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Namibia | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG (United Nations Transition Assistance Group) under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process, elections and supervise military withdrawals. As UNTAG began to deploy peacekeepers, military observers, police, and political workers, hostilities were briefly renewed on the day the transition process was supposed to begin. After a new round of negotiations, a second date was set and the elections process began in earnest. After the return of SWAPO exiles (over 46,000 exiles), Namibia's first one-person one-vote elections for the constitutional assembly took place in November 1989. The official election slogan was "Free and Fair Elections". This was won by SWAPO although it did not gain the two-thirds majority it had hoped for; the South African-backed Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) became the official opposition. The elections were peaceful and declared free and fair. | Q1: What does UNTAG stand for?
A1: United Nations Transition Assistance Group
Q2: Who was the diplomat for UNTAG?
A2: Martti Ahtisaari
Q3: What nationality was the diplomat in UNTAG?
A3: Finnish
Q4: When was the diplomat for UNTAG deployed to supervise withdrawals from Namibia?
A4: April 1989 to March 1990
Q5: What was the official election slogan in the first Namibia election?
A5: Free and Fair Elections | Social sciences and society |
Han_dynasty | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A commandery consisted of a group of counties, and was headed by an Administrator. He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defense, lawsuits, seasonal instructions to farmers and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system first established by Emperor Wu. The head of a large county of about 10,000 households was called a Prefect, while the heads of smaller counties were called Chiefs, and both could be referred to as Magistrates. A Magistrate maintained law and order in his county, registered the populace for taxation, mobilized commoners for annual corvée duties, repaired schools and supervised public works. | Q1: What individual was typically in charge of a commandery?
A1: an Administrator
Q2: Around how many households was a Prefect responsible for?
A2: 10,000
Q3: What individual was responsible for law and maintaining order in the county?
A3: A Magistrate
Q4: What Emperor initially created the quota system?
A4: Emperor Wu
Q5: Who was in charge of counties that had fewer than 10,000 people in them?
A5: Chiefs | History |
Electric_motor | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A common application of a torque motor would be the supply- and take-up reel motors in a tape drive. In this application, driven from a low voltage, the characteristics of these motors allow a relatively constant light tension to be applied to the tape whether or not the capstan is feeding tape past the tape heads. Driven from a higher voltage, (and so delivering a higher torque), the torque motors can also achieve fast-forward and rewind operation without requiring any additional mechanics such as gears or clutches. In the computer gaming world, torque motors are used in force feedback steering wheels. | Q1: How are torque motors used in computer gaming?
A1: feedback steering wheels
Q2: A torque motor at low voltage provides what?
A2: constant light tension
Q3: A torque motor at high voltage provides what?
A3: higher torque
Q4: In a tape drive, what is not needed if a torque motor is used?
A4: gears or clutches | Engineering and technology |
Software_testing | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application, which must render in a web browser). For example, in the case of a lack of backward compatibility, this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment, which not all users may be running. This results in the unintended consequence that the latest work may not function on earlier versions of the target environment, or on older hardware that earlier versions of the target environment was capable of using. Sometimes such issues can be fixed by proactively abstracting operating system functionality into a separate program module or library. | Q1: What is the most common reason for software failure?
A1: compatibility with other application software
Q2: What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures?
A2: lack of backward compatibility
Q3: What is the most common cause for software failure?
A3: lack of its compatibility with other application software
Q4: What often lacks in software developed when its released that can eventually lead to errors?
A4: a lack of backward compatibility
Q5: What does backwards compatibility always seem to be the cause of errors and bugs after a release?
A5: test software only on the latest version of the target environment | Engineering and technology |
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction. | Q1: Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?
A1: the Supreme Court | History |
Emotion | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (e.g., anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (e.g., increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (e.g., smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational cues. One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant. | Q1: Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?
A1: fear
Q2: Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?
A2: changes in pulse rate
Q3: Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?
A3: baring teeth
Q4: Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?
A4: Jonathan Turner
Q5: How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?
A5: four | Natural sciences |
Chinese_characters | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol 囍, formed as a ligature of 喜喜 and referred to by its disyllabic name (simplified Chinese: 双喜; traditional Chinese: 雙喜; pinyin: shuāngxǐ). In handwriting, numbers are very frequently squeezed into one space or combined – common ligatures include 廿 niàn, "twenty", normally read as 二十 èrshí, 卅 sà, "thirty", normally read as 三十 sānshí, and 卌 xì "forty", normally read as 四十 "sìshí". In some cases counters are also merged into one character, such as 七十人 qīshí rén "seventy people". Another common abbreviation is 门 with a "T" written inside it, for 問題, 问题, wèntí ("question; problem"), where the "T" is from pinyin for the second syllable tí 题. Since polysyllabic characters are often non-standard, they are often excluded incharcter dictionaries. | Q1: What characters are often non-standard?
A1: polysyllabic
Q2: What is a commonly seen example?
A2: double happiness symbol
Q3: What is formed as a ligature?
A3: double happiness symbol | Language and literature |
Electric_motor | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutator, a long-lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates. Thus, every brushed DC motor has AC flowing through its rotating windings. Current flows through one or more pairs of brushes that bear on the commutator; the brushes connect an external source of electric power to the rotating armature. | Q1: What does the communicator do?
A1: reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings
Q2: What type of current is featured in brushed DC motors?
A2: AC
Q3: Where do brushes get their power?
A3: external
Q4: What is the main feature of the shaft in a commutated DC motor?
A4: rotating | Engineering and technology |
Electric_motor | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor's shaft. The motor's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving commutator, which causes required current reversal and applies power to the machine in an optimal manner as the rotor rotates from pole to pole. In absence of such current reversal, the motor would brake to a stop. In light of significant advances in the past few decades due to improved technologies in electronic controller, sensorless control, induction motor, and permanent magnet motor fields, electromechanically commutated motors are increasingly being displaced by externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet motors. | Q1: What would a rotor do without current reversal?
A1: brake to a stop
Q2: What switches the input of most DC motors?
A2: commutator
Q3: From where is current to the motor supplied?
A3: stationary brushes
Q4: What two motor types are ascendant today?
A4: externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet | Engineering and technology |
Comprehensive_school | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed] | Q1: What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?
A1: comprehensive school
Q2: What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?
A2: selective school system
Q3: What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?
A3: England and Wales
Q4: How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?
A4: 90%
Q5: What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?
A5: Gesamtschule | Social sciences and society |
Computer | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modern definition of a computer is literally: "A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information." Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer, especially if the processing is purposeful.[citation needed] | Q1: All devices that can process information can qualify being called what?
A1: a computer | Engineering and technology |
Computer | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning. | Q1: Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field?
A1: artificial intelligence | Engineering and technology |
Computer | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to "put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357" or to "add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595." The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers. | Q1: How many numbers can a cell of a computer's memory hold?
A1: a single number
Q2: What is the responsibility of giving significance to what the memory sees as nothing but numbers?
A2: the software's | Engineering and technology |
Botany | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A considerable amount of new knowledge about plant function comes from studies of the molecular genetics of model plants such as the Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana, a weedy species in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The genome or hereditary information contained in the genes of this species is encoded by about 135 million base pairs of DNA, forming one of the smallest genomes among flowering plants. Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, in 2000. The sequencing of some other relatively small genomes, of rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium distachyon, has made them important model species for understanding the genetics, cellular and molecular biology of cereals, grasses and monocots generally. | Q1: What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced?
A1: Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana
Q2: In what year was this genome sequenced?
A2: 2000
Q3: Why was this plant chosen for sequencing?
A3: one of the smallest genomes
Q4: Why is sequencing done on plants?
A4: understanding the genetics
Q5: What results from sequencing of DNA pairs?
A5: new knowledge about plant function | Natural sciences |
The_Blitz | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A converse popular image arose of British people in the Second World War: a collection of people locked in national solidarity. This image entered the historiography of the Second World War in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991). It was evoked by both the right and left political factions in Britain during the Falklands War when it was embedded in a nostalgic narrative in which the Second World War represented aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy. This imagery of people in the Blitz was and is powerfully portrayed in film, radio, newspapers and magazines. At the time it was a useful propaganda tool for home and foreign consumption. Historians' critical response to this construction focused on what were seen as over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity. In the Myth of the Blitz, Calder exposed some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours. What he saw as the myth—serene national unity—became "historical truth". In particular, class division was most evident. | Q1: What view became popular of the British people in WWII?
A1: people locked in national solidarity.
Q2: When did this popular view come to be?
A2: in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991).
Q3: Political factions in Britain supported what view of Britains in WWII?
A3: aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy.
Q4: What was the Historians' critical response to this view?
A4: over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity.
Q5: What did Calder try to expose in his book?
A5: some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours | History |
Buddhism | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed] | Q1: A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?
A1: insight
Q2: Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?
A2: Rupa Jhanas
Q3: Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?
A3: Majjhima Nikaya | Philosophy and religion |
Political_corruption | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power. | Q1: In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?
A1: economic and social problems | Social sciences and society |
Professional_wrestling | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A count may be started at any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler. This often results in pins that can easily be kicked out of, if the defensive wrestler is even slightly conscious. For example, an attacking wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent, or a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee. | Q1: At what point can a count be started?
A1: any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler.
Q2: What can happen to an arrogant wrestler?
A2: a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee.
Q3: What might a partially conscious wrestler do?
A3: wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent | Sports and recreation |
Professional_wrestling | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A countout (alternatively "count-out" or "count out") happens when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten (twenty in some promotions) and thus disqualified. The count is broken and restarted when a wrestler in the ring exits the ring. Playing into this, some wrestlers will "milk" the count by sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out. As they were technically inside the ring for a split second before exiting again, it is sufficient to restart the count. This is often referred to by commentators as "breaking the count." Heels often use this tactic in order to buy themselves more time to catch their breath, or to attempt to frustrate their babyface opponents. | Q1: What are a couple other ways to write countout?
A1: "count-out" or "count out"
Q2: What happens during a countout?
A2: when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten
Q3: What will some wrestlers do to take advantage of the countout?
A3: sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out
Q4: What is the trick of sliding in and then back out of the ring called?
A4: breaking the count. | Sports and recreation |
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A cover story in BusinessWeek magazine claims that economists mostly failed to predict the worst international economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's online business journal examines why economists failed to predict a major global financial crisis. Popular articles published in the mass media have led the general public to believe that the majority of economists have failed in their obligation to predict the financial crisis. For example, an article in the New York Times informs that economist Nouriel Roubini warned of such crisis as early as September 2006, and the article goes on to state that the profession of economics is bad at predicting recessions. According to The Guardian, Roubini was ridiculed for predicting a collapse of the housing market and worldwide recession, while The New York Times labelled him "Dr. Doom". | Q1: Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis?
A1: BusinessWeek
Q2: The financial crisis of 2007 was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in the 1930s?
A2: Great Depression
Q3: Which school at University of Pennsylvania examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis?
A3: The Wharton School
Q4: Which economist did the New York Times state warned of a crisis as early as September 2006?
A4: Nouriel Roubini
Q5: What was economist Roubini called by the New York Times for predicting a collapse of the housing market?
A5: "Dr. Doom" | History |
North_Carolina | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue. There are strong regional differences and rivalries over the sauces and methods used in making the barbecue. The common trend across Western North Carolina is the use of premium grade Boston butt. Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato-based sauce, and only the pork shoulder (dark meat) is used. Western North Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington, home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival, which attracts over 100,000 visitors each October. Eastern North Carolina pork barbecue uses a vinegar-and-red-pepper-based sauce and the "whole hog" is cooked, thus integrating both white and dark meat. | Q1: What is a culinary staple of North Carolina?
A1: pork barbecue
Q2: What cut of pork do those in western North carolina prefer for BBQ?
A2: Boston butt
Q3: What cut of pork do those in Western North Carolina prefer for BBQ?
A3: pork shoulder
Q4: What is another name for Western North Carolina Barbecue?
A4: Lexington barbecue
Q5: How many people visit the lexington Barbecue festival each year?
A5: over 100,000 | Geography and places |
Database | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations it is desirable to move, migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, and operational (different DBMSs may have different capabilities). The migration involves the database's transformation from one DBMS type to another. The transformation should maintain (if possible) the database related application (i.e., all related application programs) intact. Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation. It may be desired that also some aspects of the architecture internal level are maintained. A complex or large database migration may be a complicated and costly (one-time) project by itself, which should be factored into the decision to migrate. This in spite of the fact that tools may exist to help migration between specific DBMSs. Typically a DBMS vendor provides tools to help importing databases from other popular DBMSs. | Q1: Can a DBMS be transfered to a different DBMS?
A1: ano
Q2: Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases?
A2: primarily economical
Q3: In order to merge, what must the database maintain?
A3: database related application
Q4: What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved?
A4: conceptual and external architectural levels
Q5: How can a DBMS database migration be made easier?
A5: vendor provides tools | Engineering and technology |
Database | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'. | Q1: What does DBMS stand for?
A1: database management system
Q2: What is the purpose of a DBMS?
A2: to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases
Q3: How are DBMSs classified?
A3: according to the database model that they support
Q4: What is the most popular DBMS?
A4: SQL language | Engineering and technology |
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries. | Q1: How many members were in the National Assembly?
A1: 600
Q2: How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?
A2: 400
Q3: What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?
A3: Khrushchev
Q4: What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on?
A4: Communist Party
Q5: Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt?
A5: Boghdadi and Amer | History |
Bird | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon. The steamer ducks (Tachyeres), geese and swans (Anserinae), the solitaire (Pezophaps), sheathbills (Chionis), some guans (Crax) and stone curlews (Burhinus) use a bony knob on the alular metacarpal to punch and hammer opponents. The jacanas Actophilornis and Irediparra have an expanded, blade-like radius. The extinct Xenicibis was unique in having an elongate forelimb and massive hand which likely functioned in combat or defence as a jointed club or flail. Swans, for instance, may strike with the bony spurs and bite when defending eggs or young. | Q1: What is known to sometimes result in injury or death?
A1: intraspecific conflicts
Q2: What is another name for Anhimidae?
A2: screamers
Q3: What is another name for steamer ducks?
A3: Tachyeres
Q4: What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents?
A4: bony knob on the alular metacarpal | Natural sciences |
Yale_University | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center. In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate. In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct. | Q1: What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center?
A1: Alexander v. Yale
Q2: When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale?
A2: March 2011
Q3: What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint?
A3: Broad Recognition
Q4: What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition?
A4: the university had a hostile sexual climate
Q5: What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint?
A5: formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct | History |
Circadian_rhythm | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.[citation needed] | Q1: What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?
A1: sleep disorder FASPS
Q2: What is the Drosophila gene also known as?
A2: period
Q3: What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?
A3: FASPS
Q4: What kind of clock have genetic functions?
A4: biological clock
Q5: What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?
A5: time of the day | Natural sciences |
null | null | null | null | Unknown |
Nanjing | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on 2 December 2013 across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), including Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region. The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province, especially in and around Nanjing, with its AQI pollution Index at "severely polluted" for five straight days and "heavily polluted" for nine. On 3 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 particulate matter average over 943 micrograms per cubic metre, falling to over 338 micrograms per cubic metre on 4 December 2013. Between 3:00 pm, 3 December and 2:00pm, 4 December local time, several expressways from Nanjing to other Jiangsu cities were closed, stranding dozens of passenger buses in Zhongyangmen bus station. From 5 to 6 December, Nanjing issued a red alert for air pollution and closed down all kindergarten through middle schools. Children's Hospital outpatient services increased by 33 percent; general incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections significantly increased. The smog dissipated 12 December. Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region. Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO2) towards China's east coast. | Q1: When did a thick wave of smog first appear in Central and Eastern China?
A1: 2 December 2013
Q2: How long was Nanjing ranked as "severely polluted" during this wave?
A2: five straight days
Q3: On what days did Nanjing have to issue a Red Alert because of the severe air pollution?
A3: From 5 to 6 December | Geography and places |
Detroit | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A desire to be closer to the urban scene has also attracted some young professionals to reside in inner ring suburbs such as Grosse Pointe and Royal Oak, Detroit. Detroit's proximity to Windsor, Ontario, provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19. A 2011 study by Walk Score recognized Detroit for its above average walkability among large U.S. cities. About two-thirds of suburban residents occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city of Detroit. | Q1: Which city has a lower than usual drinking age?
A1: Windsor, Ontario
Q2: How many suburban residents take in Detroit's entertainment options?
A2: two-thirds
Q3: Who conducted a study about Detroit's walk-ability?
A3: Walk Score | Geography and places |
Estonia | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the fastest growing economies in the European Union and is a part of the World Trade Organization and the Nordic Investment Bank. Estonia is often described as one of the most internet-focused countries in Europe. | Q1: What features describe Estonia as a developed nation?
A1: high-income economy and high living standards
Q2: What standard of living does Estonia rank well in?
A2: the Human Development Index
Q3: What country performs well in evaluation of economic freedom, civil liberties, and education?
A3: Estonia
Q4: What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom?
A4: 2012
Q5: What financial institution is associated with Estonia?
A5: the Nordic Investment Bank | Geography and places |
Dialect | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation (including prosody, or just prosody itself), the term accent may be preferred over dialect. Other types of speech varieties include jargons, which are characterized by differences in lexicon (vocabulary); slang; patois; pidgins; and argots. | Q1: Along with grammar and pronunciation, what distinguishes a dialect?
A1: vocabulary
Q2: If only the pronunciation differs from the standard language, what term is sometimes used?
A2: accent
Q3: What term is sometimes used for dialects that only differ in vocabulary?
A3: jargons
Q4: Along with slangs, patois and pidgins, what is another type of smiilar speech variety?
A4: argots | Language and literature |
Gramophone_record | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A different format, CD-4 (not to be confused with compact disc), by RCA, encoded the front-rear difference information on an ultrasonic carrier, which required a special wideband cartridge to capture it on carefully calibrated pickup arm/turntable combinations. CD-4 was even less successful than the two matrixed formats. (A further problem was that no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information. That was remedied by cutting at half the speed. Later, the special half-speed cutting heads and equalization techniques were employed to get a wider frequency response in stereo with reduced distortion and greater headroom.) | Q1: What was a major issue with CD-4 technology?
A1: no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information
Q2: How widespread was the success of CD-4 format?
A2: even less successful than the two matrixed formats
Q3: What format was less successful than quadraphonic?
A3: CD-4
Q4: What were potential benefits of the CD-4 format?
A4: reduced distortion and greater headroom
Q5: Who created the CD-4 format?
A5: RCA | Music |
2008_Sichuan_earthquake | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A direct chartered cargo flight was made by China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport sending some 100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan to the affected areas. Approval from mainland Chinese authorities was sought, and the chartered flight departed Taipei at 17:00 CST, May 15 and arrived in Chengdu by 20:30 CST. A rescue team from the Red Cross in Taiwan was also scheduled to depart Taipei on a Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST on May 16. | Q1: Who made a direct chartered cargo flight?
A1: China Airlines
Q2: What date did the cargo flight leave?
A2: May 15
Q3: When did a rescue team depart?
A3: May 16
Q4: How did the move the relief supplies from Taiwan to the stricken area?
A4: chartered cargo flight
Q5: From what airport did the chartered flight leave?
A5: Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport
Q6: Where did the chartered flight from Taiwan land?
A6: Chengdu
Q7: What Red Cross team left Taipei on May 16
A7: rescue team
Q8: Where did the Red Cross team from Taiwan land?
A8: Chengdu | Natural sciences |
Freemasonry | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today. | Q1: Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?
A1: Freemasonry was not a religion
Q2: What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?
A2: existence of God and the immortality of the soul
Q3: Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?
A3: United Grand Lodge of England
Q4: What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?
A4: political tension between France and Britain
Q5: How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?
A5: Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity
Q6: What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?
A6: 1875
Q7: What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?
A7: Grand Orient of France
Q8: What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?
A8: political tension between France and Britain
Q9: Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?
A9: Grand Orient de France | Unknown |
Greeks | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of nationhood engendered a deep interest in the classical past culminating in the ideas of the Neoplatonist philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity. However, it was the combination of Orthodox Christianity with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years. The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity, which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the Russian Empire. These were further strengthened following the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461, after which and until the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 hundreds of thousands of Pontic Greeks fled or migrated from the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands to southern Russia and the Russian South Caucasus (see also Greeks in Russia, Greeks in Armenia, Greeks in Georgia, and Caucasian Greeks). | Q1: What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ?
A1: the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204
Q2: When did the nation reestablish itself ?
A2: empire was revived in 1261
Q3: What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is famous for ?
A3: philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity.
Q4: What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ?
A4: interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity
Q5: Which factoring war was on gong in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle ? ?
A5: second Russo-Turkish War | History |
Emotion | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel irritation more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as pleasure and pain, motivational states (for example, hunger or curiosity), moods, dispositions and traits. | Q1: What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?
A1: emotional dispositions
Q2: What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?
A2: character traits
Q3: What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?
A3: affective states | Natural sciences |
Federalism | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state. | Q1: What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?
A1: asymmetric
Q2: What does Article 370 say?
A2: special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession
Q3: What does Article 371 say?
A3: special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim
Q4: What happens with President's Rule?
A4: the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months | History |
Himachal_Pradesh | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials. | Q1: Who heads the Himachal Pradesh?
A1: Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate
Q2: Who maintains law and order?
A2: Superintendent of Police
Q3: Who assists the Superintendent of Police?
A3: the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials. | Social sciences and society |
Myanmar | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar, the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar. Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries. This is manifested in its language, cuisine, music, dance and theatre. The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism. Considered the national epic of Myanmar, the Yama Zatdaw, an adaptation of India's Ramayana, has been influenced greatly by Thai, Mon, and Indian versions of the play. Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats. | Q1: What are the pervasive culture that is sanctioned in Burma ?
A1: the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar.
Q2: Have these cultures developed on there own over time ?
A2: Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries
Q3: What type of effect did Theravada Buddhism.have on Bamar?
A3: The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism
Q4: What is the connection between an insect that has devotional following and Buddhism ?
A4: Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats. | Geography and places |
Nutrition | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy among infants in the late 19th century in the United States. It turned out that the vast majority of sufferers were being fed milk that had been heat-treated (as suggested by Pasteur) to control bacterial disease. Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria, but it destroyed the vitamin C. | Q1: What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source?
A1: polished rice
Q2: What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice?
A2: thiamine
Q3: Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods?
A3: scurvy
Q4: What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease?
A4: Pasteurisation
Q5: What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk?
A5: vitamin C | Agriculture, food, and drink |
Elevator | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A elevator of this kind uses a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the "shaft" to move the cab upwards and closes the valve in order to keep the cab at the same level. a diaphragm or a piston is used as a "brake" if there's a sudden increase in pressure avove the cab. however, to go down, it opens the valve so that the air can pressurize the top of the "shaft", allowing the cab to go down by its own weight. this also means that in case of a power failure, the cab will automatically go down. the "shaft" is made of acrilic, is always round, due to the shape of the vacuum pump turbine. in order to keep the air inside of the cab, rubber seals are used. due to technical limitations, these elevators have a low capacity. they usually allow 1-3 passengers and up to 525 lbs. | Q1: What does this type of elevator use to propel the cage?
A1: a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the "shaft"
Q2: For sudden surges in pressure above the cab, what is used as a "brake"?
A2: a diaphragm or a piston
Q3: How does it enable the cab to go down by it's own weight?
A3: it opens the valve so that the air can pressurize the top of the "shaft"
Q4: What is the shaft made of?
A4: acrilic
Q5: How much weight is permitted on a low capacity elevator?
A5: up to 525 lbs | History |
Muslim_world | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A famous example of Arabic poetry and Persian poetry on romance (love) is Layla and Majnun, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet, which was itself said to have been inspired by a Latin version of Layla and Majnun to an extent. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history. Amir Arsalan was also a popular mythical Persian story, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as The Heroic Legend of Arslan. | Q1: Layla and Majnun is an example of what kind of poetry?
A1: Arabic poetry and Persian poetry
Q2: Which era is Layla and Majnun from?
A2: Umayyad era
Q3: In what century does Layla and Majnun originate?
A3: 7th century
Q4: What kind of story is told in Shahnameh?
A4: a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history
Q5: Who wrote Shahnameh?
A5: Ferdowsi | Philosophy and religion |
Steven_Spielberg | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A famous example of Spielberg working with the same professionals is his long-time collaboration with John Williams and the use of his musical scores in all of his films since The Sugarland Express (except Bridge of Spies, The Color Purple and Twilight Zone: The Movie). One of Spielberg's trademarks is his use of music by Williams to add to the visual impact of his scenes and to try and create a lasting picture and sound of the film in the memories of the film audience. These visual scenes often uses images of the sun (e.g. Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, the final scene of Jurassic Park, and the end credits of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (where they ride into the sunset)), of which the last two feature a Williams score at that end scene. Spielberg is a contemporary of filmmakers George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, John Milius, and Brian De Palma, collectively known as the "Movie Brats". Aside from his principal role as a director, Spielberg has acted as a producer for a considerable number of films, including early hits for Joe Dante and Robert Zemeckis. Spielberg has often never worked with the same screenwriter in his films, beside Tony Kushner and David Koepp, who have written a few of his films more than once. | Q1: What are the only Spielberg films since Sugarland Express to not have music by John Williams?
A1: Bridge of Spies, The Color Purple and Twilight Zone: The Movie
Q2: What happens at the end of 'Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'?
A2: they ride into the sunset
Q3: Who are the 'Movie Brats', besides Spielberg?
A3: George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, John Milius, and Brian De Palma
Q4: Who are the only screenwriters Spielberg has worked with on more than one film?
A4: Tony Kushner and David Koepp | Media and drama |
Buddhism | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A famous saying by the 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar-saint Shantideva, which the 14th Dalai Lama often cites as his favourite verse, summarizes the Bodhisattva's intention (Bodhicitta) as follows: "For as long as space endures, and for as long as living beings remain, until then may I too abide to dispel the misery of the world."[citation needed] | Q1: Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva's famous saying?
A1: the 14th Dalai Lama | Philosophy and religion |
Valencia | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A fervent follower of the absolutist cause, Elío had played an important role in the repression of the supporters of the Constitution of 1812. For this, he was arrested in 1820 and executed in 1822 by garroting. Conflict between absolutists and liberals continued, and in the period of conservative rule called the Ominous Decade (1823–1833), which followed the Trienio Liberal, there was ruthless repression by government forces and the Catholic Inquisition. The last victim of the Inquisition was Gaietà Ripoli, a teacher accused of being a deist and a Mason who was hanged in Valencia in 1824. | Q1: Who helped repress the supporters of the Constitution and was later executed for it?
A1: Elío
Q2: When was Elio killed?
A2: 1822
Q3: How was Elio executed?
A3: by garroting
Q4: What are the years from 1823-1833 called?
A4: Ominous Decade
Q5: Who was the last person killed by the Inquisition?
A5: Gaietà Ripoli | Geography and places |
Valencia | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A few centuries later, coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples (Suevi, Vandals and Alans, and later the Visigoths) and the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, the church assumed the reins of power in the city and replaced the old Roman temples with religious buildings. With the Byzantine invasion of the southwestern Iberian peninsula in 554 the city acquired strategic importance. After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625, Visigothic military contingents were posted there and the ancient Roman amphitheatre was fortified. Little is known of its history for nearly a hundred years; although this period is only scarcely documented by archeology, excavations suggest that there was little development of the city. During Visigothic times Valencia was an episcopal See of the Catholic Church, albeit a suffragan diocese subordinate to the archdiocese of Toledo, comprising the ancient Roman province of Carthaginensis in Hispania. | Q1: When did the Byzantines invade the Iberian peninsula?
A1: 554
Q2: When were the Byzantines expelled?
A2: 625
Q3: What archdiocese was Valencia under during the time of the Visigoths?
A3: Toledo
Q4: Who took power in Valencia after the Roman administration was gone?
A4: the church
Q5: After the Byzantines left, who was stationed in Valencia?
A5: Visigothic military contingents | Geography and places |
Nanjing | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city Chungking (Chongqing) and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "Nanjing Regime" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by Wang Jingwei was established in Nanjing as a rival to Chiang Kai-shek's government in Chongqing. In 1946, after the Surrender of Japan, the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing. | Q1: When was the National Government of China moved to Chungking?
A1: A few days before the fall of the city
Q2: When was the Nanjing Regime established?
A2: 1940
Q3: Who was the leader of the Nanjing Regime?
A3: Wang Jingwei
Q4: When did the KMT move back to Nanjing?
A4: 1946
Q5: What was another name for the Nanjing Regime?
A5: "Reorganized National Government of China" | Geography and places |
Glacier | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier — perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake — or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point". Temporary rates up to 90 m (300 ft) per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier. | Q1: What is a glacial surge?
A1: periods of very rapid advancement
Q2: What failure causes surges?
A2: failure of the underlying bedrock
Q3: At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges?
A3: 90 m (300 ft) per day | Natural sciences |
Hard_rock | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC released the platinum-certified Stiff Upper Lip (2000) Aerosmith released a number two platinum album, Just Push Play (2001), which saw the band foray further into pop with the Top 10 hit "Jaded", and a blues cover album, Honkin' on Bobo, which reached number five in 2004. Heart achieved their first Top 10 album since the early 90s with Red Velvet Car in 2010, becoming the first female-led hard rock band to earn Top 10 albums spanning five decades. There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007), The Who (delayed in 2002 by the death of bassist John Entwistle until 2006) and Black Sabbath (with Osbourne 1997–2006 and Dio 2006–2010) and even a one off performance by Led Zeppelin (2007), renewing the interest in previous eras. Additionally, hard rock supergroups, such as Audioslave (with former members of Rage Against the Machine and Soundgarden) and Velvet Revolver (with former members of Guns N' Roses, punk band Wasted Youth and Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland), emerged and experienced some success. However, these bands were short-lived, ending in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The long awaited Guns N' Roses album Chinese Democracy was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material. More successfully, AC/DC released the double platinum-certified Black Ice (2008). Bon Jovi continued to enjoy success, branching into country music with "Who Says You Can't Go Home", which reached number one on the Hot Country Singles chart in 2006, and the rock/country album Lost Highway, which reached number one in 2007. In 2009, Bon Jovi released another number one album, The Circle, which marked a return to their hard rock sound. | Q1: What hard rock supergroup contained members of Soundgarden and Rage Against the Machine?
A1: Audioslave
Q2: What was the title of Bon Jovi's 2000 hit single?
A2: "It's My Life"
Q3: What band released an album called Stiff Upper Lip in 2000?
A3: AC/DC
Q4: Who was the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots?
A4: Scott Weiland
Q5: What was Guns N Roses long delayed 2008 album called?
A5: Chinese Democracy | Music |
Insect | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A few insects, such as members of the families Poduridae and Onychiuridae (Collembola), Mycetophilidae (Diptera) and the beetle families Lampyridae, Phengodidae, Elateridae and Staphylinidae are bioluminescent. The most familiar group are the fireflies, beetles of the family Lampyridae. Some species are able to control this light generation to produce flashes. The function varies with some species using them to attract mates, while others use them to lure prey. Cave dwelling larvae of Arachnocampa (Mycetophilidae, Fungus gnats) glow to lure small flying insects into sticky strands of silk. Some fireflies of the genus Photuris mimic the flashing of female Photinus species to attract males of that species, which are then captured and devoured. The colors of emitted light vary from dull blue (Orfelia fultoni, Mycetophilidae) to the familiar greens and the rare reds (Phrixothrix tiemanni, Phengodidae). | Q1: What is another name for Colleobola?
A1: Onychiuridae
Q2: Mycetophilldae is another name for what?
A2: Diptera
Q3: Phengodidae is party of what insect family?
A3: beetle
Q4: Elateridae and Staphylinidae are what kind of luminescent?
A4: bioluminescent
Q5: What kind of fly mimics the flashing of female Photinus to attract males?
A5: fireflies | Natural sciences |
Railway_electrification_system | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A few lines of the Paris Métro in France operate on a four-rail power scheme because they run on rubber tyres which run on a pair of narrow roadways made of steel and, in some places, concrete. Since the tyres do not conduct the return current, the two guide rails provided outside the running 'roadways' double up as conductor rails, so at least electrically it is a four-rail scheme. One of the guide rails is bonded to the return conventional running rails situated inside the roadway so a single polarity supply is required. The trains are designed to operate from either polarity of supply, because some lines use reversing loops at one end, causing the train to be reversed during every complete journey. The loop was originally provided to save the original steam locomotives having to 'run around' the rest of the train saving much time. Today, the driver does not have to change ends at termini provided with such a loop, but the time saving is not so significant as it takes almost as long to drive round the loop as it does to change ends. Many of the original loops have been lost as lines were extended. | Q1: Why some lines of Paris Metro have to operate on a four-rail system?
A1: rubber tyres
Q2: What was the solution for the return current problem in Paris Metro?
A2: two guide rails
Q3: What is required in order for the guide rails to operate properly?
A3: a single polarity supply
Q4: How train is able to turn around after each completed journey?
A4: reversing loops
Q5: Why was the reversing loop created?
A5: having to 'run around' the rest of the train | Engineering and technology |
Pub | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation needed] | Q1: Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs?
A1: stand-up comedy
Q2: Along with karaoke, what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs?
A2: juke boxes | History |
Brigham_Young_University | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A few special additions enhance the language-learning experience. For example, BYU's International Cinema, featuring films in several languages, is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the country. As already noted, BYU also offers an intensive foreign language living experience, the Foreign Language Student Residence. This is an on-campus apartment complex where students commit to speak only their chosen foreign language while in their apartments. Each apartment has at least one native speaker to ensure correct language usage. | Q1: What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S.?
A1: BYU's International Cinema
Q2: What is the name of BYU's foreign language living experience?
A2: Foreign Language Student Residence
Q3: As part of the Foreign Language Student Residence program, what do students commit to speak while in their apartments?
A3: only their chosen foreign language
Q4: How many native speakers are in each apartment building in the Foreign Language Student Residence program?
A4: at least one
Q5: Which BYU building features films in several languages?
A5: International Cinema | Philosophy and religion |
Montevideo | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A few years after its foundation, Montevideo became the main city of the region north of the Río de la Plata and east of the Uruguay River, competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce. The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata brought it in confrontations with the city of Buenos Aires in various occasions, including several times when it was taken over to be used as a base to defend the eastern province of the Viceroyalty from Portuguese incursions. | Q1: What became the main city of the region north of the Rio de la Plata?
A1: Montevideo
Q2: What were Buenos Aires and Montevideo fighting for dominance over?
A2: maritime commerce
Q3: The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata brought confrontations with what city?
A3: Buenos Aires | Geography and places |
Aircraft_carrier | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters. | Q1: What type of carrier is the largest?
A1: fleet carrier
Q2: What capability does a fleet carrier offer?
A2: offensive
Q3: What purpose were excort carriers developed for?
A3: to provide defense for convoys of ships
Q4: What were most escort carriers built from?
A4: mercantile hulls
Q5: What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called?
A5: heavy aviation cruisers | Warfare |
Adult_contemporary_music | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A format called quiet storm is often included in urban adult contemporary, and is often played during the evening, blending the urban AC and soft AC styles of music. The music that is played is strictly ballads and slow jams, mostly but not limited to Black and Latino artists. Popular artists in the quiet storm format are Teena Marie, Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Lalah Hathaway, Vanessa L. Williams, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue among others. | Q1: What radio format consists of ballads and slow jams?
A1: quiet storm
Q2: What is the name of the radio format that is a mixture of urban and soft adult contemporary?
A2: quiet storm
Q3: At what time of day is the quiet storm format played?
A3: the evening
Q4: What is the typical ethnicity of artists played on quiet storm stations?
A4: Black and Latino
Q5: Along with Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Teena Marie, Lalah Hathaway, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue, what artist is popular on quiet storm stations?
A5: Vanessa L. Williams | Music |
Dialect | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A framework was developed in 1967 by Heinz Kloss, abstand and ausbau languages, to describe speech communities, that while unified politically and/or culturally, include multiple dialects which though closely related genetically may be divergent to the point of inter-dialect unintelligibility. | Q1: Who developed the abstand and ausbau languages framework?
A1: Heinz Kloss
Q2: In what year was the abstand and ausbau framework developed?
A2: 1967
Q3: What sort of unification in speech communities did the abstand and ausbau framework discuss?
A3: politically and/or culturally | Language and literature |
Elevator | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. In order for an elevator to be legal to carry passengers in some jurisdictions it must have a solid inner door. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight elevators may have manually operated doors, and often have rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting.[citation needed] | Q1: What is another name for a freight elevator?
A1: goods lift
Q2: What type of notice is required to be visible in most freight elevators?
A2: a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited
Q3: Some freight elevators allow transport of both freight and passengers by using what?
A3: an inconspicuous riser
Q4: How do freight elevators differ from passenger elevators?
A4: Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator
Q5: What type of elevator is better suited for carrying freight?
A5: electric elevators | History |
Muammar_Gaddafi | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A fundamental part of Gaddafi's ideology was anti-Zionism. He believed that the state of Israel should not exist, and that any Arab compromise with the Israeli government was a betrayal of the Arab people. In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the country to be imperialist and lambasting it as "the embodiment of evil." Rallying against Jews in many of his speeches, his anti-Semitism has been described as "almost Hitlerian" by Blundy and Lycett. From the late 1990s onward, his view seemed to become more moderate. In 2007, he advocated the Isratin single-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, stating that "the [Israel-Palestine] solution is to establish a democratic state for the Jews and the Palestinians... This is the fundamental solution, or else the Jews will be annihilated in the future, because the Palestinians have [strategic] depth." Two years later he argued that a single-state solution would "move beyond old conflicts and look to a unified future based on shared culture and respect." | Q1: What country did Gaddafi refer to as "the embodiment of evil"?
A1: United States
Q2: How did Gaddafi believe the Israel-Palestine conflict should be resolved?
A2: Isratin single-state solution
Q3: Who compared Gaddafi to Hitler?
A3: Blundy and Lycett
Q4: What was a major factor in Gaddafi's hatred of the United States?
A4: support of Israel | History |
Software_testing | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A fundamental problem with software testing is that testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible, even with a simple product.:17-18 This means that the number of defects in a software product can be very large and defects that occur infrequently are difficult to find in testing. More significantly, non-functional dimensions of quality (how it is supposed to be versus what it is supposed to do)—usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability—can be highly subjective; something that constitutes sufficient value to one person may be intolerable to another. | Q1: What is the primary issue with running software testing?
A1: testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible
Q2: What types of software bugs are difficult to find during testing?
A2: defects that occur infrequently
Q3: What other non-functional dimensions can cause software to underperform and cause other problems?
A3: usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability | Engineering and technology |
Bern | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A funicular railway leads from the Marzili district to the Bundeshaus. The Marzilibahn funicular is, with a length of 106 m (348 ft), the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb funicular. | Q1: What connects Marzili to Bundeshaus?
A1: A funicular railway
Q2: How long is the Marzilibah funicular?
A2: 106 m
Q3: What is the second shortest public railway in Europe?
A3: Marzilibahn
Q4: What is the shortest public railway in Europe?
A4: Zagreb funicular | Geography and places |
Planck_constant | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A further complication is that the measurement of γ′p involves the measurement of an electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes, so a conversion factor is required. The symbol Γ′p-90 is used for the measured gyromagnetic ratio using conventional electrical units. In addition, there are two methods of measuring the value, a "low-field" method and a "high-field" method, and the conversion factors are different in the two cases. Only the high-field value Γ′p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant. | Q1: How many methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio are there?
A1: there are two methods of measuring the value
Q2: How do conversion factors compare in "low-field" and "high-field" methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio?
A2: the conversion factors are different in the two cases
Q3: Which method is of interest in determining the Planck constant?
A3: Only the high-field value Γ′p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant
Q4: Why is the measurement of electric current an issue in the estimate of the gyromagnetic ratio?
A4: electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes | Mathematics |
Symbiosis | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish. | Q1: What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?
A1: the goby fish
Q2: What part of the fish is used to signal danger?
A2: its tail | Natural sciences |
Gramophone_record | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the side. At the start of a groove on an LP there are 510 mm of vinyl per second traveling past the stylus while the ending of the groove gives 200–210 mm of vinyl per second — less than half the linear resolution. Distortion towards the end of the side is likely to become more apparent as record wear increases.* | Q1: When is distortion most common on a gramophone record?
A1: Distortion towards the end of the side
Q2: What happens as a record wears?
A2: Distortion
Q3: What is a drawback of using gramophones?
A3: fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses
Q4: How much vinyl can be found at the start of an LP?
A4: 510 mm
Q5: Where can you find only 200-210mm of vinyl?
A5: ending of the groove | Music |
The_Blitz | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941. However, meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and prevented an escalation in air operations. Airfields became water-logged and the 18 Kampfgruppen (bomber groups) of the Luftwaffe's Kampfgeschwadern (bomber wings) were relocated to Germany for rest and re-equipment. | Q1: What was inflicting heavy losses and increasing the air war designed to do?
A1: create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941
Q2: What was preventing escalation of air operations?
A2: meteorological conditions over Britain
Q3: What happened to airfields?
A3: Airfields became water-logged
Q4: How many bomber groups were relocated to Germany?
A4: 18 | History |
Pub | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A gastropub concentrates on quality food. The name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London. The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining, though has occasionally attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs. | Q1: What two words is 'gastropub' a portanteau of?
A1: pub and gastronomy
Q2: In what year was the term gastropub invented?
A2: 1991
Q3: Along with David Eyre, who took over the Eagle pub?
A3: Mike Belben
Q4: In what city is the Eagle pub located?
A4: London
Q5: In what area of London is the Eagle pub located?
A5: Clerkenwell | History |
Computer | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires. | Q1: The ALU of a computer stands for what?
A1: arithmetic logic
Q2: Input and output devices are known as what term?
A2: I/O
Q3: Besides the ALU, input and output devices, what are the other two main components of a computer?
A3: the control unit, the memory | Engineering and technology |
Empiricism | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A generation later, the Irish Anglican bishop, George Berkeley (1685–1753), determined that Locke's view immediately opened a door that would lead to eventual atheism. In response to Locke, he put forth in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) an important challenge to empiricism in which things only exist either as a result of their being perceived, or by virtue of the fact that they are an entity doing the perceiving. (For Berkeley, God fills in for humans by doing the perceiving whenever humans are not around to do it.) In his text Alciphron, Berkeley maintained that any order humans may see in nature is the language or handwriting of God. Berkeley's approach to empiricism would later come to be called subjective idealism. | Q1: Who wrote 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'?
A1: George Berkeley
Q2: When was 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge' published?
A2: 1710
Q3: What religion was George Berkeley?
A3: Anglican
Q4: What nationality was George Berkeley?
A4: Irish
Q5: Who wrote 'Alciphron'?
A5: George Berkeley | Philosophy and religion |
Age_of_Enlightenment | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature. Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes. Works of natural history include René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La Myologie complète, ou description de tous les muscles du corps humain (1746). Outside ancien régime France, natural history was an important part of medicine and industry, encompassing the fields of botany, zoology, meteorology, hydrology and mineralogy. Students in Enlightenment universities and academies were taught these subjects to prepare them for careers as diverse as medicine and theology. As shown by M D Eddy, natural history in this context was a very middle class pursuit and operated as a fertile trading zone for the interdisciplinary exchange of diverse scientific ideas. | Q1: Did natural history in particular become increasingly popular amoung the upper or lower classes?
A1: upper
Q2: Which type of history encompassed botany, zoology, meteorolgy, hydrology, and mineralogy?
A2: natural history
Q3: Who wrote the Histoire naturelle des insectes?
A3: René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur | Philosophy and religion |
Glacier | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water. | Q1: How long does it take glaciers to form?
A1: many years, often centuries
Q2: Do glaciers form on land, in the sea, or a combination of both?
A2: only on land
Q3: Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface?
A3: sea ice and lake ice
Q4: What causes glaciers to deform and flow?
A4: stresses induced by their weight
Q5: What are some distinguishing glacial features?
A5: crevasses, seracs | Natural sciences |
Boston | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A global city, Boston is placed among the top 30 most economically powerful cities in the world. Encompassing $363 billion, the Greater Boston metropolitan area has the sixth-largest economy in the country and 12th-largest in the world. | Q1: What rank does Boston hold as far as being an economically powerful city in the world?
A1: among the top 30
Q2: What is the economy of Boston?
A2: $363 billion
Q3: What ranking in the country does Greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?
A3: sixth-largest
Q4: What ranking in the world does greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?
A4: 12th-largest | Geography and places |
Geological_history_of_Earth | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if the ice sheets were a holdover from the Devonian or not. These conditions apparently had little effect in the deep tropics, where lush coal swamps flourished within 30 degrees of the northernmost glaciers. A mid-Carboniferous drop in sea-level precipitated a major marine extinction, one that hit crinoids and ammonites especially hard. This sea-level drop and the associated unconformity in North America separate the Mississippian Period from the Pennsylvanian period. | Q1: What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished?
A1: A global drop
Q2: During which period were epicontinental seas created?
A2: Carboniferous
Q3: What was on the land at 30 degrees latitude north in the carboniferous period?
A3: lush coal swamps
Q4: What was the result in the decline in sea level in the middle of the Carboniferous period?
A4: a major marine extinction
Q5: The Pennsylvania period is separated by the drop in Carboniferous era sea levels from what other period?
A5: Mississippian Period | Natural sciences |
Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence. | Q1: What publication released a report about the Ministry of Defence in 2002?
A1: the Guardian
Q2: What was the MoD accused of doing to the public?
A2: secret germ warfare tests
Q3: What are the children of some families in the area of the testing experiencing?
A3: children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps
Q4: When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?
A4: between 1940 and 1979
Q5: When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?
A5: between 1961 and 1968 | Warfare |
Gramophone_record | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a "record", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches (12", 10", 7"), the rotational speed in rpm at which they are played (16 2⁄3, 33 1⁄3, 45, 78), and their time capacity resulting from a combination of those parameters (LP – long playing 33 1⁄3 rpm, SP – 78 rpm single, EP – 12-inch single or extended play, 33 or 45 rpm); their reproductive quality or level of fidelity (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.), and the number of audio channels provided (mono, stereo, quad, etc.). | Q1: What does LP stand for when it comes to time capacity?
A1: long playing
Q2: What are common diameters found in phonograph records?
A2: 12", 10", 7"
Q3: What is a gramophone or 'vinyl' record?
A3: analogue sound storage medium
Q4: Where does the groove on a vinyl record typically start?
A4: near the periphery
Q5: In what method is the rotational speed measured in?
A5: rpm | Music |
Great_power | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions. Sometimes the status of great powers is formally recognized in conferences such as the Congress of Vienna or an international structure such as the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States serve as the body's five permanent members). At the same time the status of great powers can be informally recognized in a forum such as the G7 which consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. | Q1: What do great powers usually have?
A1: military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence
Q2: What are the permanent members of UN Security Council?
A2: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States
Q3: What are the countries in the G7?
A3: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America
Q4: What 3 factors have international relations theorists considered factors for great power status?
A4: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions | History |
Group_(mathematics) | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A group is called finite if it has a finite number of elements. The number of elements is called the order of the group. An important class is the symmetric groups SN, the groups of permutations of N letters. For example, the symmetric group on 3 letters S3 is the group consisting of all possible orderings of the three letters ABC, i.e. contains the elements ABC, ACB, ..., up to CBA, in total 6 (or 3 factorial) elements. This class is fundamental insofar as any finite group can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group SN for a suitable integer N (Cayley's theorem). Parallel to the group of symmetries of the square above, S3 can also be interpreted as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle. | Q1: What does a finite group include?
A1: a finite number of elements
Q2: What is the number of elements in a group named?
A2: the order of the group
Q3: What type of class has a finite group that can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group?
A3: fundamental
Q4: What can be described as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle?
A4: S3 | Mathematics |
USB | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data rates for external devices. A team including Ajay Bhatt worked on the standard at Intel; the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995. | Q1: When did the seven companies begin developing USB's?
A1: 1994
Q2: How many companies developed USB's?
A2: seven
Q3: What was the goal for USB's?
A3: to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs
Q4: Who was included in a team that worked on the standard at Intel?
A4: Ajay Bhatt | Engineering and technology |
Gymnastics | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from their start value. The start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus; this score is called the D score. Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from 10.0. This score is called the E score. The final score is calculated by taking deductions from the E score, and adding the result to the D score. Since 2007, the scoring system has changed by adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score. | Q1: How are gymnasts scored?
A1: from deductions taken from their start value
Q2: How is the start vaule determined?
A2: e start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements
Q3: What is this score called?
A3: D score
Q4: Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from what score?
A4: 10.0
Q5: What were added to scoring in 2007?
A5: adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score | Sports and recreation |
Chihuahua_(state) | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A handful of families owned large estates (known as haciendas) and controlled the greater part of the land across the state while the vast majority of Chihuahuans were landless. The state economy was largely defined by ranching and mining. At the expense of the working class, the Díaz administration promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies from the United Kingdom, France, Imperial Germany and the United States. The proletariat was often exploited, and found no legal protection or political recourse to redress injustices. | Q1: The state's economy was largely defined by these two industries.
A1: ranching and mining
Q2: Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group?
A2: working class
Q3: What was the name of the large estates owned by wealthy families?
A3: haciendas
Q4: This group was often exploited and had no legal protection or recourse.
A4: proletariat | History |
Age_of_Enlightenment | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclopédie, for example, condemned not only by the King but also by Clement XII, nevertheless found its way into print with the help of the aforementioned Malesherbes and creative use of French censorship law. But many works were sold without running into any legal trouble at all. Borrowing records from libraries in England, Germany and North America indicate that more than 70 percent of books borrowed were novels. Less than 1 percent of the books were of a religious nature, indicating the general trend of declining religiosity. | Q1: Who helped The Encyclopedie find its way into print using the French censorship law creatively?
A1: Malesherbes
Q2: The King and Clement XII condemned which literary work?
A2: The Encyclopédie
Q3: What percentage of books borrowed in England, Germany, and Norath America were novels?
A3: 70
Q4: What percentage of books borrowed were of a religious nature in England, Germany, and North America?
A4: 1 | Philosophy and religion |
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A high-definition remaster of the game, The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD, is being developed by Tantalus Media for the Wii U. Officially announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation on November 12, 2015, it features enhanced graphics and Amiibo functionality. The game will be released in North America and Europe on March 4, 2016; in Australia on March 5, 2016; and in Japan on March 10, 2016. | Q1: Which company is responsible for the HD version of Twilight Princess?
A1: Tantalus Media
Q2: For which console is Twilight Princess HD being made?
A2: Wii U
Q3: When were plans for Twilight Princess HD revealed?
A3: November 12, 2015
Q4: On what date is Twilight Princess HD scheduled for Australian release?
A4: March 5, 2016
Q5: What is the name of the remastered game?
A5: The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD
Q6: What company is developing the remaster?
A6: Tantalus Media
Q7: What kind of functionality will the remaster feature?
A7: Amiibo
Q8: When will the game be released in America?
A8: March 4, 2016 | Video games |
Gymnastics | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude. With the increase of height, the amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars. | Q1: What does a higher flight phase result in?
A1: a higher vertical ground reaction force
Q2: What is vertical ground reaction force?
A2: s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum
Q3: What else is an important aspect that affects linear and agular movements?
A3: time the landing takes Gymnasts | Sports and recreation |
Hunter-gatherer | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a society in which most or all food is obtained by foraging (collecting wild plants and pursuing wild animals), in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species. | Q1: What kind of human lives by collecting wild flora and fauna?
A1: hunter-gatherer
Q2: What type of society relies on domestication for producing food?
A2: agricultural
Q3: What type of plants and animals do agricultural groups harvest?
A3: domesticated species | Natural sciences |
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers' unions. It spent $373 million on education in 2009. It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions. The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative. | Q1: what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US
A1: A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels
Q2: What do these efforts include
A2: including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs
Q3: how much did it spend in 2009
A3: It spent $373 million on education in 2009.
Q4: It was an early backer of what
A4: The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative. | Social sciences and society |
Computer | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from. | Q1: A special memory cell of a CPU is called what?
A1: a register
Q2: A register of a CPU keeps track of what?
A2: which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from
Q3: What is a component that all CPUs have?
A3: the program counter | Engineering and technology |
Brain | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross. The SCN contains the body's central biological clock. Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of about 24 hours, circadian rhythms: these activity fluctuations are driven by rhythmic changes in expression of a set of "clock genes". The SCN continues to keep time even if it is excised from the brain and placed in a dish of warm nutrient solution, but it ordinarily receives input from the optic nerves, through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), that allows daily light-dark cycles to calibrate the clock. | Q1: The SCN of the nervous system is an abbreviation for what?
A1: suprachiasmatic nucleus
Q2: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a small part of what part of the brain?
A2: the hypothalamus
Q3: Which part of the arousal system controls the body's biological clock?
A3: the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Q4: The RHT is an abbreviation for what?
A4: retinohypothalamic tract
Q5: THE SCN receives information from the optic nerves through what?
A5: the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT | Natural sciences |
Political_corruption | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive. | Q1: What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?
A1: kickback
Q2: A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?
A2: bidder | Social sciences and society |
Wood | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A knot is a particular type of imperfection in a piece of wood; it will affect the technical properties of the wood, usually reducing the local strength and increasing the tendency for splitting along the wood grain, but may be exploited for visual effect. In a longitudinally sawn plank, a knot will appear as a roughly circular "solid" (usually darker) piece of wood around which the grain of the rest of the wood "flows" (parts and rejoins). Within a knot, the direction of the wood (grain direction) is up to 90 degrees different from the grain direction of the regular wood. | Q1: What is the sort of circular imperfection in a piece of wood called?
A1: knot
Q2: What property of wood does a knot usually reduce in the wood around it?
A2: strength
Q3: In what direction is wood often sawn so that a knot appears as a solid circle that the grain flows around?
A3: longitudinally
Q4: Are knots usually lighter or darker than the surrounding wood?
A4: darker
Q5: The direction of grain in a knot can differ by as much as how many degrees from the regular wood?
A5: 90 | Natural sciences |
Gregorian_calendar | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A language-independent alternative used in many countries is to hold up one's two fists with the index knuckle of the left hand against the index knuckle of the right hand. Then, starting with January from the little knuckle of the left hand, count knuckle, space, knuckle, space through the months. A knuckle represents a month of 31 days, and a space represents a short month (a 28- or 29-day February or any 30-day month). The junction between the hands is not counted, so the two index knuckles represent July and August. | Q1: Why would a knuckle -space count be used to determine months?
A1: language-independent
Q2: A knuckle count is a month of how many days?
A2: 31
Q3: The space between knuckles is what kind of month?
A3: short month
Q4: What are held together for a knuckle-space month count?
A4: one's two fists | Mathematics |
Crimean_War | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast, at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854.:521–527 The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders, who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi. Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell. Rather than 'form square', the traditional method of repelling cavalry, Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line, two men deep. Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles, with which his troops were armed, at the Battle of the Alma a month before, and was confident his men could beat back the Russians. His tactics succeeded. From up on the ridge to the west, Times correspondent William Howard Russell saw the Highlanders as a 'thin red streak topped with steel', a phrase which soon became the 'Thin Red Line.' | Q1: Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?
A1: 93rd Highlanders
Q2: Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?
A2: Kadikoi
Q3: Who led the 93rd Highlanders?
A3: Sir Colin Campbell
Q4: What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?
A4: Minie rifles
Q5: What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form?
A5: a single line, two men deep | History |
Utrecht | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A large indoor shopping centre Hoog Catharijne (nl) is located between Utrecht Centraal railway station and the city centre. The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night. In 20 years from 2004, parts of Hoog Catharijne will be redeveloped as part of the renovation of the larger station area. Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated. The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station. | Q1: What is the name of the large shopping center
A1: Hoog Catharijne
Q2: how are the shopping center corridors treated
A2: The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night
Q3: What is being recreated
A3: Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated
Q4: what is located on the west side of the rail station
A4: The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station | History |
Alexander_Graham_Bell | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing. | Q1: What are Bell's personal papers known as?
A1: Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers
Q2: In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell's papers kept?
A2: Manuscript Division
Q3: Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?
A3: online
Q4: In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute?
A4: Cape Breton University
Q5: In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located?
A5: Nova Scotia | Engineering and technology |
Switzerland | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A large number of international institutions have their seats in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York, and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations. | Q1: How long has Switzerland hosted the United Nations Human Rights Council?
A1: since 2006
Q2: What is the second biggest centre for the U.N.?
A2: Palace of Nations in Geneva
Q3: Where did the Red Crescent Movement begin?
A3: Geneva
Q4: Where is the League of Nations located?
A4: Switzerland | Geography and places |
Near_East | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words Near East or Near Eastern. The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East, although often "Ancient Near East" is abbreviated to "Near East" without any implication of modern times. For example, "Near Eastern Languages" in the ancient sense includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the Arabic languages. | Q1: Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?
A1: university departments named for the Near East
Q2: What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?
A2: Middle East
Q3: What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?
A3: Expertise on the modern Middle East
Q4: What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?
A4: Near Eastern Languages | Geography and places |
Symbiosis | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground. | Q1: What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?
A1: mutualistic
Q2: What do coral and algae produce together?
A2: Coral reefs
Q3: How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?
A3: fix carbon from the air
Q4: What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?
A4: mycorrhyzal | Natural sciences |
Adult_contemporary_music | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A large portion of music played on this format are either considered oldies or recurrent. It often deals with modern romantic and sexual relationships (and sometimes other adult themes such as work, raising children, and family) in a thoughtful and complex way. Soft AC, which has never minded keeping songs in high rotation literally for years in some cases, does not appear necessarily to be facing similar pressures to expand its format. Soft AC includes a larger amount of older music, especially classic R&B, soul, and 1960s and 1970s music, than hot AC. | Q1: Along with romantic and sexual relationships, family and work, what do soft adult contemporary songs sometimes discuss?
A1: raising children
Q2: Music from what two decades is notably featured on the soft AC format?
A2: 1960s and 1970s
Q3: Along with classic R&B, what genre is notably featured on soft AC stations?
A3: soul
Q4: What radio station format is soft AC often contrasted with?
A4: hot AC | Music |
Old_English | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A later literary standard, dating from the later 10th century, arose under the influence of Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, and was followed by such writers as the prolific Ælfric of Eynsham ("the Grammarian"). This form of the language is known as the "Winchester standard", or more commonly as Late West Saxon. It is considered to represent the "classical" form of Old English. It retained its position of prestige until the time of the Norman Conquest, after which English ceased for a time to be of importance as a literary language. | Q1: Who was known by the nickname "the Grammarian"?
A1: Ælfric of Eynsham
Q2: What churchman was influential in the development of the Winchester standard?
A2: Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester
Q3: In what century did the Winchester standard arise?
A3: 10th
Q4: What is another term for the Winchester standard?
A4: Late West Saxon
Q5: What event led to English temporarily losing its importance as a literary language?
A5: the Norman Conquest | Language and literature |
Armenia | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a law on privatisation was adopted in 1997, as well as a program of state property privatisation. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving the investment climate, and making strides against corruption. However, unemployment, which currently stands at around 15%, still remains a major problem due to the influx of thousands of refugees from the Karabakh conflict. | Q1: What is the unemployment rate in Armenia?
A1: 15%
Q2: To what does Armenia attribute it's high unemployment rate?
A2: refugees from the Karabakh conflict
Q3: When did Armenia establish a foreign investment law?
A3: June 1994
Q4: When did Armenia establish a law on privatisation?
A4: 1997 | History |
Literature | Generate question-answer pairs from the given context. Format each pair as Q<number>: <question>
A<number>: <answer>. | A literary technique or literary device can be used by authors in order to enhance the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects. Literary techniques encompass a wide range of approaches to crafting a work: whether a work is narrated in first-person or from another perspective, whether to use a traditional linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative, or the choice of literary genre, are all examples of literary technique. They may indicate to a reader that there is a familiar structure and presentation to a work, such as a conventional murder-mystery novel; or, the author may choose to experiment with their technique to surprise the reader. | Q1: Literary devices are employed for what reason?
A1: produce specific effects
Q2: What is one form of narration in literature?
A2: first-person
Q3: What are two types of narrative structure in literature?
A3: linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative
Q4: Why would an author utilize experimental narratives in literature?
A4: to surprise the reader
Q5: In what type of writing would a more familiar, standard literary narrative structure be employed?
A5: a conventional murder-mystery novel | Language and literature |