Medha0219Baniya/NER · Datasets at Hugging Face

id stringlengths 1 4	tokens sequencelengths 3 478	ner_tags sequencelengths 3 478
700	[ "However", ",", "FinFisher", "is", "in", "a", "different", "category", "of", "malware", "for", "the", "level", "of", "its", "anti-analysis", "protection", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
701	[ "It", "’", "s", "a", "complicated", "puzzle", "that", "can", "be", "solved", "by", "skilled", "reverse", "engineers", "only", "with", "good", "amount", "of", "time", ",", "code", ",", "automation", ",", "and", "creativity", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
702	[ "The", "intricate", "anti-analysis", "methods", "reveal", "how", "much", "effort", "the", "FinFisher", "authors", "exerted", "to", "keep", "the", "malware", "hidden", "and", "difficult", "to", "analyze", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
703	[ "This", "exercise", "revealed", "tons", "of", "information", "about", "techniques", "used", "by", "FinFisher", "that", "we", "used", "to", "make", "Office", "365", "ATP", "more", "resistant", "to", "sandbox", "detection", "and", "Windows", "Defender", "ATP", "to", "catch", "similar", "techniques", "and", "generic", "behaviors", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
704	[ "Using", "intelligence", "from", "our", "in-depth", "investigation", ",", "Windows", "Defender", "ATP", "can", "raise", "alerts", "for", "malicious", "behavior", "employed", "by", "FinFisher", "(", "such", "as", "memory", "injection", "in", "persistence", ")", "in", "different", "stages", "of", "the", "attack", "kill", "chain", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
705	[ "Machine", "learning", "in", "Windows", "Defender", "ATP", "further", "flags", "suspicious", "behaviors", "observed", "related", "to", "the", "manipulation", "of", "legitimate", "Windows", "binaries", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 10 ]
706	[ "Figure", "1", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10 ]
707	[ "Generic", "Windows", "Defender", "ATP", "detections", "trigger", "alerts", "on", "FinFisher", "behavior", "While", "our", "analysis", "has", "allowed", "us", "to", "immediately", "protect", "our", "customers", ",", "we", "’", "d", "like", "to", "share", "our", "insights", "and", "add", "to", "the", "growing", "number", "of", "published", "analyses", "by", "other", "talented", "researchers", "(", "listed", "below", "this", "blog", "post", ")", "." ]	[ 10, 3, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
708	[ "We", "hope", "that", "this", "blog", "post", "helps", "other", "researchers", "to", "understand", "and", "analyze", "FinFisher", "samples", "and", "that", "this", "industry-wide", "information-sharing", "translate", "to", "the", "protection", "of", "as", "many", "customers", "as", "possible", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
709	[ "Spaghetti", "and", "junk", "codes", "make", "common", "analyst", "tools", "ineffective", "In", "analyzing", "FinFisher", ",", "the", "first", "obfuscation", "problem", "that", "requires", "a", "solution", "is", "the", "removal", "of", "junk", "instructions", "and", "“", "spaghetti", "code", "”", ",", "which", "is", "a", "technique", "that", "aims", "to", "confuse", "disassembly", "programs", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
710	[ "Spaghetti", "code", "makes", "the", "program", "flow", "hard", "to", "read", "by", "adding", "continuous", "code", "jumps", ",", "hence", "the", "name", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
711	[ "An", "example", "of", "FinFisher", "’", "s", "spaghetti", "code", "is", "shown", "below", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
712	[ "Figure", "2", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10 ]
713	[ "The", "spaghetti", "code", "in", "FinFisher", "dropper", "This", "problem", "is", "not", "novel", ",", "and", "in", "common", "situations", "there", "are", "known", "reversing", "plugins", "that", "may", "help", "for", "this", "task", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
714	[ "In", "the", "case", "of", "FinFisher", ",", "however", ",", "we", "could", "not", "find", "a", "good", "existing", "interactive", "disassembler", "(", "IDA", ")", "plugin", "that", "can", "normalize", "the", "code", "flow", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
715	[ "So", "we", "decided", "to", "write", "our", "own", "plugin", "code", "using", "IDA", "Python", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10 ]
716	[ "Armed", "with", "this", "code", ",", "we", "removed", "this", "first", "layer", "of", "anti-analysis", "protection", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
717	[ "Removing", "the", "junk", "instructions", "revealed", "a", "readable", "block", "of", "code", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
718	[ "This", "code", "starts", "by", "allocating", "two", "chunks", "of", "memory", ":", "a", "global", "1", "MB", "buffer", "and", "one", "64", "KB", "buffer", "per", "thread", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
719	[ "The", "big", "first", "buffer", "is", "used", "as", "index", "for", "multiple", "concurrent", "threads", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
720	[ "A", "big", "chunk", "of", "data", "is", "extracted", "from", "the", "portable", "executable", "(", "PE", ")", "file", "itself", "and", "decrypted", "two", "times", "using", "a", "custom", "XOR", "algorithm", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
721	[ "We", "determined", "that", "this", "chunk", "of", "data", "contains", "an", "array", "of", "opcode", "instructions", "ready", "to", "be", "interpreted", "by", "a", "custom", "virtual", "machine", "program", "(", "from", "this", "point", "on", "referenced", "generically", "as", "“", "VM", "”", ")", "implemented", "by", "FinFisher", "authors", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10 ]
722	[ "Figure", "3", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10 ]
723	[ "The", "stages", "of", "the", "FinFisher", "multi-layered", "protection", "mechanisms", "Stage", "0", ":", "Dropper", "with", "custom", "virtual", "machine", "The", "main", "dropper", "implements", "the", "VM", "dispatcher", "loop", "and", "can", "use", "32", "different", "opcodes", "handlers", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
724	[ "Th", "64KB", "buffer", "is", "used", "as", "a", "VM", "descriptor", "data", "structure", "to", "store", "data", "and", "the", "just-in-time", "(", "JIT", ")", "generated", "code", "to", "run", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
725	[ "The", "VM", "dispatcher", "loop", "routine", "ends", "with", "a", "JMP", "to", "another", "routine", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
726	[ "In", "total", ",", "there", "are", "32", "different", "routines", ",", "each", "of", "them", "implementing", "a", "different", "opcode", "and", "some", "basic", "functionality", "that", "the", "malware", "program", "may", "execute", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
727	[ "Figure", "4", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10 ]
728	[ "A", "snapshot", "of", "the", "code", "that", "processes", "each", "VM", "opcode", "and", "the", "associate", "interpreter", "The", "presence", "of", "a", "VM", "and", "virtualized", "instruction", "blocks", "can", "be", "described", "in", "simpler", "terms", ":", "Essentially", ",", "the", "creators", "of", "FinFisher", "interposed", "a", "layer", "of", "dynamic", "code", "translation", "(", "the", "virtual", "machine", ")", "that", "makes", "analysis", "using", "regular", "tools", "practically", "impossible", "." ]	[ 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
729	[ "Static", "analysis", "tools", "like", "IDA", "may", "not", "be", "useful", "in", "analyzing", "custom", "code", "that", "is", "interpreted", "and", "executed", "through", "a", "VM", "and", "a", "new", "set", "of", "instructions", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
730	[ "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "dynamic", "analysis", "tools", "(", "like", "debuggers", "or", "sandbox", ")", "face", "the", "anti-debug", "and", "anti-analysis", "tricks", "hidden", "in", "the", "virtualized", "code", "itself", "that", "detects", "sandbox", "environments", "and", "alters", "the", "behavior", "of", "the", "malware", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
731	[ "At", "this", "stage", ",", "the", "analysis", "can", "only", "continue", "by", "manually", "investigating", "the", "individual", "code", "blocks", "and", "opcode", "handlers", ",", "which", "are", "highly", "obfuscated", "(", "also", "using", "spaghetti", "code", ")", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
732	[ "Reusing", "our", "deobfuscation", "tool", "and", "some", "other", "tricks", ",", "we", "have", "been", "able", "to", "reverse", "and", "analyze", "these", "opcodes", "and", "map", "them", "to", "a", "finite", "list", "that", "can", "be", "used", "later", "to", "automate", "the", "analysis", "process", "with", "some", "scripting", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
733	[ "The", "opcode", "instructions", "generated", "by", "this", "custom", "VM", "are", "divided", "into", "different", "categories", ":", "Logical", "opcodes", ",", "which", "implement", "bit-logic", "operators", "(", "OR", ",", "AND", ",", "NOT", ",", "XOR", ")", "and", "mathematical", "operators", "Conditional", "branching", "opcodes", ",", "which", "implement", "a", "code", "branch", "based", "on", "conditions", "(", "equals", "to", "JC", ",", "JE", ",", "JZ", ",", "other", "similar", "branching", "opcodes", ")", "Load/Store", "opcodes", ",", "which", "write", "to", "or", "read", "from", "particular", "addresses", "of", "the", "virtual", "address", "space", "of", "the", "process", "Specialized", "opcodes", "for", "various", "purposes", ",", "like", "execute", "specialized", "machine", "instruction", "that", "are", "not", "virtualized", "We", "are", "publishing", "below", "the", "(", "hopefully", ")", "complete", "list", "of", "opcodes", "used", "by", "FinFisher", "VM", "that", 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734	[ "This", "data", "structure", "is", "24", "bytes", "and", "is", "composed", "of", "some", "fixed", "fields", "and", "a", "variable", "portion", "that", "depends", "on", "the", "opcode", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
735	[ "Before", "interpreting", "the", "opcode", ",", "the", "VM", "decrypts", "the", "opcode", "’", "s", "content", "(", "through", "a", "simple", "XOR", "algorithm", ")", ",", "which", "it", "then", "relocates", "(", "if", "needed", ")", ",", "using", "the", "relocation", "fields", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
736	[ "Here", "is", "an", "approximate", "diagram", "of", "the", "opcode", "data", "structure", ":", "Figure", "5", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
737	[ "A", "graphical", "representation", "of", "the", "data", "structure", "used", "to", "store", "each", "VM", "opcode", "The", "VM", "handler", "is", "completely", "able", "to", "generate", "different", "code", "blocks", "and", "deal", "with", "relocated", "code", "due", "to", "address", "space", "layout", "randomization", "(", "ASLR", ")", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
738	[ "It", "is", "also", "able", "to", "move", "code", "execution", "into", "different", "locations", "if", "needed", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
739	[ "For", "instance", ",", "in", "the", "case", "of", "the", "“", "Execute", "”", "opcode", "(", "0x17", ")", ",", "the", "32-bit", "code", "to", "run", "is", "stored", "entirely", "into", "the", "variable", "section", "with", "the", "value", "at", "offset", "5", "specifying", "the", "number", "of", "bytes", "to", "be", "copied", "and", "executed", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
740	[ "Otherwise", ",", "in", "the", "case", "of", "conditional", "opcodes", ",", "the", "variable", "part", "can", "contain", "the", "next", "JIT", "packet", "ID", "or", "the", "next", "relative", "virtual", "address", "(", "RVA", ")", "where", "code", "execution", "should", "continue", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
741	[ "Of", "course", ",", "not", "all", "the", "opcodes", "are", "can", "be", "easily", "read", "and", "understood", "due", "to", "additional", "steps", "that", "the", "authors", "have", "taken", "to", "make", "analysis", "extremely", "complicated", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
742	[ "For", "example", ",", "this", "is", "how", "opcode", "0x1A", "is", "implemented", ":", "The", "opcode", "should", "represent", "a", "JB", "(", "Jump", "if", "below", ")", "function", ",", "but", "it", "’", "s", "implemented", "through", "set", "carry", "(", "STC", ")", "instruction", "followed", "by", "a", "JMP", "into", "the", "dispatcher", "code", "that", "will", "verify", "the", "carry", "flag", "condition", "set", "by", "STC", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
743	[ "Figure", "6", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10 ]
744	[ "One", "of", "the", "obfuscation", "tricks", "included", "by", "the", "malware", "authors", "in", "a", "VM", "opcode", "dispatcher", "Even", "armed", "with", "the", "knowledge", "we", "have", "described", "so", "far", ",", "it", "still", "took", "us", "many", "hours", "to", "write", "a", "full-fledged", "opcode", "interpreter", "that", "’", "s", "able", "to", "reconstruct", "the", "real", "code", "executed", "by", "FinFisher", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10 ]
745	[ "Stage", "1", ":", "Loader", "malware", "keeps", "sandbox", "and", "debuggers", "away", "The", "first", "stage", "of", "FinFisher", "running", "through", "this", "complicated", "virtual", "machine", "is", "a", "loader", "malware", "designed", "to", "probe", "the", "system", "and", "determine", "whether", "it", "’", "s", "running", "in", "a", "sandbox", "environment", "(", "typical", "for", "cloud-based", "detonation", "solution", "like", "Office", "365", "ATP", ")", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 8, 10, 10 ]
746	[ "The", "loader", "first", "dynamically", "rebuilds", "a", "simple", "import", "address", "table", "(", "IAT", ")", ",", "resolving", "all", "the", "API", "needed", "from", "Kernel32", "and", "NtDll", "libraries", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
747	[ "It", "then", "continues", "executing", "in", "a", "spawned", "new", "thread", "that", "checks", "if", "there", "are", "additional", "undesired", "modules", "inside", "its", "own", "virtual", "address", "space", "(", "for", "example", ",", "modules", "injected", "by", "certain", "security", "solutions", ")", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
748	[ "It", "eventually", "kills", "all", "threads", "that", "belong", "to", "these", "undesired", "modules", "(", "using", "ZwQueryInformationThread", "native", "API", "with", "ThreadQuerySetWin32StartAddress", "information", "class", ")", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
749	[ "The", "first", "anti-sandbox", "technique", "is", "the", "loader", "checking", "the", "code", "segment", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
750	[ "If", "it", "’", "s", "not", "0x1B", "(", "for", "32-bit", "systems", ")", "or", "0x23", "(", "for", "32-bit", "system", "under", "Wow64", ")", ",", "the", "loader", "exits", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
751	[ "Next", ",", "the", "dropper", "checks", "its", "own", "parent", "process", "for", "indications", "that", "it", "is", "running", "in", "a", "sandbox", "setup", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
752	[ "It", "calculates", "the", "MD5", "hash", "of", "the", "lower-case", "process", "image", "name", "and", "terminates", "if", "one", "of", "the", "following", "conditions", "are", "met", ":", "The", "MD5", "hash", "of", "the", "parent", "process", "image", "name", "is", "either", "D0C4DBFA1F3962AED583F6FCE666F8BC", "or", "3CE30F5FED4C67053379518EACFCF879", "The", "parent", "process", "’", "s", "full", "image", "path", "is", "equal", "to", "its", "own", "process", "path", "If", "these", "initial", "checks", "are", "passed", ",", "the", "loader", "builds", "a", "complete", "IAT", "by", "reading", "four", "imported", "libraries", "from", "disk", "(", "ntdll.dll", ",", "kernel32.dll", ",", "advapi32.dll", ",", "and", "version.dll", ")", "and", "remapping", "them", "in", "memory", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 0, 10, 0, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
753	[ "This", "technique", "makes", "use", "of", "debuggers", "and", "software", "breakpoints", "useless", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
754	[ "During", "this", "stage", ",", "the", "loader", "may", "also", "call", "a", "certain", "API", "using", "native", "system", "calls", ",", "which", "is", "another", "way", "to", "bypass", "breakpoints", "on", "API", "and", "security", "solutions", "using", "hooks", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
755	[ "Figure", "7", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10 ]
756	[ "FinFisher", "loader", "calling", "native", "Windows", "API", "to", "perform", "anti-debugging", "tricks", "At", "this", "point", ",", "the", "fun", "in", "analysis", "is", "not", "over", "." ]	[ 1, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
757	[ "A", "lot", "of", "additional", "anti-sandbox", "checks", "are", "performed", "in", "this", "exact", "order", ":", "Check", "that", "the", "malware", "is", "not", "executed", "under", "the", "root", "folder", "of", "a", "drive", "Check", "that", "the", "malware", "file", "is", "readable", "from", "an", "external", "source", "Check", "that", "the", "hash", "of", "base", "path", "is", "not", "3D6D62AF1A7C8053DBC8E110A530C679", "Check", "that", "the", "full", "malware", "path", "contains", "only", "human", "readable", "characters", "(", "“", "a-z", "”", ",", "“", "A-Z", "”", ",", "and", "“", "0-9", "”", ")", "Check", "that", "no", "node", "in", "the", "full", "path", "contains", "the", "MD5", "string", "of", "the", "malware", "file", "Fingerprint", "the", "system", "and", "check", "the", "following", "registry", "values", ":", "HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\MachineGuid", "should", "not", "be", "“", "6ba1d002-21ed-4dbe-afb5-08cf8b81ca32", "”", "HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows", "NT\\CurrentVersion\\DigitalProductId", "should", "not", "be", "“", "55274-649-6478953-23109", "”", ",", "“", "A22-00001", "”", ",", "or", "“", "47220", "”", "HARDWARE\\Description\\System\\SystemBiosDate", "should", "not", "contain", "“", "01/02/03", "”", "Check", "that", "the", "mutex", "WininetStartupMutex0", "does", "not", "already", "exist", "Check", "that", "no", "DLL", "whose", "base", "name", "has", "hash", "value", "of", "0xC9CEF3E4", "is", "mapped", "into", "the", "malware", "address", "space", "The", "hashes", "in", "these", "checks", "are", "most", "likely", "correspond", "to", "sandbox", "or", "security", "products", "that", "the", "FinFisher", "authors", "want", "to", "avoid", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 0, 5, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
758	[ "Next", ",", "the", "loader", "checks", "that", "it", "’", "s", "not", "running", "in", "a", "virtualized", "environment", "(", "VMWare", "or", "Hyper-V", ")", "or", "under", "a", "debugger", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 3, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
759	[ "For", "the", "hardware", "virtualization", "check", ",", "the", "loader", "obtains", "the", "hardware", "device", "list", "and", "checks", "if", "the", "MD5", "of", "the", "vendor", "ID", "is", "equal", "to", "a", "predefined", "list", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
760	[ "In", "our", "tests", ",", "the", "malware", "sample", "was", "able", "to", "easily", "detect", "both", "VMWare", "and", "Hyper-V", "environments", "through", "the", "detection", "of", "the", "virtualized", "peripherals", "(", "for", "example", ",", "Vmware", "has", "VEN_15AD", "as", "vendor", "ID", ",", "HyperV", "has", "VMBus", "as", "bus", "name", ")", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 3, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 2, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
761	[ "Office", "365", "ATP", "sandbox", "employs", "special", "mechanisms", "to", "avoid", "being", "detected", "by", "similar", "checks", "." ]	[ 3, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
762	[ "The", "loader", "’", "s", "anti-debugger", "code", "is", "based", "on", "the", "following", "three", "methods", ":", "The", "first", "call", "aims", "to", "destroy", "the", "debugger", "connection", ":", "NOTE", ":", "This", "call", "completely", "stops", "the", "execution", "of", "WinDbg", "and", "other", "debuggers", "The", "second", "call", "tries", "to", "detect", "the", "presence", "of", "a", "debugger", ":", "The", "final", "call", "tries", "to", "destroy", "the", "possibility", "of", "adding", "software", "breakpoint", ":", "Finally", ",", "if", "the", "loader", "is", "happy", "with", "all", "the", "checks", "done", "so", "far", ",", "based", "on", "the", "victim", "operating", "system", "(", "32", "or", "64-bit", ")", "it", "proceeds", "to", "decrypt", "a", "set", "of", "fake", "bitmap", "resources", "(", "stage", "2", ")", "embedded", "in", "the", "executable", "and", "prepares", "the", "execution", "of", "a", "new", "layer", "of", "VM", "decoding", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
763	[ "Each", "bitmap", "resource", "is", "extracted", ",", "stripped", "of", "the", "first", "0x428", "bytes", "(", "BMP", "headers", "and", "garbage", "data", ")", ",", "and", "combined", "into", "one", "file", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
764	[ "The", "block", "is", "decrypted", "using", "a", "customized", "algorithm", "that", "uses", "a", "key", "derived", "from", "the", "original", "malware", "dropper", "’", "s", "TimeDateStamp", "field", "multiplied", "by", "5", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
765	[ "Figure", "8", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10 ]
766	[ "The", "fake", "bitmap", "image", "embedded", "as", "resource", "The", "32-bit", "stage", "2", "malware", "uses", "a", "customized", "loading", "mechanism", "(", "i.e.", ",", "the", "PE", "file", "has", "a", "scrambled", "IAT", "and", "relocation", "table", ")", "and", "exports", "only", "one", "function", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
767	[ "For", "the", "64-bit", "stage", "2", "malware", ",", "the", "code", "execution", "is", "transferred", "from", "the", "loader", "using", "a", "well-known", "technique", "called", "Heaven", "’", "s", "Gate", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
768	[ "In", "the", "next", "sections", ",", "for", "simplicity", ",", "we", "will", "continue", "the", "analysis", "only", "on", "the", "64-bit", "payload", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
769	[ "Figure", "9", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10 ]
770	[ "Heaven", "’", "s", "gate", "is", "still", "in", "use", "in", "2017", "Stage", "2", ":", "A", "second", "multi-platform", "virtual", "machine", "The", "64-bit", "stage", "2", "malware", "implements", "another", "loader", "combined", "with", "another", "virtual", "machine", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
771	[ "The", "architecture", "is", "quite", "similar", "to", "the", "one", "described", "previously", ",", "but", "the", "opcodes", "are", "slightly", "different", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
772	[ "After", "reversing", "these", "opcodes", ",", "we", "were", "able", "to", "update", "our", "interpreter", "script", "to", "support", "both", "32-bit", "and", "64-bit", "virtual", "machines", "used", "by", "FinFisher", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10 ]
773	[ "INDEX", "MNEMONIC", "DESCRIPTION", "0x0", "JMP", "Special", "obfuscated", "conditional", "Jump", "(", "always", "taken", "or", "always", "ignored", ")", "0x1", "JMP", "Jump", "to", "a", "function", "(", "same", "as", "opcode", "0x10", ")", "0x2", "CALL", "Call", "to", "the", "function", "pointed", "by", "the", "internal", "VM", "value", "0x3", "CALL", "Optimized", "CALL", "function", "(", "like", "the", "0x1E", "opcode", "of", "the", "32-bit", "VM", ")", "0x4", "EXEC", "Execute", "code", "and", "move", "to", "the", "next", "packet", "0x5", "JMP", "Jump", "to", "an", "internal", "function", "0x6", "NOP", "No", "operation", ",", "move", "to", "the", "next", "packet", "0x7", "CALL", "Call", "an", "imported", "API", "(", "whose", "address", "is", "stored", "in", "the", "internal", "VM", "value", ")", "0x8", "LOAD", "Load", "a", "value", "into", "the", "VM", "descriptor", "structure", "*", "0x9", "STORE", "Store", "the", "internal", "VM", "value", "inside", "a", "register", "0xA", "WRITE", "Resolve", "a", "pointer", "and", "store", "the", "value", "of", "a", "register", "in", "its", "content", "0xB", "READ", "Move", "the", "value", "pointed", "by", "the", "VM", "internal", "value", "into", "a", "register", "0xC", "LOAD", "Load", "a", "value", "into", "the", "VM", "descriptor", "structure", "(", "not", "optimized", ")", "0xD", "CMP", "Compare", "the", "value", "pointed", "by", "the", "internal", "VM", "descriptor", "with", "a", "register", "0xE", "CMP", "Compare", "the", "value", "pointed", "by", "the", "internal", "VM", "descriptor", "with", "an", "immediate", "value", "0xF", "XCHG", "Exchange", "the", "value", "pointed", "by", "the", "internal", "VM", "descriptor", "with", "a", "register", "0x10", "SHL", "Jump", "to", "a", "function", "(", "same", "as", "opcode", "0x1", ")", "This", "additional", "virtual", "machine", "performs", "the", "same", "duties", "as", "the", "one", "already", "described", "but", "in", "a", "64-bit", "environment", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
774	[ "It", "extracts", "and", "decrypts", "the", "stage", "3", "malware", ",", "which", "is", "stored", "in", "encrypted", "resources", "such", "as", "fake", "dialog", "boxes", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
775	[ "The", "extraction", "method", "is", "the", "same", ",", "but", "the", "encryption", "algorithm", "(", "also", "XOR", ")", "is", "much", "simpler", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
776	[ "The", "new", "payload", "is", "decrypted", ",", "remapped", ",", "and", "executed", "in", "memory", ",", "and", "represents", "the", "installation", "and", "persistence", "stage", "of", "the", "malware", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
777	[ "Stage", "3", ":", "Installer", "that", "takes", "DLL", "side-loading", "to", "a", "new", "level", "Stage", "3", "represents", "the", "setup", "program", "for", "FinFisher", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10 ]
778	[ "It", "is", "the", "first", "plain", "stage", "that", "does", "not", "employ", "a", "VM", "or", "obfuscation", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
779	[ "The", "code", "supports", "two", "different", "installation", "methods", ":", "setup", "in", "a", "UAC-enforced", "environment", "(", "with", "limited", "privileges", ")", ",", "or", "an", "installation", "with", "full-administrative", "privileges", "enabled", "(", "in", "cases", "where", "the", "malware", "gains", "the", "ability", "to", "run", "with", "elevated", "permissions", ")", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
780	[ "We", "were", "a", "bit", "disappointed", "that", "we", "did", "not", "see", "traces", "of", "a", "true", "privilege", "escalation", "exploit", "after", "all", "this", "deobfuscation", "work", ",", "but", "it", "seems", "these", "FinFisher", "samples", "were", "designed", "to", "work", "just", "using", "UAC", "bypasses", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 4, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
781	[ "The", "setup", "code", "receives", "an", "installation", "command", "from", "the", "previous", "stage", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
782	[ "In", "our", "test", ",", "this", "command", "was", "the", "value", "3", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
783	[ "The", "malware", "creates", "a", "global", "event", "named", "0x0A7F1FFAB12BB2", "and", "drops", "some", "files", "under", "a", "folder", "located", "in", "C", ":", "\\ProgramData", "or", "in", "the", "user", "application", "data", "folder", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 5, 5, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
784	[ "The", "name", "of", "the", "folder", "and", "the", "malware", "configuration", "are", "read", "from", "a", "customized", "configuration", "file", "stored", "in", "the", "resource", "section", "of", "the", "setup", "program", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
785	[ "Here", "the", "list", "of", "the", "files", "potentially", "dropped", "during", "the", "installation", "stage", ":", "FILE", "NAME", "STAGE", "DESCRIPTION", "d3d9.dll", "Stage", "4", "Malware", "loader", "used", "for", "UAC", "environments", "with", "limited", "privileges", ";", "also", "protected", "by", "VM", "obfuscation", "aepic.dll", ",", "sspisrv.dll", ",", "userenv.dll", "Stage", "4", "Malware", "loader", "used", "in", "presence", "of", "administrative", "privileges", ";", "executed", "from", "(", "and", "injected", "into", ")", "a", "fake", "service", ";", "also", "protected", "by", "VM", "obfuscation", "msvcr90.dll", "Stage", "5", "Malware", "payload", "injected", "into", "the", "explorer.exe", "or", "winlogon.exe", "process", ";", "also", "protected", "by", "VM", "obfuscation", ".cab", "Config", "Main", "configuration", "file", ";", "encrypted", "setup.cab", "Unknown", "Last", "section", "of", "the", "setup", "executable", ";", "content", "still", "unknown", ".7z", "Plugin", "Malware", "plugin", "used", "to", "spy", "the", "victim", "network", "communications", "wsecedit.rar", "Stage", "6", "Main", "malware", "executable", "After", "writing", "some", "of", "these", "files", ",", "the", "malware", "decides", "which", "kind", "of", "installation", "to", "perform", "based", "on", "the", "current", "privilege", "provided", "by", "the", "hosting", "process", "(", "for", "example", ",", "if", "a", "Microsoft", "Office", "process", "was", "used", "as", "exploit", "vector", ")", ":", "Installation", "process", "under", "UAC", "When", "running", "under", "a", "limited", "UAC", "account", ",", "the", "installer", "extracts", "d3d9.dll", "and", "creates", "a", "persistence", "key", "under", "HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Run", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 0, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10 ]
786	[ "The", "malware", "sets", "a", "registry", "value", "(", "whose", "name", "is", "read", "from", "the", "configuration", "file", ")", "to", "“", "C", ":", "\\Windows\\system32\\rundll32.exe", "c", ":", "\\ProgramData\\AuditApp\\d3d9.dll", ",", "Control_Run", "”", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 5, 5, 0, 5, 5, 5, 0, 10, 10 ]
787	[ "Before", "doing", "this", ",", "the", "malware", "makes", "a", "screenshot", "of", "the", "screen", "and", "displays", "it", "on", "top", "of", "all", "other", "windows", "for", "few", "seconds", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
788	[ "This", "indicates", "that", "the", "authors", "are", "trying", "to", "hide", "some", "messages", "showed", "by", "the", "system", "during", "the", "setup", "process", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
789	[ "When", "loaded", "with", "startup", "command", "2", ",", "the", "installer", "can", "copy", "the", "original", "explorer.exe", "file", "inside", "its", "current", "running", "directory", "and", "rename", "d3d9.dll", "to", "uxtheme.dll", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 5, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 0, 10 ]
790	[ "In", "this", "case", "the", "persistence", "is", "achieved", "by", "loading", "the", "original", "explorer.exe", "from", "its", "startup", "location", "and", ",", "using", "DLL", "side-loading", ",", "passing", "the", "execution", "control", "to", "the", "stage", "4", "malware", "(", "discussed", "in", "next", "section", ")", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
791	[ "Finally", ",", "the", "malware", "spawns", "a", "thread", "that", "has", "the", "goal", "to", "load", ",", "remap", ",", "and", "relocate", "the", "stage", "5", "malware", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
792	[ "In", "this", "context", ",", "there", "is", "indeed", "no", "need", "to", "execute", "the", "stage", "4", "malware", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
793	[ "The", "msvcr90.dll", "file", "is", "opened", ",", "read", ",", "and", "decrypted", ",", "and", "the", "code", "execution", "control", "is", "transferred", "to", "the", "RunDll", "exported", "routine", "." ]	[ 10, 0, 5, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
794	[ "In", "the", "case", "of", "32-bit", "systems", ",", "the", "malware", "may", "attempt", "a", "known", "UAC", "bypass", "by", "launching", "printui.exe", "system", "process", "and", "using", "token", "manipulation", "with", "NtFilterToken", "as", "described", "in", "this", "blog", "post", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
795	[ "Installation", "process", "with", "administrative", "privilege", "This", "installation", "method", "is", "more", "interesting", "because", "it", "reveals", "how", "the", "malware", "tries", "to", "achieve", "stealthier", "persistence", "on", "the", "machine", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
796	[ "The", "method", "is", "a", "well-known", "trick", "used", "by", "penetration", "testers", "that", "was", "automated", "and", "generalized", "by", "FinFisher", "The", "procedure", "starts", "by", "enumerating", "the", "KnownDlls", "object", "directory", "and", "then", "scanning", "for", "section", "objects", "of", "the", "cached", "system", "DLLs", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
797	[ "Next", ",", "the", "malware", "enumerates", "all", ".exe", "programs", "in", "the", "%", "System", "%", "folder", "and", "looks", "for", "an", "original", "signed", "Windows", "binary", "that", "imports", "from", "at", "least", "one", "KnownDll", "and", "from", "a", "library", "that", "is", "not", "in", "the", "KnownDll", "directory", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
798	[ "When", "a", "suitable", ".exe", "file", "candidate", "is", "found", ",", "it", "is", "copied", "into", "the", "malware", "installation", "folder", "(", "for", "example", ",", "C", ":", "\\ProgramData", ")", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 5, 5, 10, 10 ]
799	[ "At", "this", "point", "the", "malware", "extracts", "and", "decrypts", "a", "stub", "DLL", "from", "its", "own", "resources", "(", "ID", "101", ")", "." ]	[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

700

[ "However", ",", "FinFisher", "is", "in", "a", "different", "category", "of", "malware", "for", "the", "level", "of", "its", "anti-analysis", "protection", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

701

[ "It", "’", "s", "a", "complicated", "puzzle", "that", "can", "be", "solved", "by", "skilled", "reverse", "engineers", "only", "with", "good", "amount", "of", "time", ",", "code", ",", "automation", ",", "and", "creativity", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

702

[ "The", "intricate", "anti-analysis", "methods", "reveal", "how", "much", "effort", "the", "FinFisher", "authors", "exerted", "to", "keep", "the", "malware", "hidden", "and", "difficult", "to", "analyze", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

703

[ "This", "exercise", "revealed", "tons", "of", "information", "about", "techniques", "used", "by", "FinFisher", "that", "we", "used", "to", "make", "Office", "365", "ATP", "more", "resistant", "to", "sandbox", "detection", "and", "Windows", "Defender", "ATP", "to", "catch", "similar", "techniques", "and", "generic", "behaviors", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

704

[ "Using", "intelligence", "from", "our", "in-depth", "investigation", ",", "Windows", "Defender", "ATP", "can", "raise", "alerts", "for", "malicious", "behavior", "employed", "by", "FinFisher", "(", "such", "as", "memory", "injection", "in", "persistence", ")", "in", "different", "stages", "of", "the", "attack", "kill", "chain", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

705

[ "Machine", "learning", "in", "Windows", "Defender", "ATP", "further", "flags", "suspicious", "behaviors", "observed", "related", "to", "the", "manipulation", "of", "legitimate", "Windows", "binaries", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 10 ]

706

[ "Figure", "1", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10 ]

707

[ "Generic", "Windows", "Defender", "ATP", "detections", "trigger", "alerts", "on", "FinFisher", "behavior", "While", "our", "analysis", "has", "allowed", "us", "to", "immediately", "protect", "our", "customers", ",", "we", "’", "d", "like", "to", "share", "our", "insights", "and", "add", "to", "the", "growing", "number", "of", "published", "analyses", "by", "other", "talented", "researchers", "(", "listed", "below", "this", "blog", "post", ")", "." ]

[ 10, 3, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

708

[ "We", "hope", "that", "this", "blog", "post", "helps", "other", "researchers", "to", "understand", "and", "analyze", "FinFisher", "samples", "and", "that", "this", "industry-wide", "information-sharing", "translate", "to", "the", "protection", "of", "as", "many", "customers", "as", "possible", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

709

[ "Spaghetti", "and", "junk", "codes", "make", "common", "analyst", "tools", "ineffective", "In", "analyzing", "FinFisher", ",", "the", "first", "obfuscation", "problem", "that", "requires", "a", "solution", "is", "the", "removal", "of", "junk", "instructions", "and", "“", "spaghetti", "code", "”", ",", "which", "is", "a", "technique", "that", "aims", "to", "confuse", "disassembly", "programs", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

710

[ "Spaghetti", "code", "makes", "the", "program", "flow", "hard", "to", "read", "by", "adding", "continuous", "code", "jumps", ",", "hence", "the", "name", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

711

[ "An", "example", "of", "FinFisher", "’", "s", "spaghetti", "code", "is", "shown", "below", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

712

[ "Figure", "2", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10 ]

713

[ "The", "spaghetti", "code", "in", "FinFisher", "dropper", "This", "problem", "is", "not", "novel", ",", "and", "in", "common", "situations", "there", "are", "known", "reversing", "plugins", "that", "may", "help", "for", "this", "task", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

714

[ "In", "the", "case", "of", "FinFisher", ",", "however", ",", "we", "could", "not", "find", "a", "good", "existing", "interactive", "disassembler", "(", "IDA", ")", "plugin", "that", "can", "normalize", "the", "code", "flow", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

715

[ "So", "we", "decided", "to", "write", "our", "own", "plugin", "code", "using", "IDA", "Python", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10 ]

716

[ "Armed", "with", "this", "code", ",", "we", "removed", "this", "first", "layer", "of", "anti-analysis", "protection", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

717

[ "Removing", "the", "junk", "instructions", "revealed", "a", "readable", "block", "of", "code", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

718

[ "This", "code", "starts", "by", "allocating", "two", "chunks", "of", "memory", ":", "a", "global", "1", "MB", "buffer", "and", "one", "64", "KB", "buffer", "per", "thread", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

719

[ "The", "big", "first", "buffer", "is", "used", "as", "index", "for", "multiple", "concurrent", "threads", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

720

[ "A", "big", "chunk", "of", "data", "is", "extracted", "from", "the", "portable", "executable", "(", "PE", ")", "file", "itself", "and", "decrypted", "two", "times", "using", "a", "custom", "XOR", "algorithm", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

721

[ "We", "determined", "that", "this", "chunk", "of", "data", "contains", "an", "array", "of", "opcode", "instructions", "ready", "to", "be", "interpreted", "by", "a", "custom", "virtual", "machine", "program", "(", "from", "this", "point", "on", "referenced", "generically", "as", "“", "VM", "”", ")", "implemented", "by", "FinFisher", "authors", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10 ]

722

[ "Figure", "3", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10 ]

723

[ "The", "stages", "of", "the", "FinFisher", "multi-layered", "protection", "mechanisms", "Stage", "0", ":", "Dropper", "with", "custom", "virtual", "machine", "The", "main", "dropper", "implements", "the", "VM", "dispatcher", "loop", "and", "can", "use", "32", "different", "opcodes", "handlers", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

724

[ "Th", "64KB", "buffer", "is", "used", "as", "a", "VM", "descriptor", "data", "structure", "to", "store", "data", "and", "the", "just-in-time", "(", "JIT", ")", "generated", "code", "to", "run", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

725

[ "The", "VM", "dispatcher", "loop", "routine", "ends", "with", "a", "JMP", "to", "another", "routine", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

726

[ "In", "total", ",", "there", "are", "32", "different", "routines", ",", "each", "of", "them", "implementing", "a", "different", "opcode", "and", "some", "basic", "functionality", "that", "the", "malware", "program", "may", "execute", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

727

[ "Figure", "4", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10 ]

728

[ "A", "snapshot", "of", "the", "code", "that", "processes", "each", "VM", "opcode", "and", "the", "associate", "interpreter", "The", "presence", "of", "a", "VM", "and", "virtualized", "instruction", "blocks", "can", "be", "described", "in", "simpler", "terms", ":", "Essentially", ",", "the", "creators", "of", "FinFisher", "interposed", "a", "layer", "of", "dynamic", "code", "translation", "(", "the", "virtual", "machine", ")", "that", "makes", "analysis", "using", "regular", "tools", "practically", "impossible", "." ]

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729

[ "Static", "analysis", "tools", "like", "IDA", "may", "not", "be", "useful", "in", "analyzing", "custom", "code", "that", "is", "interpreted", "and", "executed", "through", "a", "VM", "and", "a", "new", "set", "of", "instructions", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

730

[ "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "dynamic", "analysis", "tools", "(", "like", "debuggers", "or", "sandbox", ")", "face", "the", "anti-debug", "and", "anti-analysis", "tricks", "hidden", "in", "the", "virtualized", "code", "itself", "that", "detects", "sandbox", "environments", "and", "alters", "the", "behavior", "of", "the", "malware", "." ]

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731

[ "At", "this", "stage", ",", "the", "analysis", "can", "only", "continue", "by", "manually", "investigating", "the", "individual", "code", "blocks", "and", "opcode", "handlers", ",", "which", "are", "highly", "obfuscated", "(", "also", "using", "spaghetti", "code", ")", "." ]

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732

[ "Reusing", "our", "deobfuscation", "tool", "and", "some", "other", "tricks", ",", "we", "have", "been", "able", "to", "reverse", "and", "analyze", "these", "opcodes", "and", "map", "them", "to", "a", "finite", "list", "that", "can", "be", "used", "later", "to", "automate", "the", "analysis", "process", "with", "some", "scripting", "." ]

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733

[ "The", "opcode", "instructions", "generated", "by", "this", "custom", "VM", "are", "divided", "into", "different", "categories", ":", "Logical", "opcodes", ",", "which", "implement", "bit-logic", "operators", "(", "OR", ",", "AND", ",", "NOT", ",", "XOR", ")", "and", "mathematical", "operators", "Conditional", "branching", "opcodes", ",", "which", "implement", "a", "code", "branch", "based", "on", "conditions", "(", "equals", "to", "JC", ",", "JE", ",", "JZ", ",", "other", "similar", "branching", "opcodes", ")", "Load/Store", "opcodes", ",", "which", "write", "to", "or", "read", "from", "particular", "addresses", "of", "the", "virtual", "address", "space", "of", "the", "process", "Specialized", "opcodes", "for", "various", "purposes", ",", "like", "execute", "specialized", "machine", "instruction", "that", "are", "not", "virtualized", "We", "are", "publishing", "below", "the", "(", "hopefully", ")", "complete", "list", "of", "opcodes", "used", "by", "FinFisher", "VM", "that", "we", "found", "during", "our", "analysis", "and", "integrated", "into", "our", "de-virtualization", "script", ":", "INDEX", "MNEMONIC", "DESCRIPTION", "0x0", "EXEC", "Execute", "machine", "code", "0x1", "JG", "Jump", "if", "greater/Jump", "if", "not", "less", "or", "equal", "0x2", "WRITE", "Write", "a", "value", "into", "the", "dereferenced", "internal", "VM", "value", "(", "treated", "as", "a", "pointer", ")", "0x3", "JNO", "Jump", "if", "not", "overflow", "0x4", "JLE", "Jump", "if", "less", "or", "equal", "(", "signed", ")", "0x5", "MOV", "Move", "the", "value", "of", "a", "register", "into", "the", "VM", "descriptor", "(", "same", "as", "opcode", "0x1F", ")", "0x6", "JO", "Jump", "if", "overflow", "0x7", "PUSH", "Push", "the", "internal", "VM", "value", "to", "the", "stack", "0x8", "ZERO", "Reset", "the", "internal", "VM", "value", "to", "0", "(", "zero", ")", "0x9", "JP", "Jump", "if", "parity", "even", "0xA", "WRITE", "Write", "into", "an", "address", "0xB", "ADD", "Add", "the", "value", "of", "a", "register", "to", "the", "internal", "VM", "value", "0xC", "JNS", "Jump", "if", "not", "signed", "0xD", "JL", "Jump", "if", "less", "(", "signed", ")", "0xE", "EXEC", "Execute", "machine", "code", "and", "branch", "0xF", "JBE", "Jump", "if", "below", "or", "equal", "or", "Jump", "if", "not", "above", "0x10", "SHL", "Shift", "left", "the", "internal", "value", "the", "number", "of", "times", "specified", "into", "the", "opcodes", "0x11", "JA", "Jump", "if", "above/Jump", "if", "not", "below", "or", "equal", "0x12", "MOV", "Move", "the", "internal", "VM", "value", "into", "a", "register", "0x13", "JZ", "JMP", "if", "zero", "0x14", "ADD", "Add", "an", "immediate", "value", "to", "the", "internal", "Vm", "descriptor", "0x15", "JB", "Jump", "if", "below", "(", "unsigned", ")", "0x16", "JS", "Jump", "if", "signed", "0x17", "EXEC", "Execute", "machine", "code", "(", "same", "as", "opcode", "0x0", ")", "0x18", "JGE", "Jump", "if", "greater", "or", "equal/Jump", "if", "not", "less", "0x19", "DEREF", "Write", "a", "register", "value", "into", "a", "dereferenced", "pointer", "0x1A", "JMP", "Special", "obfuscated", "“", "Jump", "if", "below", "”", "opcode", "0x1B", "*", "Resolve", "a", "pointer", "0x1C", "LOAD", "Load", "a", "value", "into", "the", "internal", "VM", "descriptor", "0x1D", "JNE", "Jump", "if", "not", "equal/Jump", "if", "not", "zero", "0x1E", "CALL", "Call", "an", "external", "function", "or", "a", "function", "located", "in", "the", "dropper", "0x1F", "MOV", "Move", "the", "value", "of", "a", "register", "into", "the", "VM", "descriptor", "0x20", "JNB", "Jump", "if", "not", "below/Jump", "if", "above", "or", "equal/Jump", "if", "not", "carry", "0x21", "JNP", "Jump", "if", "not", "parity/Jump", "if", "parity", "odd", "Each", "virtual", "instruction", "is", "stored", "in", "a", "special", "data", "structure", "that", "contains", "all", "the", "information", "needed", "to", "be", "properly", "read", "and", "executed", "by", "the", "VM", "." ]

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734

[ "This", "data", "structure", "is", "24", "bytes", "and", "is", "composed", "of", "some", "fixed", "fields", "and", "a", "variable", "portion", "that", "depends", "on", "the", "opcode", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

735

[ "Before", "interpreting", "the", "opcode", ",", "the", "VM", "decrypts", "the", "opcode", "’", "s", "content", "(", "through", "a", "simple", "XOR", "algorithm", ")", ",", "which", "it", "then", "relocates", "(", "if", "needed", ")", ",", "using", "the", "relocation", "fields", "." ]

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736

[ "Here", "is", "an", "approximate", "diagram", "of", "the", "opcode", "data", "structure", ":", "Figure", "5", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

737

[ "A", "graphical", "representation", "of", "the", "data", "structure", "used", "to", "store", "each", "VM", "opcode", "The", "VM", "handler", "is", "completely", "able", "to", "generate", "different", "code", "blocks", "and", "deal", "with", "relocated", "code", "due", "to", "address", "space", "layout", "randomization", "(", "ASLR", ")", "." ]

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738

[ "It", "is", "also", "able", "to", "move", "code", "execution", "into", "different", "locations", "if", "needed", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

739

[ "For", "instance", ",", "in", "the", "case", "of", "the", "“", "Execute", "”", "opcode", "(", "0x17", ")", ",", "the", "32-bit", "code", "to", "run", "is", "stored", "entirely", "into", "the", "variable", "section", "with", "the", "value", "at", "offset", "5", "specifying", "the", "number", "of", "bytes", "to", "be", "copied", "and", "executed", "." ]

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740

[ "Otherwise", ",", "in", "the", "case", "of", "conditional", "opcodes", ",", "the", "variable", "part", "can", "contain", "the", "next", "JIT", "packet", "ID", "or", "the", "next", "relative", "virtual", "address", "(", "RVA", ")", "where", "code", "execution", "should", "continue", "." ]

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741

[ "Of", "course", ",", "not", "all", "the", "opcodes", "are", "can", "be", "easily", "read", "and", "understood", "due", "to", "additional", "steps", "that", "the", "authors", "have", "taken", "to", "make", "analysis", "extremely", "complicated", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

742

[ "For", "example", ",", "this", "is", "how", "opcode", "0x1A", "is", "implemented", ":", "The", "opcode", "should", "represent", "a", "JB", "(", "Jump", "if", "below", ")", "function", ",", "but", "it", "’", "s", "implemented", "through", "set", "carry", "(", "STC", ")", "instruction", "followed", "by", "a", "JMP", "into", "the", "dispatcher", "code", "that", "will", "verify", "the", "carry", "flag", "condition", "set", "by", "STC", "." ]

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743

[ "Figure", "6", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10 ]

744

[ "One", "of", "the", "obfuscation", "tricks", "included", "by", "the", "malware", "authors", "in", "a", "VM", "opcode", "dispatcher", "Even", "armed", "with", "the", "knowledge", "we", "have", "described", "so", "far", ",", "it", "still", "took", "us", "many", "hours", "to", "write", "a", "full-fledged", "opcode", "interpreter", "that", "’", "s", "able", "to", "reconstruct", "the", "real", "code", "executed", "by", "FinFisher", "." ]

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745

[ "Stage", "1", ":", "Loader", "malware", "keeps", "sandbox", "and", "debuggers", "away", "The", "first", "stage", "of", "FinFisher", "running", "through", "this", "complicated", "virtual", "machine", "is", "a", "loader", "malware", "designed", "to", "probe", "the", "system", "and", "determine", "whether", "it", "’", "s", "running", "in", "a", "sandbox", "environment", "(", "typical", "for", "cloud-based", "detonation", "solution", "like", "Office", "365", "ATP", ")", "." ]

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746

[ "The", "loader", "first", "dynamically", "rebuilds", "a", "simple", "import", "address", "table", "(", "IAT", ")", ",", "resolving", "all", "the", "API", "needed", "from", "Kernel32", "and", "NtDll", "libraries", "." ]

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747

[ "It", "then", "continues", "executing", "in", "a", "spawned", "new", "thread", "that", "checks", "if", "there", "are", "additional", "undesired", "modules", "inside", "its", "own", "virtual", "address", "space", "(", "for", "example", ",", "modules", "injected", "by", "certain", "security", "solutions", ")", "." ]

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748

[ "It", "eventually", "kills", "all", "threads", "that", "belong", "to", "these", "undesired", "modules", "(", "using", "ZwQueryInformationThread", "native", "API", "with", "ThreadQuerySetWin32StartAddress", "information", "class", ")", "." ]

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749

[ "The", "first", "anti-sandbox", "technique", "is", "the", "loader", "checking", "the", "code", "segment", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

750

[ "If", "it", "’", "s", "not", "0x1B", "(", "for", "32-bit", "systems", ")", "or", "0x23", "(", "for", "32-bit", "system", "under", "Wow64", ")", ",", "the", "loader", "exits", "." ]

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751

[ "Next", ",", "the", "dropper", "checks", "its", "own", "parent", "process", "for", "indications", "that", "it", "is", "running", "in", "a", "sandbox", "setup", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

752

[ "It", "calculates", "the", "MD5", "hash", "of", "the", "lower-case", "process", "image", "name", "and", "terminates", "if", "one", "of", "the", "following", "conditions", "are", "met", ":", "The", "MD5", "hash", "of", "the", "parent", "process", "image", "name", "is", "either", "D0C4DBFA1F3962AED583F6FCE666F8BC", "or", "3CE30F5FED4C67053379518EACFCF879", "The", "parent", "process", "’", "s", "full", "image", "path", "is", "equal", "to", "its", "own", "process", "path", "If", "these", "initial", "checks", "are", "passed", ",", "the", "loader", "builds", "a", "complete", "IAT", "by", "reading", "four", "imported", "libraries", "from", "disk", "(", "ntdll.dll", ",", "kernel32.dll", ",", "advapi32.dll", ",", "and", "version.dll", ")", "and", "remapping", "them", "in", "memory", "." ]

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753

[ "This", "technique", "makes", "use", "of", "debuggers", "and", "software", "breakpoints", "useless", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

754

[ "During", "this", "stage", ",", "the", "loader", "may", "also", "call", "a", "certain", "API", "using", "native", "system", "calls", ",", "which", "is", "another", "way", "to", "bypass", "breakpoints", "on", "API", "and", "security", "solutions", "using", "hooks", "." ]

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755

[ "Figure", "7", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10 ]

756

[ "FinFisher", "loader", "calling", "native", "Windows", "API", "to", "perform", "anti-debugging", "tricks", "At", "this", "point", ",", "the", "fun", "in", "analysis", "is", "not", "over", "." ]

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757

[ "A", "lot", "of", "additional", "anti-sandbox", "checks", "are", "performed", "in", "this", "exact", "order", ":", "Check", "that", "the", "malware", "is", "not", "executed", "under", "the", "root", "folder", "of", "a", "drive", "Check", "that", "the", "malware", "file", "is", "readable", "from", "an", "external", "source", "Check", "that", "the", "hash", "of", "base", "path", "is", "not", "3D6D62AF1A7C8053DBC8E110A530C679", "Check", "that", "the", "full", "malware", "path", "contains", "only", "human", "readable", "characters", "(", "“", "a-z", "”", ",", "“", "A-Z", "”", ",", "and", "“", "0-9", "”", ")", "Check", "that", "no", "node", "in", "the", "full", "path", "contains", "the", "MD5", "string", "of", "the", "malware", "file", "Fingerprint", "the", "system", "and", "check", "the", "following", "registry", "values", ":", "HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\MachineGuid", "should", "not", "be", "“", "6ba1d002-21ed-4dbe-afb5-08cf8b81ca32", "”", "HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows", "NT\\CurrentVersion\\DigitalProductId", "should", "not", "be", "“", "55274-649-6478953-23109", "”", ",", "“", "A22-00001", "”", ",", "or", "“", "47220", "”", "HARDWARE\\Description\\System\\SystemBiosDate", "should", "not", "contain", "“", "01/02/03", "”", "Check", "that", "the", "mutex", "WininetStartupMutex0", "does", "not", "already", "exist", "Check", "that", "no", "DLL", "whose", "base", "name", "has", "hash", "value", "of", "0xC9CEF3E4", "is", "mapped", "into", "the", "malware", "address", "space", "The", "hashes", "in", "these", "checks", "are", "most", "likely", "correspond", "to", "sandbox", "or", "security", "products", "that", "the", "FinFisher", "authors", "want", "to", "avoid", "." ]

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758

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759

[ "For", "the", "hardware", "virtualization", "check", ",", "the", "loader", "obtains", "the", "hardware", "device", "list", "and", "checks", "if", "the", "MD5", "of", "the", "vendor", "ID", "is", "equal", "to", "a", "predefined", "list", "." ]

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760

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761

[ "Office", "365", "ATP", "sandbox", "employs", "special", "mechanisms", "to", "avoid", "being", "detected", "by", "similar", "checks", "." ]

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762

[ "The", "loader", "’", "s", "anti-debugger", "code", "is", "based", "on", "the", "following", "three", "methods", ":", "The", "first", "call", "aims", "to", "destroy", "the", "debugger", "connection", ":", "NOTE", ":", "This", "call", "completely", "stops", "the", "execution", "of", "WinDbg", "and", "other", "debuggers", "The", "second", "call", "tries", "to", "detect", "the", "presence", "of", "a", "debugger", ":", "The", "final", "call", "tries", "to", "destroy", "the", "possibility", "of", "adding", "software", "breakpoint", ":", "Finally", ",", "if", "the", "loader", "is", "happy", "with", "all", "the", "checks", "done", "so", "far", ",", "based", "on", "the", "victim", "operating", "system", "(", "32", "or", "64-bit", ")", "it", "proceeds", "to", "decrypt", "a", "set", "of", "fake", "bitmap", "resources", "(", "stage", "2", ")", "embedded", "in", "the", "executable", "and", "prepares", "the", "execution", "of", "a", "new", "layer", "of", "VM", "decoding", "." ]

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763

[ "Each", "bitmap", "resource", "is", "extracted", ",", "stripped", "of", "the", "first", "0x428", "bytes", "(", "BMP", "headers", "and", "garbage", "data", ")", ",", "and", "combined", "into", "one", "file", "." ]

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764

[ "The", "block", "is", "decrypted", "using", "a", "customized", "algorithm", "that", "uses", "a", "key", "derived", "from", "the", "original", "malware", "dropper", "’", "s", "TimeDateStamp", "field", "multiplied", "by", "5", "." ]

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765

[ "Figure", "8", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10 ]

766

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767

[ "For", "the", "64-bit", "stage", "2", "malware", ",", "the", "code", "execution", "is", "transferred", "from", "the", "loader", "using", "a", "well-known", "technique", "called", "Heaven", "’", "s", "Gate", "." ]

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768

[ "In", "the", "next", "sections", ",", "for", "simplicity", ",", "we", "will", "continue", "the", "analysis", "only", "on", "the", "64-bit", "payload", "." ]

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769

[ "Figure", "9", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10 ]

770

[ "Heaven", "’", "s", "gate", "is", "still", "in", "use", "in", "2017", "Stage", "2", ":", "A", "second", "multi-platform", "virtual", "machine", "The", "64-bit", "stage", "2", "malware", "implements", "another", "loader", "combined", "with", "another", "virtual", "machine", "." ]

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771

[ "The", "architecture", "is", "quite", "similar", "to", "the", "one", "described", "previously", ",", "but", "the", "opcodes", "are", "slightly", "different", "." ]

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772

[ "After", "reversing", "these", "opcodes", ",", "we", "were", "able", "to", "update", "our", "interpreter", "script", "to", "support", "both", "32-bit", "and", "64-bit", "virtual", "machines", "used", "by", "FinFisher", "." ]

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773

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774

[ "It", "extracts", "and", "decrypts", "the", "stage", "3", "malware", ",", "which", "is", "stored", "in", "encrypted", "resources", "such", "as", "fake", "dialog", "boxes", "." ]

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775

[ "The", "extraction", "method", "is", "the", "same", ",", "but", "the", "encryption", "algorithm", "(", "also", "XOR", ")", "is", "much", "simpler", "." ]

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776

[ "The", "new", "payload", "is", "decrypted", ",", "remapped", ",", "and", "executed", "in", "memory", ",", "and", "represents", "the", "installation", "and", "persistence", "stage", "of", "the", "malware", "." ]

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777

[ "Stage", "3", ":", "Installer", "that", "takes", "DLL", "side-loading", "to", "a", "new", "level", "Stage", "3", "represents", "the", "setup", "program", "for", "FinFisher", "." ]

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778

[ "It", "is", "the", "first", "plain", "stage", "that", "does", "not", "employ", "a", "VM", "or", "obfuscation", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

779

[ "The", "code", "supports", "two", "different", "installation", "methods", ":", "setup", "in", "a", "UAC-enforced", "environment", "(", "with", "limited", "privileges", ")", ",", "or", "an", "installation", "with", "full-administrative", "privileges", "enabled", "(", "in", "cases", "where", "the", "malware", "gains", "the", "ability", "to", "run", "with", "elevated", "permissions", ")", "." ]

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780

[ "We", "were", "a", "bit", "disappointed", "that", "we", "did", "not", "see", "traces", "of", "a", "true", "privilege", "escalation", "exploit", "after", "all", "this", "deobfuscation", "work", ",", "but", "it", "seems", "these", "FinFisher", "samples", "were", "designed", "to", "work", "just", "using", "UAC", "bypasses", "." ]

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781

[ "The", "setup", "code", "receives", "an", "installation", "command", "from", "the", "previous", "stage", "." ]

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782

[ "In", "our", "test", ",", "this", "command", "was", "the", "value", "3", "." ]

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783

[ "The", "malware", "creates", "a", "global", "event", "named", "0x0A7F1FFAB12BB2", "and", "drops", "some", "files", "under", "a", "folder", "located", "in", "C", ":", "\\ProgramData", "or", "in", "the", "user", "application", "data", "folder", "." ]

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784

[ "The", "name", "of", "the", "folder", "and", "the", "malware", "configuration", "are", "read", "from", "a", "customized", "configuration", "file", "stored", "in", "the", "resource", "section", "of", "the", "setup", "program", "." ]

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785

[ "Here", "the", "list", "of", "the", "files", "potentially", "dropped", "during", "the", "installation", "stage", ":", "FILE", "NAME", "STAGE", "DESCRIPTION", "d3d9.dll", "Stage", "4", "Malware", "loader", "used", "for", "UAC", "environments", "with", "limited", "privileges", ";", "also", "protected", "by", "VM", "obfuscation", "aepic.dll", ",", "sspisrv.dll", ",", "userenv.dll", "Stage", "4", "Malware", "loader", "used", "in", "presence", "of", "administrative", "privileges", ";", "executed", "from", "(", "and", "injected", "into", ")", "a", "fake", "service", ";", "also", "protected", "by", "VM", "obfuscation", "msvcr90.dll", "Stage", "5", "Malware", "payload", "injected", "into", "the", "explorer.exe", "or", "winlogon.exe", "process", ";", "also", "protected", "by", "VM", "obfuscation", ".cab", "Config", "Main", "configuration", "file", ";", "encrypted", "setup.cab", "Unknown", "Last", "section", "of", "the", "setup", "executable", ";", "content", "still", "unknown", ".7z", "Plugin", "Malware", "plugin", "used", "to", "spy", "the", "victim", "network", "communications", "wsecedit.rar", "Stage", "6", "Main", "malware", "executable", "After", "writing", "some", "of", "these", "files", ",", "the", "malware", "decides", "which", "kind", "of", "installation", "to", "perform", "based", "on", "the", "current", "privilege", "provided", "by", "the", "hosting", "process", "(", "for", "example", ",", "if", "a", "Microsoft", "Office", "process", "was", "used", "as", "exploit", "vector", ")", ":", "Installation", "process", "under", "UAC", "When", "running", "under", "a", "limited", "UAC", "account", ",", "the", "installer", "extracts", "d3d9.dll", "and", "creates", "a", "persistence", "key", "under", "HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Run", "." ]

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786

[ "The", "malware", "sets", "a", "registry", "value", "(", "whose", "name", "is", "read", "from", "the", "configuration", "file", ")", "to", "“", "C", ":", "\\Windows\\system32\\rundll32.exe", "c", ":", "\\ProgramData\\AuditApp\\d3d9.dll", ",", "Control_Run", "”", "." ]

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787

[ "Before", "doing", "this", ",", "the", "malware", "makes", "a", "screenshot", "of", "the", "screen", "and", "displays", "it", "on", "top", "of", "all", "other", "windows", "for", "few", "seconds", "." ]

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788

[ "This", "indicates", "that", "the", "authors", "are", "trying", "to", "hide", "some", "messages", "showed", "by", "the", "system", "during", "the", "setup", "process", "." ]

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789

[ "When", "loaded", "with", "startup", "command", "2", ",", "the", "installer", "can", "copy", "the", "original", "explorer.exe", "file", "inside", "its", "current", "running", "directory", "and", "rename", "d3d9.dll", "to", "uxtheme.dll", "." ]

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790

[ "In", "this", "case", "the", "persistence", "is", "achieved", "by", "loading", "the", "original", "explorer.exe", "from", "its", "startup", "location", "and", ",", "using", "DLL", "side-loading", ",", "passing", "the", "execution", "control", "to", "the", "stage", "4", "malware", "(", "discussed", "in", "next", "section", ")", "." ]

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791

[ "Finally", ",", "the", "malware", "spawns", "a", "thread", "that", "has", "the", "goal", "to", "load", ",", "remap", ",", "and", "relocate", "the", "stage", "5", "malware", "." ]

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792

[ "In", "this", "context", ",", "there", "is", "indeed", "no", "need", "to", "execute", "the", "stage", "4", "malware", "." ]

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793

[ "The", "msvcr90.dll", "file", "is", "opened", ",", "read", ",", "and", "decrypted", ",", "and", "the", "code", "execution", "control", "is", "transferred", "to", "the", "RunDll", "exported", "routine", "." ]

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794

[ "In", "the", "case", "of", "32-bit", "systems", ",", "the", "malware", "may", "attempt", "a", "known", "UAC", "bypass", "by", "launching", "printui.exe", "system", "process", "and", "using", "token", "manipulation", "with", "NtFilterToken", "as", "described", "in", "this", "blog", "post", "." ]

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795

[ "Installation", "process", "with", "administrative", "privilege", "This", "installation", "method", "is", "more", "interesting", "because", "it", "reveals", "how", "the", "malware", "tries", "to", "achieve", "stealthier", "persistence", "on", "the", "machine", "." ]

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796

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797

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798

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799

[ "At", "this", "point", "the", "malware", "extracts", "and", "decrypts", "a", "stub", "DLL", "from", "its", "own", "resources", "(", "ID", "101", ")", "." ]

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