Datasets:

Medha0219Baniya

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NER

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[ "The", "table", "below", "shows", "the", "commands", "available", "to", "the", "operator", "for", "tasking", "on", "infected", "devices", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "This", "malware", "is", "simplistic", "in", "comparison", "to", "some", "modern-day", "Android", "malware", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 10 ]

[ "The", "best", "example", "of", "that", "is", "that", "it", "does", "n't", "take", "advantage", "of", "the", "accessibility", "framework", ",", "collecting", "information", "on", "non-rooted", "devices", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "The", "commands", "are", "self-explanatory", "and", "show", "the", "features", "included", "in", "the", "malware", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Some", "of", "them", "like", "takephoto", ",", "takevideo", ",", "recordaudio", ",", "getsentsms", "and", "uploadpictures", "are", "focused", "on", "espionage", "activities", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Others", "like", "transferbot", ",", "promptupdate", "and", "promptuninstall", "are", "meant", "to", "help", "the", "operator", "manage", "the", "malware", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Version", "#", "1", ":", "June", "2019", "—", "Domain", ":", "databit", "[", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 5, 5 ]

[ "]", "today", "During", "our", "investigation", ",", "we", "identified", "at", "least", "four", "major", "releases", "of", "the", "RAT", "." ]

[ 5, 5, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "The", "permissions", "on", "the", "first", "version", "of", "the", "malware", "lay", "out", "the", "foundations", "of", "a", "spying", "trojan", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Permissions", "The", "package", "name", "follows", "the", "original", "style", "name", "used", "on", "DenDroid", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10 ]

[ "The", "code", "is", "obfuscated", "but", "not", "packed", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "This", "malware", "also", "contains", "a", "screen", "recorder", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "This", "feature", "is", "implemented", "using", "another", "open-source", "software", "package", "that", "can", "be", "found", "here", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "The", "service", "is", "implemented", "in", "the", "class", "com.serenegiant.service.ScreenRecorderService", "which", "is", "declared", "in", "the", "package", "manifest", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "During", "our", "analysis", "of", "this", "sample", ",", "we", "did", "notice", "that", "the", "class", "itself", "is", "never", "called", "or", "used", "by", "the", "malware", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "It", "remains", "available", "within", "the", "source", "code", "but", "no", "method", "of", "use", "takes", "place", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Version", "#", "2", ":", "June", "-", "Aug.", "2019", "—", "Domain", ":", "somtum", "[", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 5, 5 ]

[ "]", "today", "This", "is", "the", "first", "version", "that", "shows", "the", "code", "organization", "evolution", "that", "will", "continue", "to", "be", "used", "on", "all", "other", "functions", "throughout", "this", "malware", "." ]

[ 5, 5, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Code", "structure", "Obviously", ",", "this", "code", "is", "not", "obfuscated", "when", "compared", "with", "the", "previous", "version", "it", "becomes", "clear", "that", "this", "is", "the", "same", "code", "base", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "One", "of", "the", "first", "changes", "that", "stands", "out", "is", "that", "the", "screen", "recording", "feature", "mentioned", "in", "the", "previous", "sample", "has", "been", "removed", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "A", "new", "class", "was", "added", "called", "com.utils.RestClient", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10 ]

[ "This", "class", "is", "based", "on", "public", "code", "belonging", "to", "the", "package", "praeda.muzikmekan", ",", "which", "can", "be", "found", "here", "among", "other", "places", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Just", "like", "in", "previous", "examples", ",", "the", "malware", "author", "does", "not", "use", "this", "package", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Missing", "permissions", "The", "lack", "of", "the", "READ_FRAME_BUFFER", "permission", "can", "be", "justified", "by", "the", "removal", "of", "the", "screen", "record", "feature", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "The", "ACCESS_SUPERUSER", "may", "have", "been", "removed", "because", "it", "was", "deprecated", "upon", "the", "release", "of", "Android", "5.0", "Lollipop", "which", "happened", "in", "2014", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 3, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "The", "reality", "is", "that", "the", "RAT", "permissions", "can", "be", "implemented", "just", "with", "the", "permissions", "declared", "on", "the", "manifest", ",", "thus", "there", "is", "no", "need", "for", "higher", "permissions", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Version", "#", "3", ":", "Sept.", "-", "Dec.", "2019", "—", "Domain", ":", "ponethus", "[", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 5, 5 ]

[ "]", "com", "Given", "that", "there", "is", "some", "overlap", "in", "the", "previous", "two", "versions", ",", "it", "came", "as", "no", "surprise", "to", "us", "that", "we", "finally", "identified", "a", "sample", "which", "is", "an", "evolution", "based", "on", "both", "previous", "versions", "." ]

[ 5, 5, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "This", "sample", "is", "clearly", "a", "mix", "between", "the", "two", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "This", "is", "also", "the", "first", "version", "where", "the", "package", "name", "changes", "into", "something", "that", "a", "less", "aware", "user", "may", "be", "tricked", "by", ",", "com.android.playup", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10 ]

[ "This", "version", "brings", "back", "the", "ACCESS_SUPERUSER", "and", "READ_FRAME_BUFFER", "permissions", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "However", ",", "this", "time", ",", "the", "permission", "is", "actually", "used", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "WhatsApp", "message", "capture", "The", "service", "com.serenegiant.service.ScreenRecorderService", ",", "is", "invoked", "by", "the", "ScreenRecorderActivity", "." ]

[ 3, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Upon", "creation", ",", "this", "activity", "launches", "a", "thread", "that", "will", "loop", "on", "a", "50-second", "interval", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "In", "the", "first", "iteration", ",", "the", "screen", "recording", "is", "started", "and", "will", "only", "stop", "when", "the", "RAT", "determines", "that", "WhatsApp", "is", "not", "running", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "It", "'s", "restarted", "in", "the", "next", "cycle", "independently", "based", "on", "if", "WhatsApp", "is", "running", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "In", "this", "version", ",", "the", "developer", "added", "more", "classes", "from", "the", "same", "package", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Even", "though", "we", "could", "not", "find", "indications", "of", "being", "in", "use", ",", "two", "stand", "out", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Bluetooth", "—", "which", "allows", "the", "interaction", "with", "the", "Bluetooth", "interface", ",", "and", "net/deacon", "—", "which", "implements", "a", "beaconing", "system", "based", "on", "UDP", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Android", "shell", "A", "new", "package", "was", "added", "that", "allows", "the", "execution", "of", "commands", "in", "the", "Android", "shell", "." ]

[ 3, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 10 ]

[ "Again", ",", "this", "package", "source", "code", "is", "publicly", "available", "and", "can", "be", "found", "here", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "One", "of", "the", "uses", "the", "malware", "gives", "to", "this", "package", "is", "the", "execution", "of", "the", "command", "\"", "dumpsys", "''", "to", "determine", "if", "certain", "activities", "are", "running", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Check", "if", "chat", "apps", "are", "running", "In", "the", "above", "example", ",", "the", "malware", "is", "searching", "for", "Line", ",", "Facebook", "Messenger", "and", "WhatsApp", "activities", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 10, 3, 10, 10 ]

[ "This", "is", "part", "of", "a", "class", "called", "CaptureService", ",", "which", "already", "existed", "in", "the", "previous", "version", "but", "it", "was", "not", "duly", "implemented", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Previous", "version", "The", "capture", "service", "class", "implements", "the", "chat", "applications", "interception", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Upon", "creation", "the", "class", "will", "start", "to", "take", "screenshots", "that", "will", "be", "stopped", "and", "uploaded", "to", "the", "C2", "once", "the", "service", "ca", "n't", "find", "the", "targeted", "applications", "running", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "The", "core", "of", "this", "functionality", "is", "also", "based", "on", "an", "open-source", "project", "that", "can", "be", "found", "here", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Another", "novelty", "is", "a", "VPN-related", "package", ",", "which", "is", "based", "on", "OrbotVPN", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10 ]

[ "Once", "again", ",", "it", "does", "n't", "seem", "to", "actually", "be", "in", "use", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "The", "same", "happens", "with", "the", "package", "squareup.otto", ",", "which", "is", "an", "open-source", "bus", "implementation", "focused", "on", "Android", "implementation", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 10 ]

[ "Both", "sources", "can", "be", "found", "here", "and", "here", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Version", "#", "4", ":", "April", "2020", "—", "Domain", ":", "nampriknum.net", "Following", "the", "same", "pattern", ",", "this", "version", "has", "some", "added", "features", "and", "others", ",", "which", "were", "not", "in", "use", ",", "removed", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "First", "of", "all", "the", "new", "package", "name", "is", "com.google.services", ",", "which", "can", "easily", "be", "confused", "with", "a", "legitimate", "Google", "service", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 0, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 2, 10, 10 ]

[ "The", "VPN", "package", "is", "no", "longer", "present", ",", "further", "reinforcing", "our", "conclusion", "that", "it", "was", "not", "in", "use", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "WolfRAT", "application", "screen", "The", "Google", "GMS", "and", "Firebase", "service", "has", "been", "added", ",", "however", ",", "no", "configuration", "has", "been", "found", ",", "even", "though", "services", "seem", "to", "be", "referenced", "in", "the", "of", "a", "new", "class", "." ]

[ 1, 10, 10, 10, 3, 8, 10, 3, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "The", "new", "class", "is", "called", "NotificationListener", "and", "extends", "the", "NotificationListenerService", "class", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "This", "would", "allow", "the", "RAT", "to", "receive", "system", "notifications", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Notification", "handling", "method", "The", "class", "is", "only", "implemented", "in", "debug", "mode", ",", "pushing", "all", "captured", "information", "into", "the", "log", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "The", "usage", "of", "the", "PlusShare", "API", "in", "2020", "denotes", "some", "unprofessional", "development", ",", "since", "this", "is", "the", "API", "to", "access", "Google+", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 2, 10 ]

[ "This", "service", ",", "along", "with", "the", "API", ",", "was", "fully", "decommissioned", "in", "March", "2019", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "This", "version", "adds", "one", "significant", "class", "—", "it", "requests", "DEVICE_ADMIN", "privileges", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Device", "admin", "policies", "Looking", "at", "the", "policy", "'s", "definition", ",", "we", "can", "see", "that", "it", "lists", "all", "the", "available", "policies", "even", "if", "most", "of", "them", "are", "deprecated", "on", "Android", "10.0", "and", "their", "usage", "results", "in", "a", "security", "exception", "." ]

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[ "The", "code", "implementation", "again", "seems", "that", "it", "has", "been", "added", "for", "testing", "purposes", "only", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Versions", "overview", "The", "DenDroid", "code", "base", "was", "kept", "to", "such", "an", "extent", "that", "even", "the", "original", "base64-encoded", "password", "was", "kept", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Original", "password", "The", "main", "service", "follows", "the", "same", "structure", "as", "the", "first", "version", ",", "the", "anti-analysis", "features", "are", "primitive", ",", "only", "checking", "the", "emulator", "environment", "without", "any", "kind", "of", "packing", "or", "obfuscation", "." ]

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[ "The", "malware", "will", "start", "the", "main", "service", "if", "all", "the", "requested", "permissions", "and", "the", "device", "admin", "privileges", "are", "granted", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Otherwise", ",", "it", "will", "launch", "an", "ACTION_APPLICATION_SETTINGS", "intent", "trying", "to", "trick", "the", "user", "to", "grant", "the", "permissions", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Each", "sample", "contains", "a", "userId", "hardcoded", ",", "meaning", "that", "each", "sample", "can", "only", "be", "used", "in", "a", "victim", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "It", "seems", ",", "however", ",", "if", "the", "same", "victim", "has", "more", "than", "one", "device", "the", "malware", "can", "be", "reused", "since", "the", "IMEI", "is", "sent", "along", "with", "each", "data", "exfiltration", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "It", "is", "clear", "that", "this", "RAT", "is", "under", "intense", "development", ",", "however", ",", "the", "addition", "and", "removal", "of", "packages", ",", "along", "with", "the", "huge", "quantity", "of", "unused", "code", "and", "usage", "of", "deprecated", "and", "old", "techniques", "denotes", "an", "amateur", "development", "methodology", "." ]

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[ "CONCLUSION", "We", "witness", "actors", "continually", "using", "open-source", "platforms", ",", "code", "and", "packages", "to", "create", "their", "own", "software", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "Some", "are", "carried", "out", "well", ",", "others", ",", "like", "WolfRAT", ",", "are", "designed", "with", "an", "overload", "of", "functionality", "in", "mind", "as", "opposed", "to", "factoring", "any", "sensible", "approach", "to", "the", "development", "aspect", "." ]

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[ "After", "all", ",", "a", "working", "product", "is", "often", "more", "important", "than", "a", "stable", "product", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]

[ "We", "watched", "WolfRAT", "evolve", "through", "various", "iterations", "which", "shows", "that", "the", "actor", "wanted", "to", "ensure", "functional", "improvements", "—", "perhaps", "they", "had", "deadlines", "to", "meet", "for", "their", "customers", ",", "but", "with", "no", "thought", "given", "to", "removing", "old", "code", "blocks", ",", "classes", ",", "etc", "." ]

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[ "throughout", "the", "Android", "package", "." ]

[ 10, 10, 3, 10, 10 ]

[ "WolfRAT", "is", "a", "specifically", "targeted", "RAT", "which", "we", "assess", "to", "be", "aimed", "at", "Thai", "individuals", "and", ",", "based", "on", "previous", "work", "from", "Wolf", "Research", ",", "most", "likely", "used", "as", "an", "intelligence-gathering", "tool", "or", "interception", "tool", "." ]

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