the U.S. was supportive of the Viet Minh at this time. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh claimed dominion over all of Vietnam, but during this time South Vietnam was in profound political disorder. The successive collapse of French, then Japanese power, followed by the dissension among the political factions in Saigon had been accompanied by widespread violence in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13561876", "score": "1.0670613", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Vĩnh Long Province", "text": "1951, the Southern Resistance Administrative Committee of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam merged Vĩnh Long and Trà Vinh provinces into Vĩnh Trà Province. Vinh Tra existed until 1954 (however, as North Vietnam never administered the area for a significant period of time, this arrangement was not enforced). In 1957, the South Vietnam formed Vĩnh Long Province, consisting of six districts: Châu Thành, Chợ Lách (now part of Bến Tre Province), Tam Bình, Bình Minh, Sa Đéc, and Lấp Vò. In 1961, Cái Nhum District was split from Chợ Lách. Đức Tôn District and Đức Thành District were added in 1962,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5462433", "score": "1.0666618", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "South Vietnam", "text": "arrived in Vietnam's northern part of parallel 17. Hồ purged non-communist politicians from the DRV. The French Indochina War began on 19 December 1946, with the French regaining control of Hanoi and many other cities. The State of Vietnam was created through co-operation between anti-communist Vietnamese and the French government on 14 June 1949. Former emperor Bảo Đại accepted the position of chief of state (\"quốc trưởng\"). This was known as the \"Bảo Đại Solution\". The colonial struggle in Vietnam became part of the global Cold War. In 1950, China, the Soviet Union and other communist nations recognised the DRV", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "705533", "score": "1.0638108", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Republic of China in the Vietnam War", "text": "Republic of China in the Vietnam War The Republic of China (Taiwan), commonly known as Nationalist China supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) during the Vietnam War. Both were anti-communist Asian nations fighting against rival communist regimes, the People's Republic of China and North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam). From November 1967, the ROC secretly operated a cargo transport detachment to assist the US and the ROV. It was based on existing formation of the 34th squadron of ROC Air force. The unit's strength included two cargo aircraft, seven flight officers and two mechanics, even though a higher number of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14492510", "score": "1.0547909", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Singapore–Vietnam relations", "text": "a mediate to send troops and equipment to suppress the Vietnamese Independence Movement. In 1954, the Geneva Conference decided to divide Vietnam into two parts, which the northern part belongs to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, or North Vietnam, led by the Communist Party of Vietnam, while the southern part belongs to the Republic of Vietnam, or South Vietnam, an anti-communist regime. In early days, Singapore implemented anti-communist policy, making the Government of Singapore supported South Vietnam. When Singapore gained independence from Malaysia in 1965, South Vietnam became one of the earliest Asian nations to recognize Singapore and established diplomatic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19147336", "score": "1.0485268", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "North Vietnam", "text": "other public buildings. The salient political fact of life in Northern Vietnam was Chinese Nationalist army of occupation, and the Chinese presence had forced Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh to accommodate Chinese-backed Viet Nationalists. In June 1946, Chinese Nationalist troops evacuated Hanoi, and on the 15 June, the last detachments embarked at Haiphong. After the departure of the British in 1946, the French controlled a part of Cochinchina, South Central Coast, Central Highlands since the end Southern Resistance War. In January 1946, the Viet Minh held an election to establish a National Assembly. Public enthusiasm for this event", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13561878", "score": "1.0482469", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Land reform in Vietnam", "text": "who lived in rural areas. The support of the communists by a large number of rural dwellers was an important factor in determining the outcome of the Vietnam War. From 1954 to 1975 land reform was on two separate tracks as the country was provisionally divided into two parts: South Vietnam (The Republic of Vietnam) and North Vietnam (the Democratic Republic of Vietnam). Communist North Vietnam and its southern supporters, the Viet Cong, early adopted a policy of confiscating the land of landlords and rich peasants and distributing it to poor and landless peasants and later organizing the rural population", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18700424", "score": "1.0472319", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "North Vietnam", "text": "a communist party. North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces and supplies were sent along the Ho Chi Minh trail. In 1964 the United States sent combat troops to South Vietnam to support the South Vietnamese government, but the U.S. had advisors there since 1950. Other nations, including Australia, the Republic of Korea, Thailand and New Zealand also contributed troops and military aid to South Vietnam's war effort. China and the Soviet Union provided aid to and troops in support of North Vietnamese military activities. This was known as the Vietnam War, or the \"American War\" in Vietnam itself (1955–75). In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13561897", "score": "1.0469807", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "State of Vietnam", "text": "take office. However, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam had declared the independence of Vietnam and had control of almost all of Vietnam’s territory since September 2, 1945. Besides that, the DRV had also hosted the 1946 Vietnamese National Assembly election with the participation of 89% of Vietnamese voters (north and south). The Democratic Republic of Vietnam had officially become the constitutional representatives of Vietnam in 1946. Since the Halong Bay Agreements resulted in many aspects—excluding the referendum—in the enforcement of the March 6, 1946, Indochinese Independence Convention signed by Communist Hồ Chí Minh’s Democratic Republic of Vietnam and High Commissioner", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4138013", "score": "1.0453736", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Spratly Islands", "text": "the 12-nmi principal with respect to territorial waters, the letter did not actually address the issue of defining actual territorial boundaries. North Vietnam recognised China's claims on the Paracels and Spratlys during the Vietnam War as it was being supported by China. Only after winning the war and conquering South Vietnam did North Vietnam retract its recognition and admitted it recognised them as part of China to receive aid from China in fighting the Americans. In 1988, the Vietnamese and Chinese navies engaged in a skirmish in the area of Johnson South Reef (also called Yongshu reef in China and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "381790", "score": "1.0446849", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "South Vietnam national football team", "text": "of the all-time record of the Vietnam national team, while considering North Vietnam team to be a separate team for statistical purposes. South Vietnam national football team The Republic of Vietnam national football team (Vietnamese: \"Đội tuyển bóng đá quốc gia Việt Nam Cộng hòa\"; ) was the national team of South Vietnam controlled by Vietnam Football Association between 1949 and 1975. It took part in the first two Asian Cups finals (1956 and 1960), finishing fourth both times out of 4 teams. The only World Cup which South Vietnam entered was the 1974 tournament in West Germany. They were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4052927", "score": "1.0445392", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Vietnam", "text": "Minh City as the most populous city. The northern part of Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, from 111 BC to AD 939. An independent Vietnamese state was formed in 939, following a Vietnamese victory in the battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese imperial dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonised by the French in the mid-19th century. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War. On 2 September 1945, President Hồ Chí Minh declared", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1637672", "score": "1.0444385", "original_retrieval_index": 33 } ]

{ "title": "History of Vietnam since 1945", "long_answer": "In 1947 full-scale war broke out between the Viet Minh and France. Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide, France fashioned a semi-independent State of Vietnam, within the French Union, with Bảo Đại as Head of State. Meanwhile, as the Communists under Mao Zedong took over China, the Viet Minh began to receive military aid from China. Beside supplying materials, Chinese cadres also pressured the Vietnamese Communist Party, then under First Secretary Trường Chinh, to emulate their brand of revolution, unleashing a purge of \"bourgeois and feudal\" elements from the Viet Minh ranks, carrying out a ruthless and bloody land reform campaign (Cải Cách Ruộng Đất), and denouncing \"bourgeois and feudal\" tendencies in arts and literature. Many true patriots and devoted Communist revolutionaries in the Viet Minh suffered mistreatment or were even executed during these movements. Many others became disenchanted and left the Viet Minh. The United States became strongly opposed to Hồ Chí Minh. In the 1950s the government of Bảo Đại gained recognition by the United States and the United Kingdom.", "chunked_long_answer": "In 1947 full-scale war broke out between the Viet Minh and France. Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide, France fashioned a semi-independent State of Vietnam, within the French Union, with Bảo Đại as Head of State. Meanwhile, as the Communists under Mao Zedong took over China, the Viet Minh began to receive military aid from China. Beside supplying materials, Chinese cadres also pressured the Vietnamese Communist Party, then under First Secretary Trường Chinh, to emulate their brand of revolution, unleashing a purge of \"bourgeois and feudal\" elements from the Viet Minh ranks, carrying out a ruthless and", "short_answers": [ "France" ] }

[ "multinational retail corporation" ]

[ { "title": "Walmart", "text": "Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., doing business as Walmart, is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets, discount department stores, and grocery stores. Headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas, the company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31, 1969. It also owns and operates Sam's Club retail warehouses. As of October 31, 2017, Walmart has 11,703 stores and clubs in 28 countries, operating under 59 different names. The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and Canada, as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America, as Asda in the", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "501(c) organization", "text": "by the IRS for their failure to file the 990 form. A 501(c)(5) organization is a labor organization, an agricultural organization, or a horticultural organization. Labor unions, county fairs, and flower societies are examples of these types of groups. Labor union organizations were a primary benefactor of this organization type, dating to the 19th century. According to the Internal Revenue Service, a 501(c)(5) organization has a duty of providing service to its members first. The organization's benefits may not inure to a specific member, but the rules for inurement vary among the three different types of organizations under this segment.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5237242", "score": "0.9584045", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Supermarket", "text": "UK, which typically is non-union and operates with better buying power. Other competition exists from warehouse clubs such as Costco that offer savings to customers buying in bulk quantities. Superstores, such as those operated by Wal-Mart and Asda, often offer a wide range of goods and services in addition to foods. The proliferation of such warehouse and superstores has contributed to the continuing disappearance of smaller, local grocery stores; increased dependence on the automobile; suburban sprawl because of the necessity for large floor space and increased vehicular traffic. For example, in 2009 51% of Wal-Mart's $251 billion domestic sales were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "628830", "score": "0.95689833", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Category management", "text": "grocery retailers will segment stores at least by size, and select product assortments accordingly. Wal*Mart's Store of the Community, implemented in North America, is one of the few examples of where product offerings are tailored right down to the specific store. One key reason for the introduction of category management was the retailers' desire for suppliers to add value to their (i.e. the retailer's) business rather than just the supplier's own. For example, in a category containing brands A and B, the situation could arise such that every time brand A promoted its products, the sales of brand B would", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7645448", "score": "0.9429192", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Nonprofit organization", "text": "by its members who elect the board of directors, board of governors or board of trustees. A nonprofit may have a delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups or corporations as members. Alternatively, it may be a non-membership organization and the board of directors may elect its own successors. The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "799928", "score": "0.93528986", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Data mart", "text": "often by providing the data in a way that supports the collective view of a group of users. A data mart is basically a condensed and more focused version of a data warehouse that reflects the regulations and process specifications of each business unit within an organization. Each data mart is dedicated to a specific business function or region. This subset of data may span across many or all of an enterprise’s functional subject areas. It is common for multiple data marts to be used in order to serve the needs of each individual business unit (different data marts can", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2055126", "score": "0.9230023", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Warehouse store", "text": "examples of corporations who operate warehouse stores include United States chains Kroger and Albertsons LLC and the smaller Sacramento-based Nugget Market. However, WinCo Foods is an exception as it is a warehouse chain of its own and not part of a larger chain of traditional supermarkets like A&P, Safeway, Kroger, or Supervalu. Traditional warehouse store chains include: Other types of warehouse store chains include: Warehouse store A warehouse store or warehouse supermarket is a food and grocery retailer that operates stores geared toward offering deeper discounted prices than a traditional supermarket. These stores offer a no-frills experience and warehouse shelving", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5916938", "score": "0.9180883", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Retail", "text": "to the no-frills format of the stores. In addition, customers may be required to pay annual membership fees in order to shop. Warehouse stores are retailers housed in warehouses, and offer low-cost, often high-quantity goods with minimal services, e.g. goods are piled on pallets or steel shelves. shopping aisles are narrow and cramped, added-value services such as home delivery are non-existent. Other types of retail store include: Retailers can opt for a format as each provides different retail mix to its customers based on their customer demographics, lifestyle and purchase behaviour. An effective format will dtermine how products are display", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1539103", "score": "0.9085229", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Operations management", "text": "provided the first example of very low cost retailing through design of their stores and efficient management of their entire supply chain. Starting with a single store in Roger's Arkansas in 1962, Walmart has now become the world's largest company. This was accomplished by adhering to their system of delivering the goods and the service to the customers at the lowest possible cost. The operations system included careful selection of merchandise, low cost sourcing, ownership of transportation, cross-docking, efficient location of stores and friendly home-town service to the customer. In 1987 the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), recognizing the growing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5254164", "score": "0.9052977", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Big-box store", "text": "general merchandise (examples include Walmart, Kmart and Target), and specialty stores (such as Home Depot, Barnes & Noble, or Best Buy) which specialize in goods within a specific range, such as hardware, books, or consumer electronics respectively. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, many traditional retailers—such as Tesco and Praktiker opened stores in the big-box-store format in an effort to compete with big-box chains, which are expanding internationally as their home markets reach maturity. Big-box development has at times been opposed by labor unions because the employees of such stores are usually not unionized. Unions such as the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5127460", "score": "0.9045922", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Small business", "text": "of its retailer members. Retailers' cooperatives use their purchasing power to acquire discounts from manufacturers and often share marketing expenses. They are often recognized as \"local groups\" because they own their own stores within the community. It is common for locally owned grocery stores, hardware stores, and pharmacies to participate in retailers' cooperatives. Ace Hardware, True Value, and NAPA are examples of a retailers' cooperative. Retail cooperatives also allow consumers to supply their own earnings and gain bargaining power outside of the business sector. Retail cooperatives mainly reside within small communities where local businesses are often shut down. Many small", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1957890", "score": "0.900626", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Organizational structure", "text": "ranging from senior executives to regional managers, all the way to department store managers. Since there are many levels, decision-making authority has to pass through more layers than flatter organizations. A bureaucratic organization has rigid and tight procedures, policies and constraints. This kind of structure is reluctant to adapt or change what they have been doing since the company started. Organizational charts exist for every department, and everyone understands who is in charge and what their responsibilities are for every situation. Decisions are made through an organizedaucratic structures, the authority is at the top and information is then flowed from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005914", "score": "0.89811826", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Nonprofit organization", "text": "associations. However, the incorporated association form is typically used by organizations intending to operate only within one Australian state jurisdiction. Nonprofit organizations seeking to establish a presence across Australia typically consider incorporating as a company or as a trust. By Belgian law, there are several kinds of nonprofit organization: These three kinds of nonprofit organization are in contrast to a fourth: Canada allows nonprofit organizations to be incorporated or unincorporated. They may incorporate either federally, under Part II of the Canada Business Corporations Act, or under provincial legislation. Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "799934", "score": "0.8953373", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Data mart", "text": "Data mart A data mart is a structure / access pattern specific to \"data warehouse\" environments, used to retrieve client-facing data. The data mart is a subset of the data warehouse and is usually oriented to a specific business line or team. Whereas data warehouses have an enterprise-wide depth, the information in data marts pertains to a single department. In some deployments, each department or business unit is considered the \"owner\" of its data mart including all the \"hardware\", \"software\" and \"data\". This enables each department to isolate the use, manipulation and development of their data. In other deployments where", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2055124", "score": "0.89318323", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "DuPont analysis", "text": "be critical. The Du Pont identity allows analysts to determine which of the elements is dominant in any change of ROE. Certain types of retail operations, particularly stores, may have very low profit margins on sales, and relatively moderate leverage. In contrast, though, groceries may have very high turnover, selling a significant multiple of their assets per year. The ROE of such firms may be particularly dependent on performance of this metric, and hence asset turnover may be studied extremely carefully for signs of under-, or, over-performance. For example, same store sales of many retailers is considered important as an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4335326", "score": "0.8929014", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Organizational structure", "text": "adhocracy solves innovative problems for its clients. Examples of such organisation can be advertising agency or firm that develops the prototypes of products. Administrative adhocracy has teams solving problems for the organization itself. As an example of such organization Mintzberg gives NASA when it worked on Apollo program. Missionary organisation coordinates the work through organisational ideology. Formal rules in such organization are not numerous. Such organizations are decentralized, the differences between levels are not significant. Political configuration happens when the power is mostly used through workplace politics. Organizational structure An organizational structure defines how activities such as task allocation, coordination", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005944", "score": "0.88920754", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Organizational structure", "text": "that collectively they make a significant profit, and that is what made highly innovative Amazon.com so successful. In the 21st century, even though most, if not all, organizations are not of a pure hierarchical structure, many managers are still blind to the existence of the flat community structure within their organizations. The business is no longer just a place where people come to work. For most of the employees, the firm confers on them that sense of belonging and identity –– the firm has become their “village”, their community. The firm of the 21st century is not just a hierarchy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005937", "score": "0.8889586", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Organization", "text": "Organization An organization or organisation is an entity comprising multiple people, such as an institution or an association, that has a particular purpose. The word is derived from the Greek word \"organon\", which means \"organ\". There are a variety of legal types of organisations, including corporations, governments, non-governmental organisations, political organisations, international organisations, armed forces, charities, not-for-profit corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, and educational institutions. A hybrid organisation is a body that operates in both the public sector and the private sector simultaneously, fulfilling public duties and developing commercial market activities. A voluntary association is an organisation consisting of volunteers. Such organisations", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "998637", "score": "0.88889086", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Over-the-counter (finance)", "text": "fastest company to ever accomplish this. In 1972 Wal-Mart was listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker symbol WMT. An over-the-counter is a bilateral contract in which two parties (or their brokers or bankers as intermediaries) agree on how a particular trade or agreement is to be settled in the future. It is usually from an investment bank to its clients directly. Forwards and swaps are prime examples of such contracts. It is mostly done online or by telephone. For derivatives, these agreements are usually governed by an International Swaps and Derivatives Association agreement. This segment", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3160238", "score": "0.8868057", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Labor spying in the United States", "text": "Case Against Wal-Mart\", author Al Norman cites many of the usual criticisms of the big box retail chain. He has written, Wal-Mart is so terrified of union organizing, the company allegedly monitors some of its stores' phone calls and emails. Jon Lehman, a former Wal-Mart store manager, told Bloomberg news in February 2004 that Wal-Mart has a 60×60-foot room in Bentonville in which two dozen people with headsets conduct surveillance on calls and emails from stores, to see whether anyone is talking about union organizing. Wal-Mart has responded that they monitor stores only if there is a risk of a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9929672", "score": "0.88613164", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Nonprofit organization", "text": "which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status; however, it encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of these domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organization including .museum for museums", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "799957", "score": "0.8841113", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Jumble sale", "text": "organization excludes donations of certain items, such as furniture or exercise equipment, or have a sale restricted to a single type of goods, such as book sales or sports-equipment sales. Some larger churches or charities have permanent \"thrift stores\" where donated goods are offered either daily, weekly, or monthly, etc. The Salvation Army and Goodwill Industries are known for their daily-operated thrift stores, frequently located in donated space in major retail locations. Other \"thrift stores\" are either for-profit, or operated by corporations which are a charity in name only, as only a small fraction of profits are used charitably. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5953772", "score": "0.8826503", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Business action on climate change", "text": "up on balance books through organizations such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, voluntary action is starting to take place. Recently there has been a spate of companies acting to improve their energy efficiency. Possibly the most prominent of these companies is Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart, the largest retailer in the US, has announced specific environmental goals to reduce energy use in its stores and pressure its 60,000 suppliers in its worldwide supply chain to follow its lead. On energy efficiency, Wal-Mart wants to increase the fuel efficiency of its truck fleet by 25% over the next three years and double it within", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5961596", "score": "0.8825147", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Flat organization", "text": "Flat organization A flat organization (also known as horizontal organization) has an organizational structure with few or no levels of middle management between staff and executives. An organization's structure refers to the nature of the distribution of the units and positions within it, also to the nature of the relationships among those units and positions. Tall and flat organizations differ based on how many levels of management are present in the organization, and how much control managers are endowed with. Transforming a highly hierarchical organization into a flat organization is known as \"delayering\". In flat organizations, the number of people", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7079172", "score": "0.87999076", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Walmart", "text": "1992, however, Walmart and the Walmart Foundation dramatically increased charitable giving. For example, in 2005, Walmart donated in cash and merchandise for Hurricane Katrina relief. Today, Walmart's charitable donations approach each year. Kenneth Stone, Professor of Economics at Iowa State University, in a paper published in \"Farm Foundation\" in 1997, found that some small towns can lose almost half of their retail trade within ten years of a Walmart store opening. He compared the changes to previous competitors small town shops have faced in the past—from the development of the railroads and the Sears Roebuck catalog to shopping malls. He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "455824", "score": "0.87998414", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Corporate structure", "text": "type of activities, goals, and vision of the company. The organizational structure is a reflection of how convenient business is conducted. This model is commonly used in single-program organizations. It is basically the standard structure mentioned earlier, which is organized around departments. This structure is most appropriate for all small organizations. Divisional structures are also called 'product structures' because they are based on a certain product or project. This structure is most common in multi-service organizations. Normally, it's based on the departments divided in the firm. Geographic structures are used in multi-site organizations and are frequently used by networks across", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10965004", "score": "0.87882", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Mesosociology", "text": "mental hospitals. Another type of middle level organization is the reintegration structure. This structure rehabilitates those who do not conform. These include rehabilitation centers for drugs and alcohol. A final type of organization is a safety-valve organization. These provide outlets for behavior that is considered deviant, but cannot be eradicated from society, including prostitution. Communities also are instruments of social control. Things that are controlled by local governments are often the most visible signs of social control in a community, such as a police force and the organization of neighborhoods. Turner, Jonathan H. \"Sociology\". Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10941608", "score": "0.87815154", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Supply-chain management", "text": "of which are trucks hauling goods. In addition, the I-75 corridor is home to the busiest north-south rail route east of the Mississippi River. Wal-Mart strategic sourcing approaches Creation of procurement centers- WalMart adopted this strategy of sourcing through centralizing the entire process of procurement and sourcing by setting up four global merchandizing points for general goods and clothing. The company instructed all the suppliers to be bringing their products to these central points that are located in different markets (Gilmorte, 2010). The procurement team assesses the quality brought by the suppliers and buys the goods and distributes them to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "379122", "score": "0.875314", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Organizational structure", "text": "A special form of boundaryless organization is \"virtual\". Hedberg, Dahlgren, Hansson, and Olve (1999) consider the virtual organization as not physically existing as such, but enabled by software to exist. The virtual organization exists within a network of alliances, using the Internet. This means while the core of the organization can be small but still the company can operate globally be a market leader in its niche. According to Anderson, because of the unlimited shelf space of the Web, the cost of reaching niche goods is falling dramatically. Although none sell in huge numbers, there are so many niche products", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3005936", "score": "0.87490875", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Nonprofit organization", "text": "in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit, though both are needed to ensure the organization's sustainability. In Australia, nonprofit organizations include trade unions, charitable entities, co-operatives, universities and hospitals, mutual societies, grass-root and support groups, political parties, religious groups, incorporated associations, not-for-profit companies, trusts and more. Furthermore, they operate across a multitude of domains and industries, from health, employment, disability and other human services to local sporting clubs, credit unions, and research institutes. A nonprofit organization in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organization:", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "799932", "score": "0.874237", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Walmart", "long_answer": "Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., doing business as Walmart, is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets, discount department stores, and grocery stores. Headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas, the company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31, 1969. It also owns and operates Sam's Club retail warehouses. As of October 31, 2017, Walmart has 11,703 stores and clubs in 28 countries, operating under 59 different names. The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and Canada, as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America, as Asda in the United Kingdom, as the Seiyu Group in Japan, and as Best Price in India. It has wholly owned operations in Argentina, Chile, Brazil, and Canada.", "chunked_long_answer": "Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., doing business as Walmart, is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets, discount department stores, and grocery stores. Headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas, the company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and incorporated on October 31, 1969. It also owns and operates Sam's Club retail warehouses. As of October 31, 2017, Walmart has 11,703 stores and clubs in 28 countries, operating under 59 different names. The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and Canada, as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America, as Asda in the", "short_answers": [ "multinational retail corporation" ] }

[ "Roger Dean Stadium" ]

[ { "title": "Roger Dean Stadium", "text": "Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training: the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals (the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches, which opened in 2017, hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros). In both venues, the teams share the main stadium where the games are played. However, the teams have their own practice fields, outdoor batting cages, several pitching mounds, and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Marlins Park", "text": "two spring training exhibition games at the new ballpark against the New York Yankees on April 1 and 2, 2012. Before a sellout crowd of 36,601, the Marlins played their first regular season game on April 4, 2012, against the St. Louis Cardinals (losing to the Cards, 4-1). The inaugural game was nationally televised on ESPN. As part of the Opening Night fanfare, players were announced onto the field while escorted by scantily-clad Brazilian dancers in full headdress. Muhammad Ali threw out the ceremonial first pitch after he was carted out to the field alongside Jeffrey Loria. In 2011, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12510503", "score": "1.0126868", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Gulf Coast League Marlins", "text": "Gulf Coast League Marlins The Gulf Coast League Marlins are a Rookie Level minor league affiliate of the Miami Marlins that plays in the Gulf Coast League. The team plays their home games in Jupiter, Florida at Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium, which is also the spring training home of the St. Louis Cardinals and the Miami Marlins. The Marlins include mostly players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents. The GCL Marlins were based in Kissimmee, Florida in 1992–1993, and Melbourne, Florida 1994–2001. The GCL Marlins threw a combined perfect game", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7490814", "score": "1.0126702", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "2011 Major League Baseball season", "text": "six styles of uniforms they have worn, the most notable omission being that of the \"Periwinkle Blue\" era from 1997 to 2001, when Disney owned the team. This was the Florida Marlins' final season at Sun Life Stadium, after 19 years, they moved to their new ballpark in downtown Miami, where they became the Miami Marlins. Due to the U2 360° Tour concert scheduled June 29 at Sun Life Stadium and the needed time to set up the stage, the Marlins were forced to move their scheduled home games for June 24–26 against the Seattle Mariners to the Mariners' park", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14696301", "score": "0.99594355", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "2018 Miami Marlins season", "text": "situation with the benches clearing. 2018 Miami Marlins season The Miami Marlins' 2018 season was the 26th season for the Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise in the National League and the 7th as the \"Miami\" Marlins. Don Mattingly was the manager of the Marlins for a third year. The Marlins played their home games at Marlins Park as members of the National League East Division. This year marked the first season under the new ownership group led by Derek Jeter and Bruce Sherman. On October 2, 2017, following the conclusion of the 2017 season, the Marlins were officially sold to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20368659", "score": "0.9897001", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "History of the Miami Marlins", "text": "stadium complex to rise on the grounds of the old Orange Bowl site. The Marlins hoped to open at the new stadium on Opening Day 2012 with a new name of Miami Marlins. The Marlins kicked off the new season with the youngest team in baseball and with the lowest payroll for the fourth consecutive season. New leadoff man Emilio Bonifacio stole the show on Opening Day. He hit the first Opening Day inside-the-park home run since Carl Yastrzemski did it for the Boston Red Sox in 1968 and had three stolen bases to go along with four hits. Hanley", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14643500", "score": "0.9894788", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Roger Dean Stadium", "text": "Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training: the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals (the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches, which opened in 2017, hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros). In both venues, the teams share the main stadium where the games are played. However, the teams have their own practice fields, outdoor batting cages, several pitching mounds, and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms. Through 2002 the Montreal Expos shared the stadium with the Cardinals, until they swapped with the Marlins as part of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5163465", "score": "0.98894364", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "2006 Florida Marlins season", "text": "= Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" 2006 Florida Marlins season The 2006 Florida Marlins season was the 14th in Marlins franchise history; an American Major League Baseball team based in Miami Gardens, Florida. They finished the season in fourth place in the National League East Division. They are notable for exceeding expectations and remaining close in the Wild Card race until September, despite having the lowest payroll in the Major Leagues and using primarily rookies and low priced veterans. The team hit more home runs than the 2005 Marlins. \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats;", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8920752", "score": "0.98847353", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "2017 Miami Marlins season", "text": "2017 Miami Marlins season The 2017 Miami Marlins season was the 25th season for the Major League Baseball (MLB) Marlins franchise, all in the National League, and the sixth as the \"Miami\" Marlins. The Marlins played their home games at Marlins Park and hosted the 2017 MLB All-Star Game. The Marlins were managed by Don Mattingly in his second season as manager of the team. They finished the season 77–85 to finish in second place, 20 games behind the Washington Nationals, in the National League East Division. They failed to make the playoffs for the 14th consecutive season. The season", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19749621", "score": "0.98722553", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "2001 Florida Marlins season", "text": "run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 2001 Florida Marlins season The 2001 Florida Marlins season started off with the team trying to improve on their season from 2000. Their managers were John Boles and Tony Pérez. They played home games at Pro Player Stadium. They finished with a record of 76-86, 4th in the National League East. April 9, 2001: John Mabry was sent to the Florida Marlins by the St. Louis Cardinals as part of a conditional deal.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10329887", "score": "0.98645425", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "2011 Florida Marlins season", "text": "2011 Florida Marlins season The Florida Marlins' 2011 season was the 19th season for the Major League Baseball franchise. This was the final year in which the Marlins played their home games at Sun Life Stadium, as well as the final season for the team under the name \"Florida Marlins\". \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; W =", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14965942", "score": "0.9762224", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "2018 Miami Marlins season", "text": "2018 Miami Marlins season The Miami Marlins' 2018 season was the 26th season for the Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise in the National League and the 7th as the \"Miami\" Marlins. Don Mattingly was the manager of the Marlins for a third year. The Marlins played their home games at Marlins Park as members of the National League East Division. This year marked the first season under the new ownership group led by Derek Jeter and Bruce Sherman. On October 2, 2017, following the conclusion of the 2017 season, the Marlins were officially sold to a group led by Derek", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20368656", "score": "0.9716863", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "USSSA Space Coast Complex", "text": "training game at the ballpark, in which they defeated the Kansas City Royals 9-6 before a crowd of 7,494. The Florida Marlins held spring training at Space Coast Stadium through the 2002 season. In 2002, as part of an agreement in which Jeffrey Loria sold the Montreal Expos to Major League Baseball and purchased the Marlins, the Marlins swapped training sites with the Expos, who had been training in Jupiter. The Expos held two seasons of training at Space Coast Stadium in 2003 and 2004. The Expos franchise then moved from Montreal to Washington, D.C., to become the Washington Nationals.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4979394", "score": "0.97113895", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "2009 Florida Marlins season", "text": "2009 Florida Marlins season The 2009 Florida Marlins season was the 17th season for the Major League Baseball franchise. The Marlins played their home games at Sun Life Stadium. Fredi González returns for his third straight season as manager. At 87-75, 2009 had proved the third best season in Franchise History, the best non-playoff season and their last winning record to the end of 2017. Opening Day showcased the Marlins′ new emphasis on pitching and speed, although several home runs were hit too. New leadoff hitter Emilio Bonifacio had three stolen bases and an inside-the-park home run, going 4-for-5. A", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12566499", "score": "0.96981794", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "2010 Florida Marlins season", "text": "batted in; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H =Hits; r = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts; ERA = Earned run average; \" 2010 Florida Marlins season The Florida Marlins' 2010 season was the 18th season for the Major League Baseball franchise. The Marlins played their home games at Sun Life Stadium. On June 23, 2010, Fredi González was fired as manager and replaced with Edwin Rodríguez.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13921848", "score": "0.9695622", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "2017 Miami Marlins season", "text": "franchise record of 121 set in 2000. In spite of Stanton's historic season, ESPN ranked Marlins Park as one of the six most difficult stadiums in which to hit a home run in 2017. \"\"<br> \"Players in bold are on the active roster.\" \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases; BB = Walks; SO = Strikeouts; Avg. = Batting average; OBP = On Base Percentage; SLG = Slugging Percentage; TB = Total Bases\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19749627", "score": "0.9654123", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Gulf Coast League Marlins", "text": "against the GCL Astros on July 19, 2012. Justin Jackson pitched the first six innings, Patrick Merkling pitched the seventh inning and Dane Stone pitched the last two innings. Gulf Coast League Marlins The Gulf Coast League Marlins are a Rookie Level minor league affiliate of the Miami Marlins that plays in the Gulf Coast League. The team plays their home games in Jupiter, Florida at Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium, which is also the spring training home of the St. Louis Cardinals and the Miami Marlins. The Marlins include mostly players who are in their first year of professional baseball", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7490815", "score": "0.96269166", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "2004 Florida Marlins season", "text": "runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases\" 2004 Florida Marlins season The Florida Marlins' 2004 season started off with the team trying to improve on their season from 2003. Their manager was Jack McKeon. They played most of their home games at Pro Player Stadium. They played two against the Montreal Expos at Chicago's U.S. Cellular Field due to Hurricane Ivan. The team started off 8-1, but then came back down to earth and finished with a record of 83-79, 3rd in the NL East. \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs;", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10329365", "score": "0.9616953", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "LECOM Park", "text": "Florida. Only the Detroit Tigers in Lakeland (65 years), and the Philadelphia Phillies in Clearwater (64 years) have been in their Spring training locations longer. The renovations prior to the 2008 Spring training season included a new visitor's clubhouse, a new press lounge and lights. Improvements also included a renovation of Pirate City, the team's southern headquarters, with new offices, player dormitories and a fifth practice field. The work was partly funded by the state, which wants to prevent any more major league teams from migrating to the Cactus League in Arizona for spring training. For the first 85 years", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5165341", "score": "0.96095645", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "2010 Florida Marlins season", "text": "2010 Florida Marlins season The Florida Marlins' 2010 season was the 18th season for the Major League Baseball franchise. The Marlins played their home games at Sun Life Stadium. On June 23, 2010, Fredi González was fired as manager and replaced with Edwin Rodríguez. Roy Halladay of the Philadelphia Phillies threw the 20th perfect game in baseball history, and 2nd of the season, at Sun Life Stadium, on May 29, 2010. \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13921847", "score": "0.9596031", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "2015 Miami Marlins season", "text": "Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts\" 2015 Miami Marlins season The Miami Marlins' 2015 season was the 23rd season for the Major League Baseball franchise, and the fourth as the \"Miami\" Marlins. October 30: Rafael Furcal, Kevin Gregg, Reed Johnson, and Brad Penny become free agents. Week of November 3: Signed 5 players to a minor league contract. Week of November 12: Signed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18290656", "score": "0.9575836", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "2005 Florida Marlins season", "text": "G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 2005 Florida Marlins season The Florida Marlins' 2005 season started off with the team trying to improve on their season from 2004. Their manager was Jack McKeon. They played home games at Dolphin", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10329321", "score": "0.9567765", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "2012 Miami Marlins season", "text": "2012 Miami Marlins season The 2012 Miami Marlins season was the 20th season for the Major League Baseball franchise. The Marlins moved into Marlins Park for the 2012 season; as part of the agreement, they changed their name from the \"Florida Marlins\" to the \"Miami Marlins\". \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen Bases\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; W = Wins; L = Losses;", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15899972", "score": "0.9543339", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "2005 Florida Marlins season", "text": "2005 Florida Marlins season The Florida Marlins' 2005 season started off with the team trying to improve on their season from 2004. Their manager was Jack McKeon. They played home games at Dolphin Stadium. They finished with a record of 83-79, 3rd in the NL East. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note:", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10329320", "score": "0.9543282", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "2014 Miami Marlins season", "text": "2014 Miami Marlins season The Miami Marlins' 2014 season was the 22nd season for the Major League Baseball franchise, and the third as the \"Miami\" Marlins. They finished 77–85, 19 games back in third place in the division. The Marlins had an 18–12 win–loss record in spring training, their .600 winning percentage being the joint-best (along with Pittsburgh) among National League teams in pre-season. One of their games against the Atlanta Braves ended in a 6–6 tie and was therefore not included in the standings. \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H =", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17580150", "score": "0.9539945", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "2011 Florida Marlins season", "text": "Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H =Hits; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts; ERA = Earned run average; \" 2011 Florida Marlins season The Florida Marlins' 2011 season was the 19th season for the Major League Baseball franchise. This was the final year in which the Marlins played their home games at Sun Life Stadium, as well as the final season for the team under the name \"Florida Marlins\". \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles;", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14965943", "score": "0.9528792", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Miami Marlins", "text": "at Joe Robbie Stadium, which they shared with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). The stadium was later called Pro Player Park, Pro Player Stadium, Dolphin Stadium, Dolphins Stadium, Land Shark Stadium, and Sun Life Stadium during their tenancy. Since the 2012 season, they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami, on the site of the former Orange Bowl. The new park, unlike Sun Life Stadium (which was criticized in its baseball configuration for poor sight lines in some locations), was designed foremost as a baseball park. Per an agreement with the city and Miami-Dade County", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "143042", "score": "0.9515346", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "David Samson (baseball)", "text": "stadium was delayed and the opening date was pushed back from the 2011 season to the 2012 season. The official groundbreaking ceremony was held on July 18, 2009, in front of 5,000 fans. The ballpark, and the newly rechristened Miami Marlins, hosted their first regular season game on April 4, 2012, against the St. Louis Cardinals. David Samson (baseball) David P. Samson (born February 26, 1968) is the former President of the Miami Marlins, a Major League Baseball team located in Miami, Florida. He held the position from 2002 until he was fired in September, 2017, by Derek Jeter, who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14853990", "score": "0.951196", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "2012 Miami Marlins season", "text": "SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H =Hits; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts; ERA = Earned run average; \" 2012 Miami Marlins season The 2012 Miami Marlins season was the 20th season for the Major League Baseball franchise. The Marlins moved into Marlins Park for the 2012 season; as part of the agreement, they changed their name from the \"Florida Marlins\" to the \"Miami Marlins\". \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home Runs; RBI", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15899973", "score": "0.9507253", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "2001 Florida Marlins season", "text": "2001 Florida Marlins season The 2001 Florida Marlins season started off with the team trying to improve on their season from 2000. Their managers were John Boles and Tony Pérez. They played home games at Pro Player Stadium. They finished with a record of 76-86, 4th in the National League East. April 9, 2001: John Mabry was sent to the Florida Marlins by the St. Louis Cardinals as part of a conditional deal. The annual interleague games between the Florida Marlins and the Tampa Bay Devil Rays were played in June and July. They are known as the Citrus Series.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10329885", "score": "0.9478239", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Roger Dean Stadium", "long_answer": "Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training: the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals (the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches, which opened in 2017, hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros). In both venues, the teams share the main stadium where the games are played. However, the teams have their own practice fields, outdoor batting cages, several pitching mounds, and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms.", "chunked_long_answer": "Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training: the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals (the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches, which opened in 2017, hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros). In both venues, the teams share the main stadium where the games are played. However, the teams have their own practice fields, outdoor batting cages, several pitching mounds, and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms.", "short_answers": [ "Roger Dean Stadium" ] }

[ "Henry Selick" ]

[ { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy film directed by Henry Selick, and produced and conceived by Tim Burton. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a resident from \"Halloween Town\" who stumbles through a portal to \"Christmas Town\" and decides to celebrate the holiday, with some dastardly and comical consequences. Danny Elfman wrote the songs and score, and provided the singing voice of Jack. The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page, Paul Reubens, and Glenn Shadix.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "in common with Jack Skellington.\" Caroline Thompson still had yet to be hired to write the screenplay. With Thompson's screenplay, Selick stated, \"there are very few lines of dialogue that are Caroline's. She became busy on other films and we were constantly rewriting, re-configuring and developing the film visually.\" Selick and his team of animators began production in July 1991 in San Francisco, California with a crew of over 120 workers, utilizing 20 sound stages for filming. Joe Ranft was hired from Disney as a storyboard supervisor, while Eric Leighton was hired to supervise animation. At the peak of production,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418788", "score": "1.2385972", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas (soundtrack)", "text": "The Nightmare Before Christmas (soundtrack) The Nightmare Before Christmas is the fifteenth soundtrack album by American composer Danny Elfman. It was released on October 12, 1993, by Walt Disney Records to promote the 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy film \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". Composed by Danny Elfman, the soundtrack was nominated for the 1993 Golden Globe for Best Original Score. The album peaked at #64 on the US \"Billboard\" 200. For the film's 2006 re-release in Disney Digital 3-D, a special edition of the soundtrack was released, a bonus disc which contained covers of five of the film's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11075344", "score": "1.2211561", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "something else, which I'm not quite sure about.\" The film premiered at the New York Film Festival on October 9, and was given a limited release on October 15, 1993, before its wide theatrical release on October 22. \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" was reissued under the Walt Disney Pictures label and re-released on October 20, 2006, with conversion to Disney Digital 3-D. Industrial Light & Magic assisted in the process. The film subsequently received re-releases in October 2007 and 2008. The El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California has been showing the film in 4-D screenings annually in October, ending on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418796", "score": "1.1857438", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "Nightmare Before Christmas\" originated in a poem written by Burton in 1982 while he was working as an animator at Walt Disney Feature Animation. With the success of \"Vincent\" in the same year, Burton began to consider developing \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" as either a short film or 30-minute television special to no avail. Over the years, Burton's thoughts regularly returned to the project, and in 1990, he made a development deal with Walt Disney Studios. Production started in July 1991 in San Francisco; Disney released the film through Touchstone Pictures because the studio believed the film would be \"too", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418776", "score": "1.1854999", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "20 individual stages were simultaneously being used for filming. In total, there were 109,440 frames taken for the film. The work of Ray Harryhausen, Ladislas Starevich, Edward Gorey, Étienne Delessert, Gahan Wilson, Charles Addams, Jan Lenica, Francis Bacon, and Wassily Kandinsky influenced the filmmakers. Selick described the production design as akin to a pop-up book. In addition, Selick stated, \"When we reach Halloween Town, it's entirely German Expressionism. When Jack enters Christmas Town, it's an outrageous Dr. Seuss-esque setpiece. Finally, when Jack is delivering presents in the 'Real World', everything is plain, simple and perfectly aligned.\" Vincent Price, Don Ameche,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418789", "score": "1.1745987", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "started to consider developing \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" as either a short film or 30-minute holiday television special. However, the project's development eventually stalled, as its tone seemed \"too weird\" to the company. As Disney was unable to \"offer his nocturnal loners enough scope\", Burton was fired from the studio in 1984, and went on to direct the commercially successful films, \"Beetlejuice\" and \"Batman\". Over the years, Burton regularly thought about the project. In 1990, Burton found out that Disney still owned the film rights. He and Selick committed to produce a full-length film with the latter as director. Burton's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418785", "score": "1.174145", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Mike Johnson (animator)", "text": "the California Institute of the Arts and University of California Los Angeles. Mike Johnson (animator) Mike Johnson is a stop motion animator who has worked on films such as \"James and the Giant Peach\" and \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", short films such as an animation of \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" (used by Primus and Rednex for promotional videos for their covers of the song), and TV programmes such as \"The PJs\". Most recently, he directed \"Corpse Bride\" with Tim Burton; they were jointly nominated for the 2005 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. In 1996, he set up", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6412740", "score": "1.1734262", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "and $1.1 million, respectively, increasing the film's total box office gross to $75 million. The film initially received positive reviews from critics; it has since gone on to receive widespread critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 95%, based on 88 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The site's consensus reads, \"\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" is a stunningly original and visually delightful work of stop-motion animation.\" On Metacritic the film has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Roger Ebert gave a highly positive review for \"Nightmare\". Ebert", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418802", "score": "1.1647701", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Laika (company)", "text": "Selick, director of \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", joined the studio as a supervising director. In July 2005, the successor to Will Vinton Studios, Laika, was founded, and named after Laika, the dog sent to space by the Soviet Union in 1957. It opened two divisions: Laika Entertainment for feature films and Laika/house for commercial work, such as advertisements and music videos. They also announced their first projects, the stop-motion film \"Coraline\" (based on the book of the same name), and the CGI animated film \"Jack & Ben's Animated Adventure\". The studio laid off a significant portion of its staff in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6562423", "score": "1.1524915", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Skellington Productions", "text": "renamed the studio to Selick Projects. In September 1992, Tim Burton returned to Selick's studio, renamed it Skellington Productions, and sold it to Disney. The first film produced by Skellington Productions (which gave the company its namesake), \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", was released theatrically in 1993 under Disney's Touchstone Pictures banner to a positive reception and a successful box office, becoming a sleeper hit. Since 2006, \"Nightmare\" has been released by Walt Disney Pictures and in Disney Digital 3-D format. The second and final film, \"James and the Giant Peach\", released to theaters in 1996. It was met with positive", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12501962", "score": "1.1518981", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Abed's Uncontrollable Christmas", "text": "\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" also contributed to the animation. On August 1, 2010, creator Dan Harmon informed Dino Stamatopoulos and Joe Russo that NBC had approved the idea of an animated episode. Two weeks later, Harmon and Stamatopoulos finished the script, and the art department began production on the sets and puppets. Animation began on October 18, though a week later they discovered Pierce was in a wheelchair and had to add a stop-motion wheelchair. One day prior to airing, the completed shots were handed in by 23D Films. Russo said about the project, \"We wondered if we could do", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15149784", "score": "1.148254", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Kendal Cronkhite", "text": "Kendal Cronkhite Kendal Cronkhite was most recently the Production Designer for DreamWorks Animation's Trolls. She started her career in film as the assistant art director for Disney's critical and commercial success, The Nightmare Before Christmas. In 1996, she art directed Disney's James and the Giant Peach with fellow art director Bill Boes. In 1996, she signed with DreamWorks animation to be the art director for Antz. After the success of this film, she went on to Production Design DreamWorks Animation's Madagascar. In 2008, she Production Designed its sequel, . In 2012, she Production Designed . The film proved to be", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10811857", "score": "1.1475288", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Henry Selick", "text": "Tim Burton, whom he had known at CalArts, and was catapulted into features directing. Selick made his feature-directing debut in 1993 on Burton's production \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" — the first full-length, stop-motion feature from a major American studio. While the film initially under performed at the box office, it received critical acclaim and eventually achieved status as a cult classic. \"Nightmare\" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and won the International Animated Film Society's Annie Award for Best Creative Supervision, beating out \"The Lion King\". In 1996, Selick followed with a second feature, \"James and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2811498", "score": "1.1453491", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "believed the film's visual effects were as revolutionary as \"Star Wars\", taking into account that \"Nightmare\" was \"filled with imagination that carries us into a new world\". Peter Travers of \"Rolling Stone\" called it a restoration of \"originality and daring to the Halloween genre. This dazzling mix of fun and fright also explodes the notion that animation is kid stuff. … It's 74 minutes of timeless movie magic.\" James Berardinelli stated \"\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" has something to offer just about everyone. For the kids, it's a fantasy celebrating two holidays. For the adults, it's an opportunity to experience some", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418803", "score": "1.14353", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "video game \"\" did serve as a sequel of the film, with Capcom's crew of developers going after Burton for advice, and having the collaboration of the film's art director, Deane Taylor. In 2009, Selick said he would do a film sequel if he and Burton could create a good story for it. A collectible card game based on the film called \"The Nightmare Before Christmas TCG\" was released in 2005 by NECA. The game was designed by Quixotic Games founder Andrew Parks and Kez Shlasnger. It consists of a Premiere set and 4 Starter Decks based on four characters,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418809", "score": "1.1377096", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "Halloween, since 2010. The reissues have led to a reemergence of 3-D films and advances in RealD Cinema. With years of successful home video sales, \"Nightmare\" later achieved the ranks of a cult film. Touchstone Home Video first released the film on VHS on September 30, 1994, and on DVD on December 2, 1997. The DVD release contained no special features. \"Nightmare\" was released a second time on October 3, 2000 as a special edition. The release included an audio commentary by Selick and cinematographer Pete Kozachik, a 28-minute making-of documentary, a gallery of concept art, storyboards, test footage and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418797", "score": "1.1375815", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Carmen Twillie (actress)", "text": "She does a couple small voice roles in The Nightmare Before Christmas as the Undersea Gal and the Man under the bed. She also appeared on the Chowder episode Sing Beans doing one of the voices for the sing beans along with voice actors Jess Harnell, John DiMaggio, and Tara Strong. She also is a backup singer, having appeared in several albums released by artists such as Celine Dion and Whitney Houston. Carmen Twillie (actress) Carmen Beth Twillie (born April 8, 1950) is an American studio singer and actress. She is a long-time friend of Tommy Morgan and has appeared", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9835354", "score": "1.1359732", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "list, however, is the soundtrack for the Disneyland Haunted Mansion Holiday ride. Disney decided to release the film under its adult film label Touchstone Pictures because they thought the film would be \"too dark and scary for kids\", Selick remembered. \"Their biggest fear, and why it was kind of a stepchild project, [was] they were afraid of their core audience hating the film and not coming.\" To convey Burton's involvement and attract a wider audience, Disney marketed the film as \"Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas.\" Burton explained that,\"…it turned more into more of a brand-name thing, it turned into", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418795", "score": "1.1322262", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Kristen Lawrence", "text": "with Jeff Friedl (Devo) on drums and Francesco DiCosmo (Thin Lizzy) on bass guitar at EastWest Studios. Looking at her wish list, Lawrence then utilized some fortuitous connections to be able to feature Steve Bartek (Oingo Boingo, Danny Elfman) on guitar, baritone guitar, and mandolin, John Avila (Oingo Boingo) on bass, and MB Gordy (Doobie Brothers) on drums. Stephen Fortner, Executive Editor of Keyboard Magazine (October 2010) foretold a spooky coincidence by stating that Kristen's \"... Halloween carols produce \"an elegance Jack Skellington never quite managed. If the Halloween Town of Tim Burton’s \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" had a resident", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15540202", "score": "1.1321386", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "a prologue and epilogue. While not used in the final scene of the film, the narration is included on the soundtrack album. As writer Tim Burton's upbringing in Burbank, California was associated with the feeling of solitude, the filmmaker was largely fascinated by holidays during his childhood. \"Anytime there was Christmas or Halloween, […] it was great. It gave you some sort of texture all of a sudden that wasn't there before\", Burton would later recall. After completing his short film \"Vincent\" in 1982, Burton, who was then employed at Walt Disney Feature Animation, wrote a three-page poem titled \"The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418783", "score": "1.1320239", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "of the normal rectangular box. A 168-card \"Munchkin Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas\"-themed \"Munchkin\" was developed by USAopoly featuring the citizens of Halloween Town such as Jack Skellington, Oogie Boogie, Doctor Finklestein, and Lock, Shock and Barrel. The game comes with a custom die similar to the ones used by Oogie Boogie in the film. A live concert, produced by Disney Concerts, was held at the Hollywood Bowl in October 2015, and was followed by subsequent performances in 2016 and 2018. The shows featured Elfman, O'Hara, and Page reprising their roles from the film. The Nightmare Before Christmas The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418811", "score": "1.1291027", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "is available for the \"Disney Infinity\" video game, allowing the character to be playable in the game's \"Toy Box Mode\". Jack is also the titular character in the short story \"\"Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas\": Jack's Story\", and also appeared in HalloWishes and Halloween Screams fireworks at Magic Kingdom (where the host is Ghost Host) and Disneyland (where the host is Jack himself). \"Nightmare\" has inspired video game spin-offs, including \"\" and \"\", and is among the many Disney-owned franchises that contribute to the mythology of the \"Kingdom Hearts\" series. A trading card game is also available. Around the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418800", "score": "1.1256037", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "undertaken an extensive marketing campaign of these characters across many media. Since 2001, Disneyland has held a seasonal \"Nightmare Before Christmas\" theme for its Haunted Mansion Holiday attraction. The attraction, an overlay of the park's Haunted Mansion, features characters, decorations and music from the film. In addition to Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party and Mickey's Halloween Party featuring the film's characters, Jack Skellington, Sally, Pajama Jack, and the Mayor have been made into Bendies figures, while Jack and Sally even appear in fine art. Moreover, Sally has been made into an action figure and a Halloween costume. A Jack Skellington figurine", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418799", "score": "1.1202557", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "most inventive moments in cartoon history, in no way racist, even though he was sometimes a villain. We went with Ken Page, who is a black singer, and he had no problem with it\". The film was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. \"Nightmare\" won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, while Elfman won Best Music. Selick and the animators were also nominated for their work. Elfman was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score\". Most recently, the film ranked #1 on Rotten Tomatoes'", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418807", "score": "1.1193845", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "fall into Oogie's cauldron and are killed. Jack apologizes to Santa for his actions, and Santa assures Jack that he can fix things and returns to Christmas Town. As Santa replaces the Halloween-style presents with genuine ones, the townspeople of Halloween Town celebrate Jack's return. Santa then visits Halloween Town and brings them a snowfall for the residents to play with. In the graveyard, Jack and Sally declare their love for each other. The cast also features Kerry Katz, Carmen Twillie, Randy Crenshaw, Debi Durst, Glenn Walters, Sherwood Ball, and Greg Proops voicing various characters. Patrick Stewart recorded narration for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418782", "score": "1.1159824", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "will end in disaster, but Jack dismisses this and assigns her the task of sewing him a red coat to wear. He also tasks Lock, Shock and Barrel, a trio of mischievous trick-or-treating children, to abduct Santa Claus and bring him back to Halloween Town. Jack tells Santa he will be bringing Christmas to the world in his place this year. Jack orders the trio to keep Santa safe, but the children instead deliver Santa to Oogie Boogie, a gambling-addicted bogeyman, who plots to play a game with Santa's life at stake. Sally attempts to rescue Santa so he can", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418780", "score": "1.1134236", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "Jack Skellington, the Mayor, Oogie Boogie, and Doctor Finklestein. Each Starter Deck contains a rule book, a Pumpkin King card, a Pumpkin Points card, and a 48-card deck. The game has four card types: Characters, Locales, Creations, and Surprises. The Cards' rarities are separated into four categories: Common, Uncommon, Rare, Ultra Rare. Quixotic Games also developed \"The Nightmare Before Christmas Party Game\" that was released in 2007 by NECA. A collector's edition \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\"-themed Jenga game was issued with orange, purple and black blocks with Jack Skellington heads on them. The set comes in a coffin-shaped box instead", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418810", "score": "1.1056373", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "red lobster-like king who flies at night named \"Sandy Claws\". Jack sequesters himself in his tower to study Christmas and find a way to rationally explain it, but cannot. He ultimately decides that it's unfair for Christmas Town alone to enjoy the holiday and announces that he and the citizens of Halloween Town will take over Christmas this year. Jack assigns the citizens of Halloween Town Christmas-themed jobs, including singing carols, making presents, and building a sleigh to be pulled by skeletal reindeer. Sally, a beautiful rag doll woman that is secretly in love with Jack, feels that their efforts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418779", "score": "1.1039029", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "text": "leader of the town, leads them in organizing the annual Halloween celebrations. However, privately Jack has grown weary of the same routine year after year and wants something new. Wandering in the woods the morning after Halloween, he stumbles across seven trees containing doors leading to towns representing various holidays, and opens a portal to Christmas Town. Awed by the unfamiliar holiday, Jack returns to Halloween Town to show the residents his findings, but they fail to grasp the idea of Christmas and compare everything to their ideas of Halloween, although they do relate to one Christmas Town character; a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2418778", "score": "1.1037995", "original_retrieval_index": 33 } ]

{ "title": "The Nightmare Before Christmas", "long_answer": "The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy film directed by Henry Selick, and produced and conceived by Tim Burton. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a resident from \"Halloween Town\" who stumbles through a portal to \"Christmas Town\" and decides to celebrate the holiday, with some dastardly and comical consequences. Danny Elfman wrote the songs and score, and provided the singing voice of Jack. The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page, Paul Reubens, and Glenn Shadix.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy film directed by Henry Selick, and produced and conceived by Tim Burton. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a resident from \"Halloween Town\" who stumbles through a portal to \"Christmas Town\" and decides to celebrate the holiday, with some dastardly and comical consequences. Danny Elfman wrote the songs and score, and provided the singing voice of Jack. The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page, Paul Reubens, and Glenn Shadix.", "short_answers": [ "Henry Selick" ] }

[ "the 1840s", "1840s" ]

[ { "title": "Social justice", "text": "The first modern usage of the specific term \"social justice\" is typically attributed to Catholic thinkers from the 1840s, including the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in Civiltà Cattolica, based on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas. He argued that rival capitalist and socialist theories, based on subjective Cartesian thinking, undermined the unity of society present in Thomistic metaphysics as neither were sufficiently concerned with moral philosophy. Writing in 1861, the influential British philosopher and economist, John Stuart Mill stated in Utilitarianism his view that \"Society should treat all equally well who have deserved equally well of it, that is, who have", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Social justice warrior", "text": "controversy, the negative connotation gained increased use, and was particularly aimed at those espousing views adhering to social liberalism, cultural inclusivity, or feminism, as well as views deemed to be politically correct. The term has entered popular culture, including a parody role-playing video game, \"Social Justice Warriors\", released in 2014. Dating back to 1824, the term \"social justice\" refers to justice on a societal level. From the early 1990s to the early 2000s, \"social-justice warrior\" was used as a neutral or complimentary phrase. An example from the \"Montreal Gazette\" in 1991 about a local music festival reads: Katherine Martin, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19432888", "score": "1.1127762", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "Social justice Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society. This is measured by the explicit and tacit terms for the distribution of wealth, opportunities for personal activity, and social privileges. In Western as well as in older Asian cultures, the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive what was their due from society. In the current global grassroots movements for social justice, the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for social mobility, the creation of safety nets", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593873", "score": "1.0756583", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Christian views on poverty and wealth", "text": "being. The term and modern concept of \"social justice\" was coined by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in 1840 based on the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and given further exposure in 1848 by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati. The idea was elaborated by the moral theologian John A. Ryan, who initiated the concept of a living wage. Father Coughlin also used the term in his publications in the 1930s and the 1940s. It is a part of Catholic social teaching, Social Gospel from Episcopalians and is one of the Four Pillars of the Green Party upheld by green parties worldwide. Social justice as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15533639", "score": "1.0607127", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "research has proved that the use of the expression \"social justice\" is older (even before the 19th century). In the late industrial revolution, progressive American legal scholars began to use the term more, particularly Louis Brandeis and Roscoe Pound. From the early 20th century it was also embedded in international law and institutions; the preamble to establish the International Labour Organization recalled that \"universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice.\" In the later 20th century, social justice was made central to the philosophy of the social contract, primarily by John Rawls in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593876", "score": "1.0573437", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "a principle of the economy in the State, and then other countries around the world did the same throughout the 20th century, even in Socialist regimes such as the Cuban Constitution in 1976. In the late 20th century, a number of liberal and conservative thinkers, notably Friedrich von Hayek rejected the concept by stating that it did not mean anything, or meant too many things. However the concept remained highly influential, particularly with its promotion by philosophers such as John Rawls. Even though the meaning of social justice varies, at least three common elements can be identified in the contemporary", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593884", "score": "1.0452771", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "in the mid-1800s, social justice became a rallying cry for progressive thinkers and political activists... By the mid-twentieth century, the concept of social justice had become central to the ideologies and programmes of virtually all the leftist and centrist political parties around the world...\" The present-day Jāti hierarchy is undergoing changes for a variety of reasons including 'social justice', which is a politically popular stance in democratic India. Institutionalized affirmative action has promoted this. The disparity and wide inequalities in social behaviour of the jātis – exclusive, endogamous communities centred on traditional occupations – has led to various reform movements", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593896", "score": "1.0351156", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "into an international and inter-denominational movement, it began as a movement within the Catholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s–1960s. It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injustice in that region. It achieved prominence in the 1970s and 1980s. The term was coined by the Peruvian priest, Gustavo Gutiérrez, who wrote one of the movement's most famous books, \"A Theology of Liberation\" (1971). According to Sarah Kleeb, \"Marx would surely take issue,\" she writes, \"with the appropriation of his works in a religious context...there is no way to reconcile Marx's views of religion", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593904", "score": "1.0312157", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "only if it is based on social justice\". From this point, the discussion of social justice entered into mainstream legal and academic discourse. Thus, in 1931, the Pope Pius XI stated the expression for the first time in the Catholic Social Teaching in the encyclical Quadragesimo Anno. Then again in Divini Redepmtoris, the Church pointed out that the realisation of social justice relied on the promotion of the dignity of human person. The same year, and because of the documented influence of Divini Redemptoris in its drafters, the Constitution of Ireland was the first one to establish the term as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593883", "score": "1.0272218", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "or Confucius or Averroes, or even Rousseau or Kant—saw the need to consider justice or the redress of injustices from a social perspective. The concept first surfaced in Western thought and political language in the wake of the industrial revolution and the parallel development of the socialist doctrine. It emerged as an expression of protest against what was perceived as the capitalist exploitation of labour and as a focal point for the development of measures to improve the human condition. It was born as a revolutionary slogan embodying the ideals of progress and fraternity. Following the revolutions that shook Europe", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593895", "score": "1.0192666", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "must destroy all liberty: Ben O'Neill of the University of New South Wales argues that, for proponents of \"social justice\": Social justice Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society. This is measured by the explicit and tacit terms for the distribution of wealth, opportunities for personal activity, and social privileges. In Western as well as in older Asian cultures, the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive what was their due from society. In the current global grassroots movements", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593910", "score": "1.0138485", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "Elizabeth Kahn argues that some of these responsibilities should apply globally. The United Nations’ 2006 document \"Social Justice in an Open World: The Role of the United Nations\", states that \"Social justice may be broadly understood as the fair and compassionate distribution of the fruits of economic growth...\" The term \"social justice\" was seen by the U.N. \"as a substitute for the protection of human rights [and] first appeared in United Nations texts during the second half of the 1960s. At the initiative of the Soviet Union, and with the support of developing countries, the term was used in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593893", "score": "1.0126557", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Social justice warrior", "text": "Social justice warrior Social justice warrior (SJW) is a pejorative term for an individual who promotes socially progressive views, including feminism, civil rights, and multiculturalism, as well as identity politics. The accusation that somebody is an SJW carries implications that they are pursuing personal validation rather than any deep-seated conviction, and engaging in disingenuous arguments. The phrase originated in the late 20th century as a neutral or positive term for people engaged in social justice activism. In 2011, when the term first appeared on Twitter, it changed from a primarily positive term to an overwhelmingly negative one. During the Gamergate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19432887", "score": "1.0113115", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "\"A Theory of Justice\" (1971). In 1993, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of human rights education. Some authors such as Friedrich Hayek criticize the concept of social justice, arguing the lack of objective, accepted moral standard; and that while there is a legal definition of what is just and equitable \"there is no test of what is socially unjust\", and further that social justice is often used for the reallocation of resources based on an arbitrary standard which may in fact be inequitable or unjust. The different concepts of justice, as discussed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593877", "score": "1.0093658", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "to the French and American Revolutions, Thomas Paine similarly wrote in \"The Rights of Man\" (1792) society should give \"genius a fair and universal chance\" and so \"the construction of government ought to be such as to bring forward... all that extent of capacity which never fails to appear in revolutions.\" Although there is no certainty about the first use of the term \"social justice\", early sources can be found in Europe in the 18th century. Some references to the use of the expression are in articles of journals aligned with the spirit of the Enlightenment, in which social justice", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593879", "score": "1.0045389", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Downset.", "text": "Downset. Downset. (originally called Social Justice) is an American rap metal band from Los Angeles, California. The band's music blends hip hop, funk, hardcore punk and heavy metal with \"socially aware lyrics.\" The band's original moniker was Social Justice. They began as a hardcore punk band. They released their debut album, \"Unity Is Strength\", in 1989 and the EP \"I Refuse To Lose\" under this name with a different lineup in 1992. They were known as being one of the first hardcore bands to incorporate hip hop and funk influences into their music. In 1992, Social Justice (1987–92) changed their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4736713", "score": "0.9922308", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "rebellion is considered definite proof that the Emperor is unfit to rule. Social justice is also a concept that is used to describe the movement towards a socially just world, e.g., the Global Justice Movement. In this context, social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality, and can be defined as \"\"the way in which human rights are manifested in the everyday lives of people at every level of society\"\". A number of movements are working to achieve social justice in society. These movements are working towards the realization of a world where all members of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593902", "score": "0.9912802", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "New Labour", "text": "John Smith, reported in 1994 that the values of social justice were equal worth of citizens, equal rights to be able to meet their basic needs, the requirement to spread opportunities as much as possible and the need to remove unjustified inequalities. The party viewed social justice primarily as the requirement to give citizens equal political and economic liberty and also as the need for social citizenship. It encompasses the need for equal distribution of opportunity, with the caveat that things should not be taken from successful people to give to the unsuccessful. New Labour accepted the economic efficiency of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1663978", "score": "0.9811357", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Jose P. Laurel", "text": "Social justice is neither communism, nor despotism, nor atomism, nor anarchy, but the humanization of laws and the equalization of social and economic forces by the State so that justice in its rational and objectively secular conception may at least be approximated. Social justice means the promotion of the welfare of all the people, the adoption by the Government of measures calculated to insure economic stability of all the competent elements of society, through the maintenance of a proper economic and social equilibrium in the interrelations of the members of the community, constitutionally, through the adoption of measures legally justifiable,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2777675", "score": "0.97967994", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Social justice warrior", "text": "cultural inclusivity, or feminism. This usage implies that a person is engaging in disingenuous social justice arguments or activism to raise his or her personal reputation. Allegra Ringo writes for \"Vice\" that \"[i]n other words, SJWs don't hold strong principles, but they pretend to. The problem is, that's not a real category of people. It's simply a way to dismiss anyone who brings up social justice.\" The term has been used by Rita Panahi to criticize what she perceives as double standards in social justice. \"Vice\" reporter Clinton Nguyen quoted the term during a report which analyzed the aggressive behavior", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19432891", "score": "0.96394056", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Social justice warrior", "text": "History\", \"[Forum participants] often make personal criticisms of what they see as a type: the 'social justice warrior,' i.e., the stereotype of the feminist as unreasonable, sanctimonious, biased, and self-aggrandizing\". In August 2015, \"social justice warrior\" was one of several new words and phrases added to Oxford Dictionaries. Martin states that \"the perceived orthodoxy [of progressive politics] has prompted a backlash among people who feel their speech is being policed\". Elizabeth Nolan Brown writes on \"Reason\" that proponents of \"social justice\" on both the left and the right share similarities such as outrage, claims of victimhood, and portraying opponents as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19432893", "score": "0.960694", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Social justice feminism", "text": "Social justice feminism Social Justice Feminism is the practice of recognizing issues of oppression dealing with race, class, sexuality, and citizenship and challenging them through practice rather than theory. This form of feminism allows for a broader audience beyond the white middle aged women who began the movement. It actively fights racism and class privilege by “ensuring that those most affected by policies and practices are at the decision making table.” It advocates for more women of color in leadership roles and allows recognition for global gender justice and women’s rights. In response to the obstacles women faced in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19716373", "score": "0.9590461", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Social Justice (political party)", "text": "Social Justice (political party) Social Justice (, \"Tzedek Hevrati\") was a political party in Israel headed by Russian-Israeli businessman Arcadi Gaydamak. It was launched by in February 2007 as a social movement, but was transformed into a political party in July that year. It did not participate in the 2009 elections for the Knesset but made a comeback to run in the 2013 elections. It did not participate in the 2015 elections The movement was founded on 21 February 2007. It had been announced in the Israeli media the previous day that he would be founding a political party. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9762688", "score": "0.95841026", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Justice", "text": "which is the idea that all people are equal in terms of status, value, or rights, as social justice theories do not all require equality. For example, sociologist George C. Homans suggested that the root of the concept of justice is that each person should receive rewards that are proportional to their contributions. Economist Friedrich Hayek argued that the concept of social justice was meaningless, saying that justice is a result of individual behavior and unpredictable market forces. Social justice is closely related to the concept of relational justice, which is concerned with the just relationship with individuals who possess", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "218192", "score": "0.958282", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "and early 20th century, social justice became an important theme in American political and legal philosophy, particularly in the work of John Dewey, Roscoe Pound and Louis Brandeis. One of the prime concerns was the \"Lochner era\" decisions of the US Supreme Court to strike down legislation passed by state governments and the Federal government for social and economic improvement, such as the eight-hour day or the right to join a trade union. After the First World War, the founding document of the International Labour Organization took up the same terminology in its preamble, stating that \"peace can be established", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593882", "score": "0.9366655", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Social Justice (periodical)", "text": "Social Justice (periodical) Social Justice was an antisemitic American Roman Catholic periodical published by Father Charles Coughlin during the late 1930s and early 1940s. \"Social Justice\" was controversial for printing antisemitic polemics such as \"The Protocols of the Elders of Zion\". Coughlin claimed that Marxist atheism in Europe was a Jewish plot against America. The December 5, 1938, issue of \"Social Justice\" included an article by Coughlin which reportedly closely resembled a speech made by Joseph Goebbels on September 13, 1935, attacking Jews and Communists, with some sections being copied verbatim by Coughlin from an English translation of the Goebbels", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14146315", "score": "0.93424577", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "(\"gladness\" or \"joy\"), tzedakah (\"the religious obligation to perform charity and philanthropic acts\"), chesed (\"deeds of kindness\"), and tikkun olam (\"repairing the world\"). From its founding, Methodism was a Christian social justice movement. Under John Wesley's direction, Methodists became leaders in many social justice issues of the day, including the prison reform and abolition movements. Wesley himself was among the first to preach for slaves rights attracting significant opposition. Today, social justice plays a major role in the United Methodist Church. The \"Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church\" says, \"We hold governments responsible for the protection of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593899", "score": "0.9338634", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "Many other people accept some of the basic principles of social justice, such as the idea that all human beings have a basic level of value, but disagree with the elaborate conclusions that may or may not follow from this. One example is the statement by H. G. Wells that all people are \"equally entitled to the respect of their fellowmen.\" Friedrich Hayek of the Austrian School of economics: rejects the very idea of social justice as meaningless, religious, self-contradictory, and ideological, believing that to realize any degree of social justice is unfeasible, and that the attempt to do so", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593909", "score": "0.9299557", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Environmental justice", "text": "Environmental justice Environmental justice emerged as a concept in the United States in the early 1980s. The term has two distinct uses with the more common usage describing a social movement that focuses on the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens. The other use is an interdisciplinary body of social science literature that includes theories of the environment and justice, environmental laws and their implementations, environmental policy and planning and governance for development and sustainability, and political ecology. The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines environmental justice as follows: Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5081348", "score": "0.92744654", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Social justice", "text": "a society, regardless of background or procedural justice, have basic human rights and equal access to the benefits of their society. Liberation theology is a movement in Christian theology which conveys the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. It has been described by proponents as \"an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor\", and by detractors as Christianity perverted by Marxism and Communism. Although liberation theology has grown", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "593903", "score": "0.9257345", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Social justice", "long_answer": "The first modern usage of the specific term \"social justice\" is typically attributed to Catholic thinkers from the 1840s, including the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in Civiltà Cattolica, based on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas. He argued that rival capitalist and socialist theories, based on subjective Cartesian thinking, undermined the unity of society present in Thomistic metaphysics as neither were sufficiently concerned with moral philosophy. Writing in 1861, the influential British philosopher and economist, John Stuart Mill stated in Utilitarianism his view that \"Society should treat all equally well who have deserved equally well of it, that is, who have deserved equally well absolutely. This is the highest abstract standard of social and distributive justice; towards which all institutions, and the efforts of all virtuous citizens, should be made in the utmost degree to converge.\"", "chunked_long_answer": "The first modern usage of the specific term \"social justice\" is typically attributed to Catholic thinkers from the 1840s, including the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in Civiltà Cattolica, based on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas. He argued that rival capitalist and socialist theories, based on subjective Cartesian thinking, undermined the unity of society present in Thomistic metaphysics as neither were sufficiently concerned with moral philosophy. Writing in 1861, the influential British philosopher and economist, John Stuart Mill stated in Utilitarianism his view that \"Society should treat all equally well who have deserved equally well of it, that is, who have", "short_answers": [ "the 1840s" ] }

[ "June 22, 1942" ]

[ { "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner", "text": "When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932, there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing. On June 22, 1942, the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing, while others should simply stand at attention, men removing their hats. (The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem, but not if the flag was not present.) On December 23, 1942 the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "National Anthem Bill", "text": "listed in Annex III to the Basic Law shall be applied locally by way of promulgation or legislation by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). Craig Choy of the Progressive Lawyers Group said it was impractical to expect all the waiters and customers at a local eatery to stand up when the national anthem is heard on TV, and suggested that local stations should stop playing it in order to avoid controversy. University of Hong Kong principal lecturer Eric Cheung also said will be unrealistic to include a provision on requiring one to stand. He also said it \"would", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20634236", "score": "1.0565064", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)", "text": "is a tradition in the United States to play \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", the national anthem, before sporting events. According to the United States Code, those present should stand at attention with right hand over heart. It's noteworthy, this tradition only acquired widespread practice after the year 2001, while National Football League (NFL) players were not mandated to be on the field for the playing of the national anthem until 2009. In 2016 the NFL stated that \"players are encouraged but not required to stand during the playing of the National Anthem\"; its game operations manual reads that players \"should stand\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19743759", "score": "1.0537641", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Roy Moore", "text": "of the national anthem: \"It's against the law, you know that? It was a act of Congress that every man stand and put their hand over their heart. That's the law.\" This assertion is incorrect assuming Moore was calling for enforcement; for civilians, the United States Flag Code, which outlines proper conduct when the national anthem is played, is an advisory description of proper etiquette, not an enforceable law. The US Flag Code does not reference standing for the national anthem. When asked whether he approved of free trade, Moore stated that he supported protectionism. Moore has suggested pulling out", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8466965", "score": "1.0464439", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "National Anthem Bill", "text": "The law sets out rules to use the national anthem. It would bar use of the anthem in commercial advertisements, and require attendees at events to stand up straight \"solemnly\" when the anthem plays. Violators, including those who modify the lyrics or mock the song or play it during \"inappropriate\" occasions, could be detained for up to 15 days or face criminal prosecution. On 4 November 2017, the NPCSC adopted the decision to add the National Anthem Law to Annex III of the Basic Law of Hong Kong. In accordance with Article 18(2) of the Basic Law, the national laws", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20634235", "score": "1.0453498", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "National Anthem Bill", "text": "National Anthem Bill The National Anthem Bill is a proposed law of Hong Kong to preserve the dignity of the \"March of the Volunteers\", national anthem of the People's Republic of China, so that the Hong Kong resident would respect the national anthem. It is proposed to implement the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the National Anthem (the National Anthem Law) by local legislation. The Hong Kong-Central Government relations grew tenser following the 2014 Hong Kong protests in which the protest moved from the street to football field. Since 2015, Hong Kong has seen a rise in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20634232", "score": "1.0375981", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "National Anthem Bill", "text": "term only a \"label\". She also insisted the proposed bill only targets people who deliberately insult the national anthem and the residents not to worry about it. National Anthem Bill The National Anthem Bill is a proposed law of Hong Kong to preserve the dignity of the \"March of the Volunteers\", national anthem of the People's Republic of China, so that the Hong Kong resident would respect the national anthem. It is proposed to implement the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the National Anthem (the National Anthem Law) by local legislation. The Hong Kong-Central Government relations grew", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20634239", "score": "1.034438", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Social media and television", "text": "up with their day-to-day life. The national anthem protests during the 2017–2018 football season, where NFL players knelt for the American national anthem drew the attention of social media users. The protests began with former quarterback of the San Francisco 49ers, Colin Kaepernick, who refused to stand during the playing of the national anthem before the start of the game. Kaepernick told NFL Media, \"I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color. To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16337954", "score": "1.0204768", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner", "text": "motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League (NFL) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback (QB) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, in response to police brutality in America, before his team's third preseason game of 2016. Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games, but he went unnoticed. In November 2017, the California Chapter of the NAACP called on Congress to remove \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" as the national anthem. Alice Huffman, California NAACP president said: \"it's racist; it doesn't represent our community, it's anti-black.\" The third stanza of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "419798", "score": "1.0171391", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner", "text": "throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem, and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand (or hat) over their heart. After 9/11, the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the national anthem became nearly universal. Since 1998, federal law (viz., the United States Code ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem, when the flag is displayed, all present including those in uniform should stand at attention; Non-military service individuals", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "419793", "score": "1.0156946", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "National Anthem Bill", "text": "Qatar. the HKFA was fined for 10,000CHF (HK$77,150) again for booing the anthem before the home game against China on 17 November 2015. In response, the PRC government made known its intention to have a national anthem law applied to Hong Kong as well as the mainland, arguing it would help foster social values and promote patriotism. The People's Republic of China on the National Anthem (the National Anthem Law) was adopted at the 29th session of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress (NPCSC) on 1 September 2017, and came into force nationwide on 1 October 2017.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20634234", "score": "1.0042446", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Culture of Thailand", "text": "stop what they are doing and stand at attention to pay homage to the flag during the anthem. Students in school stand in front of the raised flag and sing the national anthem at 08:00 every school day. The practice dates from 1935 when the regulations for the raising and lowering of the colours was published in the \"Royal Gazette\". The Flag Act of 1979 decreed that those who do not observe the custom by standing in silence during the anthem are subject to a fine of up to 2,000 baht and not more than one year in prison. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2961410", "score": "1.0019974", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner", "text": "more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898. In any case, the tradition of performing the national anthem before \"every\" baseball game began in World War II. On April 10, 1918, John Charles Linthicum, U.S. Congressman from Maryland, introduced a bill to officially recognize \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" as the national anthem. The bill did not pass. On April 15, 1929, Linthicum introduced the bill again, his sixth time doing so. On November 3, 1929, Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon, \"Ripley's Believe it or Not!\", saying \"Believe It or Not, America has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "419775", "score": "0.99683523", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Majulah Singapura", "text": "2012 Summer Olympics. It is conventional for persons present when the national anthem is performed to stand with their arms by their sides. When the national flag is raised or lowered and the anthem is played, persons in military or paramilitary uniforms who are outdoors don their head dress and face the flag. If they are in formation under the orders of a commander, only the commander salutes; otherwise, all service personnel salute. Saluting is unnecessary if service personnel are indoors when a flag raising or lowering ceremony takes place. In such cases, persons need only stop what they are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10766190", "score": "0.9925975", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner", "text": "no national anthem\". In 1930, Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" as the national anthem. Five million people signed the petition. The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31, 1930. On the same day, Elsie Jorss-Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing. The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote. The House of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "419776", "score": "0.99233055", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Kimigayo", "text": "9. It was enacted into law on August 13. The lyrics and musical notation of the anthem are given in the second appendix of the Act on National Flag and Anthem. As for the sheet music itself, it displays a vocal arrangement with no mention of tempo and all of the lyrics in hiragana. The anthem is composed in 4/4 (common time) in the Dorian mode. The Act on National Flag and Anthem does not detail how one should show respect during performances of \"Kimigayo\". In a statement made by Prime Minister Obuchi, the legislation will not impose new regulations", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1309256", "score": "0.9865356", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner", "text": "suggestions is not a violation of the law. This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance. For example, Jehovah's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem, though they are taught that standing is an \"ethical decision\" that individual believers must make based on their \"conscience.\" The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City. After having won gold and bronze medals", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "419796", "score": "0.9861084", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner", "text": "stand at attention, men removing their hats. The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the national anthem, but not if the flag was not present. On December 23, 1942, the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played. That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed. Those in uniform were required to salute. On July 7,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "419791", "score": "0.98584974", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "O Canada", "text": "lyrics and music of \"O Canada\" from Gordon V. Thompson Music for $1. The song finally became the official national anthem in 1980 with the passage of the National Anthem Act. The act replaced two of the repetitions of the phrase \"We stand on guard\" in the English lyrics, as had been proposed by the Senate Special Joint Committee. This change was controversial with traditionalists and, for several years afterwards, it was not uncommon to hear people still singing the old lyrics at public events. In contrast, the French lyrics are unchanged from the original version. In June 1990, Toronto", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "301223", "score": "0.9798548", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "U.S. national anthem protests", "text": "was a violation of the First Amendment to the US Constitution. In November 1970, Kaye Stevens refused to sing the national anthem before a NFL game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Kansas City Chiefs, although she had sung the previous week when the Steelers played the New York Jets. She said she was protesting the Steelers planned expenditure of $37 million on the new Three Rivers Stadium when local officials were underfunding treatment for drug users. From 1968 onwards, Jimi Hendrix performed an instrumental version using feedback, distortion and other effects to deconstruct the music with the sonic images of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19793057", "score": "0.9797671", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)", "text": "others have called the protests unpatriotic and disrespectful of the U.S. flag, the national anthem, the police, and the military. The protests began in the National Football League (NFL) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick sat and later knelt during the anthem, before his team's preseason games of 2016. Throughout the following seasons, members of various NFL and other sports teams have engaged in similar silent protests. On September 24, 2017, the NFL protests became more widespread when over 200 players sat or knelt in response to President Donald Trump's calling for owners to \"fire\" the protesting players. It", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19743758", "score": "0.97581613", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Act on National Flag and Anthem", "text": "was passed, Prime Minister Obuchi and other officials stated that there was no intention to regulate the use of the flag and the anthem in everyday life. However, the 1999 curriculum guideline issued by the Ministry of Education after the passage of the Law Regarding the National Flag and Anthem decrees that \"on entrance and graduation ceremonies, schools must raise the flag of Japan and instruct students to sing \"Kimigayo\", given the significance of the flag and the song.\" In Tokyo, regulations were put in place in 2003. As part of that city's regulations, board or school officials are required", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4099648", "score": "0.97512287", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "My Belarusy", "text": "Republic of Belarus as a sovereign state shall be its national flag, national emblem and national anthem.\" While the constitution only mentioned the use of the flag, anthem and arms as national symbols, each symbol had to be defined by law. A law introducing an anthem was not enacted until Presidential Decree 350 took effect, on July 18, 2002, the day before Belarus's independence day. The decree's main objective was to establish lyrics for the anthem and introduce musical notation along with the new lyrics. Moreover, the decree designated when, where, and how the anthem was to be performed. According", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1854695", "score": "0.97078717", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "U.S. national anthem protests", "text": "U.S. national anthem protests Protests during the playing of the United States national anthem have had many causes, including civil rights, anti-conscription and anti-war, anti-nationalism, and religious reservations. \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" was adopted as the official national anthem by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931. Before that time, protests also occurred when a number of songs were used as unofficial national anthems, including \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee\" and \"Hail, Columbia\". In 1892, three men, including a friend of Ida B. Wells, were lynched by a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19793052", "score": "0.969713", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "U.S. national anthem protests", "text": "many people were highly offended, so that even accidentally remaining seated could result in violence. Protests during the anthem continued after World War I. For example, during the build-up towards World War II, a group of students at Haverford College in Philadelphia refused to stand because they felt the custom was leading to \"rabid nationalism\". In 1943 in Arizona a federal judge ruled that members of Jehovah's Witnesses cannot be suspended from school for refusing to stand during the national anthem. In the 1960s, refusal to stand during the anthem took place for a number of reasons. In the late", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19793055", "score": "0.96918833", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Wayne Collett", "text": "said the national anthem meant nothing to him. He explained that he had felt unable to honor the anthem, because of the struggle faced by African Americans at the time: \"I couldn't stand there and sing the words because I don't believe they're true. I wish they were. I believe we have the potential to have a beautiful country, but I don't think we do.\" The pair were banned from future Olympic competition by the IOC; since John Smith had pulled a hamstring 80 meters into the final while leading and had been ruled unfit to run, the USA were", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8934380", "score": "0.9688839", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Majulah Singapura", "text": "national anthem was officially relaunched in 2001 in the lower key of F major as it was said to allow for a \"grander and more inspiring arrangement\". The national anthem is regularly performed or sung in schools and armed forces camps at ceremonies held at the beginning and/or the end of each day, during which the national flag is also raised and lowered and the national pledge is taken. Singaporeans are especially encouraged to sing the national anthem on occasions of national celebration or national significance such as at the National Day Parade, at National Day observance ceremonies conducted by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10766182", "score": "0.9687656", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)", "text": "interlocked arms. Jelani Jenkins, Arian Foster, Kenny Stills, and Michael Thomas of the Miami Dolphins all knelt during the National Anthem. At the same time, a group of Jacksonville Jaguars players, led by cornerback Prince Amukamara, initially planned to join the protest but chose not to do so after photographs of Kaepernick wearing socks with a crude anti-police message during training camp were made public. On November 13, 2016, 5 days after Donald Trump was elected President, Tampa Bay Buccaneers wide-receiver Mike Evans decided to sit during the national anthem. According to \"Sports Illustrated\", Evans said, \"If this happens, then", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19743773", "score": "0.9687549", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)", "text": "anthem. On October 1, at East Carolina University, about 19 members of the band knelt, while about another two held the American flag during the national anthem at the beginning of the football game against the University of Central Florida. There have been almost no such incidents involving college football players, for the simple reason that college players and coaches are typically in the locker room when the anthem is played. There has been at least one exception to the rule, however. During a September 2016 away game at Northwestern, where players are traditionally on the field during the anthem,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19743784", "score": "0.9683288", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "U.S. national anthem protests", "text": "Cup of Hockey tournament in Toronto, Canada, Team USA coach John Tortorella told in an interview that if any one of his players were to sit out during the anthem, they would sit on the bench for the entire duration of the game. U.S. national anthem protests Protests during the playing of the United States national anthem have had many causes, including civil rights, anti-conscription and anti-war, anti-nationalism, and religious reservations. \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" was adopted as the official national anthem by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19793068", "score": "0.96761507", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "The Star-Spangled Banner", "long_answer": "When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932, there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing. On June 22, 1942, the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing, while others should simply stand at attention, men removing their hats. (The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem, but not if the flag was not present.) On December 23, 1942 the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played. That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed. Those in uniform were required to salute. On July 7, 1976, the law was simplified. Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts, men removing their hats, irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting. On August 12, 1998, the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions, but differentiating between \"those in uniform\" and \"members of the Armed Forces and veterans\" who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed. Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegence versus the National Anthem, throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem, and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand (or hat) over their heart. After 9/11, the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal. ", "chunked_long_answer": "When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932, there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing. On June 22, 1942, the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing, while others should simply stand at attention, men removing their hats. (The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem, but not if the flag was not present.) On December 23, 1942 the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention", "short_answers": [ "June 22, 1942" ] }

[ "Dolley Madison" ]

[ { "title": "First Lady of the United States", "text": "Dolley Madison popularized the First Ladyship by engaging in efforts to assist orphans and women, by dressing in elegant fashions and attracting newspaper coverage, and by risking her life to save iconic treasures during the War of 1812. Madison set the standard for the ladyship and her actions were the model for nearly every First Lady until Eleanor Roosevelt in the 1930s. She traveled widely and spoke to many groups, often voicing personal opinions to the left of the president's. She authored a weekly newspaper column and hosted a radio show. Jacqueline Kennedy led an effort to redecorate and restore", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "First Ladies and Gentlemen of India", "text": "first lady from 1974 to 1977, further expanded the public role of the First Lady's position by organizing ceremonies and official functions at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Before Pratibha Patil was sworn in as the first female President of India, the role of the wives of the President were to act as the chief hostess of the Bhavan. In 2007, the office room meant for the First Lady went for some minor changes to accommodate the husband of Pratibha Patil, Devisingh Shekhawat, the country's inaugural \"First Gentleman\". Former First Lady Suvra Mukherjee, the wife of President Pranab Mukherjee, died in office", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18975387", "score": "1.2223269", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "1977 National Women's Conference", "text": "link her political influence with the traditional roles and responsibilities of the position of First Lady. During President Johnson's second inauguration, she became the first wife to hold the Bible while her husband was sworn in. During her term as First Lady, she focused on beautification of natural areas which stemmed from a lifelong love of nature. Betty Ford took the office of First Lady in 1974 following the resignation of President Richard Nixon, and would spend the rest of her term pushing for greater rights for women. She was an advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment and campaigned for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13067386", "score": "1.2149577", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "First Lady", "text": "qualified to take the title as they are not married yet. Instead, he named his daughter, Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte, as First Lady. In 1994, Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori officially named his daughter Keiko \"First Lady\", after he had separated from his wife Susana Higuchi. After taking office as Puerto Rico's first female governor, Governor Sila Maria Calderón appointed her two daughters, Sila María González Calderón and María Elena González Calderón, to serve as First Ladies. Evo Morales, the president of Bolivia, is single, so his sister, Esther Morales Ayma, fulfills the role of First Lady. Following the leadership", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1680836", "score": "1.1786437", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "First Lady", "text": "another woman, such as the President's daughter, has filled the duties of First Lady as hostess in the White House, if the President's wife was unwilling, unable, or if the President was a widower or bachelor. Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor President James Buchanan was the first non-spouse to be called First Lady. South Korean President Park Geun-hye has been referred to as First Lady to former President Park Chung-hee, who is her father. The title was bestowed upon her after her mother's assassination. The title was also officially bestowed on Victoria Quirino-Delgado, the daughter of widower Elpidio Quirino (1948–53),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1680834", "score": "1.1729271", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "First Lady of the United States", "text": "the United States to other nations. When Edith Wilson took control of her husband's schedule in 1919 after he had a debilitating stroke, one Republican senator labeled her \"the Presidentress who had fulfilled the dream of the suffragettes by changing her title from First Lady to Acting First Man.\" The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States (SLOTUS), but this title is much less common. Several women (at least thirteen) who were not presidents' wives have served as First Lady, as when the president was a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "135462", "score": "1.1661952", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "First Lady of the United States", "text": "First Lady of the United States The First Lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is the title held by the hostess of the White House, usually the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the President's term in office. Although the First Lady's role has never been codified or officially defined, she figures prominently in the political and social life of the nation. Since the early 20th century, the First Lady has been assisted by official staff, now known as the Office of the First Lady and headquartered in the East Wing of the White House. Melania", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "135455", "score": "1.164426", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "First Lady of the United States", "text": "position in American society. The role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House. She organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four successive main themes of the first ladyship: as public woman (1900–1929); as political celebrity (1932–1961); as political activist (1964–1977); and as political interloper (1980–2001). Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital (New York and Philadelphia). This socializing became known as \"the Republican Court\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "135464", "score": "1.1634477", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Second Lady of the United States", "text": "and Jill Biden, wife of Joe Biden. The second lady's visibility in the public sphere has been a somewhat recent development. Although the role of the First Lady as White House hostess dates from the beginning of the republic (and was typically filled by another member of the president's family if the president was unmarried or a widower), with a few exceptions, it was generally not until the late 20th century and early 21st century that vice-presidential wives took on public roles that attracted significant media attention. In one notable exception, Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15530211", "score": "1.1624082", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "First Lady", "text": "the Land.\" Once Harriet Lane was called \"first lady\", the term was applied retrospectively to her predecessors. The title first gained nationwide recognition in 1877, when Mary C. Ames wrote an article in the New York City newspaper \"The Independent\" describing the inauguration of President Rutherford B. Hayes. She used the term to describe his wife, Lucy Webb Hayes. While historically the term has generally been used to refer to the wife of a president, there were occasions when another woman, such as the President's daughter, has filled the duties of First Lady as hostess in the White House, if", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1680830", "score": "1.1589226", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "First Lady", "text": "Prensa\" also called her \"\"primera dama\"\" when writing about her activities. In the early days of the United States, there was no generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles as \"Lady\". One of the earliest uses of the term \"first lady\" was applied to Martha Washington in a profile by Mrs. C. H. Sigourney in 1838: Mrs. Sigourney, discussing how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband George became president, wrote that \"The first lady of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1680828", "score": "1.1584051", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "First Lady of the United States", "text": "Julia Grant, Lucy Webb Hayes, Lucretia Garfield, Mary Arthur McElroy, and Rose Cleveland were all alive and the period from March 4 to June 25, 1889, when Priscilla Cooper Tyler, Julia Gardiner Tyler, Sarah Childress Polk, Harriet Lane, Julia Grant, Lucy Webb Hayes, Lucretia Garfield, Mary Arthur McElroy, Rose Cleveland, and Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston were alive. First Lady of the United States The First Lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is the title held by the hostess of the White House, usually the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the President's term in office. Although", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "135474", "score": "1.1577904", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "First Ladies and Gentlemen of India", "text": "to the post of president on 25th July 2017. Rajvanshi Devi, wife of India's first president, was the country's first First Lady from 1950 until 1962. Devi kept a very low profile during this era and did not attend public events with President Rajendra Prasad. Saraswati Bai, wife of the country's fourth president, V. V. Giri, was the first First Lady to take a more public role. Bai's role marked a change from the lower profile of her predecessors. She attended and hosted public events and became a recognizable figure to the Indian public. Her successor, Begum Abida Ahmed, India's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18975386", "score": "1.1535091", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Second Lady of the United States", "text": "was a central figure in the Petticoat Affair, a social-political scandal which involved the social ostracism of Secretary of War John H. Eaton and his wife Margaret O'Neill Eaton further damaging already-strained relations between Vice President Calhoun and President Andrew Jackson. Pat Nixon, wife of Vice President Richard Nixon, was the first Second Lady to add a great deal of substance to the role of the Vice President's wife. When Nixon assumed the position in 1953, the role's only official function was to preside over the once-annual Senate Ladies Luncheon. Instead, Nixon launched her own initiatives, sensing great opportunities that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15530212", "score": "1.1527233", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Second Lady of the United States", "text": "President from 1789 to 1797 and then second President from 1797 to 1801. The last to do this was Barbara Bush, who was married to George H. W. Bush, who was the 43rd Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and then 41st President from 1989 to 1993. The current Second Lady is Karen Pence, who is married to Mike Pence, who has been the 48th Vice President in Donald Trump's administration since January 20, 2017. There are four living former second ladies: Marilyn Quayle, wife of Dan Quayle; Tipper Gore, wife of Al Gore; Lynne Cheney, wife of Dick Cheney;", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15530210", "score": "1.1508423", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "First Lady", "text": "Park Chung-hee's wife, Yuk Young-soo, was assassinated on August 15, 1974, and his daughter, Park Geun-hye assumed the First Lady. The term \"first lady\" is used by the wife of the President of the Republic of China. The wife of the current president uses the term \"first lady\". In American media, the term First Lady is often applied to the wife of a head of state in any country, irrespective of whether a different appellation (or none) is used in that country. For example, in 1902, the U.S. publication \"Munsey's Magazine\" said of the wife of Canadian Governor General the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1680826", "score": "1.1432238", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "First Lady of the United States", "text": "duties as hostess of the White House, and is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House. The First Lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff, press secretary, White House Social Secretary, and Chief Floral Designer. The Office of the First Lady is an entity of the White House Office, a branch of the Executive Office of the President. When First Lady Hillary Clinton decided to pursue a run for Senator of New York, she set aside her duties as first lady and moved to Chappaqua, New York to establish state", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "135469", "score": "1.1418139", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "First Lady of the United States", "text": "Trump is the current First Lady of the United States, and wife of 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump. While the title was not in general use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington, the first U.S. President (1789–1797), is considered to be the inaugural First Lady of the United States. During her lifetime, she was often referred to as \"Lady Washington\". Since the 1790s, the role of First Lady has changed considerably. It has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "135456", "score": "1.1412413", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Second Lady of the United States", "text": "fell out of favor, but was revived in the 1980s. During the 1990s the title was again abandoned, in favor of \"wife of the Vice President\", but was later resurrected during the administration of Barack Obama. Its use was continued by the administration of Donald Trump, although Donald Trump himself said, during his presidency, that he had never heard the term. Fourteen Second Ladies have gone on to become First Lady of the United States during their husband's terms as President. The first to do this was Abigail Adams, who was married to John Adams, who was the first Vice", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15530209", "score": "1.1375526", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Maggie Kernan", "text": "became the first Democratic presidential candidate to win Indiana since 1964. Maggie Kernan Maggie McCullough Kernan is a former First Lady of the State of Indiana, having served in that role from September 13, 2003 to January 10, 2005, during the administration of her husband Governor Joe Kernan. Prior to her time as First Lady, Kernan worked as an executive at 1st Source bank and was active in numerous community initiatives in her hometown of South Bend, Indiana. For years Kernan was a volunteer with Dream Team for Unity, a mentoring program for students in the South Bend Public Schools", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19921342", "score": "1.1300607", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "First Lady of Sri Lanka", "text": "after his presidency. Thereafter, during the presidency of Ranasinghe Premadasa, his wife Madam Hema Premadasa as she was referred to, took on a very viable role and became a public figure unlike before. Wimalawathi Kumarihami, the wife of the president D. B. Wijethunge was mentioned as the first lady that the public has never seen. Mrs Chandrika Kumaratunga who was President from 1994 to 2005 was a widower as her husband, film star Vijaya Kumaratunga, was killed in 1987 and she was the first female President of Sri Lanka. When Mahinda Rajapaksa became president, his wife Shiranthi Rajapaksa took a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18314353", "score": "1.1254728", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "First Lady of the United States", "text": "as White House hostess. There are four living former first ladies: Rosalynn Carter, wife of Jimmy Carter; Hillary Clinton, wife of Bill Clinton; Laura Bush, wife of George W. Bush; and Michelle Obama, wife of Barack Obama. , the only former First Lady who has run for or held public office is Hillary Clinton. The use of the title \"First Lady\" to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "135458", "score": "1.1253296", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Office of the First Lady of the United States", "text": "Under Rosalynn Carter, the First Lady's staff became known as the Office of the First Lady. She organized the office into four major departments: projects and community liaison, press and research, schedule and advance, and social and personal; and was the first to add a Chief of Staff. She was the first to move her own work office into the East Wing. Office of the First Lady of the United States The Office of the First Lady of the United States is the staff accountable to the First Lady of the United States. The office and its responsibilities, while not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10103520", "score": "1.1229542", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Edith Roosevelt", "text": "institutional change when she hired Isabelle \"Belle\" Hagner as the first social secretary to serve a First Lady. Hagner's initial assignment was to plan Alice Roosevelt's debut in 1902. Edith soon began to rely on Hagner and authorized her to release photos of the first family in hopes of avoiding unauthorized candids. Edith built on the First Lady's long history of entertaining visitors and made the First Lady the nation's hostess. She expanded the number of social events held at the White House, ensured her parties were not outshone by the parties of Cabinet wives, and worked to make Washington", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2470721", "score": "1.1223705", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Edith Roosevelt", "text": "Edith Roosevelt Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt (August 6, 1861 – September 30, 1948) was the second wife of President Theodore Roosevelt and served as the First Lady of the United States during his presidency from 1901 to 1909. She also served as the Second Lady of the United States in 1901. Roosevelt was the first First Lady to employ a full-time, salaried social secretary. Her tenure resulted in the creation of an official staff, and her formal dinners and ceremonial processions served to elevate the position of First Lady. Edith was born in Norwich, Connecticut, to merchant Charles Carow (1825–1883)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2470713", "score": "1.1215112", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Grace Coolidge", "text": "Grace Coolidge Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge (January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957) was the wife of the 30th President of the United States, Calvin Coolidge. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929 and the Second Lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923. She graduated from the University of Vermont in 1902 with a bachelor of arts degree in teaching and joined the Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech in Northampton, Massachusetts to teach deaf children to communicate by lip reading, rather than by signing. She met Calvin Coolidge in 1904, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2470496", "score": "1.1199219", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis", "text": "her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to design her wardrobe. She was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary, Pamela Turnure, and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed. Kennedy was portrayed by the media as the ideal woman, leading academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she \"created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors\". Nevertheless, the First Lady attracted worldwide positive public attention and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "741838", "score": "1.1190048", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "First Lady of Zambia", "text": "First Lady of Zambia The First Lady of Zambia is the title attributed to the wife of the President of Zambia. Zambia's current First Lady is Esther Lungu, who has held the office since 25 January 2015. The First Lady of Zambia plays the ceremonial role of the spouse of the head of state, but has often expanded their influence beyond that. For example, the wife of the country's founding president, Betty Kaunda, was viewed as the mother of the nation and known as \"Mama Kaunda.\" Maureen Mwanawasa used her platform as First Lady to be a strong advocate for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16682787", "score": "1.1183634", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Janet Jagan", "text": "Jagan became First Lady. She represented Guyana at the United Nations for three months in 1993, temporarily replacing Rudy Insanally when the latter was President of the United Nations General Assembly. After Cheddi Jagan's death, Janet Jagan was sworn in as Prime Minister as well as First Vice President on March 17, 1997. Jagan was the presidential candidate of the PPP in the December 1997 election. The PPP won the election, making Jagan the first female President of Guyana, as well as the country's first Jewish and first U.S.-born leader. She was also the third woman elected in her own", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3748479", "score": "1.1177632", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "First Lady of the United States", "text": "by drugs. Near the end of her husband's presidency, Clinton became the first First Lady to run for political office. During the campaign, her daughter, Chelsea, took over much of the First Lady's role. Victorious, Clinton served as U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, when she resigned in order to become President Obama's Secretary of State until 2013. Clinton was the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 2016 election, but lost to Donald Trump. The Office of the First Lady of the United States is accountable to the First Lady for her to carry out her", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "135468", "score": "1.1171626", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "First Lady of the United States", "long_answer": "Dolley Madison popularized the First Ladyship by engaging in efforts to assist orphans and women, by dressing in elegant fashions and attracting newspaper coverage, and by risking her life to save iconic treasures during the War of 1812. Madison set the standard for the ladyship and her actions were the model for nearly every First Lady until Eleanor Roosevelt in the 1930s. She traveled widely and spoke to many groups, often voicing personal opinions to the left of the president's. She authored a weekly newspaper column and hosted a radio show. Jacqueline Kennedy led an effort to redecorate and restore the White House.", "chunked_long_answer": "Dolley Madison popularized the First Ladyship by engaging in efforts to assist orphans and women, by dressing in elegant fashions and attracting newspaper coverage, and by risking her life to save iconic treasures during the War of 1812. Madison set the standard for the ladyship and her actions were the model for nearly every First Lady until Eleanor Roosevelt in the 1930s. She traveled widely and spoke to many groups, often voicing personal opinions to the left of the president's. She authored a weekly newspaper column and hosted a radio show. Jacqueline Kennedy led an effort to redecorate and restore", "short_answers": [ "Dolley Madison" ] }

[ "smen" ]

[ { "title": "Middle-Eastern cuisine", "text": "Butter and clarified butter (also known as smen) are, traditionally, the preferred medium of cooking. Olive oil is prevalent in the Mediterranean coastal areas. Christians use it during Lent, when meat and dairy products are excluded, and Jews use it in place of animal fats such as butter to avoid mixing meat and dairy products.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Butter", "text": "play by the Greek comic poet Anaxandrides refers to Thracians as \"boutyrophagoi\", \"butter-eaters\". In his \"Natural History\", Pliny the Elder calls butter \"the most delicate of food among barbarous nations\", and goes on to describe its medicinal properties. Later, the physician Galen also described butter as a medicinal agent only. Historian and linguist Andrew Dalby says most references to butter in ancient Near Eastern texts should more correctly be translated as ghee. Ghee is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a typical trade article around the first century CE Arabian Sea, and Roman geographer Strabo describes it", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "566622", "score": "1.0535219", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Clarified butter", "text": "vacuum drying; or direct from cream by breaking the emulsion followed by centrifugation. Clarified butter has a higher smoke point () than regular butter (), and is therefore preferred in some cooking applications, such as sautéing. Clarified butter also has a much longer shelf life than fresh butter. It has negligible amounts of lactose and casein and is, therefore, acceptable to most who have a lactose intolerance or milk allergy. In South Asian cuisine and Arab cuisine, ghee is made by cooking clarified butter longer during the separation process in order to caramelize the milk solids, resulting in a nutty", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11329654", "score": "1.0264989", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Clarified butter", "text": "Clarified butter Clarified butter is milk fat rendered from butter to separate the milk solids and water from the butterfat. Typically, it is produced by melting butter and allowing the components to separate by density. The water evaporates, some solids float to the surface and are skimmed off, and the remainder of the milk solids sink to the bottom and are left behind when the butterfat (which would then be on top) is poured off. This butterfat is the clarified butter. Commercial methods of production also include direct evaporation, but may also be accomplished by decantation and centrifugation followed by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11329653", "score": "1.0092378", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Clarified butter", "text": "flavor when they are filtered out. Clarified butter Clarified butter is milk fat rendered from butter to separate the milk solids and water from the butterfat. Typically, it is produced by melting butter and allowing the components to separate by density. The water evaporates, some solids float to the surface and are skimmed off, and the remainder of the milk solids sink to the bottom and are left behind when the butterfat (which would then be on top) is poured off. This butterfat is the clarified butter. Commercial methods of production also include direct evaporation, but may also be accomplished", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11329655", "score": "0.9936987", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Ghee", "text": "spread, or as an addition on fava dishes. Regular samna is also made from cow milk in Egypt and is often yellowish. Ghee is also used by various peoples in the Horn of Africa. Tesmi (in Tigrinya language) is the clarified butter prepared in the country of Eritrea. The preparation is similar to that of ghee but the butter is oftentimes combined with garlic and other spices found native to the area. In Ethiopia, \"niter kibbeh\" is used in much the same way as ghee, but with spices added during the process that result in distinctive tastes. In North Africa,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1688716", "score": "0.99094665", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Butter", "text": "a sauce with butter: whisking cold butter into any water-based sauce at the end of cooking, giving the sauce a thicker body and a glossy shine—as well as a buttery taste. In Poland, the butter lamb (\"Baranek wielkanocny\") is a traditional addition to the Easter Meal for many Polish Catholics. Butter is shaped into a lamb either by hand or in a lamb-shaped mould. Butter is also used to make edible decorations to garnish other dishes. Butter is used for sautéing and frying, although its milk solids brown and burn above 150 °C (250 °F)—a rather low temperature for most", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "566640", "score": "0.9542923", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Butter", "text": "for another thousand years. An ancient method of butter making, still used today in parts of Africa and the Near East, involves a goat skin half filled with milk, and inflated with air before being sealed. The skin is then hung with ropes on a tripod of sticks, and rocked until the movement leads to the formation of butter. In the Mediterranean climate, unclarified butter spoils quickly— unlike cheese, it is not a practical method of preserving the nutrients of milk. The ancient Greeks and Romans seemed to have considered butter a food fit more for the northern barbarians. A", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "566621", "score": "0.9522637", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Butter", "text": "also be manufactured from the milk of other mammals, including sheep, goats, buffalo, and yaks. Salt (such as dairy salt), flavorings (such as garlic) and preservatives are sometimes added to butter. Rendering butter, removing the water and milk solids, produces clarified butter or \"ghee\", which is almost entirely butterfat. Butter is a water-in-oil emulsion resulting from an inversion of the cream, where the milk proteins are the emulsifiers. Butter remains a firm solid when refrigerated, but softens to a spreadable consistency at room temperature, and melts to a thin liquid consistency at . The density of butter is 911 grams", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "566607", "score": "0.95208704", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Butter", "text": "Butter Butter is a dairy product containing up to 80% butterfat (in commercial products) which is solid when chilled and at room temperature in some regions, and liquid when warmed. It is made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk to separate the butterfat from the buttermilk. It is generally used as a spread on plain or toasted bread products and a condiment on cooked vegetables, as well as in cooking, such as baking, sauce making, and pan frying. Butter consists of butterfat, milk proteins and water, and often added salt. Most frequently made from cow's milk, butter can", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "566606", "score": "0.9419285", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Ghee", "text": "Ghee Ghee is a class of clarified butter that originated from the Indian subcontinent. It is commonly used in Middle Eastern cuisine and cuisine of the Indian subcontinent, traditional medicine, and religious rituals. Ghee is typically prepared by simmering butter, which is churned from cream (traditionally made by churning dahi), skimming any impurities from the surface, then pouring and retaining the clear liquid fat while discarding the solid residue that has settled to the bottom. Spices can be added for flavor. The texture, color and taste of ghee depends on the quality of the butter, the milk source used in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1688706", "score": "0.9315393", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Butter", "text": "per Litre (0.950 lb per US pint). It generally has a pale yellow color, but varies from deep yellow to nearly white. Its natural, unmodified color is dependent on the source animal's feed and genetics, but the commercial manufacturing process commonly manipulates the color with food colorings like annatto or carotene. The word \"butter\" derives (via Germanic languages) from the Latin \"butyrum\", which is the latinisation of the Greek βούτυρον (\"bouturon\"). This may be a compound of βοῦς (\"bous\"), \"ox, cow\" + τυρός (\"turos\"), \"cheese\", that is \"cow-cheese\". The word \"turos\" (\"cheese\") is attested in Mycenaean Greek. The unlatinized form", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "566608", "score": "0.9314089", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Butter", "text": "is found in the name butyric acid, a compound found in rancid butter and dairy products such as Parmesan cheese. In general use, the term \"butter\" refers to the spread dairy product when unqualified by other descriptors. The word commonly is used to describe puréed vegetable or seed and nut products such as peanut butter and almond butter. It is often applied to spread fruit products such as apple butter. Fats such as cocoa butter and shea butter that remain solid at room temperature are also known as \"butters\". Non-dairy items that have a dairy-butter consistency may use \"butter\" to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "566609", "score": "0.9276787", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Pastry", "text": "unclarified butter does not work well because of its water content; clarified butter, which is virtually water-free, is better, but shortcrust pastry using only butter may develop an inferior texture. If the fat is melted with hot water or if liquid oil is used, the thin oily layer between the grains offers less of an obstacle to gluten formation and the resulting pastry is tougher. The European tradition of pastry-making is often traced back to the shortcrust era of flaky doughs that were in use throughout the Mediterranean in ancient times. In the ancient Mediterranean, the Romans, Greeks and Phoenicians", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "762095", "score": "0.9259423", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Butter", "text": "applications. The smoke point of butterfat is around 200 °C (400 °F), so clarified butter or ghee is better suited to frying. Ghee has always been a common frying medium in India, where many avoid other animal fats for cultural or religious reasons. Butter fills several roles in baking, where it is used in a similar manner as other solid fats like lard, suet, or shortening, but has a flavor that may better complement sweet baked goods. Many cookie doughs and some cake batters are leavened, at least in part, by creaming butter and sugar together, which introduces air bubbles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "566641", "score": "0.9234065", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Butter churn", "text": "Butter churn A butter churn is a device used to convert cream into butter. This is done through a mechanical process, frequently via a pole inserted through the lid of the churn, or via a crank used to turn a rotating device inside the churn. The word “butter” is believed to be derived from the Greek word bou-tyron, the approximate meaning of which is “cow cheese”. However, some believe the word came from the Scythian culture, as the ancient Greeks tended to herd sheep and goats, whose milk is not as good for butter making as that of cows, which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4572320", "score": "0.91886187", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Butter", "text": "and then allowing it to cool; after settling, the remaining components separate by density. At the top, whey proteins form a skin, which is removed. The resulting butterfat is then poured off from the mixture of water and casein proteins that settle to the bottom. Ghee is clarified butter that has been heated to around 120 °C (250 °F) after the water evaporated, turning the milk solids brown. This process flavors the ghee, and also produces antioxidants that help protect it from rancidity. Because of this, ghee can keep for six to eight months under normal conditions. Cream may be", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "566619", "score": "0.90434575", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Butter lamb", "text": "Butter lamb The butter lamb, also known as a buttered lamb, is a traditional butter sculpture accompanying the Easter meal for many Russian, Slovenian and Polish Catholics. Butter is shaped into a lamb either by hand or in a lamb-shaped mold. It is also sold at delis, Polish specialty markets, and some general grocery stores at Easter time. The butter lamb is a particular tradition in Buffalo, New York's Broadway Market thanks to Malczewski's Butter Lambs who has kept the Polish tradition alive for decades. Many people flock to the famous Broadway market to buy butter lambs as an annual", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6512681", "score": "0.8963513", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Butter", "text": "brine are added to salted butter during processing. In addition to enhanced flavor, the addition of salt acts as a preservative. The amount of butterfat in the finished product is a vital aspect of production. In the United States, products sold as \"butter\" must contain at least 80% butterfat. In practice, most American butters contain slightly more than that, averaging around 81% butterfat. European butters generally have a higher ratio—up to 85%. Clarified butter is butter with almost all of its water and milk solids removed, leaving almost-pure butterfat. Clarified butter is made by heating butter to its melting point", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "566618", "score": "0.8949337", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Buttermilk", "text": "Buttermilk Buttermilk is a dairy drink. Originally, buttermilk was the liquid left behind after churning butter out of cultured cream. This type of buttermilk is now specifically referred to as traditional buttermilk and the fermented dairy product is known as cultured buttermilk. Cultured buttermilk is common in warm climates (e.g., Afghanistan, the Balkans, India, the Middle East, Nepal, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and the Southern United States) where unrefrigerated fresh milk sours quickly, as well as in colder climates, such as Scandinavia, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, and the Czech Republic. This fermented dairy product, known", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1787560", "score": "0.89094836", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Ghee", "text": "(392 °F) and above that of most vegetable oils. The main flavor components of ghee are carbonyls, free fatty acids, lactones, and alcohols. Along with the flavor of milk fat, the ripening of the butter and temperature at which it is clarified also affect the flavor. For example, ghee produced by the clarification of butter at 100 °C or less results in a mild flavor, whereas batches produced at 120 °C produce a strong flavor. Ghee differs slightly in its production. The process of creating traditional clarified butter is complete once the water is evaporated and the fat (clarified butter)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1688712", "score": "0.887935", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Asian cuisine", "text": "Some popular dishes include kibbeh and shawarma. Cereals constitute the basis of the Middle Eastern diet, both historically and today. Wheat and rice are the major and preferred sources of staple foods. Barley is also widely used in the region and maize has become common in some areas as well. Bread is a universal staple, eaten in one form or another by all classes and groups practically at every meal. Butter and clarified butter (also known as samna) are, traditionally, the preferred medium of cooking. Olive oil is prevalent in the Mediterranean coastal areas. Christians use it during Lent, when", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2012753", "score": "0.8878787", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Manteiga-da-terra", "text": "Manteiga-da-terra Manteiga-de-garrafa (butter-in-a-bottle) or manteiga-da-terra (butter of the land) are terms in northeastern Brazil to refer to a clarified butter product, similar to Indian \"ghee\". The product is also known as \"manteiga de gado\" (ox butter) and \"manteiga de cozinha\" (kitchen butter). \"Manteiga de garrafa\" is a dairy product made from the cream of cows' milk. The cream is processed by physical agitation, as in a blender or beating by hand, followed by cooking at a temperature of to . Salt may also be added. Some recipes for making manteiga de garrafa include a step prior to cooking in which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13908458", "score": "0.8865882", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Ancient Greek cuisine", "text": "as a culinary trait of the Thracians of the northern Aegean coast, whom the Middle Comic poet Anaxandrides dubbed \"butter eaters\". Yet Greeks enjoyed other dairy products. \"pyriatē\" and Oxygala () were curdled milk products, similar to cottage cheese or perhaps to yogurt. Most of all, goat's and ewe's cheese ( \"tyros\") was a staple food. Fresh and hard cheese were sold in different shops; the former cost about two thirds of the latter's price. Cheese was eaten alone or with honey or vegetables. It was also used as an ingredient in the preparation of many dishes, including fish dishes.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7909677", "score": "0.88275564", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Leben (milk product)", "text": "Leben (milk product) The term leben, variously laban, lben () is used across the Arab World (Middle East and North Africa), to refer to a food or beverage of fermented milk. Generally, there are two main products known as \"leben\": in the Levant region, yogurt; and in Arabia and North Africa (Maghreb), buttermilk. The practice of intentionally allowing milk to sour has been known since ancient times and practiced by many cultures. Leben as a drink is traditionally prepared by allowing milk to ferment for around 24 hours, then churning and removing the butter. The remaining buttermilk can keep for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15806640", "score": "0.8767451", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Camel farming in Sudan", "text": "turned into butter (zibde) by shaking it in a goatskin or other container for about one hour. Through heating, zibde turns into zamin (clarified butter or ghee) which is then used as cooking fat or eaten with sorghum porridge or bread. The other milk product described by the Rashaida is madhur, made by boiling sour milk until it coagulates. The clotted substance is then drained through a piece of gauze, formed into balls and sun-dried. In this form milk stores for almost indefinite periods and can be reconstituted during droughts or the dry season by pulverizing and adding water. Since", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10143165", "score": "0.8748367", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Drawn butter", "text": "and flavored with vinegar, salt, pepper, capers, watercress, and so on. Drawn butter Drawn butter is melted butter, often served as a sauce for steamed seafood. Some cooks restrict the term to clarified butter; while others insist that it should not be clarified. When it is served with seafood, diners often add lemon juice to it. In the 18th century, a small amount of flour and water or milk was often added to melted butter to thicken it and prevent it from separating. Later in the 19th century, increasing amounts of flour and water were used. These sauces may themselves", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "573219", "score": "0.8706349", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Butter", "text": "acids, lactones, methyl ketones, diacetyl and dimethyl sulfide. When foods containing butter are baked, the concentrations of methyl ketones and lactones increase to provide the flavor of butter. Butter Butter is a dairy product containing up to 80% butterfat (in commercial products) which is solid when chilled and at room temperature in some regions, and liquid when warmed. It is made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk to separate the butterfat from the buttermilk. It is generally used as a spread on plain or toasted bread products and a condiment on cooked vegetables, as well as in cooking,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "566644", "score": "0.86810935", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Kashkaval", "text": "the suffix -kaval in the word kachkaval in the study, nor do the researchers mention the horse, the Latin term \"caballus\" or even the Italian term \"cavallo\" and instead refer to the seasonal movement of the semi nomadic Aromanians and their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures (transhumance). In Bulgaria, kashkaval (written as \"кашкавал\" in Bulgarian) is made from cow's milk and is known as Kashkaval \"Vitosha\" while a variation made from ewe's milk is called Kashkaval \"Balkan\". Kashkaval \"Preslav\" is the name given to the cheese made from a mixture of both milks. Kashkaval is a traditional food", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2595953", "score": "0.8672033", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Butter", "text": "airless, antiseptic and acidic environment of a peat bog. Firkins of such buried butter are a common archaeological find in Ireland; the National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology has some containing \"a grayish cheese-like substance, partially hardened, not much like butter, and quite free from putrefaction.\" The practice was most common in Ireland in the 11th–14th centuries; it ended entirely before the 19th century. Like Ireland, France became well known for its butter, particularly in Normandy and Brittany. By the 1860s, butter had become so in demand in France that Emperor Napoleon III offered prize money for an inexpensive substitute", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "566626", "score": "0.8669685", "original_retrieval_index": 32 } ]

{ "title": "Middle-Eastern cuisine", "long_answer": "Butter and clarified butter (also known as smen) are, traditionally, the preferred medium of cooking. Olive oil is prevalent in the Mediterranean coastal areas. Christians use it during Lent, when meat and dairy products are excluded, and Jews use it in place of animal fats such as butter to avoid mixing meat and dairy products.", "chunked_long_answer": "Butter and clarified butter (also known as smen) are, traditionally, the preferred medium of cooking. Olive oil is prevalent in the Mediterranean coastal areas. Christians use it during Lent, when meat and dairy products are excluded, and Jews use it in place of animal fats such as butter to avoid mixing meat and dairy products.", "short_answers": [ "smen" ] }

[ "Phosphorus pentoxide" ]

[ { "title": "Phosphorus pentoxide", "text": "Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P4O10 (with its common name derived from its empirical formula, P2O5). This white crystalline solid is the anhydride of phosphoric acid. It is a powerful desiccant and dehydrating agent.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Benzo(c)fluorene", "text": "BaPeq, which equals the concentration of the compound, times the potency of the compound compared to benzo[\"a\"]pyrene (RPF). Although the concentrations measured of benzo[\"c\"]fluorene are quite low, when corrected for mutagenicity, benzo[\"c\"]fluorene is the most important PAH of those that were measured in terms of possible health risks. In one study, the Ames test was performed on benzo[\"c\"]fluorene. Two different strains were used, TA100 and TA98. One group of each strain had a rat liver fraction and one group did not. The difference between the TA100 and the TA98 strain is that the TA98 strain has a frameshift mutation, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19366684", "score": "0.8389641", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Bistriflimide", "text": "triflic acid (p\"K\" = 0.70, p\"K\"(rel. picric acid) = –11.4). Developing an IUPAC name for bistriflimide that indicates the structure and reactivity is challenging, and changes to current names have been proposed. The main difficulty arises from the ambiguous use of the word amide to mean an acylated (including sulfonylated) amine \"or\" the anionic form of an amine. Likewise, imide can refer to a bisacylated amine \"or\" a twice deprotonated amine. Thus, depending on the system used, there is ambiguity as to whether amide or imide is being used to refer to the parent acid or the anion. (The anion", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8840444", "score": "0.83762085", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Pyridine", "text": "\"azine\". However, systematic names for simple compounds are used very rarely; instead, heterocyclic nomenclature follows historically established common names. IUPAC discourages the use of \"azine\" in favor of \"pyridine\". The numbering of the ring atoms in pyridine starts at the nitrogen (see infobox). An allocation of positions by letter of the Greek alphabet (α-γ) and the substitution pattern nomenclature common for homoaromatic systems (\"ortho\", \"meta\", \"para\") are used sometimes. Here α (\"ortho\"), β (\"meta\"), and γ (\"para\") refer to the 2, 3, and 4 position, respectively. The systematic name for the pyridine derivatives is \"pyridinyl\", wherein the position of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "320505", "score": "0.83390015", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Perfluorotributylamine", "text": "it much more powerful. Perfluorotributylamine Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), also referred to as FC43, is a colorless liquid with the formula N(CF). The compound consists of three butyl groups connected to an amine center, in which all of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine. The compound is produced for the electronics industry, along with other perfluoroalkylamines. Unlike ordinary amines, perfluoroamines are nonbasic. It is prepared by electrofluorination of tributylamine using hydrogen fluoride as solvent and source of fluorine: The compound has two commercial uses. It is used as an ingredient in Fluosol, artificial blood. This application exploits the high solubility", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17726009", "score": "0.82559395", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "EMA401", "text": "the racemate drug to EMA401, was originally Compound 6, one of the 48 compounds of formula I. Compound 6 had higher binding affinity for ATR, compared to the other 48 compounds, with an IC value of 2.8 nM in a rabbit uterus binding assay. It was also inactive in the ATR binding assay at concentrations of 10-5 M, suggesting high selectivity for ATR. Example 47, the S-enantiomer of Compound 6 and later named EMA401, was at the time an unanalyzed compound of formula I. Compound 6, under the name PD-126,055, and five other ATR antagonists (PD-123,319, L-159,686, PD-121,981, L-161,638 and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17968867", "score": "0.8204983", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Triphenylphosphine oxide", "text": "atoms, e.g. phenols. Up to now, several modifications of PhPO have been found: For example, a monoclinic form crystalizes in the space group \"P\"2/\"c\" with Z = 4 and a = 15.066(1) Å, b = 9.037(2) Å, c = 11.296(3) Å, and β = 98.47(1)°. The orthorhombic modification crystallizes in the space group \"Pbca\" with Z = 4 and 29.089(3) Å, b = 9.1347(9), c = 11.261(1) Å. PhPO is a by-product of many useful reactions in organic synthesis including the Wittig, Staudinger, and Mitsunobu reactions. It is also formed when PPhCl is employed to convert alcohols into alkyl chlorides.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8694298", "score": "0.82028615", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Light-dependent reactions", "text": "of 680 nm, and it is therefore called P680. In PSI, it absorbs photons at 700 nm, and it is called P700. In bacteria, the special pair is called P760, P840, P870, or P960. Where \"P\" means pigment, and the number following it is the wavelength of light absorbed. If an electron of the special pair in the reaction center becomes excited, it cannot transfer this energy to another pigment using resonance energy transfer. In normal circumstances, the electron should return to the ground state, but, because the reaction center is arranged so that a suitable electron acceptor is nearby,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13691827", "score": "0.8200719", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Coenzyme Q10", "text": "Coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme Q, also known as ubiquinone, ubidecarenone, coenzyme Q, and abbreviated at times to CoQ , CoQ, or Q is a coenzyme that is ubiquitous in animals and most bacteria (hence the name ubiquinone). It is a 1,4-benzoquinone, where Q refers to the quinone chemical group and 10 refers to the number of isoprenyl chemical subunits in its tail. This fat-soluble substance, which resembles a vitamin, is present in all respiring eukaryotic cells, primarily in the mitochondria. It is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration, which generates energy in the form", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "953885", "score": "0.8198377", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Trimethylphosphine", "text": "Trimethylphosphine Trimethylphosphine is the organophosphorus compound with the formula P(CH), commonly abbreviated as PMe. This colorless liquid has a strongly unpleasant odor, characteristic of alkylphosphines. The compound is a common ligand in coordination chemistry. It is a pyramidal molecule with approximate \"C\" symmetry. The C–P–C bond angles are approximately 98.6°. The C–P–C bond angles are consistent with the notion that phosphorus predominantly uses the 3p orbitals for forming bonds and that there is little sp hybridization of the phosphorus atom. The latter is a common feature of the chemistry of phosphorus. As a result, the lone pair of trimethylphosphine has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9235442", "score": "0.81945395", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "PF-4840154", "text": "PF-4840154 PF-4840154 is pyrimidine derivative discovered by Pfizer at its Sandwich, Kent research center. The compound is a potent, selective activator of both the human (EC = 23 nM) and rat (EC = 97 nM) TRPA1 channels. This compound elicits nociception in a mouse model through TRPA1 activation. PF-4840154 is used as a reference agonist of the TRPA1 channel for in-vitro high-throughput screening purposes, and is superior to allyl isothiocyanate for this use. The TRPA1 channel is considered an attractive pain target based on the fact that TRPA1 knockout mice showed near complete attenuation of pain behaviors in some pre-clinical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15774040", "score": "0.817245", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "PH10 (drug)", "text": "through clinical studies, there is no objective or non-biased information available on this drug. It is not recognized as having gone through clinical trials on ClinicalTrials.gov in the United States. Pherin Pharmaceuticals only has two completed clinical trials that are recognized by the U.S. government -- both of which were for the drug PH94B. With the claim that this drug is between 60%-80% effective as an anti-depressive treatment, over the course of one week, it may be dangerous for individuals interested in research chemicals, as there is no evidence at this time to support their claims. Its toxicity is not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19285943", "score": "0.81638175", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Pyrrolidine", "text": "Pyrrolidine Pyrrolidine, also known as tetrahydropyrrole, is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH)NH. It is a cyclic secondary amine, also classified as a saturated heterocycle. It is a colourless liquid that is miscible with water and most organic solvents. It has a characteristic odor that has been described as \"ammoniacal, fishy, shellfish-like\". In addition to pyrrolidine itself, many substituted pyrrolidines are known. Pyrrolidine is produced by treatment of 1,4-butanediol with ammonia over an oxide catalyst. Many modifications of pyrrolidine are found in natural and synthetic chemistry. The pyrrolidine ring structure is present in numerous natural alkaloids such as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5283037", "score": "0.81512743", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Chemical nomenclature", "text": "could be the compound PbS. Because the S anion has a subscript of 2 in the formula (giving a 4− charge), the compound must be balanced with a 4+ charge on the Pb cation (lead is a transition metal, and can form cations with a 4+ or a 2+ charge). Thus, the compound is made of one Pb cation to every two S anions, the compound is balanced, and its name is written as lead(IV) sulfide. An older system – relying on Latin names for the elements – is also sometimes used to name Type II Ionic Binary Compounds. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6445905", "score": "0.813216", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Perfluorotributylamine", "text": "Perfluorotributylamine Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), also referred to as FC43, is a colorless liquid with the formula N(CF). The compound consists of three butyl groups connected to an amine center, in which all of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine. The compound is produced for the electronics industry, along with other perfluoroalkylamines. Unlike ordinary amines, perfluoroamines are nonbasic. It is prepared by electrofluorination of tributylamine using hydrogen fluoride as solvent and source of fluorine: The compound has two commercial uses. It is used as an ingredient in Fluosol, artificial blood. This application exploits the high solubility of oxygen and carbon", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17726006", "score": "0.8131666", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Pyr1", "text": "a specific inhibitor both \"in vitro\" and \"in cellulo\". Pyr1 can be described as a tetracyclic molecule with a simple structure. Its few radicals are widely expanded along the benzene rings, distinguishing a benzoyloxy group in the ninth carbon and two methyl radicals in carbon five and eleven. There is also a ketone group in carbon one and two hydrogen radicals in carbons two and six. Pyr 1 is a cell permeable competitive inhibitor of Lim Kinase (especially LIMK1). The latter is the enzyme that uses ATP to phosphorylate and inactivate the actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin. When cofilin is phosphorylated, it", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16910056", "score": "0.80925846", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Phenylacetylcarbinol", "text": "Phenylacetylcarbinol Phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC) is an organic compound that has two enantiomers, one with and one with S-configuration. (R)-PAC, which is commonly called -PAC, is known as a precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals such as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. (R)-PAC or (R)-(−)-phenylacetylcarbinol is identical to -PAC, referring to the outdated . (R)-PAC is the levo-rotating isomer of phenylacetylcarbinol. The IUPAC name of phenylacetylcarbinol is 1-hydroxy-1-phenylpropan-2-one. Synonyms are 1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-propanone and 1-Hydroxy-1-phenylacetone. (R)-PAC is widely synthesized by fermentation of benzaldehyde and dextrose. In this process, colonies of yeast (in particular, strains such as Candida utilis, Torulaspora delbrueckii, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae) are cultivated and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9470981", "score": "0.80839056", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Ubiquinol", "text": "coenzyme Q10 intake (in the Japanese diet). The following chart is a sample of the results. Ubiquinol is a benzoquinol and is the reduced product of ubiquinone also called coenzyme Q. Its tail consists of 10 isoprene units. The reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol occurs in Complexes I & II in the electron transfer chain. The Q cycle is a process that occurs in cytochrome b, a component of Complex III in the electron transport chain, and that converts ubiquinol to ubiquinone in a cyclic fashion. When ubiquinol binds to cytochrome b, the pKa of the phenolic group decreases so", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10228129", "score": "0.80643827", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Dihydroxyanthraquinone", "text": "important topical antipsoriatic drug anthralin, 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone, There are 28 ways of choosing two of the 8 possible hydrogens, but because of the four-fold symmetry of the 9,10-anthraquinone core there are only 10 distinct isomers. There are also many dihydroxy derivatives of other anthraquinones, such as 1,2-anthraquinone, 1,4-anthraquinone, and 2,6-anthraquinone. Dihydroxyanthraquinone A dihydroxyanthraquinone is any of several isomeric organic compounds with formula , formally derived from 9,10-anthraquinone by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl groups. Dihyroxyantraquinones have been studied since the early 1900s, and include some compounds of historical and current importance. The isomers differ in the position of the hydroxyl", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14246886", "score": "0.80582774", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Protactinium", "text": "trioxide and phosphoric anhydride. Heating to higher temperatures in an inert atmosphere decomposes Pa(PO) into the diphosphate PaPO, which is analogous to diphosphates of other actinides. In the diphosphate, the PO groups form pyramids of C symmetry. Heating PaPO in air to 1400 °C decomposes it into the pentoxides of phosphorus and protactinium. Protactinium(V) fluoride forms white crystals where protactinium ions are arranged in pentagonal bipyramids and coordinated by 7 other ions. The coordination is the same in protactinium(V) chloride, but the color is yellow. The coordination changes to octahedral in the brown protactinium(V) bromide and is unknown for protactinium(V)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "313358", "score": "0.8045399", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Anoxygenic photosynthesis", "text": "by the reaction center, P840 enters an excited state with a large negative reduction potential, and so readily donates the electron to bacteriochlorophyll 663 which passes it on down the electron chain. The electron is transferred through a series of electron carriers and complexes until it is used to reduce NAD. P840 regeneration is accomplished with the oxidation of sulfide ion from hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen or ferrous iron) by cytochrome c. Type II Reaction Centers Although the type II reaction centers are structurally and sequentially analogous to Photosystem II (PSII) in plant chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, known organisms that exhibit", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14053842", "score": "0.80378735", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Plastoquinone", "text": "Plastoquinone Plastoquinone (PQ) is an isoprenoid quinone molecule involved in the electron transport chain in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The most common form of plastoquinone, known as PQ-A or PQ-9, is a 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone molecule with a side chain of nine isoprenyl units. There are other forms of plastoquinone, such as ones with shorter side chains like PQ-3 (which has 3 isoprenyl side units instead of 9) as well as analogs such as PQ-B, PQ-C, and PQ-D, which differ in their side chains. The benzoquinone and isoprenyl units are both nonpolar, anchoring the molecule within the inner section of a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3980898", "score": "0.80251414", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Pyrithione", "text": "(pyridine-\"N\"-oxide and pyridine-2-thiol), both of which have p\"K\" > 8. It is only slightly soluble in water (2.5 g L) but is soluble in many organic solvents (including benzene, chloroform, dichloromethane, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and ethyl acetate) and slight solubility in others (diethyl ether, ethanol, methyl \"tert\"-butyl ether, and tetrahydrofuran). Pyrithione can be used as a source of hydroxyl radical in organic synthesis as it photochemically decomposes to HO and (pyridin-2-yl)sulfanyl radical. The conjugate base of pyrithione is an anion containing two donor atoms, a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom each bearing a negative formal charge; the nitrogen atom remains", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19895747", "score": "0.79756993", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Dihydroxyanthraquinone", "text": "Dihydroxyanthraquinone A dihydroxyanthraquinone is any of several isomeric organic compounds with formula , formally derived from 9,10-anthraquinone by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl groups. Dihyroxyantraquinones have been studied since the early 1900s, and include some compounds of historical and current importance. The isomers differ in the position of the hydroxyl groups, and of the carbonyl oxygens (=O) of the underlying anthraquinone. The unqualified term \"dihydroxyanthraquinone\" usually means a hydroxy derivative of 9,10-anthraquinone. The dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone functional group occurs widely in natural products, and is an important feature of the anthracycline antitumour antibiotics. In particular, 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone is the precursor for the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14246885", "score": "0.7970964", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "P123", "text": "P123 Pluronic P123 is a symmetric triblock copolymer comprising poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) in an alternating linear fashion, PEO-PPO-PEO. The unique characteristic of PPO block, which is hydrophobic at temperatures above 288 K and is soluble in water at temperatures below 288 K, leads to the formation of micelle consisting of PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymers. Some studies report that the hydrophobic core contains PPO block, and a hydrophilic corona consists of PEO block. In 30wt% aqueous solution Pluronic P123 forms a cubic gel phase. The nominal chemical formula of P123 is HO(CHCHO)(CHCH(CH)O)(CHCHO)H, which corresponds to a molecular weight", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11990447", "score": "0.7962674", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Pyr1", "text": "confer not only anticancer properties but also the capacity to prevent metastasis to the molecule. Pyr1 is classified as a small molecule that belongs to the group of pyridocarbazoles. Its small size gives it special properties: as a light molecule it is a valuable tool for studying dynamic biological processes. Therefore, it is a key discovery in medical and biological investigation. It is a high degree protein temporal controller, as it is able to interact in a few minutes or even seconds with molecules such as LIMK1. Its reversibility enables it to quickly activate and inhibit itself, making the molecule", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16910055", "score": "0.7955526", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "G418", "text": "G418 G418 (Geneticin) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic similar in structure to gentamicin B1. It is produced by \"Micromonospora rhodorangea\". G418 blocks polypeptide synthesis by inhibiting the elongation step in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Resistance to G418 is conferred by the neo gene from Tn5 encoding an aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase, APT 3' II. G418 is an analog of neomycin sulfate, and has similar mechanism as neomycin. G418 is commonly used in laboratory research to select genetically engineered cells (typically using the KanMX selectable marker). In general for bacteria and algae concentrations of 5 μg/mL or less are used, for mammalian cells", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10157793", "score": "0.79523456", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Pyrrolidine", "text": "nicotine and hygrine. It is found in many drugs such as procyclidine and bepridil. It also forms the basis for the racetam compounds (\"e.g.\" piracetam, aniracetam). The amino acids proline and hydroxyproline are, in a structural sense, derivatives of pyrrolidine. Pyrrolidine is a base. Its basicity is typical of other dialkyl amines. Relative to many secondary amines, pyrrolidine is distinctive because of its compactness, a consequence of its cyclic structure. Pyrrolidine is used as a building block in the synthesis of more complex organic compounds. It is used to activate ketones and aldehydes toward nucleophilic addition by formation of enamines:", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5283036", "score": "0.79522955", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Chemical substance", "text": "the mild pain-killer Naproxen is the more common name for the chemical compound (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid. Chemists frequently refer to chemical compounds using chemical formulae or molecular structure of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the scientific literature by professional chemists around the world. An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through the chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of May 2011, about sixty million chemical compounds are known. The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9786650", "score": "0.79371214", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Chemical nomenclature", "text": "is named as if it were an anion (root name of the element + \"-ide\" suffix). Then, prefixes are used to indicate the numbers of each atom present: these prefixes are \"mono-\" (one), \"di-\" (two), \"tri-\" (three), \"tetra-\" (four), \"penta-\" (five), \"hexa-\" (six), \"hepta-\" (seven), \"octa-\" (eight), \"nona-\" (nine), and \"deca-\" (ten). The prefix \"mono-\" is never used with the first element. Thus, NCl is called nitrogen trichloride, PO is called diphosphorus pentoxide (the \"a\" of the \"penta-\" prefix is dropped before the vowel for easier pronunciation), and BF is called boron trifluoride. Carbon dioxide is written CO; sulfur tetrafluoride", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6445909", "score": "0.79313576", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Phosphorus pentoxide", "long_answer": "Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P4O10 (with its common name derived from its empirical formula, P2O5). This white crystalline solid is the anhydride of phosphoric acid. It is a powerful desiccant and dehydrating agent.", "chunked_long_answer": "Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P4O10 (with its common name derived from its empirical formula, P2O5). This white crystalline solid is the anhydride of phosphoric acid. It is a powerful desiccant and dehydrating agent.", "short_answers": [ "Phosphorus pentoxide" ] }

[ "The Cornett family" ]

[ { "title": "Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park", "text": "The Cornett family has been making improvements to the park to enhance and improve its entertainment, hiking, canoeing, camping and other activities. The park offers varied camping options including primitive camping, RV camping and furnished park models. A tree house is also available for different occasions and events.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park", "text": "Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park The Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park is located in North Central Florida, in Suwannee County, United States. Situated on the banks of the historic Suwannee River, the park consists of over 800 acres (2.4 km²) of camping areas, concert venues, recreational facilities and unspoiled forests. The park hosts numerous major events each year, including Suwannee Hulaween, the AURA Music and Arts Festival, Suwannee River Jam, the Magnoliafest, Wanee Music Festival, Blackwater Music Festival, Purple Hatter's Ball, and Suwannee Springfest. Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park, nestled in Live Oak, Florida, with 3 miles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9439340", "score": "1.5718857", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park", "text": "to the park to enhance and improve its entertainment, hiking, canoeing, camping and other activities. The park offers varied camping options including primitive camping, RV camping and furnished park models. A tree house is also available for different occasions and events. Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park The Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park is located in North Central Florida, in Suwannee County, United States. Situated on the banks of the historic Suwannee River, the park consists of over 800 acres (2.4 km²) of camping areas, concert venues, recreational facilities and unspoiled forests. The park hosts numerous major events each", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9439342", "score": "1.5679958", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Suwannee Hulaween", "text": "that Suwannee used RFID chipped wristbands. Suwannee Hulaween Suwannee Hulaween is an annual music and camping festival over Halloween weekend, featuring the Spirit Lake® visual arts extravaganza, taking place at The Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park in Live Oak, FL and is hosted by The String Cheese Incident. The festival, hosted by The String Cheese Incident and produced by Silver Wrapper and Purple Hat Productions, is held outdoors on five stages and allows the attendees to camp onsite for the weekend. The Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park campground is over 800 acres and offers a wide range of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19710514", "score": "1.4920461", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Suwannee Hulaween", "text": "Suwannee Hulaween Suwannee Hulaween is an annual music and camping festival over Halloween weekend, featuring the Spirit Lake® visual arts extravaganza, taking place at The Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park in Live Oak, FL and is hosted by The String Cheese Incident. The festival, hosted by The String Cheese Incident and produced by Silver Wrapper and Purple Hat Productions, is held outdoors on five stages and allows the attendees to camp onsite for the weekend. The Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park campground is over 800 acres and offers a wide range of options for camping, RV with full", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19710501", "score": "1.4863473", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Wanee Music Festival", "text": "Wanee Music Festival Wanee Festival is an annual event held since 2005 at the Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park, in Live Oak, Florida. The festival was hosted by the Allman Brothers Band until 2014 and is managed by Live Nation. On November 5th, 2018 it was announced via the Wanee website that the festival would not be occurring at the Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park in 2019, citing the religious holidays of Easter and Passover as the reason the festival was cancelled. No plans for future Wanee Festivals have been announced. The festival, hosted by the Allman Brothers", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13820279", "score": "1.3514863", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "AURA Music and Arts Festival", "text": "for its 2nd and 3rd years in St. Cloud, but in 4th year was moved to its current home, the Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park. AURA currently hosts 5000+ patrons, artists and guests each year and continues to grow at a rate of about 25-30% annually, much of which can be attributed to its strong grass-roots marketing campaign and strong social reach. Marketing and publicity for the entire history of the event has been handled by Matthew Beck and Destiny Spang of Brotherly Love Productions. AURA Music and Arts Festival AURA Music and Arts Festival is an annual three-day,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19152266", "score": "1.2601928", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Suwannee Hulaween", "text": "hook ups to cabin rentals to primitive camping. The crowd can be considered a mix of young dance enthusiasts, older jam fans, Dead Heads and those in between. Attendees are encouraged to dress in costume befitting a Halloween dance party. Suwannee Hulaween roams between the five stages: the Main Stage (where The String Cheese Incident plays its three sets each evening, followed by additional headliners. The Amphitheater (another big venue and stage to accommodate additional headliners), The Patch (an additional stage the size of the amphitheater), Spirit Lake (home to the art installations and silent disco, and where the late", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19710502", "score": "1.2420995", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "David Gans (musician)", "text": "the Vibes, the High Sierra Music Festival, MagnoliaFest and the Suwannee SpringFest (both held annually at the Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park), Grateful Fest (in Nelson Ledges Quarry Park, Ohio), the Master Musicians Festival (in Somerset, Kentucky); the Terrapin Hill Music Festival (in Harrodsburg, Kentucky), Hookahville (in Ohio), the Sunshine Daydream Music Festival (in Terra Alta, West Virginia), the Berkeley (California) Free Folk Festival, and others. He has appeared in concert all over the country, from Seattle to Atlanta, Burlington to Phoenix. In 2002, Gans became one of the first independent musicians to release a DVD. \"Live at the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11775024", "score": "1.2133362", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Suwannee Hulaween", "text": "Marvel Years, Artifakts, Prophet Massive, Vlad The Inhaler, Wyllys, Willie Evans Jr., Lusid, Digital Sykline, Brox, Cry Havoc, Lady Miaou, Austen Van Der Bleek, Lava, Rocks 'N' Blunts, Ployd, Walley Meskel, Aurakull, Booty Boo 2016 was the first year the Suwannee park implemented a cap on the number of tickets sold. The cap was 20,000 tickets. The 2017 festival held October 27th – October 29th with a theme of \"Night of The Loving Dead\" featuring The String Cheese Incident (3 nights), Damian \"Jr. Gong\" Marley, Bassnectar, Ween, GRiZ, Run The Jewels, Nick Murphy (Chet Faker), RL Grime, Portugal. The Man,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19710511", "score": "1.1685104", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Suwannee Hulaween", "text": "explore the relationship between music and sound. The 2013 festival held October 31 – November 2 with a \"Voodoo\" theme featuring The String Cheese Incident (3 nights), STS9 (late night), Big Gigantic (late night), Emancipator, Conspirator, Steve Kimock & Friends, Suwannee Bluegrass Surprise, Brock Butler, Future Rock, Moon Taxi, Van Ghost, Jennifer Hartswick, Applebutter Express The 2014 festival held October 31st – November 2nd with a theme of \"The Afterlife\" featuring The String Cheese Incident (3 nights), Thievery Corporation, Big Gigantic, Beats Antique, The New Deal, Shpongle (Simon Posford DJ set), Joe Russo's Almost Dead, Emancipator, Greensky Bluegrass, The Dean", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19710505", "score": "1.1607869", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Suwannee Hulaween", "text": "night party swings until 5 am.), and finally the nearby Campground Stage (a terrific smaller spot presenting Florida-based bands). The lineup includes approximately 90-100 artists each year. As of 2014 Suwanee Hulaween has gone from a three-day to a four day long festival. Even though the official festival is only three days long, many festival goers arrive early for the Thursday Pre-party Kickoff. Which features a combination of less well known artists with a few bigger names thrown in there. The pre-party takes place the Thursday before the opening Friday of the festival. Suwannee Hulaween is generally held either on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19710503", "score": "1.1494343", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Suwannee River", "text": "Festival, SpringFest, and Wanee have been held annually in Live Oak, Florida, at the Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park, adjacent to the river. Performing artists have included Vassar Clements, Peter Rowan, David Grisman, Allman Brothers Band, and the String Cheese Incident. Suwannee River The Suwannee River (also spelled Suwanee River) is a major river that runs through South Georgia southward into Florida in the southern United States. It is a wild blackwater river, about long. The Suwannee River is the site of the prehistoric Suwanee Straits which separated peninsular Florida from the panhandle. The headwaters of the Suwanee River", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2653860", "score": "1.1455178", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Suwannee Hulaween", "text": "Ween Group, EOTO, Keller Williams & Friends, Conspirator, Future Rock, Suwannee Bluegrass Surprise, Nahko and Medicine for the People, Rising Appalachia, Rob Garza (DJ Set), Kung Fu, The Soul Rebels, Judah and the Lion, Van Ghost, The Heavy Pets, Ghost Owl featuring Perpetual Groove members Albert Matt and Adam, Greenhouse Lounge, Cope, Strung Like A Horse, Jonathan Scales Fourchestra, Shane Pruitt Band, Suenalo, Dustin Thomas, Billy Gilmore’s Jam, Grandpa’s Cough Medicine Beartoe and Post Pluto. 2014 introduced a Thursday (October 30th) night pre-party which hosted Electron (featuring Marc and Aaron of Conspirator and The Disco Biscuits, Mike Greenfield from Lotus,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19710506", "score": "1.130435", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "AURA Music and Arts Festival", "text": "AURA Music and Arts Festival AURA Music and Arts Festival is an annual three-day, music-driven festival, featuring jam, funk, rock, jazz, and livetronica performances, as well as musical workshops, activities, and other programs. Produced by AURA Music Group, LLC, AURA Music and Arts Festival has produced six festivals since 2010. The festival now takes place at the Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park in Live Oak, FL. Since its inception in 2010, AURA Music and Arts Festival has stayed true to its mission of showcasing the best regional and national touring bands in the underground jam community and live-electronic scene,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19152262", "score": "1.0969619", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park", "text": "Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park is a Florida State Park located in White Springs off U.S. 41, along the Suwannee River in north Florida. Stephen Foster is famous for having written the song \"Old Folks At Home,\" also known as \"Way Down Upon the Suwannee River.\" The song, referring nostalgically to \"home far, far away,\" is Florida's state song. Among the wildlife of the park are gopher tortoises, box turtles, American alligators, white-tailed deer, wood ducks, and a variety of birds. Activities include picnicking, hiking and bicycling, as well as horseback", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7142573", "score": "1.0571761", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park", "text": "is raising money to restore and preserve. Every year, the park hosts the Florida Folk Festival on Memorial Day weekend. Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays). Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park is a Florida State Park located in White Springs off U.S. 41, along the Suwannee River in north Florida. Stephen Foster is famous for having written the song \"Old Folks At Home,\" also known as \"Way Down Upon the Suwannee River.\" The song, referring nostalgically to \"home far, far", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7142576", "score": "1.0512542", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park", "text": "riding, canoeing, and wildlife viewing. Amenities include picnic tables, wooded trails, boat access to the Suwannee River, and riverside rental cabins. There is a craft shop which sells Floridian and Southeastern folk art and crafts. The Stephen Foster Museum honors the accomplishments of American composer Stephen Foster and features dioramas and exhibits about his famous songs, including \"Old Folks at Home\", more commonly known by the words of its first line as \"(Way Down Upon the) Swanee River.\" Honoring Foster, who never visited Florida, was the idea of Josiah K. Lilly, Sr., the son of Eli Lilly. He proposed the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7142574", "score": "1.0495715", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "311 (band)", "text": "and hosted other bands as well. 311 played their hit songs plus debuting two new tracks; \"Extension\" and \"Too Late\" while also covering Prince's \"Let's Go Crazy\". 311 hosted their first \"Pow Wow\" Festival from August 4 to August 6, 2011, at the Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park in Live Oak, FL. Along with 311, it featured DJ Trichome, Murs, SOJA, Deftones, DJ Soulman, The Movement, Full Service, Streetlight Manifesto, The Dirty Heads, Sublime with Rome, Shinobi Ninja, Ballyhoo!, The Supervillains, Ozomatli, G. Love & Special Sauce, and comedians Doug Benson and Graham Elwood. Along with fire performances by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1427856", "score": "1.0480448", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Suwannee County Airport", "text": "as further the education of the next generation of pilots. Suwannee County Airport Suwannee County Airport is a public-use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) west of the central business district of the city of Live Oak in Suwannee County, Florida, United States. The airport is publicly owned. The airport is host to the EAA Chapter 797 which currently operates many festivities in and around the airport. It is also home to the annual Wings Over Suwannee fly-in festival held during every Spring, which is a yearly event organized by several members of the EAA Chapter to expand the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12628723", "score": "1.0362952", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Suwannee River", "text": "miles (274 river kilometers), from Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park to the Gulf of Mexico. The Florida National Scenic Trail runs along the Suwannee River's western banks for approximately , from Deep Creek Conservation Area in Columbia County to Twin Rivers State Forest in Madison County. The Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge offers bird and wildlife observation, wildlife photography, fishing, canoeing, hunting, and interpretive walks. A driving tour is under construction, and several boardwalks and observation towers offer views of wildlife and habitat. In recent years, the Suwannee River has been the site of many music gatherings. Magnolia", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2653859", "score": "1.0343326", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Suwannee County Airport", "text": "Suwannee County Airport Suwannee County Airport is a public-use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) west of the central business district of the city of Live Oak in Suwannee County, Florida, United States. The airport is publicly owned. The airport is host to the EAA Chapter 797 which currently operates many festivities in and around the airport. It is also home to the annual Wings Over Suwannee fly-in festival held during every Spring, which is a yearly event organized by several members of the EAA Chapter to expand the local public's use and knowledge of the airport as well", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12628722", "score": "1.0240414", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Suwannee County, Florida", "text": "It is a publicly operated airport run by the county government that has a paved runway in excess of 4,000 feet, major aircraft maintenance, training, car rental, as well as selling 100LL aviation fuel from a manned FBO. There are also many private airparks scattered throughout the county. Suwannee County has one surviving railroad line. The primary one is a CSX line formerly owned by the Seaboard Air Line Railroad that served Amtrak's Sunset Limited until it was truncated to New Orleans in 2005 by Hurricane Katrina. Union Depot and Atlantic Coast Line Freight Station was Suwannee County's premiere railroad", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "818678", "score": "1.0237823", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Will McLean", "text": "Bob and Geri Mitchell, Pete Seeger, and Florida banjo player Paul Champion. McLean also wrote \"Osceola's Last Words\", a stirring tribute to the Seminole chief. Michael Peter Smith, with his wife Barbara Barrow, recorded the best-known version of this song. A weekend music festival is held every March at the Sertoma Youth Camp in Brooksville, Florida. The original festival was held in White Springs. In 2007, Florida film producer Elam Stoltzfus, in conjunction with the Will McLean Foundation, created a short film; \"Will McLean: Songs about Florida” for the festival. The College of Central Florida hosted “Hold Back the Waters:", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9086496", "score": "1.0221636", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Suwannee Hulaween", "text": "Halloween (if one of the days Thursday-Sunday falls on the 31st) or the weekend before. In addition to the headliners The String Cheese Incident, the festival has featured performances by past headliners My Morning Jacket, Bassnectar, Chance the Rapper, Ween, Odesza, STS9, Disclosure, Damian Marley, Portugal. The Man, Vince Staples, RL Grime, Rebelution, Joe Russo's Almost Dead, Primus, The Disco Biscuits, Pretty Lights, Run the Jewels, Umphrey's McGee, GRiZ, Big Gigantic, Claude Von Stroke, Thievery Corporation, EOTO, Dumpstaphunk, and Slightly Stoopid The 2018 festival featured the world's first virtual reality music stage called Soundscape VR, which allowed attendees to interactively", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19710504", "score": "1.0190003", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Suwannee County, Florida", "text": "Suwannee County, Florida Suwannee County is a county located in the state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 41,551. Its county seat is Live Oak. Suwannee County was a dry county until August 2011, when the sale of alcoholic beverages became legal in the county. Suwannee County was created in 1858, as railways were constructed through the area connecting it to Jacksonville, Tallahassee, and points north. It was named after the Suwannee River, which forms the county's northern, western, and much of its southern border. The word \"Suwannee\" may either be a corruption of the Spanish", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "818673", "score": "1.018219", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Suwannee River", "text": "and north Florida. Don Ameche starred as Foster in the fictional biographical film \"Swanee River\" (1939). When approaching the Suwannee River via several major highways, motorists are greeted with a sign which announces they are crossing the Historic Suwannee River, complete with the first line of sheet music from \"Old Folks at Home\". This is Florida's state song, designated as such in 1935. In 2008, its original lyrics were replaced with a politically correct version. There is a Foster museum and carillon tower at Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park in White Springs. The spring itself is called White", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2653857", "score": "1.0142322", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Okeechobee Music & Arts Festival", "text": "Okeechobee Music & Arts Festival The Okeechobee Music and Arts Festival (commonly referred to as Okeechobee) was an annual four-day music and arts festival produced by Soundslinger, LLC. The festival was held at the 600-acre property, Sunshine Grove in Okeechobee, Florida. The first Okeechobee Music and Arts Festival was held March 4–6, 2016. With artists such as Bassnectar, Skrillex, Kendrick Lamar, and Mumford & Sons, the festival drew around 32,000 attendees in its first year. The festival is produced by Soundslinger, LLC, an independent company founded by Steve Sybesma, formerly of Sunshine Promotions, Paul Peck formerly of Superfly (Bonnaroo Music", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19475108", "score": "1.010721", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Stephen C. Foster State Park", "text": "Stephen C. Foster State Park Stephen C. Foster State Park is an state park located in the Okefenokee Swamp in Charlton County, Georgia. the park offers visitors several ways to explore the swamp's unique ecosystem. In November 2016, the park was recognized as a Dark Sky park by the International Dark Sky Association. The state park includes 64 tents, trailer, RV campsites, nine cottages, an interpretive center, the 1.5-mile (2.5 km) Trembling Earth Nature Trail, 25 miles of day-use waterways, three picnic shelters and a pioneer campground Located 18 miles northeast of Fargo, the park's Suwannee River Visitor Center features", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8426356", "score": "1.0069691", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Suwannee, Florida", "text": "sites in the town. Suwannee, Florida Suwannee is an unincorporated community in Dixie County, Florida, United States. It is located on the Suwannee River near its mouth, at the southern end of the Big Bend region of Florida. It is 23 miles southwest of Old Town, to which it is connected by County Road 349. Suwannee is a fishing village, with a population of about 300. It caters for both freshwater fishing in the river and saltwater fishing in the Gulf of Mexico. The town is surrounded by the Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge. There is a canoe/kayak trail into", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15087735", "score": "1.0037", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park", "long_answer": "The Cornett family has been making improvements to the park to enhance and improve its entertainment, hiking, canoeing, camping and other activities. The park offers varied camping options including primitive camping, RV camping and furnished park models. A tree house is also available for different occasions and events.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Cornett family has been making improvements to the park to enhance and improve its entertainment, hiking, canoeing, camping and other activities. The park offers varied camping options including primitive camping, RV camping and furnished park models. A tree house is also available for different occasions and events.", "short_answers": [ "The Cornett family" ] }

[ "her husband Albert Brown", "Marie Van Brittan Brown" ]

[ { "title": "Marie Van Brittan Brown", "text": "Marie Van Brittan Brown (October 30, 1922 – February 2, 1999) was an African-American inventor, becoming the originator of the home security system (patent number 3,482,037) in 1966, along with her husband Albert Brown, a patent was granted in 1969. Brown was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York; she died there at the age of 76.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Security alarm", "text": "of an alarm. In some municipalities around the United States, this type of alarm verification allows the property it is protecting to be placed on a \"verified response\" list, allowing for quicker and safer police responses. The first video home security system was patented on December 2, 1969 to inventor Marie Brown. The system used television surveillance. To be useful, an intrusion alarm system is deactivated or reconfigured when authorized personnel are present. Authorization may be indicated in any number of ways, often with keys or codes used at the control panel or a remote panel near an entry. High-security", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4292364", "score": "1.1689188", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Edwin Holmes (inventor)", "text": "It became less expensive and more versatile for use in the 1980s and by the middle of the 1990s the system had become a standard feature. In the most advanced examples of anti-burglary systems, motion detectors, surveillance equipment and electronic tracking devices are being used. Edwin Holmes (inventor) Edwin Holmes (April 25, 1820 – 1901) was an American businessman who is credited with commercializing the electromagnetic burglar alarm and with establishing the first burglar alarm networks. Holmes was born in West Boylston, Massachusetts, to Sally Graves and Thomas Holmes. His father was from New Hampshire where he served as the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6064965", "score": "1.0906647", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Marie Van Brittan Brown", "text": "was not something Brown liked to do. Brown's system had a set of four peep-holes and a camera that could slide up and down to look at each one. Anything and everything the camera picked up would appear on a monitor. Also, a resident could unlatch the door by remote control. The system included a device that enabled a homeowner to use a television set to view the person at the door and hear the caller's voice. The home security system that she and her husband invented allowed the monitor to be in a different room, and all of this", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7282049", "score": "1.0760912", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Chuck Colby", "text": "Chuck Colby Chuck Colby is an electronics engineer and chief-inventor, founder and president of Colby Systems Corporation, a company that created the first DVR-based video surveillance systems but is also very notable as a pioneer in portable computing, being the first to market both DOS and Macintosh portable computers, as well as a remarkable number of other technological firsts. Colby's first invention was the Colby TR-2 transistor radio, which he designed at the precocious age of 12 and sold to family, friends and customers on his paper-route, and is possibly the first pocket transistor radio. At 15, he built for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16868839", "score": "1.0295548", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Edwin Holmes (inventor)", "text": "a new and bigger market Holmes moved his business to New York, which was then perceived as a place where \"all the country's burglars made their home\". There, by 1866 he installed 1,200 home alarms and began successful marketing among business enterprises. By 1877, he established the first network of alarms monitored by a central station in New York and sent his son to copy this system in Boston. Edwin Thomas, however, discovered that the network could use the pre-existing phone cables instead of laying its own. In this way, he quickly assembled a 700-alarm network, which his father then", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6064963", "score": "1.0233744", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Arthur Minasy", "text": "1949 and a master's degree in industrial engineering in 1952. Arthur Minasy Arthur Minasy (1925 – 9 May 1994) was an American inventor. His most famous invention was in 1966, when he invented surveillance tags that could be attached to items in stores to prevent shoplifting. The tag is removed by a cashier once it has been paid for. If the tag is not removed, an alarm is set off when the person leaves the store. Following the success of this, Minasy set up his own security company, The Knogo Corporation, which has produced numerous other security related items. Minasy", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12566903", "score": "1.0058365", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Arthur Minasy", "text": "Arthur Minasy Arthur Minasy (1925 – 9 May 1994) was an American inventor. His most famous invention was in 1966, when he invented surveillance tags that could be attached to items in stores to prevent shoplifting. The tag is removed by a cashier once it has been paid for. If the tag is not removed, an alarm is set off when the person leaves the store. Following the success of this, Minasy set up his own security company, The Knogo Corporation, which has produced numerous other security related items. Minasy graduated from New York University with an engineering degree in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12566902", "score": "1.0056405", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Philo Farnsworth", "text": "Philo Farnsworth Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor and television pioneer. He made many contributions that were crucial to the early development of all-electronic television. He is best known for his 1927 invention of the first fully functional all-electronic image pickup device (video camera tube), the \"image dissector\", as well as the first fully functional and complete all-electronic television system. Farnsworth developed a television system complete with receiver and camera which he produced commercially in the form of the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation from 1938 to 1951 in Fort Wayne, Indiana.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "535963", "score": "1.0054842", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Theodore Case", "text": "Theodore Case Theodore Willard Case (December 12, 1888 – May 13, 1944) was an American chemist, physicist, and inventor known for the invention of the Movietone sound-on-film sound film system. Case was born in Auburn, New York into a prominent family. Generations of the Cases lived on Genesee Street in Auburn, which eventually became the residence of Theodore Case's family. He attended St. John's Northwestern Military Academy and St. Paul's School before studying physics at Yale and Harvard University. On November 26, 1918, Case married Alice Gertrude Eldred. The couple would go on to have four children. While at Yale,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9525649", "score": "0.999583", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Home cinema", "text": "LaserDisc in the 1980s added new dimensions for home cinema. The first-known home cinema system was designed, built and installed by Steve J. LaFontaine as a sales tool at Kirshmans furniture store in Metairie, Louisiana in 1974. He built a special sound room which incorporated the earliest quadraphonic audio systems, and he modified Sony Trinitron televisions for projecting the image. Many systems were sold in the New Orleans area in the ensuing years before the first public demonstration of this integration occurred in 1982 at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago, Illinois. Peter Tribeman of NAD (U.S.) organized and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1538353", "score": "0.99712914", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "CGV – Compagnie Generale de Videotechnique", "text": "surveillance (CCTV) and Public address systems (CGV Systeme) joined the company in 2002. At present the development of new products is a joint venture with various small firms in the Far East. The first products invented were video adapters/RF modulators to let people connect a Game console to the aerial input of their TV set. This was before the advent of SCART sockets on TVs. Then came adapters (the REP range) for the Canal+ Decoder which arrived in 1983. After that there were colour transcoders PAL-SECAM and SECAM-PAL, a balanced line video transmission system for the home (the Visiline), and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13647616", "score": "0.99527115", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Michael Francis Tompsett", "text": "Michael Francis Tompsett Michael Francis Tompsett is a British-born physicist, engineer, and inventor, and the founder director of the US software company TheraManager. He is a former researcher at the English Electric Valve Company, who later moved to Bell Labs in the United States. Tompsett designed and built the first ever video camera with a solid-state (CCD) sensor. Tompsett received the prestigious Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering in 2017, with Eric Fossum, George Smith, and Nobukazu Teranishi. Dr. Tompsett has also received two other lifetime awards; the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame 2010 Pioneer Award, and the 2012 IEEE", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14122247", "score": "0.9820669", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Unican Security Systems", "text": "Europe, South America and Asia. Peter Blaikie was a major supporter of the company. In June 2016, Fish was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from Concordia University, making this his first degree since graduating high school. Unican Security Systems Unican Security Systems Ltd. was a Canada-based company created by Aaron Fish in the 1960s and sold in 2000. At its sale (to Kaba Group), the company had over $800 million in sales annually and was the largest maker of key blanks and key copying machines in the world. Aaron Fish was born in the 1930s in Montreal, Quebec. He was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11432714", "score": "0.9819714", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Closed-circuit television", "text": "65% of these cameras are installed in Asia. The growth of CCTV has been slowing in recent years. The first CCTV system was installed by Siemens AG at Test Stand VII in Peenemünde, Nazi Germany in 1942, for observing the launch of V-2 rockets. The noted German engineer Walter Bruch was responsible for the technological design and installation of the system. In the U.S. the first commercial closed-circuit television system became available in 1949, called Vericon. Very little is known about Vericon except it was advertised as not requiring a government permit. The earliest video surveillance systems involved constant monitoring", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "886685", "score": "0.97888637", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Lock (security device)", "text": "introduced a disc that allowed the key to pass but narrowed the field of view, hiding the levers from anybody attempting to pick the lock. The Chubb brothers also received a patent for the first burglar-resisting safe and began production in 1835. The designs of Barron and Chubb were based on the use of movable levers, but Joseph Bramah, a prolific inventor, developed an alternative method in 1784. His lock used a cylindrical key with precise notches along the surface; these moved the metal slides that impeded the turning of the bolt into an exact alignment, allowing the lock to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2805586", "score": "0.9772804", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "George Clifford Sziklai", "text": "credited with constructing the first Image Orthicon television camera and inventing a high-speed elevator. George Clifford Sziklai George Clifford Sziklai (July 9, 1909 in Budapest, Hungary – September 9, 1998 in Los Altos, California) was a hungarian renowned electronics engineer, who among many other contributions to radio and TV electronics invented the transistor configuration named after him, the Sziklai pair. Educated at the University of Budapest and the Technical University Munich, Sziklai emigrated to New York in 1930. His long career included stations at Radio Corporation of America and Westinghouse Electric Corporation before he joined Lockheed's Palo Alto Research Laboratory", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8504224", "score": "0.97678435", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Home security", "text": "thefts target cash first followed by jewels, drugs, and electronics. Common security methods include never hiding extra keys outside, never turning off all the lights, applying small CCTV stickers on doors, and keeping good tabs with neighbours. Some forecasts project the home security market as a whole will be worth $47 billion by 2020, with the DIY home security market worth $1.5 billion. While the market for home security is expanding, especially with cable TV and Internet service providers introducing their own security and home automation products, it is a fragmented market, with \"a massive array of large and small", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6604257", "score": "0.9751003", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Marie Van Brittan Brown", "text": "was possible via a radio controlled wireless system. If the person viewing the images on the monitor did not feel safe they could press a button that would send an alarm to police or security. She and her husband cited other inventors in their patent, such as Edward D. Phiney and Thomas J. Reardon. Thirteen inventors who came along after Brown have cited her patent, with the latest being in 2013. Even now, over fifty years later, her invention is being used by smaller businesses and living facilities. Although the system was originally intended for domestic uses, many businesses began", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7282050", "score": "0.9730265", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Audio Advice, Inc.", "text": "Wilkins, Classé and others. In 2006 Leon Shaw was elected to the board of the Home Theater Specialists of America. Audio Advice acquired Premier Security in 2007, creating Audio Advice Security while adding the home security system option to product offerings. A home networking division was also created in 2007. A satellite home theater demonstration showroom was opened by Audio Advice at Kitchen & Bath Galleries on Glenwood Avenue in 2007. In 2007 Shaw took on a new investor and partner in Scott Newnam, with Shaw becoming Board Chair and Newnam becoming President and CEO. Newnam is a graduate of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13681871", "score": "0.9701394", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Philo Farnsworth", "text": "after his first telephone conversation with a distant relative, and he discovered a large cache of technology magazines in the attic of their new home. He won $25 in a pulp-magazine contest for inventing a magnetized car lock. Farnsworth was Mormon. Farnsworth excelled in chemistry and physics at Rigby High School. He asked science teacher Justin Tolman for advice about an electronic television system that he was contemplating; he provided the teacher with sketches and diagrams covering several blackboards to show how it might be accomplished electronically, and Tolman encouraged him to develop his ideas. One of the drawings that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "535966", "score": "0.9666454", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Kálmán Tihanyi", "text": "television guidance for defense applications, building prototypes of a camera for remotely guided aircraft in London for the British Air Ministry, and later adapting it for the Italian Navy. In 1929, he invented the first infrared-sensitive (night vision) electronic television camera for anti-aircraft defense in Britain. Tihanyi's U.S. patents for his display and camera tubes, assigned to RCA, were issued in 1938 and 1939, respectively. In 1936 Tihanyi described the principle of \"plasma television\" and conceived the first flat-panel television system. It involved a single “transmission point” being moved at great speed behind a grid of cells arranged in a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7343522", "score": "0.96647185", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Ray Dolby", "text": "Ray Dolby Ray Milton Dolby (; January 18, 1933 – September 12, 2013) was an American engineer and inventor of the noise reduction system known as Dolby NR. He helped develop the video tape recorder while at Ampex and was the founder of Dolby Laboratories. Dolby was born in Portland, Oregon, the son of Esther Eufemia (née Strand) and Earl Milton Dolby, an inventor. He attended Sequoia High School (class of 1951) in Redwood City, California. As a teenager in the decade following World War II, he held part-time and summer jobs at Ampex in Redwood City, working with their", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2996353", "score": "0.96339774", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Warren Lieberfarb", "text": "by then president Stanley R. Jaffe to research new home video technologies. In 1973, he took a job as vice president for telecommunications at 20th Century Fox. In 1984, he accepted a job as president of Warner Home Video (WHV), the home entertainment arm of Warner Bros. Entertainment, where he guided the company through nearly two decades of growth. Lieberfarb’s most significant achievement at WHV was his widely acknowledged role as the architect of the DVD. Called “The Father of DVD” by Variety. it was his initial vision that evolved into today’s DVD, the format that revolutionized the home video", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10886124", "score": "0.96263117", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Jac Holzman", "text": "the company into home video and the first interactive cable television system, QUBE. Until 1972, he was a director of Pioneer Electronics Japan, helping that company, and Warner Bros., adopt the compact disc and Laserdisc. Holzman was a member of the board of Atari, one of the first videogame companies, which was acquired by WCI in 1976. In 1979 Holzman became the nexus between ex-Monkee Michael Nesmith and John Lack of Warner Cable. He persuaded Lack to meet with Nesmith who had been nursing an idea for a program he called PopClips. Holzman thought that Nesmith's notion of building a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4110731", "score": "0.96115285", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Edwin Holmes (inventor)", "text": "copied in New York. In 1878, Holmes became the president of the newly established Bell Phone Company. While he sold his interests two years later for US$100,000, he kept his rights to use the company phone lines for his alarm system. The use of electricity for street lights in 1880 changed the market, as people started accepting electrical models. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company bought the Holmes Burglar business in 1905, linking it to emergency call systems for contacting police and fire fighting personnel. After World War II, many inventions were introduced into the business of home alarm systems.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6064964", "score": "0.95984495", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Unican Security Systems", "text": "Unican Security Systems Unican Security Systems Ltd. was a Canada-based company created by Aaron Fish in the 1960s and sold in 2000. At its sale (to Kaba Group), the company had over $800 million in sales annually and was the largest maker of key blanks and key copying machines in the world. Aaron Fish was born in the 1930s in Montreal, Quebec. He was the Chairman and CEO of Unican Security Systems Ltd. from its creation in 1965 to its sale in December 2000. He worked for his father in his early years as a locksmith. By the time he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11432710", "score": "0.9589608", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Vigilant Technology", "text": "in DVD quality over DSP (Digital Signal Processor). The founders and a group of private investors provided seed capital for the company which initially (during 1999 and 2000) focused on research and development. Vigilant made its first sale in late 2000. It then worked with Pelco, a US-based video security equipment company, on a range of projects. Vigilant raised further capital in two rounds in 2000 and in 2002. The company also received a US $2.1 million grant from the Chief Scientist Fund in Israel to assist with research and development costs. In December 2005 the company raised £10 million", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13288233", "score": "0.957905", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Chris Kyriakakis", "text": "Spark \"Escape Velocity\", and \"Trojan Family Magazine\". Chris Kyriakakis Chris Kyriakakis (born 1963) is a professor of electrical engineering, author, and inventor of audio technologies. He is the co-inventor of the Audyssey MultEQ digital room correction system. In 2004 he co-founded Audyssey Laboratories. Kyriakakis attended high school at Anatolia College in Thessaloniki, Greece. He received a Bachelor of Science in Engineering and Applied Science from Caltech in 1985 and a PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of Southern California in 1993. Kyriakakis was appointed to the EE Systems faculty at USC in 1996 where he became the founding director", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18186698", "score": "0.95428365", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Joseph John O'Connell", "text": "Joseph John O'Connell Joseph John O'Connell (1861 – 1959), 1st, was an electrical engineer and inventor. He worked for the Chicago Telephone Company (which began as the Chicago Bell Telephone, Co. in 1878 ) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He had many inventions including the circuit breaker and the coin return. He also created the \"invisible wire\" which was the first time more than one telephone conversation could occur on the same wire. Reference to some additional inventions are mentioned in Angus Hibbard's autobiography, \"Hello- Goodbye\" including an electric lamp as a signal in a burglar-alarm operated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12183900", "score": "0.95406544", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Marie Van Brittan Brown", "long_answer": "Marie Van Brittan Brown (October 30, 1922 – February 2, 1999) was an African-American inventor, becoming the originator of the home security system (patent number 3,482,037) in 1966, along with her husband Albert Brown, a patent was granted in 1969. Brown was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York; she died there at the age of 76.", "chunked_long_answer": "Marie Van Brittan Brown (October 30, 1922 – February 2, 1999) was an African-American inventor, becoming the originator of the home security system (patent number 3,482,037) in 1966, along with her husband Albert Brown, a patent was granted in 1969. Brown was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York; she died there at the age of 76.", "short_answers": [ "Marie Van Brittan Brown", "her husband Albert Brown" ] }

[ "in 1997", "1997" ]

[ { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling. It is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and Rowling's debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling. The first novel in the \"Harry Potter\" series and Rowling's debut novel, it follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage on his eleventh birthday, when he receives a letter of acceptance to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Harry makes close friends and a few enemies during his first year at the school, and with the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591531", "score": "1.2593303", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Harry Potter", "text": "the experience on her website saying: Rowling completed \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" in 1995 and the manuscript was sent off to several prospective agents. The second agent she tried, Christopher Little, offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury. After eight other publishers had rejected \"Philosopher's Stone\", Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £2,500 advance for its publication. Despite Rowling's statement that she did not have any particular age group in mind when beginning to write the \"Harry Potter\" books, the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven. On the eve of publishing, Rowling was asked by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5725229", "score": "1.2132446", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "voted for by children, made the book well known within six months of publication, while most children's books have to wait for years. The following year, \"Philosopher's Stone\" won almost all the other major British awards that were decided by children. It was also shortlisted for children's books awards adjudicated by adults, but did not win. Sandra Beckett commented that books which were popular with children were regarded as undemanding and as not of the highest literary standards – for example the literary establishment disdained the works of Dahl, an overwhelming favourite of children before the appearance of Rowling's books.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591557", "score": "1.2037581", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "In 2003, the novel was listed at number 22 on the BBC's survey The Big Read. \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" won two publishing industry awards given for sales rather than literary merit, the British Book Awards Children's Book of the Year and the Booksellers' Association / \"Bookseller\" Author of the Year. By March 1999 UK editions had sold just over 300,000 copies, and the story was still the UK's best-selling title in December 2001. A Braille edition was published in May 1998 by the Scottish Braille Press. Platform, from which the Hogwarts Express left London, was commemorated in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591558", "score": "1.2023474", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)", "text": "and begins his education. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger. Warner Bros. bought the film rights to the book in 1999 for a reported £1 million ($1.65 million in 1999). Production began in the United Kingdom in 2000, with Chris Columbus being chosen to create the film from a short list of directors that included Steven Spielberg and Rob Reiner. Rowling insisted that the entire cast be British and Irish, and the film was shot at Leavesden Film Studios and historic buildings around the United Kingdom.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3160314", "score": "1.1938314", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "J. K. Rowling", "text": "the novel, and was won by Scholastic Inc., for US$105,000. Rowling said that she \"nearly died\" when she heard the news. In October 1998, Scholastic published \"Philosopher's Stone\" in the US under the title of \"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\", a change Rowling says she now regrets and would have fought if she had been in a better position at the time. Rowling moved from her flat with the money from the Scholastic sale, into 19 Hazelbank Terrace in Edinburgh. Its sequel, \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\", was published in July 1998 and again Rowling won the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "206088", "score": "1.1885463", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "approximately June 1990 and some time in 1995. In 1990 Jo Rowling, as she preferred to be known, wanted to move with her boyfriend to a flat in Manchester and in her words, \"One weekend after flat hunting, I took the train back to London on my own and the idea for Harry Potter fell into my head... A scrawny, little, black-haired, bespectacled boy became more and more of a wizard to me... I began to write \"Philosopher's Stone\" that very evening. Although, the first couple of pages look nothing like the finished product.\" Then Rowling's mother died and, to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591551", "score": "1.1800598", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game)", "text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (known as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States) is an action-adventure video game with platform elements published by Electronic Arts. It is based on J.K Rowling's novel of the same name and the film adaptation. \"Philosopher's Stone\" was initially developed for the Game Boy Advance, Game Boy Color, Microsoft Windows and PlayStation in November 2001, and was re-made two years later for the GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox in December 2003. The story follows protagonist Harry Potter, who discovers he is a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4810030", "score": "1.1746789", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "8.3 million in the US. An illustrated version of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" was released on October 6, 2015, with illustrations by Jim Kay. The book carries over 100 illustrations and will be followed by illustrated versions of all seven books from the series by the same artist. In 1999, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four \"Harry Potter\" books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million ($1.65 million in 1999). Rowling demanded that the principal cast be kept strictly British but allowed for the casting of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591575", "score": "1.1730103", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "cope with her pain, Rowling transferred her own anguish to the orphan Harry. Rowling spent six years working on \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", and after it was accepted by Bloomsbury, she obtained a grant of £8,000 from the Scottish Arts Council, which enabled her to plan the sequels. She sent the book to an agent and a publisher, and then the second agent she approached spent a year trying to sell the book to publishers, most of whom thought it was too long at about 90,000 words. Barry Cunningham, who was building a portfolio of distinctive fantasies by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591552", "score": "1.165256", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Harry Potter in translation", "text": "as can be determined (as of 2018), The Philosopher's Stone has been officially translated from the original English into 75 other languages, the most recent being Hawaiian, in August 2018, preceded by Scots, which was released on 23 November 2017. Both Bloomsbury's and J.K. Rowling's sites have recently stated that the books have been translated into 79 languages (their count would now likely be 82 with the subsequent 2018 release of Hawaiian, the 2017 release of Scots and a new Mongolian translation); however, it has been argued that number actually represents the number of authorized translations (of The Philosopher's Stone)", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1793240", "score": "1.1650031", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "have published translations in Latin and in Ancient Greek, and the latter was described as \"one of the most important pieces of Ancient Greek prose written in many centuries\". Philip Nel highlighted the influence of Jane Austen, whom Rowling has greatly admired since the age of twelve. Both novelists greatly encourage re-reading, because details that look insignificant foreshadow important events or characters much later in the story-line – for example Sirius Black is briefly mentioned near the beginning of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", and then becomes a major character in the third to fifth books. Like Austen's heroines,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591565", "score": "1.1598442", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Harry Potter", "text": "by Scholastic – the American publisher of the books – as \"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\", after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights – a record amount for a children's book by an unknown author. Fearing that American readers would not associate the word \"philosopher\" with magic (although the Philosopher's Stone is an ancient tradition in alchemy), Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title \"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\" for the American market. The second book, \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\", was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5725231", "score": "1.1573851", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Rupert Grint", "text": "the Philosopher's Stone\", the best-selling novel written by author J. K. Rowling. Rowling personally insisted that the cast be British and assisted Susie Figgis and director Chris Columbus in casting the roles. Grint chose to audition for the role of protagonist Ron Weasley, one of Harry Potter's best friends at Hogwarts, and was a fan of the book series. Having seen a \"Newsround\" report about the open casting, he sent in a video of himself rapping about how he wished to receive the role. His attempt was successful as the casting team asked for a meeting with him. On 8", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1386109", "score": "1.1526859", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "John Granger", "text": "daughter was given a copy of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\". He read the book with the intention of pointing out to his daughter what was wrong with it but instead was impressed by the Christian imagery, classical references, and 'acerbic criticism of muggledom'. Granger's interest grew through discussion with friends in the Port Townsend C. S. Lewis Society. He gave lectures on the subject at the Society and the town's Carnegie Library which lectures were eventually collected into a book, 'Hidden Key to Harry Potter' (Zossima Press, 2002). That book was re-written and re-titled first 'Looking for God", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5092718", "score": "1.1411874", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "C.S. Lewis, thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults. Nel also noted that, like many good writers for children, Rowling combines literary genresfantasy, young adult fiction, boarding school stories, \"Bildungsroman\" and many others. Some reviewers compared \"Philosopher's Stone\" to the stories of Roald Dahl, who died in 1990. Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of \"Philosopher's Stone\", seven of the ten most popular children's books were by Dahl, including the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591567", "score": "1.1385983", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "J. K. Rowling", "text": "she wrote in local cafés to escape from her unheated flat, pointing out that it had heating. One of the reasons she wrote in cafés was that taking her baby out for a walk was the best way to make her fall asleep. In 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" on an old manual typewriter. Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evens, a reader who had been asked to review the book's first three chapters, the Fulham-based Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "206085", "score": "1.1358066", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Harry Potter (film series)", "text": "novels. The book, \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", was relegated to a low-priority bookshelf, where it was discovered by a secretary who read it and gave it to Heyman with a positive review. Consequently, Heyman, who had originally disliked \"the rubbish title\", read the book himself. Highly impressed by Rowling's work, he began the process that led to one of the most successful cinematic franchises of all time. Heyman's enthusiasm led to Rowling's 1999 sale of the film rights for the first four \"Harry Potter\" books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million (US$2,000,000). A demand Rowling made", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9017469", "score": "1.1343205", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "boarding school stories, others thought it placed the genre firmly in the modern world by featuring contemporary ethical and social issues, as well as overcoming obstacles like bullies. \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\", along with the rest of the \"Harry Potter\" series, has been attacked by some religious groups and banned in some countries because of accusations that the novels promote witchcraft under the guise of a heroic, moral story. Other religious commentators have written that the book exemplifies important viewpoints, including the power of self-sacrifice and the ways in which people's decisions shape their personalities. The series has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591534", "score": "1.1333641", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", "text": "were concerned with the violence contained in the novel and with morality issues occurring throughout the book. \"The New York Times\" writer John Leonard praised the novel, saying \"\"The Order of the Phoenix\" starts slow, gathers speed and then skateboards, with somersaults, to its furious conclusion...As Harry gets older, Rowling gets better.\" However, he also criticises \"the one-note Draco Malfoy\" and the predictable Lord Voldemort. \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\" is the fifth book in the \"Harry Potter\" series. The first book in the series, \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" was first published by Bloomsbury in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1369035", "score": "1.1300049", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "million copies) and 7th among paperbacks (over 6.6 million copies). In May 2008, Scholastic announced the creation of a 10th Anniversary Edition of the book that was released on 1 October 2008 to mark the tenth anniversary of the original American release. For the fifteenth anniversary of the books, Scholastic re-released \"Sorcerer's Stone\", along with the other six novels in the series, with new cover art by Kazu Kibuishi in 2013. By mid-2008, official translations of the book had been published in 67 languages. By September 11, 2017, official translations of the book had been published in 74 languages. Bloomsbury", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591564", "score": "1.1292913", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "J. K. Rowling", "text": "thought to be abandoning books for computers and television, although it is reported that despite the huge uptake of the books, adolescent reading has continued to decline. In October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum. A film adaptation of \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" was released on 16 November 2001, and \"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\" on 15 November 2002. Both films were directed by Chris Columbus. The film version of \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\" was released on 4 June 2004, directed by Alfonso", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "206094", "score": "1.1284544", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)", "text": "designs from \"Oliver!\" (1968) and \"The Godfather\" (1972). Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay. He described adapting the book as \"tough\", as it did not \"lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books.\" Kloves often received synopses of books proposed as film adaptations from Warner Bros., which he \"almost never read\", but \"Harry Potter\" jumped out at him. He went out and bought the book, and became an instant fan of the series. When speaking to Warner Bros., he stated that the film had to be British, and had to be true to the characters.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3160330", "score": "1.126775", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "new authors for Bloomsbury Children's Books, recommended accepting the book, and the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chief executive said it was \"so much better than anything else\". Bloomsbury accepted the book, paying Rowling a £2,500 advance, and Cunningham sent proof copies to carefully chosen authors, critics and booksellers in order to obtain comments that could be quoted when the book was launched. He was less concerned about the book's length than about its author's name, since the title sounded like a boys' book to him, and he believed boys preferred books by male authors. Rowling therefore adopted the \"nom de", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591553", "score": "1.1244932", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "as Dumbledore and of foreign actors as characters of the same nationalities in later books. After extensive casting, filming began in September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London, with production ending in July 2001. \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\" was released in London on 14 November 2001. Reviewers' comments were positive, as reflected by an 80% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes and by a score of 64% at Metacritic, representing \"generally favourable reviews\". Five unique video games by different developers were released between 2001 and 2003 by Electronic Arts, that were loosely based on the film and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591576", "score": "1.123574", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "been translated into at least 73 other languages, and has been made into a feature-length film of the same name, as have all six of its sequels. Most reviews were very favourable, commenting on Rowling's imagination, humour, simple, direct style and clever plot construction, although a few complained that the final chapters seemed rushed. The writing has been compared to that of Jane Austen, one of Rowling's favourite authors; Roald Dahl, whose works dominated children's stories before the appearance of Harry Potter; and the Ancient Greek story-teller Homer. While some commentators thought the book looked backwards to Victorian and Edwardian", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591533", "score": "1.1230229", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "that one obstacle to finding the Philosopher's Stone is a test of logic rather than magical power, and that most wizards have no chance of solving it. Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional, status-conscious, materialistic Dursleys was Rowling's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s, which treated the married heterosexual couple as the \"preferred norm\", while the author was a single mother. Harry's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty. This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591572", "score": "1.1171994", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "the time, and that some other changes could be regarded as useful copyedits. Since the British editions of early titles in the series were published months prior to the American versions, some American readers became familiar with the British English versions due to buying them from online retailers. At first the most prestigious reviewers ignored the book, leaving it to book trade and library publications such as \"Kirkus Reviews\" and \"Booklist\", which examined it only by the entertainment-oriented criteria of children's fiction. However, more penetrating specialist reviews (such as one by \"Cooperative Children's Book Center Choices\", which pointed out the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591561", "score": "1.1143289", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "text": "one in top place. The only other really popular children's author of the late 1990s was an American, R. L. Stine. Some of the story elements in \"Philosopher's Stone\" resembled parts of Dahl's stories. For example, the hero of \"James and the Giant Peach\" lost his parents and had to live with a pair of unpleasant auntsone fat and one thin rather like Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, who treated Harry as a servant. However Harry Potter was a distinctive creation, able to take on the responsibilities of an adult while remaining a child inside. Librarian Nancy Knapp and marketing professor", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "591568", "score": "1.1123548", "original_retrieval_index": 38 } ]

{ "title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "long_answer": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling. It is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and Rowling's debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old.", "chunked_long_answer": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling. It is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and Rowling's debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted", "short_answers": [ "1997", "in 1997" ] }

[ "the common edible pea", "Mendel", "pea plants", "variation in plants", "Gregor Mendel" ]

[ { "title": "Gregor Mendel", "text": "Gregor Mendel, who is known as the \"father of modern genetics\", was inspired by both his professors at the Palacký University, Olomouc (Friedrich Franz and Johann Karl Nestler), and his colleagues at the monastery (such as Franz Diebl) to study variation in plants. In 1854, Napp authorized Mendel to carry out a study in the monastery's 2 hectares (4.9 acres) experimental garden, which was originally planted by Napp in 1830. Unlike Nestler, who studied hereditary traits in sheep, Mendel used the common edible pea and started his experiments in 1856.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Arno Motulsky", "text": "In 1957 he founded The Division of Medical Genetics at the University of Washington in 1957. Over his career Dr. Motulsky made many significant contributions to research, patient care and education in human genetics. He was noted for his work on blood diseases, the heritability of lipid disorders, the role of genetic variation in disease, and genetic reasons why people differ in their responses to medications and environmental substances. Born in Fischhausen near Königsberg, East Prussia to Jewish parents. When the Nazi campaign escalated, his father was forced to escape to Cuba. At age 16 in 1939, the young Motulsky", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19056902", "score": "1.0017047", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Rudolph Leibel", "text": "genetics played a major role in determining body weight regulation in humans, Leibel left Harvard University to join Jules Hirsch at Rockefeller University with the goal of finding the factor that drove eating. In collaboration with Douglas Coleman, Leibel determined that a mutation of the ob gene resulted in mice that were unable to manufacture a working satiety-signaling protein and that a db mutation resulted in mice that had the protein, but lacked the ability to detect the signal. Leibel and Hirsch began a series of scientific investigations aimed at laying the groundwork for determining the connection between genetics and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17141037", "score": "0.9698285", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Jacques Monod", "text": "to Boris Ephrussi he owes the discovery of physiological genetics, and to Louis Rapkine the concept that only chemical and molecular descriptions could provide a complete interpretation of the function of living organisms.\" Before his doctoral work, Monod spent a year in the laboratory of Thomas Hunt Morgan at the California Institute of Technology working on Drosophila genetics. This was a true revelation for him and probably influenced him on developing a genetic conception of biochemistry and metabolism. His doctoral work explored the growth of bacteria on mixtures of sugars and documented the sequential utilization of two or more sugars.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2857282", "score": "0.94832265", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "History of biology", "text": "material. Between 1910 and 1915, Thomas Hunt Morgan and the \"Drosophilists\" in his fly lab forged these two ideas—both controversial—into the \"Mendelian-chromosome theory\" of heredity. They quantified the phenomenon of genetic linkage and postulated that genes reside on chromosomes like beads on string; they hypothesized crossing over to explain linkage and constructed genetic maps of the fruit fly \"Drosophila melanogaster\", which became a widely used model organism. Hugo de Vries tried to link the new genetics with evolution; building on his work with heredity and hybridization, he proposed a theory of mutationism, which was widely accepted in the early 20th", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2135268", "score": "0.9430893", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Introduction to genetics", "text": "Introduction to genetics Genetics is the study of heredity and variations. Heredity and variations are controlled by genes—what they are, what they do, and how they work. Genes inside the nucleus of a cell are strung together in such a way that the sequence carries information: that information determines how living organisms inherit various features (phenotypic traits). For example, offspring produced by sexual reproduction usually look similar to each of their parents because they have inherited some of each of their parents' genes. Genetics identifies which features are inherited, and explains how these features pass from generation to generation. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9314415", "score": "0.9424194", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Thomas Hunt Morgan", "text": "carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity. These discoveries formed the basis of the modern science of genetics. During his distinguished career, Morgan wrote 22 books and 370 scientific papers. As a result of his work, \"Drosophila\" became a major model organism in contemporary genetics. The Division of Biology which he established at the California Institute of Technology has produced seven Nobel Prize winners. Morgan was born in Lexington, Kentucky, to Charlton Hunt Morgan and Ellen Key Howard Morgan. Part of a line of Southern planter elite on his father's side, Morgan was a nephew of Confederate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "429385", "score": "0.9416983", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "History of genetics", "text": "\"Drosophila melanogaster\". Led by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his fellow \"drosophilists\", geneticists developed the Mendelian model, which was widely accepted by 1925. Alongside experimental work, mathematicians developed the statistical framework of population genetics, bringing genetic explanations into the study of evolution. With the basic patterns of genetic inheritance established, many biologists turned to investigations of the physical nature of the gene. In the 1940s and early 1950s, experiments pointed to DNA as the portion of chromosomes (and perhaps other nucleoproteins) that held genes. A focus on new model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4947054", "score": "0.93985915", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "History of genetics", "text": "cousin, Francis Galton. In 1883 August Weismann conducted experiments involving breeding mice whose tails had been surgically removed. His results — that surgically removing a mouse's tail had no effect on the tail of its offspring — challenged the theories of pangenesis and Lamarckism, which held that changes to an organism during its lifetime could be inherited by its descendants. Weismann proposed the germ plasm theory of inheritance, which held that hereditary information was carried only in sperm and egg cells. Hugo de Vries wondered what the nature of germ plasm might be, and in particular he wondered whether or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4947064", "score": "0.93963444", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Arno Motulsky", "text": "Arno Motulsky Arno Motulsky (5 July 1923 – 17 January 2018) was a professor of medical genetics and genome sciences at the University of Washington. Through his research, writing and mentoring, he helped create and define the field of medical genetics. He is also known as the \"father of pharmacogenomics\" (the study of how drug action and metabolism differ among people due to genetic variability) based on his report in 1957 of negative drug responses in some patients depending upon their genetics at critical enzymes. Dr. Motulsky joined the faculty at the University of Washington School of Medicine in 1953.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19056901", "score": "0.9382682", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "History of genetics", "text": "Hippocrates and Aristotle. Hippocrates' theory (possibly based on the teachings of Anaxagoras) was similar to Darwin's later ideas on pangenesis, involving heredity material that collects from throughout the body. Aristotle suggested instead that the (nonphysical) form-giving principle of an organism was transmitted through semen (which he considered to be a purified form of blood) and the mother's menstrual blood, which interacted in the womb to direct an organism's early development. For both Hippocrates and Aristotle—and nearly all Western scholars through to the late 19th century—the inheritance of acquired characters was a supposedly well-established fact that any adequate theory of heredity", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4947056", "score": "0.9382402", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Laurence H. Snyder", "text": "a slip of paper in a solution containing PTC and letting the paper dry. This technique opened new ground for Snyder and other geneticists to test patients with other heritable conditions for PTC sensitivity, in hope of finding linkage groups: the presence of two genes sufficiently close to each other on a chromosome such that the inheritance of one trait indicates a high probability of inheriting the other. Snyder's findings on identifying heritable diseases was another significant contribution to the clinical applications of genetics. The reason why Snyder is the founding father of American genetics is not that much due", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15921331", "score": "0.93573093", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Darrel Waggoner", "text": "Waggoner researches genetic conditions and is currently working with Dr. Carole Ober studying clinic phenotypes of Hutterites. Darrel Waggoner Darrel Waggoner (Born 1966) is a professor of human genetics and pediatrics at the Pritzker School of Medicine, and is the director of Human Genetics at University of Chicago. Darrel Waggoner was born in Nashville, TN. He was the first person in his family to attend college and attended St. Louis University where he studied chemistry. When he decided to matriculate into Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine his father \"didn't believe him at first\". After graduating from medical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17730936", "score": "0.93538594", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Laurence H. Snyder", "text": "the overall title, \"Studies in Human Inheritance\". These range over subjects that include blood groups, polydactylism, hemophilia, baldness, sex ratios, Rh incompatibility, and other topics. Perhaps his most remembered work is his study of phenylthiocarbamide, a chemical that tastes bitter to some individuals but is without taste to others, depending on the inheritance of a single gene. In the early 1920s, the debate over the ABO blood group emerged with great enthusiasm in the scientific arena. Polish bacteriologist Ludwik Hirszfeld and his wife, pediatrician Hanna Hirszfeld, proposed in 1919 that blood groups were a result of two independent genetic loci,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15921325", "score": "0.9350554", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "P. Michael Conneally", "text": "close by. He went to the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1958 and graduated with his Master's and Ph.D. in Medical Genetics in 1962 under direction of Newton Morton, an epidemiological geneticist, when James F. Crow was chairman of the Department of Medical Genetics. Conneally then spent two years at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland with Arthur Steinberg and worked with Hutterites, a genetic isolate in the western United States and Canada. He then came to the Indiana University School of Medicine in 1964 where he was appointed Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine on a tenure track.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17214221", "score": "0.9322578", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "George Beadle", "text": "George Beadle George Wells Beadle (October 22, 1903 – June 9, 1989) was an American scientist in the field of genetics, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel laureate who with Edward Tatum discovered the role of genes in regulating biochemical events within cells in 1958. Beadle and Tatum's key experiments involved exposing the bread mold \"Neurospora crassa\" to x-rays, causing mutations. In a series of experiments, they showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. These experiments led them to propose a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the One", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3360852", "score": "0.92644244", "original_retrieval_index": 35 }, { "title": "Laurence Hurst", "text": "The Genetics Society Medal in 2010. Laurence Hurst Laurence Daniel Hurst (born 1965) FMedSci FRS is a Professor of Evolutionary Genetics in the Department of Biology and Biochemistry at the University of Bath and the director of the Milner Centre for Evolution. Hurst was educated at Truro School and completed his Bachelor of Arts in Natural Sciences (Zoology) at Churchill College, Cambridge, in 1987. After a year at Harvard University he returned to the UK, and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Oxford in 1991 for research supervised by W. D. Hamilton and Alan Grafen.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15690561", "score": "0.9262923", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Claudio Barigozzi", "text": "the geneticists Ercole Ottaviano, Giuseppe Gavazzi, and Alessandro Camussi. Claudio Barigozzi Claudio Barigozzi (1909 – 5 August 1996) was an Italian biologist and geneticist. Barigozzi taught genetics at the University of Milan in 1948, and was a scholar of the transmission of hereditary traits using Drosophila and Artemia as model organisms. An adviser of the \"Centro Lombardo per l'incremento della Orto-floro-frutticoltura\" in Minoprio, Italy, he promoted genetic research as a member of the Italian National Research Council's committee for the study of genetics in 1961, of the scientific board of the National Genetics Centre in Rome in 1963, and other", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13949847", "score": "0.9252536", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory", "text": "heterosis, or \"hybrid vigor.\" This would become the foundation of modern agricultural genetics. Clarence C. Little in 1916 was among the first scientists to demonstrate a genetic component of cancer. E. Carleton MacDowell in 1928 discovered a strain of mouse called C58 that developed spontaneous leukemia – an early mouse model of cancer. In 1933, Oscar Riddle isolated prolactin, the milk secretion hormone and Wilbur Swingle participated in the discovery of adrenocortical hormone, used to treat Addison's disease. Milislav Demerec was named director of the Laboratory in 1941. Demerec shifted the Laboratory's research focus to the genetics of microbes, thus", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2561118", "score": "0.92483205", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Frederick Bieber", "text": "of ethics and mathematics. During his undergraduate studies at the State University of New York at Oswego, he spent a summer in research at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, where he decided that further studies in human genetics would provide an opportunity to make contributions to genetics without having to perform research on experimental animals. While a graduate student at the University of Rochester he became interested in researching the genetics of hearing loss after recognizing that deafness and hearing disorders was one of the few phenotypes for which positive assortative mating was common. He then moved to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11916090", "score": "0.92441833", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Leo Sachs", "text": "doors to Palestine were virtually closed by the British, so Sachs began studying agricultural botany at the University of Wales, became fascinated along the way by genetics and development, and ended up completing a PhD in genetics in 1951 at Cambridge University. Upon moving to Israel, he began to contribute to the fledgling country in the way he knew best – as a geneticist at the Weizmann Institute. Because there were no animal studies yet at the Institute, Sachs started working on a theory that human amniotic fluid, which bathes the baby in the womb, contains fetal cells that provide", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5317793", "score": "0.9243875", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "J. B. S. Haldane", "text": "J. B. S. Haldane John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (; 5 November 18921 December 1964) was an English, later Indian scientist known for his work in the study of physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and in mathematics, where he made innovative contributions to the fields of statistics and biostatistics. He was the son of the equally famous John Scott Haldane, and was a professed socialist, Marxist, atheist and humanist whose political dissent led him to leave England in 1956 and live in India, becoming a naturalised Indian citizen in 1961. His first paper in 1915 demonstrated genetic linkage in mammals while subsequent", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "724437", "score": "0.9221879", "original_retrieval_index": 41 }, { "title": "Oswald Avery", "text": "was the carrier of genes in cells. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase furthered Avery's research in 1952 with the Hershey–Chase experiment. These experiments paved the way for Watson and Crick's discovery of the helical structure of DNA, and thus the birth of modern genetics and molecular biology. Of this event, Avery wrote in a letter to his youngest brother Roy, a bacteriologist at the Vanderbilt School of Medicine: \"It's lots of fun to blow bubbles but it's wiser to prick them yourself before someone else tries to.\" Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg stated that Avery and his laboratory provided \"the historical", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "613783", "score": "0.9203298", "original_retrieval_index": 42 }, { "title": "Genetics", "text": "modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population. Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including epigenetics and population genetics. Organisms studied within the broad field span the domains of life (archaea, bacteria, and eukarya). Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture. The intracellular or extracellular environment of a cell", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "157092", "score": "0.9187268", "original_retrieval_index": 43 }, { "title": "Felix Konotey-Ahulu", "text": "Professor of Human Genetics, University of Cape Coast, Ghana\" after having been awarded an honorary DSc degree. His inaugural lecture was titled \"Human Genetics and the Ghanaian African: How The New Genetics Affects You\". In 2000 he was elected Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences. In June 1973 he was invited to join The World Council of Churches' Consultation on Genetics and Quality of Life, chaired by Dr Robert Edwards, and more than 30 years later he is still in contact with Bob Edwards through the Ethics Committee of the Cromwell Hospital, London, where Konotey-Ahulu was Consultant Physician", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19135743", "score": "0.91839653", "original_retrieval_index": 44 }, { "title": "Genetics", "text": "molecule responsible for inheritance. James Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of DNA in 1953, using the X-ray crystallography work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins that indicated DNA has a helical structure (i.e., shaped like a corkscrew). Their double-helix model had two strands of DNA with the nucleotides pointing inward, each matching a complementary nucleotide on the other strand to form what look like rungs on a twisted ladder. This structure showed that genetic information exists in the sequence of nucleotides on each strand of DNA. The structure also suggested a simple method for replication: if the strands", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "157101", "score": "0.9172585", "original_retrieval_index": 46 }, { "title": "William Curtis Farabee", "text": "he did not leave any academic progeny, his ideas and research remain with us today. William Curtis Farabee William C. Farabee (1865–1925), the second individual to obtain a doctorate in physical anthropology from Harvard University, engaged in a wide range of anthropological work during his time as a professor at Harvard and then as a researcher at the University Museum, Philadelphia, but is best known for his work in human genetics and his ethnographic and geographic work in South America. He was an 1894 graduate of Waynesburg College. Farabee demonstrated that Mendelian genetics operate in man. The founder of genetics,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6595624", "score": "0.91644824", "original_retrieval_index": 49 }, { "title": "Laurence H. Snyder", "text": "Snyder went on to establish four medical genetics programs on his own and was directly involved in the founding of at least two others. He was also a founder of the first professional society in medical genetics in 1948. As observed recurring in his writing, Snyder advocated that doctors should learn about genetics due to six reasons: (1) genetics could aid in diagnosis; (2) it could elucidate ways to prevent people from suffering from genetic disease; (3) it could be useful when there are legal implications, such as during cases of disputed paternity; (4) it plays a role in genetic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15921333", "score": "0.9160977", "original_retrieval_index": 50 }, { "title": "Human genetics", "text": "Human genetics Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics, and genetic counseling. Genes can be the common factor of the qualities of most human-inherited traits. Study of human genetics can be useful as it can answer questions about human nature, understand the diseases and development of effective disease treatment, and understand genetics of human life. This article describes only basic features of human genetics; for the genetics of disorders please see:", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4710835", "score": "0.91603434", "original_retrieval_index": 51 }, { "title": "History of genetics", "text": "of the fruit fly \"Drosophila melanogaster\". In 1928, Frederick Griffith showed that genes could be transferred. In what is now known as Griffith's experiment, injections into a mouse of a deadly strain of bacteria that had been heat-killed transferred genetic information to a safe strain of the same bacteria, killing the mouse. A series of subsequent discoveries led to the realization decades later that the genetic material is made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). In 1941, George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum showed that mutations in genes caused errors in specific steps in metabolic pathways. This showed that specific genes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4947068", "score": "0.91557765", "original_retrieval_index": 53 } ]

{ "title": "Gregor Mendel", "long_answer": "Gregor Mendel, who is known as the \"father of modern genetics\", was inspired by both his professors at the Palacký University, Olomouc (Friedrich Franz and Johann Karl Nestler), and his colleagues at the monastery (such as Franz Diebl) to study variation in plants. In 1854, Napp authorized Mendel to carry out a study in the monastery's 2 hectares (4.9 acres) experimental garden, which was originally planted by Napp in 1830. Unlike Nestler, who studied hereditary traits in sheep, Mendel used the common edible pea and started his experiments in 1856.", "chunked_long_answer": "Gregor Mendel, who is known as the \"father of modern genetics\", was inspired by both his professors at the Palacký University, Olomouc (Friedrich Franz and Johann Karl Nestler), and his colleagues at the monastery (such as Franz Diebl) to study variation in plants. In 1854, Napp authorized Mendel to carry out a study in the monastery's 2 hectares (4.9 acres) experimental garden, which was originally planted by Napp in 1830. Unlike Nestler, who studied hereditary traits in sheep, Mendel used the common edible pea and started his experiments in 1856.", "short_answers": [ "Gregor Mendel", "the common edible pea", "variation in plants" ] }

[ "James P. Flynn" ]

[ { "title": "Jimmy Flynn", "text": "Flynn appeared in many films shot in the New England area. In show business he goes by the name 'James P. Flynn'. Flynn was cast as a judge in the Boston-based film Good Will Hunting in 1997. Later, he acted in the 1999 film The Cider House Rules and What's the Worst That Could Happen? in 2001. He was also a truck driver for movie production equipment during the filming of My Best Friend's Girl in 2008. Boston actor Tom Kemp remarked: \"[The film The Departed] wouldn't be a Boston movie without me, a Wahlberg, and Jimmy Flynn from the", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Good Will Hunting", "text": "Good Will Hunting Good Will Hunting is a 1997 American drama film, directed by Gus Van Sant, and starring Robin Williams, Matt Damon, Ben Affleck, Minnie Driver, and Stellan Skarsgård. Written by Affleck and Damon, the film follows 20-year-old South Boston laborer Will Hunting, an unrecognized genius who, as part of a deferred prosecution agreement after assaulting a police officer, becomes a client of a therapist and studies advanced mathematics with a renowned professor. Through his therapy sessions, Will re-evaluates his relationships with his best friend, his girlfriend, and himself, facing the significant task of confronting his past and thinking", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1271813", "score": "1.1164734", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Good Will Hunting", "text": "janitor could show such facility with matrices applied this way. Good Will Hunting Good Will Hunting is a 1997 American drama film, directed by Gus Van Sant, and starring Robin Williams, Matt Damon, Ben Affleck, Minnie Driver, and Stellan Skarsgård. Written by Affleck and Damon, the film follows 20-year-old South Boston laborer Will Hunting, an unrecognized genius who, as part of a deferred prosecution agreement after assaulting a police officer, becomes a client of a therapist and studies advanced mathematics with a renowned professor. Through his therapy sessions, Will re-evaluates his relationships with his best friend, his girlfriend, and himself,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1271837", "score": "1.0148743", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Chill Wills", "text": "ceremonies for George C. Wallace, former governor of Alabama, for the California campaign stops in Wallace's presidential campaign. Wills was among the few Hollywood celebrities to endorse Wallace's bid against Nixon and Hubert H. Humphrey; another was Walter Brennan. Also in 1968, he starred in the \"Gunsmoke\" episode \"A Noose for Dobie Price\", where he played Elihu Gorman, a former outlaw who joins forces with Marshal Matt Dillon, played by James Arness, to track down a member of his former gang who has escaped jail. His last role was in 1978, as a janitor in \"Stubby Pringle's Christmas\". On December", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4425110", "score": "1.0125223", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Richard Anderson", "text": "Wilson Chase. In 1965, he played Judge Lander, who clashes over courtroom fairness and frontier justice with a young woman, Kate Melville (Gloria Talbott), the daughter of a sheriff, Will Melville (Dick Foran), in the episode \"Kate Melville and the Law\" of the syndicated series, \"Death Valley Days\". In 1970-71, Anderson starred as Chief George Untermeyer in the Burt Reynolds series \"Dan August\". Anderson first appeared as Oscar Goldman in the second episode of \"The Six Million Dollar Man\" (\"Wine, Women, and War\", 1974). He would portray the character through the series' end in 1978 as well as on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7071440", "score": "0.99173516", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Judge Roy Bean (TV series)", "text": "a total of six times on \"Judge Roy Bean\", including the roles of Sampson, a crooked rancher trying to locate missing gold dust, in the episode \"The Hidden Truth\", Mason in \"The Judge's Dilemma\", Tom Holman in \"Border Raiders\", King Lonagan in \"The Cross Draw Kid\", and Nolan in \"The Referee\". Lash LaRue, the cowboy with the bullwhip, appeared seven times on \"Judge Roy Bean\": as John Wesley Hardin in \"Gunman's Bargain\", as Storts in \"The Katcina Doll\", as Matt Logan in \"Outlaw's Son\", as Duke Castle in \"The Reformer\", as Todd Malone in \"Bad Medicine\", as Harbon in \"The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13055883", "score": "0.9882672", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Vincent Beck", "text": "\"Hardball\" which aired the following year in 1975. He played the part of Trilling in the Michael Winner directed 1979 film, \"Firepower\" which starred Sophia Loren and James Coburn. His last acting role was that of the corrupt Judge Sinclair in the William Lustig directed \"Vigilante\". A film about an average man who becomes a vigilante after his wife and young son are murdered by a street gang. It also starred Fred Williamson, Robert Forster, Joe Spinnell and Woody Strode. It was released in 1983. Judge Sinclair has obviously got a share in the bribe-money which lawyer Einsberg (Played by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20321200", "score": "0.9808738", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Good Will Hunting", "text": "about his future. The film grossed over $225 million during its theatrical run, from a $10 million budget. It was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture, and won two: Best Supporting Actor for Williams and Best Original Screenplay for Affleck and Damon. In 2014, it was ranked at number 53 in \"The Hollywood Reporter\"s \"100 Favorite Films\" list. Twenty-year-old Will Hunting of South Boston is a self-taught genius, though he works as a janitor at MIT and spends his free time drinking with his friends, Chuckie, Billy, and Morgan. When Professor Gerald Lambeau posts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1271814", "score": "0.9782273", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Jack Elam", "text": "Juan Cortina in the 1961 episode, \"The General Without a Cause\" on the syndicated television anthology series, \"Death Valley Days\", hosted by Stanley Andrews. In 1963, Elam received a rare chance to play the good guy, Deputy U.S. Marshal and reformed gunfighter J. D. Smith, in the ABC/Warner Brothers series, \"The Dakotas\", a western intended as the successor of \"Cheyenne\", but \"The Dakotas\" was telecast for only nineteen episodes. He played George Taggart, a gunslinger-turned-marshal in the NBC/WB western series, \"Temple Houston\", with Jeffrey Hunter in the title role. Elam got this part after James Coburn declined the role. Unfortunately", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4952666", "score": "0.97751033", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Christopher Judge", "text": "for each of the other principal roles, but eight or ten for the role of Teal'c. Judge was confident that he had acquired the part when they dismissed everyone who had read for the part except him. Judge's subsequent work includes guest spots on \"Andromeda\", \"Stargate Atlantis\", \"The Mentalist\", the television movie \"Personal Effects\", and the films \"Snow Dogs\" and \"A Dog's Breakfast\", the latter written and directed by fellow Stargate actor David Hewlett. Judge appeared in \"Anonymous\", the October 26, 2010 episode of \"\", and as one of Bane's henchmen in the 2012 film \"The Dark Knight Rises\". Judge", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2966122", "score": "0.9658967", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Gus Van Sant", "text": "to \"Good Will Hunting\", which starred and was written by Matt Damon and Ben Affleck. The film—about a troubled, blue-collar mathematical genius—was a huge critical and commercial success. It was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Director for Van Sant. It also won two, including Best Screenplay for Damon and Affleck, and Best Supporting Actor Oscar for Robin Williams, who, in his acceptance speech, referred to Van Sant as \"the mellowest man in Hollywood.\" Van Sant, Damon and Affleck parodied themselves and the film's success in Kevin Smith's\" Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back\". The success of \"Good Will", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1715996", "score": "0.96352893", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Matthew Goode", "text": "and a spin-off of the 1995 drama miniseries \"Pride and Prejudice\" to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the publication of Jane Austen's novel of the same name. In March 2014, Goode joined the cast of the CBS legal drama \"The Good Wife\" during the fifth season replacing Josh Charles, who played Will Gardner, as Finley \"Finn\" Polmar, a state prosecutor. He made his debut in the fifteenth episode titled \"Dramatics, Your Honor\" in which Will was killed off. That same year, he appeared in the historical thriller \"The Imitation Game\" as Hugh Alexander, a British Second World War cryptanalyst and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5099624", "score": "0.9628503", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Terry O'Sullivan", "text": "Terry O'Sullivan Terry O'Sullivan (July 7, 1915 – September 14, 2006) was an American actor, best known for his role on the soap opera \"Search for Tomorrow\" as \"Arthur Tate\" (1952–1955, 1956–1966). In the \"Arthur Tate\" role, he received the \"TV-Radio Mirror Award\" for Best Daytime Drama Actor three years in a row (1953–1955). When his character was written out of \"Search for Tomorrow\", he played the role of Richard Hunter, father of Susan Hunter (Denise Alexander), on \"Days of Our Lives\" (1966–68). He also played Judge Sam Stevens on \"The Secret Storm\" (1968–1969) before officially retiring from television roles", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9914313", "score": "0.9607046", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Mike Hodge", "text": "and American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) while working in Washington D.C. He then moved to New York City. Once in New York, Hodge's theater credits included four Broadway productions, including \"Fences\" and \"A Few Good Men\". He became known for his work on the New York City-based show, \"Law & Order\", where he held a recurring role as Judge Delano Burns throughout the 1990s and 2000s. His other television roles included \"Ed\", \"Fringe\" and \"\". His work included \"Striking Distance\" (1993), \"To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar\" (1995) In addition to acting, Hodge also narrated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20377888", "score": "0.96061045", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Fifteen Million Merits", "text": "Daniel Kaluuya was cast as Bing Madsen, based on an audition in which he performed the scene where Bing rants on \"Hot Shot\". Kaluuya would later be cast in 2017 horror film \"Get Out\" by Jordan Peele because of the strength of his speech in the final episode. Jessica Brown Findlay plays Abi, having finished working on historical period drama \"Downton Abbey\". Rupert Everett plays Judge Hope, Julia Davis plays Judge Charity and Ashley Thomas plays Judge Wraith. Filming took place in Buckingham, on a disused university campus. Due to the small budget, every scene takes place on one set,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18338565", "score": "0.95945454", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Autodidacticism", "text": "theory of \"emancipation\" and \"stultification\" in the present tense. The 1997 drama film \"Good Will Hunting\" follows the story of autodidact Will Hunting, played by Matt Damon. Hunting demonstrates his breadth and depth of knowledge throughout the film but especially to his therapist and in a heated discussion in a Harvard bar. One of the main characters in \"The Elegance of the Hedgehog\" (2006), by Muriel Barbery, is an autodidact. The story is told from the viewpoint of Renee, a middle-aged autodidact concierge in a Paris upscale apartment house and Paloma, a 12-year-old daughter of one of the tenants who", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1877077", "score": "0.95672816", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Linda Hunt", "text": "actor Vincent Caristi, Hunt discussed her experience acting in theatre, \"Acting onstage is like an explosion each night. And what comes in at you all the time as you are trying to . . . create something which is a tremendous act of organization and concentration.\". Her television appearances include recurring roles as Judge Zoey Hiller on David E. Kelley's series \"The Practice\" and as Dr. Claire Bryson on \"Without a Trace\". She has narrated several installments of \"The American Experience\" on PBS. Since 2009, she has co-starred as Operations Manager , on the CBS show \"\" with Chris O'Donnell,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2711742", "score": "0.95263344", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Allan Royal", "text": "the 2008 Hallmark Channel production of \"The Good Witch\"; he played Chief Constable Stockton in the Canadian detective show \"Murdoch Mysteries\", in 2008, 2010, and 2014; and he played Judge Phillip Hopkins in three 2014 episodes of the USA Network hit show \"Suits\". In 2011, he returned to the stage in Toronto, where he had not performed live since the early 1980s, to star in a one-man play, \"The Disappearing Act.\" He was not only the star, but he also wrote the script, about a man on death row. Allan Royal Allan Royal (born August 17, 1944) is a Montreal-born", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9792677", "score": "0.94691205", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Judge John Deed", "text": "time trying to rekindle an old romance with former pupil Jo Mills QC (played by Jenny Seagrove), who regularly appears in his court. Deed is described by creator and writer G.F. Newman as a character who \"speaks out against all the petty rules and bureaucracy that frustrates us all but that most of us don't speak out against\". Because of Deed's unorthodox actions, he is often hampered in his pursuit of justice by several more conventional-minded characters, including his ex-wife, barrister Georgina \"George\" Channing QC (played by Caroline Langrishe); her father Appeals Court Judge, Lord Justice (Sir Joseph) Channing (played", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6654287", "score": "0.94196755", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Will Hutchins", "text": "whom he had a daughter. Will Hutchins Will Hutchins (born Marshall Lowell Hutchason; May 5, 1930) is an American actor most noted for playing the lead role of the young lawyer from the Oklahoma Territory, Tom Brewster, in sixty-nine episodes of the Warner Bros. Western television series \"Sugarfoot\", which aired on ABC from 1957 to 1961. Only five episodes aired in 1961, including the series finale on April 17. (The \"Encyclopedia of Television Shows\" erroneously indicates that \"Sugarfoot\" aired from 1957 to 1963.) Hutchins was born in the Atwater Village neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. As a child, he visited", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6770580", "score": "0.94118875", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "David Wheeler (stage director)", "text": "Lie of the Mind\", \"Burn This\", and \"The House of Blue Leaves\". Wheeler taught a theatre directing class at Harvard in which Matt Damon was a student. Damon brought in his friend Ben Affleck to perform scenes in class from a draft of what would become their 1997 film \"Good Will Hunting\". Wheeler appears in the end credits of the movie in the \"Thanks to\" section. At a benefit in 2000 for the American Repertory Theater that Affleck, brother Casey Affleck and Damon attended – where all three performed scenes directed by Wheeler from playwrights David Mamet, Steve Martin and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13922758", "score": "0.9383833", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "The Finder (U.S. TV series)", "text": "the series, because the network decided to re-conceive the role. Mercedes Masohn and Maddie Hasson joined the cast as the two female leads. Masohn plays Isabel Zambada, a Deputy U.S. Marshal; and Hasson plays Willa, a juvenile delinquent who helps with their investigations. In Canada, the show was simsubbed against the Fox broadcast in most areas on the Global Television Network from January 12, 2012. It premiered in New Zealand on TV3 NZ on March 22, 2012, in Australia on Network Ten from June 25, 2012 and in the UK on the Universal Channel on July 11, 2012 Australia's Network", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15598327", "score": "0.9320537", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Judge John Deed", "text": "by Sir Donald Sinden), fellow High Court Judges Mr Justice (Sir Monty) Everard (played by Simon Ward) and Mr Justice (Sir Michael) Niven (played by Trevor Bowen), the Permanent Secretary to the Lord Chancellor's Department (LCD, later Department of Constitutional Affairs) Sir Ian Rochester (played by Simon Chandler); and later the Home Secretary Neil Haughton MP (played by Nick Reding and later Aneirin Hughes). Other recurring characters include Deed's rebellious, animal rights activist daughter Charlie (played by Louisa Clein), who is initially a law student but later progresses to the courts; Deed's police friend, deputy assistant commissioner Row Colemore (played", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6654288", "score": "0.9320253", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Matt Damon", "text": "He came to prominence in 1997, when he wrote and starred in \"Good Will Hunting,\" alongside Ben Affleck, which won them the Academy and Golden Globe awards for Best Screenplay and earned Damon a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. He continued to garner praise from critics for his roles as the eponymous character in \"Saving Private Ryan\" (1998), the antihero in \"The Talented Mr. Ripley\" (1999), a fallen angel in \"Dogma\" (1999), an energy analyst in \"Syriana\" (2005), and a corrupt Irish-American police officer in \"The Departed\" (2006). Damon is also known for his starring roles as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1438950", "score": "0.93137956", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Frank Ferguson", "text": "He also appeared in an episode of Jackie Cooper's NBC sitcom, \"The People's Choice\". He was cast as Doc Spooner in the 1959 episode \"Wolf\" of the ABC/Warner Brothers western series, \"Sugarfoot\", with Will Hutchins in the title role. Ferguson portrayed Roy Bean, justice of the peace in Langtry, Texas, in the 1959 episode \"Law West of the Pecos\" of the ABC/WB western series, \"Colt .45\", starring Wayde Preston. The Judge Bean role had been filled by Edgar Buchanan in a 1956 syndicated \"western series\". In the \"Colt .45\" episode, Lisa Gaye portrayed June Webster, and Douglas Kennedy was cast", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8845826", "score": "0.92933667", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Allen Case", "text": "\"The Deputy\" debuted, Case played a hot-headed young deputy, Bud Wilkins, in the episode \"Brink of Fear\", of the ABC/WB western series, \"Sugarfoot\", starring Will Hutchins. The episode is a lesson about the line of good and evil in the human heart. Tom Brewster as Sugarfoot attempts, without success, to help his boyhood friend Cully Abbott (Jerry Paris) put aside a lawless past after Abbott is paroled from prison. Others appearing in the episode are Venetia Stevenson, Harry Antrim, and Don Gordon. On December 3, 1959, Case appeared on NBC's \"The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford\", a variety program", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9142543", "score": "0.92752314", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Linda Hunt", "text": "Arnold Schwarzenegger in \"Kindergarten Cop\" in 1990. Hunt played the assassin Ilsa Grunt in \"If Looks Could Kill\" (1991) opposite Richard Grieco and Roger Rees. Hunt was a well-known stage actress before she entered film and television. She made her Broadway debut in a 1975 production of \"Ah, Wilderness\". She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her work in the 1984 play \"End of the World\". She also received two ensemble Obie Awards for her work Off-Broadway in \"Top Girls\" and \"A Metamorphosis in Miniature\". She created the role of Aunt Dan in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2711740", "score": "0.92471576", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Will Rogers Jr.", "text": "Commission on Indian Affairs during the Johnson administration (1967–1969). Rogers had a minor career as an actor and was most noted for playing his father (whom he closely resembled), particularly in \"The Story of Will Rogers\" (1952), \"Wild Heritage\" (1958) in which he played a judge, and in 1982 (in voice only) in \"The American Adventure\" at Disney's Epcot in Florida. He also appeared frequently in the 1950s television anthology series, \"Schlitz Playhouse of Stars.\" Rogers starred as \"Tom Brewster\" in \"The Boy from Oklahoma\", a 1954 Western film directed by Michael Curtiz, the basis for the 1957 television series", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6480302", "score": "0.9232637", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Will Hutchins", "text": "Will Hutchins Will Hutchins (born Marshall Lowell Hutchason; May 5, 1930) is an American actor most noted for playing the lead role of the young lawyer from the Oklahoma Territory, Tom Brewster, in sixty-nine episodes of the Warner Bros. Western television series \"Sugarfoot\", which aired on ABC from 1957 to 1961. Only five episodes aired in 1961, including the series finale on April 17. (The \"Encyclopedia of Television Shows\" erroneously indicates that \"Sugarfoot\" aired from 1957 to 1963.) Hutchins was born in the Atwater Village neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. As a child, he visited the location filming of \"Never", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6770573", "score": "0.92210317", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Temple Houston (TV series)", "text": "played Judge Gurney. The unused pilot with Hunter cast as lawyer Timothy Higgins, was released in theaters in December 1963 as \"The Man from Galveston\". Hopeful of success in the series and being paid $5,000 per episode, Jeffrey Hunter, a native of New Orleans, Louisiana, described the historic figure that he played as \"one of the finest lawyers in the last part of the 19th century.\" Indeed, Temple Houston at the age of 20 was the youngest practicing lawyer in Texas. He was the county attorney in Brazoria County south of Houston, until he accepted appointment as the district attorney", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10777881", "score": "0.91981876", "original_retrieval_index": 28 } ]

{ "title": "Jimmy Flynn", "long_answer": "Flynn appeared in many films shot in the New England area. In show business he goes by the name 'James P. Flynn'. Flynn was cast as a judge in the Boston-based film Good Will Hunting in 1997. Later, he acted in the 1999 film The Cider House Rules and What's the Worst That Could Happen? in 2001. He was also a truck driver for movie production equipment during the filming of My Best Friend's Girl in 2008. Boston actor Tom Kemp remarked: \"[The film The Departed] wouldn't be a Boston movie without me, a Wahlberg, and Jimmy Flynn from the teamsters.\"", "chunked_long_answer": "Flynn appeared in many films shot in the New England area. In show business he goes by the name 'James P. Flynn'. Flynn was cast as a judge in the Boston-based film Good Will Hunting in 1997. Later, he acted in the 1999 film The Cider House Rules and What's the Worst That Could Happen? in 2001. He was also a truck driver for movie production equipment during the filming of My Best Friend's Girl in 2008. Boston actor Tom Kemp remarked: \"[The film The Departed] wouldn't be a Boston movie without me, a Wahlberg, and Jimmy Flynn from the", "short_answers": [ "James P. Flynn" ] }

[ "Great Barrington, Massachusetts", "Framingham, Massachusetts", "Massachusetts", "Concord, Massachusetts" ]

[ { "title": "Daddy's Home 2", "text": "Principal photography began on March 20, 2017. Scenes were filmed in Concord, Massachusetts, Framingham, Massachusetts, and Great Barrington, Massachusetts.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Daddy's Home (film)", "text": "Daddy's Home (film) Daddy's Home is a 2015 American comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders, Brian Burns, and John Morris. The film is about a mild-mannered step-father (Will Ferrell) who vies for the attention of his wife's (Linda Cardellini) children when their biological father (Mark Wahlberg) returns. The second collaboration between Ferrell and Wahlberg following the 2010 film \"The Other Guys\", principal photography began on November 17, 2014 in New Orleans, Louisiana. The film was released on December 25, 2015, by Paramount Pictures and grossed $242 million worldwide, becoming Ferrell's highest-grossing live-action film. A sequel, \"Daddy's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18350507", "score": "1.1563344", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home (film)", "text": "January 21, 2015, a scene was shot during a New Orleans Pelicans and Los Angeles Lakers game where Ferrell smashed a cheerleader (played by stuntwoman/wrestler Taryn Terrell) in the face with a basketball. Filming was scheduled to wrap on February 3, 2015, but lasted through February 6. The film premiered in the UK on December 9, 2015 and was theatrically released in the UK on Boxing Day, December 26, 2015 by Paramount Pictures. \"Daddy's Home\" was released digitally on March 8, 2016, before being released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 22, 2016. \"Daddy's Home\" grossed $150.4 million in North", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18350517", "score": "1.1336653", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home (film)", "text": "of 42 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale. Will Ferrell was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in the category Choice Movie Actor in a Comedy. In April 2016, a sequel was announced with Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg reprising their characters. Anders and John Morris wrote the script and Anders directed. In January 2017, Paramount Pictures courted Mel Gibson and John Lithgow to star in the sequel. The two were later confirmed to star in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18350520", "score": "1.1325126", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home 2", "text": "Wahlberg mentioned that they would like to get Liam Neeson for the third installment of the film series. Daddy's Home 2 Daddy's Home 2 is a 2017 American Christmas comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders and John Morris. A sequel to \"Daddy's Home\" (2015), it stars Will Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, Linda Cardellini, John Cena, with John Lithgow and Mel Gibson. The plot follows now reformed-fathers Brad and Dusty (Ferrell and Wahlberg), now co-parenting Dusty's kids, who have to deal with their own fathers (Lithgow and Gibson) visiting for the holidays. Principal photography on the film began", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19470588", "score": "1.1200941", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home 2", "text": "2018. \"Daddy's Home 2\" grossed $103.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $76.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $180.4 million, against a production budget of $69 million. In the United States and Canada, \"Daddy's Home 2\" opened alongside \"Murder on the Orient Express\", and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,575 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $10.7 million on its first day, including $1.5 million from Thursday night previews at 2,500 theaters, up from the $1.2 million made by the first film. It went on to debut to $29.7", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19470584", "score": "1.114154", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home 2", "text": "26 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A−\" on an A+ to F scale. Alonso Duralde of \"TheWrap\" was critical of what he described as the film's sloppiness and laziness, saying, \"Director Sean Anders and his co-writer John Morris execute what are supposed to be the laughs with blunt force. The jokes announce themselves with heavy footsteps, and almost none of them land, stranding a talented cast with terrible material that they’re straining to sell.\" Richard Roeper of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" gave the film 1 out of 4 stars, saying:", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19470586", "score": "1.1026763", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home (film)", "text": "the film. Linda Cardellini, Owen Vaccaro and Scarlett Estevez also reprise their roles. John Cena will also return to the film, reprising his role from the first film. It was released on November 10, 2017. In an interview, Mark Wahlberg mentioned that they would like to get Liam Neeson for the third installment of the film. Daddy's Home (film) Daddy's Home is a 2015 American comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders, Brian Burns, and John Morris. The film is about a mild-mannered step-father (Will Ferrell) who vies for the attention of his wife's (Linda Cardellini) children", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18350521", "score": "1.0930357", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home (film)", "text": "that Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg would play the lead roles in the film. On November 12, Linda Cardellini joined the cast of the film, to play Ferrell's character's wife. On November 18, Hannibal Buress joined the film to play a sarcastic handyman. On January 28, 2015, Paul Scheer was added to the cast of the film, playing The Whip, a crazy DJ. Principal photography began on November 17, 2014, in New Orleans, Louisiana. On November 24 and 25, filming took place at Edward Hynes Charter School. On January 12, 2015, actors were spotted filming in the Lakeview area. On", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18350516", "score": "1.0814105", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home (film)", "text": "million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office behind \"\" ($149.2 million). It was the second biggest non-animated opening of Ferrell's career, behind \"\" ($47 million). On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 31% based on 112 reviews and an average rating of 4.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg have proven comedic chemistry, but \"Daddy's Home\" suffers from a dearth of genuinely funny ideas – and lacks enough guts or imagination to explore the satirical possibilities of its premise.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18350519", "score": "1.0811872", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home 2", "text": "million, finishing second at the box office, behind holdover \"\" ($57 million). In its second weekend, the film made $14.4 million (a drop of 51.3%), finishing 4th behind \"Justice League\", \"Wonder\" and \"Thor: Ragnarok\". On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 19% based on 113 reviews, and an average rating of 3.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"A formulaic comedy that's unlikely to spread much yuletide merriment, \"Daddy's Home 2\" can only muster a few stray yuks from its talented cast.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 based on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19470585", "score": "1.0691876", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Daddy at Home", "text": "are Together , Housewives' Holiday , Perfect Cut 2 & Reunion Dinner and Best Theme Songs are Together , Perfect Cut 2 ,Table of Glory and The Ulimatum Daddy at Home Daddy at Home (企鹅爸爸) is a Singaporean television series which debuted on the local Chinese language channel Channel 8 on 2 November 2009. It stars Chen Hanwei ,Li Nanxing , Dawn Yeoh , Ann Kok , Cynthia Koh & Adam Chen as the casts of the series. It was screened every night at 9pm from Monday to Friday. The series' Chinese title literally means \"penguin father\". As the series", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16695468", "score": "1.0657759", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home 2", "text": "\"After enduring last week’s lousy and lazy \"A Bad Moms Christmas\", I would have bet it would be many a year before we’d see another holiday comedy more sour and cynical and profoundly unfunny. I sit corrected.\" Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, writing, \"I found the sequel better than the original—the writing sharper, the jokes fresher and smarter, the comic interaction between the lead characters consistently engaging. I mentioned this to my incredulous wife, who said, 'So you’re saying it's the \"Godfather, Part 2\" of the \"Daddy’s Home\" series'.\" In an interview, Mark", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19470587", "score": "1.0595319", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home (film)", "text": "Home 2\", was released on November 10, 2017. Mild-mannered radio executive Brad Whitaker struggles to be a good stepfather to his wife Sara's two children, Megan and Dylan, and is seemingly sterile after an accident to his testicles some years ago. The children begin to grow closer to Brad, with Dylan confiding in him that he is being picked on at school and Megan asking him to take her to a father/daughter dance at her school. One night, the kids' biological father, Sara's ex-husband Dusty Mayron, calls and discovers Sara's marriage with Brad. He suddenly announces he will be visiting", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18350508", "score": "1.0528612", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home 2", "text": "10, 2017. Although the film received generally negative reviews from critics, it grossed over $180 million worldwide on a $70 million budget. After finally becoming friends at the end of the first film, Brad Whittaker (Will Ferrell) and Dusty Mayron (Mark Wahlberg) have a co-dad system where their two children, Megan (Scarlett Estevez) and Dylan (Owen Vaccaro), take turns at each father's house. Dusty has also remarried, this time to Karen (Alessandra Ambrosio), a writer, and is stepdad to Adrianna (Didi Costine), Karen's daughter. Brad and his wife, Sara (Linda Cardellini), along with Dusty and Karen, attend a school play", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19470567", "score": "1.0328995", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home (film)", "text": "America and $92.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $242.8 million, against a budget of $69 million. It is Ferrell's highest-grossing live-action film, surpassing \"Elf\" ($220.4 million). In the United States and Canada, the film opened on December 25, 2015 alongside \"Point Break\", \"Joy\", \"Concussion\", and the wide release of \"The Big Short\". In its opening weekend the film was projected to gross $20–25 million from 3,271 theaters. However, after grossing $1.2 million from its early Thursday showings and $15.7m on its opening day, weekend projections were increased to $43–46 million. The film ended up grossing $38.7", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18350518", "score": "1.032445", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Daddy Day Camp", "text": "gave the film an average grade of \"B\" on an A+ to F scale. Nathan Rabin from The A.V. Club gave the film a rare \"F\" grade. \"Daddy Day Camp\" was released in Region 1 in the United States on January 29, 2008, and also Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 18 February 2008, it was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. Daddy Day Camp Daddy Day Camp (also known as Daddy Day Care 2) is a 2007 American comedy film starring Cuba Gooding Jr., and directed by Fred Savage in his film directorial debut. It is the sequel", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8838727", "score": "1.0218723", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Daddy Day Camp", "text": "Daddy Day Camp Daddy Day Camp (also known as Daddy Day Care 2) is a 2007 American comedy film starring Cuba Gooding Jr., and directed by Fred Savage in his film directorial debut. It is the sequel to 2003's \"Daddy Day Care\"; however, all the lead characters were recast. The film was produced by Revolution Studios and released by TriStar Pictures, unlike its predecessor, which was distributed by Columbia Pictures. The film was released in the United States on August 8, 2007. The film grossed $18.2 million against a $6 million budget, but was panned by film critics. It has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8838719", "score": "1.0122674", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Red Granite Pictures", "text": "and opened as number one at the box office. Paramount Pictures and Red Granite Pictures in association with Gary Sanchez Productions released the Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg comedy \"Daddy's Home\" on December 25, 2015. Red Granite Pictures co-produced and co-financed the film, which Paramount Pictures distributed worldwide. \"Daddy's Home\" opened as number two at the box office, becoming Red Granite's highest grossing opening weekend and its highest grossing domestic film. Red Granite's development slate moving forward includes \"The General\", a gritty look at the story of George Washington, and an untitled psychological horror film. Joey McFarland is producer of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16259300", "score": "1.0078199", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Daddy Day Care", "text": "was panned by critics and audiences alike with a 1% on Rotten Tomatoes. In 2007, the film won the Razzie Award for \"Worst Prequel or Sequel\". Daddy Day Care Daddy Day Care is a 2003 American family comedy film starring Eddie Murphy and co-starring Jeff Garlin, Steve Zahn, Regina King, and Anjelica Huston. Written by Geoff Rodkey and directed by Steve Carr, the film was released in theaters on May 9, 2003. It was produced by Revolution Studios and released by Columbia Pictures. The film grossed $164 million worldwide on a budget of $60 million. It was Murphy and Carr's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1811354", "score": "1.0008043", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home (Big Daddy Kane album)", "text": "Daddy's Home (Big Daddy Kane album) Daddy's Home is the sixth album by emcee, Big Daddy Kane. It is Big Daddy Kane's only album on MCA Records, released in September 13, 1994. Like his previous album \"Looks Like a Job For…\", \"Daddy's Home\" was generally well-received, but lacked in sales. Despite the positive reviews, the album saw a large drop in Kane's commercial popularity, and produced no crossover hit singles, like his 1993's \"Very Special\". The album features the singles \"In the PJ's\" and the DJ Premier-produced posse cut \"Show & Prove\", featuring Ol' Dirty Bastard, Shyheim, Sauce Money and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8862046", "score": "0.99973375", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Daddy's Double", "text": "film was shown across the United States, including theaters in Kansas, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Indiana. One of the last advertisements for the film came three years after its release by the Neosho Picture Show Company of Neosho, Missouri. The film received positive attention from film critics. \"The Morning Telegraph\" praised it as the best work from the new Thanhouser Company. \"The New York Dramatic Mirror\" found it to have good acting which could still be more expressive, but was more indifferent to the use of unnecessary connecting scenes. \"The Moving Picture World\" stated, in a brief review, that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18534931", "score": "0.9786234", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Daddy Day Care", "text": "based on a $60 million budget. The film was released in the United Kingdom on July 11, 2003, and opened on #3, behind \"\" and \"Bruce Almighty\". The next two weekends, the film moved down one place, before finally ending up on #10 on August 3, 2003. In August 2003, soon after the release of \"Daddy Day Care\", Murphy was lured into making a sequel movie, although he hadn't signed up for the film. A sequel was released on August 8, 2007, titled \"Daddy Day Camp\", with Cuba Gooding, Jr. replacing Eddie Murphy's role as Charlie Hinton. The film itself", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1811353", "score": "0.9694104", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Daddy Day Care", "text": "Daddy Day Care Daddy Day Care is a 2003 American family comedy film starring Eddie Murphy and co-starring Jeff Garlin, Steve Zahn, Regina King, and Anjelica Huston. Written by Geoff Rodkey and directed by Steve Carr, the film was released in theaters on May 9, 2003. It was produced by Revolution Studios and released by Columbia Pictures. The film grossed $164 million worldwide on a budget of $60 million. It was Murphy and Carr's second collaboration after \"Dr. Dolittle 2\" (2001). Charles \"Charlie\" Hinton is a food products marketing executive whose wife Kim has just gone back to work as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1811344", "score": "0.96663964", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Daddy-O", "text": "Daddy-O Daddy-O is a 1958 B-movie starring Dick Contino and Sandra Giles. It was directed by Lou Place and written by David Moessinger. The film is notable for its soundtrack as being the debut film score for John Williams. The film was released by American International Pictures as a double feature with \"Roadracers\". It was later featured as a movie mocked by \"Mystery Science Theater 3000\". \"Daddy-O\" was produced by Elmer C. Rhoden Jr. who also produced \"The Delinquents\" (1957) and \"The Cool and the Crazy\" (1958). Hotshot street-racer Phil Sandifer (Contino) is working as a truck driver when he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6105984", "score": "0.965622", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Daddy's Home (film)", "text": "a disabled child in a wheelchair in the face with basketballs. Humiliated, Brad moves out of the house; however, when Dusty tries to comfort Sara, she rejects him, and forces him to step up as a dad to help his kids with their busy schedules. Four days later, Brad is living in his office at work, depressed. Dusty, meanwhile, is overwhelmed by the responsibilities of being a full-time father. When Dusty decides to call it quits and leave on the day of Megan's father-daughter dance, his friend Griff goes to Brad and convinces him to fight for his family. Brad", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18350512", "score": "0.95115113", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Joey McFarland", "text": "2014 by Universal Pictures. Dumb and Dumber To opened number one at the box office. McFarland is executive producer on the film \"Daddy's Home\" (film) directed by Sean Anders and John Morris. Shot in New Orleans, it re-teams Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg for the first time since 2010. Red Granite Pictures is co-producing and co-financing the film with Paramount Pictures, in association with Gary Sanchez Productions. Paramount Pictures is also the worldwide distribution partner. The film was released on December 25, 2015. McFarland is producer of Papillon, a remake of the 1973 film of the same name based on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16248055", "score": "0.94965315", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Daddy at Home", "text": "Daddy at Home Daddy at Home (企鹅爸爸) is a Singaporean television series which debuted on the local Chinese language channel Channel 8 on 2 November 2009. It stars Chen Hanwei ,Li Nanxing , Dawn Yeoh , Ann Kok , Cynthia Koh & Adam Chen as the casts of the series. It was screened every night at 9pm from Monday to Friday. The series' Chinese title literally means \"penguin father\". As the series is about house husbands, the title was derived from the fact that Emperor penguins are the only penguin species of which the male is fully responsible for incubating", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16695465", "score": "0.947171", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Who's Your Daddy? (film)", "text": "while his parents out of town. They need the booze to attract the popular crowd, especially Brittany and her entourage. The film's producers intended for \"Who's Your Daddy?\" to capitalize on the start of the 21st century's teen sex comedy revival, as spearheaded by 1999's \"American Pie. Fickman shot the film in 2001, but after an unsuccessful test-screening process, the film was shelved for a number of years. Never released theatrically in the United States, \"Who's Your Daddy?\" finally reached American audiences on DVD in January 2005, followed by a short run in Icelandic cinemas the following summer. Who's Your", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11607502", "score": "0.93390656", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Party Down South", "text": "result of her failing to appear for a pre-trial hearing from a 2012 drunk-driving arrest. She said she was participating in filming for Season 2 in Athens, Georgia at the time of the hearing. In July 2014, cast member Ryan \"Daddy\" Richards was investigated by authorities in Athens, Georgia, after a woman initially told police that she had been sexually assaulted by \"Daddy\" after being slipped a date rape drug while partying with the cast during the filming of season 2. However, after reviewing approximately 20 hours of footage, police ultimately determined that the accusations had been proven false. On", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17453100", "score": "0.92361504", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Daddy's Home 2", "long_answer": "Principal photography began on March 20, 2017. Scenes were filmed in Concord, Massachusetts, Framingham, Massachusetts, and Great Barrington, Massachusetts.", "chunked_long_answer": "Principal photography began on March 20, 2017. Scenes were filmed in Concord, Massachusetts, Framingham, Massachusetts, and Great Barrington, Massachusetts.", "short_answers": [ "Concord, Massachusetts", "Framingham, Massachusetts", "Great Barrington, Massachusetts", "Massachusetts" ] }

[ "Guwahati" ]

[ { "title": "Tarun Ram Phukan", "text": "In 1921, Assam Provincial Congress Committee was formed with its headquarters at Guwahati and Kuladhar Chaliha as its president. Phookan became the president. The reconstituted APCC elected Phookan, Gopinath Bordoloi, Bimala Prasad Chaliha, Chandranath Sarmah, Krishna Nath Sarmah and Kanak Chandra Sarmah as the members of the AICC. This new committee initiated and invited Mahatma Gandhi to Assam in 1921 to propagate the message of non-co-operation amongst the masses. Mahatma Gandhi's visit gave tremendous impetus to the congress workers to carry out the non-cooperation movement and implement the principles of Swadeshi.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Assam Sahitya Sabha", "text": "being. The first conference was held in the month of December 1917 under the presidency of Padmanath Gohain Baruah, a big name in the history of modern Assamese literature. Sarat Chandra Goswami was the first secretary of the Sabha. Since then the annual conference, nowadays biennial, is held with great pomp and grandeur, and a writer of high reputation is elected to the presidency of the Society. Before formal formation of Asam Sahitya Sabha, Sahitya Kandari Padma Nath Gohain Baruah had established Kohima Sahitya Sabha at Kohima, Nagaland, in the month of December, 1895. Padma Nath Gohain Baruah was Founder", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4903986", "score": "1.2912529", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "History of Assam", "text": "decided against paying the taxes. The protests culminated in a bayonet charge against the protesters at Patharughat in 1894. At least 15 were left dead and in the violent repression that followed villagers were tortured and their properties were destroyed or looted. In 1903, Assam Association was formed with Manik Chandra Baruah as the first secretary. Eastern Bengal and Assam under Lt. Governor (1906–1912): Bengal was partitioned and East Bengal was added to the Chief Commissioner's Province. The new region, now ruled by a Lt. Governor, had its capital at Dhaka. This province had a 15-member legislative council in which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7096240", "score": "1.2892694", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Assam Sahitya Sabha", "text": "at Biswaratna Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Samannay Khetra, Barpeta Road, an administrative circle of Barpeta District of Assam. The Sabha’s 2015 session held at Kaliabor, Nagaon. The current conference will be held in Padmanath Gohain Baruah Khetra, Rupahi-Jerenga Pathar, Rudrasagar, Sivasagar from 8 February to 12 February 2017. Asam Sahitya Sabha Patrika (; Ôxôm Xahityô Xôbha Pôtrika) is an official journal of the Asam Sahitya Sabha. The first issue was appeared in October, 1927. Chandradhar Barua was the founder editor of the journal. The first president of Asam Sahitya Sabha was Padmanath Gohain Baruah during the inaugural conference at Sibsagar in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4903989", "score": "1.247071", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Colonial Assam", "text": "Numerous \"raiz mels\" decided against paying the taxes. The protests culminated in a bayonet charge against the protesters at Patharughat in 1894. At least 15 were left dead and in the violent repression that followed villagers were tortured and their properties were destroyed or looted. In 1903, Assam Association was formed with Manik Chandra Baruah as the first secretary. Bengal was partitioned and East Bengal was added to the Chief Commissioner's Province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. The new region, now ruled by a Lt. Governor, had its capital at Dhaka. This province had a 15-member legislative council in which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10642444", "score": "1.2427031", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Gopinath Bordoloi", "text": "The Assam Association was the only political organisation of Assam in that period. Assam Congress was formed in 1921 as a branch of the Indian National Congress. Gopinath Bordoloi's political life started when he joined the Indian National Congress as a volunteer in that year. He actively participated in the fight for independence. He was arrested in 1922 due to active participation in the Non-co-operation movement and was put in jail for a year. When the movement was called off following the Chauri Chaura incident, he went back to practising law. From 1930 to 1933, he kept himself away from", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4318315", "score": "1.237512", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Assam Sahitya Sabha", "text": "1917. Assam Sahitya Sabha The Assam Sahitya Sabha (\"Ôxôm Xahityô Xôbha\" or \"Assam Literary Society\") is a non Government, non profit, literary organisation of Assam. It was founded in December, 1917 in Assam, India to promote the culture of Assam and Assamese literature. Presently it has about one thousand branches all over Assam and also outside the state. The central office is at Jorhat, a city of historical importance. The branches and the district units also have their offices in their respective places. Till 1826 AD. Assam was ruled mainly by Ahom and Koch dynasties. In 1826, Assam came under", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4903990", "score": "1.2264935", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Assam Cricket Association", "text": "Bhupen Hazarika. On 4 November 2012, the East Zone Senior Women's Interstate One-day Championship match between Assam women's cricket team and Odisha women's cricket team became the first match to be played at the ground. In the 2013-14 Ranji Trophy season, the ground hosted four matches. Assam against Kerala was the first first-class match. Himanta Biswa Sarma became the president of the Assam Cricket Association in June 2016 when his party man Pradip Buragohain became the secretary. Dr Sarma was also longest serving vice president of the association serving from 2002 to 2016. Anjan Dutta was longest serving President of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13294677", "score": "1.2218686", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Colonial Assam", "text": "bulk. The other 12 members were elected by local public bodies like municipalities, local boards, landholders, tea planters and Muslims. As Assam became involved in the Non-cooperation movement, the Assam Association slowly transformed itself into the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee (with 5 seats in AICC) in 1920–21. Under the Government of India Act 1919 the Assam Legislative Council membership was increased to 53, of which 33 were elected by special constituencies. The powers of the Council were increased too; but in effect, the official group, consisting of the Europeans, the nominated members etc. had the most influence. Syed Muhammed Saadulah", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10642447", "score": "1.2093034", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Atul Chandra Barua", "text": "Patharighat ME School, Kamrup Academy High School (now a senior secondary school), St Mary's College and St Edmund's College in Shillong in Meghalaya (then in Assam) etc. at various times. He also rendered his services in the Assam Secretariat in Shillong from 1943 to 1947. In independent India appearing in the Assam Civil Service Examination held in 1949 for the first lime, he stood second in rank to bag a post of sub-deputy collector. He was appointed Assistant Deputy Commissioner of Rangia from 1953 to 1958. In 1958, he was appointed P.A. of Commissioner in Shillong i.e. capital of Assam", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19913625", "score": "1.194139", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed", "text": "the Assam Cricket Association for several terms; he was also the Vice-President of the Assam Sports Council. In April 1967, he was elected President of the All India Cricket Association. He was a member of the Delhi Golf Club and the Delhi Gymkhana Club from 1961. In 1942 he was arrested in the Quit India movement and sentenced to 3 1/2 years' imprisonment.[2] He was a member of the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee from 1936 and of AICC from 1947 to 74, and remained the Minister of Finance, Revenue and labour in the 1938 Gopinath Bordoloi Ministry and he is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3622332", "score": "1.1823148", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Assam Sahitya Sabha", "text": "The Bhawan was exchanged by the Nagaland Government with the earlier one, which was known as LAL GHAR and taken by the Nagaland Government in the year 1978. The conference of the Asam Sahitya Sabha helds biennially. First conference of Asam Sahitya Sabha was held at Sivasagar, Assam. It become a big literary festival, unique in its character, which is attended by thousands of people. The writers of the state assemble, exchange their views and address the people. Except regular biennially seasons in 2000 and 2002 special session was held at Jorhat and Kalgachia. On 31 January, 1–4 February 2013", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4903988", "score": "1.1757319", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Assam Sahitya Sabha", "text": "Assam Sahitya Sabha The Assam Sahitya Sabha (\"Ôxôm Xahityô Xôbha\" or \"Assam Literary Society\") is a non Government, non profit, literary organisation of Assam. It was founded in December, 1917 in Assam, India to promote the culture of Assam and Assamese literature. Presently it has about one thousand branches all over Assam and also outside the state. The central office is at Jorhat, a city of historical importance. The branches and the district units also have their offices in their respective places. Till 1826 AD. Assam was ruled mainly by Ahom and Koch dynasties. In 1826, Assam came under the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4903984", "score": "1.1725736", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Himanta Biswa Sarma", "text": "also appointed him as convener of North-East Democratic Alliance (NEDA). On 23 April 2017 Dr Sarma was unanimously elected as President of Badminton Association of India. Dr Sarma has been the president of the Assam Badminton Association. He also became the president of the Assam Cricket Association in June 2016 when his party man Pradip Buragohain became the secretary. Dr Sarma was also the longest-serving vice president of the association serving from 2002 to 2016. Himanta Biswa Sarma Himanta Biswa Sarma (born 1 February 1969) is an Indian politician and an youth Icon who has served as MLA from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16757994", "score": "1.1655384", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Nagen Saikia", "text": "College. In 1972 he joined as a lecturer in the department of Assamese in Dibrugarh University and continued till 1986. During this period he also served as a Secretary of the Co- Ordination Committee for publication of Text books in Assamese, Dibrugarh University. Saikia had also been a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1986-1992 and was the vice-chairman of the Upper House from 1990-1992. In 1992 Saikia joined as Professor of the Lakshminath Bezbaroa chair in the department of Assamese in Dibrugarh University. He was an editor of \"Natun Dainik\", an Assamese daily in 2003 and \"Amar Asom\" in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17457222", "score": "1.1652639", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "All Assam Chess Association", "text": "All Assam Chess Association The All Assam Chess Association () is a registered (under the Societies Registration Act: XXI of 1860, Number 1347 of 1981-82) chess association of the Assam state of India. It was formed in the late 1960s by Bodiyuz Zaman from Jorhat. The first president of the association was Kamakhya Prasad Tripathi. It is affiliated with the All India Chess Federation and officially accredited by the Fédération Internationale des Échecs, (FIDE). Till date AACA has managed to establish district affiliates in each of Assam’s districts. It has no less than 14 Districts out of a possible 23", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14284601", "score": "1.1649082", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Assam Football Association", "text": "Assam Football Association The Assam Football Association (AFA) is one of the 36 Indian State Football Associations that are affiliated to the All India Football Federation and its current president is Hemendra Nath Brahma, while secretary is Ankur Dutta. Assam Football Association was formed in 1951, but the game of football has been played since before independence of India. The game of Football was introduced by and an institution and some individual persons. It is affiliated to the All India Football Federation, Assam council of sports and Assam Olympic association. The association controls men and women football game in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17077946", "score": "1.163022", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Jamugurihat", "text": "College Student 'Union' president of the Golaghat convention of the Assam Chatra Sanmilan (1919) and took part actively in the Freedom Movement and went to Jail for six months in 1921. He was elected Secretary of the Assam pradesh Congress Committee 1922 and went again to Jail in 1930 & 1933. The people of Jamugurihat dedicated their only institute of higher learning, Tyagbir Hem Baruah College in the memory of this great and honest freedom fighter of the state. The College has been playing a vital role in providing higher education to the students of Naduar area since inception. The", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18246204", "score": "1.1550593", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Sarbananda Sonowal", "text": "University. He also started his political career from here. Sarbananda Sonowal was the President of Assam's oldest student body, the All Assam Students Union from 1992 to 1999. After that, he became a member of the Asom Gana Parishad (AGP). In 2001, he was elected the MLA from Assam's Moran constituency. In 2004, he became a Lok Sabha member representing Dibrugarh constituency and continued to be so till 2009 before joining the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2011. In 2014 general election for Lok Sabha he was appointed to head State's 16th Lok Sabha Elections Assam by Bharatiya Janata Party, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8823562", "score": "1.1541889", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "United Minorities Front, Assam", "text": "Rights in the State of Assam. On 13 April 2013 State Executive Committee has been formed in State Level Conference held at Lengtisingha in the district of Bongaigaon. The UMFA contested in the Assembly and General Election-1985. The Party won 17 MLA and 1 MP seats respectively. United Minorities Front, Assam United Minorities Front, Assam is a regional political party in Assam, India. UMFA was set up in 1985 by the All Assam Minority Students Union (AAMSU), Citizens Rights Preservation Committee (CRPC) and other religious / linguastic Minority People of Assam, as a response to the \"Assam Agitation\" of All", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4482395", "score": "1.1531621", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Assam Legislative Assembly", "text": "legislature. The strength of the House was 108, where all the members were elected. The Legislative Council (Upper House) was not less than 21 and not more than 22 members. The first sitting of its lower house, the Assam Legislative Assembly, took place on 7 April 1937 in the Assembly Chamber at Shillong. Shillong was the capital of the composite State of Assam. It had a strength of 108 members. However, the strength of the Assembly was reduced to 71 after the partition of India. After Indian independence in 1947, the Assam Legislative Council was abolished and the Assam Legislative", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14622316", "score": "1.1514698", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Kamarupa Anusandhan Samiti", "text": "Naupat Rai Kedia of Dibrugarh. When Lt Col P.R.T. Gordon, then the commissioner of the Assam Valley and honorary provincial director of Ethnography, Assam formally inaugurated the samiti’s building on November 19, 1917. The samiti’s activities attracted the attention of Indologists throughout eastern India. A branch of the Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti was established at Rangpur (now in Bangladesh) with Babu Surendra Chandra Roychoudhury as its secretary. The Asiatic Society of Calcutta organized exhibitions of the samiti’s collections and kept a close link with it until 1950. Assam did not have any museum until 1940, but the purpose of a museum", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15699052", "score": "1.150873", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Kanaklal Barua", "text": "His books include \"Studies in the Early History of Assam\", \"An Early History of Kamarupa From the Earliest Time to the Sixteenth Century\" and \"Manual of Co-operative Societies in Assam\". He was also an editor of the \"Jonaki\" magazine for some months. Kanaklal Barua Kanaklal Barua (1872-1940) was a prominent writer, essayist, historian and politician from Assam who wrote mainly in the English language. He was one of the literary stalwarts of the Jonaki Era, the age of romanticism of Assamese literature. He was the president of the Asam Sahitya Sabha in 1924 held at Dibrugarh district, Assam. In 1929", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17284095", "score": "1.1505378", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "United Liberation Front of Assam", "text": "women cadres have surrendered to the government. United Liberation Front of Assam The United Liberation Front of Assam is a separatist outfit operating in Assam, North East India for the Indigenous Assamese people. According to ULFA sources, it was founded on 7 April 1979 at Rang Ghar, a historic structure dating to the Ahom kingdom (1228–1826) and began operations in 1990. Sunil Nath, former Central Publicity Secretary and spokesman of ULFA has stated that the organisation established ties with the Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) in 1983 and with the Burma based KIA in 1987. Military operations against the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2509572", "score": "1.1467617", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "History of Assam", "text": "itself into the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee (with 5 seats in AICC) in 1920–21. Dyarchy (1921–1937): Under the Government of India Act 1919 the Assam Legislative Council membership was increased to 53, of which 33 were elected by special constituencies. The powers of the Council were increased too; but in effect, the official group, consisting of the Europeans, the nominated members etc. had the most influence. Assam Legislative Assembly (1937–1947): Under the Government of India Act 1935, the Council was expanded into an Assembly of 108 members, with even more powers. The period saw the sudden rise of Gopinath Bordoloi", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7096243", "score": "1.1407814", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Jagadish Bhuyan", "text": "(AGP) and nominated as central executive member of it. In 1996 General Assembly Election he contested from Sadiya Constituency. He was elected as the youngest MLA at the age of 30 years. In the year 1998, he became the Minister of Tourism, Assam. In 2001, he was elected as MLA for second time. In 2004, he was nominated as spokesperson and member of steering committee of AGP. From 2008 to 2012 he was nominated as general secretary of the party. In 2011, after another poor showing of AGP in the state assembly election he along with some of his colleagues", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19157194", "score": "1.1350791", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "History of Assam", "text": "that mission[]. Between 1905 and 1921, the immigrant population from East Bengal increased four folds. The immigration continued in post colonial times, giving rise to the Assam Agitation of 1979. Assam Legislative Council (1912–1920): The administrative unit was reverted to a Chief Commissioner's Province (Assam plus Sylhet), with a Legislative Council added. The Council had 25 members, of which the Chief Commissioner and 13 nominated members formed the bulk. The other members were elected by local public bodies like municipalities, local boards, landholders, tea planters and Muslims. As Assam got sucked into the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Assam Association slowly transformed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7096242", "score": "1.1333547", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "United Liberation Front of Assam", "text": "April 1979 in Sivasagar, Assam by some youths which included Paresh Baruah, Arabinda Rajkhowa, Anup Chetia, Pradip Gogoi, Bhadreshwar Gohain and Budheswar Gogoi. The organisation's purpose was to engage in an armed struggle to form a socialist Assam. Ulfa during its heyday (late eighties and nineties of the last century) was quite popular among many indigenous Assamese people of the Brahmaputra valley. Majority of the supporters felt that a powerful organisation was necessary to get the voice of a peripheral region heard in the corridors of power in Lutyen’s Delhi. But gradually, the organisation’s undue emphasis on collection of money", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2509543", "score": "1.1322129", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Jagadish Bhuyan", "text": "to fight for the cause of Assam.\" He is now the executive member of Bharatiya Janata Party, Assam Pradesh. He started his social life on 1979 as All Assam Student Union (AASU) activist of Kakapather Anchalik Committee. From 1979-87 he worked in different post in undivided All Dibrugarh District Student Union & Tinsukia District Student Union. In 1987 he became Central Executive Member of All Assam Student Union. He worked as Finance Secretary and Vice President of AASU Central Executive Committee. In the year 1992 he became Member Secretary of National Student Co-ordination Committee and worked in this post till", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19157192", "score": "1.1315134", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Karimganj district", "text": "with Basanta Kumar Das (then Home Minister of Assam) travelled throughout the valley organising the Congress and addressing meetings educating the masses about the outcome of partition on the basis of religion. On 20 February 1947, Moulvi Mazumdar inaugurated a convention – Assam Nationalist Muslim's Convention at Silchar. There after another big meeting was held at Silchar on 8 June 1947. Both the meetings, which were attended by a large section of Muslims paid dividend. He was also among the few who were instrumental in retaining the Barak Valley region of Assam, especially Karimganj with India. Mazumdar was the leader", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4865511", "score": "1.1282551", "original_retrieval_index": 34 } ]

{ "title": "Tarun Ram Phukan", "long_answer": "In 1921, Assam Provincial Congress Committee was formed with its headquarters at Guwahati and Kuladhar Chaliha as its president. Phookan became the president. The reconstituted APCC elected Phookan, Gopinath Bordoloi, Bimala Prasad Chaliha, Chandranath Sarmah, Krishna Nath Sarmah and Kanak Chandra Sarmah as the members of the AICC. This new committee initiated and invited Mahatma Gandhi to Assam in 1921 to propagate the message of non-co-operation amongst the masses. Mahatma Gandhi's visit gave tremendous impetus to the congress workers to carry out the non-cooperation movement and implement the principles of Swadeshi.", "chunked_long_answer": "In 1921, Assam Provincial Congress Committee was formed with its headquarters at Guwahati and Kuladhar Chaliha as its president. Phookan became the president. The reconstituted APCC elected Phookan, Gopinath Bordoloi, Bimala Prasad Chaliha, Chandranath Sarmah, Krishna Nath Sarmah and Kanak Chandra Sarmah as the members of the AICC. This new committee initiated and invited Mahatma Gandhi to Assam in 1921 to propagate the message of non-co-operation amongst the masses. Mahatma Gandhi's visit gave tremendous impetus to the congress workers to carry out the non-cooperation movement and implement the principles of Swadeshi.", "short_answers": [ "Guwahati" ] }

[ "Matthias Schleiden", "Robert Hooke", "Robert Remak", "Theodor Schwann", "Rudolf Virchow" ]

[ { "title": "Cell theory", "text": "However, the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit. Remak published observations in 1852 on cell division, claiming Schleiden and Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes. He instead said that binary fission, which was first introduced by Dumortier, was how reproduction of new animal cells were made. Once this tenet was added, the classical cell theory was complete.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Cell theory", "text": "animals or plants. This conclusion was not made until Henri Dutrochet. Besides stating “the cell is the fundamental element of organization”, Dutrochet also claimed that cells were not just a structural unit, but also a physiological unit. In 1804, Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link were awarded the prize for \"solving the problem of the nature of cells\", meaning they were the first to prove that cells had independent cell walls by the Königliche Societät der Wissenschaft (Royal Society of Science), Göttingen. Before, it had been thought that cells shared walls and the fluid passed between them this way. Credit for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "982864", "score": "1.0946285", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Amy Gladfelter", "text": "the arrangement of cells in time and space, and the organization of the septin cytoskeleton in cells. Her lab combined live cell microscopy and computational approaches with biochemistry and genetics analyses to attain results. One of the most significant discoveries Gladfelter made was asynchronous nuclear division in multinucleated cells. This discovery came in Ashbya gossypii cells, where nuclei that shared the same cytoplasm were found to go through the cell cycle completely independent of each other. During her time at Dartmouth, Gladfelter also taught a full load of courses while she served as an associate professor of Biology. Additionally, she", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19123343", "score": "1.0589244", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Irving Weissman", "text": "humans. His laboratory purified stem cells from other mature cells, such as B cells, by observing the different lineage markers expressed by each immune cell type. So when the immune cells of mice reacted with fluorescently labeled antibodies specific to effector cells, the mature cells were differentiated from the newly forming stem cells. His work has contributed to the understanding of how a single hematopoietic stem cell can give rise to specialized blood cells. Weissman is also a leading expert in the field of cancer stem cell biology, where his work sheds light on the understanding of the pathogenesis of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12070056", "score": "1.055691", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Betty Hay", "text": "the osteoclasts came from the blood cells. In 1965, Betty met Jim Dobson, who was a scientist that was very good at culturing and growing up epithelium. Betty needed his help in order to prove that the epidermis produced collagen, which was an idea that she and Jean-Paul Revel originally postulated. They used avian corneal epithelium rather than salamander epidermis in order to provide more examples of epithelium secreting collagen. They produced a monograph of their findings, which was published in 1969. Steve Meier joined soon after, and in about 1974, their lab was becoming known for promoting the new", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17756870", "score": "1.043155", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Franz Ernst Christian Neumann", "text": "the bone marrow\"\" (Neumann 1869 and B.P. p.30). Until 1912 Neumann called the stem cell \"lymphocyte\", \"great lymphocyte\" or \"lymphomyeloblast\". Since that time, he declared: \"\"The different forms of all blood cells happening in the blood, the lymph-organs and in the bone marrow are all descendants of the great-lymphocytic stem cell.\"\" (Neumann 1912, also B.P., page 313). \"\"In which way this stem cell completes itself again and again, whether exclusively by a mitotic division or also from other cells particularly from cells of the mesenteric tissue, may be discussed\"\" (Neumann 1912, also B.P. page 313). Neumann was advocate of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11363843", "score": "1.0421863", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Aron Moscona", "text": "In experiments performed through the 1960s, Moscona was able to separate embryonic cells using enzymes and then found that they were able to reform in their original structures once they were allowed to grow back together. His early work resulted in the identification by Masatoshi Takeichi of a class of proteins called cadherins which play a role in cell adhesion by allowing molecules to recognize each other. As he noted in a 1961 article in \"Scientific American\", without the ability of these proteins to allow cells to form bonds with similar cells, \"the human body would collapse into a heap", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12971149", "score": "1.0398118", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Laboratory of Molecular Biology", "text": "molecular biology shifted towards cell biology and development, so that the Molecular Genetics division was renamed Cell Biology. Mark Bretscher discovered the topological way proteins are arranged in the human erythrocyte membrane and its phospholipid asymmetry. Richard Henderson and Nigel Unwin developed electron crystallography to determine the structure of two-dimensional arrays, applying this to the bacterial purple protein, bacteriorhodopsin. Barbara Pearse discovered the major components of clathrin-coated vesicles, structures formed during endocytosis, and a low resolution structure of the cage-like lattice around them was determined. How proteins become localised to different parts of the cell — such as to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7783914", "score": "1.0343649", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Vera Danchakoff", "text": "paper of Danchakoff's is the first publication to use the term \"stem cell\", for example \"These stem cells develop on the one hand into the small lymphocytes, and on the other hand into granulocytoblasts, and further into granulocytes\". It has now been confirmed that hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all other blood cells. For these reasons Danchakoff has sometimes been called the \"mother of stem cells\". However, in terms of the actual terminology, in 1909 Alexander A. Maximow wrote in German of \"Stammzelle\" for the same concept in his paper \"The lymphocyte as a stem cell, common to different", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19697389", "score": "1.0336359", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Cell culture", "text": "cell culture research of John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, and Frederick Chapman Robbins, who were awarded a Nobel Prize for their discovery of a method of growing the virus in monkey kidney cell cultures. Cells can be isolated from tissues for \"ex vivo\" culture in several ways. Cells can be easily purified from blood; however, only the white cells are capable of growth in culture. Cells can be isolated from solid tissues by digesting the extracellular matrix using enzymes such as collagenase, trypsin, or pronase, before agitating the tissue to release the cells into suspension. Alternatively, pieces of tissue", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3971299", "score": "1.0287654", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Lynn Margulis", "text": "theory. Weathering constant criticism of her ideas for decades, Margulis was famous for her tenacity in pushing her theory forward, despite the opposition she faced at the time. The descent of mitochondria from bacteria and of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria was experimentally demonstrated in 1978 by Robert Schwartz and Margaret Dayhoff. This formed the first experimental evidence for her theory. The endosymbiosis theory of organogenesis became widely accepted in the 1980s, when the genetic material of mitochondria and chloroplasts was found to be different from that of the symbiont's nuclear DNA. In 1995, English evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins had this to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "561149", "score": "1.0285885", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Albert Claude", "text": "structure of mitochondria in 1945. He was given American citizenship in 1941. He discovered that mitochondria are the \"power houses\" of all cells. He also discovered cytoplasmic granules full of RNA and named them \"microsomes\", which were later renamed ribosomes, the protein synthesizing machineries of cell. With his associate, Keith Porter, he found a \"lace-work\" structure that was eventually proven to be the major structural feature of the interior of all eukaryotic cells. This was the discovery of endoplasmic reticulum (a Latin for \"fishnet\"). In 1949, he became Director of the Jules Bordet Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (Institut", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4589310", "score": "1.0269048", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "History of biology", "text": "cells. Scientists in the rising field of cytology, armed with increasingly powerful microscopes and new staining methods, soon found that even single cells were far more complex than the homogeneous fluid-filled chambers described by earlier microscopists. Robert Brown had described the nucleus in 1831, and by the end of the 19th century cytologists identified many of the key cell components: chromosomes, centrosomes mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other structures made visible through staining. Between 1874 and 1884 Walther Flemming described the discrete stages of mitosis, showing that they were not artifacts of staining but occurred in living cells, and moreover, that chromosomes", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2135258", "score": "1.0268896", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Lucy Shapiro", "text": "half of the cell, other mechanisms constricts the cell’s middle to separate it into two daughters. Shapiro was the first researcher to show that bacterial DNA replication occurs in a spatially organized way and that cell division is dependent on this spatial organization. By the late 1990s, Shapiro and graduate student Michael Laub were able to study the genetic basis of cell cycle progression and consequently the identification of three regulatory proteins, DnaA, GcrA, and CtrA, which controlled complex temporal and spatial behaviors affecting large numbers of genes. With Dickon Alley and Janine Maddock, she was able to show that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17197376", "score": "1.0223218", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Cell fusion", "text": "the walls and cavities of the cells coalesce together. It was this observation that provided the first hint that cells fuse. It was not until 1960 that cell biologists deliberately fused cells for the first time. To fuse the cells, biologists combined isolated mouse cells, with the same kind of tissue, and induced fusion of their outer membrane using the Sendai virus (a respiratory virus in mice). Each of the fused hybrid cells contained a single nucleus with chromosomes from both fusion partners. Synkaryon became the name of this type of cell combined with a nucleus. In the late 1960s", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10565439", "score": "1.0219359", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Ernest McCulloch", "text": "nodules 'spleen colonies', and speculated that each nodule arose from a single marrow cell: perhaps a stem cell. In later work, Till and McCulloch were joined by graduate student Andy Becker, and demonstrated that each nodule did indeed arise from a single cell. They published their results in \"Nature\" in 1963. In the same year, in collaboration with Lou Siminovitch, a trailblazing Canadian molecular biologist, they obtained evidence that these cells were capable of self-renewal, a crucial aspect of the functional definition of stem cells that they had formulated. A major focus of McCulloch's more recent research has been on", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5624207", "score": "1.0208274", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Joan Brugge", "text": "It was there that she discovered a protein that was formed from both the viral and cellular forms of the Src gene. This was a major breakthrough in cancer research, since it proved that genes that cause cells to become cancerous originate from normal cellular genes. In 1979, Brugge took an assistant professor position at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook, eventually becoming a Professor of Microbiology. She continued her studies on the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) that she had discovered in her postdoctorate work. Much of her research centered on finding the role of pp60src,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18446020", "score": "1.0180515", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Fiona Watt", "text": "1979, supervised by Henry Harris, naming her thesis \"Microtubule-organizing centers in cells in culture and in hybrids derived from them\". Professor Watt, then, completed a two-year postdoctoral research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), US, with Dr. Howard Green. Upon returning to the UK, she founded her first lab at the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology in London where she became Head of the Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, and in 1987, relocated to the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute where, until 2006, she served as Head of the Keratinocyte Laboratory. Currently, Watt is the Herchel Smith Professor of Molecular", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12233481", "score": "1.01758", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Cell theory", "text": "included protozoa and other unicellular organisms, like bacteria. Though he did not have much formal education, he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox, then leading him to study \"pepper water\" in 1676. He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and humans. Once discovering these types of cells, Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter the egg cell. This put an end to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "982862", "score": "1.0161023", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Cell fusion", "text": "biologists successfully fused cells of different types and from different species. The hybrid products of these fusions, heterokaryon, were hybrids that maintained two or more separate nuclei. This work was headed by Henry Harris at the University of Oxford and Nils Ringertz from Sweden's Karolinska Institute. These two men are responsible for reviving the interest of cell fusion. The hybrid cells interested biologists in the area of how different kinds of cytoplasm affect different kinds of nuclei. The work conducted by Henry and Nils showed that proteins from one gene fusion affect gene expression in the other partner's nucleus, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10565440", "score": "1.0136647", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Eukaryote", "text": "the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells in her paper, \"On the origin of mitosing cells.\" In the 1970s, Carl Woese explored microbial phylogenetics, studying variations in 16S ribosomal RNA. This helped to uncover the origin of the eukaryotes and the symbiogenesis of two important eukaryote organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts. In 1977, Woese and George Fox introduced a \"third form of life\", which they called the Archaebacteria; in 1990, Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark L. Wheeler renamed this the Archaea. In 1979, G. W. Gould and G. J. Dring suggested that the eukaryotic cell's nucleus came from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13854777", "score": "1.0129845", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "Pío del Río Hortega", "text": "Penfield helped explain oligodendroglia. whilst Rio Hortega discovered microglia. which are the cells that protect the brain from infection. He managed to identify microglia between 1919 and 1921 by staining the cells with silver carbonate. His method of staining also led to the discovery of oligodendroglia in 1921, which both he and Penfield are now credited with. However it was Rio Hortega who named the cells. His discoveries in 1920 created issues with Ramón y Cajal, who led the lab, as he had earlier won the Nobel prize. By 1931 del Río Hortega was leading Spain's cancer institute, but he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16986323", "score": "1.012782", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Catherine Verfaillie", "text": "Stanford University to demonstrate that MAPCs could produce blood cells although she did not address the key claims of her original 2002 paper. Verfaillie is on the editorial board of journals such as \"Experimental Hematology\" and PLOS one. Catherine Verfaillie Catherine M. Verfaillie (; born 1957) is a Belgian molecular biologist and professor at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Leuven, Belgium). Her work on the ability of adult stem cells to differentiate to different cell types has garnered controversy due to accusations of poor laboratory practices and fabrication of data by members of her laboratory. Born in Ypres, she obtained an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10262744", "score": "1.0104474", "original_retrieval_index": 36 }, { "title": "Joseph G. Gall", "text": "the American Society for Cell Biology, the E. B. Wilson Medal. He had been elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1972. Joseph Gall was called \"the father of cell biology\" in his citation for the Lasker award. Gall was a major contributor to the theory that a chromosome contained one DNA molecule running from one end to the other. In chromosomes after DNA replication, each of the two daughter chromatids had one DNA molecule running its length. He revealed this structure by examining amphibian lampbrush chromosomes in the microscope after staining for DNA and for RNA and also", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8769304", "score": "1.005913", "original_retrieval_index": 37 }, { "title": "Albert Claude", "text": "cell. His collective works established the complex functional and structural properties of cells. Claude served as director at Jules Bordet Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment and Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Cancérologie in Louvain-la-Neuve; Professor at Université Libre de Bruxelles (University of Brussels), Université catholique de Louvain, and Rockefeller University. For his pioneering works he received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize in 1970, together with George Palade and Keith Porter, the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1971, and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with his student George Palade and friend Christian de Duve.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4589303", "score": "1.003561", "original_retrieval_index": 38 }, { "title": "Peter Medawar", "text": "embryonic life and immediately after birth, cells gradually acquire the ability to distinguish between their own tissue substances on the one hand and unwanted cells and foreign material on the other. With Billingham, he published a seminal paper in 1951. Santa J. Ono, the American immunologist, has described the enduring impact of this paper to modern science. Based on this technique of grafting, his team devised a method to test Burnet's hypothesis. They extracted cells from young mouse embryos and injected them into another mouse of different strains. When the mouse developed into adult and skin grafting from that of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1473087", "score": "1.0032152", "original_retrieval_index": 39 }, { "title": "Aron Moscona", "text": "of disconnected, individual cells, many of them quite indistinguishable from certain free-living protozoa.\" The article included photographs showing how mixtures of cells in flasks differentiated themselves by combining with like cells and how that ability faded over a period of weeks, with newer cells better able to recombine into structures closely resembling their embryonic arrangement than were older ones. He found that \"Cells dissociated from adult animals usually do not recohere at all\". By 1981, techniques Moscona developed were used to grow brain cells in solution, with cells in the growth medium forming connections with other neurons. Other experiments found", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12971150", "score": "1.002727", "original_retrieval_index": 40 }, { "title": "Manoj Kumar P.", "text": "Manoj Kumar P. Manoj Kumar P Assistant professor is well Known for his new universal Law called Life comes from Life . He states that Life comes from Life is true in the case of humans, animals, plants, and all other Organisms including multi-cellular organisms as well as unicellular Organisms. He states that the first cell also formed from our solar system which is a Life force. He presented his research paper in 24th Science congress, Kerala, India where he proves that Solar System is a life force because it has got all the characteristics of a living entity. All", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20970051", "score": "1.0002588", "original_retrieval_index": 41 }, { "title": "Rudolf Virchow", "text": "cells. He did not initially accept the evidence for cell division, believing that it occurs only in certain types of cells. When it dawned on him that Remak might be right, in 1855, he published Remak's work as his own, causing a falling-out between the two. Virchow was particularly influenced in cellular theory by the work of John Goodsir of Edinburgh, whom he described, as \"one of the earliest and most acute observers of cell-life both physiological and pathological.\" Virchow dedicated his \"magnum opus\" \"Die Cellularpathologie\" to Goodsir. Virchow's cellular theory was encapsulated in the epigram \"Omnis cellula e cellula\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1266307", "score": "0.99966294", "original_retrieval_index": 42 }, { "title": "Harvey Itano", "text": "on the original apparatus of electrophoresis pioneer Arne Tiselius. He found that, under certain conditions, sickle cell hemoglobin is positively charged while normal hemoglobin is not, creating a difference in electrophoretic mobility. By 1956, Vernon Ingram had determined that this was caused by a single difference in peptide sequence, which by 1958 he determined to be a glutamic acid in place of a valine. Itano's subsequent work brought the new field of \"molecular medicine\" to other genetic and blood diseases. In 1954, he won the Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry, and in 1972 he won the Martin Luther King", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12394411", "score": "0.9975767", "original_retrieval_index": 43 } ]

{ "title": "Cell theory", "long_answer": "However, the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit. Remak published observations in 1852 on cell division, claiming Schleiden and Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes. He instead said that binary fission, which was first introduced by Dumortier, was how reproduction of new animal cells were made. Once this tenet was added, the classical cell theory was complete.", "chunked_long_answer": "However, the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit. Remak published observations in 1852 on cell division, claiming Schleiden and Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes. He instead said that binary fission, which was first introduced by Dumortier, was how reproduction of new animal cells were made. Once this tenet was added, the classical cell theory was complete.", "short_answers": [ "Robert Remak" ] }

[ "Linda Davis" ]

[ { "title": "Does He Love You", "text": "\"Does He Love You\" is a song written by Sandy Knox and Billy Stritch, and recorded as a duet by American country music artists Reba McEntire and Linda Davis. It was released in August 1993 as the first single from Reba's album Greatest Hits Volume Two. It is one of country music's several songs about a love triangle.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Does He Love You", "text": "on Patti LaBelle's album, \"Flame\". The song features a vocal battle between two female narrators who are in love with the same man. Both women know that the man is being unfaithful to them and are wondering who he truly loves. The big-budget, Jon Small-directed video was filmed over 3 days in mid-1993. It begins with Reba in her dressing room wearing a lilac feather gown, where she sees a picture of her lover, which she glances at. It then shows Linda as a professional actress at a movie premiere, then cuts back to Reba smashing the picture with a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11828869", "score": "1.1055517", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Does He Love You", "text": "singing the second chorus. Reba stays behind the wall the whole time, while Linda is in front of her. It then briefly goes back to the dressing room, where Reba continues to smash her lover's picture. The next scene shows Reba approaching Linda's house in the pouring rain at night, while Linda stands on her porch as they sing the bridge. The scene then shifts to the next day, where Reba watches from afar as Linda and the man are seen on a speedboat, where he hugs her, implying that Linda is who he truly loves. Reba finally smiles at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11828871", "score": "1.1047878", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Does He Love You", "text": "Linda as the boat leaves the dock. After the song is complete, the boat collapses and goes up in flames as the director (portrayed by actor Rob Reiner) yells \"cut\" and shows Reba and the crew the footage as the screen pans up to show the set and sky. The last day of shooting coincided with the last day of filming for the 1993 movie North (in which Reba stars and Reiner directed), and because of this, Reba's final outfit seen in the video was the same one she wore in the movie. Does He Love You \"Does He Love", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11828872", "score": "1.1044531", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Who Do You Love? (Bo Diddley song)", "text": "[with] murky vocals, eerie—almost surreal—lyrics\". In 1967, Bo Diddley recorded an updated version of the song with Muddy Waters and Little Walter for the \"Super Blues\" collaboration album. He recorded it again in 1987 for the \"La Bamba\" film soundtrack. Willie Dixon produced the song and Los Lobos provided the ensemble backing. Rockabilly singer Ronnie Hawkins performed \"Who Do You Love?\" during live engagements as early as the late 1950s. After several singles, Hawkins recorded the song in February 1963 for Roulette Records in New York City. He was backed by the Hawks, who later toured with Bob Dylan and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10305645", "score": "1.0836589", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Reba: Duets", "text": "The first collaborator on the album was LeAnn Rimes, who recorded the track, \"When You Love Someone Like That\" which also appeared on LeAnn Rimes's \"Family\" album that same year. Jurek called the duet between the pair \"stellar,\" while \"about.com\" called the pairing \"an undeniable outcome of perfection. Reba's strong country voice with LeAnn's young, soulful sound created a new sound like no other.\" The second track, \"Does That Wind Still Blow In Oklahoma\" was a collaboration with Ronnie Dunn (half of the duo Brooks & Dunn), who co-wrote the song with McEntire. The third track is a duet with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9968578", "score": "1.0772904", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Reba (album)", "text": "Reba (album) Reba is the thirteenth studio album by American country singer Reba McEntire, released on April 18, 1988. Gone were the honky tonk stable steel guitars and fiddles of \"My Kind of Country\" and \"Have I Got a Deal for You\", to be replaced by a highly produced and orchestrated Bakersfield-like sound. This did not diminish the album's sales, as it was her third #1 country album, and two of its tracks, \"I Know How He Feels\" and \"New Fool at an Old Game,\" reached #1 on the Billboard country singles charts. A remake of an old jazz vocal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7009900", "score": "1.0634781", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Reba (album)", "text": "standard made famous by Ella Fitzgerald, \"Sunday Kind of Love\", reached the #5 spot. Also covered was \"Respect\", a song made famous by Aretha Franklin. The album debuted at #20 for the week of May 21, 1988 on the Country Albums chart, and peaked at #1 for the week of June 11, 1988. The album stayed at #1 for 6 consecutive weeks. Reba (album) Reba is the thirteenth studio album by American country singer Reba McEntire, released on April 18, 1988. Gone were the honky tonk stable steel guitars and fiddles of \"My Kind of Country\" and \"Have I Got", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7009901", "score": "1.0529393", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Reba: Duets", "text": "Kelly Clarkson on one of her previous major pop hits, \"Because of You.\" The song was the album's lead single and had already peaked at #2 on the Hot Country Songs chart at the time of the album's release. The song was criticized by allmusic, saying that, \"the song is simply a big, overblown power ballad with guitars compressed to the breaking point, sweeping strings, and enormous crashing cymbals -- think Jim Steinman and you get it.\" The same idea was also said about the fourth track, \"Faith In Love\" with Rascal Flatts. The fifth track was performed with country", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9968579", "score": "1.0487638", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Does He Love You", "text": "metal object. Reba shows up in a limo with the same man. The two women are seen then in a photo shoot with Linda holding an award and the man in the background. The picture is taken, but it shows Reba losing focus for some reason. The next scene shows Linda and the man flirting in a hotel bar. Reba appears wearing a white shower cloak, standing behind a glass and wood wall, as if not to be noticed by Linda. She sees what is really going on, and Linda notices her, only to come over to her and begin", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11828870", "score": "1.0457919", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Who Do You Love? (Bo Diddley song)", "text": "me or him\". The lyrics confirm the effect: \"Arlene took me by my hand, she said 'oo-ee daddy I understand', who do you love?\". Musically, \"Who Do You Love?\" is an uptempo song centered on one chord (A) with guitar flourishes that complement the vocals. It has a strong rhythm, but unlike later interpretations, it does not use the typical Bo Diddley beat. Instead, the song uses a \"modified cut shuffle beat\" or 2/4 time, giving it an almost rockabilly feel, similar to Chuck Berry's \"Maybellene\". \"Who Do You Love?\" was recorded in Chicago on March 24, 1956, one year", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10305642", "score": "1.0401819", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Forever Love (Reba McEntire song)", "text": "Forever Love (Reba McEntire song) \"Forever Love\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire, and written by Liz Hengber, Deanna Bryant and Sunny Russ. It was released in July 1998 as the second single from her studio album, \"If You See Him\" (1998). The song reached number four on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in November 1998. It was also the title song to a made-for-television movie \"Forever Love\" which aired the same year, starring Reba and Tim Matheson. It is her second single to have a movie named after one of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14605379", "score": "1.0375264", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "I Keep On Loving You", "text": "telling him that she \"keep[s] on loving\" him. McEntire told The Boot that she identified with the song because of her long marriage to her manager, Narvel Blackstock, as well as Dunn's long marriage to his wife, Janine: \"We have been through rough times and tough times and arguments, but we made up over and over again.\" Reba also performed this song on the Faith Hill special: \"Home for the Holidays\", for people giving their love to tell their adopted kids to show how much they mean to them. She performed the song at the 2010 ACM Awards. The music", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14319621", "score": "1.0374988", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Whoever's in New England (song)", "text": "the car on the way to the airport, while more memories of the man and his other girlfriend playing in the snow are then seen. At the airport, the man is almost ready to go on his flight, but stops short when Reba confronts him. He leaves her at first, but all of a sudden, drops his suitcase and goes back to embrace Reba as others are heading to their gates. Whoever's in New England (song) \"Whoever's in New England\" is a song written by Kendal Franceschi and Quentin Powers, and recorded by American country music entertainer Reba McEntire. It", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11529687", "score": "1.0359826", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Reba: Duets", "text": "LeAnn Rimes performed their duet of \"When You Love Someone Like That\" at the 41st CMA Music Awards. Reba: Duets Reba: Duets is the twenty fourth studio album by American country music artist, Reba McEntire. The album was released September 18, 2007 on MCA Nashville Records and September 24, 2007 on Humphead Records in the UK, and was produced by Tony Brown, Dann Huff, McEntire, and Justin Timberlake. \"Reba: Duets\" was McEntire's second album to appear in the new millennium decade and one of her most successful crossover albums,as it is her first studio album to chart in Australia and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9968586", "score": "1.0326741", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Forever Love (Reba McEntire song)", "text": "in Pasadena, CA over one day, it shows footage from the movie, interspersed with scenes of Reba performing the song in a garden. Forever Love (Reba McEntire song) \"Forever Love\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire, and written by Liz Hengber, Deanna Bryant and Sunny Russ. It was released in July 1998 as the second single from her studio album, \"If You See Him\" (1998). The song reached number four on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in November 1998. It was also the title song to a made-for-television movie \"Forever Love\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14605381", "score": "1.0314454", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Reba: Duets", "text": "artist, Trisha Yearwood on the song, \"She Can't Save Him\", which was formerly released as a single by Canadian country artist, Lisa Brokop. Tracks six and seven were collaborations with American pop artist, Carole King and country artist, Kenny Chesney, who both help in providing musical variations towards the album. \"Country Standard Time\" called track nine (a collaboration with Faith Hill called \"Sleeping with the Telephone\") \"tearful emotion.\" The tenth track was a duet with Justin Timberlake on the song, \"The Only Promise That Remains\", which was co-written by Timberlake himself. The song is performed in Celtic melody and Timberlake", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9968580", "score": "1.0259999", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Why Haven't I Heard from You", "text": "and her co-star boyfriend (named Dorothy and Brad in the video) in a restaurant with a mariachi band playing in the background. The boyfriend asks her to “go away together,” and, after a ponderous think about it, she says “YES!!!” The boyfriend then says “I’ll call you at the Hollywood Parlor, at 7.” The word “7” echos as the main set is revealed (a beauty parlor) and the song begins. Reba is then shown with 4 other women trying on different wigs and makeup, getting her nails and face done, dancing, and singing, while Reba waits impatiently by the parlor’s", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14605327", "score": "1.0184817", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "The One Who Really Loves You (song)", "text": "The One Who Really Loves You (song) \"The One Who Really Loves You\" is a single recorded by Mary Wells on the Motown label in 1962. It was written and composed by Smokey Robinson of The Miracles and peaked at number eight on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and number two on the \"Billboard\" R&B chart. The song, written by Smokey Robinson, talks about a woman who's telling her boyfriend not to fall for other girls, because they don't want him, and their love isn't true, but hers is, so she's telling him that he \"better wake up\" before they", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10995318", "score": "1.012047", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "I Keep On Loving You", "text": "for the week of May 8, 2010, and at number 98 on the Canadian Hot 100 for the week of June 12, 2010. It entered the Top 10 on the Hot Country Songs chart for the week of June 19, 2010 becoming her 58th Top 10 hit on that chart, with a peak of number 7. I Keep On Loving You \"I Keep On Loving You\" is a song recorded by American country music singer Reba McEntire. Written by Ronnie Dunn and Terry McBride, it is the third single from McEntire's studio album \"Keep On Loving You\". The song was", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14319624", "score": "1.0093944", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "You Lie (Reba McEntire song)", "text": "You Lie (Reba McEntire song) \"You Lie\" is a song written by Bobby Fischer, Charlie Black and Austin Roberts, and recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It was released in August 1990 as the first single from the album \"Rumor Has It\". \"You Lie\" was Reba McEntire's fourteenth number one country hit. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of 20 weeks on the country chart. Before McEntire's version was released, Cee Cee Chapman cut it on her 1988 album \"Twist of Fate\". The narrator knows her husband no longer loves her,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14229957", "score": "1.0088992", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Reba (TV series)", "text": "The series finale of \"Reba\" ended with a family photo, similar to the first episode and the season five finale \"Reba's Heart\". This marks the only time that \"Reba\" ended back to back seasons using the family photo of season one. The final season of \"Reba\" was originally scheduled to debut in the spring of 2007, but returned in November 2006 following the cancellation of the CW drama \"Runaway\". Other songs in the \"Reba\" series include Reba's hit single, \"Walk On\" which is in the pilot episode, and three unreleased songs performed for the specific episode, the songs are, \"Angel's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19005930", "score": "1.0063955", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "When Love Gets a Hold of You", "text": "calling the song \"a solid base hit for the Hall of Famer.\" Bobby Peacock from Roughstock gave the song 4 out of 5 stars, calling it \"unmistakably Reba and unmistakably a hit,\" and telling fans to \"look for this one to bring (Reba) back into the single digits once more.\" McEntire performed the song on the 46th Academy of Country Music Awards, after which she received a long standing ovation from the crowd. McEntire was also hosting the awards show with Blake Shelton. This performance is used as the song's music video. When Love Gets a Hold of You \"When", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15532111", "score": "1.0051135", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Love Will Find Its Way to You", "text": "of the same name. It was also recorded by Marie Osmond on her 1985 album, \"There's No Stopping Your Heart\". Love Will Find Its Way to You \"Love Will Find Its Way to You\" is the title of a song written by Dave Loggins and J.D. Martin, and recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It was released in January 1988 as the second single from the album \"The Last One to Know\". \"Love Will Find Its Way to You\" was Reba McEntire's tenth number one country single. The single went to number one for one week and spent", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14226626", "score": "1.0039846", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "What Do You Say (Reba McEntire song)", "text": "What Do You Say (Reba McEntire song) \"What Do You Say\" is a song written by Neil Thrasher and Michael Dulaney, and recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It was released in August 1999 as the first single from her album \"So Good Together\". The song reached number 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in January 2000 and number 31 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 becoming her first crossover hit and top 40 hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It is her highest peaking single on that chart. A video was produced of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14605392", "score": "1.0001348", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Hey! Ba-Ba-Re-Bop", "text": "was recorded by Helen Humes with the Bill Doggett Octet in August 1945, in Los Angeles, and rose to number 3 on the \"Billboard\" R&B chart at the end of the year. The writing of the song was credited to Humes, who wrote the lyrics, such as: \"He thrills me in the morning, thrills me in the night, the way he loves me makes me scream with delight, oooh oooh oooh baba-leba...\". The vocal choruses are interspersed with saxophone breaks by Wild Bill Moore, who was brought in by Doggett for the session. Pianist Jelly Roll Morton said that \"Be-Baba-Leba\"'s", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13734192", "score": "0.99216914", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Do You Love Me", "text": "Do You Love Me \"Do You Love Me\" is a 1962 hit single recorded by The Contours for Motown's Gordy Records label. Written and produced by Motown CEO Berry Gordy, Jr., \"Do You Love Me?\" was the Contours' only Top 40 single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in the United States. Notably, the record achieved this feat twice, once in 1962 and again in 1988. A main point of the song is to name the Mashed Potato, The Twist, and a variation of the title \"I like it like that\", as \"You like it like this\", and many other", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8065472", "score": "0.9915208", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Reba (TV series)", "text": "Lullaby\" which Reba performs at the end of the season one finale episode, \"It Ain't Over Till the Redhead Sings\", the second song is Carole King's \"So Far Away\" which Reba performs at the end of the episode entitled, \"Terry Holliway\", the third and final song that is unreleased is Reba's and Melissa's performance of the hit Dolly Parton song, \"9 to 5\" in the episode entitled \"Driving Miss Kyra.\" The house used in the exterior shots which served as Reba's house is located at 13522 Butterfly Lane, Houston, Texas 77079. \"Reba\" set a new all-time viewership record for any", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19005931", "score": "0.99030495", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Reba McEntire", "text": "Top 10 single on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart, tying her with Dolly Parton, who also had the same amount of Top 10 records. The album was given high critical praise from magazines such as \"PopMatters\", which called McEntire's vocals, \"to sound sweet without being syrupy, while being extremely powerful. McEntire's vocal strength yields a different kind of authority than the bluesy, drawling growl of Janis Joplin, the weathered rasp of Marianne Faithfull, or even the soul-shrieking powerhouse of Tina Turner. Instead, Reba's voice combines the aspects of all three singers but tempers it with a Southern sweetness and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1670065", "score": "0.9893801", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "You Lie (Reba McEntire song)", "text": "and is agonizing over whether to play along to keep him close (knowing he is only staying out of obligation), or to do the right thing and let him go. At the end of the video, the narrator (played by Reba) symbolically releases a wild horse. You Lie (Reba McEntire song) \"You Lie\" is a song written by Bobby Fischer, Charlie Black and Austin Roberts, and recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It was released in August 1990 as the first single from the album \"Rumor Has It\". \"You Lie\" was Reba McEntire's fourteenth number one country hit.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14229958", "score": "0.9888643", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Does He Love You", "long_answer": "\"Does He Love You\" is a song written by Sandy Knox and Billy Stritch, and recorded as a duet by American country music artists Reba McEntire and Linda Davis. It was released in August 1993 as the first single from Reba's album Greatest Hits Volume Two. It is one of country music's several songs about a love triangle.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"Does He Love You\" is a song written by Sandy Knox and Billy Stritch, and recorded as a duet by American country music artists Reba McEntire and Linda Davis. It was released in August 1993 as the first single from Reba's album Greatest Hits Volume Two. It is one of country music's several songs about a love triangle.", "short_answers": [ "Linda Davis" ] }

[ "invoices" ]

[ { "title": "Accounts receivable", "text": "Accounts receivable is a legally enforceable claim for payment held by a business for goods supplied and/or services rendered that customers/clients have ordered but not paid for. These are generally in the form of invoices raised by a business and delivered to the customer for payment within an agreed time frame. Accounts receivable is shown in a balance sheet as an asset. It is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of a customer for goods and services that the customer has ordered. These may be distinguished from notes receivable, which are debts created through formal", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Accounts receivable", "text": "typically listed in alphabetic order or by the amount outstanding, or according to the company chart of accounts. Zero balances are not usually shown. On a company's balance sheet, accounts receivable are the money owed to that company by entities outside of the company. Account receivables are classified as current assets assuming that they are due within one calendar year or fiscal year. To record a journal entry for a sale on account, one must debit a receivable and credit a revenue account. When the customer pays off their accounts, one debits cash and credits the receivable in the journal", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2599864", "score": "0.8756483", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Debits and credits", "text": "accounting for a new business, a number of accounts are established to record all business transactions that are expected to occur. Typical accounts that relate to almost every business are: Cash, Accounts Receivable, Inventory, Accounts Payable and Retained Earnings. Each account can be broken down further, to provide additional detail as necessary. For example: Accounts Receivable can be broken down to show each customer that owes the company money. In simplistic terms, if Bob, Dave, and Roger owe the company money, the Accounts Receivable account will contain a separate account for Bob, and Dave and Roger. All 3 of these", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1942831", "score": "0.8323948", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Days sales outstanding", "text": "from month to month, and over the course of a year with a company's seasonal business cycle. Of interest when analyzing the performance of a company is the trend in DSO. If DSO is getting longer, accounts receivable is increasing or average sales per day are decreasing. An increase in accounts receivable could indicate that customers are taking longer to pay their bills, which may be a warning that customers are dissatisfied with the company's product or service, or that sales are being made to customers that are less credit-worthy, or that salespeople have to offer longer payment terms in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4054024", "score": "0.81675404", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Accounts receivable", "text": "through formal legal instruments called promissory notes. Accounts receivable represents money owed by entities to the firm on the sale of products or services on credit. In most business entities, accounts receivable is typically executed by generating an invoice and either mailing or electronically delivering it to the customer, who, in turn, must pay it within an established timeframe, called \"credit terms\" or \"payment terms\". The accounts receivable department uses the \"sales ledger\", because a sales ledger normally records: The accounts receivable team is in charge of receiving funds on behalf of a company and applying it towards their current", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2599859", "score": "0.81494", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Accounts receivable", "text": "or portfolios of accounts receivable can be sold in capital markets through securitization. For tax reporting purposes, a general provision for bad debts is not an allowable deduction from profit - a business can only get relief for specific debtors that have gone bad. However, for financial reporting purposes, companies may choose to have a general provision against bad debts consistent with their past experience of customer payments, in order to avoid over-stating debtors in the balance sheet. Associated accounting issues include recognizing accounts receivable, valuing accounts receivable, and disposing of accounts receivable. In the UK, most companies have a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2599868", "score": "0.79204345", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Accounts receivable", "text": "the amount is not paid by the due date. Booking a receivable is accomplished by a simple accounting transaction; however, the process of maintaining and collecting payments on the accounts receivable subsidiary account balances can be a full-time proposition. Depending on the industry in practice, accounts receivable payments can be received up to 10 – 15 days after the due date has been reached. These types of payment practices are sometimes developed by industry standards, corporate policy, or because of the financial condition of the client. Since not all customer debts will be collected, businesses typically estimate the amount of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2599861", "score": "0.7804508", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Asset-based lending", "text": "the accounts receivables size, to ensure that it is used for the correct purpose. An asset-based line of credit however, will generally have a revolving credit limit that fluctuates based on the actual accounts receivables balances that the company has on an ongoing basis. This requires the lender to monitor and audit the company to evaluate the accounts receivables size, but also allows for larger limit lines of credits, and can allow companies to borrow that normally would not be able to. Generally, terms stipulating seizure of collateral in the event of default allow the lender to profitably collect the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3823240", "score": "0.7751606", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Accounts receivable", "text": "in that it allows for one simple entry to reduce accounts receivable to its net realizable value. The entry would consist of debiting a bad debt expense account and crediting the respective accounts receivable in the sales ledger. The two methods are not mutually exclusive, and some businesses will have a provision for doubtful debts, writing off specific debts that they know to be bad (for example, if the debtor has gone into liquidation.) Companies can use their accounts receivable as collateral when obtaining a loan (asset-based lending). They may also sell them through factoring or on an exchange. Pools", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2599867", "score": "0.7733953", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Accounts receivable", "text": "in accounts receivables. Ideally, since advance payment occurs within a mutually agreed-upon term, it is the responsibility of the accounts department to periodically take out the statement showing advance collectible and should be provided to sales & marketing for collection of advances. The payment of accounts receivable can be protected either by a letter of credit or by Trade Credit Insurance. An Accountants Receivable Age Analysis, also known as the Debtors Book is divided in categories for current, 30 days, 60 days, 90 days or longer. The analysis or report is commonly known as an Aged Trial Balance. Customers are", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2599863", "score": "0.7703266", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Debits and credits", "text": "accounts would be added together and shown as a single number (i.e. total 'Accounts Receivable' - balance owed) on the balance sheet. All accounts for a company are grouped together and summarized on the balance sheet in 3 sections which are: Assets, Liabilities and Equity. All accounts must first be classified as one of the five types of accounts (accounting elements) ( asset, liability, equity, income and expense). To determine how to classify an account into one of the five elements, the definitions of the five account types must be fully understood. The definition of an asset according to IFRS", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1942832", "score": "0.74944174", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Commercial credit reporting", "text": "a business owners knowledge. Suppliers are now requested to supply frequent aged trial balance down loads on all their accounts receivable to commercial credit reporting agencies. These trade payment experiences are linked together to give a profile of how a business is paying numerous suppliers. Collection agencies supply the credit reporting agencies with information on commercial collection claims they receive which are matched to the trade payment experiences. Public record information such as, bankruptcy filings, legal suits, lease registrations and judgments are also gathered and added to the files on a particular business. As this flood of information accumulates over", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13607259", "score": "0.7452073", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Special journals", "text": "are recorded in several lines (see Figure 1), and each transaction is posted to the general ledger separately. For example, if fifty sales on account were made during one day, fifty ledger postings would have to be made to three general ledger accounts: Accounts Receivable, Sales, and Sale Tax Payable. In special journal, transactions are recorded in a single line, and the format of the journal made it possible to post only the total amount for each account to the general ledger. For example, if fifty sales on account were made during one day, only the total amount for Accounts", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11798006", "score": "0.7344705", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Venture debt", "text": "these loans by earning incremental returns from its equity holding in companies that are successful and achieve a trade sale or IPO. Equipment financing can be provided to fund 100% of the cost of the capital expenditure. Receivables financing is typically capped at 80–85% of the accounts receivable balance. Loan terms vary widely, but differ from traditional bank loans in a number of ways: Over time, start-ups are rewarded for achieving major milestones by an increase in company valuation. Most companies require multiple infusions of venture capital to expand and so, the optimal time to raise funds is immediately following", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12345644", "score": "0.72871995", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Accounts receivable", "text": "entry. The ending balance on the trial balance sheet for accounts receivable is usually a debit. Business organizations which have become too large to perform such tasks by hand (or small ones that could but prefer not to do them by hand) will generally use accounting software on a computer to perform this task. Companies have two methods available to them for measuring the net value of accounts receivable, which is generally computed by subtracting the balance of an allowance account from the accounts receivable account. The first method is the allowance method, which establishes a contra-asset account, \"allowance for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2599865", "score": "0.7153909", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Asset-based lending", "text": "money owed to the company should the company default on its obligations to the lender. Factoring of receivables is a subset of asset-based lending (which uses inventory or other assets as collateral). The lender mitigates its risk by controlling who the company does business with to make sure that the company's customers can actually pay. Lines of credits may require that the company deposit all of its funds into a \"blocked\" account. The lender then approves any withdrawals from that account by the company and controls when the company pays down the line of credit balance. Still another subset of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3823241", "score": "0.7138773", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Trade credit insurance", "text": "in an export transaction, the risk increases when laws, customs communications and customer's reputation are not fully understood. In addition to increased risk of non-payment, international trade presents the problem of the time between product shipment and its availability for sale. The account receivable is like a loan and represents capital invested, and often borrowed, by the vendor. But this is not a secure asset until it is paid. If the customer's debt is credit insured the large, risky asset becomes more secure, like an insured building. This asset may then be viewed as collateral by lending institutions and a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8053846", "score": "0.7122667", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Accounting identity", "text": "for sale; the receipt of cash or a trade receivable is an addition to revenue, and the reduction in goods inventory is an addition to expense (an \"expense\" is the \"expending\" of an asset, in this case, the inventory). Thus, there are two pairs of entries: an addition to revenue balanced by an addition to cash; a subtraction from inventory balanced by an addition to expense. The cash and inventory accounts are asset accounts; the revenue and expense accounts will close at the end of the accounting period to affect equity. Double-entry bookkeeping conventions are employed as well for the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9889322", "score": "0.711287", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Accounts payable", "text": "Accounts payable Accounts payable (AP) is money owed by a business to its suppliers shown as a liability on a company's balance sheet. It is distinct from notes payable liabilities, which are debts created by formal legal instrument documents. An accounts payable is recorded in the Account Payable sub-ledger at the time an invoice is vouched for payment. Vouchered, or vouched, means that an invoice is approved for payment and has been recorded in the General Ledger or AP subledger as an outstanding, or open, liability because it has not been paid. Payables are often categorized as Trade Payables, payables", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2599813", "score": "0.71107775", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Controlling account", "text": "its own balance. Thus, while the \"accounts receivable balance\" can report how much the company is owed, the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger can report how much is owed from each credit customer. Other examples of controlling accounts and their subsidiary ledgers include \"accounts payable\" (accounts payable subsidiary ledger) and \"equipment\" (equipment subsidiary ledger). In common use, control accounts refer to those that would, under ideal circumstances, balance to zero. For example, an inventory control account will hold the balance amount between a stock account updated by stock transactions on the balance sheet and the value of stock on hand multiplied", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11959341", "score": "0.7103366", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Partnership taxation in the United States", "text": "basis of the accounts receivable is zero and, therefore, the basis in the partnership for the contributing partner is zero upon the contribution. Income resulting from contributed accounts receivable will then be allocated to the contributing partner. Under Sec. 724, however, the character of gain or loss on specific kinds of contributed property is preserved. Therefore, should the partnership later dispose of the accounts receivable, the amount realized will be treated as ordinary income or loss, regardless of how long the partnership holds the receivables (Sec. 724(a)). The same is true for the contribution of inventory. It qualifies as property", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4704007", "score": "0.7101644", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Bad debt", "text": "debt in accounting is considered an expense. There are two methods to account for bad debt: Because of the matching principle of accounting, revenues and expenses should be recorded in the period in which they are incurred. When a sale is made on account, revenue is recorded along with account receivable. Because there is an inherent risk that clients might default on payment, accounts receivable have to be recorded at net realizable value. The portion of the account receivable that is estimated to be not collectible is set aside in a contra-asset account called Allowance for doubtful accounts. At the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4012152", "score": "0.7090563", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Factoring (finance)", "text": "factoring. The \"sale\" of the receivable transfers ownership of the receivable to the factor, indicating the factor obtains all of the rights associated with the receivables. Accordingly, the receivable becomes the factor's asset, and the factor obtains the right to receive the payments made by the debtor for the invoice amount, and is free to pledge or exchange the receivable asset without unreasonable constraints or restrictions. Usually, the account debtor is notified of the sale of the receivable, and the factor bills the debtor and makes all collections; however, non-notification factoring, where the client (seller) collects the accounts sold to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2115894", "score": "0.70867217", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Accounts receivable", "text": "and then record an allowance for doubtful accounts which appears on the balance sheet as a contra account that offsets total accounts receivable. When accounts receivable are not paid, some companies turn them over to third party collection agencies or collection attorneys who will attempt to recover the debt via negotiating payment plans, settlement offers or pursuing other legal action. Outstanding advances are part of accounts receivable if a company gets an order from its customers with payment terms agreed upon in advance. Since billing is done to claim the advances several times, this area of collectible is not reflected", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2599862", "score": "0.7073842", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "International Financial Reporting Standards requirements", "text": "for accounting for revenue). If a receivable has been impaired its carrying amount is written down to its recoverable amount, being the higher of value in use and its fair value (less costs to sell). 'Value in use' is the present value of cash flows expected to be derived from the receivable (IAS36.9 and 59). Borrowing is stated at amortised cost using the effective interest method. This requires that the costs of arranging the borrowing are deducted from the principal value of debt and are amortised over the period of the debt (IAS39.46). Provisions are liabilities of uncertain timing or", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13760734", "score": "0.7043964", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Days sales outstanding", "text": "order to generate sales. Similarly, a decrease in average sales per day could indicate the need for more sales staff or better utilization. Some companies may attempt to focus in more on the collection aspect of DSO equation by calculating days delinquent sales outstanding (DDSO). This is simply (delinquent accounts receivable) / average sales per day. Because accounts receivable = current + delinquent accounts receivable, the DDSO formula is often defined as (accounts receivable / average sales per day) - (current accounts receivable / average sales per day). While mathematically more complex, it is the same number. This formula can", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4054025", "score": "0.701775", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Free cash flow", "text": "Typically, in a growing company with a 30-day collection period for receivables, a 30-day payment period for purchases, and a weekly payroll, it will require more working capital to finance the labor and profit components embedded in the growing receivables balance. When a company has negative sales growth, it's likely to lower its capital spending. Receivables, provided they are being timely collected, will also ratchet down. All this \"deceleration\" will show up as additions to free cash flow. However, over the long term, decelerating sales trends will eventually catch up. Net free cash Flow definition should also allow for cash", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3215860", "score": "0.7010822", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Factoring (finance)", "text": "invoice amount that is collectible from the accounts receivable are typically the responsibility of the seller, and the factor will typically hold back paying the seller for a portion of the receivable being \"sold\" (the \"factor's holdback receivable\") in order to cover the merchandise returns associated with the factored receivables until the privilege to return the merchandise expires. There are four principal parts to the factoring transaction, all of which are recorded separately by an accountant who is responsible for recording the factoring transaction: Factoring is a method used by some firms to obtain cash. Certain companies factor accounts when", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2115896", "score": "0.69718444", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Accounts payable", "text": "Organizations that develop RPA technology solutions include Redwood Software, Blue Prism, UiPath and Automation Anywhere. Accounts payable Accounts payable (AP) is money owed by a business to its suppliers shown as a liability on a company's balance sheet. It is distinct from notes payable liabilities, which are debts created by formal legal instrument documents. An accounts payable is recorded in the Account Payable sub-ledger at the time an invoice is vouched for payment. Vouchered, or vouched, means that an invoice is approved for payment and has been recorded in the General Ledger or AP subledger as an outstanding, or open,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2599832", "score": "0.6951219", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Factoring (finance)", "text": "asset based lending against accounts receivable. The Commercial Finance Association is the leading trade association of the asset-based lending and factoring industries. Factoring is not the same as \"invoice discounting\" (which is called an \"assignment of accounts receivable\" in American accounting – as propagated by FASB within GAAP). Factoring is the \"sale\" of receivables, whereas invoice discounting (\"assignment of accounts receivable\" in American accounting) is a \"borrowing\" that involves the use of the accounts receivable assets as collateral for the loan. However, in some other markets, such as the UK, invoice discounting is considered to be a form of factoring,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2115890", "score": "0.69427896", "original_retrieval_index": 31 } ]

{ "title": "Accounts receivable", "long_answer": "Accounts receivable is a legally enforceable claim for payment held by a business for goods supplied and/or services rendered that customers/clients have ordered but not paid for. These are generally in the form of invoices raised by a business and delivered to the customer for payment within an agreed time frame. Accounts receivable is shown in a balance sheet as an asset. It is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of a customer for goods and services that the customer has ordered. These may be distinguished from notes receivable, which are debts created through formal legal instruments called promissory notes.", "chunked_long_answer": "Accounts receivable is a legally enforceable claim for payment held by a business for goods supplied and/or services rendered that customers/clients have ordered but not paid for. These are generally in the form of invoices raised by a business and delivered to the customer for payment within an agreed time frame. Accounts receivable is shown in a balance sheet as an asset. It is one of a series of accounting transactions dealing with the billing of a customer for goods and services that the customer has ordered. These may be distinguished from notes receivable, which are debts created through formal", "short_answers": [ "invoices" ] }

[ "stratum lucidum" ]

[ { "title": "Stratum lucidum", "text": "The stratum lucidum (Latin for \"clear layer\") is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis named for its translucent appearance under a microscope. It is readily visible by light microscopy only in areas of thick skin, which are found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Sole (foot)", "text": "Sole (foot) The sole is the bottom of the foot. In humans the sole of the foot is anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect. The glabrous skin on the sole of the foot lacks the hair and pigmentation found elsewhere on the body, and it has a high concentration of sweat pores. The sole contains the thickest layers of skin on the body due to the weight that is continually placed on it. It is crossed by a set of creases that form during the early stages of embryonic development. Like those of the palm, the sweat pores of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7530123", "score": "0.9462824", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Human skin", "text": "the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as from the Stratum basale of the epidermis. The dermis is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9568725", "score": "0.8960106", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Keratosis pilaris", "text": "Keratosis pilaris Keratosis pilaris (KP) (also follicular keratosis, lichen pilaris, or colloquially \"chicken skin\") is a common, autosomal dominant, genetic condition of the skin's hair follicles characterized by the appearance of possibly itchy, small, gooseflesh-like bumps, with varying degrees of reddening or inflammation. It most often appears on the outer sides of the upper arms, (the forearms can also be affected), thighs, face, back, and buttocks; KP can also occur on the hands, and tops of legs, sides, or any body part except glabrous (hairless) skin (like the palms or soles of feet). Often the lesions can appear on the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4145920", "score": "0.87148106", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Dermis", "text": "of the dermis into the epidermis. At the surface of the skin in hands and feet, they appear as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints). Blood vessels in the dermal papillae nourish all hair follicles and bring nutrients and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are partly genetically determined features that develop before birth. They remain substantially unaltered (except in size) throughout life, and therefore determine the patterns of fingerprints, making them useful in certain functions of personal identification. The dermal papillae are part of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3302944", "score": "0.853879", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Dyshidrosis", "text": "equally. Dyshidrosis is also known as pompholyx, a term originating from the Greek word for \"bubble\". Dyshidrosis Dyshidrosis, is a type of dermatitis, that is characterized by itchy blisters on the palms of the hands and bottoms of the feet. Blisters are generally one to two millimeters in size and heal over three weeks. However, they often recur. Redness is not usually present. Repeated attacks may result in fissures and skin thickening. The cause is unknown. Triggers may include allergens, physical or mental stress, frequent hand washing, or metals. Diagnosis is typically based on what it looks like and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4960966", "score": "0.8526424", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Dyshidrosis", "text": "Dyshidrosis Dyshidrosis, is a type of dermatitis, that is characterized by itchy blisters on the palms of the hands and bottoms of the feet. Blisters are generally one to two millimeters in size and heal over three weeks. However, they often recur. Redness is not usually present. Repeated attacks may result in fissures and skin thickening. The cause is unknown. Triggers may include allergens, physical or mental stress, frequent hand washing, or metals. Diagnosis is typically based on what it looks like and the symptoms. Allergy testing and culture may be done to rule out other problems. Other conditions that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4960962", "score": "0.85244197", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Hand", "text": "contrast, the hairy skin on the dorsal side is thin, soft, and pliable, so that the skin can recoil when the fingers are stretched. On the dorsal side, the skin can be moved across the hand up to ; an important input the cutaneous mechanoreceptors. The web of the hand is a \"fold of skin which connects the digits\". These webs, located between each set of digits, are known as skin folds (interdigital folds or plica interdigitalis). They are defined as \"one of the folds of skin, or rudimentary web, between the fingers and toes\". The ratio of the length", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12418264", "score": "0.8462229", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Atopic dermatitis", "text": "Atopic dermatitis Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a type of inflammation of the skin (dermatitis). It results in itchy, red, swollen, and cracked skin. Clear fluid may come from the affected areas, which often thicken over time. While the condition may occur at any age, it typically starts in childhood with changing severity over the years. In children under one year of age much of the body may be affected. As children get older, the back of the knees and front of the elbows are the most common areas affected. In adults the hands and feet", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5531166", "score": "0.8338233", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Human skin", "text": "skin is the second largest organ in the human body (the inside of the small intestine is 15 to 20 times larger). For the average adult human, the skin has a surface area of between 1.5-2.0 square meters (16.1-21.5 sq ft.). The thickness of the skin varies considerably over all parts of the body, and between men and women and the young and the old. An example is the skin on the forearm which is on average 1.3 mm in the male and 1.26 mm in the female. The average square inch (6.5 cm²) of skin holds 650 sweat glands,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9568719", "score": "0.826614", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis", "text": "Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis (DPR), also known as dermatopathic pigmentosa reticularis, is a rare, autosomal dominant congenital disorder that is a form of ectodermal dysplasia. Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis is composed of the triad of generalized reticulate hyperpigmentation, noncicatricial alopecia, and onychodystrophy. Symptoms include lack of sweat glands, thin hair, brittle nails, mottled skin, and lack of fingerprints. DPR is very similar to the related Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome. Both cause an affected person to lack fingerprints, have a lace-like pattern of hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. DPR is distinguished from NFJS", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9495109", "score": "0.8246024", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Sweat gland", "text": "per cm; the forehead has 175 per cm; the breast, abdomen, and forearm have 155 per cm; and the back and legs have 60–80 per cm. In the finger pads, sweat glands are somewhat irregularly spaced on the epidermal ridges. There are no pores between the ridges, though sweat tends to spill into them. The thick epidermis of the palms and soles causes the sweat glands to become spirally coiled. Non-primate mammals have eccrine sweat glands only on the palms and soles. Apocrine glands cover the rest of the body, though they are not as effective as humans' in temperature", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4413074", "score": "0.8210012", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Kawasaki disease", "text": "include erythema of the palms and soles, which is often striking with sharp demarcation and often accompanied by painful, brawny edema of the dorsa of the hands or feet. This is why affected children frequently refuse to hold objects in their hands or to bear weight on their feet. Later, during the convalescent or the subacute phase, desquamation of the fingers and toes usually begins in the periungual region within two to three weeks after the onset of fever and may extend to include the palms and soles. Around 11% of children affected by the disease may continue skin-peeling for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3853483", "score": "0.81959707", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Skin", "text": "and is one of the first areas to show signs of aging such as \"crows feet\" and wrinkles. The skin on the palms and the soles of the feet is 4 mm thick and is the thickest skin on the body. The speed and quality of wound healing in skin is promoted by the reception of estrogen. Fur is dense hair. Primarily, fur augments the insulation the skin provides but can also serve as a secondary sexual characteristic or as camouflage. On some animals, the skin is very hard and thick, and can be processed to create leather. Reptiles and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "378752", "score": "0.8165587", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Sole (foot)", "text": "without furrows. In bonobos, the pattern intensity of the epidermal ridges (i.e. \"fingerprints\") of the palms and soles is considerably higher than in chimpanzees. Whilst the pattern intensity in the palm is the highest of all species of apes, in the sole, the density decreases and is comparable to other apes. The sole is subject to many skin diseases. Sole (foot) The sole is the bottom of the foot. In humans the sole of the foot is anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect. The glabrous skin on the sole of the foot lacks the hair and pigmentation found elsewhere", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7530134", "score": "0.8141274", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Human skin", "text": "the epidermis, called the \"papillary region\", and a deep thicker area known as the \"reticular region\". The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue. It is named for its fingerlike projections called \"papillae\", that extend toward the epidermis. The papillae provide the dermis with a \"bumpy\" surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin. In the palms, fingers, soles, and toes, the influence of the papillae projecting into the epidermis forms contours in the skin's surface. These epidermal ridges occur in patterns (\"see:\" fingerprint) that are genetically and epigenetically determined and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9568726", "score": "0.8123692", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Hand eczema", "text": "the development of chronic hand eczema, such as skin-irritating damage, excessive contact with water or proven allergenic substances, must be strictly removed and avoided. Treatment of every type of hand eczema and degree of severity must include sustainable replenishment of the natural oils and moisture contained in the skin with creams and salves free of fragrances and preservatives; this is an essential basic step. In addition, protection procedures developed especially for the individual's skin stresses must be applied, e.g. use of cotton or hypoallergenic plastic gloves. Depending on the individual's own needs, these procedures should continue after the hand eczema", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12850105", "score": "0.8116493", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Human skin", "text": "Human skin The human skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans, it is the largest organ of the integumentary system. The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is similar to most of the other mammals skin, and human skin is very similar to pig skin. Though nearly all human skin is covered with hair follicles, it can appear hairless. There are two general types of skin, hairy and glabrous skin (hairless). The adjective cutaneous literally means \"of the skin\" (from Latin \"cutis\",", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9568716", "score": "0.8100517", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Skin condition", "text": "yellow). The diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic information that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data. The introduction of cutaneous ultrasound has allowed the detection of cutaneous tumors, inflammatory processes, nail disorders and hair diseases. The skin weighs an average of , covers an area of , and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The two main types of human skin are glabrous skin, the nonhairy skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the \"palmoplantar\" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3371133", "score": "0.8087492", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Sole (foot)", "text": "the feet are extremely sensitive to touch due to a high concentration of nerve endings, with as many as 200,000 per sole. This makes them sensitive to surfaces that are walked on, ticklish and some people find them to be erogenous zones. Medically, the soles are the site of the plantar reflex, the testing of which can be painful due to the sole's sensitivity. The deep fibular nerve from the common fibular nerve provides the sensory innervation of the skin between the first and second toes and the motor innervation of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7530128", "score": "0.8079591", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Hand eczema", "text": "Hand eczema Hand eczema presents on the palms and soles, and may sometimes be difficult or impossible to differentiate from atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, and psoriasis, which also commonly involve the hands. Even a biopsy of all these conditions may not result in a definitive diagnosis, as all three conditions may demonstrate spongiosis and crusting on the hands. Non-communicable inflammation of the skin of the hands is referred to as hand eczema. Hand eczema is widely prevalent and, as it is a very visible condition associated with severe itching or pain, has serious consequences for the affected person including", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12850095", "score": "0.80388296", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Skin", "text": "Skin Skin is the soft outer tissue covering of vertebrates. Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have different developmental origin, structure and chemical composition. The adjective cutaneous means \"of the skin\" (from Latin \"cutis\", skin). In mammals, the skin is an organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, and birds. All mammals have some hair on their skin, even marine mammals like whales, dolphins, and porpoises which appear to be hairless. The skin", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "378750", "score": "0.80212104", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Hand eczema", "text": "or atopy diathesis. Atopic diathesis is frequently accompanied by genetically conditioned problems with the skin's protective barriers, which causes a weakening of the skin's resistance against irritating substances and moisture, as well as easier penetration by allergens, which may lead to the development of contact allergies. The clinical appearance of various subtypes of hand eczema differs. The term dyshidrotic hand eczema is used to describe formations that mainly exhibit pronounced, itching blister formations, while callus and tear formations typically indicate hyperkeratotic fissured hand eczema. Independent of the triggering cause or the prevailing signs of skin illness, the selection and planning", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12850101", "score": "0.7968154", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Human skin", "text": "20 blood vessels, 60,000 melanocytes, and more than 1,000 nerve endings. The average human skin cell is about 30 micrometers in diameter, but there are variants. A skin cell usually ranges from 25-40 micrometers (squared), depending on a variety of factors. Skin is composed of three primary layers: the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis. Epidermis, \"epi\" coming from the Greek meaning \"over\" or \"upon\", is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface which also serves as a barrier to infection and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9568720", "score": "0.7945154", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Dermis", "text": "Dermis The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. It is divided into two layers, the superficial area adjacent to the epidermis called the papillary region and a deep thicker area known as the reticular dermis. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and extrafibrillar matrix. It also contains mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3302940", "score": "0.7942986", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Hair coloring", "text": "darker hair colors and persons with dry absorbent skin. That is why it is recommended that latex or nitrile gloves be worn to protect the hands. This discoloration will disappear as the skin naturally renews itself and the top layer of skin is removed (typically takes a few days or at most a week). Ways of preventing skin discoloration are to wear latex or nitrile gloves to protect the hands and also by applying a thin layer of petroleum jelly or oil-based preparation around the hairline. Gentle abrasives such as moist baking soda or a small amount of toothpaste applied", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2551975", "score": "0.79418904", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Focal hyperhidrosis", "text": "mouth, and sympathectomy surgery for sweating of the hands or head that can't be controlled by other means. Focal hyperhidrosis Focal hyperhidrosis, also known as primary hyperhidrosis, is a disease characterized by an excessive sweating localized in certain body regions (particularly palms, feet and underarms). Recent studies have shown that this condition, affecting between 1% and 3% of the general population, seems to have a genetic origin. Focal hyperhidrosis is sometimes referred to as \"The Silent Handicap\", as it has a significant impact on the quality of life, affecting the individual socially, psychologically, emotionally and professionally. Indeed, the disease is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16564636", "score": "0.789454", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Sole (foot)", "text": "an objective for sensual touch, tickling or sexual stimulation. In Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and Muslim countries it is considered offensive to sit raising the leg so the uncovered sole of the foot is visible. Terrestrial animals using their soles for locomotion are called plantigrade. In chimpanzees, the soles are furrowed with creases deeper and more distinct than in their palms. In the palms, the pattern density is thickest in the central part, but in the sole, the density is thickest near the big toe whilst large part of the remaining sole is covered by thick, tight, and smooth skin almost", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7530133", "score": "0.7877953", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Hand eczema", "text": "occurs within these gloves. Disturbance of the skin's protective barrier also facilitates penetration by allergenic substances and promotes the development of contact dermatitis. Contact allergies play a very important role in the development of hand eczema. If the hand is subjected to repeated contact with a substance that leads to an allergy, the skin reacts with signs of inflammation. Numerous people affected by hand eczema also experience skin inflammation on their feet. Often, a contact allergy to an ingredient in shoe leather treatment may be the catalyst. Contact allergies in certain types of employment are especially problematic, particularly if the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12850099", "score": "0.785694", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Wrinkle", "text": "are altered. The wrinkles that occur in skin after prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as \"pruney fingers\" or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions, and a better grasp of wet objects. However, a 2014 study attempting to reproduce these results was unable to demonstrate any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips. Furthermore, the same study found no connection between fingertip wrinkling and touch sensation.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3126313", "score": "0.7852216", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "Stratum lucidum", "long_answer": "The stratum lucidum (Latin for \"clear layer\") is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis named for its translucent appearance under a microscope. It is readily visible by light microscopy only in areas of thick skin, which are found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.", "chunked_long_answer": "The stratum lucidum (Latin for \"clear layer\") is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis named for its translucent appearance under a microscope. It is readily visible by light microscopy only in areas of thick skin, which are found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.", "short_answers": [ "stratum lucidum" ] }

[ "Manley" ]

[ { "title": "The Lost City of Z (film)", "text": "Murray survives and, in front of the RGS trustees, accuses Fawcett of abandoning him in the jungle. Fawcett elects to resign from the society rather than apologize. World War I breaks out in Europe, and Fawcett goes to France to fight. Manley dies in the trenches at the Battle of the Somme, and Fawcett is temporarily blinded in a chlorine gas attack. Jack, Fawcett's eldest son—who had long accused Fawcett of abandoning the family—reconciles with his father as he recovers.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (film)", "text": "The Lost City of Z (film) The Lost City of Z is a 2016 American biographical adventure drama film written and directed by James Gray, based on the 2009 book of the same name by David Grann. It portrays real events surrounding the British explorer Percy Fawcett, who was sent to Brazil and made several attempts to find a supposed ancient lost city in the Amazon. The film stars Charlie Hunnam as Fawcett; Robert Pattinson as his fellow explorer, Henry Costin; and Sienna Miller as his wife, Nina Fawcett. The film's world premiere was on October 15, 2016 as the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12824342", "score": "1.148663", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (book)", "text": "may have died. He learned that Fawcett may have come upon \"Z\" without knowing it. The book claims as many as 100 people may have died or disappeared (and are presumed dead) searching for Fawcett over the years; however, the more historically accurate toll was only one. \"The Lost City of Z\" was the basis of a 2016 feature film of the same name, written and directed by James Gray. First in his 2005 article \"The Lost City of Z\" and later in the book he developed and published with the same title, David Grann reported on excavations by the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12956677", "score": "1.1455797", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Lost City of Z", "text": "and villages in which as many as 50,000 people might once have lived. In 2005, the American journalist David Grann published an article in \"The New Yorker\" on Fawcett's expeditions and findings, called \"The Lost City of Z\". In 2009, he developed it into a book of the same title, and in 2016, it was adapted by writer-director James Gray into a film also of the same name starring Charlie Hunnam, Robert Pattinson, and Sienna Miller. In the 2018 video game \"Shadow of the Tomb Raider\", Lara Croft uncovers relics of Fawcett's final doomed search of the Lost City considerably", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10251877", "score": "1.1003152", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (book)", "text": "The Lost City of Z (book) The Lost City of Z: A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon is the debut non-fiction book by American author David Grann. The book was published in 2009, and recounts the activities of the British explorer Percy Fawcett who, in 1925, disappeared with his son in the Amazon while looking for an ancient lost city. For decades, explorers and scientists have tried to find evidence of his party, and of the \"Lost City of Z\". Grann also recounts his own journey into the Amazon, by which he discovered new evidence about how Fawcett", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12956676", "score": "1.0988746", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (book)", "text": "one of the ten best books of 2009. In her review, Kakutani wrote that it \"is at once a biography, a detective story and a wonderfully vivid piece of travel writing that combines Bruce Chatwinesque powers of observation with a Waugh-like sense of the absurd. Mr. Grann treats us to a harrowing reconstruction of Fawcett’s forays into the Amazonian jungle, as well as an evocative rendering of the vanished age of exploration. . . . Suspenseful. . . Rollicking . . . Fascinating . . . It reads with all the pace and excitement of a movie thriller and all", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12956682", "score": "1.0876863", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (film)", "text": "visual grandeur hearken back to classic exploration epics, and Charlie Hunnam turns in a masterful performance as its complex protagonist.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Todd McCarthy of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" described the film as \"a rare piece of contemporary classical cinema.\" Dan Callahan in his review for \"TheWrap\" said that \"\"The Lost City of Z\" feels like a clear artistic advance for Gray, who proves himself here as one of our finest and most distinctive living filmmakers.\" Owen Gleiberman, writing for \"Variety\",", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12824359", "score": "1.086128", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (film)", "text": "to their second son. In the Trinity College Library, Nina discovers a conquistador text which tells of a city deep in the Amazonian jungle. Fawcett meets the renowned biologist James Murray, who agrees to back Fawcett's expedition to the Amazon to find what Fawcett calls \"the Lost City of Z\". Fawcett attempts to convince the members of the RGS to back the expedition, but is publicly ridiculed. Nevertheless, the RGS backs the expedition to further exploration of the Amazon basin. Murray, unfamiliar with the rigors of the deep jungle, slows the party down significantly. Fawcett's party is attacked while traveling", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12824346", "score": "1.0842906", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (book)", "text": "virtually died out. The earliest conquistadors left records of their glimpses of this civilization, but by the time they tried to explore the rainforest again, the indigenous people were all but gone. The jungle was quickly reclaiming the land. \"The Lost City of Z\" was reviewed by Rich Cohen in the Sunday \"New York Times Book Review\", who said it was \"a powerful narrative, stiff lipped and Victorian at the center, trippy at the edges, as if one of those stern men of Conrad had found himself trapped in a novel by García Márquez.\" Critic Michiko Kakutani ranked it as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12956681", "score": "1.0787665", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (book)", "text": "Hemming said that \"there is no excuse for [Grann's] fantasies\" about the dangers of indigenous tribes and the depth of Fawcett's contact with them. \"The Lost City of Z\" was optioned by Brad Pitt’s Plan B production company and Paramount Pictures in 2010. The adaptation, directed by James Gray, who also wrote the screenplay, premiered on October 15, 2016, at the 54th New York Film Festival. The film stars Charlie Hunnam as Percy Fawcett, Sienna Miller as Fawcett's wife, Tom Holland as Jack Fawcett and Robert Pattinson as Henry Costin. The Lost City of Z (book) The Lost City of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12956686", "score": "1.0573485", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (film)", "text": "amazing, but it's a complicated story. And you want to get it right. It's a very, very scary proposition to go into the jungle and all that. But at the same time it's terrific. It's why you make movies.\" The lead role underwent numerous casting changes. Brad Pitt was initially to star as Fawcett, additionally providing production duties through his company Plan B Entertainment. In November 2010, Pitt withdrew from the lead role due to scheduling conflicts, but remained attached as producer. On September 4, 2013, Benedict Cumberbatch came on board to portray Fawcett, along with Robert Pattinson, who joined", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12824353", "score": "1.0571132", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (film)", "text": "along the river. However, Fawcett makes peace with the natives. Murray suffers a leg injury which becomes severely infected, and begins to go mad. Fawcett sends him off with a native guide and the group's last pack animal to find aid. Fawcett's team are forced to abandon the expedition after discovering that Murray poured paraffin on their remaining supplies. Murray survives and, in front of the RGS trustees, accuses Fawcett of abandoning him in the jungle and demands an apology from him. Fawcett elects to resign from the society rather than apologize. World War I breaks out in Europe, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12824347", "score": "1.0481246", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (book)", "text": "Journal\", Simon Winchester said the book was \"captivating\" but faulted Grann's credulity, especially when he imagined that he was seeing the ruins of \"Z\". Winchester writes, \"Oh, please. It is all just too pat, too wanting in healthy skepticism.\" Hugh Thomson writes in \"The Washington Post\" that Grann's book is \"a source of distortion, as it ignores or inflates much available material on Fawcett.\" John Hemming dismissed much of the book as hyperbolic in his review for \"The Times Literary Supplement\", concluding, \"It is a pity that a writer as good as Grann chose to study this unimportant, disagreeable and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12956684", "score": "1.0410373", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Lost City of Z", "text": "Lost City of Z The Lost City of Z is the name given by Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett, a British surveyor, to an indigenous city that he believed had existed in the jungle of the Mato Grosso state of Brazil. Based on early histories of South America and his own explorations of the Amazon River region, Fawcett theorized that a complex civilization once existed there, and that isolated ruins may have survived. Fawcett found a document known as , held at the National Library of Brazil, believed to have been written by Portuguese \"bandeirante\", João da Silva Guimarães. Da Silva", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10251874", "score": "1.0391797", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (film)", "text": "closing-night selection at the New York Film Festival. It was released in the United States on April 14, 2017, by Amazon Studios and Bleecker Street. \"The Lost City of Z\" was praised by critics, though it grossed only $19 million against a $30 million budget. Despite this lack of financial success, \"Time\" magazine listed it as one of its Top 10 Films of 2017. Ireland, 1905: Percy Fawcett is a young British officer participating in a stag hunt on an Irish baronial estate for the benefit of the visiting Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. A skilled horseman and marksman, he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12824343", "score": "1.0329752", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "The Ballantyne Novels", "text": "her. Zouga goes hunting for ivory and gold. In his travels he comes across a secret cavern of an African oracle and steals a soapstone falcon figure from the ruins of an ancient city. Unwittingly, he is fulfilling a prophecy which states that loss of the stone falcons shall bring desolation to the people and the land. As Robyn locates the slave traders' route, she almost becomes a victim of the slavers herself; she's saved in the nick of time by Mungo St John and has to accompany him on his ship. She makes a successful attempt to contact Clinton", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14749602", "score": "1.0320572", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Percy Fawcett", "text": "others. Grann's findings are further detailed in his book \"The Lost City of Z\" (2009). Percy Fawcett Lieutenant Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett (18 August 1867during or after 1925) was a British geographer, artillery officer, cartographer, archaeologist, and explorer of South America. Fawcett disappeared in 1925 (along with his eldest son, Jack, and one of Jack's friends, Raleigh Rimmell) during an expedition to find \"Z\"—his name for an ancient lost city which he and others believed existed in the jungles of Brazil. Percy Fawcett was born on 18 August 1867 in Torquay, Devon, England, to Edward Boyd Fawcett and Myra Elizabeth", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3812893", "score": "1.0168226", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Lost City of Z", "text": "farther west in Peru. The discovery of large geometrical earthworks in interfluvial settings of southern Amazonia support Fawcett’s theory. Lost City of Z The Lost City of Z is the name given by Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett, a British surveyor, to an indigenous city that he believed had existed in the jungle of the Mato Grosso state of Brazil. Based on early histories of South America and his own explorations of the Amazon River region, Fawcett theorized that a complex civilization once existed there, and that isolated ruins may have survived. Fawcett found a document known as , held at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10251878", "score": "1.014091", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "In the Courts of the Crimson Kings", "text": "tasks. Archaeologist Jeremy Wainman is sent by the U.S. Aero-Space Force to explore the lost city of Rema-Dza out in the \"Great Beyond\", or the Martian desert. The USASF also hires a female Martian mercenary, Teyud za-Zhalt, who leads the expedition to the city. While fighting a pack of feral engines under the city, Jeremy and Teyud fall in love. It becomes apparent that there is more to Teyud than she initially recounts. When the expedition discovers the lost \"Invisible Crown\" of the Tollamune emperors, a symbol of authority that gives the wearer immense power, everyone is startled to find", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12061519", "score": "1.0084043", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Lost City of Z", "text": "wrote that during 1753, he had discovered the ruins of an ancient city that contained arches, a statue, and a temple with hieroglyphics. He described the city ruins in great detail without giving its location. \"Manuscript 512\" was written after explorations made in the sertão of the province of Bahia. Fawcett intended to pursue finding this city as a secondary goal after \"Z\". He was preparing an expedition to find \"Z\" when World War I broke out and the British government suspended its support (Fawcett returned to Britain and served on the Western Front during the war). In 1920, Fawcett", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10251875", "score": "1.006118", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (film)", "text": "presented at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival in the \"Berlinale Special\" section. It also served as the opening night film of Boston International Film Festival on April 13, 2017. The film got a release date of June 2, 2017 in Mainland China, but was trimmed by 37 minutes, totaling 104 minutes. It is unclear if the move was due to a commercial decision, or a result of usual censorship by the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television. \"The Lost City of Z\" grossed $8.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $10.7 million in other", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12824357", "score": "1.0051346", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Lost City of Z", "text": "undertook a personal expedition to find the city, but withdrew after suffering a fever and having to shoot his pack animal. On a second expedition five years later, Fawcett, his son Jack, and Jack's friend Raleigh Rimell, disappeared in the Mato Grosso jungle. Researchers believe that Fawcett may have been influenced in his thinking by information he might have obtained from indigenous people about the archaeological site of Kuhikugu, near the headwaters of the Xingu River. Kuhikugu was discovered by Westerners after Fawcett's presumed death in the jungle in 1925. The site contains the ruins of an estimated twenty towns", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10251876", "score": "1.0012589", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (book)", "text": "the verisimilitude and detail of firsthand reportage.” The \"Washington Post\" described it as \"a thrill ride from start to finish.\" The book appeared on several \"best\" and \"notable books of the year\" lists, including that of \"Entertainment Weekly\", \"Washington Post\", \"Boston Globe\", \"Publisher's Weekly\", \"Sunday New York Times\", \"Christian Science Monitor\", \"Bloomberg\", the \"Providence Journal\", \"The Globe and Mail\", \"Evening Standard\", Amazon, and McClatchy Newspapers. Barnes & Noble ranked \"The Lost City of Z\" as the single best nonfiction book of 2009. At the same time, critics have pointed out inaccuracies and/or distortions by Grann. Writing for \"The Wall Street", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12956683", "score": "1.0007997", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (film)", "text": "of the story at all. It takes place outside of New York, and it’s a period piece in the United Kingdom and the jungle. So I had no idea why the people at Plan B decided to send me this book, because nothing in my prior work had shown that I could do anything like this. Maybe it was an act of madness on their part.In a 2015 interview with IndieWire, Gray admitted that he had developed the script for a while before moving toward production. He explained that the film was a \"very complicated production and the story is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12824352", "score": "0.99817514", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Viscount of Adrilankha", "text": "his companions have uneventful encounters with a bandit company and a mysterious sorceress named Orlaan. At Dzur Mountain, he learns that Zivra is really Zerika, the last Phoenix and the true Empress. He must accompany her to the Paths of the Dead to recover the Imperial Orb and restore the Empire. Their party will also include Tazendra, who has been studying under Sethra. Pel meets with Khaavren and discovers his sorry state. Pel later contacts Aerich and together they scheme to snap their friend from his funk. They send a certain pyrologist to Adrilankha to inspect the city for signs", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9382937", "score": "0.99688303", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "The Mysterious Cities of Gold", "text": "a Spanish orphan named Esteban joins Mendoza, a navigator, and his associates Sancho and Pedro, in their search for one of the Seven Cities of Gold in the New World, hoping to find his father. They are joined on their quest by Zia, an Incan girl (who was kidnapped by Gomez, Gaspard, Perez and Mendoza), and Tao, the last descendant of the sunken empire of Mu (Hiva in the English dub). The series is a mix of ancient South American history, archaeology, and science fiction. The travellers encounter the Maya, Inca, and Olmecs during their journey. They discover many lost", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3638189", "score": "0.99670017", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Missing on Lost Island", "text": "Missing on Lost Island Missing on Lost Island (aka Ztracený ostrov (Czech), Verschollen Auf Lost Island (German)) is a 2000 Czech/Slovakian adventure game developed by Mayhem Studios and Riki Computer Games, and published by Bohemia Interactive. Officially developed by Slovak Mayhem Studios, the game's development was actually centered in Bohemia Interactive in the Czech Republic, which is where aspects like the dubbing was completed. The dubbing was done by Jiri Labus, who had previously lent his voice to the previous Slovak adventure game Ve Stínu Havrana. The original intention of the title, according to Bonusweb.cz, was to make a serious", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20599959", "score": "0.99655795", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "The Lost City of Z (film)", "text": "her purse, to give Keltie the compass Fawcett had promised to send were he to have found the lost city. In February 2009, James Gray was hired by Paramount Pictures and Plan B Entertainment to write and direct the film based on David Grann's book, but the film remained in development for six years. Based on his experience on previous projects, Gray was not initially sure why Plan B sent him the book. He explained:When I was sent the book in the fall of 2008, it hadn’t yet been published. I didn’t know what it was and I hadn’t heard", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12824351", "score": "0.9925952", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "The Tower of Zanid", "text": "precarious living as a city guardsman and spy for the nomad realm of Qaath. Fallon's life is made more complicated when Terran consul Percy Mjipa enlists him to help archaeologist Julian Fredro study the Safq, an ancient snail-shaped tower forbidden to all but members of the native Yeshite cult. Fallon is also to look into recent disappearances of Terran scientists in the region. Mjipa, introduced in this novel as a secondary character, would go on to appear in three other Krishna novels; the chronologically earlier \"The Hostage of Zir\" and \"The Prisoner of Zhamanak\" (the latter as the protagonist), and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9807072", "score": "0.9906482", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "David Grann", "text": "in the Amazon\" recounts the odyssey of the notable British explorer, Captain Percy Fawcett who, in 1925, disappeared with his son in the Amazon while looking for the Lost City of Z. For decades, explorers and scientists have tried to find evidence of both his party and the Lost City of Z. Grann also trekked into the Amazon. In his book, he reveals new evidence about how Fawcett died and shows that \"Z\" may have existed. The book was optioned by Brad Pitt's Plan B production company and Paramount Pictures. It was adapted into a feature film of the same", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12950720", "score": "0.9889077", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "The Lost City of Z (film)", "long_answer": "Murray survives and, in front of the RGS trustees, accuses Fawcett of abandoning him in the jungle. Fawcett elects to resign from the society rather than apologize. World War I breaks out in Europe, and Fawcett goes to France to fight. Manley dies in the trenches at the Battle of the Somme, and Fawcett is temporarily blinded in a chlorine gas attack. Jack, Fawcett's eldest son—who had long accused Fawcett of abandoning the family—reconciles with his father as he recovers.", "chunked_long_answer": "Murray survives and, in front of the RGS trustees, accuses Fawcett of abandoning him in the jungle. Fawcett elects to resign from the society rather than apologize. World War I breaks out in Europe, and Fawcett goes to France to fight. Manley dies in the trenches at the Battle of the Somme, and Fawcett is temporarily blinded in a chlorine gas attack. Jack, Fawcett's eldest son—who had long accused Fawcett of abandoning the family—reconciles with his father as he recovers.", "short_answers": [ "Manley" ] }

[ "2003", "2000" ]

[ { "title": "List of Oklahoma Sooners football championships", "text": "The team has captured 47 conference titles, including 14 in a row between 1946–59, eight divisional titles, and seven claimed national championships: 1950, 1955, 1956, 1974,1975, 1985, 2000. In addition to the seven claimed national titles the NCAA also recognizes 10 others: 1915, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1967, 1973, 1978, 1980, 1986, and 2003.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "1957 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "final polls in early and won the Orange Bowl 1957 Oklahoma Sooners football team The 1957 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma during the 1957 college football season. They played their home games at Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Oklahoma, and were members of the Big Seven Conference. They were two-time defending national champions (1955, 1956), led by head coach Bud Wilkinson, in his eleventh season. The Sooners won their first seven games in 1957, but were upset at home by unranked Notre Dame on November 16, stopping Oklahoma's record-breaking win streak at It was their only", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16862630", "score": "1.2641094", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "1974 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "State. Against the Cowboys, OU faced a 13–10 deficit late in the third quarter before scoring five touchdowns during a seven–and–a–half–minute span. The 44–13 victory marked OU's 20th consecutive win and 29th straight game without a loss. When Alabama fell to Notre Dame in the Orange Bowl, the Sooners were left as the nation's only unbeaten team. With a #1 ranking in the final AP Poll, OU laid claim to its fourth national championship and first since 1956. To date, the 1974 Sooners are the last NCAA Division I-A team to claim an AP national title without benefit of a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9705783", "score": "1.2418838", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "1987 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "was led by All-Americans Rickey Dixon (who won the Jim Thorpe Award), Mark Hutson, Keith Jackson, Danté Jones, and Darrell Reed After going undefeated in its eleven regular season games, it earned a trip to the Orange Bowl for an appearance against the Miami Hurricanes. During the season, it faced three ranked opponents (In order, #12 Oklahoma State, #1 Nebraska, and #2 Miami). Both of its last two games were #1 vs. #2 matches with the last being a national title game in which it endured its only loss to the resulting national champion Hurricanes. The game marked the third", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14692380", "score": "1.2190545", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "1957 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "1957 Oklahoma Sooners football team The 1957 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma during the 1957 college football season. They played their home games at Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Oklahoma, and were members of the Big Seven Conference. They were two-time defending national champions (1955, 1956), led by head coach Bud Wilkinson, in his eleventh season. The Sooners won their first seven games in 1957, but were upset at home by unranked Notre Dame on November 16, stopping Oklahoma's record-breaking win streak at It was their only loss of the season; they finished fourth in both", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16862629", "score": "1.2173303", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Oklahoma Sooners football", "text": "first national title berth since 1985. The Sooners finished the season with a stunning 13–2 win over a heavily favored Florida State team in the Orange Bowl and claimed the Sears Trophy. At the end of the season, quarterback Josh Heupel had the top two spots on the list of Oklahoma's season passing records. The championship was the Sooners' 7th national title and their first since Barry Switzer's departure. The team had finally regained its status as a power in the college football world. The stoic coach from Ohio had resurrected a football giant, bringing the once great program back", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8465104", "score": "1.2087387", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "1977 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "1977 Oklahoma Sooners football team The 1977 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. Oklahoma was a member of the Big Eight Conference and played its home games in Oklahoma Memorial Stadium, where it has played its home games since 1923. The team posted a 10–2 overall record and a 7–0 conference record to earn the Conference title under head coach Barry Switzer who took the helm in 1973. This was Switzer's fifth conference title and third undefeated conference record in five seasons. The team was led by All-Americans George", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13813117", "score": "1.2040608", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "1977 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "Cumby, Daryl Hunt, Reggie Kinlaw, and Zac Henderson Cumby was named Big Eight Defensive Player of the Year. After winning the conference title outright, it earned a trip to the Orange Bowl where it lost to Arkansas Razorbacks. During the season, it faced five ranked opponents (In order, #4 Ohio State, #5 Texas, #16 Iowa State, #11 Nebraska, and #6 Arkansas). Four of its opponents ended the season ranked. It endured its only regular season defeat in the Red River Shootout against Texas. The Sooners started the season with a four consecutive wins before losing to Texas and then won", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13813118", "score": "1.2010872", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "1955 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "invited to the Orange Bowl in Miami on January 2, where they defeated the Maryland Terrapins trailing by six at halftime, Oklahoma outscored Maryland 20–0 in the second The Sooners claimed their second national championship and continued their record-setting winning streak, which was now at thirty games. It continued for nearly two more seasons, until stopped at 47 in 1955 Oklahoma Sooners football team The 1955 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1955 college football season, the 61st season of Sooner football. Led by ninth-year head coach Bud Wilkinson, they played their home games at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9705886", "score": "1.1991124", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "2004 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "the Colorado Buffaloes in the Big 12 Championship Game on December 4. The Sooners finished the regular season 12–0 (9–0 in Big 12) while winning their third Big 12 title and their 39th conference title overall. They were invited to the 2005 Orange Bowl, which served as the BCS National Championship Game that year, where they lost to the USC Trojans, 19–55. USC was later forced to vacate this win because of the ineligibility of Reggie Bush, but Oklahoma still counts it as a loss. Following the season, Jammal Brown was selected 13th overall and Mark Clayton 22nd in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11194666", "score": "1.1959848", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "1974 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "postseason bowl win. 1974 Oklahoma Sooners football team The 1974 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. This was the first of three national championship squads for head coach Barry Switzer. Only one opponent played the Sooners within 14 points and four failed to score a touchdown. At the same time, OU led the nation in scoring offense with an average of 43 points per game to finish the season as the only undefeated team in the country at 11–0. Oklahoma was loaded with talent, evidenced by its eight All-Americans,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9705784", "score": "1.1950333", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "1975 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "it early. In the end, a 39–yard end around by Billy Brooks and a nine–yard keeper by Steve Davis were enough for a 14–6 victory and a fifth national championship. 1975 Oklahoma Sooners football team The 1975 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1975 NCAA Division I football season. The team was helmed by Barry Switzer in his third season as head coach. After sailing through their first eight games, Oklahoma suffered a surprising home loss to Kansas, which snapped a 28–game winning streak. With only two regular season games and a bowl trip left,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9705744", "score": "1.1940665", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Oklahoma Sooners football", "text": "in general. Gibbs' final record as head coach at OU was 44–23–2. To replace Gibbs, Oklahoma looked towards the seasoned Howard Schnellenberger, then 61 years old. Schnellenberger had a well-established reputation for turning teams around. He had built Miami from an also-ran to a national champion in 1983, and turned around a once-moribund Louisville program. In the end, he was almost too sure of himself. He was quoted as saying, \"They will write books and make movies about my time here.\" His 1995 team started out well, reaching the top 10 after a 3–0 start. However, an embarrassing loss to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8465095", "score": "1.1902044", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "1979 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "time since his departure following the 1972 season. 1979 Oklahoma Sooners football team The 1979 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the college football 1979 NCAA Division I-A season. Oklahoma Sooners football participated in the former Big Eight Conference at that time and played its home games in Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium where it has played its home games since 1923. The team posted an 11–1 overall record and a 7–0 conference record to earn the Conference title outright under head coach Barry Switzer who took the helm in 1973. This was Switzer's seventh conference", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13813128", "score": "1.188836", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "2007 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "a great Oklahoma football team. Um ... Wow! Very, very impressive.\" Oklahoma and Miami had only met six times, including this year's matchup. Between 1985 and 1987, Oklahoma was 33–3 with all three losses coming to Jimmy Johnson's Miami teams. It began in 1985 when the unranked Miami squad came to Norman to take on Barry Switzer's No. 3 ranked Oklahoma team. The Sooners lost the game 14–27, they lost their starting quarterback Troy Aikman to a broken leg, and Miami was propelled to the national stage. The next two times the teams met, OU was ranked No. 1 and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9491458", "score": "1.1880269", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "1985 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "national championship. This was Oklahoma's sixth national championship and 34th conference championship in school history. After struggling in the 1985 Orange Bowl to a scrappy Washington Huskies football team and letting any National Championship aspirations for that year disappear in a puff of smoke (and be awarded to the BYU Cougars, the nation's only undefeated college football team that year), the defending Big 8 Champion Sooners came into the 1985 season on a mission. Led by an aggressive and punishing defense (which later drew comparisons to their NFL counterpart Chicago Bears) and budding superstar quarterback sophomore Troy Aikman, the Sooners", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9712030", "score": "1.1874123", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "1985 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "a 25-10 victory over the top team in the land in the 1986 Orange Bowl and the team's sixth National Championship. 1985 Oklahoma Sooners football team The 1985 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the college football season of 1985–1986. This year was Barry Switzer's 13th season as head coach. The Sooners ended this season with 11 wins and a sole loss coming to the Miami Hurricanes in Norman, in a game in which the Sooners lost starting quarterback Troy Aikman for the season. The Sooners were forced to place their trust in lightning-quick true freshman", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9712046", "score": "1.1870238", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Oklahoma Sooners football", "text": "two moderately successful seasons, 1991 and 1993. In 1991, OU went 9–3, finished the season ranked No. 16 in the nation by the Associated Press, and soundly defeated Virginia in the Gator Bowl. In the 1992 follow-up campaign, however, OU finished 5–4–2, unranked and did not earn an invitation to a post-season bowl. Further, OU dropped games to rivals Nebraska and Texas and tied Oklahoma State. The draw with the Cowboys marked the first time since 1976 OU did not beat OSU in the annual Bedlam game. Gibbs' Sooners rebounded with a 9–3 record, a No. 17 finish in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8465093", "score": "1.184834", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "1953 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "the start of their record 47-game winning streak that extended more than four years, until 1953 Oklahoma Sooners football team The 1953 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma during the 1953 college football season. Led by seventh-year head coach Bud Wilkinson, they played their home games at Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Oklahoma, and were members of the Big Seven Conference. The Sooners dropped their opener at home to top-ranked tied at then won nine straight, concluding with a shutout of in the Orange Bowl in Miami on The final polls were released in late November, prior", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16596870", "score": "1.1814016", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "1975 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "games was lifted (Oklahoma did not play in a bowl game in 1973, but appeared twice on television; it was banned from both television and bowl games in 1974). Oklahoma returned to television for the Orange Bowl. Oklahoma had won the AP National Title in 1974 and began the year by thrashing Oregon 62-7 in Norman. OU played host to a Johnny Majors coached #15 Pittsburgh squad, sporting junior running back sensation Tony Dorsett (only a year away from the Heisman trophy and the collegiate rushing record), and they dominated, outscoring the Panthers 46–10. But a trip to unranked Miami", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9705733", "score": "1.1781055", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Oklahoma Sooners football", "text": "Texas with only one loss in four years. His greatest triumph while at OU was his 23–0 demolition in 1939 of Coach Pappy Waldorf's Northwestern team that was picked to win the national championship. Stidham was the first Oklahoma coach to defeat Waldorf (both Lindsey and Hardage had also tried durning their coaching tenure). Stidham's 1938 Sooners were undefeated in the regular season and were ranked No. 4 in the AP poll, but lost in the Sooners' first bowl appearance, the Orange Bowl, to Tennessee. After OU's hard-fought loss to the Volunteers, Stidham went back to his hotel room, took", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8465069", "score": "1.1775798", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Oklahoma Sooners football", "text": "an at-large bid to participate in the Sugar Bowl, where they defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide, the previous year's national champions, with a final score of 45–31. In 2014, the Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in their 120th season and the inaugural season for the College Football Playoff. The Sooners opened the season ranked 4th and quickly jumped to a 4–0 record. The Sooners then lost their 5th game to TCU. They then slid past their old rival Texas but suffered a loss to Kansas State, 30–31 at home. The Sooners closed the regular season with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8465133", "score": "1.177184", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Lou Holtz", "text": "them to a berth in the 1978 Orange Bowl against the Oklahoma Sooners, then coached by University of Arkansas alumnus Barry Switzer. The Sooners were in position to win their third national championship in four seasons after top-ranked Texas lost earlier in the day to fifth-ranked Notre Dame in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Arkansas' chances looked slim after the team lost several key personnel just before the game. In one of his last practices, All-American guard, Leotis Harris suffered a season-ending injury, and only a couple of days later Holtz suspended both starting running backs, Ben Cowins and Michael Forrest,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4141006", "score": "1.1768646", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "1984 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "was led by All-American Tony Casillas, After winning a share of conference title, it earned a trip to the Orange Bowl for an appearance against the Washington Huskies. During the season, it faced five ranked opponents (In order, #17 Pitt, #1 Texas, #1 Nebraska, #3 Oklahoma State and #4 Washington). The last three of these opponents finished the season ranked in the top 10. It endured a tie against Texas in the Red River Shootout, a loss against a 2–5 Kansas Jayhawks team and a bowl game loss to Washington. Lydell Carr led the team in rushing with 688 yards,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14692377", "score": "1.1752803", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "1978 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "by All-Americans Billy Sims (who won the Heisman Trophy), Daryl Hunt, Reggie Kinlaw, and Greg Roberts, The Sooners started the season with nine consecutive wins before losing to Nebraska. During the season, OU faced ranked opponents four times (#14 Missouri, #6 Texas, and #4 & #6 Nebraska); four different opponents finished the season ranked. Its only defeat came against Nebraska in their regular season match. The Sooners were able to avenge that loss as an at-large selection to the Orange Bowl against conference co-champions Nebraska, who had claimed the automatic berth by virtue of their victory over OU. Sims led", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13813121", "score": "1.1750393", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Oklahoma Sooners football", "text": "be named the Associated Press Player of the Year for the 2008 season. On January 8, 2009, the Sooners were defeated by the Florida Gators for the BCS Championship at Dolphin Stadium in Miami by a score of 24–14. This was the fourth time that the Sooners were playing for the National Championship under Coach Stoops. The 2009 season was a challenge for the Sooners. After losing star quarterback Sam Bradford in the first game, and eventually for the whole season, freshman quarterback Landry Jones had to take over. The Sooners ended up with a total of fifteen injuries at", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8465126", "score": "1.1748564", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Jimbo Elrod", "text": "(it now stands as sixth-best all-time). Elrod starred in the 1976 Orange Bowl a 14-6 victory over the University of Michigan that secured the Sooners a fifth national championship. The Oklahoma defense allowed only 202 total yards in the game. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 5th round (144th overall) of the 1976 NFL Draft where he played three seasons and in 1979 he played one season with the Oilers. He earned a dual-scholarship to the University of Oklahoma where he was a member of the 1974 National Championship Wrestling team. Elrod earned a degree in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13192619", "score": "1.1745632", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Oklahoma Sooners football", "text": "the following. few weeks to become ranked fifth in the country despite losing star receiver Ryan Broyles only to lose to Baylor for the first time in school history. They stayed in the hunt for a share of the conference title and a Fiesta Bowl appearance until losing to in-state rival Oklahoma State in the last game of the season. They finished the regular season 9–3 and went on to defeat Iowa 31–14 in the Insight Bowl. The 2013 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 2013 college football season, the 119th season of Sooner football.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8465131", "score": "1.1709987", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "1979 Oklahoma Sooners football team", "text": "1979 Oklahoma Sooners football team The 1979 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the college football 1979 NCAA Division I-A season. Oklahoma Sooners football participated in the former Big Eight Conference at that time and played its home games in Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium where it has played its home games since 1923. The team posted an 11–1 overall record and a 7–0 conference record to earn the Conference title outright under head coach Barry Switzer who took the helm in 1973. This was Switzer's seventh conference title and fourth undefeated conference record in seven", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13813125", "score": "1.1707627", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "1955 college football season", "text": "1955 college football season The 1955 NCAA football season saw the Oklahoma Sooners win the national championship after going 10-0-0. Although the final poll was taken before the postseason bowl games, Oklahoma played against the nation's other unbeaten and untied (10-0-0) team, the Maryland Terrapins, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, and won 20-6. During the 20th century, the NCAA had no playoff for the college football teams that would later be described as \"Division I-A\". The NCAA did recognize a national champion based upon the final results of \"wire service\" (AP and UPI) polls. The extent of that recognition", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12327409", "score": "1.1690125", "original_retrieval_index": 29 } ]

{ "title": "List of Oklahoma Sooners football championships", "long_answer": "The team has captured 47 conference titles, including 14 in a row between 1946–59, eight divisional titles, and seven claimed national championships: 1950, 1955, 1956, 1974,1975, 1985, 2000. In addition to the seven claimed national titles the NCAA also recognizes 10 others: 1915, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1967, 1973, 1978, 1980, 1986, and 2003.", "chunked_long_answer": "The team has captured 47 conference titles, including 14 in a row between 1946–59, eight divisional titles, and seven claimed national championships: 1950, 1955, 1956, 1974,1975, 1985, 2000. In addition to the seven claimed national titles the NCAA also recognizes 10 others: 1915, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1967, 1973, 1978, 1980, 1986, and 2003.", "short_answers": [ "2000", "2003" ] }

[ "Barbara Gaskin", "Dave Stewart", "The Chipettes", "Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin" ]

[ { "title": "It's My Party (Lesley Gore song)", "text": "In 1981, a remake by British artists Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin was a UK number one hit single for four weeks and was also a major hit in Austria (#3), Germany (#3), the Netherlands (#20), New Zealand (#1), South Africa (#3) and Switzerland (#6). The track reached #72 in the US. This was the first version of the song to reach #1 in the UK. The video for the Stewart/Gaskin version contained a cameo by Thomas Dolby as Johnny, Judy being played by Gaskin in a blond wig.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "I'll Cry If I Want To", "text": "I'll Cry If I Want To I'll Cry If I Want To was the debut album of Lesley Gore. The album included her hit singles \"It's My Party\" and its follow-up, \"Judy's Turn to Cry\". The album was rushed out after \"It's My Party\" became a big hit, and the songs are mostly about crying, linking to the hit single's first line \"It's my party and I'll cry if I want to\", incorporating songs with titles such as \"Cry\", \"Just Let Me Cry\" and \"Cry and You Cry Alone\". Besides the hit singles, the album included pop standards such as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15701996", "score": "1.0044713", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "It's My Party (Lesley Gore song)", "text": "\"It's my party, and I'll cry if I want to... You would cry too if it happened to you!\" became a part of American pop cultural language as a phrase used to describe being utterly humiliated and miserable during an event that is supposed to be a happy occasion. \"It's My Party\" is in the key of A major. The song's effectiveness is enhanced by several musical touches producer Quincy Jones incorporated, including Latin-sounding rhythms, double tracked vocals and effective horn parts. Allmusic critic Jason Ankeny wrote of the song, It's My Party' remains one of the most vivid evocations", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8054614", "score": "0.9832872", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "I Feel Love", "text": "their \"The 100 best party songs\" list in 2018, adding: Sometimes a song comes along that's so innovative that it changes the shape of the musical landscape for decades, whilst also getting you to shake yo bootay. This timeless, Giorgio Moroder-produced disco anthem from 1977 did exactly that, becoming the first purely electronic jam to make it big and pretty much inventing dance music in the process. The information regarding lists including \"I Feel Love\" is adapted from Acclaimed Music, except where otherwise noted. In 1978, disco and hi-NRG DJ Patrick Cowley created a 15:43 remix of \"I Feel Love\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5817848", "score": "0.9659487", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "I'll Cry If I Want To", "text": "\"Misty\", \"Cry Me a River\" and \"What Kind of Fool Am I?\". The album reached #24 on the \"Billboard\" 200. Edsel Records released the album on Compact Disc in 2000 in combination with Gore's second album, \"Lesley Gore Sings of Mixed-Up Hearts\". The album was named the 181st best album of the 1960s by \"Pitchfork\". I'll Cry If I Want To I'll Cry If I Want To was the debut album of Lesley Gore. The album included her hit singles \"It's My Party\" and its follow-up, \"Judy's Turn to Cry\". The album was rushed out after \"It's My Party\" became", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15701997", "score": "0.9411704", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "45 Grave", "text": "Don Hinson and the Rigamorticians on their 1964 album release \"Monster Dance Party\". The 45 Grave recording (as with the original, produced by Gary S. Paxton of Skip & Flip) achieved cult status and became a signature song of the band's live sets. Early on, the band began by playing the Consumers songs that Cutler had written, with lyrics changed to fit Cancer's singing style, before concentrating on composing new material like \"Black Cross\" (issued as a single in 1981, featuring Pat Smear of the Germs on guitar on the B-side \"Wax\") and a fast-paced punk song called \"Partytime\" (which", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2119513", "score": "0.9361155", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "The Party's Over (1956 song)", "text": "label in 1966. Lesley Gore included a version of the song on her 1963 debut album, \"I'll Cry If I Want To\". Leslie Odom, Jr. ended his debut album \"Leslie Odom Jr. (album)\" (2016) with it. It was the closing theme song of Polly Bergen's short-lived comedy/variety show, \"The Polly Bergen Show\", which aired on NBC in the 1957–1958 season. The Party's Over (1956 song) \"The Party's Over\" is a popular song composed by Jule Styne with lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green. It was introduced in the 1956 musical comedy \"Bells Are Ringing\" by Judy Holliday. Nat King", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9645468", "score": "0.9357367", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Agadoo", "text": "of all time, saying: \"It sounded like the school disco you were forced to attend, your middle-aged relatives forming a conga at a wedding party, a travelling DJ act based in Wolverhampton, every party cliche you ever heard.\" The panel also described it as \"magnificently dreadful\". The song's origins date back to 1971, when Michel Delancray and Mya Symille recorded it as \"Agadou\" in French. It had been written based on a tune that had apparently come from Morocco. Club Med used it as their theme song from 1974. It was covered by several artists and groups, including Patrick Zabé", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7398397", "score": "0.9334004", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "I Gotta Dance to Keep from Crying", "text": "band ever cut a deeper groove than the Motown group does here\". The British rock journalist Jon Wilde ranked it Number 6 among his top ten favourite songs in 2007, calling it \"pure Motown gold and the greatest party-on record there ever was\". I Gotta Dance to Keep from Crying \"I Gotta Dance to Keep from Crying\" was a 1963 hit by the Miracles on Motown's Tamla label. It was a \"Billboard\" Top 40 Pop hit,reaching #35 on that chart, and a Top 20 hit on its R&B chart, peaking at # 17 . It was written and produced by", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12386488", "score": "0.9266476", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "It's My Party (Lesley Gore song)", "text": "five on the charts. It's My Party (Lesley Gore song) \"It's My Party\" is a pop song recorded by multiple artists since the 1960s. In 1963, American singer Lesley Gore's version hit number one on the pop and rhythm and blues charts in the United States. It was the first hit single for producer Quincy Jones. The song lyrically portrays the discomfiture of a teenage girl at her birthday party when her boyfriend Johnny disappears, only to surface in the company of Judy, another girl, who is \"wearing his ring,\" to indicate she's replaced the birthday girl as his love", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8054624", "score": "0.92602897", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)", "text": "underpinning and giddy zest of Cyndi Lauper's 'Girls Just Want to Have Fun.'\" In its review of \"Whitney\", Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" gave a negative comment, writing that listening to \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody\" and \"You're Still My Man,\" another track on the album was like \"watching television while someone fiddles with color controls.\" In 2006, \"Slant Magazine\" ranked the song at #88 in their 100 Greatest Dance Songs, commenting that \"with its parenthetical title, gummy bassline, schmaltzy horns, tinkling keyboards, and half-step key changes, [the song] is definitive '80s dance-pop.\" \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5410283", "score": "0.91901296", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Judy's Turn to Cry", "text": "cry; 'cause Johnny's come back to me.\" Until then the singer's \"tears just fell like rain drops\" because \"Judy's smile was so mean.\" With its emphasis on crying—in this case Judy rather than the singer—the song fit in with the theme of the album \"I'll Cry If I Want To\", in which most of the songs involved someone crying. The song's instrumentation includes drums and horns. Allmusic critic Joe Viglione describes \"Judy's Turn to Cry\" as having \"a monstrous hook as valuable as 'It's My Party' with violence that may have been inspired by The Crystals pushing the envelope with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10714765", "score": "0.91533136", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "It's My Party (Lesley Gore song)", "text": "by Gaskin in a blond wig. Because of the pop cultural obsession with the song and its tragic nature, Gore recorded a sequel titled \"Judy's Turn to Cry\". In this song, the teenage girl narrator gets her revenge on Judy. In the lyrics the narrator explicitly finds \"foolish\" how much she cried when she saw Johnny and Judy together, and seems determined to start anew. But after she kisses another boy at another party, Johnny gets jealous, punches the other boy and returns to her. Following just two months on the heels of \"It's My Party,\" the sequel reached number", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8054623", "score": "0.9149941", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "And We Danced (The Hooters song)", "text": "chorus into the end of his 1997 song \"Goalie\" off the A Society of People Named Elihu album. And We Danced was ranked as the 88th greatest song of the 80's on internet radio station WDDF Radio's \"The 88 Greatest Songs of the 80's\" second annual Independence Day countdown in 2017 And We Danced (The Hooters song) \"And We Danced\" is a song by the American rock band The Hooters, released as the first single from their second album, \"Nervous Night\". \"And We Danced\" was released in 1985 and became the band's first major hit, just missing the top 20", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16157103", "score": "0.91430646", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Music to Make Boys Cry (song)", "text": "that Vickers is actually hosting a party on her own with no guests. Robert Copsey of Digital Spy awarded the single 4 stars out of 5, praising it as a \"slice of twinkly '80s pop that generates a feeling of warmth and fuzziness inside that few could pull off without sounding trite.\" Popjustice were highly complimentary of the single stating, \"However you look at it she [Diana Vickers] is basically one of the Top 100 things about the current pop era and this song, is a tune of such epic proportions that you should hold onto something when you press", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17501195", "score": "0.9068255", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Check It Out (will.i.am and Nicki Minaj song)", "text": "their haters while on their way into the hottest dance club in town.\" Wilkening gave the song's lyrics a negative review stating \"If you're looking for deep lyrical insights, jeez, are you at the wrong party.\" Becky Bain of \"Idolator\" gave the song a positive review stating, \"We almost want to cry foul for taking an extremely beloved 80s song (okay, the song was released in 1979 but the video debuted in 1981) and appropriating it for a modern-day hip-hop song, just because that’s become so commonplace it’s an uncreative, predictable way to get attention for your song. But… but…", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14929682", "score": "0.9062688", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "It's My Party (Lesley Gore song)", "text": "It's My Party (Lesley Gore song) \"It's My Party\" is a pop song recorded by multiple artists since the 1960s. In 1963, American singer Lesley Gore's version hit number one on the pop and rhythm and blues charts in the United States. It was the first hit single for producer Quincy Jones. The song lyrically portrays the discomfiture of a teenage girl at her birthday party when her boyfriend Johnny disappears, only to surface in the company of Judy, another girl, who is \"wearing his ring,\" to indicate she's replaced the birthday girl as his love interest. The song's chorus,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8054613", "score": "0.9054154", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Pity Party (song)", "text": "candles on the birthday cake she smashed which is somehow the same as it was before she destroyed it. She then takes a puff on a cigarette, and the video ends. Pity Party (song) \"Pity Party\" is a song by American recording artist Melanie Martinez based on the 1963 Lesley Gore hit \"It's My Party\". It was released as the lead single from her debut album, \"Cry Baby\" (2015), on June 2, 2015. The music video was released on June 1, 2015. It impacted contemporary hit radio on March 22, 2016. The song uses the chorus from Lesley Gore's classic", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18899098", "score": "0.9031365", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Party Doll", "text": "conducting the orchestra) also became a pop hit that year, reaching No. 5 on the \"Billboard\" Top 100. Lawrence's version was released on the Coral label. The Crests recorded a cover version for their 1960 album, \"The Crests Sing All Biggies.\" The Fleetwoods also recorded a version of the song. Ronnie Dove, several years before he became a star, recorded the song in 1961 with his band, the Bell Tones, for Decca Records. It was also one of several rock'n'roll standards recorded by Lindisfarne on their 1987 party album \"C'mon Everybody\", and released as a single. Party Doll \"Party Doll\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4845281", "score": "0.90119916", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Pattie Brooks", "text": "Love Died\" and reached #22 on the US Dance Charts. In 1979 Brooks moved away from Soussain with her third album, \"Party Girl\", produced by Bunny Sigler of Instant Funk and Salsoul fame. This album included a wider range of sounds - funk, pop, disco and ballads. While the album contained no major hits it did include \"Got Tu Go Disco\", the title song from the short-lived Broadway musical. The 12\" single peaked at #67 on the US Dance Charts. In 1979 Brooks branched out from disco by singing \"Close Enough For Love\", the title song to the Vanessa Redgrave", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5470744", "score": "0.9000794", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Judy's Turn to Cry", "text": "Judy's Turn to Cry \"Judy's Turn to Cry\" is a song written by Beverly Ross (who also co-wrote Roy Orbison's \"Candy Man\") and Edna Lewis that was originally released by Lesley Gore in 1963. The song was produced by Quincy Jones, who also produced Gore's prior hit \"It's My Party\". It was released on Gore's first album \"I'll Cry If I Want To\" and also as a single which reached #5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and #10 on the Billboard R&B singles chart. The single earned a gold record. When \"It's My Party\" entered the Billboard Hot 100", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10714763", "score": "0.8999225", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "We Sing 80s", "text": "We Sing 80s We Sing 80s is a 2012 karaoke game part of the \"We Sing\" family of games, developed by French studio Le Cortex. The game features songs from the 1980s only. The gameplay is similar to the \"SingStar\" set of video games. Players are required to sing along with music in order to score points, matching pitch and rhythm. The game has anticheat technology whereby tapping or humming will register on the screen but no points will be awarded. We Sing Pop! also contains the addition of 'Star Notes' that allow the player to score even more points", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16791486", "score": "0.8994169", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Mi Chico Latino", "text": "certain brand of pop, referring to it as \"Madonna-lite.\" Halliwell also performed the single in front of 100,000 fans at Party in the Park event in early July 1999. On 26 August 1999, the singer performed the song on \"Top of the Pops\". On 8 July 2001, whist promoting her second album \"Scream If You Wanna Go Faster\", she performed the song again on Party in the Park. Credits and personnel adapted from \"Schizophonic\" album liner notes. Mi Chico Latino \"Mi Chico Latino\" (English: \"My Latin Boy\"), is a song recorded by English singer Geri Halliwell for her debut solo", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6865558", "score": "0.8965193", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Party (Beyoncé song)", "text": "I told my girls you can get it / Don't slow it down, just let it go / So in love / I'll give it all away / Just don't tell nobody tomorrow\". In the chorus lines, she harmonizes over the sample from \"La Di Da Di\", \"Cause tonight's the night that I give you everything / Music knocking until the morning light / 'Cause we like to party\". In the second verse, Beyoncé belts out \"in a thick stack of smooth, layered vocals\". After chanting the chorus for a second time, André 3000 surfaces around the 2:15 mark with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9009441", "score": "0.8963149", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Party Fears Two", "text": "Party Fears Two \"Party Fears Two\" is a 1982 single by Scottish band Associates, released from their second studio (and third album in total) \"Sulk\". The song was written in 1979, around a piano riff, and Alan Rankine and Billy Mackenzie initially rejected it. Rankine stated: \"This was the tail-end of punk and it was too tuneful, too pretty. It wasn't hip at that time.\" In an interview with \"Smash Hits\" Billy Mackenzie explained the origin of the song title, \"My wee brother was at a party watching two girls who wanted to come in. They were smashing windows and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18455904", "score": "0.8942032", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Don't Cry for Me Argentina", "text": "number 31 in Belgium Flanders and number 44 in Netherlands. An easy listening cover version of the song by The Mike Flowers Pops reached number 30 in the UK singles charts in 1996. A punk rock version was recorded by alternative band Me First and the Gimme Gimmes in 1999 for their second studio album, \"Are a Drag\". Angus Cargill, author of \"Hang the DJ: An alternative book of music lists\" was shocked by the complete revamp of the song as punk rock, saying that \"there's a dark appeal in here, like the thought of taking a cattle prod to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3479246", "score": "0.8909482", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party", "text": "to the subject matter introduced by Lennon on \"I'll Cry Instead\", from the Beatles' \"A Hard Day's Night\" album, and a \"preview\" of \"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away\", from \"Help!\" The Beatles recorded \"I Don't Want to Spoil the Party\" on 29 September 1964 in 19 takes, the last of which was released. George Harrison's guitar solo, played on his new Gretsch Tennessean in the style of Carl Perkins, was enhanced by midrange resonance boost, giving it an especially bright sound. According to \"The Encyclopedia of Country Music\", the song is an early example of country rock, anticipating", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5579820", "score": "0.8899174", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "I'm a Freak", "text": "chart conquer for spring. AMPed Music described the song as another club-ready anthem and a decent track. They also stated that the song \"still oozes enough party mojo that would get any party animal crazy on the dance floor.\" ReDigi described it as \"an unsurprisingly pure party anthem featuring a typically hedonistic production from The Cataracs ...Despite its wave of EDM bleeps, pulsing beats and suggestive lyrics, the song is a little more melodic and a little less bombastic than recent club bangers 'Turn The Night Up' and 'Finally Found You.'\" Haley Longman of OK! magazine gave a positive review", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17796490", "score": "0.8890357", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Disco", "text": "by \"non-pop\" artists, including the 1979 U.S. number one hit \"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)\" by Easy listening singer Barbra Streisand in a duet with Donna Summer. Country music artist Connie Smith covered Andy Gibb's \"I Just Want to Be Your Everything\" in 1977, Bill Anderson did \"Double S\" in 1978, and Ronnie Milsap recorded \"Get It Up\" and covered Tommy Tucker's \"Hi-Heel Sneakers\" in 1979. Also noteworthy are John Paul Young's \"Love Is in the Air\" (1977), Patrick Hernandez's \"Born to Be Alive\" (1978), Cheryl Lynn's \"Got to Be Real\" (1978), Evelyn \"Champagne\" King's \"Shame\" (1978), Sister Sledge's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "97803", "score": "0.8886609", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Take Care (song)", "text": "was helmed by 40, reworking Jamie xx's remix. Additionally, Drake makes reference to Lesley Gore's 1963 number one single, \"It's My Party\" by re-working the lyrics, \"\"It's my birthday, I'll get high if I want to, can't deny that I want you, but I'll lie if I have to.\"\" The song features guest vocals from Rihanna, marking the second collaboration of the pair, the first being Rihanna's number one single \"What's My Name?\" from her fifth studio album, \"Loud\" (2010), on which Drake was featured. The song is written in the key of C minor. The vocal range in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16034072", "score": "0.88703895", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "It's My Party (Lesley Gore song)", "long_answer": "In 1981, a remake by British artists Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin was a UK number one hit single for four weeks and was also a major hit in Austria (#3), Germany (#3), the Netherlands (#20), New Zealand (#1), South Africa (#3) and Switzerland (#6). The track reached #72 in the US. This was the first version of the song to reach #1 in the UK. The video for the Stewart/Gaskin version contained a cameo by Thomas Dolby as Johnny, Judy being played by Gaskin in a blond wig.", "chunked_long_answer": "In 1981, a remake by British artists Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin was a UK number one hit single for four weeks and was also a major hit in Austria (#3), Germany (#3), the Netherlands (#20), New Zealand (#1), South Africa (#3) and Switzerland (#6). The track reached #72 in the US. This was the first version of the song to reach #1 in the UK. The video for the Stewart/Gaskin version contained a cameo by Thomas Dolby as Johnny, Judy being played by Gaskin in a blond wig.", "short_answers": [ "Barbara Gaskin", "Dave Stewart", "Dave Stewart and Barbara Gaskin" ] }

[ "The Data Protection Act 1998", "Data Protection Act 1998" ]

[ { "title": "Data Protection Act 1998", "text": "The Data Protection Act 1998 (c 29) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system. It follows the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 protection, processing and movement of data. Individuals have legal rights to control information about themselves. Most of the Act does not apply to domestic use, for example keeping a personal address book. Anyone holding personal data for other purposes is legally obliged to comply with this Act, subject to some exemptions. The Act defines eight data protection principles to ensure that information is", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Data Protection Act 2018", "text": "Data Protection Act 2018 The Data Protection Act 2018 (c 12) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament which updates data protection laws in the UK. It is a national law which complements the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The Data Protection Act 2018 achieved Royal Assent on 23 May 2018. It applies the EU's GDPR standards. Whereas the GDPR gives member states limited opportunities to make provisions for how it applies in their country, one element of the DPA 2018 is the details of these, applying as the national law. The DPA 2018 is however not limited", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20729087", "score": "0.9322569", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Data Protection Act 2018", "text": "for the processing of personal data which is outside the scope of the GDPR. This includes intelligence services processing, immigration services processing and the processing of personal data held in unstructured form by public authorities. Under section 3 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, the GDPR will be incorporated directly into domestic law immediately after the UK exits the European Union. Data Protection Act 2018 The Data Protection Act 2018 (c 12) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament which updates data protection laws in the UK. It is a national law which complements the European Union's General Data", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20729089", "score": "0.90982974", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Privacy law", "text": "Thailand still lacks legislation that explicitly addresses privacy security. Thus, with the need for a more general and all-encompassing data protection law, the legislature proposed the Personal Data Protection Bill in 2013, which is heavily influenced by the OECD Guidelines and the EU Directive. The draft law is still under evaluation and its enactment date is not yet finalized. As a member of the European Convention on Human Rights, the United Kingdom adheres to Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees a \"right to respect for privacy and family life\" from state parties, subject to restrictions", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7853693", "score": "0.90531766", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "General Data Protection Regulation", "text": "delayed for several months. The eIDAS Regulation is also part of the strategy. With the United Kingdom scheduled to leave the European Union in 2019, the UK granted royal assent to the \"Data Protection Act 2018\" on 23 May 2018, which contains equivalent regulations and protections. If the UK leaves the EU, it will become a \"third country\" for the purposes of the transfer of personal data outside the EU. This may require an \"adequacy decision\" by the European Commission on the suitability of the UK's data protection framework, or other appropriate safeguards that may allow such transfers to take", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17008464", "score": "0.9030668", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Information Commissioner's Office", "text": "over the Government's proposed British national identity card and database, as well as other similar databases such as the Citizen Information Project, Universal Child Database, and the NHS National Programme for IT, stating that the country is in danger of sleepwalking into a surveillance society, drawing attention to the misuse of such information by the former states of the Eastern bloc and Francisco Franco's Spain. The Data Protection Act 2018 achieved on 23 May 2018. It updates data protection laws in the UK, supplementing the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), implementing the EU law enforcement directive, and extending data protection", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3611018", "score": "0.85458875", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "General Data Protection Regulation", "text": "place. (Chapter V). It is currently (August 2018) the UK Government's view that a 'legally-binding data protection agreement' between the EU and the UK would be more appropriate than an 'adequacy finding'. Such an agreement would include the UK Information Commissioner taking part in the 'one stop shop' mechanism and having a seat on the European Data Protection Board. General Data Protection Regulation The General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (\"GDPR\") is a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). It also addresses the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17008465", "score": "0.8428182", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Elizabeth France", "text": "is also chair of the Security Industry Authority, a role she took up in January 2014. Elizabeth read politics at Aberystwyth (1968- 1971). Prior to her appointment (1994) as Data Protection Registrar, she worked in the Home Office. She was awarded CBE in 2002 for services to data protection. She holds honorary doctorate degrees. Elizabeth France Elizabeth Irene France CBE (born Leicester, 1 February 1950) is the former chair of the Office for Legal Complaints. She was appointed in February 2009 and was chair until 2014 when Steve Green became the Chair. From 1994 to 2002 she was the Data", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16404453", "score": "0.83423156", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Data Protection Act 2018", "text": "to the UK GDPR provisions. The Act has seven parts. These are outlined in Section 1: The Act introduces new offences that include knowingly or recklessly obtaining or disclosing personal data without the consent of the data controller, procuring such disclosure, or retaining the data obtained without consent. Selling, or offering to sell, personal data knowingly or recklessly obtained or disclosed would also be an offence. Essentially, the Act implements the EU Law Enforcement Directive, it implements those parts of the GDPR which 'are to be determined by Member State law' and it creates a framework similar to the GDPR", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20729088", "score": "0.8255145", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Personal Data Protection Bill 2018", "text": "Personal Data Protection Bill 2018 The Personal Data Protection Bill is a Pakistani law that attempts to protect personal data from misuse by corporations and governments. The implementation of GDPR by the European Union impacted the Cyber Law policymakers of Pakistan, the Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication. They proposed a bill to protect the personal data of Pakistani citizens. According to this bill, \"A Bill to protect people against the violation of their privacy by processing of personal data. Whereas it is expedient to provide for the processing, obtaining, holding, usage and disclosure of data relating to individuals while", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20795590", "score": "0.81315595", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Privacy law", "text": "must register with the Data Protection Commissioner unless they are exempt (non-profit organizations etc.) and renew their registration annually. Considering the protection of internet property and online data, the ePrivacy Regulations 2011 protects the communications and higher-advanced technical property and data such as social media and the telephone. In relation to international data privacy law that Ireland is involved in, the British-Irish Agreement Act 1999 Section 51 extensively states the relationship between data security between the United Kingdom and Ireland. In addition, Ireland is part of the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. The Data", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7853661", "score": "0.8029198", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Data Protection (Jersey) Law", "text": "Data Protection (Jersey) Law The Data Protection (Jersey) Law is an information privacy law in the Crown Dependency of the Bailiwick of Jersey, one of the Channel Islands. The latest version is 2005, updating the previous law from 1987 to meet a European Directive. It was adopted on 30 June 2004. The law implements the European Data Protection Directive of 24 October 1995, which concerns the \"protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data\". These include restrictions on the gathering, collection, and use of personal data, as well as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16781211", "score": "0.79992574", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Privacy law", "text": "South Africa is part of the Southern African Development Community and the African Union. The Data Act is the world's first national data protection law and was enacted in Sweden on 11 May 1973. The law was then superseded on 24 October 1998 by the Personal Data Act (Sw. \"Personuppgiftslagen\") that implemented the 1995 EU Data Protection Directive. The main legislation over personal data privacy for the personal and private sector in Switzerland is the Swiss Federal Protection Act, specifically the Data Protection Act, a specific section under the Swiss Federal Protection Act. The Data Protection Act has been enacted", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7853685", "score": "0.7982188", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Data Protection Commissioner", "text": "Data Protection Commissioner The Office of the Data Protection Commissioner (Irish: An Coimisinéir Cosanta Sonraí) is the independent national authority responsible for upholding the EU fundamental right of individuals to data privacy through the enforcement and monitoring of compliance with data protection legislation in Ireland. It was established in 1989. Helen Dixon was appointed as Ireland's fifth Data Protection Commissioner in September 2014. Prior to her appointment she held the role of Irish Registrar of Companies with the Companies Registration Office from December 2009. She previously held senior management positions in the Department of Jobs and Enterprise. She spent the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1715800", "score": "0.7970116", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "General Data Protection Regulation", "text": "General Data Protection Regulation The General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (\"GDPR\") is a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). It also addresses the export of personal data outside the EU and EEA areas. The GDPR aims primarily to give control to individuals over their personal data and to simplify the regulatory environment for international business by unifying the regulation within the EU. Superseding the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC, the regulation contains provisions and requirements pertaining to the processing of personal data of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17008420", "score": "0.7886904", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "UK Data Archive", "text": "UK Data Archive The UK Data Archive is a national centre of expertise in data archiving in the United Kingdom (UK). It houses the largest collection of digital data in the social sciences and humanities in the UK. It is certified under the Data Seal of Approval as a trusted digital repository. It is also certified under the international ISO 27001 standard for information security. Located in Colchester, the UK Data Archive is a specialist department of the University of Essex, co-located with the Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER). It is primarily funded by the Economic and Social", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9846529", "score": "0.7884198", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Mass surveillance", "text": "such as Tempora. The use of these capabilities is controlled by laws made in the UK Parliament. In particular, access to the content of private messages (that is, interception of a communication) must be authorized by a warrant signed by a Secretary of State. In addition European Union data privacy law applies in UK law. The UK exhibits governance and safeguards as well as use of electronic surveillance. The Investigatory Powers Tribunal, a judicial oversight body for the intelligence agencies, ruled in December 2014 that the legislative framework in the United Kingdom does not breach the European Convention on Human", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2167068", "score": "0.7867234", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Data Protection (Jersey) Law", "text": "In 2011, Saint Brélade Deputy and Housing Minister Sean Power was forced to resign after he forwarded an email he pulled off a printer in the States Building. The email discussed Syvret. Data Protection (Jersey) Law The Data Protection (Jersey) Law is an information privacy law in the Crown Dependency of the Bailiwick of Jersey, one of the Channel Islands. The latest version is 2005, updating the previous law from 1987 to meet a European Directive. It was adopted on 30 June 2004. The law implements the European Data Protection Directive of 24 October 1995, which concerns the \"protection of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "16781218", "score": "0.7847438", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "National Data Guardian for Health and Care in England", "text": "Data Guardian was held in 2015 in preparation for the bill's drafting. When enacted, it will give the role formal, advice-giving powers on matters related to the processing of health and adult social care data in England In September 2015, the Secretary of State for Health Jeremy Hunt asked the National Data Guardian and the Care Quality Commission conduct a formal review into data security and use, delivering as its outcomes: recommendations for new data security standards for health and care; a method for testing compliance against the standards; and a new consent or opt-out model for data sharing in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20769582", "score": "0.7830272", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "General Data Protection Regulation", "text": "enforcement of the EU; however, industry groups concerned about facing a potential conflict of laws have questioned whether Article 48 of the GDPR could be invoked to seek to prevent a data controller subject to a third country's laws from complying with a legal order from that country's law enforcement, judicial, or national security authorities to disclose to such authorities the personal data of an EU person, regardless of whether the data resides in or out of the EU. Article 48 states that any judgement of a court or tribunal and any decision of an administrative authority of a third", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17008427", "score": "0.7827101", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Jennifer Baker (journalist)", "text": "May that same year. She was named by Onalytica as one of the world's Top 100 Influencers on Data Security 2016. She is a member of the editorial advisory board of the Journal of Data Protection and Privacy – an academic publication that aims to be the gold standard in data protection, and is correspondent for the Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP) publications The Privacy Advisor and the Daily Dashboard. She was a presenter at the Global Privacy Summit in Washington, D.C. in April 2016 on a panel with Chair of the EU Article 29 Working Party, Isabelle Falque Pierrotin,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20210286", "score": "0.78084546", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Data protection (privacy) laws in Russia", "text": "or third party’s equipment located in Russia prior to enactment of the said law must send the notification before they actually start processing personal data. It is important that the said notification contain information provided for by the applicable legislation. Scope of application of Russian Data Protection legislation: Russian laws apply when the operator uses his own or third-party data processing equipment located in Russia. As well as in cases where the data has been already transferred outside Russia, but there has been a violation of personal data subject’s rights prior to or during such transfer. If the data is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14265241", "score": "0.7808308", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Data retention", "text": "Act came into force in 2014. It is the answer by the United Kingdom parliament after a declaration of invalidity was made by the Court of Justice of the European Union in relation to Directive 2006/ 24/EC in order to make provision, about the retention of certain communications data. In addition, the purpose of the act is to: The act is also to ensure that communication companies in the UK retain communications data so that it continues to be available when it is needed by law enforcement agencies and others to investigate committed crimes and protect the public. Data protection", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6403948", "score": "0.78036976", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "PRISM (surveillance program)", "text": "know the content of emails about people living in the UK, then they actually have to get lawful authority. The UK's Information Commissioner's Office was more cautious, saying it would investigate PRISM alongside other European data agencies: \"There are real issues about the extent to which U.S. law agencies can access personal data of UK and other European citizens. Aspects of U.S. law under which companies can be compelled to provide information to U.S. agencies potentially conflict with European data protection law, including the UK's own Data Protection Act. The ICO has raised this with its European counterparts, and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17347741", "score": "0.77997553", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Data Protection Act 1998", "text": "civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject. However, 'consent' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter. The UK Data Protection Act is a large Act that has a reputation for complexity. While the basic principles are honoured for protecting privacy, interpreting the act is not always simple. Many companies, organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims, content and principles of the Act. Some hide behind the Act and refuse to provide even very", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3000397", "score": "0.77910733", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Jerry Fishenden", "text": "the committee with their inquiry into government IT. From 2009–2010, he was appointed as a member of the Scottish Government's expert panel on identity management and privacy, and has been an invited speaker at the Cambridge Union Society. He was the Co-Chair of the U.K. Government's Privacy and Consumer Advisory Group from 2011 to 2017. He has held a variety of the IT industry's most senior positions, including as the UK Government's interim deputy chief technology officer, Microsoft's lead technology policy and strategy advisor; as head of business systems for the UK’s chief financial services regulator in the City of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12217265", "score": "0.77818817", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Data Protection Commissioner", "text": "and private sectors. The Office of the Data Protection Commissioner devotes significant resources to providing guidance to organisations and individuals on their respective obligations and rights. Guidance is offered to organisations which voluntarily consult with the Office in order to ensure compliance with data protection law in the implementation of projects that involve the collection and processing of personal data. It operates a help desk where organisations and individuals can seek guidance by phone or in writing on their respective obligations and rights. More in-depth enquiries are escalated to the Office’s dedicated Consultation Team. It provides guidance on its website", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1715806", "score": "0.77767825", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Data Protection Act 1998", "text": "Act defined eight data protection principles to ensure that information was processed lawfully. It was superseded by the Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA 2018) on 23 May 2018. The DPA 2018 supplements the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which came into effect on 25 May 2018. The GDPR regulates the collection, storage, and use of personal data significantly more strictly. The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987, and implemented the EU Data Protection Directive 1995. The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3000391", "score": "0.77712023", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom", "text": "to improve transparency. However, notable civil liberties groups and broadsheet newspapers continue to express strong views to the contrary, while UK and US intelligence agencies and others have criticised these viewpoints in turn. Various government bodies maintain databases about citizens and residents of the United Kingdom. These include \"bulk data sets\" such as medical records. In January 2016 the Home Secretary stated she would neither restrict the data sets that might be accessed for such purposes, nor state whether or not communications protected from law enforcement access such as journalist's sources and legal privilege had been accessed covertly. Although the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17583625", "score": "0.77594614", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "General Data Protection Regulation", "text": "headings are: The regulation applies if the data controller (an organisation that collects data from EU residents), or processor (an organisation that processes data on behalf of a data controller like cloud service providers), or the data subject (person) is based in the EU. Under certain circumstances, the regulation also applies to organisations based outside the EU if they collect or process personal data of individuals located inside the EU. The regulation does not apply to the processing of data by a person for a \"purely personal or household activity and thus with no connection to a professional or commercial", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17008425", "score": "0.77390116", "original_retrieval_index": 35 } ]

{ "title": "Data Protection Act 1998", "long_answer": "The Data Protection Act 1998 (c 29) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system. It follows the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 protection, processing and movement of data. Individuals have legal rights to control information about themselves. Most of the Act does not apply to domestic use, for example keeping a personal address book. Anyone holding personal data for other purposes is legally obliged to comply with this Act, subject to some exemptions. The Act defines eight data protection principles to ensure that information is processed lawfully.", "chunked_long_answer": "The Data Protection Act 1998 (c 29) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system. It follows the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 protection, processing and movement of data. Individuals have legal rights to control information about themselves. Most of the Act does not apply to domestic use, for example keeping a personal address book. Anyone holding personal data for other purposes is legally obliged to comply with this Act, subject to some exemptions. The Act defines eight data protection principles to ensure that information is", "short_answers": [ "Data Protection Act 1998", "The Data Protection Act 1998" ] }

[ "St Pancras International" ]

[ { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "The London terminus is St Pancras International, the other British calling points being Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent. Intermediate calling points in France are Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe, with trains to Paris terminating at Gare du Nord. Trains to Belgium terminate at Midi/Zuid station in Brussels. The only intermediate calling point in the Netherlands is Rotterdam Centraal, with trains terminating at Amsterdam Centraal. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy, direct services to southern France (Lyon, Avignon and Marseille) from May to September (launched on 1 May 2015), and seasonal direct", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Channel Tunnel", "text": "to departing country and then officials of the destination country. These are only placed at the main Eurostar stations: French officials operate at London St Pancras, Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International, while British officials operate at Calais-Fréthun, Lille-Europe, Brussels-South and Paris-Gare du Nord. There are security checks before boarding as well. For the shuttle road-vehicle trains, there are juxtaposed passport controls before boarding the trains. For Eurostar trains travelling from places south of Paris, there is no passport and security check before departure, and those trains must stop in Lille at least 30 minutes to allow all passengers to be", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "70009", "score": "1.1411971", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "not currently call at , originally intended to be the London stop for the regional Eurostars. This was to be reviewed following the 2012 Olympics. However, in 2013, Eurostar claimed that its 'business would be hit' by stopping trains there. Although the original plan for Regional Eurostar services to destinations north of London was abandoned, the significantly improved journey times available since the opening of High Speed 1 — which is physically connected to both the East Coast Main Line and the North London Line (for the West Coast Main Line) at St Pancras — and the recently increased maximum", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129220", "score": "1.1158087", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "Amsterdam Centraal. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy, direct services to southern France (Lyon, Avignon and Marseille) from May to September (launched on 1 May 2015), and seasonal direct services to the French Alps in winter (December to April). The service is operated by eighteen-car Class 373/1 trains and sixteen-car trains which run at up to on a network of high-speed lines. The LGV Nord line in France opened before Eurostar services began in 1994, and newer lines enabling faster journeys were added later—HSL 1 in Belgium and High Speed 1", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129159", "score": "1.1154749", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "during school holidays, and an up-to-5-times-a-week service to Marseille via Lyon and Avignon. There are also seasonal services in the winter. \"Snow trains\", aimed at skiers, to Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Aime-la-Plagne and Moûtiers in the Alps; these run twice-weekly, one overnight and one during the daytime. Intermediate stations are Ebbsfleet International in northwest Kent, Ashford International in southeast Kent, and Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. In February 2018, Eurostar announced the start of its long planned service from London to Amsterdam, with an initial two trains per day from April of that year running between St Pancras and Amsterdam Centraal. This launched", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129179", "score": "1.109468", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "to Amsterdam, and Cologne on the way to Frankfurt. Amsterdam and Cologne would be under four hours from London, Frankfurt around five hours. DB decided to put this on hold mainly due to advance passport check requirements. DB had hoped that immigration checks could be done on board, but British authorities required immigration and security checks to be done at Lille Europe station, taking at least 30 minutes. In August 2010, Trenitalia announced its desire to eventually run high-speed trains from Italy to the United Kingdom, using its newly ordered high-speed trains. The trains will be delivered from 2013. Eurostar", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129241", "score": "1.1094615", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "takes place at the UK arrival stations - this is the only route where passengers are not cleared by UK border officials before crossing the channel. On the northbound Marseille-London train, there is no facility for security or passport checks at the southern French stations, so passengers must leave the train at Lille-Europe, taking all their belongings with them, and undergo security and border checks there before rejoining the train which waits at the station for just over an hour. On several occasions, people have illegally tried to stow away on board the train, sometimes in large groups, trying to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129190", "score": "1.1060035", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "December 2016. The service will use the newly bought Siemens Velaro trainsets and will also call at Brussels, and Rotterdam. The journey time will be around four hours. Trains will stop in Brussels for half an hour for a security check. Passengers for London from Amsterdam and Rotterdam will undertake all security checks before boarding and will not need to get off in Brussels. The train will also convey passengers from the Netherlands on journeys to Brussels who will not need to pass through security and they will be allocated half the train which will be kept separate from the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129234", "score": "1.1057302", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "2011 a man fell at approximately 17:40 or 17:50 from the 17:04 service from London to Brussels as it passed through Westenhanger and Cheriton in Folkestone, near the entry to the Channel Tunnel. The individual was an Albanian who had been refused entry to the United Kingdom and was voluntarily returning to Brussels. The line was handed back at 22:09 after being closed for several hours following the incident. The train itself returned north to Ashford International, where passengers were transferred to a Eurostar service operating from Marne-la-Vallée to London, where passengers arrived again at approximately 22:30. Eurostar trains do", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129219", "score": "1.0996346", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "with the new year-round service to Lyon and Marseille as of 1 May 2015. In 2018, at least, direct services to Lyon, Avignon and Marseille ran only from May to September, with connections during the rest of the year being offered via Eurostar but requiring a change to SNCF trains in Paris or Lille. Travel time from London to Marseille was roughly 6.5 hours in 2018. In September 2013, Eurostar announced an agreement with the Government of Netherlands and NS, the Dutch railway company to start twice daily services between London and Amsterdam Centraal; the launch was initially planned for", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129233", "score": "1.0992916", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "London-bound passengers by locking the intermediate door. The Brussels-bound half of the train will be security swept on arrival at Brussels before Brussels-to-London passengers can board. The journey from London to Amsterdam Centraal will take 3 hr 41 min and trains will call at Brussels Zuid/Midi and Rotterdam Centraal Station. From Amsterdam Centraal to London St Pancras, trains will take 4 hr 9 min to include the 28 minute stop at Brussels. Eurostar trains from London will also call at Antwerp Centraal and Schiphol Airport, although trains from Amsterdam will miss out Antwerp on the journey back to London. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129235", "score": "1.099216", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "TGV", "text": "Continental Europe, equivalent to adding an extra runway at a London airport. Eurostar has higher security measures than other TGVs. Luggage is screened and passengers are required to check in 30 minutes before departure. Because the UK is not part of the Schengen Area, and because France and Belgium are not part of the Common Travel Area, passengers are subject to immigration checks. These take place before passengers board the train, so officials from the UK Border Force are stationed in France and Belgium, with their French counterparts stationed in the UK. In October 2010, Eurostar ordered 10 Class 374", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "677033", "score": "1.0938182", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "Eurostar is the convenience and speed of the service: with shorter check-in times than at most airports and hence quicker boarding and less queueing and high punctuality, it takes less time to travel between central London and central Paris by high-speed rail than by air. Eurostar now has a dominant share of the combined rail–air market on its routes to Paris and Brussels. In 2004, it had a 66% share of the London–Paris market, and a 59% share of the London–Brussels market. In 2007, it achieved record market shares of 71% for London–Paris and 65% for London–Brussels routes. Eurostar's passenger", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129192", "score": "1.0913748", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "High Speed 1", "text": "London St Pancras railway station to the Channel Tunnel, with the majority terminating at either Paris Gare du Nord in France or Brussels-South railway station in Belgium. Currently the trains operated by Eurostar are the only ones to make full use of the high speeds on the line; a Eurostar train was used to set a new British rail speed record of on 30 July 2003. Prior to the formation of Eurostar International Limited, the British component of the Eurostar grouping was owned by London and Continental Railways, which had also previously owned the High Speed 1 infrastructure. The fastest", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "959402", "score": "1.085894", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Ashford International railway station", "text": "Eurostar station is only staffed for part of the day. International services started on 8 January 1996. Before the completion of High Speed 1 in November 2007, twelve Eurostar trains a day called, heading to Paris (7 trains) or Brussels (5). However this number was reduced because of the opening of Ebbsfleet International station to 2 or 3 trains to/from Paris and a daily service to Disneyland Paris. A direct train for Brussels was reinstated in 2009. From May 2015 a service to Marseille runs up to five times a week. Seasonal Ski trains also run at weekends in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4919203", "score": "1.0857892", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "the domestic signalling systems used by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Following the December 2009 opening of HSL Zuid, a London–Amsterdam journey is estimated to take 4 hr 16 min. In an interview with Eurostar's Chief Executive Nicolas Petrovic in the \"Financial Times\" in May 2012, an intention for Eurostar to serve ten new destinations was expressed, including Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Cologne, Lyon, Marseille and Geneva, along with a likely second hub to be created in Brussels. In March 2016 in an interview with Bloomberg, Eurostar's Chief Executive expressed interest in operating a direct train service between London and Bordeaux, but not before 2019.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129231", "score": "1.0853517", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "and Belgian high-speed lines. Non-stop journey times were reduced by a further 20 minutes to 2 hours 15 minutes for London–Paris and 1 hour 51 minutes for London–Brussels. Eurostar offers up to sixteen weekday London – Paris services (eighteen on Fridays) including ten non-stop (twelve on Fridays). Previously there were ten London–Lille and Brussels services, including five running non-stop as far as Lille, but this has now been reduced to seven each way. In addition, there is a return trip from London to Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy for Disneyland Paris, which runs at least 4 times a week with increased frequency", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129178", "score": "1.0726049", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Winter of 2009–10 in Europe", "text": "out. Eurostar added special services on the evening of 19 December to transport \"vulnerable passengers\" between London, Paris and Brussels. However, a service from Paris became the sixth train to break down after becoming stuck near Ebbsfleet, Kent. The cause of the breakdowns was unclear; Eurostar initially blamed the sudden contrast between freezing temperatures above ground and the heat of the tunnel, which affected the high-speed engines. On 20 December in the Netherlands, the Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute (KNMI) issued an official weather alarm for the entire country following heavy snowfall () in the west, which eventually spread to the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14102852", "score": "1.0725827", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "High Speed 1", "text": "ruled out on cost grounds. Waterloo International closed upon opening of the section two of the CTRL in November 2007; Eurostar now serves the refurbished St Pancras as its only London terminal, so this connecting line is no longer used in regular service, but can be used in emergencies by Class 395 passenger trains. High Speed 1 was built to allow eight trains per hour through to the Channel Tunnel. As of May 2014, Eurostar runs two to three trains per hour in each direction between London and the Channel Tunnel. Southeastern runs in the high peak eight trains per", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "959396", "score": "1.07243", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "British Rail Class 374", "text": "meet the prospect of increased competition through the Channel Tunnel (primarily from DB), it intends to use them to expand its network to Amsterdam, Frankfurt and Cologne, and more destinations in France. In September 2013, Eurostar announced that its new service between London and Amsterdam, intended to begin operation in December 2016, would be operated by the trains. In April 2016 Eurostar said that the Amsterdam service was now planned to operate from late 2017. The first Class 374 set entered service in November 2015, ahead of the full launch of the new type; the receipt of the safety authorization", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17230824", "score": "1.0722392", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "hours while a rescue train was called in. On 15 April 2010 air traffic in Western Europe closed because of the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano. Many travellers between the UK and the European mainland instead took the Eurostar train, all tickets between Brussels and London on 15 and 16 April being sold out within 3½ hours after the closure of British airspace. On 20 December 2010, the Channel Tunnel was closed off for a day due to snowy weather. Eurostar Trains were suspended that day with thousands of passengers stranded in the run up to Christmas On 17 October", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129218", "score": "1.0716926", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "British Rail Class 373", "text": "6 April 1996, Berlin-Grunewald station for Eurailspeed 1998, Madrid Chamartín railway station for Eurailspeed 2002 and at the York National Railway Museum for the Railfest 200 celebrations in 2004. To celebrate ten years of Eurostar service, a barge was floated down the River Thames in London on 16 November 2004, with a power car on board, specially painted by Ben Langlands and Nikki Bell. Named \"\"Language of Places on Eurostar\"\" by Langlands and Bell, it consisted of the three-letter \"destination codes for all the places where Eurostar goes or connects\". The barge went under Tower Bridge, past the Houses of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15359341", "score": "1.0688275", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "train without arrival checks in most cases, juxtaposed controls ordinarily take place at the embarkation station. In order to comply with special UK legislation, there are full security checks similar to those at airports, scanning both bags and people's pockets. Security checks at Eurostar are comparable to those at a small airport and generally much quicker than at London Heathrow. The recommended check-in time is 30 minutes except for business class where it is 10 minutes. Eurostar passengers travelling inside the Schengen Area (Brussels–Lille or Brussels–Calais; Lille–Calais trips are not allowed to be performed by Eurostar) pass through a separate", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129187", "score": "1.0672373", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "In 2008 the French Government announced its future investment plans for new LGVs to be built up to 2020; LGV Picardie was not included but was listed as planned in the longer term. The reduced journey times offered by the opening of High Speed 1 and the opening of the LGV Est and HSL-Zuid bring more continental destinations within a range from London where rail is competitive with air travel. By Eurostar's estimates a train would then take 3 hours 30 minutes from London to Amsterdam. At present Eurostar is concentrating on developing its connections with other services, but direct", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129225", "score": "1.0649724", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "46mins) on 20 February 2018. The first regular service to Amsterdam left St Pancras at 08:31 on 4 April 2018. In 2010, international rail travel was liberalised by new European Union directives, designed to break up monopolies in order to encourage competition for services between countries. This sparked interest among other companies in providing services in competition to Eurostar and new services to destinations beyond Paris and Brussels. The only rail carrier to formally propose and secure permission for such a service up to now is Deutsche Bahn, which intends to run services between London and Germany and the Netherlands.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129237", "score": "1.0642927", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "London", "text": "as boat trains, such as the \"Admiraal de Ruijter\" to Amsterdam and the \"Night Ferry\" to Paris and Brussels. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and other European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel. The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London. There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "236643", "score": "1.0618701", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Regional Eurostar", "text": "Regional Eurostar Regional Eurostar was the name given to plans to operate Eurostar train services from Paris and Brussels to locations in the United Kingdom beyond London. The services would have been run using a fleet of seven \"North of London\", 14-coach British Rail Class 373/2 trainsets. When the Channel Tunnel was first announced in the 1980s, it was part of the proposals to operate high-speed rail services through it on both sides of the English Channel with a substantial network envisaged. This was gradually reduced to a core service, along dedicated TGV-style high-speed lines, between the three capital cities,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7888374", "score": "1.0594819", "original_retrieval_index": 32 }, { "title": "High-speed rail in Europe", "text": "trains serve the Paris to Brussels corridor, which is now covered in 1h20. Additional Thalys services extend to Amsterdam and Cologne in addition to Belgian cities. Both Deutsche Bahn (DB) and Eurostar have announced plans for direct services from London to new continental destinations in the Netherlands and Germany. DB have not set a date for any new service to begin, although the company did at one point hope to introduce a five-hour service to Frankfurt by 2017. A twice daily direct Eurostar service between London St Pancras and Amsterdam started running on 4 April 2018. The German manufacturer Siemens", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11165472", "score": "1.0563793", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Eurostar", "text": "tracks were quickly overcome. On 14 November 1994, Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London, Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels-South railway station in Brussels. The train service started with a limited \"Discovery\" service; the full daily service started from 28 May 1995. In 1995, Eurostar was achieving an average end-to-end speed of between London and Paris. On 8 January 1996, Eurostar launched services from a second UK railway station when Ashford International was opened. On 23 September 2003, passenger services began running on the first completed section of High Speed 1. Following a high-profile glamorous opening", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "129165", "score": "1.0550177", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Transport in London", "text": "(apart from London Overground and TfL Rail) but are owned and operated by a number of private rail firms and use TfL's Oyster card system. The terminal (only) stations are Cannon Street, Charing Cross, Euston, Fenchurch Street, King's Cross, Liverpool Street, Marylebone, Moorgate, Paddington, St Pancras, Victoria and Waterloo. The through (only) stations are City Thameslink, Farringdon, Old Street, Vauxhall. The 'mixed' stations are Waterloo East, Blackfriars and London Bridge. London is also linked by rail to mainland Europe by High Speed 1 through the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, branded HS1 (High Speed 1). High-speed Eurostar trains serve Paris and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8030396", "score": "1.0522252", "original_retrieval_index": 35 } ]

{ "title": "Eurostar", "long_answer": "The London terminus is St Pancras International, the other British calling points being Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent. Intermediate calling points in France are Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe, with trains to Paris terminating at Gare du Nord. Trains to Belgium terminate at Midi/Zuid station in Brussels. The only intermediate calling point in the Netherlands is Rotterdam Centraal, with trains terminating at Amsterdam Centraal. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy, direct services to southern France (Lyon, Avignon and Marseille) from May to September (launched on 1 May 2015), and seasonal direct services to the French Alps in winter (December to April).", "chunked_long_answer": "The London terminus is St Pancras International, the other British calling points being Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent. Intermediate calling points in France are Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe, with trains to Paris terminating at Gare du Nord. Trains to Belgium terminate at Midi/Zuid station in Brussels. The only intermediate calling point in the Netherlands is Rotterdam Centraal, with trains terminating at Amsterdam Centraal. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy, direct services to southern France (Lyon, Avignon and Marseille) from May to September (launched on 1 May 2015), and seasonal direct", "short_answers": [ "St Pancras International" ] }

[ "rubidium-85" ]

[ { "title": "Krypton-85", "text": "It has a half-life of 10.756 years and a maximum decay energy of 687 keV. It decays into stable, non-radioactive rubidium-85. Its most common decay (99.57%) is by beta particle emission with maximum energy of 687 keV and an average energy of 251 keV. The second most common decay (0.43%) is by beta particle emission (maximum energy of 173 keV) followed by gamma ray emission (energy of 514 keV). Other decay modes have very small probabilities and emit less energetic gammas. There are 33 other known isotopes of krypton.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Krypton-85", "text": "of radiotoxicity, 440 Bq of Kr-85 is equivalent to 1 Bq of radon-222, without considering the rest of the radon decay chain. Krypton-85 is produced in small quantities by the interaction of cosmic rays with stable krypton-84 in the atmosphere. Natural sources maintain an equilibrium inventory of about 0.09 PBq in the atmosphere. However, as of 2009 the total amount in the atmosphere is estimated at 5500 PBq due to anthropogenic sources. At the end of the year 2000, it was estimated to be 4800 PBq, and in 1973, an estimated 1961 PBq (53 megacuries). The most important of these", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7158051", "score": "1.3285271", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Krypton-85", "text": "human sources is nuclear fuel reprocessing. Nuclear fission produces about three atoms of krypton-85 for every 1000 fissions; i.e. it has a fission yield of 0.3%. Most or all of this krypton-85 is retained in the spent nuclear fuel rods; spent fuel on discharge from a reactor contains between 0.13-1.8 PBq/Mg of krypton-85. Some of this spent fuel is reprocessed. Current nuclear reprocessing releases the gaseous Kr-85 to the atmosphere when the spent fuel is dissolved. It would be possible in principle to capture and store this krypton gas as nuclear waste or for use. The cumulative global amount of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7158052", "score": "1.2790275", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Isotopes of krypton", "text": "atmosphere, along with some of the other isotopes of krypton. Krypton-81 has a half-life of about 229,000 years. Krypton-81 has been used for dating old (50,000- to 800,000-year-old) groundwater. Krypton-85 is a radioisotope of krypton that has a half-life of about 10.75 years. This isotope is produced by the nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear weapons testing and in nuclear reactors, as well as by cosmic rays. An important goal of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 was to eliminate the release of such radioisotopes into the atmosphere, and since 1963 much of that krypton-85 has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5874794", "score": "1.2780082", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Isotopes of krypton", "text": "Japan, India, and Pakistan. All of the other radioisotopes of krypton have half-lives of less than one day, except for krypton-79, which has a half-life of about 35.0 hours. This isotope decays by the emission of positrons and thus becoming bromine. Isotopes of krypton There are 33 known isotopes of krypton (Kr) with atomic mass numbers from 69 through 101. Naturally occurring krypton is made of five stable isotopes and one () which is slightly radioactive with an extremely long half-life, plus traces of radioisotopes that are produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere. Krypton-86 was formerly used to define", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5874796", "score": "1.2276529", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Isotopes of krypton", "text": "Isotopes of krypton There are 33 known isotopes of krypton (Kr) with atomic mass numbers from 69 through 101. Naturally occurring krypton is made of five stable isotopes and one () which is slightly radioactive with an extremely long half-life, plus traces of radioisotopes that are produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere. Krypton-86 was formerly used to define the meter from 1960 until 1983, when the definition of the meter was based on the wavelength of the 605 nm (orange) spectral line of a krypton-86 atom. Radioactive krypton-81 is the product of reactions with cosmic rays that strike the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5874793", "score": "1.2207917", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Isotopes of krypton", "text": "had time to decay. However, it is inevitable that krypton-85 is released during the reprocessing of fuel rods from nuclear reactors. The atmospheric concentration of krypton-85 around the North Pole is about 30 percent higher than that at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station because nearly all of the world's nuclear reactors and all of its major nuclear reprocessing plants are located in the northern hemisphere, and also well-north of the equator. To be more specific, those nuclear reprocessing plants with significant capacities are located in the United States, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, the Russian Federation, Mainland China (PRC),", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5874795", "score": "1.208949", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Krypton-85", "text": "of krypton-85 in discharge tube of the lamps can make the lamps easy to ignite. Early experimental krypton-85 lighting developments included a railroad signal light designed in 1957 and an illuminated highway sign erected in Arizona in 1969. Krypton-85 is used to inspect aircraft components for small defects. Krypton-85 is allowed to penetrate small cracks, and then its presence is detected by autoradiography. The method is called \"krypton gas penetrant imaging\". The gas penetrates smaller openings than the liquids used in dye penetrant inspection and fluorescent penetrant inspection. Krypton-85 was used in cold-cathode voltage regulator electron tubes, such as the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7158055", "score": "1.204196", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Krypton-85", "text": "1976, and has increased to approximately 1.3 Bq/m as of 2005. These are approximate global average values; concentrations are higher locally around nuclear reprocessing facilities, and are generally higher in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. For wide-area atmospheric monitoring, krypton-85 is the best indicator for clandestine plutonium separations. Krypton-85 releases increase the electrical conductivity of atmospheric air. Meteorological effects are expected to be stronger closer to the source of the emissions. Krypton-85 is used in arc discharge lamps commonly used in the entertainment industry for large HMI film lights as well as high-intensity discharge lamps. The presence", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7158054", "score": "1.1609805", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Krypton-85", "text": "krypton-85 released from reprocessing activity has been estimated as 10,600 PBq as of 2000. The global inventory noted above is smaller than this amount due to radioactive decay; a smaller fraction is dissolved into the deep oceans. Other man-made sources are small contributors to the total. Atmospheric nuclear weapons tests released an estimated 111-185 PBq. The 1979 accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant released about 1.6 PBq (43 kCi). The Chernobyl accident released about 35 PBq, and the Fukushima Daiichi accident released an estimated 44-84 PBq. The average atmospheric concentration of krypton-85 was approximately 0.6 Bq/m in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "7158053", "score": "1.1477704", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Krypton", "text": "Å = 10 m. The krypton-86 definition lasted until the October 1983 conference, which redefined the meter as the distance that light travels in vacuum during 1/299,792,458 s. Krypton is characterized by several sharp emission lines (spectral signatures) the strongest being green and yellow. Krypton is one of the products of uranium fission. Solid krypton is white and has a face-centered cubic crystal structure, which is a common property of all noble gases (except helium, which has a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure). Naturally occurring krypton in Earth's atmosphere is composed of five stable isotopes, plus one isotope (Kr) with such", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10048517", "score": "1.1437984", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Beta decay", "text": "neutrinos (other leptons are the muon and tau particles). These particles have lepton number +1, while their antiparticles have lepton number −1. Since a proton or neutron has lepton number zero, β decay (a positron, or antielectron) must be accompanied with an electron neutrino, while β decay (an electron) must be accompanied by an electron antineutrino. An example of electron emission (β decay) is the decay of carbon-14 into nitrogen-14 with a half-life of about 5,730 years: Or for example the decay of hydrogen-3 (tritium) into helium-3 which is stable: In this form of decay, the original element becomes a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "51436", "score": "1.1381648", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Krypton", "text": "radioactive noble gas with a half-life of 10.76 years. It is produced by the fission of uranium and plutonium, such as in nuclear bomb testing and nuclear reactors. Kr is released during the reprocessing of fuel rods from nuclear reactors. Concentrations at the North Pole are 30% higher than at the South Pole due to convective mixing. Like the other noble gases, krypton is highly chemically unreactive. The rather restricted chemistry of krypton in its only known nonzero oxidation state of +2 parallels that of the neighboring element bromine in the +1 oxidation state; due to the scandide contraction it", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10048519", "score": "1.1353079", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Krypton", "text": "krypton-81m is used in nuclear medicine for lung ventilation/perfusion scans, where it is inhaled and imaged with a gamma camera. Krypton-85 in the atmosphere has been used to detect clandestine nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities in North Korea and Pakistan. Those facilities were detected in the early 2000s and were believed to be producing weapons-grade plutonium. Krypton is used occasionally as an insulating gas between window panes. Krypton is considered to be a non-toxic asphyxiant. Krypton has a narcotic potency seven times greater than air, and breathing an atmosphere of 50% krypton and 50% natural air (as might happen in the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10048527", "score": "1.1188195", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Krypton", "text": "a long half-life (9.2×10 years) that it can be considered stable. (This isotope has the second-longest known half-life among all isotopes for which decay has been observed; it undergoes double electron capture to Se). In addition, about thirty unstable isotopes and isomers are known. Traces of Kr, a cosmogenic nuclide produced by the cosmic ray irradiation of Kr, also occur in nature: this isotope is radioactive with a half-life of 230,000 years. Krypton is highly volatile and does not stay in solution in near-surface water, but Kr has been used for dating old (50,000–800,000 years) groundwater. Kr is an inert", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10048518", "score": "1.1134107", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Krypton", "text": "Krypton Krypton (from \"the hidden one\") is a chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps. With rare exceptions, krypton is chemically inert. Krypton, like the other noble gases, is used in lighting and photography. Krypton light has many spectral lines, and krypton plasma is useful in bright, high-powered gas lasers (krypton ion and excimer lasers), each of which resonates and amplifies a single", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10048514", "score": "1.1016171", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Beta decay", "text": "in the nucleus, transforming it into a neutron, and an electron neutrino is released. The two types of beta decay are known as \"beta minus\" and \"beta plus\". In beta minus (β) decay, a neutron is converted to a proton, and the process creates an electron and an electron antineutrino; while in beta plus (β) decay, a proton is converted to a neutron and the process creates a positron and an electron neutrino. β decay is also known as positron emission. Beta decay conserves a quantum number known as the lepton number, or the number of electrons and their associated", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "51435", "score": "1.0982417", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Beta decay", "text": "Beta decay In nuclear physics, beta decay (\"β\"-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus. For example, beta decay of a neutron transforms it into a proton by the emission of an electron, or conversely a proton is converted into a neutron by the emission of a positron (positron emission), thus changing the nuclide type. Neither the beta particle nor its associated neutrino exist within the nucleus prior to beta decay, but are created in the decay process. By this process, unstable", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "51432", "score": "1.0924991", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Autoradiograph", "text": "recent study showing that CREB-binding protein is phosphorylated by HIPK2.) This autoradiographic approach contrasts to techniques such as PET and SPECT where the exact 3-dimensional localization of the radiation source is provided by careful use of coincidence counting, gamma counters and other devices. Krypton-85 is used to inspect aircraft components for small defects. Krypton-85 is allowed to penetrate small cracks, and then its presence is detected by autoradiography. The method is called \"krypton gas penetrant imaging\". The gas penetrates smaller openings than the liquids used in dye penetrant inspection and fluorescent penetrant inspection. The task of radioactive decontamination following the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3030691", "score": "1.0887547", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Krypton difluoride", "text": "gases: Irradiation of a crystal of KrF at 77 K with γ-rays lead to the formation of krypton monofluoride radical, KrF•, a violet-colored species that was identified by its ESR spectrum. The radical, trapped in the crystal lattice, is stable indefinitely at 77 K but decomposes at 120 K. Krypton difluoride Krypton difluoride, KrF is a chemical compound of krypton and fluorine. It was the first compound of krypton discovered. It is a volatile, colourless solid. The structure of the KrF molecule is linear, with Kr−F distances of 188.9 pm. It reacts with strong Lewis acids to form salts of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9305644", "score": "1.0856318", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "X (charge)", "text": "\"B\" and the lepton number \"L\" (that is \"B\" − \"L\"), and the weak hypercharge \"Y\" via the relation: Proton decay is a hypothetical form of radioactive decay, predicted by many grand unification theories. During proton decay, the common baryonic proton decays into lighter subatomic particles. However, proton decay has never been experimentally observed and is predicted to be mediated by hypothetical X and Y bosons. Many protonic decay modes have been predicted, one of which is shown below. This form of decay violates the conservation of both baryon number and lepton number, however the X-charge is conserved. Similarly, all", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14006807", "score": "1.0825227", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Nuclear isomer", "text": "beta decay, with a half-life of only 8 hours) and direct beta decay to hafnium or tungsten to be suppressed due to spin mismatches. The origin of this isomer is mysterious, though it is believed to have been formed in supernovae (as are most other heavy elements). Were it to relax to its ground state, it would release a photon with a photon energy of 75 keV. It was first reported in 1988 by Collins that can be forced to release its energy by weaker X-rays. This way of de-excitation had never been observed; however, the de-excitation of via resonant", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1540724", "score": "1.0681252", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Beta decay", "text": "a neutron by converting an up quark into a down quark resulting in the emission of a or the absorption of a . In all cases where decay (positron emission) of a nucleus is allowed energetically, so too is electron capture allowed. This is a process during which a nucleus captures one of its atomic electrons, resulting in the emission of a neutrino: An example of electron capture is one of the decay modes of krypton-81 into bromine-81: All emitted neutrinos are of the same energy. In proton-rich nuclei where the energy difference between the initial and final states is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "51453", "score": "1.0640167", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Beta particle", "text": "(two up quarks and one down quark). The virtual W boson then decays into an electron and an antineutrino. β− decay commonly occurs among the neutron-rich fission byproducts produced in nuclear reactors. Free neutrons also decay via this process. Both of these processes contribute to the copious quantities of beta rays and electron antineutrinos produced by fission-reactor fuel rods. Unstable atomic nuclei with an excess of protons may undergo β decay, also called positron decay, where a proton is converted into a neutron, a positron, and an electron neutrino: Beta-plus decay can only happen inside nuclei when the absolute value", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "487339", "score": "1.059936", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Hans Volker Klapdor-Kleingrothaus", "text": "it would indicate (total) lepton number violation, and provide evidence that the neutrino is a Majorana particle. A half-life of 2.2 10 years was found for the decay of Germanium-76. The result was criticized by some authors and is not widely accepted in the scientific community, because it appears to be refuted by other dark matter experiments. The authors responded to these criticisms in several articles. The discussion was also reported in the media. Independent investigations of background events in the experiment were carried out, but neither confirmed nor excluded Klapdor's result. A recent summary of the status of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15183046", "score": "1.0587125", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Strontium-90", "text": "Y, which in turn undergoes β decay with half-life of 64 hours and decay energy 2.28 MeV distributed to an electron, an anti-neutrino, and Zr (zirconium), which is stable. Note that Sr/Y is almost a pure beta particle source; the gamma photon emission from the decay of Y is so infrequent that it can normally be ignored. Sr has a specific activity of 5.21 TBq/g. Sr is a product of nuclear fission. It is present in significant amount in spent nuclear fuel and in radioactive waste from nuclear reactors and in nuclear fallout from nuclear tests. For thermal neutron fission", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8115672", "score": "1.0583065", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Krypton difluoride", "text": "a good source of the extremely reactive and oxidizing atomic fluorine. It is thermally unstable, with a decomposition rate of 10% per hour at room temperature. Krypton difluoride is endothermic, with a heat of formation of 14.4 ± 0.8 kcal/mol measured at 93 °C. Krypton difluoride can be synthesized using many different methods including electrical discharge, photoionization, hot wire, and proton bombardment. The product can be stored at −78 °C without decomposition. Electric discharge was the first method used to make krypton difluoride. It was also used in the only experiment ever reported to produce krypton tetrafluoride, although the identification", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9305637", "score": "1.0530398", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Neutrino oscillation", "text": "masses, the charged leptons (electrons, muons, and tau leptons) have never been observed to oscillate. In nuclear beta decay, muon decay, pion decay, and kaon decay, when a neutrino and a charged lepton are emitted, the charged lepton, by virtue of its large mass, is emitted incoherently in mass eigenstates, such as |〉. Weak-force couplings force the corresponding neutrino to be emitted in a \"charged-lepton-centric\" superposition such as |〉, which is an eigenstate for a \"flavor\" that is pegged to the electron's mass eigenstate, and not by one of the neutrino's own mass eigenstates. Because the neutrino is in a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "4339143", "score": "1.0525339", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Krypton", "text": "amount of krypton-85 to produce consistent ionization levels and uniform operation. Krypton-83 has application in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for imaging airways. In particular, it enables the radiologist to distinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces containing an airway. Although xenon has potential for use in computed tomography (CT) to assess regional ventilation, its anesthetic properties limit its fraction in the breathing gas to 35%. A breathing mixture of 30% xenon and 30% krypton is comparable in effectiveness for CT to a 40% xenon fraction, while avoiding the unwanted effects of a high partial pressure of xenon gas. The metastable isotope", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10048526", "score": "1.0516012", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Beta particle", "text": "of the binding energy of the daughter nucleus is greater than that of the parent nucleus, i.e., the daughter nucleus is a lower-energy state. The accompanying decay scheme diagram shows the beta decay of Cs-137. CS-137 is noted for a characteristic gamma peak at 661 KeV, but this is actually emitted by the daughter radionuclide Ba-137m. The diagram shows the type and energy of the emitted radiation, its relative abundance, and the daughter nuclides after decay. Phosphorus-32 is a beta emitter widely used in medicine and has a short half-life of 14.29 days and decays into sulfur-32 by beta decay", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "487340", "score": "1.0515393", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Krypton-85", "long_answer": "It has a half-life of 10.756 years and a maximum decay energy of 687 keV. It decays into stable, non-radioactive rubidium-85. Its most common decay (99.57%) is by beta particle emission with maximum energy of 687 keV and an average energy of 251 keV. The second most common decay (0.43%) is by beta particle emission (maximum energy of 173 keV) followed by gamma ray emission (energy of 514 keV). Other decay modes have very small probabilities and emit less energetic gammas. There are 33 other known isotopes of krypton.", "chunked_long_answer": "It has a half-life of 10.756 years and a maximum decay energy of 687 keV. It decays into stable, non-radioactive rubidium-85. Its most common decay (99.57%) is by beta particle emission with maximum energy of 687 keV and an average energy of 251 keV. The second most common decay (0.43%) is by beta particle emission (maximum energy of 173 keV) followed by gamma ray emission (energy of 514 keV). Other decay modes have very small probabilities and emit less energetic gammas. There are 33 other known isotopes of krypton.", "short_answers": [ "rubidium-85" ] }

[ "Trace Adkins" ]

[ { "title": "Every Light in the House", "text": "\"Every Light in the House\" is a song written by Kent Robbins and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins. It was released in August 1996 as the second single from his debut album Dreamin' Out Loud. It was his first Top 5 single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, where it peaked at #3.", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Every Light in the House", "text": "a slew of empty Busch cans can be seen next to the generator, ultimately this scene and lyric was scrubbed and the original was used. \"Every Light in the House\" debuted at number 72 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated August 24, 1996. It charted for 21 weeks on that chart, and peaked at number 3 on the country chart dated December 14, 1996, giving Adkins the first Top 5 single of his career. In addition, it peaked at number 78 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, also marking his first entry on that chart. On his 1998", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12134008", "score": "1.0317149", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Every Light in the House", "text": "Adkins' voice for \"communicat[ing] pain so well\" despite the singer's stature, although he considered some of the similes forced (e.g. \"the backyard's bright as the crack of dawn\"). The music video for this song is in black-and-white, and begins with Adkins sitting on the porch of a house with his dog after his woman left home. He then gets off the porch, and he and some workers get to work on a power generator. Scenes also feature him singing inside of the same house which also featured an alternative sub chorus \"Drinkin' Bush Light til the crack of dawn\" whilst", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12134007", "score": "1.0162587", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "The House of Blue Lights (song)", "text": "The House of Blue Lights (song) \"The House of Blue Lights\" is a popular song published in 1946, written by Don Raye and Freddie Slack. It was first recorded by Freddie Slack with singer Ella Mae Morse, and was covered the same year by The Andrews Sisters. Notably for the time, the song featured a \"hipster\"-style spoken introduction by Raye and Morse: The version by Morse and Slack reached # 8 on the \"Billboard\" pop chart, and the version by The Andrews Sisters reached # 15. Little Richard made reference to the \"house of blue lights\" in his 1958 hit", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15311863", "score": "0.98448527", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "The House of Blue Lights (song)", "text": "\"Good Golly, Miss Molly\". The song itself was later recorded by Chuck Miller, Earl Richards, Merrill Moore, Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, Freddy Cannon, Canned Heat, Commander Cody & His Lost Planet Airmen, The Flamin' Groovies, Mitch Woods, Meat Puppets, George Thorogood and others. A cover by Asleep at the Wheel peaked at number 17 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart in 1987. The House of Blue Lights (song) \"The House of Blue Lights\" is a popular song published in 1946, written by Don Raye and Freddie Slack. It was first recorded by Freddie Slack with singer Ella Mae", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15311864", "score": "0.9587313", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "There's a Light That's Burning in the Window of the Little House Upon the Hill", "text": "leads to a house. On the bottom left is an inset photo, which differs depending on the version, of either Belle Rutland, Bob Buchanan, or Ben Smith. The song is told from the point of view of a soldier, who is feeling lonely. What helps him pull through is envisioning his mother waiting for him and a light burning in their house's window. This image adds to the song's hopeful tone. The chorus is as follows: The sheet music can be found at Pritzker Military Museum & Library. There's a Light That's Burning in the Window of the Little House", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19338253", "score": "0.95815194", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Light House (album)", "text": "Light House (album) Light House is the tenth studio album by Kim Carnes, released in 1986 (see 1986 in music). The album spawned one hit single, \"Divided Hearts\", featuring Phillip Ingram on backing vocals, which peaked at #79 on Billboard Magazine's Hot 100. The follow-up \"I'd Lie to You for Your Love (And That's the Truth)\" failed to chart. \"Light House\" came to be Carnes' last album with EMI America. It was first issued on CD in Japan in 1987 for a very limited time as Toshiba EMI Ltd. CP32-5150 and now commands a very high price. It has been", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9490059", "score": "0.9535259", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "The Light That Has Lighted the World", "text": "it as a song for English singer Cilla Black, whose version of his 1970 composition \"When Every Song Is Sung\" he produced before starting work on \"Living in the Material World\". An early acoustic demo of the song, a solo performance by Harrison, appeared as the closing track on the 2012 compilation \"\" compilation. In early August 1972, in between overseeing the UK release of Saul Swimmer's \"Concert for Bangladesh\" documentary and heading up to Liverpool to catch Ravi Shankar's recital at the Philharmonic Hall, George Harrison tried recording \"When Every Song Is Sung\", a ballad from the \"All Things", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8704671", "score": "0.9453788", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Lights (Ellie Goulding song)", "text": "also explained, \"It can be seen as something like a lighthouse that kind of always guides you home. I've always felt comfort sleeping with the light on, and I've always felt comfort being with my siblings.\" \"Lights\" received mostly positive reviews from critics. Horatia Harrod of \"The Daily Telegraph\" commented that the song is \"threaded with dark thoughts, but set to an airy pop production bordering on polite. Her voice is the real star. She has the magical ability, not unlike her heroine, Björk, to sing with a sort of controlled tremulousness: her voice aches with vulnerability but never breaks.\"", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15240658", "score": "0.9361583", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Every Light in the House", "text": "keeps them on for her in case she wants to return to his side all the while paying absolutely no attention to the intense electrical hazard this will cause or the financial burden that will ensue. Deborah Evans Price, of \"Billboard\" magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that Adkin's deep, powerful voice does justice to the yearning in this lyric about a man who has left the lights on waiting for his lover to return.\" Rick Cohoon of Allmusic gave the song a favorable review, calling it a \"creative approach to the age-old 'goodbye, I miss you' song.\" He commended", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12134006", "score": "0.9358392", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Light House (album)", "text": "reissued by label Culture Factory on CD in 2014. Light House (album) Light House is the tenth studio album by Kim Carnes, released in 1986 (see 1986 in music). The album spawned one hit single, \"Divided Hearts\", featuring Phillip Ingram on backing vocals, which peaked at #79 on Billboard Magazine's Hot 100. The follow-up \"I'd Lie to You for Your Love (And That's the Truth)\" failed to chart. \"Light House\" came to be Carnes' last album with EMI America. It was first issued on CD in Japan in 1987 for a very limited time as Toshiba EMI Ltd. CP32-5150 and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9490060", "score": "0.9319986", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "When It's Lamp Lighting Time in the Valley", "text": "(When I think of little Alvilde). A song about a man who misses his first love. When It's Lamp Lighting Time in the Valley When It's Lamp Lighting Time in the Valley is a 1933 country ballad to a waltz melody with words and music by Joe Lyons, Sam C. Hart and The Vagabonds, Curt Poulton, Harold Goodman, and Dean Upson. The song was a hit by The Vagabonds. The song lyrics are about one who longs for his mother who is far away in a valley. Marty Robbins later covered the song. Other singers who has recorded the song", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15343291", "score": "0.92535913", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "House of Cards (Mary Chapin Carpenter song)", "text": "perfect and ideal to an outsider, they hide their own secrets and perils, and that everyone’s greatest fear is that their “house of cards” will be discovered and everything will crash down around them. The music video begins by showing a family smiling happily for a family photo. Once the photo is taken, the façade falls away and the fighting, despair, and turmoil of the family is revealed. In the attic of the home, the younger child builds a large house of playing cards which in the end crashes to the ground. House of Cards (Mary Chapin Carpenter song) \"House", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18825485", "score": "0.9185871", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Deborah Wiles", "text": "\"Each Little Bird That Sings\" and \"Love, Ruby Lavender\". It is about a young pitcher named House Jackson, whose hero is the Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Sandy Koufax. House's team, the Aurora County All-Stars, is a small community team that has only one game every year at four-o-clock on July 4, without fail, against the Raleigh Redbugs. Unfortunately for House, his pitching elbow was broken before last year's game, and his team lost. This year though, he is going to give that game all he has. July 4 happens to also be the town's 200th anniversary this year, and the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9499671", "score": "0.91858387", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Merry Christmas from the Family", "text": "wife, Kay, chain smokes and \"talks all about AA.\" Extended family also appear. Fred and Rita—whose relationship to the narrator appears to have been forgotten—arrive from Harlingen in a motor home, which when plugged in, overloads the electrical system and knocks out the family's Christmas lights. The family then waits on the front lawn and joins together in singing \"Silent Night\" when cousin David flips the breaker that brings the lights back on. Keen calls the song the \"\"Rocky Horror Picture Show\" of Christmas songs\" saying that whether singing before a group of 1000 or 6000 the entire audience sings", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10990145", "score": "0.9167044", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Come On-a My House", "text": "\"Kimono My House\", a pun on the song's title. Come On-a My House \"Come on-a My House\" is a song performed by Rosemary Clooney and originally released in 1951. It was written by Ross Bagdasarian and his cousin, Armenian American Pulitzer Prize winning author William Saroyan, while driving across New Mexico in the summer of 1939. The melody is based on an Armenian folk song. The lyrics reference traditional Armenian customs of inviting over relatives and friends and providing them with a generously overflowing table of fruits, nuts, seeds, and other foods. It was not performed until the 1950 off-Broadway", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5808240", "score": "0.91099405", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "In the House of Stone and Light (album)", "text": "by Martin Page, except tracks 6 and 9 (Martin Page/Bernie Taupin) In the House of Stone and Light (album) In the House of Stone and Light is the debut album by Martin Page, released in 1994. It features the title song, \"In the House of Stone and Light\", which was a substantial \"Billboard\" Hot 100 hit (peaking at number 14) and AC (number 1) hit. An EPK has been made for the album. It features Martin Page himself, lyricist Bernie Taupin, musician Robbie Robertson, and other friends of Page. In the EPK they talk about his past with his band,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15071182", "score": "0.90980566", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Home (soundtrack)", "text": "one of Whitney Houston's 1987 single \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)\". He also wrote that the song has a \"wubby bass groove\" that could feature American actress Courtney Cox dancing to it in its potential music video, a reference to her appearance in the video for Bruce Springsteen's 1984 single with the same name. Jennifer Lopez's song, \"Feel the Light\" is an \"uplifting\" and \"tender\" ballad with a length of four minutes and fifty-two seconds. During the last of it, Lopez sings the lines, \"Feel the light shining in the dark of night / Remember what we", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18610612", "score": "0.90388864", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "Stranger in the House (song)", "text": "specifically with Jones in mind, with the new wave star stating, \"George Jones was my guiding light whenever I wrote in the country idiom.\" Stranger in the House (song) \"Stranger in the House\" is a song composed by Elvis Costello. Costello recorded the song as a duet with country music star George Jones in the summer of 1978 for Jones' 1979 album \"My Very Special Guests\". Costello also recorded a solo version recorded at a John Peel session on October 1978 which surfaced as a free 7\" single with the first copies of his second album \"This Year's Model\" in", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18965903", "score": "0.90313184", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "The Housemaid (2010 film)", "text": "by the Seoul-based company Mirovision. In the bird's-eye shots used in the film from time to time, a large ornate chandelier is an observer that looks down on the bourgeois family for which Eun-yi works. It also plays a role in the dramatic and tragic end of the movie’s heroine. That chandelier in all its detail is actually a copy of the 2008 work \"Song of Dionysus\" created by artist Bae Young-whan. The decision to include the chandelier in \"The Housemaid\" was quite a deliberate one. At first glance, the light fixture looks like an elegant Art Nouveau craft, but", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14544547", "score": "0.9028677", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Candle on the Water", "text": "a year but Nora believes will one day return. One night Lampey scolds Nora, telling her to accept that Paul is no doubt dead and will never return. Dismayed, Nora retires to the lighthouse balcony to sing toward the ocean, assuring Paul that she is still waiting for him. \"Candle on the Water\" was originally intended to be the only song featured in the film, but when it met with such acclaim, the decision was made to turn the film into a musical. According to Helen Reddy, she was told by Kasha and Hirschhorn that \"they deliberately placed religious and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8659790", "score": "0.90073407", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "There's a Light That's Burning in the Window of the Little House Upon the Hill", "text": "There's a Light That's Burning in the Window of the Little House Upon the Hill \"There's a Light That's Burning in the Window of the Little House Upon the Hill\" is a World War I era song released in 1915. Joe Goodwin and Harry Puck composed the music. Ballard MacDonald wrote the lyrics. Shapiro, Bernstein & Co. of New York, New York published the song. It was written for both voice and piano. Walter M. Dunk designed the sheet music cover. It features an elderly woman and her dog sitting near a white picket fence and a dirt road that", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19338252", "score": "0.8972689", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Deck the Halls (2006 film)", "text": "and the kids home and all sit down to a nice meal. Soon the whole town helps put Buddy's lights back up in time for a story about them on MTV. They do not work, and everyone sings carols and uses their cell phones as flashlights. As they sing, Carter notices that one of the plugs is not plugged in properly, which explains why the lights did not work. He tightly plugs it in, causing the lights to shine brightly through the night. SuChin Pak, who is doing the MTV report, gets confirmation from MyEarth that the house is indeed", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8898882", "score": "0.8962368", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Lights (Ellie Goulding song)", "text": "120 beats per minute. Goulding's vocals span from F to D while the song follows a chord progression of Gm−F−E−Cm. Lyrically, the song discusses the fear of the dark that Goulding had as a child, and how she could only sleep with the lights on. In an interview with 97.1 AMP Radio in late July 2012, Goulding stated, \"Sometimes if I've had a couple of drinks and I come back and just like lie on my bed and fall asleep I wake up and realize that there isn't a light on and I have to turn a light on.\" She", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15240657", "score": "0.89457244", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "A Bird in the House", "text": "is still wealthy, ordering fancy linens and silver from catalogues \"A Bird in The House\" has been reprinted multiple times. A new edition was issued by McClelland & Stewart as part of the New Canadian Library in January 2010. CHAPTER 1: The Sound of the Singing In this chapter, we get to know Vanessa, a 12-year-old girl, and her family. She describes herself as a \"professional listener\", due to the fact that she grows up in an adult environment, so she hears all their conversations. That night, the family will have dinner in the Brick House, Nessa´s grandparent's house. They", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10714263", "score": "0.89456195", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Lights (musician)", "text": "She set up a page on Myspace, accumulating a following. She began writing for Sony/ATV Music Publishing, and composed music for the television series \"Instant Star\". She and Luke McMaster are credited with composing \"Perfect,\" sung in the role of Jude Harrison on the show by Alexz Johnson. In 2007, she contracted with Jian Ghomeshi, who acted as her manager until late 2014. Starting in early 2008, Lights toured cities in the Great Lakes region, in both Canada and the United States. Around the same time, her song \"Drive My Soul\" rose to No.18 in the Canadian Hot 100. In", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11579583", "score": "0.8940326", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "This Little Light of Mine", "text": "are in the house. Let your light shine before men, that they may see your fine works and give glory to your Father who is in the heaven.\" The parallel passage in Luke 11:33 gives: \"No man, when he hath lighted a candle, putteth it in a secret place, neither under a bushel, but on a candlestick, that they which come in may see the light.\" The song has also been secularised into \"This Little Girl of Mine\" as recorded by Ray Charles in 1956 and later The Everly Brothers. It has often been published with a set of hand", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10069487", "score": "0.89306223", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Girl from the North Country (musical)", "text": "she scolds Nick for his constant pessimism. Also staying at the house are a family, the Burkes. Mr. Burke lost his business in the crash. His wife, Laura, and his son, Elias, share a room upstairs. Elias has a learning disability and the family struggle to come to terms with their reduced state. Late at night, during a storm, a self-styled reverend cum bible salesman, Marlowe, and a down-on-his-luck boxer, Joe Scott, arrive looking for shelter. The arrival of these characters is a catalyst, changing everything for everyone in the house. Nineteen Bob Dylan songs are performed by the cast", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "20372223", "score": "0.8908019", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "When Angels Sing (novel)", "text": "Molly. David has always wanted a bicycle for Christmas. One day Michael sees a luxury house with everything that is needed for his family that is sold by Nick. Because The house would be sold soon Michael buys it much to the shock of Susan. When they move into the new neighbourhood they realize they there is a Christmas decorating competition held every year but Michael refuses. Also Nick usually dresses up as Santa Claus every Christmas until he sold his house to Michael. One day around Christmas David, his grandpa (the Colonel) and grandma went to the Christmas tree", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "19495088", "score": "0.88992524", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "In the House of Stone and Light (album)", "text": "In the House of Stone and Light (album) In the House of Stone and Light is the debut album by Martin Page, released in 1994. It features the title song, \"In the House of Stone and Light\", which was a substantial \"Billboard\" Hot 100 hit (peaking at number 14) and AC (number 1) hit. An EPK has been made for the album. It features Martin Page himself, lyricist Bernie Taupin, musician Robbie Robertson, and other friends of Page. In the EPK they talk about his past with his band, Q-Feel, his collaborations with Taupin, and the album and Page himself.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15071179", "score": "0.8895583", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Every Light in the House", "long_answer": "\"Every Light in the House\" is a song written by Kent Robbins and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins. It was released in August 1996 as the second single from his debut album Dreamin' Out Loud. It was his first Top 5 single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, where it peaked at #3.", "chunked_long_answer": "\"Every Light in the House\" is a song written by Kent Robbins and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins. It was released in August 1996 as the second single from his debut album Dreamin' Out Loud. It was his first Top 5 single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, where it peaked at #3.", "short_answers": [ "Trace Adkins" ] }

[ "Khrushchev", "Nikita Khrushchev", "Joseph Stalin" ]

[ { "title": "Berlin Wall", "text": "Khrushchev had become emboldened upon seeing US President John F. Kennedy's youth and inexperience show as weakness against Khrushchev's brutal, undiplomatic aggression. This feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by Kennedy in the U.S. ambassador’s residence with New York Times columnist James \"Scotty\" Reston. Kennedy made the regrettable error of admitting that the US would not actively oppose this action in the Soviet sector of Berlin. On Saturday, 12 August 1961, the leaders of the GDR attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee, in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin. There Ulbricht signed", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "Leon C. Collins", "text": "Cold War\", hosted by former President George H.W. Bush, and moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS. Five world leaders: George H.W. Bush (former President of the United States 1989-1993), Mikhail Gorbachev (former President of the Soviet Union 1985-1991), Margaret Thatcher (former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1979-1990), Brian Mulroney (former Prime Minister of Canada 1984-1993) and François Mitterrand (former President of the French Republic 1981-1995) gathered at a private daylong summit in Colorado Springs,Colorado as part of a weekend fundraiser for the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library Center. They were the world leaders when the Berlin Wall came down,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14665495", "score": "1.1165667", "original_retrieval_index": 0 }, { "title": "Berlin Wall", "text": "was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified Germany. In September 1989, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev not to let the Berlin Wall fall and confided that she wanted the Soviet leader to do what he could to stop it. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, French President François Mitterrand warned Thatcher that a unified Germany could make more ground than Adolf Hitler ever had and that Europe would have to bear the consequences. On 21 November 1989, Crosby, Stills & Nash performed the song \"Chippin' Away\" from Graham Nash's 1986 solo", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "45066", "score": "1.0689893", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Villa Schöningen", "text": "the fall of the Berlin Wall. It was founded by CEO of Axel springer Mathias Döpfner and the CEO of RHJI Leonhard Fisher as a privately funded project. The museum was opened by Chancellor Angela Merkel with former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev also in attendance. The museum will tell the story of the Glienicke Bridge, which from 1949 to 1989 was famous as the \"Bridge of Spies\" as it was used for exchanging captured agents between the Soviet bloc and the free West. A video installation by Stefan Roloff is part of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13930650", "score": "1.0637424", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Peter Abrassimov", "text": "leader, Walter Ulbricht, remained uncompromisingly hard-line in his attitude to the west in general and in his country's relationship with West Germany specifically. The decision suddenly to erect the Berlin Wall in August 1961 was naturally taken by the East Germans in full consultation with the Soviet ambassador. From the East German perspective The Wall represented a necessary desperate attempt to save the state which appeared to be in the process of losing its entire working age population. With Abrassimov as Soviet ambassador in Berlin, Walter Ulbricht, who had earlier enjoyed close relations with Soviet leader Josef Stalin, found he", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18731331", "score": "1.0624979", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Frankfurter Tor", "text": "the Soviet leader. In a clandestine operation in 1961 after Stalin’s personality cult had been denounced by the Soviet Union the western portion of Stalinallee, the former Große Frankfurter Straße, was given the name Karl-Marx-Allee, and the eastern portion received back its former name, Frankfurter Allee. The prominent twin towers on the western side of the square, significant examples of the Stalinist architectural style, were built between 1953 and 1956 as part of the socialist Stalinallee ensemble according to plans designed by Hermann Henselmann. Their architecture evokes the idea of a city entrance (thus the designation “Tor”, gate, gateway), because", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6524502", "score": "1.0538644", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Berlin Wall", "text": "a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier. It was a great morale boost for West Berliners, who lived in an exclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation. In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin on 12 June 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged Mikhail Gorbachev, then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, to tear down the Wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the Eastern Bloc: In June 1989 the Hungarian government began dismantling the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "45050", "score": "1.0489725", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "The Fall of Berlin (film)", "text": "Mikheil Chiaureli, writer Piotr Pavlenko, cinematographer Leonid Kosmatov, composer Dmitry Shostakovich and actors Mikheil Gelovani, Boris Andreyev and Vladimir Kenigson were all awarded the Stalin Prize, 1st Class for their work. In Czechoslovakia, The film also won the Crystal Globe in the 5th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. On the day of the film's release, \"Literaturnaya Gazeta\" published a column by in which he described the film as \"wonderful... a truthful portrayal of the relations between the people and the leader... and the love of all people to Stalin.\" A day after, Vsevolod Pudovkin wrote in \"Soviet Art\": \"this is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14965579", "score": "1.0486438", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "History of Berlin", "text": "for a unified Germany. Loshitzky depicts the role of the Berlin Wall as a symbol of the Cold War, détente, and the collapse of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe. She divides the history of the Wall into six major stages: the erection of the Wall (1961); the period of the \"geography of fear\" from the Cold War; the period of détente; the short period of glasnost and perestroika; the fall of the Wall (1989); and after the Wall. On August 13, 1961 the Communist East German government started to build a wall, physically separating West Berlin from East Berlin", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "1816572", "score": "1.0427825", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Ursula Kuczynski", "text": "the few people energetically to defend it. On 10 November 1989, directly after The Wall was breached she took to the political stage, addressing tens of thousands of people at a meeting in the Berlin Lustgarten (pleasure park) on the subject of her faith in Socialism with a human face. During the ensuing months of the run-up to German reunification she placed great faith in Egon Krenz, who briefly served as the East German leader. She lived another ten years and seems never to have regretted or seen the need to apologize for her espionage. Back in 1956, when Nikita", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15099374", "score": "1.0361652", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Tear down this wall!", "text": "land a knockout blow on the Soviet regime, nor was he engaging in mere political theater. He was instead doing something else on that damp day in Berlin 20 years [before Mann's article] – he was helping to set the terms for the end of the cold war.\" Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3255303", "score": "1.0310557", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Tear down this wall!", "text": "Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The \"tear down this wall\" speech was not the first time Reagan had", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3255291", "score": "1.0294551", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Evgenij Kozlov", "text": "project dedicated to ten years of the Fall of the Berlin wall. ‘Chocolate Wall’ was organised by the Italian Festival Eurochocolate, Perugia and took place in Potsdamer Platz, Berlin where under Kozlov’s guidance school children painted freely on the chocolate wall. This wall had been built up by Italian pastry chefs; twelve metres long and eight tons in weight it was of course, like its inspiration, also destroyed. 2003 saw the release of his book \"The Leningrad Album\" – a selection of 108 erotic drawings from the remaining 256 which had been executed in his youth. A year later the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "17892853", "score": "1.0235156", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "text": "for his role in the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ensuing economic collapse. During his career, Gorbachev attracted the admiration of some colleagues, but others came to hate him. Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and formerly Soviet politician. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having been General Secretary of the governing Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. He was the country's head of state from 1988 until 1991, serving as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "281855", "score": "1.0209547", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Christel Wegner", "text": "Nazi Regime (VVN-BdA), the labor union Ver.di and a paying/passive member of Greenpeace. Christel Wegner Christel Wegner (born November 16, 1947 in Hamburg) is a German Communist politician. In 2008, she was elected to the assembly of Lower Saxony for the party DIE LINKE., although she is a member of the German Communist Party (DKP), which until now has cooperated closely with that party. Shortly after her election, she gained widespread attention when it was claimed by a TV program that she had called for the return of the Stasi and justified the construction of the Berlin Wall, also voicing", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11582163", "score": "1.0208734", "original_retrieval_index": 18 }, { "title": "The Left (Germany)", "text": "who looked to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev's \"glasnost\" and \"perestroika\" as their model for political change. They had mostly kept their own counsel during the Honecker era. However, the upheaval in the wake of the fall of the Berlin Wall gave them an opening. Longtime SED politician Hans Modrow, attorney Gregor Gysi and dissidents like Rudolf Bahro and Stefan Heym soon began to rebuild a party that had long been known as one of the most rigidly Stalinist parties in the Soviet bloc. After protests, the party was forced to give up its monopoly of power on 1 December 1989.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "9476271", "score": "1.0160003", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Heinz Sokolowski", "text": "Heinz Sokolowski Heinz Sokolowski (17 December 1917 – 25 November 1965) was a German man who became the sixty-fourth known person to die at the Berlin Wall. Sokolowski, a former political prisoner, was shot and killed by East German border troops while attempting to cross the Berlin Wall near to the Brandenburg Gate and the Reichstag building. Heinz Sokolowski was born on 17 December, 1917, in Frankfurt an der Oder, Imperial Germany, during the First World War. Following primary school, he apprenticed as a tailor before attending a trade school where he completed his education, eventually becoming a journalist with", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15149742", "score": "1.0137217", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Erich Honecker", "text": "Erich Honecker Erich Honecker (; 25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was a German politician who, as the General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party, led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 until the weeks preceding the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. From 1976 onward he was also the country's official head of state as chairman of the State Council following Willi Stoph's relinquishment of the post. Honecker's political career began in the 1930s when he became an official of the Communist Party of Germany, a position for which he was imprisoned during the Nazi", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "500772", "score": "1.0102781", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Mikhail Gorbachev", "text": "Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and formerly Soviet politician. He was the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, having been General Secretary of the governing Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. He was the country's head of state from 1988 until 1991, serving as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990, and President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically a socialist, he initially adhered to Marxism-Leninism although following the Soviet", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "281730", "score": "1.0077603", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Jack Barsky", "text": "even writing to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. In 1996, investigators with the German Foreign Office determined that the story he had told his mother was a lie. The project in Baikonur that he had claimed to be working on for many years had ended in 1978. His mother was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and died without knowing the truth. In 1989, the Berlin Wall began coming down, followed by the collapse of the Soviet Union two years later. In 1992, a KGB defector to Great Britain named Vasili Mitrokhin provided information to MI6 about Soviet spy operations around the world,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18776966", "score": "1.0060624", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "The Fall of Berlin (film)", "text": "to Gerd von Rundstedt – praise him as a great leader. Author Katerina Clark discerned that Stalin, beside his function as a great captain, was made the enabler of romantic relationship: before meeting him, Alexei was incapable of expressing his love to Natasha. Slavoj Žižek commented the leader played the part of the \"magician and the matchmaker who wisely leads the couple to reunion.\" Alexei's character was not intended to be perceived as an individual, but rather, a symbol to the entire Soviet people: he was depicted as an archetypal worker; his date of birth is given as 25 October", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "14965593", "score": "1.0059186", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)", "text": "of Hungarian Jews from the Holocaust, was shot and killed in Soviet secret police headquarters in 1947. He was called \"God's commie\" in a 2002 article for investigating crimes of the Soviet state. Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician) Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev (; 2 December 1923 – 18 October 2005) was a Soviet politician and historian. During the 1980s he was a member of the Politburo and Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was called the \"godfather of glasnost\" as he is considered to be the intellectual force behind Mikhail Gorbachev's reform program of glasnost and perestroika. Yakovlev", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3501941", "score": "1.0058285", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Vyacheslav Kochemasov", "text": "Vyacheslav Kochemasov Vyacheslav Kochemasov (1918–1998) was a Russian diplomat and politician. He was the Soviet Ambassador to East Germany from 1983 till 1990. His term included the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 which effectively heralded the end, in 1990, of the German Democratic Republic. The Soviet government played a key role in this process. Kochemasov became a member of the Communist Party in 1942. Directly after the end of World War II he became an official in the international section of the Young Communist League (Komsomol). After that, between 1955 and 1960, he worked at the Soviet", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18428078", "score": "1.005573", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Kurt Wismach", "text": "Berlin Wall went up. Kurt Wismach Kurt Wismach was an East German laborer at the Oberspree Cable Works. He is famous for heckling East German leader Walter Ulbricht during a speech Ulbricht gave to the firm on August 10, 1961. Speaking three days before the Berlin border closure, Ulbricht extolled the purported virtues of East German socialism and denounced the growing numbers of refugees fleeing to West Germany. Seated above Ulbricht on a roll of cables, Wismach applauded sarcastically after each of Ulbricht’s main points and yelled: \"Even if I am the only one to say it: Free elections!\" He", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15674827", "score": "1.0052547", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "Erich Honecker", "text": "era. Following World War II, he was freed and soon relaunched his political activities, founding the youth organisation the Free German Youth in 1946 and serving as the group's chairman until 1955. As the Security Secretary of the Party’s Central Committee in the new East Germany, he was the prime organiser of the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and, in this function, bore responsibility for the \"order to fire\" along the Inner German border. In 1970, he initiated a political power struggle that led, with Leonid Brezhnev's support, to his replacing Walter Ulbricht as First Secretary of the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "500773", "score": "1.0022175", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "West Berlin", "text": "1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan provided a challenge to the then Soviet leader: General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! On 9 November 1989, the Wall was opened, and the two parts of the city were once again physically—though at this point not legally—united. The Two Plus Four Treaty, signed by the two German states and the four wartime allies, paved the way for German reunification and an end", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "452109", "score": "1.0004067", "original_retrieval_index": 30 }, { "title": "Peter Robinson (speechwriter)", "text": "Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's refusal to remove the Berlin Wall, the speech, delivered by Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin on 12 June 1987, contained the sentence: \"Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!\" On arrival in the city before writing the speech, Robinson was warned by US diplomats to avoid Cold War rhetoric and that Berliners had adjusted to the presence of the Berlin Wall. However, after consultation with local Berliners, he found them deeply wounded and concerned about the wall; in many instances it had separated families and represented an intrusion of a police state into daily life.", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2078393", "score": "0.99724567", "original_retrieval_index": 31 }, { "title": "Sarah Walker (mezzo-soprano)", "text": "the Berlin Wall on Christmas. These four soloists were accompanied by a massive choir and orchestra made up of many nationalities: from Germany, the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, the Chorus of the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, and members of the Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden; from the Soviet Union, members of the Orchestra of the Kirov Theatre, from the United Kingdom, members of the London Symphony Orchestra; from the USA, members of the New York Philharmonic, and from France, members of the Opéra de Paris. . Her professional debut in recital was reportedly at the Wigmore Hall, and she has", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "6690177", "score": "0.9966701", "original_retrieval_index": 33 }, { "title": "Cold War (1953–1962)", "text": "the Berlin Wall started, First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party and Staatsrat chairman Walter Ulbricht stated in an international press conference, \"\"Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten!\" (No one has the intention to erect a wall)\". It was the first time the colloquial term \"Mauer\" (wall) had been used in this context. On Saturday August 12, 1961, the leaders of East Germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee, in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin, and Walter Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a Wall. At", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2960240", "score": "0.9962919", "original_retrieval_index": 34 }, { "title": "Vyacheslav Kochemasov", "text": "as Mikhail Gorbachev became Soviet Party Secretary in March 1985. Gorbachev took a substantially changed approach to relations between Moscow and East Berlin, but Vyacheslav Kochemasov nevertheless remained in his ambassadorial post for more than five of the Perestroika-Glasnost years that ensued. During the evening of 9 November 1989, as The Berlin Wall came down, there was widespread speculation as to how the Soviet Ambassador to the German Democratic Republic might react. Vyacheslav Kochemasov did nothing. In this connection it was Kochemasov who on 16 April 1990 handed over to East Germany's recently elected prime minister, Lothar de Maizière, the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "18428080", "score": "0.994144", "original_retrieval_index": 35 } ]

{ "title": "Berlin Wall", "long_answer": "Khrushchev had become emboldened upon seeing US President John F. Kennedy's youth and inexperience show as weakness against Khrushchev's brutal, undiplomatic aggression. This feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by Kennedy in the U.S. ambassador’s residence with New York Times columnist James \"Scotty\" Reston. Kennedy made the regrettable error of admitting that the US would not actively oppose this action in the Soviet sector of Berlin. On Saturday, 12 August 1961, the leaders of the GDR attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee, in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin. There Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall.", "chunked_long_answer": "Khrushchev had become emboldened upon seeing US President John F. Kennedy's youth and inexperience show as weakness against Khrushchev's brutal, undiplomatic aggression. This feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by Kennedy in the U.S. ambassador’s residence with New York Times columnist James \"Scotty\" Reston. Kennedy made the regrettable error of admitting that the US would not actively oppose this action in the Soviet sector of Berlin. On Saturday, 12 August 1961, the leaders of the GDR attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee, in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin. There Ulbricht signed", "short_answers": [ "Khrushchev" ] }

[ "62" ]

[ { "title": "Lowe's", "text": "more stores in Toronto, East Gwillimbury, and a second store in Brampton as well as a new location in Maple (Vaughan). Currently, additional stores are under construction, with 19 now open in the province of Ontario. Lowe's also recently announced expansion into Western Canada, starting with three new stores in Calgary, Alberta. One of the three locations opened in late September 2010. The other two opened in early 2011. There are now stores in British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. To date (2018) Lowe's has 62 locations in Canada. Each store represents an average investment of $20.5 million ($20.4 million USD).", "hasanswer": true, "isgold": true, "id": null, "score": null, "original_retrieval_index": null }, { "title": "The Home Depot", "text": "loss of The Home Depot's industrial supply division, HD Supply, in July 2007. The Home Depot now faces competition from Lowe's as they have moved into the Canadian market effective the end of 2007; Lowe's now has 35 outlets in Canada. In 2016 RONA was purchased by Lowes increasing its total store count to over 500 units. In Quebec, where it has 22 stores, The Home Depot is branded simply \"Home Depot\" (using English words but without the definite article \"the\"). The Home Depot operates 106 stores in Mexico and has become one of the largest retailers in Mexico since", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11914833", "score": "1.1148949", "original_retrieval_index": 1 }, { "title": "Lowe's", "text": "but will be operated out of Rona's headquarters in Boucherville. Lowe's plans to maintain Rona's retail banners, \"key\" executives, and the \"vast majority of its current employees\" post-acquisition. As of 2016, Lowe's Canada and Rona together have 539 store locations. Trading as Masters Home Improvement, the first store opened in Braybrook, Victoria to tradesmen on August 31, 2011 and the general public on Masters was a joint venture of the Lowe's Companies, Inc., and Woolworths Limited to compete against the Wesfarmers-owned Bunnings Warehouse, which operates in the large bigbox format similar to Lowe's and Home Depot. The stores will be", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3301346", "score": "1.0972778", "original_retrieval_index": 2 }, { "title": "Lowe's", "text": "adopt the big-box format in order to survive. Today, most Lowe's stores are part of the big-box variety, although some classic format stores remain in smaller markets. Lowe's has since grown nationally, as it was aided by the purchase of the Renton, Washington-based Eagle Hardware & Garden company in 1999. It is now the 2nd largest home improvement store chain in North America and has begun expanding outside the United States. The first store outside of United States was in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. According to their website, Lowe's has operated/serviced more than 2,355 locations in the United States, Canada, and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3301331", "score": "1.0451427", "original_retrieval_index": 3 }, { "title": "Lowe's Market", "text": "small and medium-sized towns in Texas and New Mexico. Some of the stores are similar to large convenience stores, between 2,000 sq.ft. to 4,000 sq.ft., however, stocked with fresh meat and produce. Many of the stores are standard supermarket size, 15,000 sq.ft. to 40,000 sq.ft. Many Lowe's Market stores were acquired from other companies such as Furr's Grocery (defunct, many of which were formerly Safeway stores), Big 8 Foods (many of which were formerly Safeway stores acquired from Furr's Grocery by Big 8 Foods), and Super S. Currently, there are 146 Lowe's Market stores open in the chain in Texas,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15808724", "score": "1.032788", "original_retrieval_index": 4 }, { "title": "Lowe's", "text": "founded. Lowe's still maintains a major corporate presence in the county, where it employs over 2,400 people. The Central Production Office is located in the former Wilkes Mall, which Lowe's purchased in 1997. Since then, the entire 440,000 square-foot campus has been remodeled and includes a full service food court, a doctors office, and gym within the gated campus. The headquarters of subsidiary Lowe's Companies Canada, ULC is located in Boucherville, Quebec, due to the merger with Rona. Prior to 2016, Lowe's Canada was headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. Lowe's won eight consecutive Energy Star awards from 2003 to 2010, including", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3301334", "score": "1.027888", "original_retrieval_index": 5 }, { "title": "Rona, Inc.", "text": "Lowe's Canada announced that 40 large-format Rona stores outside of Quebec would be rebranded under the Lowe's name, as part of an effort to re-position the Rona brand for mid-size stores. Rona, Inc. Rona, Inc. is a Canadian retailer of home improvement and construction products and services. Founded in 1939, the company operates a mixture of company-owned and franchised retailers under multiple banners, including Rona, its big box formats Rona Home & Garden (Rona L’Entrepôt in Quebec) and Réno-Dépôt, as well as smaller brands such as Rona Cashway, Marcil Centre de Rénovation, and Dick's Lumber. In May 2016, American retailer", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2867290", "score": "1.020611", "original_retrieval_index": 6 }, { "title": "Lowe's", "text": "Lowe's Lowe's Companies, Inc. (), doing business as Lowe's, is an American retail company specializing in home improvement. Headquartered in Mooresville, North Carolina the company operates a chain of retail stores in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. , Lowe's and its related businesses operate more than 2,390 home improvement and hardware stores and employ over 310,000 people in North America. Lowe's is the second-largest hardware chain in the United States behind The Home Depot and ahead of Menards. Globally, Lowe's is also the second-largest hardware chain, again behind The Home Depot but ahead of European retailers Leroy Merlin, B&Q", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3301327", "score": "1.0146378", "original_retrieval_index": 7 }, { "title": "Rona, Inc.", "text": "that it planned to convert selected Rona-branded stores to the Lowe's brand. In the 1990s, under competitive pressure from the Home Depot and other big box retailers, Rona established the Rona Home & Garden stores. Rona Home & Garden stores are large, ranging from 85,000 to , with a warehouse-style similar to the Home Depot and Lowe's. Faced with chronic under-performance in some markets outside of Quebec, Rona closed six big boxes in 2012, five in Ontario and one in British Columbia. While the Home Depot and Lowe's stores are all company owned, Rona Home & Garden stores are a", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2867288", "score": "1.0089351", "original_retrieval_index": 8 }, { "title": "Lowe's", "text": "Mexico alone. On November 5, 2018, Lowe's announced that it will be closing 51 under-performing stores, 20 stores in the United States and 31 in Canada under the Lowe's and Rona names by February 2019. In November 2018, Lowe's announced that it will close all stores in Mexico in the future. For the fiscal year 2018, Lowe's reported earnings of US$3.436 billion, with an annual revenue of US$68.619 billion, an increase of 5.5% over the previous fiscal cycle. Lowe's shares traded at over $96 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$75.8 billion in October 2018. Lowe's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3301332", "score": "1.0019954", "original_retrieval_index": 9 }, { "title": "Lowe's", "text": "not the creed of the First Amendment\". Representative John Conyers of Michigan called on Lowe's to apologize. Michigan state representative Rashida Tlaib contacted the company's corporate headquarters, reporting that Lowe's declined to change its decision. Based in Toronto, Ontario, Lowe's opened its first three stores in Canada on December 10, 2007, in Hamilton, Brampton and Brantford. On February 1, 2008, they opened three more stores in Toronto, East Gwillimbury, and a second store in Brampton as well as a new location in Maple (Vaughan). Currently, additional stores are under construction, with 19 now open in the province of Ontario. Lowe's", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3301343", "score": "0.98850054", "original_retrieval_index": 10 }, { "title": "Lowe's Market", "text": "share, particularly the stores using the Avanza, Fiesta, Fiero and Mercado nameplates. However, Hispanic grocery products are commonly stocked in all Lowe's Market stores, since the stores serve a substantial Latino/Hispanic population in all geographic areas of the company's presence. There is one store in Arizona, in Window Rock. In Colorado, there are stores in Greeley and in the Denver area. In New Mexico, stores are found throughout the state. In Texas, stores are in west Texas, north Texas, the Panhandle, central Texas, and south Texas. Lowe's Market Lowe's Market is a regional supermarket chain, primarily in West Texas and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15808726", "score": "0.9788214", "original_retrieval_index": 11 }, { "title": "Hardware store", "text": "and resources for hardware store owners and publishes a trade magazine in print and online. Home Hardware, Rona, Canac, BMR Group and Réno-Dépôt are Canadian hardware retailers. Aikenhead's Hardware became the Canadian unit of The Home Depot in 1994. Canadian Tire, Central, Kent Building Supplies, Lowe's and many smaller chains also sell hardware in Canada. In the United Kingdom, hardware shops are also sometimes known as \"ironmongers\", and larger, out-of-town hardware shops may be called \"do it yourself\" or DIY centres. British retail chains include B&Q, Homebase, and Wickes. Australian hardware chain Bunnings has opened their first shop in St", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3496674", "score": "0.96534044", "original_retrieval_index": 12 }, { "title": "Lowe's", "text": "well as an Ontario distribution centre, for $151 million. In 2012, Lowe's attempted to buy Rona, Inc., a Quebec-based hardware chain. However, the deal was met with objections from Rona shareholders (particularly the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec) and operators of its franchised locations over concerns that the company could centralize its supply operations in the United States, and was eventually called off. On February 3, 2016, Rona announced that it had accepted an offer to be acquired by Lowe's for CDN$3.2 billion, pending regulatory and shareholder approval. The division will remain under the leadership of Sylvain Prud'homme,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3301345", "score": "0.9649147", "original_retrieval_index": 13 }, { "title": "Lowes Foods", "text": "expand to other areas and other chains in the future. Deals from aisle50.com will not likely replace coupons, but shoppers will be able to buy certain products for about half their normal prices. On June 1, 2012, the company announced that they were leaving the Charlotte, North Carolina market by trading ten Charlotte area stores with Harris Teeter for six Western North Carolina stores and $26.5 million in cash. By March 2015, Lowes began shifting its store portfolio and had closed the six stores it acquired from Harris Teeter as well as stores in Cary, West Jefferson, and Greenville, North", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5386370", "score": "0.9586762", "original_retrieval_index": 14 }, { "title": "Centerpoint Mall (Toronto)", "text": "closed and the store and was converted to Super Centre, then to Loblaws, then to No Frills. Miracle Mart was converted to Canadian Tire. The Zellers was closed in 2012 when Zellers was purchased by Target and the location was closed for about a year before reopening as Target on March 19, 2013. Since early 2015 when all Targets across Canada closed down that space has been vacant. Lowe's home improvement store has occupied the vacant spot since late November 2016. Lowe's will close in early 2019 as part of a plan to close 51 stores in North America. With", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "12070756", "score": "0.94246155", "original_retrieval_index": 15 }, { "title": "Lowes Menswear", "text": "gifts, household items, confectionery and stationery. , the Lowes chain employed 1900 employees and includes 206 shop locations across all Australian states and mainland territories; this is a 13% increase from the 181 stores in the chain in 2012. The largest of the chain's stores is in Bankstown. The three main shops in New South Wales include Westfield Miranda, Bankstown and MacArthur. Lowes’ head office and warehouse is located in Arncliffe. Lowes is known for their use of rugby league personalities in their commercials, most notably Paul Sironen, Paul Vautin, Daryl Brohman. These television ads proclaiming you get good priced,", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "8343842", "score": "0.9409604", "original_retrieval_index": 16 }, { "title": "Rona, Inc.", "text": "Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec) and franchisees, and was eventually called off. On February 3, 2016, Rona announced that it had accepted an offer to be acquired by Lowe's for CDN$3.2 billion, pending regulatory and shareholder approval. Post-merger, Lowe's plans to maintain Rona's retail banners, and \"continue to employ the vast majority of its current employees and maintain key executives from Rona's strong leadership team\". Lowe's Canada will be operated from Rona's headquarters in Boucherville, but remain under the leadership of its current CEO Sylvain Prud'homme. The purchase was closed in May 2016. In December 2016, Lowe's announced", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2867287", "score": "0.938957", "original_retrieval_index": 17 }, { "title": "Lowes Foods", "text": "are part of actual stores and therefore do not count towards total store counts. Lowes Foods Lowes Foods is a supermarket chain based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The chain's initial growth was in the mountains of North Carolina and rural areas of Virginia, but, starting in the late 1990s, has geared expansion towards metropolitan areas in North and South Carolina. Until October 4, 2009, Lowes Foods used S&H Greenpoints on their store discount card; this was replaced with \"Fresh Rewards\" on October 5. Many of Lowes Foods stores also offer \"Lowes Foods to Go\", where shoppers can order groceries online", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5386372", "score": "0.91925937", "original_retrieval_index": 19 }, { "title": "Lowe's", "text": "1/3 owned by Lowe's Companies Inc. (USA) and 2/3 owned by Woolworths Limited (Australian Owned Public Company Listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)). On 18 January 2016 Woolworths announced that it intended to \"either sell or wind up\" all its home improvement area, including the Masters hardware chain. Chairman Gordon Cairns said that it would take years to become profitable and that the ongoing losses could not be sustained. The windup will involve Woolworths buying back a 33.3 per cent interest in the venture, held by the Lowe's subsidiary WDR Delaware Corporation. As of 28 August 2016 all stores", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "3301347", "score": "0.9064204", "original_retrieval_index": 20 }, { "title": "Sleeman, Ontario", "text": "to meet the trains, liquor was served here as well. Today there is only one business left, the Canada Postal outlet. Lowes Lumber a local business for over 80 years went into bankruptcy and closed its doors in 2014. Only about 20 homes remain, even though an official town plan was made to accommodate many more. The rail siding was removed in 1993, the last of the CN hotel burned away in the late 1980s and the grocery store was demolished when the natural gas line was installed to serve the larger communities along Highway 11. The township of Dawson", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "10610332", "score": "0.9049542", "original_retrieval_index": 21 }, { "title": "Rona, Inc.", "text": "Rona, Inc. Rona, Inc. is a Canadian retailer of home improvement and construction products and services. Founded in 1939, the company operates a mixture of company-owned and franchised retailers under multiple banners, including Rona, its big box formats Rona Home & Garden (Rona L’Entrepôt in Quebec) and Réno-Dépôt, as well as smaller brands such as Rona Cashway, Marcil Centre de Rénovation, and Dick's Lumber. In May 2016, American retailer Lowe's acquired Rona for $3.2 billion CAD. In 2012, the U.S. hardware store chain Lowe's attempted to buy Rona; however, the deal was met with objections from Rona shareholders (particularly the", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2867286", "score": "0.9036324", "original_retrieval_index": 22 }, { "title": "Target Canada", "text": "stores on March 18, 2015, with 58 locations scheduled to close that week, and 58 in total closed by April 5, 2015. The remaining 58 stores closed on April 12, 2015. In May 2015, the company returned some of its leases back to their landlords, and began the process of auctioning off leases and properties to other new owners. Canadian Tire announced plans to acquire 12 locations, Walmart Canada reached a deal to acquire 13 locations (including the aborted Bayshore Shopping Centre location) and one of its distribution centres, and Lowe's also reached a deal to acquire 13 locations and", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "15729524", "score": "0.90218776", "original_retrieval_index": 23 }, { "title": "Réno-Dépôt", "text": "Réno-Dépôt chain was re-positioned as a discount wholesale-focused banner with a reduced product selection. In 2015, Rona announced that the brand would expand outside of Quebec with the re-opening of shuttered Rona locations in Calgary and Aurora, Ontario as Reno-Depot. Réno-Dépôt Réno-Dépôt (known as Reno-Depot outside of Quebec) is a Canadian chain of home supply stores owned by Lowe's. Primarily operating in Quebec, Réno-Dépôt is a warehouse-styled format with a focus on discounted renovation and household hardware products. The chain briefly expanded into Ontario under the name The Building Box; following Rona's acquisition of Réno-Dépôt, these stores were re-branded as", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11880368", "score": "0.90042406", "original_retrieval_index": 24 }, { "title": "Lowes Foods", "text": "Lowes Foods Lowes Foods is a supermarket chain based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The chain's initial growth was in the mountains of North Carolina and rural areas of Virginia, but, starting in the late 1990s, has geared expansion towards metropolitan areas in North and South Carolina. Until October 4, 2009, Lowes Foods used S&H Greenpoints on their store discount card; this was replaced with \"Fresh Rewards\" on October 5. Many of Lowes Foods stores also offer \"Lowes Foods to Go\", where shoppers can order groceries online and drive to the store to pick them up. Business and home delivery is", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5386366", "score": "0.8839742", "original_retrieval_index": 25 }, { "title": "Lowes Foods", "text": "August 2016, 14 Lowes Foods stores had fuel stations. Lowes offers a five cent discount per gallon of gas with each $100 spent inside the store which is redeemable at Lowes Foods fuel stations or any participating Speedway or WilcoHess locations in North and South Carolina. In March 2011, Lowes Foods opened a 'frugal cousin' series of stores called Just $ave. These stores are located all in North Carolina and mainly in rural areas, targeting budget-conscious shoppers. The first location opened was in Pilot Mountain, North Carolina. In August 2011, Lowes began the Aisle50 program in the Carolinas, intending to", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5386369", "score": "0.88113546", "original_retrieval_index": 26 }, { "title": "Réno-Dépôt", "text": "Réno-Dépôt Réno-Dépôt (known as Reno-Depot outside of Quebec) is a Canadian chain of home supply stores owned by Lowe's. Primarily operating in Quebec, Réno-Dépôt is a warehouse-styled format with a focus on discounted renovation and household hardware products. The chain briefly expanded into Ontario under the name The Building Box; following Rona's acquisition of Réno-Dépôt, these stores were re-branded as Rona Home & Garden locations. In 1987, Groupe Val Royal entered into a strategic agreement with the Molson Companies and acquired the Castor Bricoleur stores, located in Québec. In 1992, Groupe Val Royal, with its partner Aikenhead’s, a division of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "11880365", "score": "0.88099104", "original_retrieval_index": 27 }, { "title": "Staples Inc.", "text": "offering air and ground services, (DHL in the United Kingdom stores; and FedEx, Purolator in the Canadian stores), which is open during store hours. International shipping is no longer possible as of mid-November 2017 with a software update pushed through to the retail stores in the US. UPS services in US-based stores are not capable of handling AT&T or Dish Network returns with a label or QR codes from Amazon returns. In Canada, most web submission jobs and larger orders, including business cards, posters and books are produced in central production facility in each region. The production facilities operate 24-hours", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "2920529", "score": "0.8761496", "original_retrieval_index": 28 }, { "title": "ATG Stores", "text": "as many as seven ATG retail showrooms, all of which have closed. Lowe's Home Improvement acquired ATG Stores on December 29, 2011 with the intention of expanding the product variety available to Lowe's stores and Lowes.com while also bringing more traffic and credibility to ATG Stores as an online e-tailer. This initiated the closing of the ATG Stores retail showrooms in Washington state and allowed for Lowe's customers to purchase ATG Stores items in-store for pickup. In April 2017, ATG Stores rebranded to The Mine, and added a personal concierge service to their online shopping offering. The Mine has been", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "13457049", "score": "0.87005866", "original_retrieval_index": 29 }, { "title": "Lowes Foods", "text": "It was named for Alex and Lee George, sons of the MDI founder. In 1997, Alex Lee bought Byrd's Food Stores Inc. of Burlington, North Carolina, which had 43 stores. Lowes had 56 stores, few in the area served by Byrd's. The Byrd's stores became Lowes stores. In 2000, Delhaize America had to sell 38 Hannaford stores to satisfy antitrust concerns. Lowes bought 12 of these, six (plus one under construction) in the Research Triangle region and six along the North Carolina coast. In 2007, Lowes Foods opened its first fuel station at a Hickory, North Carolina, store. As of", "hasanswer": false, "isgold": false, "id": "5386368", "score": "0.8689593", "original_retrieval_index": 30 } ]

{ "title": "Lowe's", "long_answer": "Based in Toronto, Ontario, Lowe's opened its first three stores in Canada on December 10, 2007, in Hamilton, Brampton and Brantford. On February 1, 2008, they opened three more stores in Toronto, East Gwillimbury, and a second store in Brampton as well as a new location in Maple (Vaughan). Currently, additional stores are under construction, with 19 now open in the province of Ontario. Lowe's also recently announced expansion into Western Canada, starting with three new stores in Calgary, Alberta. One of the three locations opened in late September 2010. The other two opened in early 2011. There are now stores in British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. To date (2018) Lowe's has 62 locations in Canada. Each store represents an average investment of $20.5 million ($20.4 million USD).", "chunked_long_answer": "more stores in Toronto, East Gwillimbury, and a second store in Brampton as well as a new location in Maple (Vaughan). Currently, additional stores are under construction, with 19 now open in the province of Ontario. Lowe's also recently announced expansion into Western Canada, starting with three new stores in Calgary, Alberta. One of the three locations opened in late September 2010. The other two opened in early 2011. There are now stores in British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. To date (2018) Lowe's has 62 locations in Canada. Each store represents an average investment of $20.5 million ($20.4 million USD).", "short_answers": [ "62" ] }