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A Conquistador mistaken for a god Hernan Cortes conquered the mighty Aztecs with just a tiny force of men, guns and horses - and a huge stroke of luck. In about 950 AD, an early Mesoamerican king who was a priest of Quetzalcoatl, become known by the god's name. The king, described as bearded and fair-skinned, was exiled by his enemies - but vowed to return in a 'one reed' year of the Aztec 52-year calendar cycle. So when a bearded, fair-skinned stranger landed on the east coast of Mexico in 1519 during a 'one reed' year, the Aztecs believed him to be the returning Quetzalcoatl. The arrival of Hernan Cortes was also preceded by several unsettling omens. An enormous comet had been seen in the night sky a fire had destroyed an important temple, a bolt of lightning had been sent by the god of fire (Landing on the Mexican coast, Cortes sank 10 of his 11 ships. The surviving vessel was offered to any of his 100 or so compatriots who would rather go back to Cuba - thereby admitting that they had no stomach for the task ahead. No one took him up on the offer) Xiuhtecuhtli and, according to scouts posted in neighbouring Mayan territory, 'mountains' had been seen moving on the ocean. These 'mountains' were in fact Cortes' flotilla of 11 ships. A BOUNTY-HUNTING CONQUISTADOR During the 1500s, Spain and Portugal undertook a military and political conquest of large parts of the newly discovered Americas. European influence was spread through language, the imposition of government and taxes, the introduction of Christianity as well as further exploration and mapping of the continent. The Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes aimed to exploit the situation and make his fortune. Cortes was born in 1485 in southwestern Spain. At the age of 18, he left Spain for Hispaniola, an important island base for the Spanish in the West Indies. There, he worked as a farmer and trained as a soldier before sailing, under Diego Velazquez, in 1511 to conquer Cuba. By 1518, Velazquez was governor of Cuba and Cortes one of his most trusted friends, and he decided to commission Cortes to explore the Mexican coast. But something made Velazquez suspicious of Cortes' motives and, at the last minute, he changed his mind. Perhaps he wanted to prevent Cortes from taking all the glory or assuming governorship on the mainland for himself. In January 1519 Cortes was about to embark when Velazquez arrived at the dock, determined to revoke his commission. But Cortes put to sea against orders. He was making himself technically a mutineer. A warrant was issued for his arrest but Cortes was not unduly worried. He had control of a fleet of 11 ships, carrying some 600 men, 16 horses and about 20 guns of various sizes, including a bronze cannon. They were headed for Mexico and the legendarily wealthy Aztec empire. Cortes landed on the Yucatan Peninsula, a long way from the major Aztec centres. His troops stormed the Mayan town of Tabasco and freed Jeronimo de Aguilar, a Spanish priest who had been shipwrecked several years earlier. Aguilar had learned to speak Mayan during his captivity and could now act as the force's interpreter. This allowed Cortes to glean valuable information about the customs and practices of the local Indian populations. (A stone stele stands guard at the temple of Quetzalcoatl. The temple was a round building, a shape believed to please the god of fertility, the arts, and the wind, because it presented no sharp obstacles) THE POWER OF SUPERSTITION Cortes and his men then sailed up the Grijalba River where they came face to face with a large, native army. They fought back ferociously and won. The decisive victory owed much to the effect of horses and guns - neither of which the Amerindians had encountered before. They thought the cavalry was a kind of centaur, not understanding that the armour-plated horses and riders were actually two separate entities. They also feared that the invaders could control the weather, mistaking deafening discharges from the Spanish cannon for thunder. All of these misconceptions helped to bolster the widespread fear that Cortes was an avenging god. To appease him, the Indians sent gifts including 20 Indian women. One of them, Malintzin, was Cortes's second stroke of luck. Malitzin spoke Mayan as well as Aztec and was able to translate from Aztec into Mayan - from which Jeronimo de Aguilar could then translate into Spanish. Malintzin also became Cortes' mistress and later bore him a son. (Some of Malintzin's own people used the Spanish term 'La Malinche' when referring to her. Later, this became a word meaning 'traitor to one's people'. Today, Mexicans dismiss as 'malinchista'- anyone mimicking the language and customs of another country.) For a while, the Spanish remained on the coast but in mid 1519 the army advanced into the Mexican interior. The next battles were with the Tlaxcala people. Despite initial stiff resistance, the Tlaxcaltecs were eventually defeated - a victory that would prove hugely significant to Cortes's success. The Tlaxcaltecs and the Aztecs were in a state of permanent conflict and, as far as the Tlaxcaltecs were concerned, any enemy of their hated neighbours was a friend of theirs. They willingly joined the Spanish cause - bolstering Cortes's small force with about 1000 of their own men. Once news of this allegiance reached the Aztec king, Montezuma, he realised that the Spanish invaders would be formidable adversaries, so rather than engaging them in battle he welcomed Cortes to Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City) as his guest. But Cortes did not return or respect Montezuma's hospitality - within a week he had put the Aztec ruler under house arrest, much to the fury of the king's subjects. Cortes was not able to enjoy his triumph over Montezuma for long - in 1520 word reached him that a Spanish expedition had arrived from Cuba with a contract to capture him and relieve him of his riches. So Cortes and his troops marched back to the coast, leaving just 80 men behind to guard Tenochtitlan. Once he reached the coast, Cortes managed to defeat the rival expedition - after which most of the men who had been ordered to take him prisoner switched allegiance, swelling his ranks to 1300. THE END OF THE AZTECS Based on the Yucatan Peninsula, they were led by a priest-king. They had a calendrical system, extensive knowledge of astronomy and mathematics and a well-developed system of writing. The Incas lived on the west coast of South America. Their ruler was-venerated as the son of the Sun God. They had a highly advanced network of roads. The Aztecs lived in the south of modern Mexico. They were ruled by a warrior king. In 1500, there were around 250,000 people living in the capital city, Tenochtitlan. Cortes headed back to Tenochtitlan at the head of this army - straight into the middle of an uprising. In his absence the garrison he had left in charge of Tenochtitlan had lost control of the city; they and King Montezuma were under seige. Cortes was acutely aware of the danger of the situation - the Spanish were vastly outnumbered - and he cajoled Montezuma into addressing the furious mob outside from a tower. But the attempt was futile - the crowd threw anything they could get their hands on at their king, and fatally wounded him. Cortes's army was not strong enough to combat the furious Aztec rebellion and on July 10, 1520, under cover of darkness, the Spanish withdrew from Tenochtitlan. With a surviving force of only 440, most of whom were wounded, Cortes reached the coast once more. But the Spaniards had unwittingly left behind them in Tenochtitlan an invisible and deadly ally - smallpox - against which the indigenous population had no immunity. The disease spread like wildfire, killing huge numbers and significantly weakening the Aztec army. Montezuma's successor Cuitlahuac died of the disease after a reign lasting just 80 days. (Aztec rulers accumulated vast wealth. By the time Cortes arrived, the king, Montezuma, lived in a splendid palace. His crown was made from precious stones and feathers from a tropical bird, the quetzal. No one was allowed to look the king in the face, and even nobles had to go barefoot before him) Cuitlahuac's successor, Cuauhtemoc, was to be the last Aztec ruler. On April 28, 1521 Cortes returned to Tenochtitlan. His army had been swelled by Cuban mercenaries and Tlaxcaltec ('All the walls are spattered with blood, and the water flows red as if someone had dyed it.' - from the Aztec Lament) volunteers. For more than three months, the Spanish and their allies besieged Tenochtitlan, the city's inhabitants, both men and women, defending it to their deaths. Eventually, the Spanish were forced to take the city house by house, and Cuauhtemoc gave up. He tried to flee but was captured on August 13, 1521. The last Aztec king's name translates as the apt 'descending eagle' or 'setting sun'. The Spanish settlers built Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. The presidential palace now stands on the site of the palace of Montezuma, while the city's cathedral towers over the ruins of an Aztec temple.

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The Westminster Kennel Club dog show, at its core, is a celebration of tens of thousands of years of domestication. The second-longest continuously held sporting event in the United States (behind only the Kentucky Derby), the show was started in 1877 as a showing of dogs as working animals, particularly gun dogs, like the setters and pointers who accompanied hunters and terriermen in the field. The formal show, which takes place on the floor of Madison Square Garden every year, is focused on evolutionary traits: Dogs are judged against their breed standards, from appearance to temperament, based on what judges perceive to be an “ideal” specimen. While most dogs are bred primarily for companionship, Westminster judges still look for the physical characteristics of each breed, from gait to jawline, to determine whether a contender can still perform the functions it was conditioned to over generations of selective breeding. It’s the Olympics of the animal kingdom, but also, on a certain level, a celebration of man’s mastery over the natural world. It’s the Olympics of the animal kingdom, but also, on a certain level, a celebration of man’s mastery over the natural world. The Westminster show started at the very moment the friendship between man and dog began to undergo a substantial transformation. While dogs were initially domesticated somewhere between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago (exact date and method of conditioning are still subject to heated debate by archaeologists and evolutionary biologists), hunting and herding dogs have always doubled as partners, and social elites frequently kept dogs as companions (you can blame the bourgeoisie of Victorian England for some of the stranger breeds we see today). But in 19th-century American cities, the rise of dogs as household pets paralleled the decline of raising livestock. The emergence of industrialization and an urban society shifted our treatment of dogs; they became companions first, employees second. Humans have always had an affection for dogs on a “moral” level—philosopher Mark Rowland notes that most dog owners are guilty of an “anthropomorphic delusion” by casting their pets as “loyal,” “trustworthy,” or “good”—but for millennia the basis for our relationship to our canines remained fundamentally rooted in accomplishing certain tasks: hunting, tracking, surviving. In the long relationship between humans and canines, the 19th century was the one in which dogs moved from laborers to members of the family. In a sense, there were two dog shows taking place in Madison Square Garden. On the floor of the Garden, I sat and watched the nation’s most efficient hunters and trackers, with keen noses, powerful mandibles, and agile paws, plod across the kennel club’s signature green carpet. But downstairs in the benching area, where dogs and their handlers prep for their performance, these fine specimens are nothing but soft, friendly, and loyal pals waiting for a treat and a pat on the head. Hidden from the stands of the Garden and the viewers at home watching (exclusively) on the USA Network, the dogs are just dogs as most of us know them today. This is what I discovered while winding my way through the stadium, stinking of fur and saliva and overpriced whiskey: upstairs, the NFL draft; downstairs, the prom for man and his best friend. And people love going to prom. “YES, THAT’S A BUSY Bee,” says Chris Wood. We’re standing in the benching area on the fifth floor of Madison Square Garden, a giant concrete swath ringed with kennels, folding chairs, and grooming stations for the hundreds of dogs that will compete this week. To our right, Wood’s wife strokes Orion’s Guitar Hero, the couple’s Great Dane, as onlookers snap photos. “Our handlers got it for us last night, as a joke.” Wood is holding a stuffed bee, a replica of the dog toy whose disappearance triggered a meltdown between the uptight Parker Posey and Michael Hitchcock in 2000’s Best in Show, long considered the perfect parody of dog show culture. With dual lip piercings and a sleeve of tattoos, Wood doesn’t resemble Posey and Hitchcock’s uber-preppy control freaks (Posey was in attendance at this year’s show). Orion’s Guitar Hero, he tells me, was the first of his color (mantled) to win best of breed for Great Danes. Like an idiot, I ask him if he’s a fan of Best in Show. “Oh, of course,” he says with a wry smile. “Look around, man. Think about where you are.” I realize that the number of people in the room has tripled while I’ve been ogling Orion’s Guitar Hero. Thousands of people attend the Westminster dog show every year, and almost all of them flow through the benching area during the two hours before the floor show to meet the breeders and dogs in person. Down in the benching area, virtually every attendee is reduced to a cooing heap of warm feelings by the gentle, friendly dogs lining the walls. The room swells like a crowd at a rock concert, a packed, pulsating mass slowly rotating counterclockwise around the room. The crowd gets stuck on certain breeds: the 13- and 15-inch beagles, the golden retriever (I overhear a fashion photographer with a side fade and patchy mustache refer to it as “the panty dropper of sporting dogs” before a CBS crew shows up for a shot), and the St. Bernard are particular crowd-pleasers. The blonde and black Labradors, situated at the end of the benching area that feeds into the area, are creating a fire hazard: Labs have been the most popular breed in America for the past 23 years, and the pups are obscured by a forest of black-clad arms dotted with tennis bracelets and iPhones, seeking a quick snap of their faces. The makeup of Westminster attendees is decidedly upper class. “It was a magnificent triumph for the dogs and for the projectors of the show,” wrote Forest and Stream, a magazine devoted to sporting, after the first show in 1877. “We question if on any previous occasion has there ever assembled in this city such a number of people at one time, and representing as much of the culture, wealth and fashion of the town." I spy a lot of conservative yet stylish suits and dresses and some sophisticated jewelry. While hunting for the West Highland white terrier, I overhear Bad Mustache refer to the circuit as “some real Upper East Side shit.” It’s like someone threw a cocktail hour in a PetSmart. Every person I talk to has come to Westminster for a different reason. This is Christina Castro’s seventh time, although she missed the last two years. Castro works for Eleventh Hour Rescue, a New Jersey shelter for dogs with a high kill rate. “I come here to learn about dogs. About their temperament.” She smiles, keeping her eyes on the magnificent Shar-Pei squinting at us from his pod. “The more I know about a dog, the easier it is to help people find dogs that match who they are.” Martha Cates of Dallas, Texas, ended up here by accident: she came to New York with a local women's group and dropped by between sites. A former German shepherd owner, she bristles at the sight of one in her kennel. “That dog needs a much bigger cage,” she says. “They need space. They need to be free. Look at that face! He wants to come out and say hi to us.” Joy Gazzolli nods in agreement. A New Yorker, she’s at Westminster just because she loves dogs. “I have children. I have grandchildren. My dog is the love of my life,” she laughs. “I live in a building where everyone has dogs, and when one passes there’s always a period of mourning.” When talking to breeders, nobody seems to show much interest in where their dogs competed last, or who their parents were. The attendees are more interested in knowing how old this Bernese mountain dog is, and who’s a good boy. Most people here are dog owners themselves, and they jump at the chance to laugh with breeders over the idiosyncrasies of their pets. “I can’t believe how well-behaved this little monster is,” says a woman in a black pea coat as she strokes Winston (or “Win-Tin-Tin”), a basenji. “My dog is a total anarchist.” “I’ve had this breed for 30 years, and I’ve never had one with this temperament,” says Julie, Winston’s breeder and one of the two “Basenji Sisters” who compete in shows across the country. “Her mother is the worst. She gets into everything ... but she does it because she knows I like it.” Across the way, a gaggle of teenage girls are taking selfies with a mournful looking basset hound. I ask them if they have a favorite breed. “Are you kidding?” one replies. “Look around you, dude. How can you pick?” This, I realize, is the beauty of the show: The competition, while taken very seriously by breeders, is essentially a farce for everyone else, a big, beautiful, heartwarming farce. The formal dog show is a vestige of man’s pre-industrial relationship with his best friend. The Rhodesian ridgeback cantering around Madison Square Garden may be the perfect specimen, with an ideal weight and even temperament, but it’s unlikely that the dog will ever seek game in the field. This isn’t to say that modern dogs serve no practical purpose. Game dogs are still bred for sport hunters. Many breeds have taken on more domestic roles as seeing-eye dogs; some, with a friendly disposition, make for great therapy dogs. A Westminster contender made headlines for identifying a malignant tumor in his owner while still a puppy. My own blond Labrador is so fiercely protective of my mother that she will bristle and growl at the front door in an attempt to ward off unseen intruders prowling down our quiet suburban block. The reality of the dog show is that the majority of the attendees don’t care about the breed, or whether this American foxhound has the perfect build to chase down foxes in the New England countryside. For the most part, people come to Westminster to fall in love with their canine counterparts, to appreciate interspecies companionship tens of thousands of years in the making. TOWARD THE END OF Monday’s benching period, I’m pretty sure I spot a woman going into cardiac arrest. She appears to be in her late 50s or early 60s, elegantly dressed in a black dress, and clutching at the fur coat draped over her shoulders. “Oh my God,” she moans, as her hands move from her coat to the gold necklace hanging from her neck. “Oh my GOD.” She’s getting louder and louder with each successive groan. Alarmed, I lean forward to see if she requires assistance. The woman points through the crowd. Between shoulders, scarfs, and smartphones, I catch sight of Flessner’s International S’cess, the bloodhound who will win best in the hound division in just a few hours. “I just can’t,” the woman smiles, embarrassed, through teary eyes. “I just want to go forward and squeeze him.” Her neighbor, a portly man with a shock-white mustache, leans in and laughs. “Lady, I don’t know shit about dogs,” he laughs. “But if I were to drop dead right now, it’d be totally worth it.”

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Chapter 1: Comparison of Justice and Beneficence Beneficence cannot be extorted by force, but justice can1 Only beneficent actions from proper motives seem to require reward. - Because only such actions: - are the approved objects of gratitude, or - excite the observer's sympathetic gratitude. Only hurtful actions from improper motives seem to deserve punishment. - Because only such actions: - are the approved objects of resentment, or - excite the observer's sympathetic resentment. Beneficence is always free. - It cannot be extorted by force. - Its mere want exposes to no punishment because the mere want of beneficence does no real positive evil. - It may disappoint of the expected good. - It might justly excite dislike and disapprobation. - However, it cannot provoke any resentment which mankind will go along with. - A man has the blackest ingratitude if he does not recompense his benefactor when his benefactor needs his assistance. - The heart of every impartial observer rejects all fellow-feeling with his selfish motives. - He is the proper object of the highest disapprobation. - But still he does not hurt anybody. - He only does not do that good which in propriety he should have done. - He is the object of hatred. - Hatred is naturally excited by the impropriety of sentiment and behaviour. - He is not the object of resentment. - Resentment is only properly called forth by actions which really hurt some persons. - Therefore, his lack of gratitude cannot be punished. - It would be more improper if he were forced to do what he should do in gratitude. - His benefactor would dishonour himself if he forced him. - It would be rude for any third person, who was not either's superior, to intermeddle. - But of all the duties of beneficence, the duties recommended by gratitude comes closes to a 'perfect and complete obligation'. - The duties of gratitude have universal approbation. - It is more free and can less be extorted by force than: - We talk of the debt of gratitude. - We do not talk about friendship, charity, or generosity. Resentment seems to have been given us by nature only for defence. - It is the safeguard of justice and the security of innocence. - It prompts us to: - beat off the mischief attempted on us - retaliate that which is already done so that: - the offender may be made to repent - others, through fear of the like punishment, may be terrified from doing the same - It must be reserved therefore for these purposes. - The spectator can never go along with it when it is exerted for any other. - But the mere lack of the beneficent virtues does not do any mischief which we should defend ourselves from. - But this lack may disappoint us of the good which we expect. 5 However, there is another virtue called justice. - Justice is not left to the freedom of our own wills. - It may be extorted by force. - Its violation exposes to resentment, and consequently to punishment. - The violation of justice is injury: - it does real and positive hurt from motives which are naturally disapproved of. - It is, therefore, the proper object of: - This is the natural consequence of resentment. - Mankind approves of the violence used to avenge the hurt done by injustice. - So they go more along with the violence used to: - prevent and beat off the injury - restrain the offender from hurting his neighbours - The person who plans an injustice knows this. - He feels that force may properly be used by: - the person whom he is about to injure - others, to: - obstruct the execution of his crime, or - punish him when he has executed it. - Upon this is founded that remarkable distinction between justice and all the other social virtues. - This has recently been insisted on by Lord Kames, a very great and original genius. - He says: - that we feel to be under a stricter obligation to act according to justice, than to friendship, charity, or generosity. - that the practice of these three virtues seems to be left to our own choice. - that somehow we feel tied, bound, and obliged to observe justice. - We feel that force may properly be used to constrain us to observe the rules of the one, but not to follow the precepts of the other. 6However, we must always carefully distinguish what is only blamable from what is punishable or preventable. - Something blamable falls short of the ordinary beneficence which we expect of everybody, by experience. - On the contrary, something praise-worthy goes beyond it. - The ordinary degree itself is neither blamable nor praise-worthy. - A father, son, or brother, who behaves among each other in the same way as other people do, do not deserve praise nor blame. - A praise-worthy person is someone who surprises us by extraordinary and unexpected, proper and suitable kindness - A blamable person is someone who surprises us by extraordinary and unexpected, unsuitable unkindness. 7 However, even the most ordinary degree of kindness or beneficence among equals, cannot be extorted by force. - Among equals, each individual naturally, and prior to the institution of civil government, has a right to: - defend himself from injuries, and - exact a punishment for injuries done to him. - Every generous observer: - approves of his conduct when he does this, and - enters so far into his sentiments that he is often willing to assist him. - When one man attacks, robs, attempts to murder another, all the neighbours: - take the alarm, and - think that they do right when they: - revenge the injured person, or - defend him. - Everybody blames the conduct of the following: - a father fails in the ordinary parental affection towards a son, - a son lacks that filial reverence expected for his father, - brothers do not have the usual degree of brotherly affection, and - a man lacks compassion and refuses to relieve the misery of his fellow-humans when he can do so easily. - But nobody imagines that those who might expect more kindness, in the cases above, have any right to extort it by force. - The sufferer can only complain. - The observer can only intermeddle by advice and persuasion. - Upon all such occasions, it would be the most insolent and presumptuous for equals to use force against one another. 8 A superior may sometimes, with universal approbation, oblige those under him to behave properly with each another. - The laws of all civilized nations oblige: - parents to maintain their children, and - children to maintain their parents. - They impose many other duties of beneficence on men. - The civil magistrate is entrusted with the power of: - preserving the public peace by restraining injustice, and - promoting the prosperity of the commonwealth by: - establishing good discipline, and - discouraging every vice and impropriety. - He may prescribe rules which: - prohibit mutual injuries among fellow-citizens, and - command a certain degree of mutual good offices. - It becomes punishable to disobey the sovereign when he commands what is merely indifferent and what might have been omitted without any blame. - When he commands what, antecedent to any such order, could not have been omitted without the greatest blame, it surely becomes much more punishable to be lacking in obedience. - Of all the lawgiver's duties, this perhaps requires the greatest delicacy and reserve to properly execute. - To neglect it altogether exposes the commonwealth to many gross disorders and shocking enormities. - To push it too far is destructive of all liberty, security, and justice. 9 The mere want of beneficence seems to merit no punishment from equals. - But the greater exertions of beneficence appear to deserve the highest reward. - By being productive of the greatest good, they are the natural and approved objects of the liveliest gratitude. On the contrary, the breach of justice exposes one to punishment. - But the observance of the rules of justice seems not to deserve any reward. - There is a propriety in the practice of justice. - It merits all the approbation due to propriety. - But as it does no real positive good, it is entitled to very little gratitude. - On most occasions, mere justice is but a negative virtue. - It only hinders us from hurting our neighbour. - The man who barely abstains from violating his neighbour' s person, estate, or reputation, has surely very little positive merit. - However, he fulfils all the rules of justice. - He does everything which: - his equals can force him to do with propriety, or - they can punish him for not doing - We may often fulfil all the rules of justice by sitting still and doing nothing. 10 As every man doth, so shall it be done to him. - Retaliation seems to be the great law dictated to us by Nature. - We think: - that beneficence and generosity are due to the generous and beneficent. - that those whose hearts never open to the feelings of humanity should be: - shut out from the affections of fellow-humans, and - allowed to live in the midst of society, as in a great desert where nobody: - cares for them or - inquire after them. - The violator of the laws of justice should be made to feel that evil which he has done. - Since no regard to the sufferings of his brethren can restrain him, he should be over-awed by the fear of his own sufferings. - The man who only observes the laws of justice with regard to others and merely abstains from hurting his neighbours, can merit only that: - his neighbours in their turn should respect his innocence - the same laws should observed with regard to him. Aug. 28, 2015: Corrected the original genius as Lord Kames Next: Chapter 2: The sense of Justice

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Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was born during a time of great fervor. His birth in 1835 in Qadian, India coincided with anticipation from followers of many religions of the advent of a Promised Reformer. Simultaneously, humanism and anti-religious sentiments had won over many of the world’s faithful – including many of Ahmad’s relatives. Qadian itself was in disrepair – malaria was common, no functioning sewage system existed, wild animals were rampant, and there was virtually no economy. In such an environment, Ahmad spent his youth in comparative religious study, logic, philosophy, various hard sciences, medicine, and learning languages. Ahmad’s fondness of learning became so intense that his father feared for his health. He was particularly interested in Islam, partly because of its inherent beauty, but partly because of the sad state of the Muslim world. In a Persian couplet, he wrote, “Before your eyes Islam has fallen in the dust. What excuse will you offer God, O Muslims, who pass your lives in luxury?” As a result of this zeal, he would often engage in polemics with commoners and scholars alike – gaining a reputation as a fierce, yet dignified and affable, defender of Islam. Early Spiritual Milestones For years, Ahmad had practiced an austere lifestyle. In 1875, however, he saw a vision in which he was instructed to observe the way of prophets before him by engaging in a prolonged period of fasting. The fasting continued for months, allowing Ahmad to experience wondrous and intense aspects of spirituality. In 1876, signs of his father’s death appeared. Ahmad feared for his future. At this moment, he received the revelation, “Is not Allah sufficient for His servant?” This revelation, also a verse of the Holy Quran (39:37), provided Ahmad with such a serenity that he said from then on he never entertained any such worry. Jihad of the Pen Ahmad had been writing in the defense of Islam before the death of his father, but his father’s death gave him unprecedented freedom to defend Islam through the written word. He had a peculiar way of writing – placing two ink pots, one at each end of the room, and writing while walking from one pot to the other. In 1880, he penned the first volume of his monumental five-volume work entitled Braheen-e-Ahmadiyya. The work, which garnered admiration throughout India, demonstrated Ahmad’s breathtaking command of secular and religious sciences. Essentially, Ahmad argued for Islam’s superiority over all other religions and secular ideologies. Ahmad even offered a prize of 10,000 rupees to anyone who could refute the book’s arguments and give even one-fifth of these proofs in favour of their own position – a prize that was never collected. In fact, the book even won the praise of Maulvi Muhammad Husain Batalvi – a man who would become Ahmad’s most bitter enemy. Of the book, Batalvi exclaimed, “It is well known that Satanic suggestions are mostly false but not one of the revelations received by the author of Braheen e Ahmadiyya have been proved false up to this day. These cannot therefore be considered Satanic suggestions. Can any Muslim follower of the Quran believe that Satan can be given knowledge, like the Prophets and the angels, of that which is hidden so that none of his disclosures should lack truth” (Ishaat-us Sunnah Vol. VII no. 6 June/August 1884 pp. 169-170)? This habit of defending Islam through the pen would continue throughout his life. In fact, Ahmad emphatically declared that the doctrine of aggressive jihad violated Islam’s teachings. Instead, Ahmad argued for a jihad of the pen – he himself writing more than 80 books, hundreds of poems, and thousands of letters to illustrate the intellectual and spiritual superiority of Islam. His reasoning was ironclad: “In the present age, the pen has been raised against Islam and it was through it that Muslims had been caused so much pain and suffering. Therefore, the pen should be the weapon of the Muslims. It is the duty of every Muslim to join this battle … The jihad of this age is to propagate Islam and refute the allegation of the critics; to spread the beauty of the true religion, Islam, in the world, and to manifest the truth of Prophet Muhammad to the world. But this did not mean that jihad by the sword now is abrogated, only that today, jihad by the pen is the real jihad, until God produces different circumstances in the world” (Malfoozat Vol. I, pp. 44, 219). Ultimately, Ahmad, through poetry and prose, in Arabic, Urdu and Persian, presented Islam’s position on subjects as diverse as hermeneutics, archeology, linguistics, epistemology, astronomy, determinism, comparative religious study, women’s rights, blasphemy, the afterlife, statehood, prophethood, ethics, cosmology, Islamic history, ecumenism, miracles, apostasy, Sharia, mysticism, citizenship, child rearing, reincarnation, prophecy, soul, revelation, evolution, soteriology, prayer, Trinity, marital rights, jihad, belief, dogma, the compatibility between science and religion, the Tomb of Jesus Christ, the meaning of life, etc. Ahmad embodied the title God annointed him with: Sultanul Qalam (King of the Pen). After receiving a number of revelations bearing glad tidings of a fruitful marriage, Ahmad married Nusrat Jehan Begum in 1884. It was a blessed marriage, the couple becoming parents to five boys and five girls. The couple also exhibited extreme love and respect to each other. One anecdote is illustrative. Once, Nusrat Jehan wanted to surprise her husband by making a rice pudding. She, however, accidentally put four times the amount of sugar required for the dish. Ahmad, however, ate the dish with visible relish and continued talking to his wife until her anxiety had passed. Throughout the marriage, Ahmad personified Prophet Muhammad’s teaching, “He is best among you who is best in behavior towards his wife.” His brother-in-law remarked that he never observed Ahmad speaking harshly towards his wife, and using the most refined Urdu when addressing her. His children, too, were privy to Ahmad’s love. For example, Ahmad was once busy in drafting an important document when his toddler son, Hazrat Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmud Ahmad – who would later become the 2nd Khalifa of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community – knocked on the door. Ahmad opened the door, let his son run around the room and when the son grew bored, he left the room. Only a few minutes later, the son again knocked on the door. Ahmad again opened the door and the routine was repeated. Ahmad’s companion remarked that this happened at least twenty times but not even the slightest expression of displeasure appeared on Ahmad’s face. Founding The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community After receiving revelation, Ahmad, on January 12th, 1889, published a pamphlet describing 10 conditions for initiation into the Community. On March 23rd, 1889 he began initiating members into the Community. Hazrat Maulvi Hakim Nuruddin would be his first follower, and later the 1st Khalifa of the Community. In 1890 Ahmad received revelation that Jesus, Son of Mary, (peace be upon him) had passed away like all previous prophets and that Ahmad was the metaphorical second coming of Jesus of Nazareth, whose advent was foretold by the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad. The exact revelation was as follows: “The Messiah, Son of Mary, Prophet of God, is dead. It is thou who hast appeared in his spirit, according to the promise. And the promise of God is bound to be fulfilled.” Ahmad’s likening unto Jesus indicated the purpose of his advent was to end religious wars, condemn bloodshed and reinstitute morality, justice and peace. Ahmad’s advent has brought about an unprecedented era of Islamic revival. He divested Muslims of fanatical beliefs and practices by vigorously championing Islam’s true and essential teachings. He also recognized the noble teachings of the great religious founders and saints, including Zoroaster, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Krishna, Buddha, Confucius, Lao Tzu and Guru Nanak, and explained how such teachings converged into the one true Islam. The claim contradicted the belief of Christians and Muslims – both of whom believed Jesus, Son of Mary, to be alive and one day returning to revive mankind. Ahmad already faced opposition from other Muslims and non-Muslims, but this claim generated unprecedented opposition. Annual Gathering & World Religions Conference From December 27th to 29th at the Aqsa Mosque in Qadian, Ahmad held the first Jalsa Salana (Annual Gathering). While only 75 members attended that year, the Gathering today is observed in 200 countries, commanding an audience in the tens of millions. Along with the Community’s Annual Gathering, Ahmad was also a passionate advocate of participating in functions promoting inter-religious harmony. In 1896, the Conference of Great Religions was held to allow scholars of the world’s religions to explain the beauties of their respective faiths before the public. Ahmad’s speech – The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam – unanimously won over the more than 7,000 attendees. Ahmad, in fact, had received revelation that his treatise would stand superior to all others. Scores of newspapers noted the miraculous nature of the speech. The speech also gained the praise of the likes of Leo Tolstoy: “I approved very much of ‘How to get rid of sin’ and ‘The Life to come’. The ideas are very profound and very true.” Final Years & Death As revelation indicated that his death was near, Ahmad penned Al-Wasiyyat (The Will) in 1905 to instruct his followers on making a testamentary donation for the victory of Islam and the glad tidings of the revival of the Islamic Caliphate that had vanished after the passing of Hazrat Ali, the fourth Caliph of Prophet Muhammad. Ahmad explained that God manifests His blessings first through his prophets and, after their passing, He establishes the Caliphate, which is the second manifestation of His divine power. “You must not be sad at what I have described. Your hearts ought not be sorrowful because it is incumbent that you must see the Second Manifestation of God also.” In April 1908, Ahmad travelled to Lahore to meet members of his Community and various dignitaries. While there, he also penned “Paygham-e-Sulah” (A Message of Peace) to outline a proposal to bring Hindus and Muslims together. Soon thereafter, on May 25th, 1908 he fell ill. He passed away, at the age of 74, on May 26, 1908. He was buried in Qadian, India. His last words were: Allah, meray piyaray Allah (Lord, my beloved Lord)

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The Colposcopy examination When women receive an abnormal test result they may be asked to attend for a colposcopy examination for further investigation. “Colposcopy is a simple examination that allows the doctor to see the type and area of the abnormality on your cervix. It also lets the doctor decide if you need treatment.”(NHS Cancer Screening Programme – The Colposcopy Examination 2012) The examination is similar to a cervical screening test, but it involves a more detailed look at the cervix. A magnifying device, called a colposcope, is used to examine the cervix and to see the area of abnormal cells more clearly. The colposcope does not go in to your body. A small sample of the abnormal cells (a biopsy about the size of a pinhead) may also be taken during the examination to assess the stage of the abnormal cells. The colposcopy and biopsy will enable doctors to assess whether the cell changes are Cervical Intra-epithelial Neoplasia (CIN). CIN means abnormal cells found on the surface of the cervix. The cell changes are classed as CIN1, CIN2 or CIN3. This classification is used to indicate how far from the surface of the cervix the abnormality extends.Treatment is usually given to remove CIN2 or CIN3 abnormal cells. It is done in the outpatient colposcopy clinic, sometimes the same time as the examination. We talked to women about their experiences of the colposcopy examination. Some of the women we interviewed had had several colposcopy examinations over a number of years without needing treatment. Others had treatment performed at their colposcopy examination (see other topics in 'Treatment and side effects'). Describes her experience of the colposcopy examination. Then you come back in and you sit on a sort of short couch and that, when you're sitting on it you slide your bottom down to the end of it and your legs are put in kind of like people, one imagines people used to be delivered of child, your knees are hooked over a support so your knees are in the air and then the couch is raised and the doctor sits at the end of it. There's, where I have mine there's a TV camera system so that the examination, the inside of your vagina, whatever, is shown on the screen in rather gory detail which you can or you may, don't have to look at. And if you want, what is seen can be explained to you on the screen. I've had varying kind of responses, sometimes I feel I'd rather not look at that and sometimes I have a look at it and it's shown to me what, what it means. There are often, because this is a teaching hospital where I go, often medical students present and I'm always asked if that's okay and I always say it is okay as it's very important for them to have learning experience, particularly important to be with a very good doctor who has very good way of handling patients in that situation. And the procedure is there's an insertion of a spatula I think to take a smear and later there's an application of a solution of vinegar to the walls of the vagina because I think that solution helps the, show up the cellular formulation. May be it comes before the smear does it, I think it comes while it's looked at on the camera and that stings a little bit but only, only mildly it's quite bearable. And it's very brief and I think there's a nurse attending who slightly mops you up if you need mopping up and you slide, the couch is lowered, you slide off it and go next door and get dressed and then come back and talk to the doctor again and another appointment is made if you need one. And you're told that you'll get the results of the examination in a couple of weeks. Sometimes that happens, sometimes it doesn't. Describes her experience of her colposcopy examination and biopsy. It was not an unpleasant experience. The clinic was situated in the maternity unit. It was very calm, it was very well organised. I imagined I'd be kept hanging about for a long time because one generally is on this sort of visit. But once I'd registered my presence I was told there'd be a 15 minute wait or so, I was probably early. And I had a cup of tea and was called in due course. I was then taken into a separate waiting room from the main waiting room for that particular clinic. I was the only patient there along with a secretary and other administration staff I suppose. A bright, cheery pleasant room, lots to read on the walls and was then introduced to the nurse, before the doctor, who took me through what was going to happen and asked me if I had any worries, about the procedure rather than the condition, or potential condition. And then went in for the treatment after a short while. It was very organised, very easy, friendly, they were very caring. The doctor was superb as was the nurse, just the two of them in the room. They offered to let me see the cervix on the video screen. I declined that, I felt that was more than I needed to see at that stage. I did say I might look afterwards but didn't need to see the procedure taking place. I was told that it wouldn't be painful, just uncomfortable perhaps. When the biopsy was taken I believe there was some dye used at one stage and when the biopsy was taken it would be like a little pressure or prick but in fact I didn't feel a thing. It was all very civilised for an undignified condition. And the good thing was I was assured by the doctor at that stage that she didn't feel there was a problem there at all. She said it looked all very healthy and it really wasn't, she said she would be very, very, very surprised had there proved to be a problem in the long term. So I came out of there feeling very positive and, well pleased with the result I suppose. Describes her experience of the colposcopy and biopsy. Again it was an, you went into hospital even though it wasn't under a general anaesthetic in a treatment room type area. I think in some respects also the fact that I was quite concerned about it being possibly painful is the fact that when you have a general anaesthetic you don't know what happens to you. So with a colposcopy it's a bit like a smear but it takes longer. So you're there with your legs in the air sort of feeling very vulnerable, quite exposed and the doctor is sort of, rather than a smear it's over and done with in quite a relatively short period of time. The colposcopy they have to really make sure they can focus on the cervix so therefore you've got the speculum in which is quite uncomfortable and they may need to tweak it around a bit so you're sort of trying to relax as much as possible. And once they actually can see the cervix they paint something on it which shows up the abnormal areas, sort of like a vinegary type solution which does sting slightly. So, and you're just anticipating the next sort of thing, so it's quite nerve-wracking even though they try to reassure you. And then when they take the colposcopy it is, it is like taking a little nick out of the skin and again you're anticipating that and you read about it, so you know it's coming. Perhaps it's best not to know I don't know and that point it is, as with anything if you get a slight pinch it is quite ooh, ow. And then afterwards you bleed a little a bit. Fortunately I didn't bleed a great deal, but you sort of then, sort of feel right bleeding for a bit, a while afterwards so a bit of discomfort. But I think it's how undignified the whole thing is really and you can't get away from it. You know there's no, you know you're sort of, you're under a general anaesthetic, you don't care whether your legs are akimbo and everybody is staring but when you're actually there it's sort of a little bit more embarrassing really. Kim describes her experience of colposcopy. During the colposcopy examination, women sit on a special type of chair which has padded supports where they can rest their legs. The chair is then tilted backwards. Several women we talked to felt embarrassed that they had to undress and have their legs on the padded supports, but many found the nurses and doctor put them at ease and explained what they were doing at each stage of the procedure. Many women said the examination was not as bad as they had imagined, others said it was worse than they expected. The colposcopy examination was much better than Laura had expected. The colposcopy examination and biopsy was different to what she expected and she felt traumatised. I didn't approve of it but because the consultant, well I think you've got no choice. I was in there for about 45 minutes and then things the consultant said to me they was going to do turned out wrong. Because what he said to me was I didn't see what I had done and I had to get undressed behind the screen and then there was three consultants in the room and one nurse, me and my partner. He said he'd give me a little spray to numb the area which also was a lie because it turned out to be an injection which I'm not keen on but it was done anyway. It lasted about 20 minutes, he took a biopsy and told me to stay off my feet for a couple of days, come and get the result in 4 weeks which I was so traumatised by I didn't turn up for the results. Solutions of iodine and acetic acid are applied to the cervix, which are used to highlight the abnormal cells on the cervix. Some women said they felt a stinging sensation, others said they did not feel anything when these liquids were applied. She did not feel any discomfort when the iodine solution was put on her cervix. Yes the nurse did pretty much actually yeah she did she said "Right this is what I'm going to be doing now” and, that's when she said "because you can have a look," and I was going "No it's okay." She did, she did explain what she was doing now and that she was, that's right yeah because she said "Right I'm going to be colouring," they use some sort of dye so that the abnormal cells stand out, they must catch the colour so that you can actually see them. So that's what she said "I'm putting some dye on," she said "it may a sting a bit," which it didn't at all, which was quite a relief. I thought I don't ever remember stinging and it didn't, so that wasn't a problem. At some colposcopy clinics, women can choose to view the examination on a TV screen. This was reassuring for some women and enabled them to take their mind off the procedure. Others chose not to look at the screen. One woman found it upsetting. Some women did find it painful to have a biopsy taken; others experienced only a little discomfort or none at all. Having a biopsy taken was painful. Oh it's so difficult because you're trying to remain relaxed because you've got to be relaxed. At the same time you feel so wound up and tense and you know that it could hurt, you don't know whether it's going to hurt. And I just thought, I just want to grab somebody and hang onto them, so she was just sort of holding onto my hands sort of looking up at the ceiling. But you can just feel, you know things inside you sort of, it was like a really bad period pain but not, because my usual period pains seem to go sort of across the abdomen, this seemed to go right through you, you know right up you. And I think oh it was just not nice. Yeah it was just, and even though the colposcopist had said you know "It won't hurt because the cervix area doesn't really have that many nerve endings," you still can feel that sort of part of you is being taken out. Well I was quite sensitive and oh that hurts. And she said "Oh well I can't do another one then, if that hurt then it would hurt even more to do another one." Yes and then you sort of, and everything then taken out and you feel quite tender because you've been held open really and that was uncomfortable. But at least they give you time sort of, and it only took 10 minutes but it just felt forever. She did not feel any discomfort or pain when her biopsy was taken. She was going to take away the piece of skin, flesh, whatever you want to call it. So muscles all tensed back up again thinking this is it, I'm going to feel this, she's going to cut me and I'm going to feel it but she sprayed some mild anaesthetic on it and I didn't feel a thing. It was over and done with. She said "It is so minute," she said "I can hardly see it," because the nurse had the jar there ready for it to go into liquid and preservative or whatever. I didn't look, I couldn't bear to look but she said it is so minute and that was the end of it. A spray is sometimes used to numb the area before taking the biopsy and some women found this painful or uncomfortable. After the biopsy several women said they had some bleeding for a short while and a few experienced cramps. This is normal and women advised others to take sanitary towels to the appointment. After their appointment several women felt emotional, others felt relieved and positive. A few women mentioned that it was helpful to have someone accompany them to their appointment. She felt drained physically and emotionally for a few hours after her colposcopy examination. Apart from weak, you know I'd been sort of so on edge for so long and that sudden rush of emotion I came home, had a cup of tea, I mean the pain just continued for so, it was like you know just a period pain that just went on for an incredibly long time. So a couple of Neurofen and I just felt so tired so I just went to sleep, slept for four hours, woke up and felt really drained physically, emotionally. So I just watched TV, It was so dull you know Ready, Steady, Cook that kind of, and I thought I really must eat something. And that was the other thing there was no sort of, you just, I didn't want to eat, didn't really want to drink anything, wanted to just vegetate and not thinking about anything else. Explains that she felt very emotional after her first colposcopy examination. Afterwards I drove, I drove there, I had a car and I drove there and when that was over, even though it wasn't too bad when I got back to the car I was like in shock I think and I sort of burst into tears and I was sitting at the steering wheel going "I can't drive," and I was shaking. Only because I find it, it's quite invasive and it's quite a traumatic thing and because I'm so sort of prudish and squeamish and it's all sort of, it's quite an emotional thing even though nothing really horrible happens it's just suddenly it sort of hits you I think but I wasn't actually that bad the second time I think. At the colposcopy examination, “The doctor may be able to tell you what is wrong and what treatment, if any, is needed. But often, especially if you have had a biopsy, you will not be given a definite diagnosis immediately after the examination. It will take a week or two before you get the results of the biopsy". (NHS Cancer Screening Programme – The Colposcopy Examination 2012). For more information on CIN see our section ‘Cervical abnormalities: CIN3 and CGIN'. Last reviewed October 2015. Last updated October 2015.

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The doubly periodic Miura pattern was named after Japanese astrophysicist Koryo Miura, and is a well-known origami pattern for its rigid and flat foldabilities and its ability to deploy and retract in a restrictive way. Miura pattern is also known as rigid origami, which is concerned with folding structures using flat rigid sheet material with certain thicknesses, such as metal, wood, plastic, etc, that are joined by hinges. Rigid origami has also studied as Thick origami by Tomohiro Tachi. In this article, he proposed using a new method called Tapered Panels in addition to Hoberman’s symmetric Miura-ori vertex method and Trautz and Kunstler’s Slidable Hinges method. Recently, Tomohiro Tachi and Tom Hull presented Double-line rigid origami as an extension of the crease offset method of thick rigid origami. Interestingly, Miura surface can also be understood as a generalized example of bi-foldable infinite polyhedral complexes, or zonohedra, that are bounded by parallelograms. Similar to the weaving of a cube or other zonohera that has been studied by artist Rinus Roelofs, a polyhedron weaving technique can be used to construct these polyhedral complexes. A Miura surface can therefore be woven by strips of paper (see a diagram below), or thick materials such as corrugated cardboard. More images below show the added thickness and the stylization to the woven Miura surface in 4 mm thick corrugated cardboard. It was interesting to learn that weaving Miura surface with thick and rigid panels is a lot easier than adding thickness to the Miura origami panels. I have been collaborating with mathematician Matthias Weber on a new class of infinite bi-foldable polyhedral complexes. Currently, our initial result has been published at:https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.01698. I would like to showcase two examples of triply infinite bi-foldable polyhedral complexes: Butterfly and Dos Equis. I made Butterfly and Dos Equis using a polyhedral weaving technique. The material is Mi Teintes paper. I’m also including two nice rendered videos made by Weber. To learn more about the mathematics (explained in layman’s terms by Weber) behind these fun infinite bi-foldable polyhedral complexes, or the process of how we found them, I encourage you to visit Weber’s blogs here: Butterfly has three vertex types: valency 4, 6, and 8. Butterfly is named after the vertex of valency 8 as it resembles a symmetrically balanced butterfly. This vertex is translated to create the triply periodic construction. Butterfly is made using a polyhedral weaving technique that employs a four-color complementary scheme. Each color represents a distinctive zone using the concept of zonohedron proposed by H.S.M. Coxeter. Each face is alternated and interwoven by two zones of two colors. A few deviations from the regularity are inserted to create the rhythmic changes. There are three vertex types in Dos Equis: two of valency 4 and one of valency 8. Dos Equis is named after the vertex of valency 8 as it resembles the image of an X. Using a four-color complementary scheme, each color represents a distinctive zone using the concept of zonohedron proposed by H.S.M. Coxeter. Each zone, using two unique unit patterns, is then folded and interwoven with other zones. Notice that the four colored zones, with its two unit patterns, and its under or over weaving alternations, create a total of sixteen design variations for the quadrilateral faces. Light Harvest is an interactive sculptural installation that explores a protein called Light-Harvesting Complex II (LHCII) in the realm of materials, digital fabrication, projection mapping and interaction design. This article gives an account of the making of Light Harvest, a collaboration between an artist/designer, a structural biologist, and an interaction design technologist. The artistic concepts in material construction and digital techniques are drawn from protein folding, sophisticated mapping processes in protein X-ray crystallography, and the remarkable abilities of LHCI proteins to convert full-spectrum visible sunlight to useful energy for life. Through its interactive installation, Light Harvest engages us in an appreciation and understanding of the biological processes studied and the scientific techniques used to study them. Ruga Lumina investigates body–space relationships by leveraging digital fabrication and interactive technologies. Ruga Lumina is a spatial construct in the form of a smart luminous “skin” made of thin sheets of folded material that respond to the movement of live bodies within and surrounding its interior space. Spatial occupancy is registered through the use of smart technology; sensor information activates illumination and lighting effects, which, in turn, prompts perceptual and expressive aesthetic qualities as affects. This visual essay gives an account of the construction of Ruga Lumina at two exhibition sites: Detroit Center for Design and Technology (DCDT) in Detroit, Michigan, and 3Labs in Culver City, California. This account describes how bodies can be read and registered upon a spatial surface that points to a potential to re‐envision fundamental notions of surface interiority. This article concerns the artistic and perceptual quality of translucent light transmitted by an origami-inspired paper surface when a light source is placed behind it. It describes my geometric strategies in origami design to create light art through the luminous effect of gradations of light. I first present historical background and related work on origami-inspired paper light art and origami tessellation designs. Case studies follow, focusing on geometric strategies for helical triangle tessellations, considering specific design requirements for creating functional folded light art. Wu. J. (October 31, 2017). Method for Folding Flat, Non-rigid Materials to Create Rigid, Three-dimensional Structures. Patent No: US 9,803,826 B2. Washington DC: The United States Patent and Trademark Office Priority Claim: The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent App. No. 61/893,519, filed Oct. 21, 2013, the entire disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. Field: The present disclosure relates generally to creating rigid three-dimensional structures by folding flat, non-rigid materials. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a method of folding a non-rigid material with a score or crease pattern into a three-dimensional structure for covering a light source. In design history, the concept of ‘skin’ has been used to refer to the outermost tissue that encloses a physical body. So, if the concept of ‘skin’ can be understood as a generator of ideas for interiors that lie in between the flexible spaces around the body and the rigid spaces within the building, what new form and context can an interior skin take in adding to the contemporary interiority? Borrowing from the metaphor of ‘skin’ in fashion, interior design and architecture, Ruga Interior Skin (RIS) explores the ambiguous and conceptual realm connecting the act of wearing, inhabiting and its relationship between body, form, material, and surface-making of a novel interior semi-structural wall and partition. ‘Ruga’ is the Latin word for making wrinkles, creases, pleats, and folds. RIS is inspired by the use of wrinkling and folding to create flexible frameless topological forms that can be suspended in a way that is similar to a piece of cloth or textile. Both flexible and rigid, RIS draws the connection between the body and the interior surface, placing the dichotomy of permanent vs. ephemeral, solid vs. light, and material vs. digital at the center of the concept. Wu, J. (2017). Applying Helical Triangle Tessellation in Folded Light Art. In D. Swart, C Séquin. & K. Fenyvesi (Eds.), Proceedings of Bridges 2017: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music, and Science (pp. 383-386), Phoenix, Arizona: Tessellation Publishing This article describes how I created a collection of lamps made of folded sheets of material using helical triangle tessellations, which are also called Nojima patterns. I started by working with a periodic helical triangle pattern to fold a piece of light art that is shaped in a hexagonal column. I continued by modifying the periodic pattern into a semi-periodic design by adding variations so that the tessellation could be folded into a light art that is shaped in a twisted column. I further developed tessellations that consisted of self-similar helical triangles by using a geometric construction method. These self-similar helical triangles form algorithmic spirals. I folded the tessellation design into a work of light art that is shaped in a conical hexagonal form. There is an increasing interest in interior design theory that focuses on understanding interior spaces as both the specifics of objects and environments within the interior and the subjects who experience them through their bodily presence. If a theory of interiority cannot simply be characterized by reference to qualities such as walls, ceilings and floors in a Cartesian space and by the objects and finishing contained in it, and we wish to engage physical and psychological body-space relationships as well, then what are some new spatial expressions that can affect our perception of space? What is our perception of a space? What does it mean to feel a space? According to Gestalt psychology, when we enter an interior space, what is first and immediately perceived is neither the subjective sensation nor shapes, colors, or objects, but rather, atmosphere. German philosopher, Gernot Böhme, in his seminal work, Atmosphere as The Fundamental Concept of a New Aesthetics, articulated the interrelationship between the subjects and objects in atmospheric space. According to Böhme, atmospheres are neither something object nor something subject. Instead, atmospheres are both object-like, articulating their presence through qualities, and at the same time subject-like, presenting a bodily state of being of subjects in space. Human skin is the interface between the body and world: it is our outermost organ that protects our physical bodies, it is sensuous to touch and constantly gives us information about our surroundings. In design history the concept of ‘skin’ has been used as a site for rich metaphors referring to the clothing that wraps around the body or the building walls that enclose and protect our body. In fact, ‘second skin’ is often used as a metaphor for clothing or fashion while ‘third skin’ is often used as a metaphor for architectural cladding and surface interiority. An architectural skin, referred to generically as the boundary between indoor and outdoor, has to negotiate with both exterior and interior presences. In contrast, interior skin, mediated by the architectural skin, can be understood as a series of layers demarcating various interior enclosures: inside and outside demarcation is erased and dichotomy becomes relevant only to the presence of the body. Directly borrowing from the metaphor of human skin, this art installation To Feel the Space, is a full scale interactive interior skin that is produced by using folded plastic corrugation boards and digital technologies. It attempts to explore the potential object-like and subject-like expression of interior atmosphere by focusing on the ephemeral status between subject and object and capturing the fleeting moments of body-space experience. Situated within a large public space, for example, an exhibition hall, the form of the interior skin, digitally fabricated from folded plates is not the result of the design generated from a specific program, but the result of parameterizing the dome-like structure to the bodily dimensions and movement. The interior skin, as the object in space, actively engages with the subjects as they walk into the exhibition space. Digital cameras capture the colors palettes from the clothing people wear in space and add the live color information to a database to be live project-mapped onto the interior skin. As the people move closer to and within the interior skin, the additional digital cameras will capture people’s movements in space and allow for the interactive plays between the bodies and the space. When people move outside of the interior skin and the exhibition hall, they will leave their color information behind in the space and therefore the space is present with the traces of bodies even if the bodies are absent in space. As a result, the atmosphere is neither objective nor subjective, but infused with the fleeting interplay between the object and the subject that is felt through the body and met with the eyes. Acknowledgement: This project is supported by New Frontier of Creativity and Scholarship and Center of Arts and Humanities Institute Fellowship, Indiana University. The author would like to thank Kyle Overton for working on aspects of the interactive technology.

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Diplopylidium nölleri (Skrjabin, 1924) Lopez-Neyra, 1927 ETYMOLOGY:Diplo = double and pylidium = openings along with nölleri for Dr. Nöller. SYNONYMS: Witenberg (1932) reviewed the genus Diplopylidium, and he recognized four species of which only two were considered as parasites of the domestic cat. The synonyms Witenberg recognized for Diplopylidiumnölleri were: Diplopylidiummonoophoroides (Lopez-Neyra, 1927) Witenberg, 1932. HISTORY:Diplopylidiumnölleri was originally described as Progynopylidiumnölleri by Skrjabin (1924) from a cat in Turkestan. The genus Diplopylidium, first described by Beddard in 1913, had priority over that proposed by Skrjabin. The name proposed for the genus by Skrjabin similarly recognized the same generic condition of this worm’s morphology. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION:Diplopylidiumnölleri has been reported from the Middle East and southern Europe (Abdul-Salam & Baker, 1990; Burgu et al, 1985; El-Shabrawy and Imam, 1978; Gadale et al., 1989; Haralampides, 1977; Ismail et al, 1983; Witenberg, 1932). In some cases Diplopylidiumnölleri was found very commonly being reported by Haralampides (1977) in 71 or 123 cats in Greece and by El-Shabrawy & Imam in 24 of 66 cats in Egypt. In Jordan, Ismail et al. (1983) report that 96 of 123 cats had Dipylidiumcaninum, 32 cats had Diplopylidiumacanthotetra, and 24 cats had Diplopylidiumnölleri. Geckos have been found infected with cysticercoids in Tanzania (Simonsen & Sarda, 1985). LOCATION IN HOST: The adult Diplopylidiumnölleri is in found in the small intestine of the feline host. Ismail et al. (1983) state that Diplopylidiumnölleri is in usually found in the very posterior of the small intestine, while Diplopylidiumacanthotetra is in found at the end of the first third of the small intestine. Dipylidiumcaninum was found in the posterior two-thirds of the small intestine, overlapping the posterior range of Diplopylidiumacanthotetra and extending through the range of Diplopylidiumnölleri. Taeniataeniaeformis was found by these authors mainly in the first third of the small intestine. IDENTIFICATION: When compared to Dipylidium and Joyeuxiella species, Diplopylidium is in the smallest, only 4-12 cm, of these types of tapeworms found in the cat. It holdfast possesses four suckers and a retractable rostellum armed with thorn-like hooks. The proglottids are shaped like cucumber seeds, possessing two complete sets of genital organs and bilateral genital pores. The genital pores of Diplopylidium lie anterior to the middle of the proglottid. Each egg capsule contains a single egg. Diplopylidiumnölleri is in characterized by having a long neck and hooks on the scolex that are smaller than 0.05 mm and those of Diplopylidiumacanthotetra. The posterior, gravid segments of fresh specimens of Diplopylidium nölleri have a dark reddish brown coloration that distinguishes this parasite from specimens for Diplopylidiumacanthotetra, Dipylidiumcaninum, and Joyeuxiella spp. that may be found within the intestine of a cat. LIFE CYCLE: Very little has been described relative to the biology of this parasite. The cat sheds segments into the environment which contain eggs that are infectious. It is in believed that the first intermediate host is in some form of coprophagous insect, but this has never actually been proven for any member of this genus. The second intermediate hosts are cysticercoids (small solid-bodied tapeworm larvae with an inverted scolex) that are found in reptiles. Cats become infected by the ingestion of the second intermediate host. Popov (1935) described the life cycle of a species of Diplopylidium, that he described as Diplopylidiumskrjabini. Two cats were infected with cysticercoids recovered from lizards, and six weeks later, they were found to harbor adult tapeworms in their intestines. At this time the adults were 4 to 5 cm long, and the posterior segments were darkly colored, being red rather than brown. It is in very likely that these represent the same species as Diplopylidiumnölleri. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PATHOGENESIS: There have been no descriptions of signs in cats infected with Diplopylidiumnölleri., so it is thought to be asymptomatic. DIAGNOSIS: Methods for the diagnosis of infection with this tapeworm other than at necropsy have not been described in any detail. It would seem likely that proglottids are passed in the feces of the cat as occurs with Dipylidium, and it may bee that occasionally free egg capsules containing a single egg may be observed in fecal samples. Each proglottid of Diplopylidiumnölleri possesses two genital pores for fertilization. The egg with its capsule is in best demonstrated by taking a gravid proglottid and teasing it open in a small amount of physiologic saline or tap water to disperse the characteristic egg capsule with its single egg (Georgi, 1987). TREATMENT: Praziquantel (Droncit) administered at 25 mg per animal at 6-week intervals has proven to be effective against Joyeuxiella (Blagburn and Todd, 1986), a tapeworm in the same family as Diplopylidiumnölleri. EPIZOOTIOLOGY: Cats become infected by ingesting reptiles in dwellings and yards. Some surveys have shown that up to 16 of 55 examined geckos have cysticercoids in their body cavity (Simonsen & Sarda, 1985). HAZARDS TO OTHER ANIMALS: There probably is in no significant hazard from an infected cat because the larvae must pass through a first intermediate host, probably an arthropod. Thus, cats probably pose no significant hazard to other animals. Of course, as the number of pet reptiles increases, and because the first host is in not known, there is in the possibility of increasing the potential of having large numbers of infected arthropods present in areas where both cats and reptiles share the same living quarters. Dogs can be infected with this parasite (Illescas-Gomez et al., 1989). HAZARDS TO HUMANS: The authors were unable to ascertain any public health significance potential similar to that which would be observed with Dipylidiumcaninum. CONTROL/PREVENTION: Cats should not be allowed to roam freely or to scavenge carcasses. Predation may lead to infection with Diplopylidiumnölleri if prey animals or carcasses containing cysticercoids (Hendrix and Blagburn, 1983). Abdul-Salam J, Baker K. 1990. Prevalence of intestinal helminths in stray cats in Kuwait. Pak Vet J 10:17-21. Blagburn BL, Todd KS. 1986. Exotic cestodiasis (Joyeuxiellapasqualei) in a cat. Feline Prac 16(2):8-11. Burgu a, Tinar R, Doganay a, Toparlak M. 1985. Ankara’da sokak kedilerinin ekto-ve endoparazitleri uzerinde bir arastirma. Vet Fak Derfiusi, Ankara Univ 32:288-300. El-Shabrawy MN, Imam EA. 1978. Studies on cestodes of domestic cats in Egypt with particular reference to species belonging to genera Diplopylidium and Joyeuxiella. J Egypt Vet Med Assoc 38:19-27. Gadale OI, Cape;;o G, Ali AA, Poglaayen G. 1989. Elminti intestinali del gatto. Prime segnalazioni nella Repubblica Democaratica Somala. Boll Sci Fac Zoot Vet Univ Nat Somala 8:13-24. Georgi JR. 1987. Tapeworms. Vet Cl N Am 17:1285-1305. Ilescas Gomez MP. Rodriguez-Osorio M, Granados-Tejerop D, Fernandez-Valdivia J, Gomez-Morales MA. 1989. Parasitoismo por helmintos en el perro (Canisfamiliaris L.) en la provincia de Granada. Rev Iber Parasitol 49:3-9. Haralampidis ST. 1977. Contribution to the study of cat’s parasites and their public health importance. Summary of Thesis. Hell Kteniatike 21:117-119. Hendrix CM and Blagburn BL. 1983. Common gastrointestinal parasites. Vet Cl N Am 13:627-646. Ismail NS, Abdel-Hafez SK, Toor MA. 1983. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes in cats from northern Jordan. Pak Vet J 3:129-132. Popov P. 1935. Sue le dévelopment de Diplopylidiumskrjabini n. sp. Ann Parasitol 13:322-326. Simondsen P, Sarda PK. 1985. Helminth and arthropod parasites of Hemidactylusmabouia from Tanzania. J Herpetol 19:428-430. Skrjabin KI. 1924. Progynopylidiumnölleri nov. Gen., nov. Spec., ein neuer Bandwurm der Katze. Berl Tierartzl Wschr 32:420-422. Witenberg G. 1932. On the cestode subfamily Dipylidiinae Stiles. Z Parasitenk 4:541-584.

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Michelangelo’s red-chalk study from life for the Sistine Chapel Creation of Adam is one of ninety or so sheets to be seen at the British Museum until 25 June. This drawing triumphantly illustrates Vasari’s claim that God had ‘decided to send into the world an artist who could be skilled in each and every craft, whose work alone would teach us how to attain perfection in design by correct drawing and by the use of contour and light and shadows, so as to obtain relief in painting’. If perfection and correctness were the end of art, Michelangelo could indeed be said to have found a route to at least one version of it. The study shows the model’s upper body from the neck down. It includes most of the left arm and part of the right. The foot belonging to the bent left leg is obscured by the right leg which is shown to just below the knee. Shading defines the muscles and their relationships with such coherence that the significance of each mound and pucker of flesh would, you feel, be confirmed by the kind of anatomical dissection Michelangelo had in fact undertaken. As you scan linked areas of highlight and shadow you follow his hand as it reads the flow of energy across the body. The sinuous profiles that outline limbs and muscle groups knit the whole into a single, energetic entity. The medium and style are matched in other studies from life. So too is the absence of head, hands and feet. Although these omissions are explained when you understand the place life studies had in the progress from sketch to finished work, Michelangelo’s way of editing the body in these drawings emphasises the degree to which the poses he invented began with twists and bends of the torso. In otherwise similar life studies by Raphael, it is the angle of the head and the direction of the gaze that seem to generate the pose. Michelangelo’s powers of invention were astonishing – he boasted that he never used the same figure twice. In achieving this variety he puts the body into extreme, sometimes agonising positions. Studies for Day in the Medici chapel show the left arm twisted in an armlock. It is pulled back even further in the sculpture; maybe the pose demanded more than the model could deliver. The Last Judgment on the west wall of the Sistine Chapel, painted more than twenty years after the ceiling, is a curtain of bodies which rise to heaven or are dragged down to hell. They float in poses which we have now seen for real: broadcasts from space show weightless astronauts floating in attitudes Michelangelo prefigured in the ups and downs of the blessed and the damned. Art tends to separate head and body – at the extreme into the genres of portrait and nude. To combine these has always been provocative. Goya’s Naked Maja and Lucian Freud’s pictures of nameable naked people take some of their force from the subjects’ unexpected willingness to let themselves be exposed. Stanley Spencer’s portrait of himself and Patricia Preece naked with a leg of lamb, and Dürer’s drawing of himself naked after an illness, are almost cruelly objective examinations which seem to say as much about mental as physical selves. A corollary of this is that in pictures of naked bodies which are not dealing in that kind of provocation, faces are often obscure (Degas’s bathers and dancers) or stereotyped (Cranach’s minxes and Boucher’s nymphs), or self-absorbed and unexpressive (Titian’s Venuses). Michelangelo’s subject is the human spirit manifested in the body. If faces were present in the studies, or if those in many of the finished works were not of such a uniform character, their variety and specificity would be a distraction. He was in pursuit of ideal beauty, uninterested in individuality and famously unwilling to paint or sculpt portraits. His one ideal body type – that of a young, athletic man – was minimally adapted to represent women or old men. There is a drawing here which works out the pose for a Virgin and Child. In it Mary’s body could be mistaken for that of a naked man. When players swap shirts at the end of a football match, many torsos are exposed that would have suited Michelangelo as models; few are topped by heads of his ideal type – the heads of his life models, too, might have failed in nobility or symmetry. A more straightforward reason for the missing heads, hands and feet is the place life studies had in the generation of finished works. As far as the frescos went, the sequence was first a compositional drawing, then life studies of individual figures or parts of figures and finally a full-scale cartoon, from which the design was transferred to the plaster of the wall or ceiling. If a hand or arm would be obscured by another figure, Michelangelo gave only a summary account of it in the life drawing. Faceless life drawings, like headless fragments of antique sculpture (the Torso Belvedere, which Michelangelo would have known, is illustrated in the catalogue), have a particular, accidental power. In them the body is able to speak for itself. When a figure from one of the drawings appears in a fresco it is transformed by having to share the stage with its own head. But other changes take place too: when the life model becomes Adam in the fresco, an imaginable sweaty, human reality is smoothed and plumped out. It is as though a tough hill-bred animal has been fattened and conditioned for market. In fresco and sculpture, Michelangelo’s mastery of his ideal type is complete. The delineation of the body is assured. Its bends, turns and foreshortening are effected magisterially. The life studies were crucial in the achievement of this. Many other drawings, in particular those in which imagined poses are noted or explored and figures grouped together, are quite different. The energy now is not in the delineated body but in the marks themselves. Among the most perfunctory, but not least interesting, is a scribbled note to a stonemason which combines the dimensions of a block of marble and a sketch within the block of the river god waiting to be released from it. The architectural drawings range from the highly finished to the sparse and diagrammatic; in both, the inventiveness that put such strain on the human frame is used to crush or pull apart the canonical elements of classical architecture. By contrast, the style of a group of presentation drawings – drawings that were ends in themselves – is smooth and polished. In the Crucifixion Michelangelo gave to Vittoria Colonna – a pious, aristocratic and extraordinarily well-connected lady – the athletic body becomes the vehicle of pathos, as it was in the pietàs which he carved both at the beginning and at the very end of his career as a sculptor. There are drawings for those here too. In drawings in which the supremely energetic body type found on the Sistine ceiling has been adapted to become a vehicle of emotion – above all, religious emotion – there are premonitions of the mood and manner of the works by his followers that would stretch the templates he left them to the limit. Long after he had ceased to paint he produced designs for other painters to work from. In this exhibition there is the full-scale Epifania cartoon from the 1550s, and a study from much earlier in which he gives Sebastiano del Piombo a pose for Lazarus. Three drawings of the Crucifixion with mourning figures, made some time in the last decade of his long life (he lived to be 88), are given a space to themselves at the end of the exhibition. In them, the twist of the torso which links the Crucifixion he drew for Vittoria Colonna to any number of other eloquent poses has gone. The resilient energy of the ideal body has been drained. The figure, still monumental, has become ethereal and tragic. One can imagine, looking at these drawings, that the veil of multiple strokes which caress the outlines of the figures and the soft rubbed shadows which float over the muscles of Christ’s torso are the result of a less sure hand and a clouded eye. The skeined outlines, which in their linear configuration resemble the grooves made by the claw chisel on his unfinished sculptures, suggest a search for a single true line, as the chisel marks are a stage in the search for the one true surface. Because both leave open the question of just what that line or surface might be, a viewer is drawn to the notion that to see the work in this state is in some small degree to enter the mind of the artist at a point before firm lines and polished surfaces cancel out other possibilities, reducing the potential to the actual, and bringing with it the regret that can follow even triumphant completion. That Michelangelo is known to have changed his mind during the process of carving makes the unworked stone of his unfinished pieces genuinely mysterious. The remnant of the block is not here, as it is in some of Rodin’s works, as a rhetorical device, an elision which we can confidently imagine stripped away. The drawings in the exhibition are from three sources: the majority from the British Museum itself, the others from the Teyler Museum in Haarlem and the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. Altogether they comprise about a sixth of all those now attributed to Michelangelo and include representatives of every kind of drawing he did. Because the collections of the three museums are substantial, Hugo Chapman, moving from group to group and study to study, makes his catalogue a life-and-times as well as monograph on the drawings (only at one point does he skip ahead because there is nothing in the exhibition relating to an important commission). It makes it unusually rewarding to read right through. The recognised corpus of Michelangelo drawings is bigger than it once was. Scholars are now more willing to allow that Michelangelo – ‘divine’ in his lifetime – was as uneven as a broader view of what is authentic suggests, and that he destroyed fewer preliminary studies than was previously thought. But even if every drawing now attributed to him is genuine, there is reason to believe that he would have been unhappy for us to see everything that is on show, just as he would have found it hard to imagine that an interest in this evidence of the process of creation might be almost as significant to later generations as the grandeur of the final results which it explicates. Send Letters To: London Review of Books, 28 Little Russell Street London, WC1A 2HN Please include name, address, and a telephone number.

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What we know about the fundamental laws of inheritance began to take shape in a monastery garden in Moravia in the middle of the 19th century, when Gregor Mendel patiently cross-bred pea plants over the course of several years, separated the progeny according to their distinct traits, and figured out the mathematical foundations of modern genetics. Since the rediscovery of Mendel’s work a century ago, the vocabulary of Mendelian inheritance—dominant genes, recessive genes, and ultimately our own era’s notion of disease genes—has colored every biological conversation about genetics. The message boils down to a single premise: your unique mix of physiological traits and disease risks (collectively known as your phenotype) can be read in the precise sequence of chemical bases, or letters, in your DNA (your genotype). But what if—except in the cases of some rare single-gene disorders like Tay-Sachs disease—the premise ignores a significant portion of inheritance? What if the DNA sequence of an individual explains only part of the story of his or her inherited diseases and traits, and we need to know the DNA sequences of parents and perhaps even grandparents to understand what is truly going on? Before the Human Genome Project and the era of widespread DNA sequencing, those questions would have seemed ridiculous to researchers convinced they knew better. But modern genomics has run into a Mendelian wall. Large-scale genomic studies over the past five years or so have mainly failed to turn up common genes that play a major role in complex human maladies. More than three dozen specific genetic variants have been associated with type 2 diabetes, for example, but together, they have been found to explain about 10 percent of the disease’s heritability—the proportion of variation in any given trait that can be explained by genetics rather than by environmental influences. Results have been similar for heart disease, schizophrenia, high blood pressure, and other common maladies: the mystery has become known as the “missing heritability” problem. Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health, has sometimes made grudging reference to the “dark matter of the genome”—an analogy to the vast quantities of invisible mass in the universe that astrophysicists have inferred but have struggled for decades to find. Joseph H. Nadeau has been on a quest to uncover mechanisms that might account for the missing components of heritability. And he is finding previously unsuspected modes of inheritance almost everywhere he looks. Nadeau, who until recently was chair of genetics at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland and is now director of research and academic affairs at the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, has done studies showing that certain traits in mice are influenced by specific stretches of variant DNA that appeared on their parents’ or grandparents’ chromosomes but do not appear on their own. “Transgenerational” genetics, as he calls these unusual patterns of inheritance, fit partly under the umbrella of traditional epigenetics—the idea that chemical changes wrought by environmental exposures and experiences can modify DNA in ways that either muffle a normally vocal gene or restore the voice of a gene that had been silenced. Researchers have begun to find that these changes are heritable even though they alter only the pattern of gene expression, not the actual genetic code. Yet it’s both more disconcerting and more profound to suggest, as he does, that genes an ancestor carried but didn’t pass down can influence traits and diseases in subsequent generations. Consider the results of an experiment Nadeau and his colleague Vicki R. Nelson published last August. They created an inbred strain of mice and then compared two sets of females that were genetically identical except for one small difference: one set had a father whose Y chromosome came from another strain of mouse and contained a different set of genetic variants. That shouldn’t have affected the daughter mice at all, because females don’t inherit the Y chromosome. But the presence of that uninherited DNA in the previous generation exerted a profound effect on many of the more than 100 traits tested in the two sets of female offspring, whose own DNA was exactly the same. These results, Nelson and Nadeau concluded, suggest that “transgenerational genetic effects rival conventional genetics in frequency and strength.” In a separate but similarly unsettling line of experiments, Nadeau and his collaborators are finding that the impact of any given gene depends on all the other genes surrounding it. Nadeau is hardly the only scientist to identify these complex gene-gene interactions, but he and his colleagues have created a unique set of genetically engineered mice that is giving them and other scientists unprecedentedly precise tools for dissecting these “situational genetics” to show how the variants in a gene’s molecular neighborhood affect the way it behaves. Findings like these, taken together, could shed light on the missing-heritability problem, but at the cost of upending the dominance of traditional Mendelian ideas about how inheritance works. Sitting on the outside deck of the Institute for Systems Biology one recent afternoon, munching on a sandwich as seaplanes descended toward the skyline of Seattle, Nadeau recalled giving a talk about all this at a conference several years ago and discovering afterward that a prominent Ivy League geneticist in attendance, whom he declined to name, simply couldn’t get the heretical ideas out of his head. “He came up to me after the talk,” Nadeau recalled, “and said, ‘This can’t be true in humans.’ I ran into him at breakfast the next day and he said, ‘This can’t be true in humans.’ And then when the meeting was over, I ran into him at the airport, and he came up to me and said, ‘This can’t be true in humans.’ ” Or as another leading genome scientist once told Nadeau at a meeting in Europe, “If transgenerational effects happen in humans, we’re screwed.” That is to say, discovering that his findings apply to humans would decouple a person’s DNA sequence from her or his traits, calling into question much of the work scientists have done to find the genetic sources of complex diseases and develop drugs that target them. At a time when companies are analyzing customers’ DNA for a fee, these ideas would make the results much more difficult to interpret medically and much more complicated to assess when trying to make a diagnosis or calculate disease risk. Eric J. Topol, who heads genomic research at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, agrees that genomics has suddenly gotten a lot more complicated. “There’s a lot of non-Mendelian stuff going on,” he says, “and there’s a lot that we’re going to have to sort out that doesn’t have anything to do with the DNA sequence.” In 2009, a group of researchers based in the Netherlands published a stunning study on the genetics of human height—stunning because it failed to find much of a genetic component in one of the most obvious of inherited human traits. The group analyzed 54 recently identified genetic locations that statistical analysis suggested were the main contributors to height and discovered that all of them together accounted for only 4 to 6 percent of the height variance in thousands of subjects. The “missing heritability” in the height study typifies many recent research reports in which large-scale genetic screens, known as genome-wide association studies, have identified a multitude of genes (or at least genetic neighborhoods) that are statistically associated with a biological trait like height or a disease like obesity, yet account for mystifyingly little of its propensity to run in families. What is interesting about Nadeau’s findings is that even though they diminish the significance of single genes and the DNA sequences of individuals, the research preserves—and in some ways increases—the significance of family history, since even the genetic variants that parents and grandparents don’t pass down through DNA seem to influence the traits of their children or grandchildren. Nadeau, who is silver-haired and cheerful, has been investigating what he sometimes calls “funky” genetic results ever since sophisticated sequencing technologies became available about 10 years ago. Some of those results have been hinted at by traditional epigenetics, which has begun to trace changes that are transmitted from one generation to the next in animals even though the basic DNA sequence remains the same. (For example, researchers have found that rats whose cognitive performance was improved through environmental factors can pass those improvements down to offspring.) But where that field has typically focused on chemical modifications of DNA, Nadeau’s work expands the notion of epigenetics to include genetic effects that may be transmitted by different molecular players: ribonucleic acids (or RNAs), which exert powerful regulatory effects on DNA. Key evidence for Nadeau’s general views on unconventional modes of inheritance grew out of a dissertation project that one of his students began around 2001. In the long tradition of misguided doctoral advice, everyone told Man-Yee Lam that her project was boring, derivative, and hardly worth doing; for five or six years, nothing in her results suggested otherwise. The focus of the project was testicular germ-cell tumors. It didn’t become clear until much later that the experiment represented the first rigorous demonstration of a transgenerational effect, showing that genetic variations in a parent—even though they were not passed along to offspring—could dramatically change disease risks in those offspring. Lam set out to see if she could identify interactions between several “modifier” genes—interactions that would increase susceptibility to testicular cancer in mice. She found lots of these interactions (some quite strong), completed her thesis, and graduated. Then, when the group started to write up the results for publication, they noticed something very peculiar: the effects had also occurred in some of the control animals bred from the same original population. In other words, males that had been bred so as not to inherit the disease mutations still had a statistically significant increase in their risk for testicular cancer, simply because the parents possessed a particular genetic variant. The results suggested that there could be patches of DNA in parents that affected the traits of children, even if the children did not inherit this bit of parental DNA. Even before publication in 2007, Nadeau began describing the findings—to decidedly mixed reviews. He says, “If they were geneticists, there were all sorts of technical [objections] or ‘It’s not fair to talk about this in public. This is just too complicating, too—it’s too everything!’ One even said, ‘Are you trying to ruin genetics?’ ” Nadeau isn’t trying to ruin genetics, of course, but the other main focus of his research, involving gene-gene interactions in genetically engineered mice, also challenges the assumptions of modern Mendelians. Whereas conventional genomic studies assume that a number of individual genes contribute independently to complex diseases, Nadeau’s group has been investigating how genes can work in concert to produce illness or, surprisingly, suppress it. Certain genetic variants neutralize other disease genes, so that a person’s susceptibility to disease may depend more on the combined effect of all the genes in the background than on the disease genes in the foreground. If this phenomenon is widespread, it holds significant implications for medicine. While enormous resources are routinely devoted to the search for disease genes, the research on gene-gene interactions—mostly in mice but increasingly in humans—suggests it may be at least as productive to identify protective and neutralizing genetic variants that counteract the effects of pathological variants. Understanding the biology of these protective variants could offer new routes to disease prevention and treatment. The mechanisms through which they exert their effects could even form the basis for new drugs. To conduct his experiments, Nadeau and his collaborator, genomic pioneer Eric Lander, engineered 22 substrains of a commonly studied mouse strain called Black 6 by systematically replacing a different chromosome in each mouse with the corresponding chromosome from another strain, known as A/J. The idea of all this mixing and matching was to create a highly controlled system for studying gene-gene interactions, in part to determine how much a given gene contributes to the heritability of a disease or trait. By dropping in a “foreign” chromosome while holding everything else constant, the researchers could calculate the influence of each newly introduced gene. As Nadeau and his colleagues inserted one chromosome after another against the otherwise stable background and then measured the genetic effects, they discovered that the extent to which any gene affected the heritability of a given trait was dramatically larger than what more conventional genomic studies would have predicted. The implication is that the potency—and, Nadeau would discover, the action—of disease genes must change with the context created by other genes on other chromosomes. To illustrate how complicated this idea is, Nadeau hops out of his chair and rushes over to the whiteboard in his office, where he quickly sketches out how these “completely crazy” context-dependent effects can act even within a single chromosome. The experiments focus on a genetic variant they have identified on chromosome 6 in the A/J mice that completely protects the animal against obesity. When they drop the chromosome into Black 6 mice, they too are protected against obesity. But it’s not that simple. When researchers stitch a bit of the DNA from the A/J strain into a large section of chromosome 6 in the Black 6 mice, the resulting mice are obese. When they trim away some of the Black 6 DNA and replace it with more A/J DNA, the resistance gene becomes active and the mice are lean. But when they add even more A/J DNA to this hybrid chromosome, the resistance gene turns off again. This on-off genetics continues even when the researchers add or subtract extremely small portions of chromosome 6. In fact, no matter how small the patch of DNA, nibbling away at it alternately confers and erases resistance to obesity. The reason is not known, but the larger message is that the effect of any variant seems to depend on its genetic surroundings. “We see that effect all the time,” Nadeau says. “All the time! Everywhere, in every trait we look at.” Nadeau’s group has also begun using these genetically engineered mice to explore transgenerational effects related to obesity. In research published several months ago, David Buchner, a researcher at Case Western Reserve, showed that one of the strains, which possesses a genetic variant that confers resistance to obesity, can pass this resistance to offspring that don’t inherit the variant. The presence of the resistance gene in the paternal line of ancestry—either in the father or in the grandfather—was sufficient to inhibit diet-induced obesity and reduce appetite in mice that were otherwise genetically predisposed to getting fat. Could humans also experience non-Mendelian forms of inheritance, particularly the complex gene-gene interplay that Nadeau keeps finding in mice? Several years ago, Eric Topol launched a systematic attempt to study the genetics of elderly people who were in particularly good health. The researchers sought out subjects who met a series of stringent criteria: they had to be 80 or older, free of chronic diseases, and not taking any long-term medications. Topol initially suspected a Mendelian explanation for their medical good fortune: he figured that they’d managed to avoid inheriting variant genes, or alleles, known to be associated with disease. Nadeau thought otherwise. He predicted, in fact, that people in the study would possess disease-related mutant genes like everyone else; what conferred their unusual health, he suspected, was the complex gene-gene interactions he’d seen in mice, where certain genetic variants in the background could neutralize the effects of pathological mutations. “The original premise—and Eric and I had a little bet on this—is that when they sequenced them, they would be free of disease-causing genes,” Nadeau recalls. “My argument was, they’ve got the same load of disease-causing mutations as anybody else, but they also have variants that suppress those diseases.” The study is still going on, and it turns out, as Nadeau predicted, that hundreds of the test subjects possess just as many disease-causing genes as members of the control group, which in this case consists of people who died more than a decade ago. According to conventional Mendelian genetics, people who harbor these “risk alleles” should be more susceptible to disease. And indeed, conventional genetic testing would point to a heightened risk for diseases they never developed. But Topol’s results indicate that you can’t gauge the impact of any given disease variant unless you know what other variants are in the background, potentially including some that either modify disease genes or protect against them. So Nadeau and Topol have advocated a systematic search for “modifier genes” and “protective alleles” that neutralize the deleterious effects of the disease-associated variants that everyone else has been looking for. It may sound like a dramatic break, but Nadeau says these exceptions to Mendelian patterns should come as no surprise. “Mendel picked the traits where he would get simple genetics,” he explains. “What Mendel said is true. But it’s not the whole truth.” Stephen S. Hall is a New York-based writer whose recent books include Wisdom: From Philosophy to Neuroscience and Size Matters, which explains the genetics and biology of height.

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Statistics from Altmetric.com Good early management of concussion in athletes is important for recovery outcomes and return to play The practical management of concussion can be divided into three broad areas where the issues and treatment priorities differ considerably. These areas are immediate, early, and late management. The first of these relates to on field first aid, the second to the early management on the day of the injury, and the third to the issue of return to play at a later date. It is the second of these areas that this paper will focus on. This is where the clinician is in attendance at a sporting event and is called on to manage the acute brain injury. The major priorities at this early stage are the basic principles of first aid. Once these basic aspects of care have been achieved and the patient stabilised, then consideration of removal of the patient from the field to an appropriate facility is necessary. At this time, careful assessment for the presence of a cervical spine or other injury is necessary. The clinical management may involve the treatment of a disorientated, confused, unconscious, uncooperative, or convulsing patient.1 The immediate treatment priorities remain the basic first aid principles of “ABC—airway, breathing, and circulation”. Once this has been established and the patient stabilised, a full medical and neurological assessment exam should follow. This refers to the situation where an athlete has been brought to the medical room for assessment or alternatively to an emergency department or medical facility following a concussive injury. Assessment of injury severity is generally best performed in a quiet of a medical room rather than in the middle of a football field in front of 100 000 screaming fans with television cameras following every move of the doctor. When assessing the acutely concussed player, various aspects of the history and examination are important.2 These are summarised in box 1. Box 1 Early assessment of concussion—history History: time and place of injury Mechanism of injury (eyewitness account or video) Presence or duration of loss of consciousness (LOC) Immediate postinjury behaviour Acute concussive symptoms/signs Presence of convulsions postinjury Past medical history (including history of previous brain trauma) The common symptoms of concussion have been examined in prospective studies and include headache, dizziness, blurred vision, and nausea.2 It is worth noting that the presence of headache is not confined to concussion with up to 20% of sporting athletes reporting exercise related headache.1 Given that much emphasis is placed upon headache as an important symptom of concussion, medical assessment needs to be accurate in ascertaining the nature and cause of the players' symptoms. When examining a concussed athlete, a full neurological examination is important. Because the major management priorities at this stage are to establish an accurate diagnosis and exclude a catastrophic intracranial injury, this part of the examination should be particularly thorough. Although the Glasgow Coma Scale is often used in the setting of head injury to provide a baseline assessment of conscious state, this scale is insufficiently sensitive or specific for the assessment of the majority of sporting concussions.3 In recent times the application of simple neuropsychological tests have created considerable interest as a means to objectively diagnose concussed athletes. The standard approach of asking the orientation items—for example, day, date, year, time, date of birth, etc—has been shown to be unreliable in following concussive injury. This aspect of memory remains relatively intact in the face of concussive injury and should not be used.4 More useful, as demonstrated in prospective studies, are questions of recent memory. These have been shown to be more sensitive in discriminating between concussed and non-concussed individuals. A typical question battery is that proposed by Maddocks et al (see box 2).4 The standardised assessment of concussion (SAC) is a less practical but valid alternative.5 Box 2 Post concussion memory assessment (“Maddocks questions”4) Which ground are we at? Which team are we playing today? Who is your opponent at present? Which quarter is it? How far into the quarter is it? Which side scored the last goal? Which team did we play last week? Did we win last week? Some clinicians utilise other tests of new learning or immediate and recent memory function, such as three item recall or digit span in order to determine whether post traumatic amnesia (PTA) has resolved.6 Having determined the presence of a concussive injury, the patient needs to be serially monitored until full recovery ensues. Consideration of return to play and the role of neuropsychological testing is not relevant at this stage until full clinical and cognitive recovery has occurred. If the concussed player is discharged home after recovery, then he should be in the care of a responsible adult. The use of computerised tomography or magnetic resonance scanning to ascertain the presence or absence of cerebral pathology is necessary in certain situations. The geographical availability of the various imaging techniques may influence imaging strategies. It is the author's practice not to routinely scan patients with uncomplicated mild concussion—for example, Cantu grade 1 or Colorado grades 1 and 2. The treating clinician also must face the decision of who should be referred on to a hospital emergency facility or neurosurgical centre. There are a number of urgent indications that are listed in box 3. Apart from these “cookbook” type approaches, referral to such a centre depends on the experience, ability, and competency of the physician at hand. If the team physician happens to be a neurologist or neurosurgeon experienced in concussion management, then the clinical referral pathways will be different to a family practitioner called to assist at a football match after an injury has occurred. The overall approach should be “when in doubt, refer”. Box 3 Indications for urgent referral Any player who has or develops the following: Penetrating skull trauma Deterioration in conscious state following injury Focal neurological signs Confusion or impairment of consciousness >30 minutes Loss of consciousness >5 minutes Persistent vomiting or increasing headache postinjury Any convulsive movements postinjury More than one episode of concussive injury in a match or training session Where there is assessment difficulty, for example, an intoxicated patient Children with head injuries High risk patients, for example haemophilia, anticoagulant use Inadequate post injury supervision High risk injury mechanism, for example, high velocity impact, missile injury There is published evidence that the postconcussion recovery rates vary between individuals. Some patients may take days, whereas others may take weeks to recover fully from a concussive injury.4,7–11 The demands and inherent risks of a given sport, as well as differences in individual recovery rates, must be taken into account when the medical decision of returning to play is taken. The main areas of cognitive impairment postconcussion relate to the domains of speed of information processing, reaction times, planning, switching mental “set”, and disturbances of new learning and memory.2 It is the first two of these domains that provides the greatest concern. An athlete in the stages of recovery postinjury will experience several days (or weeks in some cases) of slowed thinking and an inability to process information quickly. This is the principal reason that delays return to sport with the fear that an athlete performing suboptimally will experience further injuries simply because he or she is unable to meet the cognitive demands required for that sport. In the case of motor racing, premature return to sport whilst still symptomatic may be fatal. To some degree this is the rationale behind the graded return to sport programmes as recommended for concussion.12 The often quoted concern regarding the so called second impact syndrome in this setting has been demonstrated to be unfounded.13,14 When we step outside the world of sport it is clear that athletes in this postconcussive state will be at risk in the real world as well. Driving motor vehicles then becomes a significant concern. No concussed athlete should drive a motor vehicle until they are fully recovered both from a clinical and cognitive standpoint. Dangers exist in the workplace as well and these need to be factored in to the management equation. It seems somewhat bizarre that we devote enormous resources to computerised neuropsychological testing postinjury to accurately predict return to play yet when a footballer leaves our medical room or hospital emergency department, specific management advice is often lacking. The “head injury card” given out by emergency departments is typically designed for more severe brain trauma and to detect possible intracranial complications rather than provide the patient with a useful plan of management. Clearly this is a significant source of potential medicolegal claims against the doctor concerned if such advice is not given. Does this matter? Recent work from both American and Australian emergency departments has suggested that the provision of detailed information to concussed subjects reduces their period of disability following the injury. As is the case with psychological interventions following all kinds of trauma it seems that if a patient knows what to expect and is reassured that the symptoms experienced are both real and entirely appropriate during the recovery process then the outcome is better.15 To some degree this is easier in sport given that most experienced sports physicians have seen many cases of concussion and can provide a more comprehensive explanation than that by a junior casualty doctor and the athlete usually has peer support from other teammates who have been through similar injuries. The combination of these factors means that psychological disability is often minimised in the sporting setting. In summary, the steps to good early management of concussion are as follows: An accurate diagnosis of concussion and exclusion of intracranial pathology by a thorough history and exam with consideration of neuroimaging if appropriate. A detailed (and preferably written) explanation of concussion and the normal symptoms experienced following injury. Such an explanation needs to be written in plain English rather than “medical English”. Such an explanation should encompass more than the standard “head injury advice card” as used in emergency departments. A clear management plan given to the concussed athletes setting out the period of time off work (or school), driving restrictions where relevant, and any other restrictions to their activity. The period of restriction is should be until full clinical and cognitive recovery occurs and then the recovery should be medically documented for medicolegal reasons. In general terms, a concussed athlete should not play or train until all postconcussive symptoms have fully resolved. A medical follow up—for example, an outpatient appointment—where an clinician experienced in concussion and mild brain trauma can assess the recovery of the patient and provide support or guidance where indicated. Thorough and contemporaneous documentation of each of the above steps in the patient's medical record. Good early management of concussion in athletes is important for recovery outcomes and return to play If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.

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NoCry Cut Resistant Gloves Will Keep You Cut Free In Kitchen Hand injuries can be costly to anybody and rarely people know they could avoid it using cut resistant gloves. Tools such as knives, metal parts, and sharp objects are responsible for nearly 30% of the lost time work injuries in North America. About 80% of these injuries involve the hands. Most of these hand injuries could have been prevented, or at least reduced in their severity, had the right gloves been worn. Every year, about 30 percent of all workplace injuries involve cuts or lacerations; from scratches and abrasions to needle sticks, puncture wounds, and amputations. According to a recent Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) study, 70.9% of arm and hand injuries could have been prevented with personal protective equipment (PPE), specifically cut resistant gloves. Safety gloves have been evolving quickly over the last few years. The number of options you have today far exceeds those of just a few years ago. Today’s cut-resistant gloves are made from advanced materials that have revolutionized hand protection. Gloves utilize materials that are ten times stronger than steel, on an equal-weight basis. Gloves are made from the strongest fibers known to man, some of which are so lightweight and dexterous, you can pick up a dime; yet are so cut resistant 14 that they withstand repeated slashes from a box cutter. If this is sounding like science fiction to you, then you have not kept up with the advances in glove materials and technology in this new century There are three types of cuts that gloves are designed to protect against: Abrasive cuts – These are very common in many industries. A prime example of a rough cut is the constant rubbing action of a glove when handling parts with a sharp or jagged edge, e.g., sheet metal stampings or plastic parts. Slicing cuts – These are characterized by the “slipping” motion of a very sharp edge. The food-handling industry is exposed to much of this type of threat. Also, any other industry where workers work with sharp knives. Impact cuts – These are not as frequently occurring in the workplace as abrasive and slicing cuts, but can happen with a far greater force. An example of this type of cutting accident is being struck by a falling piece of glass or sheet metal. On a smaller scale, impact cuts can happen in the thumb crotch area during the ordinary course of handling sheet metal or other sharp-edged materials. Three primary things to consider when selecting a cut-resistant glove are: - Cut-resistance protection level - Tactile sensitivity and comfort - Economics (price per hour of protection) Cut Resistant Gloves Myths #1 The number-one misconception is the notion that leather is cut resistant The fact is, leather has even lower cut resistance than cotton. In other words, if you’re handling sheet metal, and you have a choice between your average leather glove and a dish towel wrapped around your hands, you should go with the dish towel. That might be an exaggeration, but you get the point. To look at it another way, the primary reason you need cut-resistant gloves is because your skin cuts very easily. And, since leather is just the skin of an animal, it cuts just about as easily. #2 Gloves made from Kevlar and Dyneema are cut proof Sometimes there is an attitude that wearing a pair of Kevlar gloves will make you invincible. This leads to workers becoming overly confident and endangering themselves by performing tasks they would not otherwise perform. Nothing is cut proof, especially not a material you could hope to move your hand in. However, technology companies have brought us new materials that are amazingly strong and ‘cut resistant’. #3 Cut-resistant gloves are too expensive Doing simple math and research, you can easily come to the conclusion that it is cheaper to buy anti-cut gloves than to pay for medical costs and other costs, not to mention the overall impact on healthy and other aspects. #4 Protective gloves aren’t cut resistant Many times people say cut resistant glove is not cut resistant, I cut them with a pair of scissors. Cutting fabric or yarn with a pair of scissors involves ‘shear’. This is a very different force from the slicing type of cut faced in industrial applications. It all depends on the type of gloves, but nothing is totally cut free. Especially in today modern word where there is much dangerous sharp objects and tools. How to Choose Best Cut Resistant Gloves? #1 Select a few styles for trial Try selecting two to five glove styles for your initial trial. Any more than five can get too confusing to track effectively. You should look at the cut-protection numbers for each style (provided in grams) as well as the abrasion resistance. I recommend selecting one glove with fifteen percent higher cut resistance or more than the 24 incumbent, and one with thirty percent or more increased abrasion resistance. #2 Choose a variety Your application will determine the type of glove you want. For example, a foam nitrile glove is a good option in oily applications while simple NoCry cut resistant gloves will be good for needs in the kitchen. As much as possible, choose a range of gloves such as dotted, leather palm, palm-coated, regular string knit, etc. to determine which style works best in your application. CUT RESISTANT GLOVES V.S. AXE Will cut proof gloves protect your hand from a razor sharp axe? How strong are Cut Proof Gloves? - Random Machine Shop Tests Cut Resistant Gloves Purchasing Tips #3 Don’t underestimate fit It’s important to remember the ‘soft’ analysis. Without question, the single-most important factors are the comfort and fit of the gloves chosen. Endless safety talks, rewards, punishments, etc. will not matter if wearing a bulky glove and trying to pick up a small bolt or handle a small tool. If you choose a glove that is comfortable, conforms to the hand, and when wearing would allow you to tie your shoes or dial your cell phone, you will have contributed the single most important factor. #4 Keeping it clean Do the gloves shrink? If your gloves are being laundered, check special instructions. #5 How much to spend? If you need cut resistant gloves for a simple task like working in the kitchen, then you can find excellent for no more than $20. For more serious work like in factory or on construction site check gloves made especially for those situations and don’t be cheap in that cases NoCry Cut Resistant Gloves Review NoCry cut resistant gloves let you handle your grater, knives, and mandolin without worrying if you’ll need to bandage a finger. They are made of food safe, high molecular weight polyethylene, glass fiber, and Spandex. They have been designed to resist cuts from even the sharpest blades. You can feel secure in knowing they have an EN388 Level 5 cut protection rating. NoCry cut resistant gloves come in 3 sizes. Small, medium and large. Compared to bare hands, the elastic material in NoCry gloves makes keeping a firm grip on slippery and awkward items a snap. You’ll be able to complete tasks more quickly and accurately while avoiding nicks and cuts. These anti-cut gloves are safe to use with food. They are made out of non-toxic materials that clean easily and won’t retain harmful bacteria when washed regularly. Potential uses for NoCry gloves don’t stop with food. You can use them for woodcarving, construction, car repair, carpentry, fishing and more. NoCry gloves weigh only 0.85 ounces (24 grams) per glove. Despite this, they can withstand a sharp blade with a load of 5N for more than 20 cuts to a single spot. Gloves are machine washable. One pair can be washed up to 30 times before any loss of elasticity occurs. When washing your gloves be sure to follow product care instructions. NoCry gloves are not indestructible. They are designed to protect your hands from bad injuries in case of accidents, but that doesn’t mean they’ll keep you 100% unharmed in all situations. NoCry Cut Resistant Glove Pros and Cons - Four times stronger than leather - Lightweight and comfortable - EN388 level 5 cut resistance - Ideal for kitchen - Very affordable - Lose elasticity after about 30 washes NoCry Cut Resistant Gloves FAQ Choosing to Buy Cut Resistant Gloves Final Words To accurately compare the cut-resistance properties of different cut-resistant gloves, Superior Glove™ makes use of the Tomodynamometer Laboratory Test Bench. A new razor blade is loaded into the test machine at the beginning of every test. With the aid of a computer program, the machine measures the force necessary to cut the sample glove material. This is done as the razor blade travels a fixed distance across the surface of the glove material. In this way, the cut resistance of different gloves can be accurately compared. With this information, and considering the cost and comfort of the gloves, a better decision can be made about what glove is best for a particular job. Globally, there are two different performance standards for cut resistance. The European standard EN388, used in Europe, APAC, South America, Mexico and parts of Canada and the US; and the ANSI/ISEA 105 standard, mainly used in North America. These different standards are not identical and do not correlate, potentially causing confusion for end-users in their specification process for selecting the right glove for their application. It is important to understand the differences between these standards, as well as the test methodologies specified in these standards, in order to set the right expectations for performances and specifications. Several years ago, cut resistance meant wearing a clown-sized leather or cotton glove, but advancements in yarn science and glove manufacturing have allowed the words ‘cut resistance’ and ‘comfortable’ to exist in the same sentence. Cut resistance meant wearing a clown-sized leather or cotton glove, but advancements in yarn science and glove manufacturing have allowed the words ‘cut resistance’ and ‘comfortable’ to exist in the same sentence. - Affordable price - Lightweight and comfortable - Ideal for kitchen - Lose elasticity after about 30 washes

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Frog and Toad are the main characters in a series of easy-reader children s books, written and illustrated by Arnold Lobel. Each book contains five simple, often humorous, sometimes poignant. Gay? Given that frog and Toad live separately and that the first book in the series is titled, “Frog and Toad Are Friends”, I suspect your suspicion is probably more attributed to a heightened sensitivity to the cultural tsunami of the past 30 years. There are few duos in literature as memorable as Frog and Toad. Frog is more adventurous, and Toad likes to be safe at home. (My favorite quote from Toad is "Winter may be beautiful, but bed is much better.") Each of these delightful books shares some of the adventures that these two friends enjoy together, in short story format. Various environmental threats are causing them to become fewer in number, and worried environmentalists and biologists consider them to be a sort of canary in the coal mine. Reasons such as pollution, pesticides, and loss of habitat have been cited as causes for the drop in toad and frog populations throughout the world. What Are Frogs And Toads. Frog and Toad are the main characters in a series of easy-reader children's books, written and illustrated by Arnold Lobel (who also wrote Mouse Soup). Each book contains five simple, often humorous, sometimes poignant, short stories chronicling the exploits of the anthropomorphic frog and his friend, a toad.Some of their adventures include attempting to fly a kite, cleaning Toad's dirty. Arnold Lobel, Frog and Toad are Friends Lesson plans and teaching strategies - Free English learning and teaching resources from Varsity Tutors. Frog and Toad are Friends Book report form, word wall, quiz questions and vocabulary for each chapter, and extended activities. Adventures *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Synopsis Twenty-five years ago, readers were introduced to Frog and Toad and instantly fell in love. Since publication. #1974 FROG AND TOAD ARE FRIENDS CHURCHILL FILMS, 1985 COLOR GRADES K-3 17 MINUTES 2 INSTRUCTIONAL GRAPHICS INCLUDED DESCRIPTION Five short episodes depict the friendship between Frog and Toad. This is portrayed in claymation form and is based on a visualization of the book, Frog and Toad Are Friends, by Arnold Lobel. GOALS. Words to Live By! Beloved quotes from Frog and Toad are gathered together in this beautiful keepsake book on friendship and life. This 48-page jacketed hardcover contains timeless quotes from the inimitable, inseparable pair, together with classic illustrations selected from the original four stories. Frog and Toad book list in publication order, reading level information, appropriate reading age range, and additional book information. And when both Frog and Toad are scared, they are brave together. School Library Journal called this story collection from Arnold Lobel "a masterpiece of child-styled humor and sensitivity." Winner of the Newbery Honor award, Frog and Toad Together is a Level Two I Can Read book, geared for kids who read on their own but still need a little. Frog and Toad Together (An I Can Read Book) has 1 reviews and 2 ratings. Reviewer diani1234 wrote: frog went to toad's house and toad was planting flower's. And frog went to have some seed's so toad give some to frog. And frog went running to his house to plant his seed's. Then he stayed 2 night with the seed's. Then toad came to frog's house's. The play, which portrays a year in the life of the children's book characters Frog and Toad, starts with the beginning of Spring where the two are awakened by chirping birds and other small animals. That said, here are 5 reasons to read Frog and Toad to your kids this Valentine’s Day, and basically every day. 1. They are loyal and compassionate friends. I can’t think of a better model. Buy a cheap copy of Frog and Toad Are Friends book by Arnold Lobel. Frog and Toad agreed: it was a perfect day for a swim. And Frog was kind enough not to look at Toad in his bathing suit, per Toad's request. But when the swimming. Free shipping. Join in the fun of Arnold Lobel's well-loved books brought to life through a whimsical show following two great friends – the cheerful, popular Frog and the rather grumpy Toad – through four fun-filled seasons. Waking from hibernation in the Spring, Frog and Toad plant gardens, swim, rake leaves, go sledding and learn life lessons along. There are many reasons why I love the Frog and Toad books, but this just set my standards higher. I gotta side with the toad on this one. winter may be beautiful, but bed is much better - frog and toad The toad knows! Lol Dump A Day Funny Pictures Of The Day - 57 Pics Funny pictures about Toad Has A Very Good Point. LIKE SUBSCRIBE!! Info: Frog and Toad Together by Arnold Lobel was a Newbery Honor Book in 1973. This video includes audio and video of The Garden. Frog and Toad are best friends—they do everything together. When Toad admires the flowers in Frog's garden, Frog gives him seeds to grow a garden of his own. When Toad bakes cookies, Frog helps. Ho Yay: The books sometimes prompt conservative controversy due to interpretations of the duo as a gay couple.According to a piece in the New Yorker about Arnold Lobel, this might gain some steam: Lobel came out to his family, and his daughter speculated that the act of writing Frog and Toad was a subtle way for him to begin coming out to his family. 16 quotes from Arnold Lobel: 'Books to the ceiling, Books to the sky, My pile of books is a mile high. How I love them! How I need them! I'll have a long beard by the time I read them.', 'You can keep your willpower, Frog. I am going home to bake a cake.', and 'All the miles of a hard road are worth a moment of true happiness.'. Arnold Lobel’s Frog and Toad books are classics of children’s literature.These spare, melancholy stories detail the two friends’ mundane trials, tribulations, and kindnesses. Yet the richness of the Frog and Toad books derives not only from their mood but also from their willingness to challenge readers with philosophical dilemmas. In a 1996 article for the journal Analysis. Reasons for the recent decline of the boreal toad have been attributed to the chytrid fungus. Green Frog Sighting The green frog ( Lithobates clamitans ) spends most of its life in water and, during the winter, it will bury itself in the substrate at the bottom of ponds and pools until spring. Days with Frog and Toad is mostly about friendship. I think you should read Days with Frog and Toad because it helps you learn more not to brag about any thing. Frog and Toad help out the readers who are reading there books. Toad wants to play with Frog every morning. Frog and Toad are almost with other every. This story is about two good friends, Frog and Toad. Every day, Frog and Toad do something together. They fly kites, celebrate birthdays, and share a scary story. Although it's great to spend days together, they learn that it is also nice to be alone. Illustrations support this celebration of friendship. Feb 05, 2018 · That said, here are 5 reasons to read Frog and Toad to your kids this Valentine’s Day, and basically every day. The short stories within a longer book allow for parents to cater to their. What can be more wonderful than spending time with a friend? Frog and Toad do almost everything together. When Toad worries about cleaning his house, Frog is there to support him. When Frog wants to fly a kite, Toad is there to help him. The two sit and shiver at Frog's scary ghost story, which may or may not be true, and when the hat Frog gives Toad for his birthday is too big, Frog thinks. They live all over the world and are among the most diverse animals in the world, with more than 6,000 species. Frog and toads both belong to the Anura order, but are found in different. Arnold Lobel was a gifted writer and he was the author of many children’s picture books, but he was also a brilliant illustrator. In the book Dinosaur Time, the skill of his artistic talent is shown throughout each page.The drawings are created with more of a sepia tone although there is color. You can read all of my reviews on my book blog - Cover2CoverMom Blog Recommend to:younger children aged 4-7 years old; fans of animal stories Themes: friendship This collection of Frog and Toad stories was the perfect little book to dip our toes into listening to audiobooks together as a family. “there were two good friends, a frog and a toad. The frog was not feeling well. He asked his friend the toad to tell him a story. The toad could not think of a story. He walked up and down on the porch, but he could not think of a story. He stood on his head, but he could not think of a story. He poured water. Nov 23, 2017 · The play, which portrays a year in the life of the children s book characters Frog and Toad, starts with the beginning of Spring where the two are awakened by chirping birds and other small animals. Frog and Toad book series. Jump to. Sections of this page. Accessibility Help. Press alt + / to open this menu. Facebook. Myths to Live By. Book. FROGWord. Shopping Retail. Ravens One Tree Hill Yearbook. FROG AND TOAD AND SOME FRIENDS. Frog and Toad. August 3 · FRIENDS FOREVER. The Frog and Toad book series by Arnold Lobel includes books Frog and Toad Are Friends, Frog and Toad Together, Frog and Toad All Year, and several more. See the complete Frog and Toad series book list in order, box sets or omnibus editions, and companion titles. Three beloved Frog and Toad books in a paperback slipcase Frog and Toad are always there for each other—just as best friends should be! From sledding in winter to eating ice cream on hot summer days, these two friends have fun together the whole year round!…. Frog and Toad All Year. You could insert Any Frog and Toad title here, but All Year is my favorite because it has a story for each season. Celebrating the turnings of the year is important in my house because we live on a farm, but everyone should celebrate each season as it comes. Live now; Frog and Toad Together - Duration: 3:24. English Books: Part 1 of Frog and Toad Are Friends with IngLEES Conmigo - Duration: 12:30. IngLEES Conmigo Recommended for you. 12:30. Frog and Toad are best friends who spends most days together. In chapter one, Toad makes a list of all the things he plans to do that day. As he accomplishes his tasks, like eating breakfast and getting dressed, he crosses. The classic Frog and Toad stories by Arnold Lobel have won numerous awards and honors, including a Newbery Honor (Frog and Toad Together), a Caldecott Honor (Frog and Toad Are Friends), ALA Notable Children’s Book, Fanfare Honor List (The Horn Book), School Library Journal Best Children’s Book, and Library of Congress Children’s. Frog: Sometimes the days, they can be very busy So I like to stop and think now and then I think of the reasons I have to be happy And that makes me happy all over again What made you think that I was unhappy’ What were you thinking was making me blue’ I only come out here to sit and remember I love being a frog in the warm sunny summer. WeeklyReaderBookspresents J^rogand^oad together f-nr^ ' J byArnoldLobel ZJAn ICANREADBook e:I Harper Row,Publishers NewYorli,Evanston^SanFranciscOfLondon. This is a comprehension, multiple choice quiz. What were Frog and Toad looking. Topic | Suggestions for Readers – similar level to Frog and Toad, etc. My dd is currently reading books like Amelia Bedelia, Frog and Toad, etc. I second the suggestions above, though for some reason my kids did not love the Christian Nature Libery Series …I’d had high hopes for these books. Frog and Toad: Fact or Fiction? Frog bodies are longer and thinner than toad bodies to help them move faster in water. Too many frogs and toads die each year because there are fewer places for them to live. Read a nonfiction book to find out more about. ABOUT THE BOOK: In this collection of Frog and Toad tales, Frog and Toad survive many mix-ups and mistakes. Frog convinces Toad to ride a sled, and the ride is more exciting than either friend thought it would be. Then they search for spring around every corner, fetch ice cream, and secretly help each other with autumn leaves. I love all four of the Frog and Toad books, and this book has all four complied together with a hard cover. It is cheaper to buy this book than it is to buy all four of the books separately with paper covers. This book keeps the collection together and is a hard cover. Wonderful for my first grade classroom. Frog and Toad are the main characters in a series of easy-reader children s books, written and illustrated by Arnold Lobel (who also wrote Mouse Soup). Each book contains five simple, often humorous, sometimes poignant, short stories chronicling the exploits of the anthropomorphic frog and his friend. Frog and Toad Together is an American fantasy adventure children's picture book, written and illustrated by Arnold Lobel and published by Harper Row in 1972. It is the second book in the Frog and Toad series, whose four books completed by Lobel comprise five easy-to-read short stories. If You Like Frog and Toad (or Elephant and Piggie) Try these other early reader books about friendship. Although a little longer than the popular Elephant and Piggie books by Mo Willems, Frog and Toad stories by Arnold Lobel also feature short sentences and vocabulary for children beginning to read independently. Find books like Frog and Toad Together (Frog and Toad, #2) from the world’s largest community of readers. Goodreads members who liked Frog and Toad Toget. From Book 1: Celebrate the power of friendship in these five adventurous stories starring Frog and Toad—a Caldecott Honor Book! From writing letters to going swimming, telling stories to finding lost buttons, Frog and Toad are always there for each other—just as best friends should. Quick answer There are two species of frog and two species of toad in UK but you are only likely to see Common Frogs and Common Toads. Further information. The Common Frog is the amphibian most likely to be found in your garden; they are widespread and found in a variety of habitats, including urban gardens. Common frogs are noticeable for their long jumps after being disturbed, their smooth. But Frog's explanation, as Toad soon sees, is "a very good reason for wanting to be alone," and the two finish out the day alone — together. These beloved best friends are the stars of three other adventures by Caldecott Medalist Arnold Lobel, including the Caldecott Honor Book Frog and Toad Are Friends and the Newbery Honor. You can tell the difference between a frog and a toad by the length of its legs. If you can get close enough, get a good look at the back legs specifically. A frog's hind legs are very long, as frogs hop more frequently than toads. A frog's hind legs will be bigger than its head and body. A toad's hind legs will be smaller, as toads tend to crawl. The answer to the question about why Toad didn’t run with Frog to try to catch the list is letter C or run after the list was not in his list. Frog and Toad Together is a children’s book written by Arnold Lobel and published.

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1859 was a banner year for philosophy and science, with the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species, Marx's Zur Kritik der politischen Oekonomie, and Mill's On Liberty. But few recall another book that appeared that same year, Alexander Bain's The Emotions and the Will, even though Mill himself saw it "as marking the most advanced point which the à posteriori psychology has reached." Outside the history of psychology and positivism, Bain is primarily remembered for a single claim made in this book: "action is the basis, and ultimate criterion, of belief." As he argued in its penultimate chapter, the primordial form of belief is expectation of some contingent future about to follow on our action. Wherever any creature is found performing an action, indifferent in itself, with a view to some end, and adhering to that action with the same energy that would be manifested under the actual fruition of the end, we say that the animal possesses confidence, or belief, in the sequence of two different things, or in a certain arrangement of nature, whereby one phenomenon succeeds to another. This account of belief influenced the American pragmatists, with Charles Sanders Peirce even suggesting in 1907 that pragmatism was "scarce more than a corollary" of it (xiii). Aaron Zimmerman's book is a defense of Bain's "pragmatic picture" of belief -- more specifically, the view that "to believe something at a given time is to be so disposed that you would use that information to guide those relatively attentive and self-controlled activities you might engage in at that time" (1). Despite its unorthodox approach, which privileges rich examples and illustrative quotations over exhaustive engagement with either historical or contemporary literature, the book demonstrates that Bain's picture deserves serious consideration. As a bonus, Zimmerman -- inspired by William James -- also argues that our choice of a particular conception of belief, although constrained by "scientific theorizing," should not be determined by it (98). I have described the book's approach as unorthodox, but this is not meant as a criticism. Zimmerman's decision to relegate "the evaluation of several rival accounts" to the footnotes makes his book more accessible to those (like this reviewer) who are unfamiliar with the minutiae of modern debates (xiv). Likewise, although historians of philosophy might lament the fact that long quotations from the works of Bain, James, and others are not analyzed or placed in historical context, they still collectively provide evidence that Bain was a subtle observer of mental and social life. Zimmerman starts by introducing the pragmatic picture. Beliefs are dispositions to act, but "given the rough equivalence of mind and brain," they are also "those neural states or structures that encode the information" that shapes our actions (1). They are distinguished from habits by the degree to which information has been assimilated: beliefs are representations that are only "minimally assimilated"; that is, they guide actions that require attention and self-control. If these same actions become habitual, they are no longer products of belief. You can assert something you don't believe when you're not paying attention (2-3). Most complex actions, however, are at least partially guided by beliefs, in cooperation with perceptions, feelings, calculations, habits, and so on (12). There is another pragmatist view of belief in philosophy: Frank Ramsey's idea that "the degree of a belief is a causal property of it, which we can express vaguely as the extent to which we are prepared to act on it" (23). But although Ramsey -- following Peirce -- thus arrived at something like Bain's position in the late 1920s, he also famously tied the strength of a belief to our willingness to bet on it. The latter claim conflicts with Zimmerman's picture, since the degree to which we have assimilated information is not the same as our confidence in that information (24-25). The pragmatic picture also differs from "dual systems theories," which "divide the mind into 'automatic' processes executed by system 1 and 'effortful' processes executed by system 2" (30). Zimmerman argues that although one might be tempted to associate beliefs only with the latter, they are actually involved in both: for example, we sometimes acquire beliefs by engaging in automatic elevator small talk (39). In his third chapter, Zimmerman extends the evolutionary approach of the pragmatists, arguing against intellectualists who analyze belief "in terms of propositions 'regarded' as true or accurate." These analyses get things wrong from the start: since (a) "non-human animals have beliefs" and (b) "only humans construct sentences and sort them into truths and falsehoods," beliefs cannot be fundamentally propositional (44). Intellectualists would deny the first premise, which Zimmerman supports through a variety of examples from ethology. The crux of the matter is apparent in the footnotes, where he quotes David Velleman: "From the fact that believing entails believing-true we have now derived two features of belief: Belief always takes a propositional object, and it regards that object as true" (Velleman, 2000, 249). On the contrary, from the "fact" that belief does not always have a propositional object, and from the "fact" that believers needn't regard anything as true in holding their beliefs, we have derived the conclusion that believing does not entail believing-true. As it so often goes in philosophy, one theorist's modus ponens is another's modus tollens. (46) Likewise, while many philosophers deny beliefs to animals because they lack the concepts we use in attributing beliefs to them, Zimmerman turns the tables, asking why they must have the very same concepts. Even if a dog lacks the concept master, we are nevertheless "warranted in saying . . . that the dog [pricking up its ears] believes its guardian or its master or its owner or its leader is nearby. If the dog could talk, she could help us discriminate between these subtly different formulations, but she can't, so she won't." That is, rather than deny beliefs to animals, "why not instead retain our intuitive attributions and drop these supposedly necessary criteria for belief possession?" (59). How far does this go? Does the Arabidopsis plant produce "mustard oil to defend its leafy integrity" because it believes it's about to be eaten by caterpillars? Unlike the instrumentalist, who argues that "an organism or system 'believes' something just in case it can be fruitfully interpreted as believing that thing," the pragmatist says no: plants lack the agency needed for "attentive, controlled action" (74-75). As Colin Allen noted last year in NDPR, "the functional architecture of animal nervous systems supports coordinated and unified action that integrates multiple information sources," allowing them to occupy niches "that are out of reach for plants." Pragmatists take these neurological and ecological differences seriously. Chapter 4 examines a possible objection to the pragmatist picture: if action is the criterion of belief, does that mean that Daniel Day Lewis believed he was Abraham Lincoln while on set in 2011? Zimmerman argues that no matter how deep into the character he was, Lewis did not believe he was Lincoln because he was missing certain "dispositions to inference and overt action." After all, he didn't ask about the smartphones everyone on set was using (88). Similarly, when a kid is pretending to be an elephant she doesn't "intentionally crush everything in the room, even if she believes that's what an elephant would do" (94). Zimmerman concludes that the pragmatic picture is not threatened by pretense or partial belief: "A full belief is poised to guide any attentive, well-regulated action or deliberation to which it might prove relevant. States of acceptance, assumption, and pretense are more circumscribed in their effects" (96). The book's final two chapters are concerned with the question of whether our beliefs ought to be completely determined by scientific reasoning and evidence. I will discuss only Chapter 5, which focuses on beliefs about belief. Zimmerman asks why we should favor one view of belief over another, arguing that "the nature of belief cannot be determined by scientific theorizing alone, but must be relativized to a set of theoretically underdetermined taxonomic choices" (98). When two pictures of belief are "empirically equivalent," in the sense that they agree about folk usage as well as the relevant neural structures and behaviors, science can't tell us which picture to endorse. Nevertheless, our decision to commit to a particular picture of belief may have consequences "for the subsequent understanding of one another we bring to our interactions outside the lab and seminar room" (103). It is these consequences, says Zimmerman, that allow us to compare two empirically equivalent accounts of belief. Although James's "The Will to Believe" lurks in the background here, Zimmerman does not engage with recent historical scholarship in the area. Instead, he motivates his meta-level voluntarism with an extended example: implicit racial bias. Does one's endorsement of the pragmatic picture change the way one thinks about racist beliefs? Focusing on the example of a person who claims to believe in racial equality but acts in racially discriminatory ways, Zimmerman provides a three-step pragmatic "recipe" for understanding what's going on. First, 'chunk' the person's actions: perhaps she "adopts a more wary visage when looking at black faces than white" or "assumes a more guarded posture when in black company than white." Second, assess the automaticity of these actions: "looking wary is perhaps more automatic than a defensive posture." Third, determine the extent to which the person attends to these actions and their consequences. The upshot is that if the discriminatory actions involve attention and control, the person is properly described as having racist beliefs; as the degree of attention and control lessens, she is instead described as "believing in racial equality while construing the members of other races in a manner that belies her beliefs" (104-105). Thus, Zimmerman suggests that we adopt a taxonomy according to which "explicit racism essentially involves racist belief (as the pragmatist defines it), [whereas] a 'purely' implicit racism wouldn't involve racist belief at all" (110-111). What are the social consequences of endorsing this distinction? Although we live in a country where "judges, jurists, prosecutors, and police are now obligated to think of themselves as dedicated egalitarians," Zimmerman argues that these individuals "should not only act on the assumption that blacks are no more dangerous than whites, but should do what they can to better assimilate this dictum into their minds." He claims that the pragmatic picture of belief "provides the best way to explain what [this stance] entails, and the most useful package in which to sell it to the parties who need it most" (112). Would adopting the pragmatic taxonomy really make this practical difference? Imagine an employer-mandated diversity workshop in which the notion of implicit bias is introduced. In one version, the organizer tells the audience that although they do not explicitly endorse racist beliefs, in their heart-of-hearts they do endorse such beliefs, as evidenced by their discriminatory behavior. In another version, the organizer tells the audience that although they do not endorse racist beliefs, their implicit attitudes have racist consequences, as evidenced by their discriminatory behavior. I'm not convinced that the second approach would lead more people to attempt to change their behavior -- maybe the former, with its clear attribution of racist beliefs, would have a greater impact. It's perhaps also worth mentioning that the reliability and validity of the Implicit Association Test, which Zimmerman frequently invokes as a measure of implicit racial bias, have recently been called into question by scientists and philosophers. Although Zimmerman's argument does not directly rely on this test, it does depend on the pragmatic picture's ability to explain and call attention to the problem of implicit bias. It's hard to deny the basic facts: as President Obama said in 2013, "There are very few African American men who haven't had the experience of walking across the street and hearing the locks click on the doors of cars." However, if we lack a valid measure of implicit bias, what prevents us from interpreting discriminatory behavior -- demonstrated by résumé name-change studies and the like -- as the result of explicit beliefs rather than implicit attitudes? If explicit beliefs are more important than scientists have thought, does this weaken Zimmerman's pragmatic case for the pragmatic picture? As Rudolf Carnap admitted in 1963, responding to criticism by the pragmatist Charles William Morris, philosophers should concern themselves not only with the formal properties of conceptual frameworks but also with "practical deliberations and decisions with respect to an acceptance or change of frameworks." Although Zimmerman, who cites Carnap approvingly, demonstrates that Bain's pragmatic picture of belief is a framework worthy of investigation, more philosophical and scientific work is needed to determine whether its acceptance would have the positive impact he promises (124). Colin Allen, "[Review of] Chauncey Maher, Plants Minds: A Philosophical Defense," Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. Alexander Klein, "Science, Religion, and 'The Will to Believe,'" HOPOS 5 (2015); Cheryl Misak, "Klein on James on the Will to Believe," HOPOS (2015); Jeremy Dunham, "Idealism, Pragmatism, and the Will to Believe: Charles Renouvier and William James," British Journal for the History of Philosophy 23 (2015); Colin Koopman, "The Will, the Will to Believe, and William James: An Ethics of Freedom as Self-Transformation," Journal of the History of Philosophy 55 (2017); Alexis Dianda, "William James and the 'Willfulness' of Belief," European Journal of Philosophy 26 (2018). "What Can We Learn from the Implicit Association Test? A Brains Blog Roundtable" (17 January 2017); Edouard Machery, "Do Indirect Measures of Biases Measure Traits or Situations?" Psychological Inquiry 28 (2017); Michael Brownstein, Alex Madva, & Bertram Grawronski, "Understanding Implicit Bias: Putting the Criticism into Perspective" (2018), unpublished manuscript. Rudolf Carnap, "Charles Morris on Pragmatism and Logical Empiricism," in Paul Arthur Schilpp (ed.), The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1963), 862.

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The research that is meditation-and-the-brain has been rolling for quite a few decades with new research coming out more or less every week. Or some benefit that’s only being supported with EEG or fMRI. The practice seems to have an wonderful assortment of neurological advantages — from changes in gray matter volume to diminished activity from the”me” centres of the mind to improved connectivity between brain areas. Following are a few of the studies show that meditation does create changes in our organ and to come out in the past couple of years. Skeptics, of course, can ask what good are a brain modifications if the effects are being exhibited? There’s good evidence for people together with studies reporting that meditation helps alleviate our levels of depression and anxiety, and enhance concentration, focus, and emotional well-being. Meditation affects the mind All worries, your ideas, Remarks and Character traits that form the individual that you’re, all are occurring within your mind. You are your mind. In altering the mind you’re currently changing yourself. If you meditate, you’re releasing, accepting, relaxing, changing, breathing and only becoming . If you emerge from This state, you begin fresh. You have been washed over by A cleansing wave of clarity and shot with it of the debris that littered your existence. Meditation gives you a brand new presence. One of nurturing joy and peace more capable. BBN reports of a research on meditation Conducted by Sara Lazar, senior writer at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Psychiatric Neuro-imaging Research Program (which was a mouthful!) . Sara also appears to be the teacher of psychology at Harvard Medical School. The analysis revealed that Changes in the brain structure can underly a number of those improvements that are reported. Lazar reasoned that people aren’t only feeling better because they’re currently spending more time relaxing meditation does change the mind. Re-wire your mind with meditation Actually, there a lot Of science meditation and mindful thought-redirection throughout acts of mindfulness may our mind. And that is great news! Richie Davidson, neuroscientist in the Centre for Healthy Minds at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, together with this coworkers, need us to understand three things: - you’ll be able to train your mind to modify - The shift is quantifiable - New ways of thinking might alter it to the better. This Is a part of reports of all the ways that meditation assist us and may change us and of the discussion. The science, research of brain action, and fantastic heads with comprehension is there for us and learn from. The verdict is in, and we all could proceed with no doubt that entering countries of meditation and resulting in a life concentrated to mindfulness may, and can affect us. If we do not wish to, nor should we don’t try We’ll never change. Nothing could grow it is roots should we refuse to give up that which can not be deciphered. Meditation Helps Boost the Aging Brain Last week, a research From UCLA discovered that meditators had brains compared to non-meditators as they aged. Had more gray matter volume it was not as conspicuous as the non-meditators although meditators that are elderly had a volume reduction in contrast to meditators. “We anticipated quite small and different effects found in a number of the areas that had previously been correlated with meditating,” said study author Florian Kurth. “Rather, what we really observed has been a widespread influence of meditation which surrounded areas throughout the whole brain.” Meditation Reduces Activity in the Brain”Me Center” Among the most interesting research in the past few years, completed at Yale University, Discovered that mindfulness meditation reduces activity in the default style system (DMN), the mind system accountable for mind-wandering and self-referential ideas — a.k.a.,”monkey brain” The DMN is”on” or busy when we are not thinking about anything particularly, when our heads are only drifting from thought to thought. Because mind-wandering is generally connected with being happy, ruminating, and fretting about the future and past, it is the target for many individuals to dial down it. Studies have demonstrated that meditation, through its influence in the DMN, seems to do this. And when the head does begin to roam, because of the relations which shape, meditators are at ripping back from it. Its Outcomes Rival Antidepressants for Depression, Stress An overview research Last year in Johns Hopkins looked in the association between meditation as well as its ability to reduce symptoms of stress depression, and pain. Chemical Madhav Goyal and his group discovered that the effect size of meditation was moderate, at 0.3. If it sounds low, remember the effect size for antidepressants can also be 0.3, making the impact of meditation seem pretty great. Meditation is an energetic kind of mind training. “Lots of folks have this concept that meditation means sitting and doing nothing,” says Goyal. “But that is not correct. Meditation is also an active practice of the brain to boost awareness, and distinct meditation applications approach this in various ways.” As no remedy is, meditation is not a magic bullet for melancholy, but it is one. Meditation May Lead to Volume Changes in Key Regions of the Brain In 2011, Sara Lazar and her staff at Harvard discovered That mindfulness meditation can actually change the structure of their mind: Eight months of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) was found to increase cortical thickness at the hippocampus, which modulates memory and learning, and in particular regions of the brain which perform roles in emotion regulation and self-referential processing. You will find also declines in brain cell quantity at the amygdala, which is responsible for anxiety, stress, and anxiety — and these modifications matched the participants’ self-reports of the anxiety levels, signaling that meditation not only affects the mind, but it affects our subjective understanding and emotions too. In reality, a followup research from Lazar’s team discovered that following meditation instruction, changes in brain regions associated with mood and stimulation were also connected to improvements in how participants stated they believed — i.e., their emotional well-being. So for everyone who states that nothing is necessarily meant by blobs from the mind, our experience — well-being and enhanced disposition — does appear to be changed through meditation. Only a Couple of Days of Coaching Improves Concentration and Attention Having problems concentrating is a child thing Millions of with not or an ADD diagnosis. Interestingly but not surprisingly, among the fundamental advantages of meditation is that it enhances concentration and attention: A recent research discovered that only a few of months of meditation instruction helped people’s memory and focus throughout the verbal reasoning section of the GRE. Actually, the increase in score was equal to 16 points, which can be nothing. Considering that the powerful focus of focus (on an item, idea, or action ) is just one of the fundamental aims of meditation, it is not so surprising that meditation ought to help people’s cognitive abilities at work, also — but it is wonderful to own science affirm it. And everybody can use a little help . Meditation Reduces Stress — and Social Stress A Great Deal of Individuals begin meditating in anxiety for its advantages Reduction, and there is plenty of evidence. There is an entire newer sub-genre of meditation, said previously, known as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn in the University of Massachusetts’ Center for Mindfulness (currently available all around the country), which aims to decrease a individual’s stress level, physically and emotionally. Its advantages have been proven by Various studies in reducing stress, even years. Research has additionally proven that mindfulness meditation, compared to attending to the breath simply, can decrease stress — also that these changes appear to be mediated via the brain areas related to these self-referential (“me-centered”) thoughts. Mindfulness meditation has also been demonstrated to assist individuals with social anxiety disorder: a Stanford University team discovered that MBSR caused changes in brain areas involved in focus, in addition to relief from symptoms of social stress. Short Meditation Breaks Can Help Children in School Meditation has promise as it’s for adults. There has been raising attention from teachers and researchers In bringing yoga and meditation to college children, that are addressing oftentimes, and the stressors in college tension and trauma outside college. Some colleges have beginning implementing meditation in their daily schedules, and with great effect: 1 district in San Francisco began a double per day meditation program in a few of its high-risk colleges — and watched suspensions reduction, also GPAs and presence growth. Studies have verified the cognitive and psychological advantages of meditation for schoolchildren, but more work will likely have to get done before it increases more widespread approval. Meditation Can Help with Addiction A increasing amount of research has proven that, provided its consequences on the self-control areas of the mind, meditation can be quite powerful in helping individuals recover from several kinds of addiction. 1 research , By way of instance, pitted mindfulness coaching contrary to the American Lung Association’s liberty from smoking (FFS) plan, also discovered that individuals who heard mindfulness were several times more likely to have stopped smoking at the end of the practice, also in 17 weeks followup, than those from the traditional therapy. This might be because meditation assists individuals”decouple” the condition of craving by the action of smoking, so that the one does not always have to cause another, but instead you completely experience and ride from the”wave” of jealousy, until it moves. Other research has found that mindfulness training, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), and mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) may assist in treating different kinds of dependence. Worth a Try? Meditation is not a panacea, but there is certainly a Great Deal of evidence It might do some good for people who practice it. Everybody from congressman Tim Ryan to firms such as Google and Apple and Goal and Anderson Cooper are incorporating meditation. And its advantages appear to be felt after a brief quantity of practice. Some investigators have cautioned that meditation may result in ill effects under specific circumstances (called the”dark night” occurrence ), however for many people — particularly in the event that you’ve got a fantastic instructor — meditation is beneficial, instead of harmful. It’s definitely worth a shot: In case you’ve got a couple of minutes in the daytime or day (or both), instead of turning your telephone or moving online, see what happens in the event that you try quieting your mind, or paying attention to your ideas and letting them move without responding to them. Only a couple of minutes of meditation can make a difference, if the study is correct. Meditation is approval Life will buzz around you and inside you. Your next move is up to you. How that you feel is in your power. This gorgeous tune by Imogen Heap — both the lyrics and visuals — should enable you to get in the ideal mood to simply”be still”. You know where to find me When you are in your exit All yells and occupied Enough is enough Because life’s candy assemblages Equate to driftwood off

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Recognizing Different Types of Readers with ASD Students with ASD can have strengths or challenges in either word recognition and language comprehension that will impact reading comprehension. It is important to assess, monitor, and track the word recognition or decoding skills and language comprehension skills as you evaluate reading comprehension. Reading ability is such an important skill in our modern society. Children, however, differ in their ability to read and understand written material and parents and teachers wonder why. The purpose of this article is to help parents and teachers recognize basic global patterns of reading ability/challenge within a specific group of children (i.e., those with an autism spectrum disorder). Awareness of the patterns can pave the way for more focused assessment of specific skills and provide a bridge to targeted support and/or instruction. The Simple View of Reading The topic of reading is so complex that many experts in the field of reading reduce conceptualization to a few key concepts such as: - The essence of reading is the acquisition of meaning from print (i.e., reading comprehension). - Meaning or reading comprehension involves decoding or word recognition of words and language comprehension. This information is often displayed as a diagram called the Simple View of Reading which was first introduced by Gough & Tunmer and Hoover & Gough in 1986 and 1990 (Catts and Kamhi, 2005). Word Recognition x Language Comprehension = Reading Comprehension Establishing a range of differences Within each of the broad categories of word recognition and language comprehension lays a continuum. Guiding questions might include qualitatively evaluating how well a student with ASD compares to age mates of the same cognitive abilities. Does he or she have the level of sophistication of skills of comparable classmates? Sometimes students with ASD have the basic skills but there are qualitative differences that might be important to note for programming purposes. If these difference are not noted and addressed through support and/instruction, individuals students may be headed toward frustrating experiences in school as they progress through the various grade levels which require increasing levels of sophistication with print. With this framework in mind, let’s examine the two components that contribute to reading comprehension ability. The role of word recognition Word recognition involves the ability to quickly recognize a word. If one had to stop to decipher each word that one read, it would be hard to read and obtain meaning from sentences, paragraphs, pages, and chapters. One uses a certain amount of mental energy to decode unfamiliar words and the expenditure can vary depending on how difficult the reading task is for that person. Because quick recognition is the mark of a good reader, people typically develop a certain internal dictionary of sight words and apply strategies to identify the words that are not in their dictionary. Strategies might include the use of phonics, picture cues, background knowledge, or syntax to decipher or guess at unfamiliar words. For example, if the topic was trains, one might guess the word “freight” by mentally manipulating the word “eight” or from knowledge about trains and the syntactical cues (i.e., “The train had an engine and many freight cars”). Underlying word recognition is a pre-reading skill called phonological awareness. This skill focuses on recognition of the sound system of our language and the ability to manipulate these sounds. It is not phonics or text based. Skills include the ability to rhyme, to tell what is the first sound in an orally heard word such as “bear;” the ability to name other words that start with the b sound from “bear,” the ability to synthesize a “k+ae +t” into “cat,” and so forth. Awareness of sounds in words is also helpful when one learns spelling. Even if spelled incorrectly, a child with good phonological awareness may be able to demonstrate the number of sounds he or she hears in a word. If one does not have this skill, then one is limited to memorizing the visual pattern of each word. Many children with ASD may have difficulty with this underlying skill. Some children with ASD become good at memorizing sight words but don’t attach meaning to the words. When these children read, they sound like they have a large sight vocabulary. People can over estimate the child’s ability to read with meaning when based only on their oral reading ability. Most people would automatically assume that if a word is in one’s sight reading dictionary, that it is used with meaning. It would be easy to have inappropriate curricular performance expectations if one innocently but falsely made this assumption. These children with such good decoding skills are sometimes described as “word callers.” Children who are at the extreme end of the continuum in terms of decoding words without meaning are called hyperlexic. These children are self taught in terms of these skills during the 2-5 year-old period of their lives. Some of these children move on to develop some level of comprehension skills while others may remain at a level of fairly meaningless decoding. It is possible that those who move on, may not have been as extreme, may have had better cognitive abilities, and/or may have had parent assistance to move toward meaning. So, children with ASD can vary along a continuum in terms of word recognition. Before designing a program for a child, it will be important to know via assessment if his or her decoding ability is a strength or a challenge. If the latter, then the phonological awareness element should be considered. For some children, this might be a very difficult skill to completely master. Even mastering some basic elements might be helpful, however. As gathered from the previous paragraphs, it is difficult to talk about decoding without talking about meaning as well. For example, when one is reading with meaning, one is attentive to phrasing. With the sentence, “The boy ran down the street?” “the boy” groups together as does “ran down the street.” One would not naturally pause between “the” and “boy” or “the” and “street.” One’s brain would register ahead of getting to the word “street” that it is a question and the voice should rise on the word “street” to suggest that this is an inquiry. Inflection and appropriate phrasing may not happen if one is reading one word at a time as an independent rather than an interdependent unit. This latter aspect of decoding is also called “fluency” but has a meaning element to it. Some children with ASD will not exhibit this recognition of meaning as they become smoother readers. Each word may be pronounced with the same inflection or emphasis pattern. This might be a clue to parents and teachers to check about meaning. The role of language comprehension Much of the message of oral and text language is expressed at the sentence level and through the inter-connectiveness of multi-sentences. Teachers and parents must be aware that some children only attend to the meaning of key words rather than the meaning of the sentence as a whole. Look at the difference in meaning from the sentence “The dog loved the cat’s bed.” When one looks at key salient words vs. the whole sentence, one might conclude that the dog and cat slept in some type of bed together when the dog really liked to safely use the cat’s bed when the cat was not around. The strategy of attending to key words is not isolated to text comprehension. Oral language comprehension forms the foundation for reading comprehension. How well a child can express his message is not as important for reading comprehension as how well he understands the messages of others. With children with ASD, many children can be quite verbal but have real difficulty understanding and processing the language of others. Understanding the language of others simultaneously involves: - Comprehending vocabulary including multi-meaning words and abstract concepts embedded within varying complexity levels of syntax. - Understanding the requirements of question forms (e.g., “where” questions request location information and “why” questions request causal relationship responses). - Understanding the significance of non-verbal cues; meaning of these important components of communication must be conveyed by words when one is reading a text format. - Deciphering that the meaning intended is not as stated by the words (e.g., the language may be figurative because, for example, the person is really not the color blue today but is feeling bad). - Noticing the vocal tone of the message that suggests that one is teasing or being sarcastic. For example, he sarcastically said, “Have a nice day,” as he walked away. - Inferencing between missing information to extract meaning from the context. - Determining the main idea of a message from the various chunks of information. - Synthesizing the message to relay it to others. - Understanding if the purpose of the entire message was to inform, criticize, tease, direct, deceive, etc. - Understanding the bias factor underlying even basic sharing of factual information. - Understanding roles, differing customs, experiences, personalities, etc. when that information must be conveyed in text without the support of the visual real-life context. Unlike decoding, most, if not all, individuals with ASD will have some degree of challenge with various beyond-the-basics aspects of oral language comprehension. In turn, they will have difficulty with text comprehension. It is not just a processing or rate of information flow problem, but rather, an underlying problem that can relate to internal cognitive wiring, cognitive abilities, and social/ language knowledge. So, the outcome of using word recognition and language comprehension skills is reading comprehension. This applies whether one is reading fiction, nonfiction, poetry, advertising, text messages, or e-mails. The major advantage of text vs. oral language presentation for a person with ASD is that with text, the message is permanent, whereas a spoken message is fleeting and disappears. Text gives one time to think and to apply other strategies. One might go back to re-read, look up a meaning, go ask someone else for an interpretation, and so forth. If one only addresses the end product of reading comprehension and does not pay attention to the other two components that underpin it, then one will be missing an important part of helping the child with ASD to improve. For example, many books on improving reading comprehension frequently do not identify the language component. The latter needs to be addressed in addition to comprehension monitoring and the learning of strategies that assist the reader to gain meaning from text. Certainly teachers and parents will want to help students or their children to be the best that they can be in terms of reading comprehension. It helps to have a good picture of what is involved and use that model to check out the underlying components. Students with ASD can have strengths or challenges in either word recognition and language comprehension that will impact reading comprehension. Because of the understanding difficulties with the more sophisticated aspects of oral communication, similar challenges might be expected in reading comprehension when various elements must be conveyed within a written word format. Some students may have challenges at even a more basic level, however, in attending to the meaning of syntactical sentences. Parents and teachers will want to assess, monitor, and track the word recognition or decoding skills and language comprehension skills of their students or children as they evaluate reading comprehension. Although problems with reading comprehension are to be expected among children with ASD, some of the problems may lessen over time with appropriate instruction and support. Click the "References" link above to hide these references. Block, C. C., Rodgers, L. L., & Johnson, R. B. (2004). Comprehension process instruction: Creating reading success in grades K-3. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Catts, H., & Kamhi, A. (2005). Language and Reading Disabilities (2nd ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Craig, H. K., & Telfer, A. S. (2005). Hyperlexia and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A case study of scaffolding language growth over time. Topics in Language Disorders. 25(4), 364-374. Grigorenko, E., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. (2003). Annotation: Hyperlexia: Disability or superability? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 44(8), 1079-091. Koppenhaver, D., & Erickson, K. (2003). Natural emergent literacy supports for preschoolers with autism and severe communication impairments. Topics in Language Disorders. 23(4), 283-292. Israel, S. E., Block, C. C., Bauserman, K. L., & Kinnucam-Welsch. (Eds.). (2005). Metacognition in literacy learning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Leekam, S. (2007). Language comprehension in children with autism spectrum disorders. In K. Cain & J. Oakhill. (Eds.). Children’s comprehension problems in oral and written language: A cognitive perspective. New York: Guilford Press. Mirenda, P. (2003). “He’s not really a reader…”: Perspectives on supporting literacy development in individuals with autism. Topics in Language Disorders. 23(4), 271-282. Nation, K. (1999). Reading skills in hyperlexia: A developmental perspective. Psychological Bulletin. 125(3), 338-355. O’Connor, I. M., & Klein, P. D. (2004). Exploration of strategies for facilitating the reading comprehension of high functioning students with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities. 34(2), 115-127. Also see the IRCA Article in the communication section, Selected Bibliography: Literacy, for numerous references on various aspects of literacy (www.iidc.indiana.edu/irca) Vicker, B. (2008). Recognizing different types of readers with asd. The Reporter, 14(1), 6-9.

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Energy efficiency of buildings, Mexico City. About Mexico City In the last years, the temperature in the city has increased by 4°C. It is not only the temperature of the environment that generates a superior thermal sensation, but also the growth of buildings that absorb and reflect solar radiation, which causes areas in the city where heat islands are generated (the heat island effect occurs when a city is warmer than its surrounding areas as an effect of human activities). That is why 30% of the consumption of electricity in the residential and private sector of Mexico City is used in thermal comfort (according to the Comisión nacional por el uso eficiente de la energía, CONUEE, by its acronym in Spanish). In 2018, the industry of air conditioning systems grew a 7%. Since 1998, annual sales of air conditioning units have had tripled up to 600.000 units per year in the mexican territory (Refrinoticias, 2018); creating a big pressure for the national electrical system and the need of increasing the energetic efficiency in buildings and habitational spaces. Mexico aims to generate 35% of the country’s electricity in 2024 with clean energy sources, such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass and efficient cogeneration. And to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2030. The growing concern about the consequences of climate change has been an aspect to be taken into account by the general population. This has led the construction area to look for alternatives with new technologies to design more energy-efficient buildings. This kind of buildings can be defined as those that are designed to provide a significant reduction on the energy needed for heating, cooling, illumination and so on. Among the new technologies, thermal energy storage is key as it offers several alternatives. The proposed solution for Energy Efficiency in buildings in Mexico City consist in using phase change materials in different applications. Phase change materials (PCM) are substances that have a high latent heat (heat of fusion), which gives the material the capacity of storing or releasing large amounts of heat when the material melts or solidifies (Coyle & Diamond, 2010). This property makes the materials useful to incorporate in different applications as thermal energy storage. This solution is a greater way of storing thermal energy because of its high thermal storage density, isothermal nature of the storage process and self-control. The aim is to take advantage of the properties of these materials and incorporate them to reduce energy consumption in buildings and therefore, CO2 emissions. Microencapsulated phase change material The MPCM components are: the core is a eutectic mixture of fatty acids, and the shell is a resin (urea-formaldehyde). The process of encapsulation prevents spills when the material changes phases within the core. Based on the desired temperature that is wanted to regulate, a material with a suitable melting point using a eutectic mixture could be achieved. Solution 1: building system with thermal insulation properties The demand for electrical energy due to the need for thermal comfort in the construction sector is increasing rapidly. Currently, 45% of homes in Mexico use fans, and there are more than 7 million air conditioning units in use in homes throughout the country, which on average, are used between 5 to 9 hours a day (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, 2018). On the other hand, a comfortable temperature is required also in the winter season. It is a fact that the cost for thermal comfort in Mexico City is increasing, and accelerated growth is predicted in the next 10 years. So taking action must be contemplated in the city’s energy plans. Phase change materials (PCM) increase the thermal mass of buildings, and thus, cause a drop in cooling/heating loads, which decreases the demand for electrical energy due to thermal conditioning units. However, the direct incorporation of PCM into building elements can reduce its structural performance and create leaks, hence, to preserve the structural functioning of the building, microencapsulated PCMs (MPCM) are applied and properly integrated into the materials of construction. The process of microencapsulation aims to create a barrier between the PCM and the construction material in which it would be applied. The operating principle of these materials is that they absorb and release thermal energy to maintain a regulated temperature. When the environmental temperature is high, the PCM absorbs heat and changes its phase from solid to liquid, storing that heat, causing it to not enter the building and therefore, making the temperature inside the building lower than the outside temperature. And at night, the MPCM in its liquid phase releases the heat it absorbed as the external temperature decreases, and changes its phase for solid. During this phase change, the MPCM provides a comfortable temperature without HVAC systems. It is noteworthy, that the MPCM works for both warm climate preventing heat from entering, and cold climate, preventing heat from leaving, to provide a comfortable temperature just using the resource of the material's properties. The use of mortar in construction has been very diverse in Mexico. It is widely used as a plaster or filling material, as a glue material in masonry, and in recent times in structural masonry. Thus, to be able to apply this solution (that consists of the incorporation of this microencapsulated phase change material MPCM to the mortar plaster), the addition of the MPCM shouldn’t affect the mechanical properties of the construction, and the most important factor that must be evaluated is the resistance to compression. In addition, its plasticity, water retention, qualities of inalterability, non-cracking, etc. must be evaluated, properties that are very difficult to gather and that require a complex elaboration. According to the regulation of Construcciones para el Distrito Federal, according to the Mexican norm NMX-C-486-ONNCCE-2014 mortero de uso estructural, the minimum compressive strength for mortars type I, type II and type III is 12.5 MPa, 7.5 MPa and 4 MPa, respectively. The standard also specifies that the dosage must be endorsed by a laboratory to comply with resistance and bursting. We developed an experimental procedure to evaluate the compressive strength of the material. Incorporating 15% of the MPCM in the dosage of the mortar, a compressive strength on the seventh day of 13.25 MPa was obtained. Therefore, this application complies with Mexican legislation for all mortar types. Modeling the phenomenology helps us validate the objective of this application and in a certain way, to show which factors of the design and process are relevant when obtaining the results of temperature decrease through a simulation. We performed a computational simulation to validate the reduction of the temperature inside a building when the MPCM is added to the mortar. Taking a case of study of a room without air conditioning or ventilation systems and with external conditions typical of Mexico City summers, the equations and the results obtained are shown below. The picture in the right shows the mechanisms of heat transfer that were considered in the model made. In the next pictures the graphic solution is displayed. The solution shows how the complete system (brick-mortar-MPCM) works. In the picture in the left side, the initial condition corresponds to the heat absorbed by the building (related to solar radiation) and the lines show the temperature through all the construction materials that are in the wall (conduction). The last point in pink in the right picture corresponds to the temperature inside the building. Building system without MPCM Building system with 15% of MPCM Recution of 8°C without energy consumption It was obtained that using the material, the final temperature inside the building without air conditioning would be 22°C, if the outside temperature is of 32°C. As shown in the picture below. Solution 2: incorporated system solar collector and thermo tank Government entities of Mexico City use electrical energy, gas, and diesel to heat up and maintain water heated in different buildings, such as hospitals and residential buildings. Of the total diesel consumed in government entities of Mexico City, 83% corresponds to the dependencies. The government and health secretariats report the highest expenditure, with 54% and 37% respectively, Its main use is in boilers. The high consumption of liquefied petroleum gas and diesel in the Government and Health secretariats is since they are in charge of prisons and hospitals, places where there is a high demand for water heating (Gobierno de la Ciudad de México, 2017). In addition to this, the demand for this requirement is also in residential and commercial buildings, both public and private. Accordingly, the Secretaría del Medio Ambiente of Mexico City, in 2018 published an environmental standard “NADF-008-AMBT-2017”, which states that all new buildings, facilities and establishments, must have a solar water heating system with the aim to reduce CO2 production due to fossil fuels consumption and start to harness solar energy. An overview of some general specifications required are shown hereunder: |Property type||Annual energy consumption to be met| Private residential building A heating solar system that supplies at least 70% and GEI reduction by 35% Housing of social interest or government-funded A heating solar system that supplies at least 70% and GEI reduction by 40% Private establishments and facilities A heating solar system that supplies 35% Public administration establishments and facilities and the legislative field A heating solar system that supplies 40% Those percentages were considered for a volume that corresponds to 30% of the amount of water used per liter per day (L/ d) in establishments, facilities, buildings or homes. To carry out the minimum requirements established by the environmental regulations, we propose to use a thermal storage water tank that is built-in with phase change material to obtain a whole system even 30% more efficient. Incorporating phase change materials into the heat storage units can’t only reduce the volume but also allow heat to be absorbed and released almost at a constant temperature. It can transfer heat stably, prevent the disadvantage of water boiling in the tank and temperature falling too fast during the night, avoiding the shortcomings of traditional water tanks related to heat losses. The way these materials work in this application is by absorbing their latent heat (needed to change their phase from solid to liquid) from the environment and storing it. While the collector heats the water inside the tank, the MPCM maintains the temperature of the water inside the tank almost constant, avoiding heat losses outside the tank. And at night or when the temperature drops, the material would change its phase from liquid to solid, releasing its latent heat to the water inside the tank, and therefore, maintaining the temperature of the water almost constant, without the need of more energy consumption of the solar heating systems. Legislative framework, proposed regulations Nowadays, in Mexico City, there are some regulations that aim to promote the use of eco-technologies in buildings and enterprises, in order to reduce electrical energy consumption and with that, CO2 emissions. These norms and regulations, consist of reductions of property taxes for enterprises if they reduce their electrical energy consumption (Código Fiscal del Distrito Federal, Article 277), and reductions on the costs of the rights of water supply or reductions on property taxes to house properties if a reduction of the electrical energy consumption is made or a green roof is installed, respectively (Código Fiscal del Distrito Federal, Article 276 and NADF-013-RNAT-2007). However, these benefits are no longer attractive to the owners of buildings and industries, therefore, they aren’t allured to use these eco-technologies. To target this drawback, a legislation for private buildings could be proposed. It should help and incentive them to use eco-technologies that help reduce CO2 emissions by reducing the consumption of electrical energy. The legislation we propose consists of: Buildings that implement solutions that help reducing electrical energy consumed, obtain a reduction on property tax of 0,65 times the energy reduction percentage, being the maximum reduction on taxes of 50%. For example, if a building reduces 40% of their electrical energy consumption, it gets a tax reduction of 26%. To promote and enforce the usage of environmentally friendly solutions, buildings have deadlines after the legislation is carried out to implement actions that help reducing electrical energy consumption, as described below: - Three years after the legislation takes effect buildings that have not implemented solutions to reduce at least 15% of their energy consumption will have an increase of 5% on their property taxes, until they implement a solution. - Five years after the legislation takes effect buildings that have not implemented solutions to reduce at least 25% of their energy consumption will have an increase of 10% on their property taxes, until they implement a solution. - Ten years after the legislation takes effect buildings that have not implemented solutions to reduce at least 35% of their energy consumption will have an increase of 18% on their property taxes, until they implement a solution. Application of the solution to the local characteristics Comisión Reguladora de Energía. (2019). Factor de Emisión del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional. Ciudad de México: México. Available at: https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/442714/Aviso_Factor_de_Emisiones_2018.pdf Gobierno de la Ciudad de México. (2017). Proyectos sobre cambio climático. Available at: http://www.data.sedema.cdmx.gob.mx/cambioclimaticocdmx/eficiencia-energetica.html. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. (2018). Primera encuesta nacional sobre consumo de energéticos en viviendas particulares (ENCEVI). Comunicado de prensa N. 541/18, pp. 1-3. Available at: https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2018/EstSociodemo/ENCEVI2018.pdf Refrinoticias. (2018). Industria del aire acondicionado en México crece el 7% anual . Available at: https://refrinoticias.com/?p=6503 Coyle, D. & Diamond. (2010). Smart Nanotextiles: Materials and Their Application. Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, Pages 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.03345-2 SEDEMA. (2017). Eficiencia energética. Ciudad de México: México. Available at: http://www.data.sedema.cdmx.gob.mx/cambioclimaticocdmx/eficiencia-energetica.html Zalba, J.M. Marin, L.F. Cabeza, H. Mehling, (2003) Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications, Applied Thermal Engineering 23, 251–283. Konuklu, Y., Unal, M., Paksoy, H. (2014). Microencapsulation of caprylic acid with different wall materials as phase change material for thermal energy storage. Solar Energy Materials And Solar Cells, 120, 536-542. doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2013.09.035 De la Torre, G. (2018). Panorama 2018 del sector de energías renovables en México. Asesoría Financiera en Deloitte México. Código Fiscal del Distrito Federal, Article 276 and 277. NADF-013-RNAT-2007 Valentina Sierra Jiménez Chemical engineering student, 10th semester at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, campus Medellín. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Phone: +57 3052415931 Natalia Avendaño Ortega Chemical engineering student, 10th semester at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, campus Medellín. E-mail: email@example.com Phone: +57 320 5981561

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Treatment with high dose vitamin B12 been shown to be safe for more than 50 years - Out of fear of overdosing vitamin B12, treatment is often reduced to below the frequency that is needed by the patient, or, even worse, treatment is stopped completely. - As a result, symptoms can reoccur again and again and even become irreversible. - It is very clear this fear of overdosing is based on a misunderstanding. For over 60 years high dose vitamin B12 treatment has been used without any signs of the danger of an overdose. - The Dutch National Health Counsel and the Regional Disciplinary Medical Board of Eindhoven have stated clearly that vitamin B12 is non-toxic. - Clinical research and the treatment for cyanide poisoning have shown that even extremely high doses of vitamin B12 and the serum values that go with it are harmless. A decennia long history of safe treatment In 1926 it was discovered that patients with pernicious anaemia could be saved from a certain death by eating a pound of raw liver a day. More than 20 years later the substance that was responsible for that was isolated from liver extract: vitamin B12 or cobalamin. Since then numerous patients have been treated with high dose vitamin B12 worldwide. Usually per injection and often lifelong, as a deficiency is mostly caused by an irreversible absorption disorder. In all that time harmful effects have never been shown from overdose. No single case has been found in medical literature in the past 60 years. No maximum dose The Dutch National Health Council therefore decided not to determine a safe upper intake level for vitamin B12. In their report from 2003 “Voedingsnormen: vitamine B6, foliumzuur en vitamine B12” the council joined expert commissions from the American Institute of Medicine and the Scientific Committee for Human Food from the European Union, who had already reported 3 years earlier that toxicity from high dose vitamin B12 poses no real danger.1 Of course, like with any medical treatment, side effects can occur. Acne, eczema and itching seldom occur and very rarely anaphylactic shock. Changing brands of vitamin B12, forms of B12 (cyanocobalamin vs hydroxocobalamin), or switching from injections to tablets can be a solution in those (rare) cases. Misunderstandings about blood and reference values Yet often physicians reduce injections or even stop treatment altogether out of fear of overdosing B12. The result is that many patients are left with recurring or lasting symptoms, which could be relieved by more frequent injections. After an injection the serum B12 value rises quickly, well above the upper reference value (on average 150-700 pmol/L), followed by a slow decrease. Apparently the underlying thought is that it is necessary to keep the value between the (upper and lower) reference values. However the blood level of serum B12 rises regardless of therapeutic effectiveness.2 A high serum B12 value does not mean that symptoms are treated sufficiently. This presumption can have damaging effects for patients with neurological symptoms, which can become irreversible with insufficient treatment. Treatment based on symptoms instead of blood values The recommended treatment in the Netherlands consists of a hydroxocobalamin injection of 1mg every two months, after an initial loading dose of 10 injections in 5 to 10 weeks.3 No reference is made to the serum value or a danger of overdosing, unlike for instance in case of a vitamin D or A deficiency. The lack of danger of an overdose is further underlined by the advice to treat patients with neurological involvement with two injections a week for up to two years, if necessary. This also emphasizes that symptoms and not blood values should be used as a guideline. If serum values were decisive, even patients with neurological involvement could suffice with the maintenance dose of one injection every two months after the initial loading dose. Elevated serum B12 values in serious conditions Maybe the concern for a possible overdose is caused by the knowledge that some life-threatening diseases can be accompanied by a strong increase in the B12 blood value, in some cases to even 30 times the upper reference value.4 In blood diseases like leukemia, polycythemia vera and hypereosinophylic syndrome, the cause is often an enhanced production of the transport protein haptocorrin, to which most of the circulating B12 in blood is bound. In liver diseases such as acute hepatitis, live cirrhosis and liver cancer, elevated B12 values are often found because the liver is no longer capable of storing vitamin B12. Elevated B12 values are always cause for further testing, but of course, to the contrary, it cannot be concluded that elevated levels after B12 injections leads to serious disease. Scientific literature offers numerous examples from which it can be concluded that treatment with high dose B12 up to very high serum values is no cause for concern. - In the treatment of children with an inborn error in the production of transcobalamin II, the binding protein that transports B12 to the cells, serum values are kept at levels of 10 000 pg/ml (about 7 400 pmol/L) without any side-effects.5 - Japanese research from 1994 into the effects of B12 therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis shows that a daily tablet with 60 mg methylcobalamin during six months is non-toxic. Half of the patients even started with two weeks of daily 5 mg B12 injections straight into the blood. 6 - In the fifties, when chemotherapy wasn’t available yet, children with neuroblastoma (a tumour of the autonomous nervous-system) received 1 mg B12 injections every other day during 2 to 3 years in a London children’s hospital. From 1957 the dose was adjusted to 1 mg per 7 kilograms of body-weight. In the majority of patients the tumour disappeared wholly or partially and the chance of survival was considerably increased.7 - In 1999 in Japan, kidney dialysis patients with polyneuropathy, received 0.5 mg methylcobalamin 3 times a week intravenously for 6 months. Because of lack of renal clearance, serum values rose to more than a hundredfold from 422 pmol/L on average to 54 000 pmol/L, with 67 000 pmol/L as highest value, without side-effects. 8 - Also in Japan, in 2007, patients with the incurable neurodegenerative disease ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease) received daily injections with 25 mg methylcobalamin for 4 weeks, followed by daily injections of 50 mg intravenously, followed by 50 mg a week. In the long term, treated patients survived for longer because of this, than did untreated patients.9 Megadoses B12 as lifesaving antidote The safety of vitamin B12 treatment is further illustrated by the decennia long use of hydroxocobalamin as an antidote for cyanide poisoning, often caused by smoke inhalation. In the Netherlands ambulances, fire departments and emergency rooms have the Cyanokit at their disposal. In life threatening situations 5 g hydroxocobalamin is given intravenously within 15 minutes, an amount that corresponds with 5 000 injections of 1 mg B12.10 Hydroxocobalamin reacts in the body with cyanide, and forms cyanocobalamin, which is excreted in urine. The serum value of B12 can rise to an average of 560 000 000 pmol/L within 50 minutes.11 If necessary this treatment is repeated within several hours, making the total dose 10 grams. The side effects that occur, like reddening of the skin and urine and changes in heart rate and blood pressure are temporary and harmless. In short: 10 000 injections a day are still not enough for an overdose of vitamin B12. Regional Disciplinary Medical Board: vitamin B12 cannot be overdosed In 2009, the Regional Disciplinary Medical Board in Eindhoven stated very clearly that an overdose is not possible: “There can be no question of an overdose of hydroxocobalamin, as the excess is excreted in urine by the kidneys and therefore cannot accumulate in the body.12 The Medical Board ruled against a patient who claimed his deteriorating health was due to the continued treatment with B12 injections. The patient received monthly injections for 10 years. The physician was not rebuked because the patient was treated according to guidelines. A vitamin B12 deficiency can cause many different symptoms, among which are serious neurological problems. The treatment with high dose B12 injections is not only completely safe but fortunately also very effective. With the right treatment patients can recover completely. Starting straight away with treatment is essential, as is the continuing treatment in order to give the body enough B12 to fully recover. Therefore it is essential that patients are no longer exposed to the real danger of irreversible symptoms because of the imaginary fear of overdosing. 1. Voedingsnormen: vitamine B6, foliumzuur en vitamine B12. (Nutritional standards: vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12) Gezondheidsraad.Publicatienr. 2003/04, Gezondheidsraad, (Dutch National Health Counsel) Den Haag 2003:130-31 2. How I treat cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. Carmel R. Blood 2008;112: 2214-21 3. College voor Zorgverzekeringen. Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas. CVZ, (pharmaceutical reference book) Amstelveen 2011 4. De betekenis van een te hoge cobalamineconcentratie in het bloed. (the significance of a high cobalaminconcentration in blood) Ermens AAM, Vlasveld LTh, Van Marion-Kievit JA, Lensen CJPA, Lindemans J. NTvG 2002;146:459-64 5. Inherited disorders of folate and cobalamin transport and metabolism. FentonWA, Rosenblatt DS. In: Stanbury JB ea. (eds). Online Metabolic & Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York 2001:3897-933 6. Vitamin B12 metabolism and massive-dose methyl vitamin B12 therapy in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis. Kira J, Tobimatsu S, Goto I.Intern Med 1994;33(2):82-86 7. Neuroblastoma: an evaluation of its natural history and the effects of therapy, with particular reference to treatment by massive doses of vitamin B12. Bodian M. Arch Dis Child 1963;38(202):606–19 8. Intravenous methylcobalamin treatment for uremic and diabetic neuropathy in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kuwabara S, Nakazawa R, Azuma N, Suzuki M, Miyajima K, Fukutake T, Hattori T. Intern Med 1999;38(6):472-75 9. Clinical trials of ultra-high-dose methylcobalamin in ALS. Izumi Y, Kaji R. Brain Nerve 2007;59(10):1141-47 10. European Medicines Agency (EMEA). Europees openbaar beoordelingsrapport (EPAR) Cyanokit,Londen 2007 11. Hydroxocobalamin as a cyanide antidote: safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in heavily smoking normal volunteers. Forsyth JC, Mueller PD, Becker ChE, Osterloh J, Benowitz NL, Rumack BH, Hall AH. Clin Toxicol 1993;31:277-94 12. Regionaal Tuchtcollege voor de Gezondheidszorg te Eindhoven. (Regional Disciplinary Medical Board Eindhoven verdict) Uitspraak van 15 april 2009 nr. 113b Juni 2011

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Objectives: Several trials have been published examining the role of antibiotics in dog bite wound management. A meta-analysis of these suggests that there is very little benefit to routine antibiotic prescription in these patients. All papers however incorporated rigorous wound care regimens involving large volume irrigation. Methods: The authors undertook a telephone survey to investigate wound care and prescribing practice in bite wound management in accident and emergency and minor injury units in the Yorkshire region. Results: Twenty one departments were contacted. Only 10% of departments routinely irrigate these wounds. Antibiotics are prescribed routinely in 71%. Conclusions: Management of dog bite wounds would not seem to be evidence based in most departments in this sample. - dog bite Statistics from Altmetric.com Dog bite wounds account for 0.5%–1% of all emergency department attendances (an estimated 200 000 cases per year).1 There is debate on the use of antibiotics in the initial management of these wounds, many practitioners would prescribe them routinely on first presentation.2 The published literature does not support this position. A recent meta-analysis of published randomised controlled trials demonstrated only a small decrease in infection rates in antibiotic treated patients.3 Routine use of antibiotics results in a large number of patients being exposed to side effects and risk of sensitisation with no benefit. There are also benefits to the population from limiting antibiotic prescribing. Most studies report rigorous initial wound care, this would seem to be more effective than antibiotic prophylaxis. This paper examines the presence of evidence based protocols and methods of wound care in regional accident and emergency (A&E) and minor injury units (MIU). A telephone survey was undertaken of all A&E departments and MIU in the Yorkshire region by one of two investigators (MRS, AW). In each department the nurse in charge was asked for department demographics, details of existing protocols for the management of dog bite wounds and wound care techniques routinely practised. A standardised patient scenario was presented: “A patient with a 2 cm open wound on the calf as a result of a dog bite attends your department approximately one hour post injury.” Details of the patient management were requested. If certain issues were not raised, direct questions were posed. Issues covered included methods of wound cleaning, wound closure, follow up, and antibiotic prescription. Twenty one departments were contacted, of which 14 were A&E departments (average annual attendance 60 929) and seven were MIU (average annual attendance 14 250). Emergency nurse practitioners were practising in 13 (93%) of the A&E departments and three of the MIU (43%). Thirteen departments had existing written protocols for the management of dog bite wounds. The results are summarised in table 1. Wound cleaning techniques varied considerably. In 14 departments this entails wiping the wound with a saline (or betadine in one department) soaked swab. Five departments “wash” the wound and only two would routinely irrigate such wounds. Departments in which wound closure would be considered did not routinely use local anaesthetic in wound management. This suggests that wound closure by steristrips is more common than suturing. Fifteen departments routinely use antibiotic prophylaxis for all wounds, co-amoxiclav was the antibiotic of choice in 13. Other antibiotics used include flucloxacillin (two departments), erythromycin (four departments), and metronidazole (one department). Follow up in the department is arranged for 90% of these patients usually between 24 and 72 hours from presentation. Eight randomised trials have been published examining the use of prophylactic antibiotics in the management of dog bite wounds.4–11 Most studies were of reasonable quality although most involved only small numbers of patients. Some had high drop out rates, and randomisation details are not consistently given. None of them detected a statistically significant difference between the control group and the antibiotic treated group, although there was a trend towards benefit. Absolute risk reduction with antibiotic use varied from −9 to 16. A published meta-analysis of these studies demonstrated a 0.58 relative risk for infection in patients treated with antibiotics routinely.3 The overall infection rate in the control group was 16%. Thus with antibiotic prescribing only 6.7% of all patients treated will benefit. The results are skewed by the high infection rates in one study5—if this is excluded the overall infection rate in controls is 9% and benefits from antibiotic treatment seen in only 3.8% of patients.12 A randomised controlled trial to investigate the issue further would need very large numbers of patients as the incidence of wound infection in these studies is low. A small decrease in infection rates may be proved, but routine antibiotic prescription would entail treating large numbers of patients unnecessarily. All but one study reported a strict wound care protocol involving large volume, high pressure irrigation with normal saline, and debridement if appropriate. In most papers, wounds are irrigated with saline or povidone iodine solution. Volumes vary, but were typically in the region of 250 ml upwards. In the departments in our study standard bite wound management is variable but large volume irrigation is rare. In one published study irrigation was clearly shown to be of benefit—12% of irrigated wounds became infected compared with 69% of those that were not (“statistically significant at 99% confidence level”).13 However, most of the second group were puncture wounds for which irrigation is difficult.11,14 A recent paper reported the results of routine microbiological cultures from all infected cat and dog bite wounds in 18 hospitals.15 Common organisms in dog bite wounds were Pasteurella (present in 50%), Streptococcus (46%), Staphylococcus aureus (20%), Fusobacterium (32%), Bacteroides (30%), Porphyromonas (28%) and Prevotella (28%). An appropriate first line antibiotic choice would be flucloxacillin and penicillin. Only one published RCT examined the use of co-amoxiclav compared with placebo—this trial had very high rates of infection, but did show a benefit with antibiotic use.5 One trial of questionable quality compared co-amoxiclav with penicillin, with or without dicloxacillin.16 There was no difference in infection rates, but a significantly higher incidence of side effects in the co-amoxiclav group, ranging from minor skin reactions, diarrhoea and vomiting to anaphylaxis. Prescription of antibiotics is also costly—a five day course of co-amoxiclav currently costs around £10. Wound culture at initial presentation has not been shown to be helpful in non-infected wounds as subsequent wound infection cannot be predicted, and those that become infected frequently show only a mixed culture or no growth initially. In one study, culture of infected wounds in the antibiotic prophylaxis group demonstrated sensitivity to the prescribed antibiotic, and the infection settled after further local wound care.17 Low risk wounds Partial thickness wounds have a negligible rate of infection and antibiotics should not be considered.4 Bite wounds in children also demonstrate a much lower rate of infection, as do facial wounds in both adults and children. In the published RCTs, where results in the under 16s were available, all papers show an increase in infection rates in those treated with antibiotics—absolute risk reduction ranges from −1 to −5.5%. Head and neck wounds have a very low infection risk.5,8,10 In one study patients were randomised to primary wound closure or none.18 No antibiotics were given. No difference in infection rates was seen between the two groups. In the same study it was felt that the use of steristrips led to an increase in seroma formation and subsequent infection and formal wound closure with sutures was preferred. Better cosmetic results may be obtained with adequate wound care and closure at first presentation. In the published RCTs, no increase in wound infection rates was seen in sutured wounds. Dogs’ teeth exert up to 400 psi pressure and wounds have a large element of crush injury with devitalised tissue.19 Debridement of lacerations is very important and wounds that have been debrided typically show the lowest infection rates. Callaham reported an infection rate of 2% in wounds that had been debrided and 62.5% in those that had not.7,13 To facilitate adequate irrigation and debridement, local anaesthesia should be used routinely. Puncture wounds are common and are high risk because of the difficulty in ensuring adequate wound toilet. Most of the studies did not permit analysis of puncture wounds as a distinct group and so management advice is difficult. Factors to consider include patient age and comorbidity and wound site. Currently, most departments routinely follow these patients up. To limit antibiotic prescribing and see all patients at two or three days would not therefore represent a significant staff implication. Patients could perhaps be given more detailed instructions on signs of infection and advised to return to the department and routine follow up may not be necessary. Wound care would not seem to be evidence based in most departments in the study. There is no reason to suspect this is a local phenomenon. Although there is little evidence to support antibiotic use in the initial management of dog bite wounds, prescription of prophylactic antibiotics is still widespread. This represents a significant cost both in terms of development of resistance and side effects. Limiting antibiotic prescribing to infected wounds would have significant cost benefits. We have included a suggested protocol for management of these wounds (appendix 1, available to view on the journal web site http://emjonline.com/supplemental). Jane Brenchley initiated the study and conducted the literature search. Michael Smith and Alison Walker undertook the telephone survey. Alison Walker and Jane Brenchley wrote the paper. Guarantor: J Brenchley Conflicts of interest: none. If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.

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Matricaria chamomilla L. (syn:M. recutitaL.; German chamomile) resides in the Asteraceae (Compositae) family and is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in the world . It has a long history of application in herbal medicine dating back to ancient Greece and Rome where it was referenced by Hippocrates, Galen and Asclepius . The plant is an annual herb with erect branching and finely divided leaves growing between 50–90 cm tall. The flowers are daisy-like, with hollow conical yellowish centre surrounded by silver-white to cream colored florets. M. chamomilla is a safe plant used in different commercially available forms such as tea, infusion, liquid and capsules in human nutrition. It has a stable natural monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol named α-bisabolol as the main component (high molar mass of 222.4 g/mol and a high boiling point of 153 °C at 12 mm Hg), so the plant essential oil has a long shelf life of 6 to 24 months. As well as the high stability and safety, the plant has no proven potentially toxic compound, and therefore, no acute toxicity for human and animals. A diverse range of pharmacological actions has been recognized for the plant including antimicrobial, anti-inflam-matory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antiviral, craminative, sedative and antiseptic properties. Potentially active chemical constituents of M. chamomillaincluding terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, and spiroethers are believed to be responsible in part for such a wide range of biological activities [4, 5]. The solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique uses a polymer-coated microfiber to concentrate organic analytes from sample phases. SPME has become a common analytical tool, as it allows sensitive analysis, reduced matrix interference, minimal solvent use, and full automation of the analytical procedure. In addition, because the fiber typically extracts only a small amount of analytes from the sample, the SPME technique can be used to measure the freely dissolved concentration (equivalent to the fugacity or the activity, depending on the reference phase chosen) of analytes in different matrices . Manyrecent research activities on SPME have been focused on the preparation and characterization of new sorbents with a remarkable chemical and mechanical stability, enhanced sensitivity and selectivity for specified analytes. Also, new materials such as organic–inorganic nanocomposites and nanomaterials have been synthesized and used as fiber coatings [7, 8]. ZnO nanomaterials have attracted much attention due to their importance in basic scientific research and their potential in manufacturing nanodevices . Up to now, many nanodevices using ZnO nanostructures have been reported including nanolasers , solar cells , ultraviolet photodetectors , gas sensors, light emitting diodes , field-emission devices , and so on. Among the applications, gas sensors are different from the others. Gas sensors are based on good gas adsorption properties caused by the high surface to volume ratio of ZnO nanostructures. As gas adsorption materials, their application is not limited to the gas sensors. However, few applications, except gas sensors, have been reported based on the gas adsorption properties of ZnO nanostructures . In this paper, an inorganic–organic hybrid material is synthesized based on ZnO nanoparticles anchored to a composite made from polythiophene and hexagonally ordered silica. This newly synthesized material is then used as a fiber coating for SPME onto the stainless steel wires for fast determination of volatile compounds ofMatricaria chamomilla . The aerial parts of Matricaria chamomilla were gathered during the flowering period in summer 2015 from pave in the North West of Iran. The aerial parts were dried in the shade (at room temperature). A voucher specimen was deposited at the chemistry herbarium of this laboratory under the code 1015 MC. Chemicals and reagents Poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (propylene glycol)-blockpoly (ethylene glycol) (EO20–PO70–EO20 or Pluronic P123) as a surfactant was purchased from Sigma (Buchs, Switzerland, www.sigmaaldrich.com). Zn(Ac)2, Li(OH)· H2O, Methylene chloride, thiophene monomers, and all chemical solvents were obtained from the Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland, www. sigmaaldrich.com) or Merck (Darmstadt, Germany, www. merck.de) companies. The working solutions of the mentioned compounds were prepared by diluting the stock solution with methanol, and more diluted working solutions were prepared daily by diluting these solutions with deionized water. All solvents used in this study were of analytical reagent grade. Essential oils isolation 100 gr of air-dried aerial parts of Matricaria chamomilla was ground to a fine powder, and then put into a 1000 ml distillation flask. 500 ml of distilled water was added and subjected to hydrodistillation for 2 h, using a Clevenger-type apparatus as recommended by British Pharmacopeia. Oil was collected from the condenser, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The yield of the sample was about 0.27% based on dry weight of the sample. The obtained essential oil was stored at 4 ˚C until analysis by GC–MS. A Hewlett-Packard Agilent 7890A series GC equipped with a split/splitless injector and an Agilent 5975C mass-selective (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA, http://www. agilent.com/chem) detector system were used for determination. The MS was operated in the EI mode (70 eV). Helium (99.999 %) was employed as a carrier gas, and its flow-rate was adjusted to 1 mL/ min. The column was held at 50 °C and increased to 180 °C at a rate of 15 °C/ min and then raised to 260 °C at 20 °C/ min and kept at this temperature for 5 min. The injector temperature was set at 260 °C, and all injections were carried out on the splitless mode for 2 min. The GC–MS interface, ion source and quadrupole temperatures were set at 280, 230 and 150 °C, respectively. Compounds were identified using the Wiley 7 N (Wiley, New York, NY, USA) Mass Spectral Library. A homemade SPME device was used for holding and injection of the fabricated fiber into the GC–MS injection port. The commercial SPME device was purchased from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). The fiber was conditioned in the injection port of a GC for 1 h. Preparation of ZnO/PT/SBA-15 nanocomposites The ZnO/PT/SBA-15 nanocomposite was synthesized following the procedures described elsewhere (17). Highly ordered mesoporous SBA-15 was synthesized using a procedure reported by Zhao and co-workers (18). SBA-15 was thermally treated at 120 °C in a vacuum oven to remove the physically adsorbed water. Then, 0.50 g SBA- 15 was immersed into a mixture of 10 ml methylene chloride and 5 ml thiophene monomers. The mixture was sonicated at ambient temperature for 1 h. When the methylene chloride and unadsorbed thiophene were slowly evaporated at 30 °C for 24 h under a vacuum oven, the mixture was added to a solution of H2O/ethanol (volume ratio: 5/1) which contained 5 ml 30 % hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution and 4 mg FeCl3. The polymerization proceeded under nitrogen atmosphere and pH=2 for over 12 h at 50 °C. The remained product was directly precipitated into vigorously stirred methanol (six volumes), then filtered off and washed with methanol several times, and eventually dried under vacuum at 50 °C for 12 h to remove the physically adsorbed water molecules(19). The PT/SBA-15 nanocomposite was directly immersed in Zn(Ac)2/ethanol solution through sonication in order to adsorb Zn2+ adequately, and then, Li(OH) aqueous solution was added to form ZnO nanoparticles, and the ZnO/PT/SBA-15 composite was successfully prepared (20). To prepare the SPME fiber, a piece of stainless steel wire with a 200-μm diameter was twice cleaned with methanol in an ultrasonic bath for 20 min and dried at 70 °C. One centimeter of the wire was limed with epoxy glue and the ZnO/PT/SBA-15 nanocomposite was immobilized onto the wire. The coated wire was heated to 50 °C for 48 h in an oven, gently scrubbed to remove non-bonded particles and assembled to the SPME holder device. Finally, prepared SPME fiber was inserted into the GC injection port to be cleaned and conditioned at 260 °C for 1 h in a helium environment. The thickness of the uniform coating layer was calculated from the difference between the coated and uncoated stainless steel wire and come out to be about 20 μm. The headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) procedure SPME was performed with the prepared nanocomposite fiber, mounted in its SPME device. The extraction temperature was controlled using a thermo stated oil bath (15). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This study evaluates the reliability of SPME inorganic–organic hybrid material based on ZnO nanoparticles anchored to a composite made from polythiophene and hexagonally ordered silica (ZnO/PT/SBA-15) fiber for extraction of the volatile compounds from the headspace of Matricaria chamomilla that was heated in the absence of any solvent. It is well-documented that the extraction ability of a fiber is strongly influenced by the mass transfer from the matrix to the vapour phase that conditions headspace composition and the mass transfer from the vapour phase to the fiber coating. It is therefore reasonable to evaluate the effect of parameters affecting these equilibrium conditions, because the equilibrium for all components of a complex matrix, as a medicinal or aromatic plant, can be very difficult to achieve because of their different volatility and polarity. For optimization of the microextraction conditions by the ZnO/PT/SBA-15 SPME fiber, a one at the time optimization strategy was used. The optimized parameters were sample state and its amount, extraction temperature and time, and finally desorption conditions. Effect of temperature The extraction temperature was varied from 30 to 90 ◦C and the results are shown in Fig. 1. It was found that either the total peak areas or the individual peak areas is increased with the temperature up to 80◦C and then leveled off. The extraction temperature had a significant influence on the extraction because it can influence on the distribution coefficients of the compounds between the sample and the headspace and between the headspace and the fiber. From these results, the temperature of 80 ◦C was finally used for the present work. Effect of extraction time The extraction time varying from 15 to 50 min was investigated and the results are shown in Fig. 2. The profile for the total and individual peaks area shows highest peak area at 40 min for the target compounds. Longer extraction times have no effect on the extraction efficiency. Generally, signals of analytes increase with the sample amount but too large amount of the sample will affect extraction efficiency. On the other hand, this does not mean that the larger the sample amount, the better the results. In the present work, the sample amount varied from 0.5 to 3.5 g and the results of the effects of sample amount on the total peak areas and the individual peak areas of the four compounds are shown in Fig. 3. Just as expected, the total and individual peak areas increased with sample amount up to 2.5 g and then leveled off at sample amount greater than 2.5 g. Effect of humidity The effect of humidity was studied by the addition of different amounts of water to the samples in the optimized conditions. The results are shown in Fig. 4 for the four compounds. From these results, it can be concluded that the presence of water vapour in the headspace atmosphere decreases the total and individual peak areas in agreement with the previous reports. It means that the water molecules can deactivate the fiber surface by blocking the active sites; therefore, the proposed fiber is a good adsorptive fiber for sampling from the dried samples. The following step in the optimization process was to select the optimum desorption conditions. There were determined by testing different temperatures and times, considering the optimum values. For the ZnO/PT/SBA-15 SPME fiber, desorption temperatures ranged between 200 ◦C and 290 ◦C (Fig. 5). The time of desorption was also optimized, varying between 30 and 220 s (Fig. 6). Stabilization of the chromatograms was observed, and reproducible peak areas were obtained for the sample using desorption time of 180 s at 280 ◦C. These values of temperature and desorption time were selected for the subsequent studies. ZnO/PT/SBA-15 SPME fiber of Matricaria chamomilla The optimized SPME conditions were applied to the extraction and concentration of the volatile constituents in Matricaria chamomilla. The chemical volatile components in Matricaria chamomilla were identified by mass spectra library and retention indices. Thirty-seven components were identified, and are listed in Table 1. To obtain the method precision, three replicate analyses of the volatile components inMatricaria chamomilla were performed by SPME at the optimum conditions. The RSD values were calculated by the peak areas obtained by replicate analyses (Table 1). As seen in Table 1, RSD values less than 13% show that SPME has an acceptance precision. Thirty-seven compounds were identified in Matricaria chamomilla using the ZnO/PT/SBA-15 nanocomposite SPME fiber. Compared with conventional HD method, SPME is a simple, rapid, solvent-free and efficient method for the analysis of essential oils in Matricaria chamomilla. The proposed method is environmentally friendly, because no toxic solvent is used and thus there is no solvent peak in the chromatogram. The presented experimental results clearly demonstrate that prepared fibers are suitable for SPME analyses of volatile oils. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this manuscript.

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Get Fractional Fourier Transform essential facts below. View Videos or join the Fractional Fourier Transform discussion. Add Fractional Fourier Transform to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media. However, it was not widely recognized in signal processing until it was independently reintroduced around 1993 by several groups. Since then, there has been a surge of interest in extending Shannon's sampling theorem for signals which are band-limited in the Fractional Fourier domain. A completely different meaning for "fractional Fourier transform" was introduced by Bailey and Swartztrauber as essentially another name for a z-transform, and in particular for the case that corresponds to a discrete Fourier transform shifted by a fractional amount in frequency space (multiplying the input by a linear chirp) and evaluating at a fractional set of frequency points (e.g. considering only a small portion of the spectrum). (Such transforms can be evaluated efficiently by Bluestein's FFT algorithm.) This terminology has fallen out of use in most of the technical literature, however, in preference to the FRFT. The remainder of this article describes the FRFT. The continuous Fourier transform of a function is a unitary operator of L2 that maps the function ? to its frequential version (all expressions are taken in the L2 sense, rather than pointwise): and ? is determined by via the inverse transform Let us study its n-th iterated defined by and when n is a non-negative integer, and . Their sequence is finite since is a 4-periodic automorphism: for every function ?, . More precisely, let us introduce the parity operator that inverts , . Then the following properties hold: The FRFT provides a family of linear transforms that further extends this definition to handle non-integer powers n = 2?/? of the FT. Note: some authors write the transform in terms of the "order a" instead of the "angle ?", in which case the ? is usually a times ?/2. Although these two forms are equivalent, one must be careful about which definition the author uses. For any real?, the ?-angle fractional Fourier transform of a function ? is denoted by and defined by Formally, this formula is only valid when the input function is in a sufficiently nice space (such as L1 or Schwartz space), and is defined via a density argument, in a way similar to that of the ordinary Fourier transform (see article), in the general case. If ? is an integer multiple of ?, then the cotangent and cosecant functions above diverge. However, this can be handled by taking the limit, and leads to a Dirac delta function in the integrand. More directly, since must be simply f(t) or f(-t) for ? an even or odd multiple of ? respectively. For ? = ?/2, this becomes precisely the definition of the continuous Fourier transform, and for ? = -?/2 it is the definition of the inverse continuous Fourier transform. The FrFT argument u is neither a spatial one x nor a frequency ?. We will see why it can be interpreted as linear combination of both coordinates (x,?). When we want to distinguish the ?-angular fractional domain, we will let denote the argument of . Remark: with the angular frequency ? convention instead of the frequency one, the FrFT formula is the Mehler kernel, The ?-th order fractional Fourier transform operator, , has the properties: Additivity. For any real angles ?, ?, Integer Orders. If ? is an integer multiple of , then: Moreover, it has following relation Transform of a shifted function Define the shift and the phase shift operators as follows: Transform of a scaled function Define the scaling and chirp multiplication operators as follows: Notice that the fractional Fourier transform of cannot be expressed as a scaled version of . Rather, the fractional Fourier transform of turns out to be a scaled and chirp modulated version of where is a different order. Here again the special cases are consistent with the limit behavior when ? approaches a multiple of ?. The FrFT has the same properties as its kernels : There also exist related fractional generalizations of similar transforms such as the discrete Fourier transform. The discrete fractional Fourier transform is defined by Zeev Zalevsky in ([[#CITEREFCandanKutayOzaktas2000|Candan, Kutay & Ozaktas 2000]]) and (Ozaktas, Zalevsky & Kutay 2001, Chapter 6). A quantum algorithm to implement a version of the discrete fractional Fourier transform in subpolynomial time is described by Somma. Fractional wavelet transform (FRWT): A generalization of the classical wavelet transform (WT) in the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) domains. The FRWT is proposed in order to rectify the limitations of the WT and the FRFT. This transform not only inherits the advantages of multiresolution analysis of the WT, but also has the capability of signal representations in the fractional domain which is similar to the FRFT. Compared with the existing FRWT, the FRWT (defined by Shi, Zhang, and Liu 2012) can offer signal representations in the time-fractional-frequency plane. A rect function turns into a sinc function as the order of the fractional Fourier transform becomes 1 The usual interpretation of the Fourier transform is as a transformation of a time domain signal into a frequency domain signal. On the other hand, the interpretation of the inverse Fourier transform is as a transformation of a frequency domain signal into a time domain signal. Apparently, fractional Fourier transforms can transform a signal (either in the time domain or frequency domain) into the domain between time and frequency: it is a rotation in the time-frequency domain. This perspective is generalized by the linear canonical transformation, which generalizes the fractional Fourier transform and allows linear transforms of the time-frequency domain other than rotation. Take the below figure as an example. If the signal in the time domain is rectangular (as below), it will become a sinc function in the frequency domain. But if we apply the fractional Fourier transform to the rectangular signal, the transformation output will be in the domain between time and frequency. Fractional Fourier transform Actually, fractional Fourier transform is a rotation operation on the time frequency distribution. From the definition above, for ? = 0, there will be no change after applying fractional Fourier transform, and for ? = ?/2, fractional Fourier transform becomes a Fourier transform, which rotates the time frequency distribution with ?/2. For other value of ?, fractional Fourier transform rotates the time frequency distribution according to ?. The following figure shows the results of the fractional Fourier transform with different values of ?. Time/frequency distribution of fractional Fourier transform Fractional Fourier transform can be used in time frequency analysis and DSP. It is useful to filter noise, but with the condition that it does not overlap with the desired signal in the time-frequency domain. Consider the following example. We cannot apply a filter directly to eliminate the noise, but with the help of the fractional Fourier transform, we can rotate the signal (including the desired signal and noise) first. We then apply a specific filter, which will allow only the desired signal to pass. Thus the noise will be removed completely. Then we use the fractional Fourier transform again to rotate the signal back and we can get the desired signal. Fractional Fourier transform in DSP Thus, using just truncation in the time domain, or equivalently low-pass filters in the frequency domain, one can cut out any convex set in time-frequency space; just using time domain or frequency domain methods without fractional Fourier transforms only allow cutting out rectangles parallel to the axes. Fractional Fourier transforms also have applications in quantum physics. For example, they are used to formulate entropic uncertainty relations. They are also useful in the design of optical systems and for optimizing holographic storage efficiency. ^E. U. Condon, "Immersion of the Fourier transform in a continuous group of functional transformations", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA23, (1937) 158-164. online ^V. Namias, "The fractional order Fourier transform and its application to quantum mechanics," J. Inst. Appl. Math.25, 241–265 (1980). ^N. Wiener, "Hermitian Polynomials and Fourier Analysis", J. Mathematics and Physics8 (1929) 70-73. ^Luís B. Almeida, "The fractional Fourier transform and time-frequency representations," IEEE Trans. Signal Process.42 (11), 3084–3091 (1994). ^Ran Tao, Bing Deng, Wei-Qiang Zhang and Yue Wang, "Sampling and sampling rate conversion of band limited signals in the fractional Fourier transform domain," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 56 (1), 158–171 (2008). ^A. Bhandari and P. Marziliano, "Sampling and reconstruction of sparse signals in fractional Fourier domain," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 17 (3), 221–224 (2010). ^D. H. Bailey and P. N. Swarztrauber, "The fractional Fourier transform and applications," SIAM Review33, 389-404 (1991). (Note that this article refers to the chirp-z transform variant, not the FRFT.) ^E. Sejdi?, I. Djurovi?, LJ. Stankovi?, "Fractional Fourier transform as a signal processing tool: An overview of recent developments", Signal Processing, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 1351-1369, June 2011. doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2010.10.008.

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The Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics is the original attempt by physicists to provide an explanation for the results of quantum experiments. When people say that “an electron is in more than one place at the same time” or that the “electron travels as a wave and is detected as a particle,” they are likely embracing the Copenhagen Interpretation. (These kinds of puzzling descriptions are, however, mischaracterizations of Copenhagen, as will be seen below.) The Copenhagen Interpretation is, actually, a group of closely related interpretations. Here are a few of the key concepts common to interpretations grouped under the heading “Copenhagen.” According to the Copenhagen Interpretation, atomic and subatomic particles sometimes act like particles and sometimes act like waves. This is called “wave-particle duality.” An electron, for example, when detected, is in its localized particle form. But between detected positions, an electron is in its wave-like form. This form is described mathematically by an equation called a “wave function.” In the 1920’s and ‘30’s, Niels Bohr led his students and colleagues in developing the Copenhagen Interpretation at his famous institute of quantum mechanics in Copenhagen. [Image source: Public Domain, Niels Bohr – Wikipedia] One of the liabilities of the Copenhagen Interpretation is that it’s easy to mischaracterize. And that’s exactly what I’ve just done. Actually, the Copenhagen Interpretation says that we can’t know or say anything about the electron in-between detections. We should lapse into silence and simply point mutely to the equations. This is because we can’t observe the electron, even in principle, in-between detections, A detection, after all, requires observing. Copenhagen insists, “Why should science address behavior which we can never, in principle, observe? Better to ignore it, Even better, say that it doesn’t even exist!” Niels Bohr is quoted as saying, “There is no quantum world. It is wrong to think that the task of physics is to find out how nature is. Physics concerns what we can say about nature.” So, according to Copenhagen, we can say about the undetected electron, only that an equation called the “wave function” applies. Another approach is to say that “the wave state of the electron” is a metaphor, not a description of physical reality. This animation of the Double Slit Experiment depicts the Copenhagen metaphor—that the quantum particle travels as a wave. The wave function results in the wave interference pattern that electrons manifest in experiments like the Double Slit Experiment. In classical physics, a wave interference pattern means that a wave is being detected. But, to repeat the theme, in the Copenhagen Interpretation, the wave interference pattern means nothing about the nature of reality. All we can say is that a mathematical expression, the wave function, successfully predicts experimental results. Max Born, a co-founder of quantum mechanics and the Copenhagen Interpretation, held a view divergent from that of Niels Bohr. Born saw the wave function as describing a real wave. He called it a “probability wave,” and this term is still in use. Born reasoned that if calculating the wave function gives the probabilities of where the particle is likely to be detected, it must be describing the cause of the particle’s position. And if it causes something, it must be real. However, Born was not able to pin down the exact nature of a “probability wave.” What is waving? How does it disappear from every point in the universe simultaneously at the moment the associated particle is detected? While it is common for physicists to use the term “probability wave,” its meaning is undefined to this day. Interpretations That Reject Wave-Particle Duality Wave-particle duality plays a different role in some of the other interpretations of quantum mechanics, for example, the Bohmian Interpretation. The Bohmian Interpretation was developed by French nobleman and physicist, Louis de Broglie (in the 1920’s) and American physicist, David Bohm (in the 1950’s and ‘60’s). It says that there is always a wave and always a particle. In the Double Slit Experiment, a real wave travels through both slits. It is formed by a new kind of energy called “quantum potential.” It guides the particle through one of the slits but not both. This interpretation is also called the “Guiding Wave” or “Pilot Wave Interpretation.” While this brief description isn’t sufficient to give a clear picture of the Bohmian Interpretation. I hope that it serves to illustrate that Copenhagen is only one interpretation. I mention this because sometimes when quantum physics is taught, the Copenhagen Interpretation is presented as if it were one and the same as quantum physics. Instead, it is one of the many interpretations of the equations of quantum physics. In fact, there are over 20 interpretations under serious consideration by physicists. Wave Function Collapse In the original version of the Copenhagen Interpretation, the moment that quantum particles interact with a macroscopic object, they cease to follow quantum laws and become part of the macroscopic realm. This is wave function collapse. For example, when an electron hits a phosphorescent screen, it interacts with the phosphor to create a tiny spark. At that moment, it experiences wave function collapse. It collapses down from its wavelike form to its particle form. The spark marks the localized position where the electron acts as a particle. “Localized position” is a defining characteristic of a particle. Wave function collapse appears in this animation of the Double Slit Experiment. In recent decades, many physicists have abandoned the idea that macroscopic objects are qualitatively different from quantum objects. Currently, most physicists believe that macroscopic objects follow quantum laws just as quantum objects do. Macroscopic objects do not have a special quality which allows them to collapse the wave function of quantum objects. Instead, interaction with any bit of matter or energy collapses the wave function of a quantum object. Because macroscopic objects are made of many particles, they provide many more opportunities for interaction than subatomic particles. So, macroscopic objects are more likely to cause wave function collapse than a subatomic particle. This is a brief and very general statement of decoherence theory, which is frequently incorporated into the current understanding of the Copenhagen Interpretation. In this way, Copenhagen has evolved. Interpretations That Reject Wave Function Collapse Many interpretations of quantum mechanics reject the concept of wave function collapse. In the Bohmian Interpretation, for example, there is always a wave and always a particle. So, the wave does not collapse down to a particle. The Many Worlds Interpretation also rejects the concept of wave function collapse. The Many Worlds Interpretation holds that the wave function describes all the positions that a real particle assumes, each position being in a different universe. There is never a shift between a wavy state, where the particle is not real, and a particle state, where it is real. The particle is always real in every position described by the wave function. Branching universes in the Many Worlds Interpretation. Each time objects interact, they cause the universe to branch into two or more universes. The cartoon depicts the branching of two universes in the Schrodinger Cat Thought Experiment. When the atom in the experiment decays in one universe (and fails to decay in another branching universe), the cat dies in one universe (and lives in another universe). [Source: By Christian Schirm – Own work, CC0, File:Schroedingers cat film.svg] Consciousness and the Collapse of the Wave Function The hypothesis that consciousness causes the collapse of the wave function is a variation on the Copenhagen Interpretation. Rather than ascribing collapse to interaction with macroscopic objects, a few physicists have speculated that consciousness collapses the wave function. Among them was the premier mathematician of quantum mechanics of the 1920’s and ‘30’s, John Von Neumann, and a Nobel Laureate in physics, Eugene Wigner. Here is a brief description of this view as explained by the quantum physicist, Zvi Shreiber: “The rules of quantum mechanics are correct but there is only one system which may be treated with quantum mechanics, namely the entire material world. There exist external observers which cannot be treated within quantum mechanics, namely human (and perhaps animal) minds, which perform measurements* on the brain causing wave function collapse.”** Most, physicists, but not all, currently reject this view. The quantum physicist, Henry Stapp, is the most notable physicist who currently (2020) espouses it. A Wikipedia article on the Von Neumann-Wigner Interpretation describes the current state of the scientific consensus this way: “A poll was conducted at a quantum mechanics conference in 2011 using 33 participants (including physicists, mathematicians, and philosophers). Researchers found that 6% of participants (2 of the 33) indicated that they believed the observer “plays a distinguished physical role (e.g., wave-function collapse by consciousness)”. This poll also states that 55% (18 of the 33) indicated that they believed the observer “plays a fundamental role in the application of the formalism but plays no distinguished physical role”. They also mention that ‘Popular accounts have sometimes suggested that the Copenhagen interpretation attributes such a role to consciousness. In our view, this is to misunderstand the Copenhagen interpretation.’ (bold font added) *** It should be noted that Eugene Wigner, later in life, abandoned the idea that consciousness collapses the wave function. While the idea that consciousness collapses the wave function appears to be dead, some scientists are proposing that consciousness plays a related role in the creation of reality. For example, see the work of cognitive scientist Donald Hoffman and neuroscientist, Anil Seth. It’s possible that the understanding of consciousness and reality which underlies their line of thinking informed the views of some early quantum physicists like Wigner. Lack of Realism One of the surprising characteristics of the Copenhagen Interpretation is that it does not incorporate realism. Realism is the principle that the universe exists “out there” all the time independent of our minds and/or our actions. According to Copenhagen, particles do not have defined properties such as position until they interact with other particles. Quantum objects seem to exist in an ambiguous wavy state prior to wave function collapse. Copenhagen posits that subatomic particles adopt a metaphorical wavy state (a “superposition”) prior to wave function collapse. This cartoon is doubly metaphorical. Due to decoherence, large objects like flowers do not take the form of superpositions. [Image source: David Chalmers and Kelvin McQueen, “Consciousness and the Collapse of the Wave Function” http://consc.net/slides/collapse.pdf] As noted above, this wavy state is metaphorical rather than a description of physical reality. If you find this hard to grasp and confusing, join the club. The failure of Copenhagen to explain the physical reality which the wave function describes creates a vacuum which people try to fill with concepts like “probability wave,” “wave-like state” and other ambiguous, undefinable terms. One of the major objections that Albert Einstein had to the Copenhagen Interpretation was that it conflicts with the principle of realism. He is famous for saying, “I like to think that the moon is there even when I’m not looking at it.” Probabilistic Behavior and True Randomness When doing the Double Slit Experiment, physicists shoot a particle, let’s say an electron, through slits in a barrier towards a detection screen. Physicists use the wave function to predict where the electron will land on the detection screen. But the equation predicts only probabilities, not the position in which any particular electron will land. If the Double Slit Experiment is repeated numerous times, perhaps thousands of times, the results will reflect the probabilities of the wave function. For example, if the equation calculates a 50% probability for any particular position, 50% of electrons will be found to land in that position. However, physicists are unable to predict the position of any particular electron; the equation is silent on that question. In the Copenhagen Interpretation, it’s considered that there is no prior cause of the position of any particular electron. This is called “acausality” or “true randomness” or “lack of determinism.” We have no equation which tells us the position of each particle. And we have no theoretical reason to believe that there is a cause for that particular position. Some interpretations of quantum mechanics reject true randomness. The Bohmian Interpretation is among them. In the Bohmian Interpretation, infinitesimal differences in the initial positions and velocities of the particles account for differences in positions upon detection. And recall that the particle is present at the initial position, throughout its travel, and upon detection, always carried along by its guiding wave. History and Current Status of the Copenhagen Interpretation Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, and others who worked at Bohr’s physics institute in Copenhagen, came up with the Copenhagen Interpretation. Schrodinger and other quantum physicists didn’t fully buy into Bohr’s interpretation and created their own variations. And variations have continued to develop over time. Many physicists now reject some of the original principles. These complications can make it confusing for today’s students, who must sift through statements of Copenhagen which some physicists never subscribed to or which many no longer subscribe to. Copenhagen continues to be the interpretation taught in university courses and is sometimes called the “orthodox interpretation” or the “standard interpretation.” While a large fraction of physicists continue to rely on this interpretation, many others subscribe to other interpretations. *”Measurement” has special implications in quantum mechanics as it changes the thing measured. “Measurement” means observation or detection. For more information, see this article on measurement. **Zvi Schreiber, Masters of Science thesis, “The Nine Lives of Schrodinger’s Cat,” University of London, Oct. 1994. As quoted in Wikipedia, the “Von Neumann-Wigner Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.” ***Quoted from Wikipedia article on the Von Neumann-Wigner Interpretation, which references: M. Schlosshauer; J. Koer; A. Zeilinger (2013). “A Snapshot of Foundational Attitudes Toward Quantum Mechanics”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 44 (3): 222–230. arXiv:1301.1069. Bibcode:2013SHPMP..44..222S. doi:10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004.

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Classloader-Related Memory Issues Chapter: Memory Management Sometimes I think the Java classloader is to Java what dll-hell was to Microsoft Windows (Read here, and here if you want to know more about this sort of hell). However, modern enterprise Java applications often load thousands of classes, use different isolated classloaders, and generate classes on the fly. While Java classloader issues lead to the same runtime issues as the aforementioned dll-hell (multiple versions of the same class/method), they also lead to memory leaks and shortages that need to be addressed in any book about Java performance. When there are memory problems, one thinks primarily of normal objects. However, in Java classes, objects are managed on the heap, as well. In the HotSpot JVM, classes are located in the permanent generation or PermGen (See the section Not All JVMs Are Created Equal). It represents a separate memory area, and its size must be configured separately. If this area is full, no more classes can be loaded and an out-of-memory error occurs in the PermGen. The other JVMs do not have a permanent generation, but that does not solve the problem, as classes can still fill up the heap. Instead of a PermGen out-of-memory error, which at least tells us that the problem is class-related, we get a generic out-of-memory error. Here we'll cover the most common classloader-related memory issues (plus one rare but educational one), and how to identify and solve them. A class is an object and consumes memory. Depending on the number of fields and class constants, the needed memory varies. Too many large classes, and the heap is maxed out. Quite often the root cause of large classes is too many static class constants. Although it is a good approach to keep all literals in static class constants, we should not keep them all in a single class. In one case a customer had one class per language to contain all language-specific literals. Each class was quite large and memory-hungry. Due to a coding error the application was loading not just one, but every language class during startup. Consequently, the JVM crashed. The solution is quite simply to split large classes into several smaller ones, especially if you know that not all of the constants are needed at the same time. The same is true for class members. If you have a class with 20 members, but depending on the use case you use only a subset, it makes sense to split the class. Unused members still increase the size of the class! Single Class in Memory Multiple Times It is the very purpose of a classloader to load classes in isolation to each other. Application servers and OSGi containers use this feature of classloaders to load different applications or parts of applications in isolation. This makes it possible to load multiple versions of the same library for different applications. Due to configuration errors, we can easily load the same version of a library multiple times. This increases the memory demand without any added value and can lead to performance problems, as well. A customer ran a service-oriented architecture application on Microsoft Windows 32-bit JVMs. His problem: he needed to assign 700 MB to the PermGen, but 32-bit Windows does not allow more than ~1500 MB per Java process. This did not leave him with enough room for the application itself. Each service was loaded in a separate classloader without using the shared classes jointly. All common classes, about 90% of them, were loaded up to 20 times. The result was a PermGen out-of-memory error 45 minutes after startup. I was able to identify this by getting a histogram memory dump from the JVM in question (jmap -histo). If a class is loaded multiple times, its instances are also counted multiple times. If we see a single class several times with different counters, we know that it was loaded multiple times. I subsequently requested a full heap dump and analyzed the references to the classes that were loaded multiple times. I found that the same JAR file was loaded via different classloaders! Another symptom is that calls from one service to the other would serialize and deserialize the service parameters, even if those calls happened within the same JVM (I could see this as a hot spot in the performance analysis of those service calls). Although the different applications did use the same classes, they resided in different classloaders. Hence the service framework had to treat them as different. The service framework solved this by passing the parameters per-value and not per-reference. In Java this is done by serializing and deserializing. I remedied the problem by changing the configuration switch in the JBoss deployment files of the services. The deployment file defined which JAR files should be loaded in isolation and which should be shared. By simply setting the common JAR files to shared, the memory demand of the PermGen dropped to less than 100 MB. Especially in application servers and OSGi containers, there is another form of memory leak: the classloader leak. As classes are referenced by their classloaders, they get removed when the classloader is garbage-collected. That will happen only when the application gets unloaded. Consequently, there are two general forms of classloader leak: Classloader Cannot Be Garbage-Collected A classloader will be removed by the garbage collector only if nothing else refers to it. All classes hold a reference to their classloader and all objects hold references to their classes. As a result, if an application gets unloaded but one of its objects is still being held (e.g., by a cache or a thread-local variable), the underlying classloader cannot not be removed by the garbage collector! This will happen only if you redeploy your application without restarting the application server. The JBoss 4.0.x series suffered from just such a classloader leak. As a result I could not redeploy our application more than twice before the JVM would run out of PermGen memory and crash. To identify such a leak, un-deploy your application and then trigger a full heap dump (make sure to trigger a GC before that). Then check if you can find any of your application objects in the dump. If so, follow their references to their root, and you will find the cause of your classloader leak. In the case of JBoss 4.0 the only solution was to restart for every redeploy. Leaking Class Objects The second classloader leak version is even nastier. It first came into existence with now-popular bytecode-manipulation frameworks, like BCEL and ASM. These frameworks allow the dynamic creation of new classes. If you follow this thought you will realize that classes, just like objects, can be created and subsequently forgotten by the developer. The code might create new classes for the same purpose multiple times. You will get a nice classloader leak if either the class or its object remains referenced. The really bad news is that most heap-analyzer tools do not point out this problem; we have to analyze it manually, the hard way. This form or memory leak became famous due to an issue in an old version of Hibernate and its usage of CGLIB (see this discussion on Hibernate for details). One way to identify such a problem is to check a full heap dump for the leaked classes. If the generated classes share a common naming pattern, you should be able to search for them. You can then check if you find multiple classes with the same pattern, where you know you should only have one. From there you should be able to find the root reference easily by traversing the references. Same Class Being Loaded Again and Again Lastly I want to describe a phenomenon where the same class is loaded repeatedly without it being in memory multiple times. It is not a common phenomenon, but neatly shows why it is important to know about the behaviors of different JVMs. Contrary to popular belief, classes will be garbage-collected! The HotSpot JVM does this only during a real major GC (see the earlier discussion of major vs. minor GCs), whereas both IBM WebSphere JVM and JRockit JVM might do it during every GC. If a class is used for only a short time it might be released immediately (like every other temporary object). Loading a class is not exactly cheap and usually not optimized for concurrency. In fact, most JVMs will synchronize this, which can really kill performance! I have seen this twice in my career so far. In one specific case, the classes of a script framework (Bean Shell) were loaded and garbage-collected repeatedly while the system was under heavy load. Since multiple threads were doing this it led to a global synchronization point that I could identify by analyzing the locking behavior of my threads (leveraging multiple thread dumps). However, the development happened exclusively on the Oracle HotSpot JVM. As mentioned, the HotSpot JVM garbage-collects classes only in a major GC, therefore the problem never occurred during the development cycle. The production site, on the other hand, used an IBM WebSphere JVM and there the issue happened immediately. The lesson learned was that not all JVMs are equal. As a solution I simply cached the main object (the BeanShell Interpreter). By ensuring that the main object was not garbage-collected, I made sure that all required classes were kept alive and the synchronization issue was gone. Classloader problems are hard to spot. The reason is not really a technical one. Most developers simply never have to deal with this topic and tool support is also poorest in this area. Once you know what to look for, you can easily identify classloader problems with a combination of trending and full heap dumps. Table of Contents Application Performance Concepts Differentiating Performance from Scalability Calculating Performance Data Collecting Performance Data Collecting and Analyzing Execution-Time Data Visualizing Performance Data Controlling Measurement Overhead The Theory Behind Performance How Humans Perceive Performance How Garbage Collection Works The Impact of Garbage Collection on application performance Reducing Garbage Collection Pause time Making Garbage Collection faster Not all JVMS are created equal Analyzing the Performance impact of Memory Utilization and Garbage Collection GC Configuration Problems The different kinds of Java memory leaks and how to analyse them High Memory utilization and their root causes Classloader releated memory issues Out-Of-Memory, Churn Rate and more Approaching Performance Engineering Afresh Agile Principles for Performance Evaluation Employing Dynamic Architecture Validation Performance in Continuous Integration Enforcing Development Best Practices Load Testing—Essential and Not Difficult! Load Testing in the Era of Web 2.0 Virtualization and Cloud Performance Introduction to Performance Monitoring in virtualized and Cloud Environments IaaS, PaaS and Saas – All Cloud, All different Virtualization's Impact on Performance Management Monitoring Applications in Virtualized Environments Monitoring and Understanding Application Performance in The Cloud Performance Analysis and Resolution of Cloud Applications

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Hubert 'Baron' Baker Written by Jamillah Harris Hubert ‘Baron’ Baker was born in Jamaica in 1925. He arrived in Britain in 1944 when he joined the RAF as a policeman and continued to live in London for the remainder of his life. Baron Baker was described as an outspoken and charismatic man and strove throughout his life to combat the racism and inequality faced by black people living in Britain. He played a significant role in the famous 1958 race riots in North Kensington. At the age of 19, Baron Baker left Jamaica to join the RAF, feeling a strong affiliation with Britain, ‘The Motherland’, and eager to join in the fight for freedom against Hitler. Upon his arrival, he noticed that many Britons had never seen black people but claimed that his first experience of racism was in a pub in Gloucester when the American G.I.s serving with them believed that the black servicemen should not be allowed to join them in the pub. Baker, considering himself to be British and entitled to the same respect as white soldiers, refused to accept the American’s racist behaviour. He and his fellow British comrades fought to ensure this behaviour would not continue. After the Second World War, the British government revealed plans to forcibly send back Caribbeans that had served in the war. Angered by these plans and insisting that the contributions of black men and women in the war be acknowledged, Baron Baker resisted, threatening to take the matter to court. In order to avoid confrontation, the air force authorities agreed to allow the Caribbean servicemen and women to remain in Britain. When the Empire Windrush arrived in London from the Caribbean, Baron Baker was there to welcome the 492 West Indian migrants hoping to begin new lives in Britain. Baker persuaded Labour MPs to open an air raid shelter in Clapham South as temporary accommodation for the new arrivals. Because of this, many of the migrants were able to find employment and housing in nearby Brixton. Due to his role in assisting so many Caribbeans to settle in the area, Baker was regarded as ‘The man who discovered Brixton.' Despite his proud British sentiment and respectable effort during the war, Baker struggled to find employment and housing due to racist landlords and employment restrictions. He finally settled in Notting Hill Gate, where he continued to resist racism from the local residents. The growing presence of Caribbean migrants in the local area and the prevalence of racist public figures such as fascist politician Oswald Mosley, who campaigned to repatriate Caribbeans living in Britain, fuelled violent attacks on black people living in North Kensington. People were being attacked by ‘Teddy Boys’ and other white gangs in the streets and in their homes. Baron Baker and his friends recognised the need for resistance and worked collectively to protect members of the black community from racist attacks. Despite the authorities advising black people to stay indoors, Baker and other members of the community decided to fight back, refusing to tolerate the violent racist behaviour they were subjected to. Operating from their ‘headquarters’ Totobag’s Cafe, a black community centre at 9 Blenheim Crescent, Baron Baker and his friends operated a ‘neighbourhood watch’ style service, offering to assist any members of the community in arriving home safely and protected houses from attacks from white gang members. The struggle escalated when Majbritt Morrison, a white Swedish woman was arguing in public with her black Jamaican husband Raymond. Seeing this, white racists attacked Raymond in an attempt to ‘save’ Majbritt despite the fact that she did not want to be saved. The fight intensified when black onlookers joined to defend Raymond. Hearing about this incident angered many racists that wanted to get black people out of the local area. Soon after, white rioters planned an attack on number 9 Blenheim Crescent, and number 6 where the West Indian women would gather. Using his military experience, Baron Baker and his friends prepared to fight back. A mob of hundreds of angry, white rioters could be seen making their way to Blenheim Crescent; threatening to lynch and burn the black people living in the area. Those at number 9 fought back using Molotov cocktails - handmade firebombs - and successfully chased the rioters away. Baker was arrested after these events but his comrades continued the battle - which was later coined as the Battle of Blenheim Crescent. As well as physically combating the racist treatment of black people living in Britain, Baron Baker founded an organisation called the United Africa-Asia league, participated in anti-fascist groups, initiated campaigns for better housing for West Indian people, and spoke at Speakers Corner, Hyde Park about issues experienced by black people. Baker lived the remainder of his life in Notting Hill; he died in 1996. His funeral was held in Kensal Green Cemetery; where he was remembered as a respected and important member of the community. By Jamillah Harris Kelso Cochrane, born in 1927, was an Antiguan Carpenter living in West London. In 1959, he was attacked and murdered by a gang of white men. His murder highlighted the hostility and racism that was rife at the time and marked the onset of anti-fascist movement and resistance in the area. On 17th May 1959, Kelso Cochrane was walking home from hospital on Southam Road, North Kensington, after sustaining a work injury when he was attacked and fatally stabbed by a group of 4 – 6 men. That night, there were a number of house parties on the same road and 3 groups of witnesses were present; a local resident claimed to have heard the group of attackers shouting racial abuse at Cochrane at the time of the incident. Cochrane, who was still conscious after the stabbing, informed those assisting him that the men also attempted to steal his belongings. Sadly, he died on the way to the hospital. Kelso’s murder is considered to be reflective of a time of building hostility and violence towards black people that had recently arrived in London and other parts of Britain. Having arrived in London on the Empire Windrush in 1948, many of the West Indian migrants settled in the slums of Notting Hill. In the years leading up towards Kelso’s murder, some white people living in the area would express their discontent at the West Indian presence. British fascist politician Oswald Mosley gained support of some racist locals with his plan to repatriate West Indians living in Britain, motivating people to act against the “evils of the coloured invasion”. Black people suffered violent attacks from ‘Teddy Boys’ in the streets and in their homes. In the summer of 1958, race riots further terrorised black residents of the North Kensington area and a violent conflict arose at Toto Bags, 9 Blenheim Crescent, a popular West Indian cafe and community centre. Following these events, 9 white rioters were prosecuted and given 4 year prison sentences. Families, friends and other members of the public were outraged by this decision, believing that the rioters did not deserve such punishment. The campaigns for ‘justice’ for the white rioters, as well as the continuing violence shown towards black people on a daily basis demonstrates the climate of hostility that allowed for Cochrane’s murder to take place. Those responsible for murdering Kelso Cochrane were never brought to justice and the police investigation of the murder came under much scrutiny. Friends, family, and members of the local community were outraged by their failure to convict those involved, despite the fact that the murderer was widely acknowledged to be a man called Pat Digby. The murder was reported in the press as a racial attack; however, the police handled the murder as an attempted robbery, denying the significance of race. There were many flaws in the procedures undertaken by the police attempting to solve the crime. Following the attack, Forbes Leith - the police officer in charge of the investigation – arrested Pat Digby and his friends. Digby and one of his friends were placed in adjoining cells, allowing for them to corroborate upon their stories. They were released after 12 hours. Claiming to have performed a thorough search for the weapon used to kill Cochrane, the police searched the canal and the drains in the surrounding area but never performed a rudimentary search of Digby’s house. Claims have been made that Digby hid the knife used to kill Cochrane under the floorboards of his house, however, the police never agreed to a search, meaning that the weapon could still be there. Considering that the murder took place at a time of capital punishment, it was considered by many that the police were unwilling to kill a white man for murdering a black man. Whether this is the result of racism within the police force, or of their reluctance to incite further racial tension, it is evident that not enough was done to bring Cochrane’s murderers to justice. In response to the police’s negligence of the case, many members of the local community acted in an attempt to gain justice for Cochrane. 1,200 people attended his funeral held at Kensal Green Cemetery; it was noticed that the demographic of those that were present was mixed, showing the magnitude of support and solidarity from the local community. Cochrane’s murder compelled Claudia Jones, editor of The West Indian Gazette, to engage others in the fight for justice, raising a movement against the mistreatment of non-white people in Britain. Campaigners marched to Downing Street in silent protest in an attempt to raise awareness of and gain justice for his murder. In 1962 Notting Hill Carnival was initiated in commemoration of the murder, and in 1965, new legislation was passed in an attempt to put a stop to racial violence and discrimination. However, Cochrane’s murderer had still not been brought to justice. In 2003, Kelso’s brother Stanley arrived in London from Antigua with the intention of reopening his brother’ murder case. However, Stanley was not met with the cooperation he expected from the police as he was informed there was no forensic evidence and that Kelso’s clothes had been incinerated in 1969. On hearing about this case, journalist Mark Olden offered to assist Stanley and made a freedom of information request to the Metropolitan Police. This request was denied on the grounds that the case may be reopened by the police despite their lack of intention to do so. Despite the lack of cooperation from police, Mark Olden was able to gain a greater understanding of the events that took place surrounding Cochrane’s murder by interviewing members of the local community. Following his investigation, Olden wrote his book ‘A Murder in Notting Hill’, naming Cochrane’s murder and rightfully suggesting that the murder was racially motivated. In 2009, 50 years after Kelso’s death, a blue plaque was placed at the site of his murder to commemorate a tragic event that signified a time of racial tension but also marked the coming together of the local community. In the same year, members of the community arranged for local artist Alfonso Santana to create a mosaic portrait of Kelso Cochrane on his grave in Kensal Green.

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|HOME PORT FAIRY||BACK| |Port Fairy port on the Moyne River showing the commercial section. The large Norfolk Island Pines are an often ignored trademark of Port Fairy.| Port Fairy is a coastal village on the western coast of Victoria at the mouth of the Moyne River. Permanent population is 3,238 (2006 census). Location is 38° 22'S, 142° 14'E. Average maximum temperature is 19 degrees Celsius and average minimum is 10 degrees Celsius. Average annual rainfall is 770 millimetres. Port Fairy was named in about 1827 when Captain Wishart sheltered from a storm at the mouth of the River Moyne in his cutter Fairy. A shore whaling station was soon established on Griffiths Island at the mouth of the Moyne to harvest the plentiful fur seals on the shore and the southern right whales in the sea. The whales were harpooned from shore-based boats and towed to shore for the blubber to be stripped and melted down. Port Fairy's whaling and sealing operation was one of many scattered along the coast and harvesting depleted the resource so heavily that whaling and sealing ended in the 1840s. A date of 1843 is recorded as the end of whaling at Port Fairy. Before the whaling station closed some of the workers had cleared land across the river and begun farming. Slowly the fertile land became settled and John Cox of Clarendon, Tasmania, built the first store on the banks of the Moyne River in 1839. In 1843 James Atkinson and William Rutledge each bought 5,120 acres [2072 hectares] at one pound an acre as part of a Special Survey by the government of New South Wales trying to encourage development of the Port Phillip District. Atkinson now owned the area including the site of Port Fairy; he laid out a town called Belfast and encouraged Irish immigrants to settle. Rutledge developed nearby Killarney for Irish tenant farmers. By 1857 Belfast was one of the most flourishing towns in Victoria with a population of 2,190 in the municipality. At that time the Belfast area concentrated on growing wheat to feed the nearby goldfields. The whole Warrnambool, Port Fairy, Portland area had been extensively settled in the 1840s and 1850s. In 1862 Belfast was severely affected when Rutledge became bankrupt and the local economy took a long time to recover. Atkinson (the other original Irish promoter, who owned the Belfast/PortFairy area) died in 1865; his estate was bought out by a local syndicate and the land auctioned in 1885. Two years later the name of Port Fairy was restored for the town by a special Act of Parliament. According to one study the name change was partly in reaction to the excessive Irishness of the past. In the 1850s the port of Port Fairy was a very busy port exporting wool, wheat and gold to England. Coastal and ocean-going sailing vessels could not enter the port inside the mouth of the River Moyne. The sea approaches to Port Fairy were deep and free from dangerous reefs and the entrance into the river was naturally protected from bad weather from the south-west and south. |But the entrance to the Moyne River was obstructed by a sand bay with less than a metre of water over it and ships had to anchor in the bay exposed to ocean waves during heavy weather; their safety depended on the holding ability of their anchors which could not always be relied on. Cargoes and passengers were loaded and discharged by shallow draught lighters ferrying between ship and shore.| |Port Fairy - page 2| The bay was surveyed in 1854 and an ocean jetty begun in 1856 at East Beach but water depth alongside the pier was inadequate and it was recognised as a failure. The need to make the Moyne River navigable for shipping was considered urgent at that time. The railway line for freight and passengers did not reach the town until 1890 so Port Fairy relied on coastal shipping for growth. And the Moyne River needed to be navigable for ocean-going ships so they could come alongside to load wool for export. Between 1869 and 1874 training walls of basalt quarried on Griffiths Island were built to control the river and project its flow into the bay. The existing channel from the south west between Griffiths Island and the mainland was expected to allow coastal wave action to sweep into the lower part of the Moyne and take sediment out to sea so dredging would not be needed. The self-flushing action of waves through the south-west passage between Griffith Island and the mainland did not work as well as hoped and the passage was blocked off in 1911. The causeway to Griffiths Island now seriously restricts this flow. Regular dredging has been needed to ensure navigability of the river mouth since then. The training walls have also significantly altered Griffiths Island by coastal erosion and sand accumulation. In 1859 a lighthouse was built to assist shipping approaching the port of Port Fairy. The lighthouse was built at the tip of Rabbit Island, which has since merged with Griffiths Island. The bluestone, 11.0 metre high light tower, now painted white, has a bluestone pedestrian causeway linking it with the land so keepers could reach the light when waves were sweeping across the rocks. This is now an automatic light with a solar panel mounted on the side; practical but disfiguring. 68-pound guns were cast in England in 1869 and they may have been mounted on Battery Hill in the 1870s; probably with earthworks to provide some protection against counter fire from an attacking ship. Battery Hill was further developed in the 1880s in response to renewed fear of attack by Russian warships. The Public Works Department built bluestone and concrete fortifications with associated machinery and concrete bunkers. |Port Fairy - page 3| The fort was completed in 1886 and the two smooth-bore, 68-pound muzzle loading guns on traversing platforms were installed in 1887. The 68-pounders were replaced by 80-pounders in 1888. The guns were manned by a Volunteer Corps but were never fired in anger. Earlier 32-pounder and 68-pounder guns installed at Battery Hill were distributed as decorations around Port Fairy once no longer required in the battery; the 68-pounders were mounted in King George Square at one time. These guns have been returned to Battery Hill and are now on display below the existing forts in a collection of 32-pounder and 68-pounder guns which is unusual in Australia. Belfast and Koroit Steam Navigation Company After training walls had been built at the entrance to the Moyne River, Port Fairy became a reliable port and Port Fairy residents wanted to see "their" ship carrying the produce of the area to markets in Melbourne. A public meeting on 17 March 1882 decided to form a local shipping company and the Belfast and Koroit Steam Navigation Company was established in that year to provide shipping services along the Victorian coast. SS Casino was their first vessel; she was built in Scotland in 1882 and bought by the Belfast and Koroit company when she called in at Warrnambool during her delivery voyage. By 1899 the Belfast and Koroit company operated three vessels including SS Casino. The Belfast and Koroit Steam Navigation Company operated ships between Melbourne, Warrnambool, Apollo Bay, Port Fairy and Portland carrying passengers and a variety of freight. Casino became a mainstay of the service for nearly fifty years after her first arrival at Port Fairy on 29 July 1882. Despite several incidents including strandings, some of which required dry-docking for repairs, Casino developed a reputation for reliability (if not punctuality) until 1932. In July of that year Casino was approaching Apollo Bay pier for a scheduled stop. A heavy swell dumped the ship on the sea bed after an anchor had been let go and an anchor tine holed the ship's hull. The master tried to run the sinking ship ashore on the nearby beach but she turned over and sank; ten crew and passengers died. Loss of two ships in three years, and the death of an entire crew, was a serious blow for the Belfast and Koroit Steam Navigation Company already facing serious competition from road and rail. The company was wound up in 1939. The office manager had no doubts about the reason for the company closing; in a reference for an office worker (held by the Port Fairy Historical Society) he wrote that the company had been put out of business by "the Railways". The end of the Belfast and Koroit SN company was also the end of coastal shipping at Port Fairy; the main activity now was fishing Fishing has been popular since Port Fairy was founded. The earliest fishermen, in sail-equipped wooden craft, caught barracouta, mullet, bream, Australian salmon and rock lobster. Initially there was inadequate transport to get fish to market in Melbourne in a saleable condition and fish was sold locally around Port Fairy from wheelbarrows. Advent of the railway line in 1890 made it feasible to get fish to Melbourne in good condition; fishing became a more attractive occupation and the number of boats fishing increased from six to 30 in ten years. Freezer works becoming available from 1938 gave fishermen more flexibility, not only in handling their catch before sale but in keeping bait. Before the freezer it was not unknown for fishermen to have to wait in port while bait came from Melbourne before they could sail after shark; with the freezer they could put fish aside to be used later as bait. |Port Fairy - page 4| Shark was added to the species caught in the 1930s and was an important catch during the Second World War. But barracouta remained the mainstay of the industry until the 1950s when public tastes changed to prefer shark. There was also a shortage of barracouta at that time bought about by a change in the habit of the krill eaten by Bass Strait barracouta; for unknown reasons the krill moved offshore and, lacking alternatives, the barracouta had also moved further offshore, too far for Port Fairy fishermen to reach them. Abalone diving started in the 1960s and the 1980s is often regarded as the peak of the fishing industry in Port Fairy. Today rock lobster and abalone fishing are the main fisheries in terms of value. Abalone diving is currently limited by the outbreak of abalone viral ganglioneuritis first detected in December 2005; this virus causes death in less than 6 days and so far there has been 100% mortality in infected abalone. Mortalities of 90% have been recorded in two weeks on infected reefs. The virus is not known to affect humans. |Port Fairy shopping centre. One and two storey buildings showing a range of architectural styles. Note the Norfolk Island Pine in the background.| Port Fairy is a tourist centre taking advantage of numerous well-preserved residential and commercial buildings contributing to numerous pleasant streetscapes. Mature Norfolk Island Pines lining most residential roads add to the picturesque appearance. A number of cafes and restaurants are found among the shops, many with footpath seating; locals and visitors spend many pleasant hours there. The township hosts several festivals at various times of the year with the major one being the Folk Festival in March when the population is variously reported to reach 20,000, 30,000 or 40,000 people. During that festival, accommodation in Port Fairy is hard to arrange but whether that justified converting the botanic gardens to a caravan and camping park is questionable. A caravan park amenities block set in landscaped lawns among the large trees typical of an established botanic gardens is a bizarre sight. According to the 2006 census, 11.5% of jobs in Port Fairy are in the Accommodation and Food Service category; a further 10.2% are in Retail Trade; this makes 21.7% of jobs in categories oriented towards tourism. The GlaxoSmithKline pharmaceutical manufacturing plant on the edge of town provides an employment alternative to tourism. Curiously, the Health Care and Social Assistance category has 12.3% of jobs in Port Fairy district. The historic port along the Moyne River is used by commercial fishing boats, recreational anglers and pleasure craft. Commercial fishing targets abalone, crayfish, shark, finfish and squid using vessels registered in Port Fairy as well as visitors. Charter boats also operate from the port which has permanent and casual berths. Much of the wharf area and jetties has been replaced in the last five years and a boat refuelling facility has been installed as part of ongoing improvement programmes. The port is adjacent to King George Square which was the heart of the nineteenth century port. The bluestone Courthouse facing the square is now used by the Historical Society and other public buildings around the square are identified on display signs. The square has a propellor from Port Fairy based SS Casino mounted as a memorial to crew members who died when she sank at Apollo Bay. Across the river from King George Square the lifeboat house contains the lifeboat which entered service in 1857 and was recently restored. |Port Fairy - page 5| The port area is interesting to wander around looking at fishing boats and ocean-going yachts making their way to and from their berths. With luck, walkers may see the lifeboat in a training run on the river. People of all ages fish from the training walls or from the causeway out to Griffiths Island. Griffiths Island contains thousands of short-tailed shearwater (muttonbird) burrows occupied by the birds between November and May each year for breeding. While the young birds are growing in the burrows, adult mutton-birds spend all day at sea fishing and return to the burrows at last light; a viewing platform on Griffiths Island allows visitors to watch the birds returning without walking over, and destroying, burrows. A walking track around the island, passing close to the lighthouse, is popular with visitors. Shearwaters living on Griffiths Island are usually at sea and not visible when people walk around the island but the island is easy for feral animals (foxes, cats, dogs) to reach and half-eaten shearwaters can easily be seen from the walking track. Not a good sight. Visitors wanting more strenuous exercise than a stroll around Griffiths Island can walk or cycle along the Rail Trail from Warrnambool and Port Fairy opened in 2010 along the route of the former railway line which closed in 1977. ¶ 'Moyne River Training Walls" by Heritage Council of Victoria at http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/heritage/23012- accessed on 12 April 2010 ¶ "The Outer Ports of Victoria" by George Kermode in One Hundred Years of Engineering in Victoria, pub 1934, at http://consuleng.com.au/ - accessed 13 April 2010. ¶ "Guns and Emplacements" by Heritage Council of Victoria at http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/heritage/2386- accessed on 12 April 2010 ¶ "Local History of the Town" by the Port Fairy Historical Society at http://www.historicalsociety.port-fairy.com/history.php on 12 April 2010. ¶ Victorian Heritage Database - S.S. CASINO, VHR Number S108, at http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/shipwrecks/heritage/108 - accessed on 15 April 2010. ¶ Victorian Heritage Database - T.S.S. CORAMBA, VHR Number S153, at http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/shipwrecks/result_detail/153?print=true - accessed on 15 April 2010. ¶ The Argus, 21 Feb 1895 at http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/9346767 - accessed on 15 April 2010. ¶ Supplement to the Victoria Government Gazette of Friday February 10, 1899 at http://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/images/1899/V/general/15-a.pdf - accessed on 15 April 2010. ¶ Port Fairy and District Community Profile at http://profile.id.com.au/ - accessed on 15 April 2010. ¶ Port Talk - Newsletter of the Historic port of Port Fairy, 2005-2009 at http://www.moyne.vic.gov.au/page/page.asp?page_Id=984 - accessed on 16 April 2010. ¶ Port Fairy Historical Society documents and displays. ¶ Seafood Industry Victoria - Port Profile, Port Fairy at http://www.siv.com.au/PortFairy.htm - accessed on 16 April 2010. ¶ "The Relation Between the Food of the Australian Barracouta, Thyrsites atun (Euphrasen), and Recent Fluctuations in the Fisheries" by M Blackburn in Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research -1957 8(1) pp 29-54. ¶ Victorian Abalone Divers Association (VADA) - Abalone Industry Background at http://www.vada.com.au/VadaInformation.html - accessed 16 April 2010. ¶ "Garry Stewart Boat builder Port Fairy" at http://classicwoodenboat.com.au/boat-builders/18-garry-stewart-boat-builder-port-fairy - accessed on 18 April 2010.

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History of Chicago Illinois It’s hopeless for anyone who visits Chicago Illinois occasionally to keep up with it. This is what Mark Twain thought about Chicago. When he wrote those words in 1883, the city was less than 50 years old. However, it had already transformed from an insignificant trading post located at the source of River Chicago into a very large city. The growth was remarkable. In fact, it was more than a hundred fold, and showed no signs of slowing down. At the beginning of the 20th century, the number of people living in Chicago quadrupled, and everyone was amazed by the city’s unique ability to continuously reinvent itself. More than 100 years later, the reinvention is yet to stop. Today, it has developed into a global city, a flourishing hub of global commerce and trade. If you wish to achieve the American dream, consider living and working in Chicago City. Jean Baptiste Point-du-Sable was the first permanent resident of Chicago. Jean was a black man, a renowned Haitian trader who first landed in the present day Chicago City in the 1770s. The United States government constructed Fort Dearborn in 1795 at the present day corner of Wacker Drive and the Michigan Avenue. In 1812, Native Americans burned Fort Dearborn to the ground and then rebuilt it. In 1857, it was demolished Chicago history has played a significant role in the economic, political as well as cultural history in the United States of America. It has been among the most dominant metropolises in the Midwest since the 1850s. The arrival of explorers, fur traders and Christian missionaries from France towards the end of the 17th Century and the visitor’s close interaction with Pottawatomie Native Americans marked the beginning of Chicago area’s recorded history. There was an army fort and settlements in the area. However, the settlers and US soldiers were forced out of the area in 1812. In 1837, businessmen from the North officially established Chicago City. Real estate speculators and its strategic location in the up-and-coming inland transportation network significantly contributed to the city’s rapid growth and expansion. The expansive transportation network was anchored on railroads and incredible lake traffic that controlled access from into Mississippi River basin. Chicago City experienced exponential growth and expansion, despite the 1871 fire that wrecked havoc on the city’s central business district. It became the rail center of Illinois and the leading Midwestern hub for manufacturing, high culture, commerce, jazz, finance, sports, higher education, broadcasting and religion.It attracted thousands of European immigrants, ranging from the Germans to the Italians, Irish, Poles, Scandinavians, Czechs and Jews. The immigrants joined the highly-charged and ward-based politics in the city. Others became members of powerful militant labor unions. That’s why at some point in time, Chicago was infamous for high wages and frequent strikes. When the First World War started, thousands of African Americans left their homes in the South in what was famously known as the Great Migration. Immigrants from Mexico and Puerto Rico started arriving in Chicago City and its environs in after 1910 and 1945 respectively. After 1970, widespread de-industrialization led to the closure of many stockyards, factories and steel mills. However, Chicago retained its status as a center of transport and finance industries. There was greater focus on medicine, tourism and education. Chicago City formed the base of many political leaders, including Stephen Douglas, ex-president Barrack Obama and Adlai Stevenson. Major Disasters in Chicago Illinois The Great-Chicago-Fire is the most disastrous and infamous tragedies that have ever occurred in Chicago City. It occurred in 1871. Another catastrophe occurred on 30th December 1903. The Iroquois Theater was gutted by fire, yet it was believed to be completely fireproof. It had been completed barely six weeks before the unfortunate occurrence. Even though the fire burned for just a few minutes, burns, trampling and asphyxiation caused the death of 602 people. In July 1915, a large cruise ship named SS Eastland was involved in a tragic accident, killing more than 800 crew and passengers. In December 1958, a huge fire occurred in Humboldt Park. The fire killed three nuns affiliated to the Catholic Church and 92 students as well. In April 1992, the infamous Chicago Flood caused massive damage that amounted to billions of dollars. Some people drilled a hole into the Chicago Tunnel System that had been abandoned for a long time, although it was linked to the basements of hundreds of buildings. In July 1995, extreme humidity and heat that lasted for a whole week terrorized people who had inefficient or no AC systems. It was a major environmental catastrophe since it killed 739 people. Flag of Chicago Illinois Chicago’s flag has four red stars. Each of them symbolizes four major historical events. They are: - Fort Dearborn (1803) - Great Chicago Fire (1871) - World Columbian Exposition (1893) - Century of Progress (1933) Two blue stripes on the Chicago Flag represent Chicago River’s southern branch and northern branch that flow downtown. The Northern, Southern and Western areas of the city are represented by three white stripes on the flag. Chicago Illinois Prior to 1830 According to historical records, the Algonquians are the first people who ever lived in Chicago area. Chicago is a name derived from the French people’s rendering of shikaakwa, a common Native American word. Botanists called it Allium tricoccum. The first reference to the present day Chicago City was by de LaSalle, in a memoir written in 1679. De LaSalle referred to the area as Checagou. In a widely read journal written in 1688 by Henri Joutel, the writer expresses his surprise at the large number of chicagoua (wild garlic) that grew in the area. The Algonquians were members of Miami Confederacy. The Kickapoo and Illini were members of the confederacy too. Potawatomi guides accompanied a French trader by the name Nicolas Perrot to Miami villages that bordered what is known as Chicago area today. That was in 1671. The Miami had settled in present day Chicago in 1670. French explorers were particularly attracted by the area’s strategic location. It conveniently linked Mississippi River system with the Great Lakes. By 1673, the Algonquians had been forced out of their settlement (Lower Michigan) by the Iroquois from New York. Jean Baptiste Sable was the first non-native person to ever settle in Chicago area. In the 1780s, he established a large farm at the source of River Chicago. In 1800, Jean left Chicago and never went back. In 1968, he was honored as the founder of Chicago City. The ceremony took place at Pioneer Court. After the infamous Northwest Indian War, Chicago area was surrendered to the US by Native Americans, and the federal government went ahead to establish a military post, courtesy of the Greenville Treaty. Fort Dearborn was built in the year 1803. During the Fort Dearborn Battle, Indian forces completely destroyed it. When the war ended, the land was surrendered to the US government by the Potawatomi. In 1818, the fort was built again. Chicago Illinois History – 19th Century About 30 years after the turn of the 19th century, commissioners were appointed by Illinois law makers to find a canal and also map out the land surrounding Chicago area. James Thompson was asked to do the job. At that time, less than 100 people lived in the area. According to historians, the flat filing that happened on 4th August 1830 marked the official recognition of Chicago area. In the 1830s, Yankee entrepreneurs discovered Chicago’s great potential as a center for transportation. Consequently, they secured the most strategic spots by engaging in rampant land speculation. On 12th August 1833, Chicago Town was formally incorporated. At that time, about 350 people lived in it. In March 1837, the Illinois State granted Chicago City a charter, and it formed part of Cook County. Only three years later, more than 4,000 people lived and worked in the city. The population had increased more than tenfold. Chicago Illinois History – 20th Century The manufacturing and commerce sectors of Chicago area’s economy experienced exponential growth and expansion, and all these were catalyzed by railroads that stretched throughout the East and Midwest. It eventually dominated the Midwest and significantly contributed to the nation’s overall economy. The packing trade was particularly dominated by the renowned Chicago Union Stock Yards. Chicago area transformed into the largest rail center in the world. Additionally, it became one of the world’s busiest ports. Lumber, coal, iron and other commodity resources were shipped to the area for processing, and the resultant products were transported to the East and West. The whole city relied on Lake Michigan for fresh water. As the city’s population increased and industries sprouted at every corner, the lake became polluted. The city needed another source of fresh water supply. In 1885, a civil engineer came up with a master plan of the renowned Chicago Sanitary & Ship Canal. According to the master plan, the water way would funnel water from the Michigan Lake into an a wide canal that would in turn drain into River Mississippi through River Illinois. In the 1930s, the construction industry started thriving. Some of the landmarks that were constructed during this period include Chicago Board-of-Trade & Building and Merchandise Mart. However, the industry was affected by the infamous Wall Street Crash, the Second World War and the Great Depression. Towards the end of the 20th Century, the area has experienced complete turnaround, courtesy of many inner city neighborhoods. Chicago City has become more diverse, thanks to thousands of immigrants from Asia, Puerto Rico and South America. In the 1990s, more than 100,000 people moved into the area. Today, the lakefront is dotted with apartment buildings occupied by the middle class. In 2008, Chicago City earned the prestigious title City-of-the-Year from the renowned GQ due to the contributions that the area has been making in architecture, politics, finance, medicine and education, among other sectors. More than a century after the first reinvention, it is yet to stop. Today, it has developed into a global city, a flourishing hub of global commerce and trade. If you wish to achieve the American dream, consider living and working in Chicago City. Chicago Illinois Firsts - The people who’ve lived and worked in Chicago have demonstrated ingenuity throughout its history. - The first skyscraper in Illinois was built in the Chicago in 1884. It comprised of ten floors with steel frames. However, it was brought down in 1931. - The tallest building across North America is found in the city. Sears Tower stands 1,450 feet above the ground. In the whole world, there are only two buildings that are taller than Sears Tower. - At the turn of the 20th Century, residents of the city were concerned by sewage that freely flowed into Lake Michigan. To prevent the spread of deadly waterborne diseases, they reversed River Chicago and forced it to flow towards Mississippi. - The first nuclear chain reaction took place in the year 1942 at the prestigious University of Chicago. It was self sustaining. A beautiful Henry Moore sculpture marks the spot between the busy 56th street and 57th street on Ellis Avenue. - The famous refrigerated rail-car, TV remote control, mail order retailing and car radio were all invented in the city. Chicago Illinois Fascinating Statistics and Facts - Chicago City is the third largest in USA, with a huge population of about three million people. - The city is 237 square miles in size, and is home to Barrack Obama, the immediate former president of the US. - Approximately 2,700,000 people live and work in the city. It boasts of numerous cultural institutions, museums as well as historical sites. The city is home to more than 500 parks and 200 theaters. - Biking lovers can take advantage of 19 miles of bicycle paths, while lovers of art can walk into any of the 200 art galleries. - The city boasts of 15 miles of beautiful bating beaches, in excess of 7,300 restaurants, 26 miles of stunning lakefront and 77 community areas comprising of at least 100 neighborhoods. - Every year, Chicago hosts more than 50 million visitors. - Its nicknames are The Windy City, City that Works, City of Big-Shoulders and The Second City. - Approximately 10 million people live in the general Chicago area that is made up Illinois State, Indiana State and Wisconsin State. Across the US, there are two other metropolitan areas that are larger than Chicago area. - The headquarters of more than 10 Fortune 50 companies are found in the city.

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Just as fish presumably don’t know they’re wet, many English speakers don’t know that the way their language works is just one of endless ways it could have come out. It’s easy to think that what one’s native language puts words to, and how, reflects the fundamentals of reality. But languages are strikingly different in the level of detail they require a speaker to provide in order to put a sentence together. In English, for example, here’s a simple sentence that comes to my mind for rather specific reasons related to having small children: “The father said ‘Come here!’” This statement specifies that there is a father, that he conducted the action of speaking in the past, and that he indicated the child should approach him at the location “here.” What else would a language need to do? Well, for a German speaker, more. In “Der Vater sagte ‘Komm her!’”, although it just seems like a variation on the English sentence, more is happening. “Der,” the word for “the,” is a choice among other possibilities: It’s the one used for masculine nouns only. If the sentence were about a mother, it would have to use the feminine die, or if about a girl, the neuter das (for reasons unnecessary to broach here!). The word for “said,” sagte, is marked with a suffix for the third-person singular; if it were “you said,” then it would be sagtest—in English, those forms don’t vary in the past tense. Then, her for “here” means “to here”: In German one must become what feels to an English speaker rather Shakespearean and say “hither” when that’s what is meant. “Here” in the sense of just sitting “here” is a different word, hier. This German sentence, then, requires you to pay more attention to the genders of people and things, to whether it’s me, you, her, him, us, y’all, or them driving the action. It also requires specifying not just where someone is but whether that person is moving closer or farther away. German is, overall, busier than English, and yet Germans feel their way of putting things is as normal as English speakers feel their way is. Other languages occupy still other places on the linguistic axis of “busyness,” from prolix to laconic, and it’s surprising what a language can do without. In Mandarin Chinese, a way of saying “The father said ‘Come here!’” is “Fùqīn shuō ‘Guò lái zhè lǐ!’” Just as in English, there is no marker for the father’s gender, nor does the form of the word shuō for “said” indicate whether the speaker is me, you, or him. The word for “here,” zhè lǐ, can mean either “right here” or “to here,” just like in English. But Mandarin is even more telegraphic. There is no definite article like “the.” The word for “said” lacks not only a suffix for person, but is also not marked for tense; it just means “say.” It is assumed that context will indicate that this event happened in the past. Much of learning Mandarin involves getting a sense of how much one can not say in an acceptable sentence. Moreover, anyone who has sampled Chinese, or Persian, or Finnish, knows that a language can get along just fine with the same word for “he” and “she.”* And whereas Mandarin can mark tense but often doesn’t, in the Maybrat language of New Guinea, there’s pretty much no way to mark it at all—context takes care of it and no one bats an eye. If there were a prize for the busiest language, then a language like Kabardian, also known as Circassian and spoken in the Caucasus, would win. In the simple sentence “The men saw me,” the word for “saw” is sǝq’ayǝƛaaɣwǝaɣhaś (pronounced roughly “suck-a-LAGH-a-HESH”). This seems like a majestic monster of a word, and yet despite its air of “supercalifragilisticexpealidocious,” the word for “saw” is every bit as ordinary for Karbadian-speakers as English-speakers’ “saw” is for them. It’s just that Karbadian-speakers have to pack so much more into their version. In sǝq’ayǝƛaaɣwǝaɣhaś, other than the part meaning “see,” there is a bit that reiterates that it’s me who was seen, even though the sentence would include a separate word for “me” elsewhere. Then there are other bits that show that the seeing was most significant to “me” rather than to the men or anyone else; that the seeing was done by more than one person (despite the sentence spelling out elsewhere that it was plural “men” who did the seeing); that this event did not happen in the present; that on top of this, the event happened specifically in the past rather than the future; and finally a bit indicating that the speaker really means what he’s saying. The prize for most economical language could go to certain colloquial dialects of Indonesian that are rarely written but represent the daily reality of Indonesian in millions of mouths. For example, in the Riau dialect spoken in Sumatra, ayam means chicken and makan means eat, but “Ayam makan” doesn’t mean only “The chicken is eating.” Depending on context, “Ayam makan” can mean the “chickens are eating,” “a chicken is eating,” “the chicken is eating,” “the chicken will be eating,” “the chicken eats,” “the chicken has eaten,” “someone is eating the chicken,” “someone is eating for the chicken,” “someone is eating with the chicken,” “the chicken that is eating,” “where the chicken is eating,” and “when the chicken is eating.” If chickens and eating are à propos, the assumption is that everybody in the conversation knows what’s what. Thus for a wide variety of situations the equivalent of “chicken eat” will do—and does. So does the contrast between Riau Indonesian’s “chicken eat” and Kabardian’s “they saw me and it affected me, not now, and I really mean it” mean that each language gives its speakers a different way of looking at the world? It’s an intriguing idea, first formulated by anthropologist and linguist Edward Sapir and amateur linguist (and fire inspector!) Benjamin Whorf. If it were correct, an English-speaker would generally think about the past more than a Chinese-speaker would, while Germans would think more about movement than Americans or Brits. Experiments have shown that this is often true to a faint, flickering degree a psychologist can detect in the artifice of experimental conditions. But does this mean a different way of experiencing life? Is a Kabardian shopkeeper in the Caucasus more exquisitely attuned to the nuances of experience than a Riau Indonesian-speaking fisherman in Sumatra? If that Kabardian shopkeeper’s jam-packed verbs mean that he vibrates in tune to the jots and tittles of life, then doesn’t one have to say that the Riau Indonesian speaker, whose grammar directs his attention to so few details, is something of a limp string on the guitar? We would run into similarly hopeless comparisons around the world. The Zulu speaker would be hypervigilant given the complexities of his language, the Samoan speaker inattendant given the less obsessively complicated nature of hers. If thought and culture aren’t why some languages pile it on while others take it light, then what is the reason? Part of the answer is unsatisfying but powerful: chance. Time and repetition wear words out, and what wears away is often a nugget of meaning. This happens in some languages more than others. Think of the French song “Alouette, gentille alouette …” (“lark, nice lark”) in which one sings “ahh-loo-eh-tuh.” In running speech the word has long been pronounced just “ah-loo-ett” with no -uh at the end. That –uh in the song today is a leftover from the way the word actually was once pronounced normally, and it indicated the word’s feminine gender to the listener. Today, beyond marginal contexts like that song, only the final e in the spelling of alouette indicates its gender; hearing it in a sentence we’d have to rely on the definite article la alone to know that the word is feminine. In a language where final sounds take the accent, such sounds tend to hold on longer because they are so loud and clear—you’re less likely to mumble it and people listening are more likely to hear it. In Hebrew, “Thank you very much,” is “Toda raba,” pronounced “toe-DAH rah-BAH.” The sounds at the end of the word mark gender in Hebrew, too, and they aren’t going anywhere anytime soon because they are enunciated with force. When a language seems especially telegraphic, usually another factor has come into play: Enough adults learned it at a certain stage in its history that, given the difficulty of learning a new language after childhood, it became a kind of stripped-down “schoolroom” version of itself. Because all languages, are, to some extent, busier than they need to be, this streamlining leaves the language thoroughly complex and nuanced, just lighter on the bric-a-brac that so many languages pant under. Even today, Indonesian is a first language to only one in four of its speakers; the language has been used for many centuries as a lingua franca in a vast region, imposed on speakers of several hundred languages. This means that while other languages can be like overgrown lawns, Indonesian’s grammar has been regularly mowed, such that especially the colloquial forms are tidier. Lots of adult learning over long periods of time is also why, for example, the colloquial forms of Arabic like Egyptian and Moroccan are somewhat less elaborated than Modern Standard Arabic—they were imposed on new people as Islam spread after the seventh century. In contrast, one cannot help suspecting that not too many adults have been tackling the likes of sǝq’ayǝƛaaɣwǝaɣhaś. Kabardian has been left to its own devices, and my, has it hoarded a lot of them. This is, as languages go, normal, even if Kabardian is rather extreme. By contrast, only a few languages have been taken up as vehicles of empire and imposed on millions of unsuspecting and underqualified adults. Long-dominant Mandarin, then, is less “busy” than Cantonese and Taiwanese, which have been imposed on fewer people. English came out the way it did because Vikings, who in the first millennium forged something of an empire of their own in northern and western Europe, imposed themselves on the Old English of the people they invaded and, as it were, mowed it. German, meanwhile, stayed “normal.” Even if languages’ differences in busyness can’t be taken as windows on psychological alertness, the differences remain awesome. In a Native American language of California called Atsugewi (now extinct), if a tree was burned and we found the ashes in a creek afterward, we would have said that soot w’oqhputíc’ta into the creek. W’oqhputíc’ta is a conglomeration of bits that mean “it moved like dirt, in a falling fashion, into liquid, and for real.” In English, we would just say “flowed.”

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The UN migration pact, the free movement of persons and the institutional framework agreement with the EU (which aims to further expand the free movement of persons) are high on the political agenda in Switzerland. The question of immigration is central to all these issues. – A brief historical review is worthwhile here. All so-called “Überfremdungsinitiativen” (popular initiatives against foreignisation) submitted since the 1960s have so far been rejected. In the decades before the founding of the federal state in 1848, Switzerland was rather a poor emigration country, where poor harvests often still led to famines. Many of the young men had earned their living abroad as soldiers until the 19th century. We find traces of emigrants from mountain cantons such as Glarus, Valais or Grisons all over the world. The actual industrialisation had only just begun in 1848. The country was still many years behind Great Britain, France and Germany, especially in railway construction. But that changed. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, Switzerland was a typical country of immigration and tourism and benefited in many ways from the skilled newcomers who founded companies. These included pioneers such as Henri Nestlé and the British Charles Brown (BBC). Before the First World War, the proportion of foreigners in the population was a high 14.7 per cent – much higher than in other European countries. Belgium ranked second in these statistics with 3 per cent. The borders were largely open. Everyone could come, but had to look for himself. In the interwar period, the number of foreigners fell again – especially in the 1930s (economic crisis). In 1945, only around five per cent of the population were foreigners. However, this figure rose sharply during the boom of the post-war decades, reaching around 13 per cent at the beginning of the 1960s and 15 per cent in 1968. These statistics do not include seasonal workers that only worked for a few months and then returned home (seasonal workers’ statute). In the course of the 1960s, the parliament repeatedly adopted measures to limit immigration by initially fixing a ceiling of the number of staff in the individual companies. These and other measures were not aimed specifically at foreigners, but were intended to cool the heated economy in general and prevent entrepreneurs from making further investments and creating more jobs. There were no more unemployed. Those who lost their jobs found a new one within hours. Soon, however, a number of initiatives came from the population, which went down in history as “Überfremdungsinitiativen” (popular initiative against foreignisation) and demanded that the authorities directly limit immigration and reduce the total number of foreigners. The Democratic Party of the Canton of Zurich successfully launched a federal popular initiative in 1965. It demanded that foreign permanent residents and temporary residents be limited to one tenth of the resident population. Until this population is reached, it should be reduced by 5 per cent each year (Hofer 2012, No. 89; Linder 2010, p. 303). The Federal Council and parliament rejected the initiative. The fate of the first “Überfremdungsinitiative” was unusual. The Federal Council and individual parliamentarians appealed to the initiators to withdraw their initiative. The Federal Council had taken a whole package of stabilisation measures, fixing a ceiling of the number of employees in the companies and also limited the total number of foreign workers. A referendum would only fuel the mood, lead to unpleasant disputes, create tension in the companies and cause great damage to Switzerland’s reputation. Federal Councillor Schaffner (FDP, liberal party) invited the initiative committee to a personal meeting – and was successful. The initiative was withdrawn in 1968 (Linder 2010, p. 303). The “Nationale Aktion gegen Überfremdung von Volk und Heimat” (National Action against foreignisation) was against this retreat. One of its representatives, National Councillor James Schwarzenbach, therefore launched the second “Überfremdungsinitiative” a little later and founded his own party – the Republicans. It demanded a fixed ceiling of the number of foreigners, which could not exceed 10 per cent of the population. 17 cantons would have had to reduce their residents with annual permits by more than half. A withdrawal was not possible this time because the initiators had deliberately not included a withdrawal clause in the text. In parliament, the initiative was almost unanimously rejected. A fierce and emotionally charged voting battle began. From today’s point of view, some will think: What is a mere 10 per cent, today we have almost 25 per cent – and Switzerland has not perished. But the conditions were quite different back then. The unresolved problems of the boom were great: About 30 per cent of the workforce came from abroad. However, the entire infrastructure was massively overburdened not only by immigration, but above all by the heated economy: The school buildings were too small, the canalisation inadequate, modern refuse incinerator and wastewater treatment plants were almost completely lacking. Water and environmental pollution was alarming. It was no longer allowed to bathe in the lakes of Lugano and Zurich. The road network was no longer sufficient, the motorways were still under construction, residential construction was hopelessly in arrears and rents and prices in general were rising. The unemployment rate was 0.0 per cent and economists no longer spoke of full employment but of overemployment. Wages were appropriate, but the constant overtime at the workplace was annoying. An atmosphere arose that was not harmless. Politicians had reacted late. Some politicians still had in mind the images of the economic crisis of the 1930s – such as the oppressive unemployment, which was fought with numerous emergency measures. They were completely unaccustomed to the phenomena of the boom. Emergency law existed again – but this time quite differently. In 1949, emergency law was democratised on the basis of a popular initiative (Linder 2010, p. 217). In the 1960s and 1970s, the people voted eleven times individually on emergency laws, i.e. urgent federal decrees, which all had the aim of dampening the economy and solving or alleviating the pressing problems – particularly in the monetary area. The sovereign has always said yes and strengthened the backs of the government and parliament (Rhinow, R.; Schmid, G.; Biaggini, G.; Uhlmann, F. 2011, p. 36 f.). The “Schwarzenbach-Initiative” was to become one of the most important post-war votes: Almost 75 per cent of those eligible to vote went to the polls on 6 July 1970 – a figure that had not been reached since 1947, when the revised economic articles and the AHV (old-age pension) were put to the vote. 54 per cent rejected the initiative – despite the pressing problems on the economic front – and to the great relief of the Federal Council and the majority in parliament who had fought for a no. But the yes vote was high. Large cantons such as Berne and Lucerne had also accepted the initiative. The atmosphere was tense and remained so because the next popular initiative on immigration had already been submitted before 6 July 1970. This primarily demanded that the population of foreign residents be reduced to 12.5 per cent of the Swiss population within 10 years. Another popular initiative called for a tightening of naturalisation practice (Linder 2010, pp. 303, 331, 355). In 1977, both popular initiatives were voted on simultaneously. However, the conditions were quite different this time: A large part of the homework had been done. It was possible to swim again in the lakes of Zurich and Lugano. The construction industry had even built far too many new flats, so that finding a flat was no longer a problem and rents fell again. The economic upswing that had lasted since the Second World War came to an end in 1975, and many jobs were cut again in the ensuing recession. – The referendum on immigration in 1977 did not cause much of a stir. Only 45 per cent of those eligible to vote went to the ballot box – this time also female voters. (In 1971 the Swiss men introduced the women’s right to vote.) The result was clear: A large majority and all the cantons rejected both initiatives. Switzerland had adjusted itself somewhat to being a popular immigration country, and it had also succeeded in integrating many immigrants well – at that time mainly from countries such as Italy, Spain and Portugal. Modern Switzerland could not have been built without the skilled craftsmen from the South. They had already made a major contribution in the 19th century, for example in the construction of the Gotthard tunnel, other bold infrastructure projects and later also the many hydroelectric power stations and dams in the mountains. As reaction to the so called “Überfremdungsinitiativen” (popular initiatives against foreignisation) the “Katholische Arbeiter- und Angestelltenbewegung” (catholic worker- and staffers movement) 1977 had launched the “Mitenand-Initiative” (Together-initiative) – with the aim to bring about a new, “human” national policy on immigration. Social security and family reunification should be regulated in a better way and the statute for seasonal workers (work permit only for one season) should be abolished. The Federal Council recommended to the ongoing revision of the Swiss Federal Law on the Temporary and Permanent Residence of Foreign Nationals (ANAG) as indirect counter-proposal. This new law would be more appropriate and would substantially improve the legal situation of foreigners. The people followed 1981 the Federal Council and his representatives in parliament and refused the popular initiative clearly with more than 85 per cent (Linder 2010, p. 400). In the 1980s the economic situation improved again and the foreign residential population increased again proportionally. Consequently the Nationale Aktion again launched a popular initiative which wanted to lower the rate of foreign nationals. The number of immigrants allowed should be maximum two thirds of the emigrants during 15 years – as long as the population transcended 6.2 million (today 8.4 million). – 1988 another time more than 70 per cent of the voters and all cantons said no to numerical limits. (Linder, 2010, p. 460). The per centage of foreigners in the population still increased in the 90s. Countries of origin were mainly Yugoslavia and in recent times Germany. 1991 it added up to 17,1 per cent, 1994 to 18.6 per cent and anew a popular initiative was launched. The so called 18-per cent-initiative surprisingly came from within the ranks of the Swiss Free Democratic Party (FDP): member of the National Council Philipp Müller (later president of the FDP Switzerland) demanded that the per centage of the foreign population may come to maximum 18 per cent of the entire population. Müller followed here the democratic line within the FDP which has a long tradition (see box). Federal Council and parliament refused the initiative – but in comparison to former times much more relaxed. There were problems with integration, indeed, but many of the problems of the sixties were solved or defused. Also the integration of the many southern Europeans had proceeded faster than many thought – 64 per cent of the voters and all cantons voted with no this time, too (Linder, 2010, p. 460, 593). After 2000 the situation was different again: 1999 the people had agreed to the Bilateral treaties I with the EU with a relatively narrow majority. Thereto belonged the free movement of persons. With this something new was added: the Free movement of persons belongs to the core of EU Policy, which since the foundation of the European Economic Community (EEC) 1957 pursues the political goal to build a supranational union getting closer and closer with open borders and a population gradually mixing up. There was the risk that the Swiss people would reject the whole package because of the free movement of persons. Therefore the Federal Council had beaten the big drum and argued that not more than 8,000 to 10,000 persons per year would immigrate. This is no problem, many might have thought, we have seen quite different things before. – But this was not reality. Times came with an immigration of more than 100,000 per year – as many as during the times of booming economy of the sixties. 2014 the people agreed to the “Stop Mass immigration popular initiative”. In contrast to earlier popular initiatives it didn’t demand to reduce the already very high per centage of 25 per cent of foreigners. It solely wanted to restore the right of Switzerland to decide for itself about immigration – as it did since decades repeatedly. But the authorities (Federal Council and Parliament) hesitated and at last refused under the pressure of Brussels to implement the verdict of the people. Now we have a veritable national policy problem. – Another popular initiative which definitively demands to terminate the free movement of persons with the EU is already submitted. (The high amount of immigration probably is the main reason of the Brexit in Great Britain, too.) Today the UN migration pact is on the table which wants to make political pressure to regulate the matters of immigration internationally and top down. It contradicts as well to the time-proven tradition of Switzerland to settle its affairs by its own and in its own way. Switzerland has a lot of experience and success with its politics directly supported by the population – even in complex issues like immigration which happened altogether generously and in dignity. The interplay between population and authorities ordinarily works even in delicate issues and contributes substantially to the political stability of the country. The free movement of persons demanded by Brussels and its further development, the political pressure of a UN migration act and the institutional framework agreement which wants to incorporate Switzerland even more into the EU, however, are not useful and only can cause trouble. Today 700,000 Swiss people live abroad. Swiss enterprises have created about three million jobs abroad. The inland per centage of foreigners amounts to a record high of 25 per cent. With this Switzerland is more cosmopolitan and liberal than many other countries and still a popular country of immigration. The repeatedly launched popular initiatives which intend to regulate immigration in one or the other way are more a reaction to this openness and sometimes an overpressure valve for conflicts and issues which parliament doesn’t address – but under no circumstances a sign of isolation or even of xenophobia which sometimes is suggested. • Hofer, Bruno. Volksinitiativen der Schweiz – laufend aktualisiert. Dokumentation aller lancierten Volksinitiativen auf Bundesebene von 1891 bis heute. Dietikon 2013 Linder, Wolf; Bolliger, Christian; Rielle, Yvan. Handbuch der eidgenössischen Volksabstimmungen1848–2007. Berne 2010 Rhinow, R; Schmid, G; Biaggini, G; Uhlmann F. Öffentliches Wirtschaftsrecht. Basel 2011 ww. The Democratic Party of the Canton of Zurich, which launched the first of the so-called “Überfremdungsinitiativen” (popular initiatives against foreignisation), can boast of a proud history. It arose out of the broadly based and powerful democratic movement of the 1860s that opposed the liberal “Escher system” and advocated people’s rights. (Alfred Escher was an outstanding business leader, founder of the Schweizerische Kreditanstalt (now Credit Suisse) and the Nordostbahn (Northeastern-Railway). As a liberal politician, he dominated the Canton of Zurich almost at discretion and defended its purely representative democracy. His statue now stands in front of Zurich’s central station.) The year 1867, in which popular rallies demanded a new constitution ensuring direct-democratic people’s rights, were held in Winterthur, Bülach, Zurich and Uster, is commonly seen as the founding year of the Democratic Party. Democratic parties, calling for people’s rights, also arose in other cantons. In the Canton of Zurich the editors of the Winterthur gazette “Landbote” were the Democratic Party’s intellectual vanguard. In 1869 the party won the vote on the new constitution by a majority of 65 per cent and subsequently also the elections. The new constitution would last for 135 years – until it was revised in 2004. It guaranteed both the obligatory legislative and constitutional referendums (including the finance and taxation referendums) and the constitutional and legislative initiatives. Moreover, it ensured communal autonomy in a broad sense and provided for innovative social policy measures and improvements in the protection of labour, the establishment of a cantonal bank and the promotion of cooperatives – a veritable democratic revolution which took place without the firing of a single shot! This constitution would become the basis for hundreds of popular votes in the Canton of Zurich in the decades that followed. The outcome is impressive. Zurich (and Switzerland at large) has become one of the most attractive locations worldwide. Not street protests and riots brought the “Escher system” down, but peacefully held popular rallies, the collecting of signatures, the election of a constitutional convention and finally a popular vote on the new constitution. (Today’s “motley revolutionaries” could learn a great deal from this.) In other cantons and nationwide the Democrats likewise made an important contribution to the establishment of today’s popular rights. When the Swiss Liberal Democratic Party (FDP) was founded in 1894, Liberals and Democrats joined together (which is why they called themselves “Freisinnig-Demokraten”). In the Canton of Zurich the Democrats to some extent maintained their independence within the FDP and pursued their own agenda. In 1941 they seceded again and formed a party of their own, which in 1965 submitted the first national popular initiative against foreignisation. The party failed to reach its former strength, however, and in 1971 rejoined the FDP. In the same year, the Grison and Glarus Democrats combined with the “Bauern-, Gewerbe- und Bürgerpartei – BGB (Swiss Farmers, Tradesmen and Citizens Party) to form the “Schweizerische Volkspartei SVP (Swiss people´s Party) – now the largest party in Switzerland –, in whose programme the people’s rights are still of central importance. 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Short-term memory acts as a kind of “scratch-pad” for temporary recall of the information which is being processed at any point in time, and has been referred to as “the brain’s Post-it note”. It can be thought of as the ability to remember and process information at the same time. It holds a small amount of information (typically around 7 items or even less) in mind in an active, readily-available state for a short period of time (typically from 10 to 15 seconds, or sometimes up to a minute). |Did You Know?| | A 2010 University of Stirling study has suggested a possible link between poor short-term or working memory and depression.| The 10 to 15% with the poorest working memory in the study tended to mull things over and brood too much, leading to a risk of depression. People with a good working memory, on the other hand, are more likely to be optimistic and self-assured, and more likely to lead a happy and successful life. For example, in order to understand this sentence, the beginning of the sentence needs to be held in mind while the rest is read, a task which is carried out by the short-term memory. Other common examples of short-term memory in action are the holding on to a piece of information temporarily in order to complete a task (e.g. “carrying over” a number in a subtraction sum, or remembering a persuasive argument until another person finishes talking), and simultaneous translation (where the interpreter must store information in one language while orally translating it into another). What is actually held in short-term memory, though, is not complete concepts, but rather links or pointers (such as words, for example) which the brain can flesh out from it’s other accumulated knowledge. However, this information will quickly disappear forever unless we make a conscious effort to retain it, and short-term memory is a necessary step toward the next stage of retention, long-term memory. The transfer of information to long-term memory for more permanent storage can be facilitated or improved by mental repetition of the information or, even more effectively, by giving it a meaning and associating it with other previously acquired knowledge. Motivation is also a consideration, in that information relating to a subject of strong interest to a person, is more likely to be retained in long-term memory. |??? Did You Know ???| A recent study at the University of Michigan suggests that attention and short-term memory processing are directly affected by a person’s surroundings and environment.| Two groups of individuals were tested on their attention and working memory performance, one group after a relaxed walk in a quiet park and the other group after navigating busy city streets. Those who had been walking the city streets scored far lower on the tests. The term working memory is often used interchangeably with short-term memory, although technically working memory refers more to the whole theoretical framework of structures and processes used for the temporary storage and manipulation of information, of which short-term memory is just one component. The central executive part of the prefrontal cortex at the front of the brain appears to play a fundamental role in short-term and working memory. It both serves as a temporary store for short-term memory, where information is kept available while it is needed for current reasoning processes, but it also “calls up” information from elsewhere in the brain. The central executive controls two neural loops, one for visual data (which activates areas near the visual cortex of the brain and acts as a visual scratch pad), and one for language (the “phonological loop”, which uses Broca’s area as a kind of “inner voice” that repeats word sounds to keep them in mind). These two scratch pads temporarily hold data until it is erased by the next job. Although the prefrontal cortex is not the only part of the brain involved – it must also cooperate with other parts of the cortex from which it extracts information for brief periods – it is the most important, and Carlyle Jacobsen reported, as early as 1935, that damage to the prefrontal cortex in primates caused short-term memory deficits. The short-term memory has a limited capacity, which can be readily illustrated by the simple expedient of trying to remember a list of random items (without allowing repetition or reinforcement) and seeing when errors begin to creep in. The often-cited experiments by George Miller in 1956 suggest that the number of objects an average human can hold in working memory (known as memory span) is between 5 and 9 (7 ± 2, which Miller described as the “magical number”, and which is sometimes referred to as Miller’s Law). However, although this may be approximately true for a population of college students, for example, memory span varies widely with populations tested, and modern estimates are typically lower, of the order of just 4 or 5 items. |??? Did You Know ???| Short-term working memory appears to operate phonologically.| For instance, whereas English speakers can typically hold seven digits in short-term memory, Chinese speakers can typically remember ten digits. This is because Chinese number words are all single syllables, whereas English are not. The type or characteristics of the information also affects the number of items which can be retained in short-term memory. For instance, more words can be recalled if they are shorter or more commonly used words, or if they are phonologically similar in sound, or if they are taken from a single semantic category (such as sports, for example) rather than from different categories, etc. There is also some evidence that short-term memory capacity and duration is increased if the words or digits are articulated aloud instead of being read sub-vocally (in the head). The relatively small capacity of the short-term memory, compared to the huge capacity of long-term memory , has been attributed by some to the evolutionary survival advantage in paying attention to a relatively small number of important things (e.g. the approach of a dangerous predator, the proximity of a nearby safe haven, etc) and not to a plethora of other peripheral details which would only interfere with rapid decision-making. “Chunking” of information can lead to an increase in the short-term memory capacity. Chunking is the organization of material into shorter meaningful groups to make them more manageable. For example, a hyphenated phone number, split into groups of 3 or 4 digits, tends to be easier to remember than a single long number. Experiments by Herbert Simon have shown that the ideal size for chunking of letters and numbers, whether meaningful or not, is three. However, meaningful groups may be longer (such as four numbers that make up a date within a long list of numbers, for example). With chunking, each chunk represents just one of the 5 – 9 items that can be stored in short-term memory, thus extending the total number of items that can be held. |??? Did You Know ???| | The use of mnemonic devices can significantly increase memory, particularly the recall of long lists of names, numbers, etc.| One case, known as “S.F.”, was able to increase his digit span (the longest list of number that a person can repeat back in correct order) from 7 to 79 with the use of mnemonic strategies. Akira Haraguchi and Lu Chao’s record-breaking recitations of the digits of the number Pi (100,000 and 67,890 digits respectively) also make use of mnemonic systems. It is usually assumed that the short-term memory spontaneously decays over time, typically in the region of 10 – 15 seconds, but items may be retained for up to a minute, depending on the content. However, it can be extended by repetition or rehearsal (either by reading items out loud, or by mental simulation), so that the information re-enters the short-term store and is retained for a further period. When several elements (such as digits, words or pictures) are held in short-term memory simultaneously, they effectively compete with each other for recall. New content, therefore, gradually pushes out older content (known as displacement), unless the older content is actively protected against interference by rehearsal or by directing attention to it. Any outside interference tends to cause disturbances in short-term memory retention, and for this reason people often feel a distinct desire to complete the tasks held in short-term memory as soon as possible. The forgetting of short-term memories involves a different process to the forgetting of long-term memory. When something in short-term memory is forgotten, it means that a nerve impulse has merely ceased being transmitted through a particular neural network. In general, unless an impulse is reactivated, it stops flowing through a network after just a few seconds. Typically, information is transferred from the short-term or working memory to the long-term memory within just a few seconds, although the exact mechanisms by which this transfer takes place, and whether all or only some memories are retained permanently, remain controversial topics among experts. Richard Schiffrin, in particular, is well known for his work in the 1960s suggesting that ALL memories automatically pass from a short-term to a long-term store after a short time (known as the modal or multi-store or Atkinson-Schiffrin model). However, this is disputed, and it now seems increasingly likely that some kind of vetting or editing procedure takes place. Some researchers (e.g. Eugen Tarnow) have proposed that there is no real distinction between short-term and long-term memory at all, and certainly it is difficult to demarcate a clear boundary between them. However, the evidence of patients with some kinds of anterograde amnesia, and experiments on the way distraction affect the short-term recall of lists, suggest that there are in fact two more or less separate systems.

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This post has already been read 10107 times! Niccolo Machiavelli used two words in his book, The Prince, to describe the factors that influenced events. In English these are virtue or character (virtu), fortune or chance (fortuna). Only virtue is internal – our nature – and although it manifests as voluntary action, it can only be somewhat, but not entirely controlled.* The other – chance or fortune – can make the best-laid plans of mice and men go aft agley, as Robert Browning wrote, regardless of our efforts to the contrary. In Chapter 25 of The Prince (What Fortune Can Effect In Human Affairs And How To Withstand Her), Machiavelli tried to explain why a leader with free will, with all the means, the desire and resources at his disposal would not always succeed in his endeavours. Virtue alone cannot always win. Luck – chance, fortune, randomness – often simply threw a monkey wrench into the gears. Machiavelli describes fortune in two metaphors. First as a river that can overflow its banks, treacherously destroying the countryside. That river can be carefully managed by planning for the inevitable flood. Today we would call them worst-case scenarios: I compare her to one of those raging rivers, which when in flood overflows the plains, sweeping away trees and buildings, bearing away the soil from place to place; everything flies before it, all yield to its violence, without being able in any way to withstand it; and yet, though its nature be such, it does not follow therefore that men, when the weather becomes fair, shall not make provision, both with defences and barriers, in such a manner that, rising again, the waters may pass away by canal, and their force be neither so unrestrained nor so dangerous. So it happens with fortune, who shows her power where valour has not prepared to resist her, and thither she turns her forces where she knows that barriers and defences have not been raised to constrain her. Machiavelli is saying rather simply: plan for disaster. Prepare for the downturn, the recession, the changing politics, the loss of funding, the changing market. Have alternatives and contingencies ready. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket – for example, don’t base your budget or economic forecasts on the price of oil alone. Then, using a common Renaissance metaphor, Machiavelli compared fortune to a woman who had to be conquered by boldness. In other words, we must strive with all our being to overcome the vagaries of luck through bold action. But even boldness cannot make an unexpected or negative event go away, nor can it make an unfortunate stroke of luck into a fortunate one. Machiavelli took his clues from Roman historians Sallust and Livy. As academic Georgios Vassiliades writes: In Sallust, fortuna represents the circumstances determined by chance. It appears as a motor of decline, notably after the destruction of Carthage. However, the historian describes it as a power that could be controlled at the beginning of the decline process. Fortuna takes action as a consequence of the lack of virtus (the service of the res publica by execution of illustrious deeds). Nevertheless, once fortuna takes action, the absolute decline seems inevitable. Even the best laid plans are subject to outside influences, to the fickle nature of chance. That’s why stockbrokers with years of experience and powerful software to help guide their choices, still make mistakes and cannot predict the mood of the market with precision. That’s why carefully crafted political campaigns go off the rails when an unexpected photograph of a drowned child appears on the front page. That’s why good managers and good leaders plan in small, measurable, and achievable stages, not grandiose, sweeping objectives that more easily stumble and fall when the unexpected arises. Had NASA’s sweeping plans for space exploration of the 1970s been realized, we would have colonies on the Moon and Mars by now. NASA couldn’t plan for recessions and the budget cuts they brought, or the volatile nature of political interest in space and the general dumbing down of the population. But today, planning one mission at a time, they can achieve their more modest goals. Every festival, every outdoor event is at the whim of the weather. No amount of planning, no amount of boldness can make the rain stay away. And who among us has not been disappointed by a weather report that promised sunny skies but the rain came anyway? Event budgets should have contingencies for bad weather, but also for slow ticket sales, problems with venues, unexpected crowds, software glitches and so on. Part of the problem is the illusion of control. We hate to think we don’t control our lives, our environment, our activities. We like to believe we can control every aspect of them, and we become anxious or stressed when we cannot. This is the reason for the continuance of superstitions like good luck charms and horoscopes: they help us retain the illusion of control. But control is not ours. It remains an illusion. Luck is not real nor can it be counted upon: it is as fickle as the weather. We cannot predict all the things that can happen to us, but as Murphy’s Law and its corollaries tell us, the least expected, the least desired things will happen when we least expect them. Take driving, for example. Most people feel safer when they drive than when they fly because they have the illusion of control. It feels like we control the car, and we know we don’t control an airplane. But as professors Makridakis, Hogarth and Gaba say in their book, Dance with Chance, we don’t control the other drivers, the road conditions, the mechanical components of our and other cars, or the weather. Our sense of control is illusory, the authors tell us: “One should pay special attention to what we can predict and what we can’t predict,” says Gaba, the Orpar Chaired Professor of Risk Management and Professor of Decision Sciences at INSEAD. “Underestimating uncertainty has very serious implications for risk management.” …Chance and randomness play a significant role in business and in our lives. “The point is not that the world is hopeless and you shouldn’t do anything, it’s just that we should do a more careful assessment of what we can predict and what we can’t predict. And where we can’t predict then the effort and the resources are better spent on planning,” Gaba told INSEAD Knowledge. Many more people die or are injured in car accidents than in airplane accidents. Yet we feel unrealistically safer in cars because we feel more in control in them. But it’s an illusion. And it costs lives. Laws are like that, too. We feel safer with laws because they suggest control, but they are another illusion as crime statistics tell us. No amount of paperwork will ever stop a criminal, but it feels better to have them. It seems like they control society, but in reality they only define punishment for those caught. In the USA, gun advocates have a remarkably self-deceptive attitude towards guns, believing they give them control and thus offer more safety. Yet statistics easily disprove this, and show the USA has many times the number of gun deaths than other countries with more rigid gun control laws. And those statistics also show that the deaths and injuries are seldom related to criminal activities, but are more often the result of rage, emotional stress or simply a desire to hurt or kill another person. But the gun advocates cling to their illusion of control even when it can be easily and irrevocably refuted. And their delusion costs many lives, too. Locally, we can see the illusion of control at work in our own town council. Creating an egregiously authoritarian and bureaucratic code of conduct, for example, gives council the illusion of control. Since it lacks any serious enforcement or consequences, it is widely recognized as simply grandstanding. But as for control, it is just another delusion: make-believe control to rationalize the posturing at the table. Approving a budget with tax increases for residents and a pay raise for councillors was another way chance was ignored: it was approved without discussion of contingencies for inflation, the recession or bad employment figures. It ignored the impact of such a measure on the residents who can least afford additional expenses, ignored the reality of our stagnating economy and deflating fixed incomes while rewarding the politicians. The deputy mayor’s proposed lobbyist registry is best described as a Stalinist delusion. Rather than control, it would merely limit the democratic right of voters to converse with their representatives. Efforts to control a non-existent local “lobby sector,” as residents clearly understand, is a transparent attempt to impinge on the business of a single person who is disliked by the political masters of a group on council. It would be deleterious for the rest of the community, but its advocates would enjoy the illusion of control. The airy-fairy “strategic plan” (aka the woo-hoo wishlist) is another example: planning without contingencies and alternatives that deal with the realities of fortune and chance. Plus, being so general, it lacks measurable, defined objectives. It is intended to make council appear to be in control of the future of the town when in fact, lacking solid content, it does the opposite. We all suffer from the illusion of control: it’s human nature. But we expect our politicians, our bureaucracies and those people whose decisions affect our lives – like financial advisers or municipal staff – to appreciate that they cannot predict with any certainty the future. And thus to make plans based on solid data, on measurable results and achievable goals, with appropriate contingencies for the unexpected. Life is unpredictable. Those who plan for the sake of planning, who ignore the uncertainties in our lives, and make plans for political or personal gain, are simply setting themselves up for failure. Unfortunately, the electorate suffers from their failures, too. * Virtu is, as Machiavelli said, in our nature, not always something we can control. He gave the example of Cesare Borgia who, despite his elan and zeal, still failed in the end. The third word Machiavelli stressed in planning and action is bureaucracy or institutions (ordini). But I’ll save that aspect for a post on the Municipal Machiavelli site. - 1737 words - 10627 characters - Reading time: 566 s - Speaking time: 868s

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Why are Authority rates higher than District rates? The Authority’s rates are higher for two major reasons: 1) The Authority has a large debt of $37.5 million which was used to purchase and fix the old landfills that it inherited and to develop landfill capacity, and 2) The Authority provides transfer station services that reduce landfill traffic, which are not provided by Monterey Regional Waste Management District (District). The impact on rates due to these differences is shown below: |Number of landfills||4| |Number of closed landfills||3| |Number of transfer stations||2| |Net annual transfer stations expense||$ 1,926,945| |Loan debt as of June 30, 2012||$37,475,576| |Annual loan payments||$ 3,140,120| |Solid waste from within service area||165,400 tons| |Revenue needed per ton for debt payments||$18.99| |Revenue needed per ton for transfer stations||$11.65| If the Authority had no debt, the tipping fee could be lowered to $47.24 instead for $68.50 per ton. Furthermore, if it did not operate two transfer stations, the tipping fee could be $33.01 per ton. However, the Authority was formed to develop landfill capacity because the valley cities and the County were running out of waste disposal capacity. In taking over the landfills it also assumed the responsibility for maintaining the landfills in an environmentally safe condition which has been an expensive endeavor. Why the Authority has more debt The District (formed in 1951) is almost finished paying off its loans, whereas the Authority (formed in 1997) has 19 years left to pay on its loans. The Authority had to borrow $9 million right after being formed in order to develop landfill capacity and to fix existing problems with the landfills. In 2002 it borrowed $39.8 million to develop more landfill capacity and make regulatory improvements to the landfills. The Authority also used these monies to close Lewis Road Landfill in 2002 and Jolon Road Landfill in 2007, and is now closing Crazy Horse Landfill. None of these landfills had sufficient funds to close them or to repair/install State mandated environmental control systems when they were transferred to the Authority. The District’s landfill started in 1961 with the purchase of 570 acres to be developed as a landfill, which has been continually improved. Unlike the Authority, the District did not have to fix pre-existing problems, or finance the closure of 3 landfill sites. Why the Authority has transfer station operations The Authority operates two transfer stations (Jolon Road outside of King City and Sun Street in Salinas) to consolidate waste and transfer it to Johnson Canyon Landfill outside of Gonzales. Transfer stations are an important part of delivering public services for a large city such as Salinas and for our more rural communities in southern Monterey County. The cost of the transfer stations is included in the disposal tipping fee. On the Monterey Peninsula, all waste is delivered to the District’s landfill, north of Marina, by the trash collection companies. The cost of delivering the waste to the landfill is included in the trash collection rate. Why was the Authority formed? The Authority was formed to ensure landfill disposal capacity for the Salinas Valley cities and the eastern portion of Monterey County. This occurred because Crazy Horse Landfill (1934-2009), owned by the City of Salinas, and Lewis Road Landfill (1947-2002), owned by the County, were near the end of their useful life. Jolon Road Landfill (1977-1997) was leased by the County and was inactive. Johnson Canyon Landfill which opened in 1976, owned by the County, was operating as a small landfill, but was designated in the then current General Plan as a regional landfill. Developing more landfill disposal capacity and ensuring compliance with AB 939 which mandated 50% diversion from landfills would require dedicated staff and be a costly endeavor for any one agency. The County was spending about $2 million in General Fund revenues annually to maintain the County Landfills and wanted to get out of the landfill business. The South County cities would have no landfill disposal capacity if the County shut down its landfills. Thus by consensus of each of the Salinas Valley City Councils and the Board of Supervisors, the Joint Powers Agency (JPA) was started and the Authority was formed on January 1, 1997. Problems solved by the formation of a JPA The formation of the Authority relieved the City of Salinas and the County of ever- increasing landfill operating costs and the liability for landfills that were nearing their closure. In the case of Lewis Road, Jolon Road, and Crazy Horse landfills, their closure required millions more than the money that was contributed by the member agencies when the landfills became part of the Authority system. Additionally, none of the landfills had money set-aside for their postclosure maintenance which carries on for a minimum 30 years after closure. The Authority assumed those liabilities, added additional disposal capacity at the Crazy Horse and Johnson Canyon Landfills, implemented programs to promote waste reduction and recycling, and household hazardous waste collection, as well as correcting and improving environmental protection systems. The Authority thus accomplished the purpose for which it was formed. However, in order to accomplish its purpose, the Authority had to borrow substantial amounts, which led to a large portion of its landfill rates to be used to pay for the legacy debt and liabilities that came with the old landfills. Debt issued to fix problems The Authority took on the responsibility of 2 landfills (Lewis Road and Crazy Horse) that were nearing capacity, 1 landfill (Jolon Road) that was at 50% capacity and not being used, and one landfill with future capacity (Johnson Canyon). Because these sites were very old, they had many environmental issues that had to be addressed. Therefore, within months of being formed, the Authority issued $9 million in revenue bonds to finance some extensive repairs. In 2002 the Authority issued another $39.8 million in revenue bonds to bring the landfills into full compliance with all regulations. The borrowed funds were also used to construct more landfill disposal capacity at Johnson Canyon and Crazy Horse landfills in accordance with the Authority’s original formation objectives. What does it mean to have a Future without Landfills? While the Authority is responsible for managing and overseeing three closed and one open and active landfill in the Salinas Valley, our mission and vision would result in a sustainable long term solution for our region’s waste management needs. The Authority’s Vision is: to reduce the amount of waste by promoting individual and corporate responsibility, to recover waste for its highest and best use while balancing rates and services, to transform our business from burying waste to utilizing waste as a resource, AND to eliminate the need for landfills. What does it mean for the Authority? A future without landfills can mean something different and unique to each of us. For the Authority it involves exploring alternative processing methods, including new technologies. Also, changing the way we, as a society, perceive waste; not as something you put at your curb each week that “disappears” and is buried in the ground and stored there forever, but rather as a resource. It means: - Having a need and a use for every part of every item we consume on a daily basis (or really close to it) - Being accountable for the choices we make as consumers when we purchase products - Assuring glass, plastics, paper, cardboard, and metal are recycled and then used to create new products - Assuring useful items are reused until exhausted - Recovering food scraps and yard trimmings to be turned into natural products used to grow more food, nourish gardens, or create new landscaping - Assuring any remaining trash is minimal, and that it can be used as a clean fuel or energy source, instead of storing it forever in a landfill What does it mean for the Community? More jobs. For each job created by putting trash in the landfill, recycling creates eight jobs in local services, processing and production. More jobs contribute to a healthier local economy. More natural space. Landfills are often located on public land. A future without landfills means public lands can remain a part of our natural environment. Natural wildlife habitat remains intact and old landfills could be repurposed into new uses, like the clean, renewable solar energy project proposed at Crazy Horse Canyon Landfill. Better health. A physical connection to nature inspires perspective in our lives and reduces stress. Reduced stress is a key to better health. Recycling prevents pollution that is created in the process of manufacturing products from new materials, for cleaner air and water. Greater independence. Recycling saves natural resources like, water, energy, and fuel. The less we rely on foreign sources for energy and fuel, the more self- sustaining we are as a nation. Why is the Agency doing business under a new name? As we continued to promote our services we found that many of our daily customers had difficulty remembering such a long name as Salinas Valley Solid Waste Authority, it became even more difficult to remember our acronym “SVSWA”. As a result, many started using the nickname “Authority”, but this sometimes further confused people as the nickname “Authority” did not specify what services we provide. Our new DBA(doing business as) “Salinas Valley Recycles” conveys two simple messages; we serve the Salinas Valley and we offer recycling services to the community. What about the logo? Our previous logo did not capture the Agency’s identity created through our vision, mission, and values. The three chasing arrows evoke reduce-reuse-recycle. The letters in blue signify the international color of recycling. The color green means conservation of natural resources and the creation of green jobs because of the current and future projects of the Agency. How can both the new logo and the new name help the Agency? The combination of a new logo and name will better assist with branding the Agency as a recycling resource in the community. Our new logo and name reflects our continued direction of promoting a future without landfills. What will happen to the old name? The Agency will continue to maintain its legal name: Salinas Valley Solid Waste Authority but will do business as Salinas Valley Recycles. The Agency will implement a branding plan to transition over to our new logo and name. What is the address and hours of operation for the Salinas transfer station? 139 Sun Street Salinas CA, 93901 Monday – Friday 7am-5pm Saturday 8am – 4pm Questions about garbage pick up: Salinas call Republic Services at 775-3840 Monterey call Waste Management at 384-5000 South County Cities cal Tri-Cities at 1-888-678-6798 Prunedale and Watsonville call Waste Management at 384-5000 Medical Waste handling at 1-800-464-4285 located in Monterey Does SVSWA provide trash pick up? No, we have self serve drop off facilities in Salinas, Gonzales and King City What payment forms does SVSWA accept? Cash, Visa, Checks (must provide picture ID) Do you payout for recyclables? No, but we accept most recyclable items at no charge.

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By Daniel R – Y9 This essay aims to explore why the now mostly derelict city of Fordlandia in Brazil was established by the American industrialist Henry Ford in the late 1920s. Ford aimed to overturn the British monopoly of rubber production, but no Ford car ever used rubber from his ill-fated plantation. This essay looks at the failure of this project whose name is associated with a man of unprecedented industrial success. The Ford Motor company was founded on the 16th of June 1903. The company’s first car was the original Model A, made in 1903 and 1904, followed by the B, K and C between 1904 and 1906. However, the model B and K were high end cars costing around $55000 in today’s money, and the A/C, F and N, although much cheaper, did not sell that well. In 1908 Ford introduced the Model T. Although not recognised at the time, it was one of the first cars to be designed for ease and cheapness of manufacture. Henry Ford’s famous 1909 quote: “Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black.” was inaccurate because the cars were initially available in green, red, grey and blue, and only available solely in black from 1914. When Louis Chevrolet started also producing cars in the 1910s, his company began to introduce features like electric starters that Ford thought a luxury and not a necessity. Ford, having added more features and continuing to lower the price of his car was so confident in the Model T’s success he did not purchase any advertising from 1917 to 1923 because people considered the Model T the best and default choice for a car suited to almost any purpose. However, Louis Chevrolet’s company had developed competition such as the Series 490 and as Chevrolet introduced new models and features the popularity of his cars grew. By the mid-1920s Ford sales were decreasing from their peak of 2,011,125 in 1923 and the company knew a replacement was due. The second generation of Ford Model A was one of the first cars to be designed for flexible mass production, or designed for manufacturability (DFM), unlike the Ford Model T. During the 1920s the limitations of the first generation of rigid mass production had been realised. The Model T production line had been designed just to make Model Ts, meaning engineering of the production line would be required to incorporate new features and changes into vehicles, temporarily dissuading Ford from the idea. The new Model A’s flexible production line meant there were many more variants of the Model A, such as pickup trucks, roadsters and sedans, increasing its popularity with a wider market span. The Model A was launched on January 9th 1928 at the Ford Industrial Exhibit in the old Fiftieth Street Madison Square Garden, which Ford’s son Edsel described as “a visual demonstration of the operation of the Ford industries, from raw materials to the finished product.” It showcased all the different processes involved in making a Ford motorcar, how all parts of the car were made, from the glass in the windows to the leather trimmings and upholstery, and models of mines for coal and iron, Michigan timberlands, and ships and planes. Such was its popularity that over a million people visited, more than the National Car Show. Many doubted Ford could make the changeover between producing the Model T and the Model A because the just opened River Rouge factory had been fitted to roll out Ts into the indefinite future, and needed to be retooled to produce the A, costing an estimated $250 million. Ford responded with a quote interpreted by some as worried and others as confident: “Nothing is wrong with anything”. However, on the two days after the Madison Square debut over 10 million Americans visited Ford dealerships, and within a few months over 700,000 orders had been placed, proving Ford had made a remarkable comeback to market dominance. However, Ford’s future prosperity faced a major weakness – he did not control the supply chain of rubber. Rubber had been grown and produced in the Amazon for many years, due to the presence of Hevea Brasiliensis, the rubber tree whose sap is natural latex. This was the main species of tree used to grow rubber in the Amazon basin. In the 1870s, entrepreneurial explorers had smuggled a stash of Hevea Brasiliensis rubber tree seeds to Asia. This overturned the monopoly of the Amazon rubber empire, rendering the traditional South American rubber-burners obsolete. For the many thousands of rubber burners who lived in smoky huts, turning balls of rubber over fires, they had to look for a different life altogether. Manaus, which was the second city in Brazil to be electrified, due to the large wealth from the rubber boom, stopped being lit up, because the city no longer had enough money to run the generators. The area and other cities also connected with the rubber trade fell into decline, having lost their economic backbone. The shift of rubber production to Asia gave Britain almost complete control of the rubber trade, largely from Sri Lanka, meaning if they put the price up, Ford would have to pay. Their rubber trade had a major advantage because Asian plantations did not have any of the native blight and parasites found in the Amazon, so the plantation could be more efficient with trees closer together, being much more yielding and harvested much more. Ford had been planning to build a city to grow rubber for a long time, originally in Central America but information about rubber trees in the Amazon meant he wanted to establish his rubber-producing colony there instead. Negotiations about buying the land from the Brazilian government started when Dionísio Bentes travelled to the United States to meet Ford. Bentes was the governor of the Brazilian state of Pará, which contained the Tapajos river, a branch of the Amazon Ford wanted to use for his rubber colony. An agreement was signed and Ford received an area called ‘Boa Vista’ of around two and a half million acres. This was to become Fordlandia, his utopian city for growing rubber. Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil started work in the area in 1926. It was hindered by diseases which affected the workers such as yellow fever and malaria and was logistically disadvantaged because the only way to the site was by the Tapajos river, no roads having been constructed. The site was developed as a planned community with different areas of the city designated for Brazilian workers and American managers who lived in the so-called America village. The houses were built in contemporary American style, and so were the factories, as seen in figure 4, and the town had amenities such as a hospital, hotel, school and library as well as a swimming pool, playground and golf course. In 1928 Ford sent two merchant ships, Lake Ormoc and Lake Farge containing everything the town could need, like doorknobs, hospital equipment and even the town’s water tower. Several offices were opened in Belem and Manaus attracting workers with the promise of good wages of 37 cents a day, nearly double the typical wage for manual work at the time. Despite the high pay rates there was considerable dissatisfaction among the workers which went on to cause a host of problems. In Fordlandia, the workday was long, starting in the hours after dawn and continuing through the hot midday sun. Due to the way the sap spreads from the base of the rubber tree throughout it during the day, it becomes less efficient to harvest the sap at late hours, meaning the workers had to start work at 5’o clock, assigned separate areas to tap so different workers did not tap the same trees. They disliked the ID badges they were forced to wear, had to labour through the hot midday sun with no rest and thus many refused to work. The workers were also displeased with their accommodation arrangements, the range of food on offer and the strict and stringent rules. They were forced to live in American style housing, made to eat unfamiliar American cuisine like hamburgers and canned food, and there was a total ban on women, alcohol and tobacco anywhere in the town, managers checking workers’ homes regularly to see everything was organised and complied with the strict set of rules. Workers caught eating their traditional cuisine were either fired or lost pay. Unsurprisingly, inhabitants found their way around this by paddling to merchant riverboats moored past the town jurisdiction, often hiding banned food like watermelons. A small, unofficial settlement was made on one of the islands about five miles upstream, containing bars, brothels and nightclubs, where inhabitants could escape the strict lifestyle of the town. It was ironically named the ‘Island of Innocence’. Another flaw with Fordlandia was its geography and geology. Ford had little knowledge of plants and did not consult botanists when buying Fordlandia. This meant the land he ended up with was the rocky, infertile side of a mountain, not suitable for farming or plantations of any kind. In the wild, rubber trees grow interspersed throughout the rainforest to stop the spread of parasites. None of Ford’s managers had any knowledge of tropical agriculture either so the trees were planted too close together. They became the ideal habitat for pests like sauva ants, lace bugs, red spiders and caterpillars, and were at huge risk from blight. However, when the workers were finally settling down and accepting the conditions they had to live in, there was a violent revolt. In the workers’ café, skilled workers and supervisors were separated from manual labourers. On December 20th, 1930, an argument between supervisor Kaj Ostenfield and Manuel Caetano, a brick mason working at the city quickly escalated out of control. Workers rallied behind Caetano on a rampage through the city, vandalising generators, manufacturing equipment and even their own homes. Ford’s managing staff managed to escape by ship and they were only able to subdue the violence with the help of the Brazilian military. Following this low point, Ford finally found a successful manager, having gone through several in the first two years, in the form of Archibald Johnston. He turned the city around after the riot by paving the roads, which were rough and unsurfaced as seen in figure 1, finishing the much-needed housing and beginning work on proper access roads to the vast inland plantation and territory. Johnston brought Fordlandia closest to its original idea, bringing many American amenities into the heart of the Amazon, the centrepiece being an entertainment facility screening Hollywood films and holding dances. Johnston put into place Ford’s strict rules on behaviour, though the alcohol ban was still hard to enforce. He also put an emphasis on gardening and a strict diet. There was one major problem. Fordlandia was still not producing any rubber. Jungle was still being cleared and trees still being planted, but the few trees that took root were killed by blight. Ford, with little botanical knowledge and a view on Fordlandia as a large rubber-producing appliance, ordered the trees to be put closer together. He once said, “You know, when you have lots of light, you can put the machines closer together.” Plantation workers noticed the blight on the new trees early on, as seen in figure 2, and when the trees grew large enough for their crowns to touch the blight spread like wildfire. Ford finally brought in an expert botanist in the form of James R Weir, who condemned most of the blight-ridden plantation, and in 1936 ordered for a new plant to be built in Ford’s territory called Belterra. Johnston could not argue, and carried out Weir’s orders to build another plant within Ford’s territory called Belterra. Weir unceremoniously disappeared a year later without informing anyone of his intentions, but Johnston still carried out his orders and made a second plant at Belterra, persisting for nearly a decade, even though both towns were beyond their economic rationale. Ford’s car manufacturing operation became more involved with the Second World War, and Fordlandia was forgotten. By the time the war ended, Henry Ford was in poor health. His grandson Henry Ford II took over the Ford Motor Company and quickly sold underperforming assets to reduce the company’s ballooning costs. As part of this, Fordlandia was sold back to the Brazilian government for a fraction of what the company originally paid, at a loss of $20 million, around $215 million in today’s money. The American managers, chefs and workers simply left, leaving everything behind, furniture, cars, cutlery and even Brazilian employees, many of whom did not know the Americans were leaving until they boarded ship and sailed down the Tapajos River. The town still has a small population of around two thousand, but all the factories lie empty. In conclusion Ford’s utopian city in the jungle had failed from its very beginnings. Many construction workers fell ill or died of yellow fever, malaria, infections or animal bites, and the culture shock aggravated the workforce to the point of rebellion. The forest was cleared at the wrong time of year, meaning copious amounts of kerosene had to be used to burn the rotting logs, which could not be touched otherwise whatever touched them would be swarmed by ants and spiders. Due to Ford’s initial ignorance of botany, the trees were infested with blight and ravaged by pests, and by the time James Weir had solved those problems Fordlandia was past its economic rationale. Having spent over $20 million on the land, and over $20 million on building the town, the creation of the city cost nearly $500 million in today’s money, plus workers’ wages and town running costs, and not a single ounce of rubber from either plantation ever made its way on to a Ford car. Belterra might have gone on to be a success but its opportunity to shine was swamped when the area was sold, and by the time it got going natural rubber was outclassed and outpriced by synthetic compounds which could be adapted to their purpose and were more durable than latex. In my opinion Ford should have accepted the British monopoly on rubber, or invested with major tyre producers Firestone and Goodyear, in synthetic rubber. It existed and was used in tyres, but not widely used as the poster shows. His rubber plantation was doomed to fail from the beginning. Figure 4 – The factory when new in 1934, with a more modern picture below - Grandin, Fordlandia: The rise and fall of Henry Ford’s forgotten jungle city (UK edition, 2010) https://www.damninteresting.com/the-ruins-of-fordlandia/ first published August 2006, by Alan Bellows https://fee.org/articles/fordlandia-henry-fords-amazon-dystopia/ first published February 2003, by Tom W. Bell http://gizmodo.com/on-henry-fords-150th-birthday-a-look-inside-his-failed-965248212 first published July 2013, by Kelsey Campbell-Dollaghan https://www.flickr.com/photos/tomflanagan/5858191580/in/photostream/ photographs of Fordlandia taken in 2011 by Tom Flanagan https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Tourism-g3846277-Fordlandia_State_of_Para-Vacations.html Trip Advisor page last updated June 2016 http://sometimes-interesting.com/2011/08/30/henry-ford%E2%80%99s-failed-town-fordlandia/ first published August 2011, no author given https://hiveminer.com/Tags/brasil,fordlandia/Timeline Images of Fordlandia, dates and authors not given https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaus dates and authors not given https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Theatre dates and authors not given http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/7129385/Fordlandia-extract.html extract from G. Grandin’s book, Fordlandia: The rise and fall of Henry Ford’s lost jungle city published online February 2010 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1903%E2%80%9304) dates and authors not given https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1927%E2%80%9331) dates and authors not given https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company dates and authors not given https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_B_(1904) dates and authors not given https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_K dates and authors not given https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_N dates and authors not given https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet dates and authors not given https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T dates and authors not given https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordl%C3%A2ndia dates and authors not given http://www.macsautoparts.com/ford_model_a/catalogsearch/result/?q=rubber&x=0&y=0# dates and contributors not given https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_rubber#/media/File:%22WATCH_FOR_THESE_MARKS%22_-_NARA_-_516054.jpg Contributed to Wikipedia by the U.S National Archives and Records Administration, poster created January 1941 All websites correct when written – subject to change

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Many Old Testament texts are somewhat obscure and Bible commentators vary widely in their interpretations. This series will attempt to find the most logical meaning of some of these verses with the hope that it will add interest and a better understanding of the Sacred Word. This is not to say that the exact meaning can always be ascertained, but any additional information is bound to be helpful to the reader. Let us begin with Genesis 1:1-2. “In [a] beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.” What is the meaning of, “And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters”? The Hebrew word ruwach often means “breath,” or “wind,” and some take this last portion of verse two to refer to a great wind used in the same sense that it was employed to dry up the land after the Flood. But since the dry land did not appear until the third day, this view is faulty. The wind blowing over the water could not produce the events that took place on the following days. What moved upon the waters? The Spirit of God. God is a Spirit (John 4:24). Throughout the Bible the “Spirit of God” is equivalent to God. The creative “moving” (hovering) was made by the Spirit of God — the great Agent that imparts vital energy and action. Matter cannot create anything; only the will of God can. The combination of God’s will, His Spirit, and great power executed the event necessary to establish the first step in the creation of this marvelous earth. Nothing but the absolute power of God could bring about such a great and fundamental change in the construction of man’s abode. This text portrays in a single verse the state of the earth prior to its being prepared as a dwelling place for man. Genesis 5:21-24 is the next text to be considered. What happened to Enoch? Was he taken to heaven or what? The text reads: “And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah: And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years: And Enoch walked with God: and he was not; [emphasis ours] for God took him.” One fact is absolutely certain: Enoch did not go to heaven. Jesus said: ” . . . No man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven . . . .” (John 3:13). Notice in the text above that Enoch lived 365 years. No more, no less. He died after this time period. Notice again, “he was not for God took him.” What does this mean? The New Testament explains what happened. The Apostle Paul explained in Hebrews 11:5: “By faith Enoch was translated that he should not see death; and was not found, because God had translated him. . . .” Notice carefully, the Bible does not say that Enoch went to heaven when he was translated. The question is then, what does the word “translate” mean? “Translate”(metatithemi) means “to transfer,” “transport,” “exchange,” “change sides.” It never means “to go to heaven.” In Acts 7:16, it refers to the body of Jacob being transported to Sychem where he was buried. So Jacob was transported (translated) to the place of his burial. What then happened to Enoch? He was transported and buried in a place where God took him. Remember in Deuteronomy 34:6, God took Moses from the people and buried him where he could not be found. Enoch is included in the saints of God who have not yet received the promise of eternal life (Heb. 11:5, 13). The saints are awaiting the resurrection of the dead. Consider this use of the word “translate” in Colossians 1:13. Paul referring to God, writes: “Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated us into the kingdom of his dear Son.” The word “translate” means “to cause a change of sides,” that is, the saints are no longer a part of this world but placed among those who will be in God’s kingdom. The last question to be answered is: What does it mean in Hebrews 11:5 that “Enoch should not see death?” The Scripture says Enoch lived 365 years and died. (Heb. 11:13). Enoch died, so to which death does this refer? There are two deaths. All men are appointed to die the first death (Heb. 9:27), but the incorrigibly wicked will die the second death in the lake of fire (Rev. 20:15; 21:8). Clearly, Enoch was removed physically by God and then buried, being fully assured that he would not see the second death. A text that has perplexed many is Genesis 32:24-30. This is the account of Jacob wrestling with the Angel. In the Bible the “Angel,” or “Angel of the Lord,” often refers to Christ.[W]e read of God’s being manifested in the form of man; e.g. to Abraham at Mamre (Gen 18:2,22; comp. 19:1); to Jacob at Penuel (Gen 32:24,30); to Joshua at Gilgal (Josh 5:13,15), etc. It is hardly to be doubted that both sets of passages refer to the same kind of manifestation of the Divine Presence. This being the case, since we know that “no man hath seen God” (the Father) “at any time,” and that “the only-begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath revealed him” (John 1:18), the inevitable inference is that by the “Angel of the Lord” in such passages is meant He who is from the beginning, the “Word,” i.e. the Manifester or Revealer of God. These appearances are evidently “foreshadowings of the incarnation” (McClintock and Strong Encyclopedia, Electronic Database). This fact is affirmed by Genesis 32:30: “And Jacob called the name of the place Peniel: for I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved.” See also Hosea 12:4. The account is as follows: And Jacob was left alone; and there wrestled a man with him until the breaking of the day. And when he saw that he prevailed not against him, he touched the hollow of his thigh; and the hollow of Jacob’s thigh was out of joint, as he wrestled with him. And he said, Let me go, for the day breaketh. And he said, I will not let thee go, except thou bless me. And he said unto him, What is thy name? And he said, Jacob. And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed. And Jacob asked him, and said, Tell me, I pray thee, thy name. And he said, Wherefore is it that thou dost ask after my name? And he blessed him there. And Jacob called the name of the place Peniel: for I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved. (Gen. 32:24-30) After sending his wives and family across the river Jabbok and being fearful of Esau, Jacob remained on the north side of the river to reveal his cares and fears to God before meeting Esau. Years before, Esau had threatened to kill him. There at the river he encountered “the Man” and began to wrestle with Him. What was the purpose of this encounter? Jacob knew that the promises given to Abraham had passed on to him, yet he was fearful and greatly distressed because of Esau. Would he survive Esau’s wrath? God, who appeared in the form of a man, was unable to dislodge Jacob and smote his thigh in order to prevail. Could God have manifested His true power? Of course! But the purpose of the struggle was to strengthen Jacob’s faith and remove his doubts. After Jacob was subdued he realized that he had met God face to face. It was then he knew that God’s blessing alone was necessary for success. Jacob’s pattern of life required a radical change. After the encounter with God, not only was he blessed but his tainted past of deceitful behavior was forgotten, and he was given a new name. The name Jacob meant “supplanter,” but his new name was Israel, meaning “prince of God,” or possibly “God fights,” signifying that Jacob had fought with both men (Gen. 48:22) and God. During his life he had used God’s blessing for his own advantage regardless of the circumstances. Now by humbling himself and by receiving God’s assurance, he now knew he would be successful in his encounter with Esau. Next, let us consider Genesis 44:15. This text, as translated in the Authorized Version, implies that Joseph had the power of divination. In addressing his brothers the text reads: ” . . . What deed is this that ye have done? wot ye not that such a man as I can certainly divine?” Could Joseph divine — a practice strongly condemned by God (Deut. 18:10)? The problem here is the translation. Joseph was a righteous man and would not be guilty of any occult practice. The word for divination nachash, has several meanings. One of these is “to diligently observe.” Another is “to make trial.” Either of these would be the logical meaning. Remember, Joseph had not yet revealed himself to his brothers, and had put them on trial. Please read the account in Genesis 43 through 45 in order to understand Genesis 44:15 in context. This should make it perfectly clear that Joseph did not practice divination. It was at this time that Judah prevailed above his brethren (1 Chron. 5:2). Exodus 10:27-29 appears to contradict Exodus 12:31. “But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not let them go. And Pharaoh said unto him, Get thee from me, take heed to thyself, see my face no more; for in that day thou seest my face thou shalt die. And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well, I will see thy face again no more.” Yet in Exodus 12:31 we read: “And he [Pharaoh] called for Moses and Aaron by night, and said, Rise up, and get you forth from among my people, both ye and the children of Israel; and go, serve the LORD, as ye have said.” Did Moses appear one more time before Pharaoh? Many translations of Exodus 12:31 say that Moses and Aaron were summoned by Pharaoh. Did they appear in his presence? Not according to Exodus 11:4-8. Note verse 8 in particular: “And all these thy servants [of Pharaoh] shall come down unto me, and bow down themselves unto me, saying, Get thee out, and all the people that follow thee: and after that I will go out.” So while Moses and Aaron were summoned, they did not appear before Pharaoh. Rather his servants came to Moses and Aaron who may have been in their proximity at that time. An explanation is due regarding the sudden death of Aaron’s sons. The account goes as follows and is an object lesson on following to the letter what God commands: And Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, took either of them his censer, and put fire therein, and put incense thereon, and offered strange fire before the LORD, which he commanded them not. And there went out fire from the LORD, and devoured them, and they died before the LORD. Then Moses said unto Aaron, This is it that the LORD spake, saying, I will be sanctified in them that come nigh me, and before all the people I will be glorified. . . . (Lev. 10:1-3) Several breaches of the law are mentioned here. The key here is that these sons of Aaron were absolutely presumptuous. They assumed an office that belonged to Aaron alone. Only one person, Aaron, was authorized to perform this ceremony, but they took the censers which had not been authorized for them and put incense upon them instead of on the designated altar. Some commentators believe they either entered or tried to enter the holy of holies which was forbidden except for the high priest on the Day of Atonement. Also, they took coals from a fire other than from the brazen altar. Not one of these things had been authorized by God. Strange fire refers to “foreign fire,” that is, fire contrary to the specific fire God commanded. This example illustrates the absolute requirement to take God’s commands seriously. These sons of Aaron were completely secular in the worship of God. Like many people today they served God in the manner that suited them, rather than in the manner that God commands. Also, what is interesting is that in verses 8-9 we read: “And the LORD spake unto Aaron, saying, Do not drink wine nor strong drink, thou, nor thy sons with thee, when ye go into the tabernacle of the congregation, lest ye die: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations: And that ye may put difference between holy and unholy, and between unclean and clean.” It makes one wonder if drinking alcohol contributed to their sin. Another example of carelessly obeying God is found in Numbers 20. The offense was so serious that as a result Moses was forbidden to enter into the Holy Land. And there was no water for the congregation: and they gathered themselves together against Moses and against Aaron. And the people chode with Moses, and spake, saying, Would God that we had died when our brethren died before the LORD! And why have ye brought up the congregation of the LORD into this wilderness, that we and our cattle should die there? And wherefore have ye made us to come up out of Egypt, to bring us in unto this evil place? it is no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates; neither is there any water to drink. And Moses and Aaron went from the presence of the assembly unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and they fell upon their faces: and the glory of the LORD appeared unto them. So upsetting was this incident to Moses and Aaron that God appeared and said: “Take the rod, and gather thou the assembly together, thou, and Aaron thy brother, and speak ye unto the rock before their eyes; and it shall give forth his water, and thou shalt bring forth to them water out of the rock: so thou shalt give the congregation and their beasts drink” (v. 8). No doubt Moses was agitated as the following verses illustrate. “And Moses took the rod from before the LORD, as he commanded him. And Moses and Aaron gathered the congregation together before the rock, and he said unto them, Hear now, ye rebels; must we [italics ours] fetch you water out of this rock? And Moses lifted up his hand, and with his rod he smote the rock twice: and the water came out abundantly, and the congregation drank, and their beasts also” (vv. 9-11). What was God’s response? “And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron, Because ye believed me not, to sanctify me in the eyes of the children of Israel, therefore ye shall not bring this congregation into the land which I have given them” (v. 12). What had Moses done that was so offensive to God? Notice above, he did not sanctify God because he gave himself and Aaron the credit for the miracle. He did not address the rock, but rather the people. In addition he smote the rock two times. God’s command was specific. Moses was to speak to the rock, not strike it. In disobeying God Moses had called undue attention to himself, not to God. Psalm 106:32-33 gives us more detail. “They angered him [Moses] also at the waters of strife, so that it went ill with Moses for their sakes: Because they provoked his spirit, so that he spake unadvisedly with his lips.” Valuable lessons for today can be garnered from these Scriptures. Entirely too many people are careless and indifferent about the Word of God. Their worship and obedience are haphazard and slipshod. What does the Apostle Paul tell us about the Old Testament Scriptures? “For whatsoever things were written aforetime were written for our learning, that we through patience and comfort of the scriptures might have hope” (Rom. 15:4).

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St. Colman, Abbot in Ireland, Nephew of Saint Columcille (Elo Colman, Colman Elo, Colmanel) Born in Glenelly, Tyrone, Ireland, 555; died at Lann Elo (Lynally), September 26, c. 611. The Irish martyrology names about 300 saints with the name Colman. In fact, it is said that when Saint Carthage (f.d. May 14) cried out to his monks working by a stream, "Colman, get into the water!" 12 monks jumped in. This Saint Colman, of a Meath family, was deeply influenced by his uncle, Saint Columba (f.d. June 9). After his ordination as a young man, he visited his uncle on Iona and spent some time at Connor in Antrim (c. 590). He is primarily known as the austere founder of Lann Elo at Offaly near Durrow in Meath. He also founded and became the first abbot of Muckamore and later was bishop of Connor. He is generally thought to have been the author of "Aibgitir in Chrabaid" or the "Alphabet of devotion." When Colman suffered for a time from a memory loss, he said it was a punishment for his Saint Colman had many wise sayings, but one of the best remembered is that the three things that are strongest under the sun are the Church, fire, and water. Irish children often see fire on the bog in early spring when men are clearing the spreading grounds and they know what a terrifying sight it is when it becomes a living wall of flame that no man could quench. Colman-Elo said that the Church was like that: no man could overcome it. And when he saw the river in flood, uprooting trees and carrying away bridges, he said the same thing, "See the strength of that water! The Church is like that" "Saint Colman and Baithin": This is a story of how Saint Colman's prayers for one of his students was answered by God. The little boy's name was Baithin. It was said that Baithin could never, ever remember anything he learned and he never remembered an injury. He was a boy with a sunny temperament, which was nice to have around, but it was frustrating for his teachers that he couldn't remember his lessons. So Colman and the boy's teacher determined to do something to make him remember. First the ten-year-old was warned to pay attention. After several reprimands, Colman slapped the boy, who stormed out of the school and into the woods. The saint followed him, but knew it would be impossible to find someone who wanted to hide in the woods. When Colman returned to the monastery, he went straight to the chapel to pray for Baithin's safe return--and that he would learn his lessons. At first Baithin was happy to have escaped into the sunshine and away from the stifling classroom. Gaily he pranced through the woods until he reached a clearing where he found a man with a bundle of stakes on his back. The man threw his bundle to the ground, picked out one of the stakes and thrust it deep into the earth. Baithin was curious. "'What are you doing?' "'Building a house.' "'What,' cried Baithin, 'building a house with one stick! How silly! You'll never do it.' "'Oh, yes,' said the man, 'I can and I will. If you stay here with me, you'll see me do it.'" Glad to have a chance to rest, Baithin sat down and watched. "Now, let me tell you how they built houses in those far- off days. First a circle of stakes was made; then more stakes, or wattles, were woven across through the standing ones. This made a wall, which was later plastered over with clay that dried quickly. Then a thatched roof was put on. A man could sleep in this and be snug and warm. We build our houses in a different way today, with cement blocks or brick, but still you must remember that the grandest and finest house is begun with just one brick, or one block." Baithin sat there watching as little by little the man completed a circle of stakes. He could see how a great thing was made of many small steps. The idea came to him that maybe, just maybe, if he stuck to his lessons, he might slowly be able to learn them. He didn't welcome this thought, because he didn't want to return to the school. To erase it from his mind, he jumped up and continued on, looking for something more "All at once the sun went behind a cloud and it began to rain. The boy ran under an oak tree to take shelter. He leaned against the trunk and looked up at the green, leafy roof over him. Then he noticed that there was just one opening in the leaves where a heavy drop kept coming through on to the ground. For want of something better to do, he dug his heel into the ground and made a hole under the drop, quite a good, deep, round hole to contain the water. Then he leaned against the tree again and watched. The water dripped into it, _drip-drop, drip- drop_, steadily like that, for it was a long heavy shower. Baithin kept on staring down until the hole was quite filled with rain. By the time the sun shone out again, what had been dry earth was now a little pool of water. And the thought came into the boy's mind, 'Learning is a bit like that, drop by drop and little by little. Perhaps if I had kept trying to learn like that, I would know my lessons now.'" The sun was shining again, but Baithin no longer felt so happy--he was hungry. Colman may be a stern teacher, but he always saw that the boys were fed. So, he determined to return to the monastery and try to learn little by little. Reluctantly he started back. He loved being free, but now he was determined that he would learn. When Baithin arrived at the school, he could not find Colman, because the saint was still praying for him in the chapel. Colman didn't want to be obliged to tell Baithin's parents that the child had run away. And he dreaded that thought of something terrible happening to the sunny little boy. So he continued praying until he received the answer he sought--Baithin coming to him with apologies. Baithin told Saint Colman about his adventures in the woods and what he had discovered. And Colman believed it to be such a good story that he wrote it down, just as the boy told him, so that Irish boys might always remember it. The saint thought it might help them to strive in their lessons as Baithin did, very slowly, with a small beginning, little by "Baithin was never again punished for lessons. Whenever he got impatient afterward, thinking the lessons too long, too hard, too altogether horrid, he remembered the single stick that had grown into a house, or the single drop of water that had grown into a pool, and this made him patient. He, too, became a priest like Colman, able not only to read books but to write them, too. He became quite as great as his master" (Curtayne). "Saint Colman's Pets": "Now, among the other virtues with which the Holy Ghost had endowed him, he was a great lover and keeper of evangelic poverty, and so marvellous a despiser of transitory things, that he would have no earthly possessions, nor gifts, nor kept any property of his own at all, unless you could call property three small creatures that Ketinus saith he had in friendliness about him, a cock, a mouse, and a fly. "The way that he used the cock was that its crowing wakened him at night to Lauds, as a bell might. But the offices rendered by the mouse and the fly were the stranger and more remarkable in that these whom nature has designed to the fret and annoyance of mankind, the amazing kindness of God directed, against the weight of nature, to attend upon His servants. "For this was the service of the mouse to the man of God, that it would not allow him to sleep or lie at peace beyond the fixed hour that he had laid down for himself in his holy vows: but when his body and his tired limbs, worn out with vigil and prayer and his other austerities, would have craved sleep and rest beyond the stern limits of his vow, the mouse, sometimes by gnawing at his clothes, sometimes by nibbling at his ear, would drag him from all quiet. Dear was this office to the man of God, for by it he saw not only his vows fulfilled, but himself provoked by a dumb creature to the service of God. "Yet scarcely less remarkable was the office of the fly. For when the man of God had leisure to read his holy books, the fly would trot up and down his codex: and should some one call him, or he had to go about other business, he would instruct the fly to sit down upon the line at which he had halted, and keep his place until he should return to continue his interrupted reading: which the fly infallibly would do. "Marvellous are these condescensions of the grace of God, and, as one might say, the collusions of Christ with His saints: yet incredible only to those who have too little thought for how marvellous is God in His praises, how gracious and tender His affection for those that sincerely love Him: and how befitting His ineffable loving kindness that those who have renounced all fellowship and service of men that their spirits may be swifter to serve Him, should themselves receive the good offices of dumb beasts, and a kind of human ministering: and the God whose high and tremendous majesty they acknowledge and adore should yet be found by them a benign and most indulgent friend. "And yet it befell, in the ruling of that divine wisdom that in strange vicissitude now takes its favours from the servants of God and now bestows them, now will have them comforted, and now left desolate: it befell, as the aforesaid Ketinus relates, that these three little creatures died, and their kind service and company was lost to the man of God. "And in heavy sorrow, he wrote of his loss to the friend of his spirit, St. Columba, Abbot of Iona, at that time living in austerity, far from his own land. And the story goes that in reply St. Columba wrote at once in jest and in wisdom, that 'there is neither lack nor loss where neither substance nor property is found': as though to question why a man of God, consecrated to supreme renunciation and to poverty, should set that heart on small things, which had renounced and spurned great things and high" (Colgan). Troparion of St Colman Elo Following in the footsteps of thy renowned kinsman Columba, O Father thou didst bring many in the Celtic lands to Christ by thy preaching and virtuous life./ Pray that we who hymn thee may be given grace to follow in thy footsteps that our souls may be saved. Lives kindly supplied by: For All the Saints: These Lives are archived at: content © 2008, Ambrose Mooney layout © 2008, Kathleen Hanrahan and Mo! Langdon Page last updated: 8 October 2008 Please send us comments, corrections, etc. - This page's URL: <http://www.CelticSaints.org/2009/0926a.html>

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Amplicon: Pieces of DNA formed as the products of natural or artificial amplification events. For example, they can be formed via polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) or ligase chain reactions (LCRs), as well as by natural gene duplication. Animalcules: A microscopic or minute organism, such as an amoeba or paramecium, usually considered to be an animal. Antibiotic: Class of substances that can kill or inhibit the growth of some groups of microorganisms. Originally antibiotics were derived from natural sources (e.g., penicillin from molds), but many currently used antibiotics are semisynthetic and modified with additions of man-made chemical components. See Antimicrobial. Antibiotic resistance: Property of bacteria that confers the capacity to inactivate or exclude antibiotics or a mechanism that blocks the inhibitory or killing effects of antibiotics. Antimicrobial: Any agent (including an antibiotic) used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites). This term applies whether the agent is intended for human, veterinary, or agricultural applications. Archaea: One of the three main branches of evolutionary descent (Archaea, Eukaryota, and Bacteria), archaea are single-celled organisms once classified as extremophiles (being found in harsh environments such as hot springs and salt lakes), yet recent evidence shows that archaea are widely distributed in nature. Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC): E. coli that produces Shiga toxin (verotoxin). Certain serotypes cause enteritis, colitis, and diarrhea in a number of different animal species by expressing a virulence factor protein called intimin that allows intimate attachment of the organism to the microvillus brush border of the enterocyte, forming a characteristic attaching and effacing lesion. Diagnosis is by the detection of the Shiga toxin and characteristic lesions. Bacteria: Microscopic, single-celled organisms that have some biochemical and structural features different from those of animal and plant cells. Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria. Bundle-forming pilus: So named because of its tendency to aggregate into rope-like bundles. The bundle-forming pilus is a member of a family of pili produced by important pathogens of humans and domestic animals known as type IV fimbriae. Chemoautotrophic: Organisms that use energy derived from the oxidation of inorganic compounds to fix carbon. Contig: A group of overlapping clones representing regions of the genome; the contiguous sequence of DNA created by assembling these overlapping chromosome fragments. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC): Any of a number of E. coli bacteria that cause diarrhea. Disease: In medicine, disease is often viewed as an observable change of the normal network structure of a system resulting in damage to the system. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): Any of various nucleic acids that are usually the molecular basis of heredity, are constructed of a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases that project inward from two chains containing alternate links of deoxyribose and phosphate, and that in eukaryotes are localized chiefly in cell nuclei. Duplicate read inferred sequencing error estimation (DRISEE): A new tool to estimate the amount of “noise” in metagenomic data sets. Emerging infection: Infections that are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC): A subgroup of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) that during the past decade has received increasing attention as a cause of watery diarrhea, which is often persistent. EAEC have been isolated from children and adults worldwide. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC): A strain of E. coli that causes hemorrhage in the intestines. The organism produces Shiga toxin, which damages bowel tissue, causing intestinal ischemia and colonic necrosis. Symptoms are stomach cramping and bloody diarrhea. An infectious dose may be as low as 10 organisms. Spread by contaminated beef, unpasteurized milk and juice, sprouts, lettuce, salami, and contaminated water, the infection can be serious although there may be no fever. Treatment consists of antibiotics and maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance. In advanced cases, surgical removal of portions of the bowel may be required. Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC): A strain of Escherichia coli that penetrates gut mucosa and multiplies in colon epithelial cells, resulting in shigellosis-like changes of the mucosa. This strain produces a severe diarrheal illness that can resemble shigellosis except for the absence of vomiting and shorter duration of illness. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC): Strains of E. coli that cause enteritis by close association with enteric cells. This group includes attaching and effacing E. coli. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC): A strain of E. coli that is a frequent cause of diarrhea in travelers. Escherichia coli: A straight rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium that is used in public health as an indicator of fecal pollution (as of water or food) and in medicine and genetics as a research organism and that occurs in various strains that may live as harmless inhabitants of the human lower intestine or may produce a toxin causing intestinal illness. Genetic fingerprinting: A method employed to determine differences in amino acid sequences between related proteins; relies upon the presence of a simple tandem-repetitive sequences that are scattered throughout the human genome. Genome: The complete set of genetic information in an organism. In bacteria, this includes the chromosome(s) and plasmids (extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can replicate autonomously within a bacterial cell). Genome metastructure: Organization of the genome with respect to where the various structural and functional components are located. Genomics: The study of genes and their associated functions. Gram-negative bacteria: Refers to the inability of a microorganism to accept a certain stain. This inability is related to the cell wall composition of the microorganism and has been useful in classifying bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria: Refers to the ability of a microorganism to retain a certain stain. This ability is related to the cell wall composition of the microorganism and has been useful in classifying bacteria. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): The name given to treatment regimens that aggressively suppress HIV replication and progression of HIV disease. The usual HAART regimen combines three or more anti-HIV drugs from at least two different classes. Horizontal gene transfer: Any process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism. Human Genome Project: An international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs that make up DNA, and of identifying and mapping the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. A working draft of the genome was announced in 2000 and a complete one in 2003, with further, more detailed analysis still being published. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting helper T cells of the immune system. The most common serotype, HIV-1, is distributed worldwide, while HIV-2 is primarily confined to West Africa. Human Microbiome Project: A U.S. National Institutes of Health initiative with the goal of identifying and characterizing the microorganisms that are found in association with both healthy and diseased humans (i.e., their microbial flora). The ultimate goal of this and similar NIH-sponsored microbiome projects is to test how changes in the human microbiome are associated with human health or disease. Indel: An insertion or deletion of genetic material. Indel refers to the mutation class that includes both insertions, deletions, and the combination thereof, including insertion and deletion events that may be separated by many years. Metagenomics: A culture-independent analysis method that involves obtaining DNA from communities of microorganisms, sequencing it in a “shotgun” fashion, and characterizing genes and genomes comparisons with known gene sequences. With this information, researchers can gain insights into how members of the microbial community may interact, evolve, and perform complex functions in their habitats. Metagenomics Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology server (MG-RAST): A community resource providing an automated analysis platform for metagenomes providing quantitative insights into microbial populations based on sequence data. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A type of staph bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics called beta-lactams. These antibiotics include methicillin and other more common antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin. See Antibiotic resistance. Microbe: A microorganism or biologic agent that can replicate in humans (including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and prions). Microbial threat: Microbes that lead to disease in humans. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST): A technique in molecular biology for the typing of multiple loci. The procedure characterizes isolates of microbial species using the DNA sequences of internal fragments of multiple housekeeping genes. Approximately 450–500 bp internal fragments of each gene are used, as these can be accurately sequenced on both strands using an automated DNA sequencer. For each housekeeping gene, the different sequences present within a bacterial species are assigned as distinct alleles and, for each isolate, the alleles at each of the loci define the allelic profile or sequence type (ST). Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU): Short tandem repeat structures found at multiple loci throughout the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome that have been used for typing these pathogens. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU): Taxonomic level of sampling selected by the user to be used in a study, such as individuals, populations, species, genera, or bacterial strains. Parasite: An organism that lives in or on and takes its nourishment from another organism. A parasite cannot live independently. Parasitic diseases include infections by protozoa, helminths, and arthropods. Pathogen: Organism capable of causing disease. Pathogenic: Capable of causing disease. Phage: A virus that infects bacteria. Many phage have proved useful in the study of molecular biology and as vectors for the transfer of genetic information between cells. Lytic phage (e.g., the T series phage that infect Escherichia coli [coliphages]), invariably lyse a cell following infection; temperate phage (e.g., lambda bacteriophage) can also undergo a lytic cycle or can enter a lysogenic cycle, in which the phage DNA is incorporated into that of the host, awaiting a signal that initiates events leading to replication of the virus and lysis of the host cell. Phylogenetics: The study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms (e.g., species, populations) that is discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): A scientific technique in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. Principal coordinates analysis: A method to explore and to visualize similarities or dissimilarities of data. It starts with a similarity matrix or dissimilarity matrix (= distance matrix) and assigns for each item a location in a low-dimensional space, such as a 3-D graphics. Rare biosphere: Rare microbial species in the soil, ocean, and living creatures that were effectively cloaked from previous sampling methods by more abundant species. Resistance: See Antibiotic resistance. RNA (ribonucleic acid): Any of various nucleic acids that contain ribose and uracil as structural components and are associated with the control of cellular chemical activities. rRNA (ribosomal RNA): A nucleic acid found in all living cells. Plays a role in transferring information from DNA to the protein-forming system of the cell. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC): A type of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) bacteria that can cause illness ranging from mild intestinal disease to severe kidney complications. Other types of enterohemorrhagic E. coli include the relatively important serotype E. coli O157:H7, and more than 100 other non-O157 strains. Shotgun sequencing: The sequencing of a large DNA segment by sequencing of randomly derived sub-segments, whose order and orientation within the large segment are unknown until the final assembly of overlapping sequences. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP): A DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide—A, T, C, or G—in the genome (or other shared sequence) differs between members of a biological species or paired chromosomes in an individual. Staphylococcus aureus: A gram-positive bacteria that is the most common cause of staph infections. It is frequently part of the skin flora found in the nose and on skin. About 20 percent of the human population are long-term carriers of S. aureus. Sympatric speciation: Speciation in the absence of physical barriers to genetic exchange between incipient species. Taxon: A particular taxonomic grouping, such as a species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, or kingdom. Tuberculosis (TB): A potentially fatal contagious disease that can affect almost any part of the body but is mainly an infection of the lungs. It is caused by a bacterial microorganism, the tubercle bacillus or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine: A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins. Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs): Short nucleotide sequences that are present in multiple copies at a particular locus in the genome. The number of repeats can vary from individual to individual, making analysis of VNTRs useful for subtyping of microorganisms. Virus: A small infectious agent that can only replicate inside the cells of another organism. Viruses are too small to be seen directly with a light microscope. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. Whole genome sequencing: A laboratory process that determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism’s chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Almost any biological sample containing a full copy of the DNA—even a very small amount of DNA or ancient DNA—can provide the genetic material necessary for whole genome sequencing.

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Grebes’ Homework - Week Beginning 30.3.20 Hello Grebes! I hope you are all well and coped with your first week at home. Unfortunately, Bingley has struggled over the past few days; he wants to go back to work! As for me, I carved my own wand this week! We’ve had a Harry Potter theme for our home learning but I’m hoping the HP fans in Grebes can spot which wand I based my design on? I hope you have all been following Joe Wicks' workout in the mornings. We have and it is a good boost of energy to start the day with, although I must admit, I have been aching all over. Make sure you are getting some sort of exercise and I don't mean just exercising your thumbs playing games all day and night! Maths Work for Year 6 - Calculating Scale Factors If you go to the White Rose website (follow link below) You can follow the lessons set for this week. There is a video you can follow and pause to answer the questions they give you and then there is work for you to do. You can also check your work by clicking on the answers. Later in the week there is a lesson about measuring angles. Now I'm guessing most of you haven't got protractors at home, but you could download a picture of one and trace over it using baking paper if you wanted to. Or miss that bit out and go onto calculating angles. Maths Work for Year 5 - Decimals and percentages Go onto the White Rose website using the link below: You can follow the lessons set for this week. There are videos you can watch each day and pause to answer the questions they give you, then there is follow up work for you to do. You can then check your work by clicking on the answers. English - SPAG There is a mystery exercise to do - the answers are at the end of the document. Remember, if you can't remember what the grammatical term means, look it up on google for an explanation. History - King Harold and The Battle of Hastings Look at the power point attached and also the links to Newsround and Horrible Histories. You can also do your own further research. Then choose one or more of the tasks to complete below. Create a comic strip about the return of the Vikings, Harold coming to the throne and the Battle of Hastings. Write a newspaper report about the Battle of Hastings - include eye witness accounts (remember to use inverted commas and new line for new speaker). Write a diary extract as King Harold, detailing your inner thoughts about the upcoming battle. Write your own research report about the Battle of Hastings. Newsround report on the Battle of Hastings Horrible Histories clip Draw part of the Bayeux Tapestry, or (if you have materials) you could try sewing part of the tapestry to create your own embroidery piece. Science - To be able to recognise that some mechanisms, including levers, allow a smaller force to have a greater effect. Think of the context as a new ride at Thorpe Park. The ‘load’ could be the people inside a pod. Set up a basic lever: place a hexagonal shaped pencil on the table and lay a ruler across it. Try to add masses on one end and then see how much force they need to push down on the other end to make the ruler horizontal. See picture below: Pattern-seeking – How much force is required at when the fulcrum is in different place to lift a mass at the other end? Label one end of the ruler with ‘L’ (load). Label the other end with a ‘F’ post-it for ‘force’. Place a rubber at the ‘L’ end. Place the fulcrum (pencil) under the middle of the rule. Add masses to the ‘F’ end of the ruler. Think about how much force (push) is required to lift the load to a horizontal position. Then then try moving the fulcrum (pencil underneath) to a different to find out what affect this has on the amount of force required to lift the load to a horizontal position. You could then try this out in the garden by using different materials you may have lying around, like a wooden plank and a brick for the fulcrum. You could use a teddy as your load and see what mass (number of stones?) it takes to lever the plank to horizontal position, or even to fire it to the end of the garden? Think about the angle it would follow though, you don't want to lose your teddy in next door's garden! Move your fulcrum - what affect does this have? Just to remind all of you that you must not go into each other's TT Rockstars accounts. Respect each other please. Isolation Wk 1: Grebes’ Tasks Hello lovely Grebes children and parents! I hope you are all keeping safe and well at home. It was lovely to sit outside in the garden this afternoon, in the sunshine. It gave me a much needed boost of vitamin D. I was also chuffed to beat Amelie in a game of table tennis too! Bingley is unfortunately not self-isolating enough. He was particularly whiffy last night but look at his adorable face; how can I isolate him from the lounge? Work for you to tackle this week: Year 5 Maths – remember that 3 decimal places means 3 digits after the decimal point so: 4.678 These are the 3 decimal places. English – Keep reading! Reading comprehension – don’t moan! I know who you are!! Eg. The witches’ hats were crooked. If the plural noun doesn’t end in s, then add ‘s. Eg. The children’s socks were decidedly whiffy in Grebes Class. History – Research and then create a power point about crime and punishment in Anglo-Saxon and Viking times (hold onto your fingers and toes). Compare their punishments with the punishments given today in the UK. There are lots of clips of Horrible Histories (Vikings) on You Tube; I couldn’t find any specific to punishments, but they are full of facts and funny to watch. Science – There are a number of activities I will put up, which you can choose depending on what materials you have at home. Learning Objective: To be able to recognise that some mechanisms, including pulleys and gears, allow a smaller force to have a greater effect. The context could be pulleys on a crane. Discuss when they have seen pulleys. Pictures can be found on the following website: Establish with your child that pulleys allow a smaller force to have a greater effect. Challenge your child to find out how much mass must be placed in the top cup to make the one at the bottom lift off the ground. They can begin with no pulley by simply placing the string over the wooden pole. They can then try one and then two pulleys. You can record in a table the amount of mass added to make the tub lift next to the number of pulleys. Context – discuss the gears that can be found on bikes. Have a look at your own bike. You could have a go at making these gears from stiff cardboard. You would need to be accurate when cutting out the teeth. Then pin through the centre onto a base board. 1. Put one axle in each of the small gears. 2. Find or make a mark on one tooth on each gear. 3. Use the stickers to label one gear as the driver, ‘D’, and one as the follower, ‘F’. The driver will move the follower. 4. Put these two gears on a base board with the marked teeth touching. 5. Turn the driver one complete time around in a clockwise direction. Watch the follower as you do. Record how many times the follower turns and in what direction. 6. Now put another gear between the driver and the follower as in the second picture above. Turn the driver as in step 5 and record what happens to the follower. Repeat this procedure with two gears between the driver and follower. Explore – How can you change the direction of turn and the speed of the gears? This Lego website above shows how to build a range of gear combinations. You could try to re-create some of these. There are some downloadable worksheets but they look quite challenging. So, enjoy your week as much as you can, don't forget to also go on Doodle Maths and Times Tables Rockstars. Lastly, do as you are told and behave! From, Mrs McCulloch. P.S I can't believe I am missing you lot! The expectation is that children will complete a minimum of 3 pieces to bring into school by the end of each half term. Worksheets will be put on class pages of the website for parents to download or paper copies available upon request. In addition, please see ‘My Activity Passport’ on our school website with ideas about additional activities you and your family can take part in over the term. Autumn 2018 - Summer 2019 Autumn 2017 - Summer 2018 From April 2018, there will be a whole school newsletter sent out on a monthly basis. Each class will contribute to this newsletter. It can be found in "whole school newsletters". Autumn 2017 - Summer 2018 AUTUMN 2017 NEWSLETTERS SPELLINGS to be tested WEDNESDAY April 12 Children know their group but may take additional test if they wish. Spellings- Every WEDNESDAY Homework must be in by Wednesday each week Children must be reading a minimum of 20 minutes, at least 5 days/week.

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Moles are a very common occurrence on the body. Although, some people consider them as beauty spots and associate them with luck, but some of these occurrences can be unsightly. There are several medical treatments that help in removing moles from face and other areas of your body, with no pain and minimal scars, such as radiofrequency, laser, punch excision, shaving, etc. But, it is important to get your mole inspected by an expert dermatologist before you get them treated. What Is A Mole? Moles are clustered melanocytes that clump together. Melanocytes produce melanin and thus are responsible for the natural pigmentation of the skin. A mole is a small/large, round (usually), and dark-pigmented spot on the skin, which typically is of red, brown, pink, or black colour. A mole can be present anywhere on the body and is scientifically called nevus. Mostly, moles appear during early childhood, but, in some cases, they can occur even in adults. Also Read: Mole Removal Treatment Procedure What Causes Moles On The Face? Moles are caused due to excess sun exposure or can also be taken to be a sign of ageing. But, an abundance of moles on the skin may be because of a skin condition called dysplastic nevi, which is because of a genetic disposition and can be an indication of skin cancer as well. Thus, it is important to seek immediate medical help as soon as you notice a mole that abnormally appears on your body. Moles tend to darken because of excessive exposure to sun, or during hormonal changes while teenage years, during pregnancy, or with ageing. There are mainly four types of moles: - Common moles - Atypical moles (melanoma) - Congenital moles - Acquired moles Some moles have a tendency of developing into cancerous cells. If you have more than fifty moles on your body, then you should probably have yourself checked. Also Read: What Is Melanocytic Nevus? Symptoms Of Moles Identifying a mole is simple, and it is of different size, shape, colour, and texture. Some of the symptoms include – - Colour and texture – Moles are typically brown coloured, but, they can also be tan, black, pink, red, or blue as well. The texture of a mole is usually wrinkled, raised, or flat, and may have hair growing from them. - Shape – In most cases, the shape of a mole is oval or round. - Size – Usually the size of a mole is about ¼ inch, which is as big a size as that of a pencil eraser. But, in some cases, it can be bigger than that and can cover wide areas of torso, limb, or face. Moles appear anywhere on the body – armpits, scalp, fingers, or toes. And, practically, everyone has about 10 to 40 moles on their body by the time they turn 50. Occasionally, moles either fade away with time or tend to become darker and larger because of hormonal changes. Also Read: What Are Flat Moles? Types Of Moles On Your Body The different types of moles are: - Acquired Nevi – These are the type of moles that appear during early childhood or during adulthood stage. These moles are non-cancerous and rarely have the potential to develop into malignant melanoma - Junctional Melanocytic Nevi – These moles are typically flat and look similar to a freckle. They are uniformly coloured and are usually brown, black, or dark brown. These types of moles are often called junctional nevi because the melanocytes that cause the mole are located at the epidermis and dermis junction. Appearances of junctional melanocytic nevi are usually on the face, trunk, arms, legs, genitals, or soles. As you get into adulthood, you would observe that these moles either diminish or disappear with time. - Intradermal Nevi – These moles are of light brown colour and are typically dome shaped. They also go by the name dermal nevi and are located in the dermis. Due to the mass of the melanocytes, the mole appears to be a flesh coloured bump on the surface of the skin. Intradermal Nevi is usually observed in adults. - Compound Nevi – Compound nevi is known to have both the features of junctional and intradermal nevi. The location of melanocytes lie both in the dermis and dermo-epidermal junction, and thus they usually appear as a raised mole that is uniformly pigmented. - Freckles – Freckles are typically caused due to excessive exposure to the sun’s radiation. These appear to be small flat spots on the skin and are commonly known as ephelides. Freckles tend to darken or diminish based on the level of exposure to the sun - Lentigines – These are also known as age spots, liver spots, or sunspots. They are flat and brown in appearance and are commonly associated with excessive exposure to the sun. Unlike freckles, these are permanent spots that don’t fade away, despite limiting exposure to the sun. They are a very common sign of ageing and mostly appear in people over 40, on the face, chest, shoulder, back, arms, and hands. - Seborrheic Keratoses – These are formed due to raised benign growth of pigmented keratinocytes on the epidermal layer of the skin. They often look similar to warts or melanoma and are typically of tan to dark brown colour. These moles are waxy in texture and thus are often even called “brown candle wax on the skin”. The body parts that are not affected by these moles are areas around mouth or eyes or on the palms or soles. Mostly harmless, but should be checked by an expert, as they can develop into melanoma. Also Read: What Causes Nevus Depigmentosus? Can I Remove My Mole At Home? Removal of a mole at home may sound convenient but can often be hazardous. Mole removal creams that are available over the counter, thick scars as a side effect of removing the mole from that part of the body. Sometimes, people cut moles off with scissors or razors, and this increases the chances of the mole getting permanently scarred or turning infectious, especially if the equipment that is being used to cut the mole off, is not sterilized. Further, it is difficult to examine a cancerous mole at home, and if not inspected by an expert dermatologist during the early stages, can develop into a serious condition that could be life-threatening. Thus, it is important to let a dermatologist thoroughly analyze a mole and prescribe an appropriate treatment accordingly. Also Read: Becker’s Nevus Laser Treatment? How To Remove Moles From Face Permanently? To remove a mole permanently you can either go for a surgical or a non-surgical treatment, based on the size, depth, and type of mole, as it can be compound nevi, intradermal, or junctional mole. In some cases, irrespective of the type of treatment, removal of a mole can lead to mild scarring, which can further be minimized by laser resurfacing. Most Effective Facial Mole Removal Treatments You can cosmetically treat moles by using several safe and painless procedures. It is important to remove moles, as they can be potentially cancerous apart from standing out on the skin. Radiofrequency, punch excision, electrocautery, and Q switched YAG lasers are some the popular treatments, which help in permanently removing moles, and, sometimes, a combination of these treatments are used for mole removal – - Q switched YAG laser – Laser mole removal is the most convenient of all treatments and it termed as the best way to remove a mole, which is why it is the most popular amongst the dermatologists and people alike. It is a cost-effective method and causes no scarring. Based on the size, type, and colour, the number of sessions required varies. The procedure involves applying local anesthesia before and using a burst of the beam such that the light energy breaks down the mole cells, so it dissolves and dissipates. Laser removal can be used on moles that are difficult to reach. A typical two or three sessions are required to fully remove a mole. Also Read: Laser Treatments In Dermatology - Radiofrequency – In this treatment, radio waves are used to remove a mole by using a fine loop of platinum wire. This wire is as thin as a hair strand and is used to brush the mole and vaporize it. Typically, a wound is formed after this treatment. This is of the same size as the mole, and eventually forms a scab that subsequently fades away after a week and a fresh layer of skin takes its place. You would observe exceptional results with minimal to no scarring and zero downtime. You can remove a mole using Radiofrequency in just one sitting. With fast healing and being suitable for all skin types and all age groups, this procedure is one of the popular mole removal treatment. - Punch Excision – This treatment is commonly used to treat smaller moles and is also called punch biopsy. It uses a device to punch the mole out. Punch excision involves using a device to skillfully and carefully extract a cylindrically shaped piece of skin. - Electrocautery – Electrocautery is mostly used for removal of skin tags or seborrheia keritosis. The process involves burning the mole off superficially, so as to ensure the surrounding tissues are safe, thereby avoiding scarring. This process needs multiple sessions, and typically 1-3 sessions are prescribed for mole removal. Laser vs Radiofrequency Treatment For Moles Removal Radiosurgery uses radio waves with high frequency to cut tissues, and, it cuts and coagulates tissues simultaneously. Whereas, in laser surgery, bursts of light energy are targeted for mole removal. Advantages of Laser Mole removal are – - Minimally invasive - No downtime and non-surgical - Target moles anywhere in the body with precision - Highly effective with minimal damage to surrounding tissues - No scarring Advantages of radiofrequency moles removal are – - Minimal scarring - No damage to the surrounding tissues of the treated area - No bleeding - Zero pain after application of anaesthesia - Areas which can be treated – face, arms, armpits/ neck/ chest Also Read: All You Need To Know About Radiofrequency Does Facial Mole Removal Work? Yes, there are several ways to remove moles, but, it is important to examine the mole before removing it, as there are chances of it being cancerous or melanoma. Risk involved in Mole Removal treatments Although, mole removal is a safe procedure, but if not done properly under sterile conditions, it can result in infection, or can lead to rare nerve damage. Will the laser mole removal procedure be painful? Laser mole removal is not painful as a local anesthesia is applied before the procedure is implemented. How do you recover after laser treatment for mole removal? If laser treatment is used to remove scars, then it takes about 2 weeks after treatment. But, there should be a difference of 2-3 weeks between sessions. Will the moles treatment leave any scarring behind? Typically, most treatments, like laser or Radiofrequency, have minimal scarring. And these scars can be tackled by laser resurfacing. Can a mole come back after treatment? In some cases, if the mole is shaved off, then it can grow back, though it is a pretty unpredictable instance. Also, if a mole has hair growing from it, though that mole doesn’t come back, but the hair often grows back.

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Male reproductive system Most of the components of this system are located outside the male body. The testis, penis, scrotum, and epididymis are some of the structures. For sexual intercourse the male organ responsible is the penis. From the urethra the semen is released through the penis. The scrotum is a loose bag like structure which is present behind the penis and in it the testis are located. The scrotum does various functions, such as for sperm survival and function it maintains optimal temperature. In order to enable the movement of the testis in the wall of the scrotum special muscles are present which contract and relax. At the back of the testis is the epididymis. This is connected to a muscular tube known as vas deferens. Storing and carrying the sperm is its main function. Semineferous tubules are the coiled structures present within the testis. Spermatogenesis takes place in these tubules. Accessory organs are those that are present internally. They are vas deferens, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland, and prostate gland. When the body is ready for ejaculation, transporting the mature sperm to the urethra is the main function of vas deferens. Vas deferens is attached to a sac like pouch known as seminal vesicle. Molecules such as fructose are produced by it so that the sperm can get energy from it. The maximum portion of a male ejaculate is made of the seminal vesicle fluid. Behind the urinary bladder is a walnut sized structure known as the prostate gland. Additional fluids are mixed in the ejaculate which will help to nourish the sperm. On the sides of the urethra is a pea shaped structure known as the bulbourethral gland. It is located just below the prostate gland. The fluid produced by this gland is clear and slippery and directly into the urethra the contents are emptied. They provide lubrication to the urethra and also help to neutralize the acid that is produced due to the urine. Pathway of sperm The vas deferens is a male reproductive duct. The testis is connected to the urethra by this duct. From the end of the epididymis to the prostrate this duct runs and here it forms the ejaculatory duct by joining with the seminal vesicle. Mature spermatozoa are transported by the vas deferens during which fluid is added to the sperm to form semen. Vas deferens is a muscular tube and a specialized duct which is responsible for carrying the sperm cells to the ejaculatory duct. Compared to the lumen the muscular wall of the vas deferens is much thicker. The muscle of vas deferens is differentiated into three layers. The mucosa lines the lumen of the vas deferens. This mucosa consists of a lamina propria, secretory pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells and apical stereocilia. The place where the vas deferens meets the seminal vesicle it continues as ejaculatory duct. The thick muscular wall is absent in the ejaculatory duct but the mucosa of the ejaculatory duct and vas deferens is similar. Sperm is manufactured in the testis located in the scrotum. Above the testis is a coiled structure known as the epididymis. From the testis, immature sperms are received by the epididymis which is then stored there for several days. During the process of ejaculation from the tail of the epididymis the sperm is forcefully propelled into the vas deferens. Through the vas deferens then the sperm travels to the spermatic cord and to the prostrate. Over here ejaculatory duct is formed by the joining of vas deferens with the seminal vesicle. This tube then passes through the prostrate and then reaches the urethra where it is emptied. The sperm is propelled to move forward by the rhythmic muscle movements during the process of ejaculation. It is also known as ductus deferens. From the epididymis this thin fibromuscular tube originates and in the male reproductive system it gets converted into ejaculatory duct. The vas deferens is 30-45 cm in length and its diameter is less than 5 mm. The main function of vas deferens is to transport sperm cells to the common ejaculatory duct from each of the testis. Vas deferens is one of the major components of the male reproductive system. It is situated within the spermatic cord and is a muscular tube. It continues up as epididymis and is responsible for transporting spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. Initially, the tube is convoluted but as it runs posterior to the testis and medial to the epididymis it straightens up. The convoluted part of the vas deferens extends from the globus minor and as it ascends medial to the epididymis it becomes straight. While it is extending into the inguinal canal it joins with the other juxtaposed spermatic cord structures. From the pelvic space one can see that the vas deferens passes anteriorly to the pelvic bone and over the bladder it turns at right angles. Along the posterior side of the bladder it extends after running superiorly to the ureters after which it expands to form ampulla and then narrows again to join the seminal vesicle so that a large ejaculatory duct can be formed. From the superior vesicle artery there is an artery branching from each duct. It is involved in the conversion of the venous drainage to pelvic venous plexus. Towards both the external and internal iliac nodes the lymphatic drainage extends. From the internal iliac nodes, the sympathetic innervations arise. First we need to understand the path of sperm ejaculation before we understand the function of vas deferens. In the testis the sperm is produced. From here to the epididymis the sperm is transported. The epididymis has a crescent shaped structure and the sperm travels through them as they mature. The penis gets filled with blood as the male is sexually stimulated due to which the penis becomes erect. The sperm then exits the epididymis and then through the vas deferens enters into an enlarged structure of the vas deferens known as ampulla. Here other fluids mix with the sperm and they are pushed past the prostrate. In male’s prostate gland is located which secreted milky fluid into the sperm which is responsible for protecting the fluid. This sperm along with other fluids is termed as semen. Through the urethra from the body this semen is expelled. Into the penis the urethra opens from where the urine passes. The vas deferens is a long tube about 30 cm in length. Transporting the mature sperms is its main function. This sperm is transported to the epididymis and then towards the urethra when ejaculation takes place. The peristaltic motion pushes the sperm ahead. As it moves the secretions of the bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicle and prostate gland mixes with it. From the mesonephric duct develops the vas deferens which is derived from the mesoderm. Mesoderm is one of three germ layers. The other two germ layers are ectoderm and endoderm. From the mesonephric duct various reproductive structures are formed such as the epididymis and seminal vesicle. The remaining duct then forms a muscular coat which then develops into vas deferens. From the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct the spermatozoa are transported by the vas deferens. The muscular layers of the vas deferens are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system during the ejaculation process due to which strong peristaltic contractions are produced so that the spermatozoa can be propelled out. Once in the testis, the sperm cells have been produced and in the epididymis they have been accumulated then to propel them into the urethra so that during ejaculation they can exit from the penis the male reproductive system completely relies on the urethra and the vas deferens. The sperm is delivered into the urethra by the ejaculatory duct, as it travels from the prostrate more secretions are added. These secretions are important for the functioning of the sperm. Many studies on vas deferens have been done to understand its importance. One such study was done on mouse vas deferens that showed CFTR in 40 days, lumen was filled with eosinophilic secretions but could not be detected in 20 days. Importance of vas deferens Vas deferens is made of two ducts whose main function is to carry the sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. The epididymis is connected to the ejaculatory duct of the male body by the left and the right side of the vas deferens. There is an artery that supplies blood to each vas deferens. This artery branches as superior vesicle artery. Each vas deferens is a muscular tube which is about one foot in length approximately and there are smooth muscles that protect the tube. During ejaculation reflexive contraction takes place of this muscle mass. During orgasm this process is known as peristalsis. Sperm is able to flow through the vas deferens due to this process and is able to reach the urethra. As the sperm is travelling on its ways various secretions mix with the sperm such as the secretions from the prostate gland, seminal vesicle, and the bulbourethral gland. When a vasectomy is done in each vas deferens, a permanent incision is made. This is a male contraceptive method. Another method which is done is a modern method in which into the vas deferens materials are injected so that the sperm flow can be obstructed. To determine whether this new method is safe and reversible researchers are still working on it. Transporting the sperm from the epididymis so that before ejaculation it can be stored is the main function of vas deferens. The terminal portion of the vas deferens is enlarged and is known as ampulla. The ampulla which is the enlarged portion of the vas deferens acts as a storage chamber, it stores sperm and also adds secretions to it. Ergothionine is the yellow secretion of the ampulla, also it secretes fructose, sugar and nutrient. These secretions help to keep the sperm moist and viable. There are several partitions and mesh like folds inside the ampulla. Compared to the rest of the sperm canal the wall is much thinner. In different organisms the size of the ampulla varies. The ducts of the seminal vesicles are joined by the ampulla so that ejaculatory duct is formed. There are three layers that make the vas deferens and these are the outer layer, middle muscular layer, and the internal mucous layer. The middle layer is thick due to the smooth muscles externally and circular muscles internally. Further this layer is differentiated into outer and inner layer by the proximal part of the duct. These outside and inside layers are made of longitudinal smooth muscles whereas the circular muscle fibers form the middle layer. The innermost layers of the longitudinal muscles cannot be seen as the tube reaches towards the inguinal canal. The mucous layer lines the thick muscular layer which is further made of pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells. Throughout the tube the sperm cells are able to move smoothly with the help of anterior stereocilia so that the lumen can be protected. This lumen is about 2.5 mm in diameter. Problems associated with vas deferens Sperm cells are transmitted from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct of the male reproductive system through the vas deferens. One can experience severe medical conditions due to any issues with the vas deferens, which can make the man completely sterile. - CAVD - this congenital absence of vas deferens is a very common issue. Right from the birth of the child this condition may prevail as it is a genetic disorder. Active sperm cells are produced by the individual, but the sperm is not pushed towards the ejaculatory duct. Either through surgery and in vitro fertility process reproduction is possible. - Obstructive azoospermia - in this condition the sperm is completely absent in the semen. This condition occurs when the vas deferens gets blocked. The vas deferens may get blocked due to inflammatory stenosis, congenital anomalies, tumor or surgical trauma. - Epididymitis - in this condition the epididymis may either get inflamed or infected. In children, a traumatic injury may cause this condition.

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Mouse and Trackpad A mouse or trackpad provides a way to activate interface elements and initiate actions using clicks and fluid, intuitive finger gestures to supplement keyboard input. Clicks and Gestures macOS supports a wide range of standard mouse and trackpad clicks and gestures that people can customize. Individual clicks and gestures that aren’t primary ways of interacting with content can be enabled and disabled based on their applicability to the current workflow. People can even choose specific regions of a mouse or trackpad for invoking secondary clicks, and select specific finger combinations and movements for certain gestures. |Click or gesture||Expected behavior| |Primary click||Select or activate an item, such as a file or button.| |Secondary click||Reveal contextual menus.| |Scrolling||Move content up, down, left, or right within a view.| |Smart zoom||Zoom in or out on content, such as a web page or PDF.| |Swipe between pages||Navigate forward or backward between individually displayed pages.| |Swipe between full-screen apps||Navigate forward or backward between full-screen apps and spaces.| |Mission Control (double-tap the mouse with two fingers or swipe up on the trackpad with three or four fingers)||Activate Mission Control.| |Lookup and data detectors (force click with one finger or tap with three fingers)||Display a lookup window above selected content.| |Tap to click||Perform the primary click action using a tap rather than a click.| |Force click||Click then press firmly to display a Quick Look window or lookup window above selected content. Apply a variable amount of pressure to affect pressure-sensitive controls, such as variable speed media controls.| |Zoom in or out (pinch with two fingers)||Zoom in or out.| |Rotate (move two fingers in a circular motion)||Rotate content, such as an image.| |Notification Center (swipe from the edge of the trackpad)||Display Notification Center.| |App Exposé (swipe down with three or four fingers)||Display the current app’s windows in Exposé.| |Launchpad (pinch with thumb and three fingers)||Display the Launchpad.| |Show Desktop (spread with thumb and three fingers)||Slide all windows out of the way to reveal the desktop.| Use standard controls and views. The standard controls and views automatically respond to most standard clicks and gestures. For example, a scroll view that implements a semantic layout and enables magnification automatically responds to the smart zoom gesture. Respond to clicks and gestures based on context and meaning. Based on their configuration, people make various physical movements to perform gestures. As a result, your app should pay attention to meaningful events instead of monitoring specific device interactions. For example, instead of watching for a two-finger swipe, your app might watch for a “Swipe between pages” event. In general, respond to gestures in a way that’s consistent with other apps. People expect most gestures to work the same throughout the system, regardless of the current app. For example, the “Swipe between pages” gesture should behave the same way regardless of whether people are browsing individual document pages, webpages, or images. On a system with a Force Touch trackpad, people expect apps to behave predictably and consistently when they force click a control to get more information or accelerate an action. Avoid redefining systemwide, inter-app gestures. Even in a game that uses app-specific gestures in a custom way, people expect systemwide gestures be available for things like revealing Mission Control and switching between full-screen windows. Remember that people can customize the gestures for performing systemwide actions. Handle gestures as responsively as possible. Gestures should enhance the experience of direct manipulation and provide immediate, live feedback. To achieve this, minimize other operations while gestures are being performed. Make sure gestures apply to the appropriate content. In general, gestures should apply to the content on which people are currently focused, such as a selected element or active view in a window. Start by identifying the most specific content people are likely to be manipulating and make it the target of the gesture. If the content doesn’t respond to the gesture, then consider targeting higher content levels and containers. Define custom gestures cautiously. A custom gesture can be difficult to discover and remember. If a custom gesture seems gratuitous or awkward to perform, people are unlikely to use it. If you must define a custom gesture, make sure it’s easy to perform and not too similar to the gestures people already know. Don’t rely on the availability of specific devices and gestures. You can’t be sure that everyone has a mouse or trackpad, or that they want to use it. In addition, people can disable and redefine gestures without your knowledge. For these reasons, it’s best to offer multiple ways to initiate actions. For developer guidance, see NSResponder. The system offers a variety of standard pointer styles, which your app can use to communicate the interactive state of an interface element or the result of a drag operation. |Arrow||Standard pointer for selecting and interacting with content and interface elements.||arrow()| |Closed hand||Dragging to reposition the display of content within a view—for example, dragging a map around in Maps.||closedHand()| |Contextual menu||A contextual menu is available for the content below the pointer. This pointer is generally shown only when the Control key is pressed.||contextualMenu()| |Crosshair||Precise rectangular selection is possible, such as when viewing an image in Preview.||crosshair()| |Disappearing item||A dragged item will disappear when dropped. If the item references an original item, the original is unaffected. For example, when dragging a mailbox out of the favorites bar in Mail, the original mailbox isn’t removed.||disappearingItem()| |Drag copy||Duplicates a dragged—not moved—item when dropped into the destination. Appears when pressing the Option key during a drag operation.||dragCopy()| |Drag link||During a drag and drop operation, creates an alias of the selected file when dropped. The alias points to the original file, which remains unmoved. Appears when pressing the Option and Command keys during a drag operation.||dragLink()| |Horizontal I beam||Selection and insertion of text is possible in a horizontal layout, such as a TextEdit or Pages document.||I beam()| |Open hand||Dragging to reposition content within a view is possible.||openHand()| |Operation not allowed||A dragged item can’t be dropped in the current location.||operationNotAllowed()| |Pointing hand||The content beneath the pointer is a URL link to a webpage, document, or other item.||pointingHand()| |Resize down||Resize or move a window, view, or element downward.||resizeDown()| |Resize left||Resize or move a window, view, or element to the left.||resizeLeft()| |Resize left/right||Resize or move a window, view, or element to the left or right.||resizeLeftRight()| |Resize right||Resize or move a window, view, or element to the right.||resizeRight()| |Resize up||Resize or move a window, view, or element upward.||resizeUp()| |Resize up/down||Resize or move a window, view, or element upward or downward.||resizeUpDown()| |Vertical I beam||Selection and insertion of text is possible in a vertical layout.||iBeamCursorForVerticalLayout()| Use system-provided pointers as intended. People are accustomed to the meaning of the standard pointer styles. If you change the meaning of one, people can’t predict the results of their actions. Prefer system-provided pointers because they're familiar. If you must design a custom pointer, make sure it improves the usability of your app and isn’t confusing. For example, your custom pointer should make it easy for people to know which part of the pointer to position over an element. If you customize the arrow pointer, create custom versions of the related arrow pointers too, such as copy and disappearing item. When running on a device that’s equipped with a Force Touch trackpad, your app can provide haptic feedback in response to a drag operation or force click in certain situations. There are three specific haptic feedback patterns your app can adopt. |Haptic feedback pattern||Description| |Alignment||Indicates the alignment of a dragged item. For example, this pattern could be used in a drawing app when the people drag a shape into alignment with another shape. Other scenarios where this type of feedback could be used might include scaling an object to fit within specific dimensions, positioning an object at a preferred location, or reaching the beginning/minimum or end/maximum of something, such as a track view in an audio/video app.| |Level change||Indicates movement between discrete levels of pressure. For example, as people press a fast-forward button on a video player, playback could increase or decrease and haptic feedback could be provided as different levels of pressure are reached.| |Generic||Intended for providing general feedback when the other patterns don’t apply.| Use haptics judiciously. Overuse diminishes the feedback's significance and can cause confusion. Provide haptic feedback in response to user-initiated actions. People easily correlate haptics with actions they initiate. Haptics that occur at other times can seem arbitrary, which can lead to confusion and a disconnected user experience. Don’t redefine feedback types. To ensure a consistent experience, use feedback types as intended. Alignment and level Change feedback patterns are for very specific use cases and should be used consistently throughout the system. If the use cases for these patterns don’t apply to your app, use the generic pattern. Fine-tune your visual experience for haptics. Provide visual and haptic feedback together to create a deeper connection between actions and results. Make sure animations are sharp and precise, to visually match what people feel through the Force Touch trackpad. Don’t rely on a single mode of communication. Not all devices support the full range of haptic feedback, and people can disable the feature entirely in Settings if they choose. In addition, haptic feedback occurs only when the device is active and your app is frontmost. Supplement haptics with visual and audible cues to ensure that important information isn’t missed. Synchronize haptics with accompanying sound. Haptics don’t automatically synchronize with sounds. If you want an audible cue, you synchronize the sound with the haptic. For developer guidance, see NSHapticFeedbackPerformer.

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World War II/Mussolini and Fascist Italy Mussolini and Fascism Benito Mussolini got his qualifications as an elementary schoolmaster in 1901 and 1902, emigrated to Switzerland, as a way to avoid military service (he ended convicted of desertion in absentia). During that time he became interested in politics and social philosophies, especially socialism. He was later deported as a result of his political involvement with the Italian workers' union in Lausanne, Switzerland, but returned illegally to Switzerland. In 1904 the Switzerland authorities arrested him for falsifying his papers, he then returned to Italy, taking advantage of an amnesty for his desertion, where he subsequently volunteered for military service in the Italian Army for two years. As a soldier fought in the First World War and was angered by the Versailles Treaty's failure to deliver more land to the nation of Italy. After 1906 he returned to teaching, and continued to participate in the socialist movement. On March 23, 1919, Mussolini reformed the Milan fascio as the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (Italian Combat Squad), consisting of 200 members. It was the start of Fascism. Mussolini and the fascists managed to be simultaneously revolutionary and traditionalist. Because this was vastly different from anything else in the political climate of the time, it is sometimes described as "The Third Way". The Fascisti, led by one of Mussolini's close confidants, Dino Grandi, formed armed squads of war veterans called Blackshirts (or squadristi) with the goal of restoring order to the streets of Italy with a strong hand. The Blackshirts clashed with communists, socialists, and anarchists at parades and demonstrations, while factions within the Blackshirts were also involved in clashes against each other. The government rarely interfered with the Blackshirts' actions, due in part to a looming threat and widespread fear of a communist revolution. The Fascisti grew so rapidly that within two years, it transformed itself into the National Fascist Party at a congress in Rome. Also in 1921, Mussolini was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the first time. March on Rome The March on Rome was a coup d'état by which Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in Italy and ousted Prime Minister Luigi Facta. The "march" took place in 1922 between October 27 and October 29. On October 28, King Victor Emmanuel III refused his support to Facta and handed over power to Mussolini. Mussolini was supported by the military, the business class, and the liberal right-wing. Mussolini's influence in propaganda was such that he had surprisingly little opposition to suppress. Nonetheless, he was "slightly wounded in the nose" when he was shot on April 7, 1926 by Violet Gibson, an Irish woman and sister of Baron Ashbourne. In January 1927, 15-year-old Anteo Zamboni attempted to shoot Mussolini in Bologna. Zamboni was lynched on the spot. Mussolini also survived a failed assassination attempt in Rome by anarchist Gino Lucetti, and a planned attempt by American anarchist Michael Schirru, which ended with Schirru's capture and execution. The various times after 1922, Mussolini personally took over the ministries of the interior, foreign affairs, colonies, corporations, defense, and public works. Sometimes he held as many as seven departments simultaneously, as well as the premiership. He was also head of the all-powerful Fascist Party and the armed local fascist militia, the MVSN or "Blackshirts," who terrorized incipient resistances in the cities and provinces. He would later form the OVRA, an institutionalized secret police that carried official state support. In this way he succeeded in keeping power in his own hands and preventing any rival from emerging. Mussolini launched several public construction programs and government initiatives throughout Italy to combat economic setbacks or unemployment levels. His earliest, and one of the best known, was Italy's equivalent of the Green Revolution, known as the "Battle for Grain", where 5,000 new farms were established and five new agricultural towns on land reclaimed by draining the Pontine Marshes. This plan diverted valuable resources to grain production, away from other less economically viable crops. The huge tariffs associated with the project promoted widespread inefficiencies, and the government subsidies given to farmers pushed the country further into debt. Mussolini also initiated the "Battle for Land", a policy based on land reclamation outlined in 1928. The initiative had a mixed success; while projects such as the draining of the Pontine Marsh in 1935 for agriculture were good for propaganda purposes, provided work for the unemployed and allowed for great land owners to control subsidies, other areas in the Battle for Land were not very successful. This program was inconsistent with the Battle for Grain (small plots of land were inappropriately allocated for large-scale wheat production), and the Pontine Marsh was lost during World War II. Fewer than 10,000 peasants resettled on the redistributed land, and peasant poverty remained high. The Battle for Land initiative was abandoned in 1940. Mussolini came up with other ideas, such as Gold for the Fatherland, where he encouraged Italians to hand their gold over to the government in exchange for a steel wristband. The gold would be melted down and handed out to National banks. As dictator of Italy, Mussolini's foremost priority was to subjugate the minds of the Italian people and the use of propaganda to do so; whether at home or abroad, and here his training as a journalist was invaluable. Press, radio, education, films—all were carefully supervised to create the illusion that fascism was the doctrine of the twentieth century, replacing liberalism and democracy. In foreign policy, Mussolini soon shifted from pacifistic anti-imperialism to an extreme form of aggressive nationalism. He dreamt of making Italy a nation that was "great, respected and feared" throughout Europe, and indeed the world. An early example was his bombardment of Corfu in 1923. Soon after he succeeded in setting up a puppet regime in Albania and in ruthlessly consolidating Italian power in Libya, which had been loosely a colony since 1912. It was his dream to re-create an Italian mare nostrum ("our sea" in Latin) in the Mediterranean by re-establishing the greatness of the Roman Empire also at sea. For a short time between summer/fall 1941 to November 1942, the Mediterranean sea became effectively an Italian mare nostrum, threatening the historic dominance of the British Royal Navy and secure access to their colonies via the Suez Canal. Naval bases on the Italian-occupied Aegean Islands also supported his strategic interests on the eastern Mediterranean. His early foreign-policy initiatives aimed to establish him as a 'statesman', for he participated in the Locarno Treaties of 1925, and the attempted Four Power Pact of 1933 was Mussolini's brainchild. Following the Stresa Front against Germany in 1935, however, Mussolini's policy took a dramatic turn, revealing itself as aggressive in nature. Following the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, Italy conquered and annexed Ethiopia. Relations with Germany A Rough Start The relationship between Mussolini and Adolf Hitler was a contentious one early on. While Hitler cited Mussolini as an influence, Mussolini had gone as far as deriding Hitler as "a barbarian, a criminal and a pederast" after the Nazis had assassinated his friend and ally, Engelbert Dollfuss the Austrofascist dictator of Austria in 1933. The two countries nearly went to war over Austria in 1934. Despite the two's differences in ideology, as Mussolini did not believe in Hitler's Aryan race, they both had the same ambitions. Though Italy had served as a counterbalance to Nazi power in the early 1930's Mussolini desired for more, to restore the Roman Empire. After his invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, Britain and France condemned Italy's actions. Regardless of some differences in ideology, Hitler's Nazi Germany had clearly established itself as a formidable power that was rising quickly in prominence by the mid 1930s and in November 1936, Mussolini had coined the term Axis Powers to refer to the Rome-Berlin relationship between the states. Ideologically Italian fascism did not discriminate against the Italian Jewish community: Mussolini recognized that a small contingent had lived there "since the days of the Kings of Rome" and should "remain undisturbed". There were even some Jews in the National Fascist Party. In 1939, the Pact of Steel was signed between Germany and Italy. The Pact consisted of two parts: the first section was an open declaration of continuing trust and cooperation between Germany and Italy while the second, a 'Secret Supplementary Protocol' encouraged a joint military and economic policy. Relations with Spain Significant changes in relationships between Fascist Italy (the Italian National Fascist Party, which under Benito Mussolini ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 until 1943) and Spain began in the period between 1923 and 1930, though no official and formal decisions had been made on the subject. The principal issue in relations was the due to the colonial expansion and military activity over the north of Africa and this included interests in the Mediterranean. It is still debatable what influence the Italian government and other powers had in the continued fragmentation of the Spanish state, but it was mostly a political implosion based on national regional aspirations. Europe in general was in an economic volatile situation and political system were still under heavy discussion and flux. The Spanish nation has been always an artificial construct over very distinct regions with the escalation of tension King Alfonso XIII with Miguel Primo de Rivera took political control of Spain and Rivera in a secession of steps installed as dictator. In a state visit of to Italy in 1923, King Alfonso described Rivera as “My Mussolini”, but Rivera during his permanence in power never showed any fascist inclination, something that was clear with Franco. By 1931 and 1936, the Spanish state fragmented by several radical factions and becoming increasingly violent, hurting diplomatic efforts so much that Mussolini was incapable having any influencing any Spanish affairs. Then, in the year of 1939, the Spanish Civil War began, giving Mussolini the perfect opportunity help the Spanish nationalists more so than Hitler was ever able to. Between the end of 1939 and 1943, Spanish and Italian relations were at a peak, but began to dwindle in importance as Spain began focusing on Nazi Germany.

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The Health System - Canadian Institute for Health Information - Your Health System. This site’s interactive tools will help you learn more about your health system and the health of Canadians. - Healthmap, a team of researchers, epidemiologists and software developers at Boston Children's Hospital founded in 2006, is an established global leader in utilizing online informal sources for disease outbreak monitoring and real-time surveillance of emerging public health threats. The freely available Web site 'healthmap.org' and mobile app 'Outbreaks Near Me' deliver real-time intelligence on a broad range of emerging infectious diseases for a diverse audience including libraries, local health departments, governments, and international travelers. - Global Cancer Project Map, released on March 25, 2015, is a web-based platform that catalogs international cancer research, cancer care, and cancer outreach programs. 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Presents core principles of systematic reviews and highlights issues that are specific to reviews of clinical tests, public health interventions, adverse effects, and economic evaluations. The final chapter discusses incorporation of qualitative research in or alongside effectiveness reviews. - Qualitative Research Guide Online resources to aid in conducting, finding, using, synthesizing, and teaching qualitative research in health sciences. - Health Research Policy and Systems - Confidence in Systematic Reviews. This article is part of a series written for people responsible for making decisions about health policies and programmes and for those who support these decision makers. - Health Research Policy and Systems - Preparing and using Policy. 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NREPP was developed to help the public learn more about evidence-based interventions that are available for implementation - University of York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination National Institute of Health Research Database. - Systematic reviews are widely recognised as reliable sources of information about the effects of health and social care interventions. But as with individual research studies, they can be hard to find, may have flaws and can be difficult to interpret. Between 1994 and March 2015, CRD produced and maintained DARE, a database uniquely providing access to over 13,000 abstracts of quality assessed and critically appraised systematic reviews. - Rx for Change searchable database containing current research evidence about intervention strategies used to alter behaviours of health technology prescribing, practice, and use. Developed by CADTH. What does it take to do a Systematic Review? - Time - Average time for a review is 18 months. Cochrane Reviews take approximately 2 years. - Team - Cochrane Reviews require teams to complete a review. Most reviews include subject specialists as reviewers to screen abstracts, statisticians to help with data analysis, librarians to develop comprehensive search strategies and a project leader to coordinate. - Defined Question - Clear and concise research question is the key to a good systematic review. Use PICO framework to identify key concepts and determine inclusion and exclusion criteria. - P=patient, population or problem - I=intervention, prognostic factor or exposure - C=comparison or intervention - O=outcome you would like to measure or achieve - Written protocol - To outline the study methodology. - Registered protocol - Register your protocol with PROSPERO. Registration is free and open to anyone undertaking a systematic review. 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Appraisal and Analysis - IOM Standard: 3.6 Critically appraise each study 3.6.1 Systematically assess the risk of bias, using predefined criteria3.6.2 Assess the relevance of the study’s populations, interventions, and outcome measures3.6.3 Assess the fidelity of the implementation of interventions - Cochrane Manual See Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies - JAMAevidence - Users' Guides Chapters on evaluating studies. - Jadad Scale The Jadad scale, sometimes known as Jadad scoring or the Oxford quality scoring system, is a procedure to independently assess the methodological quality of a clinical trial. Jadad et al. published a three-point questionnaire that formed the basis for a Jadad score. Jadad, A.R.; Moore R.A., Carroll D., Jenkinson C., Reynolds D.J.M., Gavaghan D.J., McQuay H.J. (1996). "Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?". Controlled Clinical Trials 1996 17 (1): 1–12. 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Includes CONSORT, STROBE, PRISMA, MOOSE, RAMESES, and more. - Standards for the Reporting of new Cochrane Intervention Reviews The Methodological Expectations of Cochrane Intervention Reviews (MECIR) project aims to specify methodological expectations for Cochrane Protocols, Reviews, and updates of reviews on the effects of interventions, and to ensure that these methodological expectations are supported and implemented across The Cochrane Collaboration. - Review Manager (RevMan) is the software used for preparing and maintaining Cochrane Reviews. You can use RevManfor protocols and full reviews. It is most useful when you have formulated the question for the review, and allows you to prepare the text, build the tables showing the characteristics of studies and the comparisons in the review, and add study data. It can perform meta-analyses and present the results graphically. Types of Reviews - A typology of Reviews - Selected Review Types - Narrative Reviews - Useful in tracing concept development - Scope is broad and comprehensive - Methodology is not standardized - Journal requirements vary - check the journal's instruction for authors. Collins JA, Fauser BC. Balancing the strengths of systematic and narrative reviews. Hum Reprod Update. 2005 Mar-Apr;11(2):103-4. - Reviews of Reviews (Umbrella) - Systematic review using only systematic reviews as subjects - Synthesizes systematic reviews of same topic - Assesses scope and quality of individual systematic reviews - Smith V, Devane D, Begley CM, Clarke M. Methodology in conducting a systematic review of systematic reviews of healthcare interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011 Feb 3;11(1):15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-11-15. - Realist Reviews - Focuses on context and process - Uses an iterative protocol - Useful for complex policy interventions - Rycroft-Malone J, McCormack B, Hutchinson AM, DeCorby K, Bucknall TK, Kent B, Schultz A, Snelgrove-Clarke E, Stetler CB, Titler M, Wallin L, Wilson V. Realist synthesis: illustrating the method for implementation research.Implement Sci.2012 Apr 19;7:33. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-7-33. - Rapid Reviews - Used on emerging issues needing quick answers - Use systematic review methods - Time constraints (often ≤3 months) - Khangura S, Konnyu K, Cushman R, Grimshaw J, Moher D. Evidence summaries: the evolution of a rapid review approach. Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 10;1:10. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-1-10. - Scoping Reviews - Looks at broad research question - Creates broad literature map to find gaps - Uses qualitative synthesis - Daudt HM, van Mossel C, Scott SJ. Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team's experience with Arksey and O'Malley's framework. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013 Mar 23;13:48. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-13-48. - Systematic Reviews - Addresses a specific question - Uses specified methodology - Requires a team and long term commitment - Lodge, M. (2011). Conducting a systematic review: finding the evidence. Journal of Evidence-Based Med. 2011 May 11;4:2. - Narrative Reviews Librarians can help you with systematic reviews. Contact your Liaison Librarian. Default Search Settings or How Google Interprets your Query: |Google returns pages that match all your search terms with the term Search terms are automatically combined using AND| |Google returns pages that match your search terms exactly| |Google returns pages that match variants of your search terms. 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Micro RNAs (miRNAs), conventionally abbreviated as miRs or miRNAs, are short endogenous RNA molecules involved in a kaleidoscope of biological pathways (1). There is now consolidated evidence that miRNAs play a substantial role in many regulatory mechanisms, including cell development, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis (2). A definite role of these short RNA molecules has hence been elucidated in relationship with several human pathologies, namely cancer and cardiovascular disease (2). Growing interest is focusing on the potential diagnostic and prognostic applications of some highly muscle-specific miRNAs, typically called myomiRNAs (3), in the setting of skeletal muscle (4) and cardiac (5-7) injury. The former condition entails a variety of congenital disorders (e.g., muscular or myotonic dystrophies), along with acute muscle injuries due to direct muscular trauma, infections, toxic damage and exertional rhabdomyolysis. The potential clinical applications in the diagnostics of cardiomyocyte injuries principally include the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and infarction, as well as the prediction or follow-up of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. The subset of muscle-specific miRNAs comprises a discrete number of molecules such as miRNA 1, miRNA 29-b, miRNA 133, miRNA 181-a, miRNA 206, miRNA 208 and miRNA 451. Among these, miRNA 133-a and miRNA 206 were found to be the most promising for understanding the biological response to physical activity and for the potential use for diagnosing muscle injury and in anti-doping testing (4,8). Personalized or precision medicine is currently defined as an approach for disease treatment and prevention based on individual variability in genes, environment and lifestyle (9). The clinical use of whatever biomarkers should hence take into account the putative influence of many variables belonging to these domains, which most frequently include genetic factors, age, sex, ethnic origin, body composition, dietary habits, physical fitness and comorbidities (10). Therefore, the present study was aimed to identify the potential physiological determinants of miRNA 133-a and miRNA 206 in a population of recreational, middle-aged athletes. The study group consisted of 28 healthy, middle-aged recreational athletes [11 females and 17 males; mean age: 46 years, age range 30–63 years; mean body mass index (BMI): 23.2 kg/m2, range: 18.5–27.9 kg/m2], belonging to a local team of amateur runners. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was measured by a running test on a treadmill through breath ergospirometric system (Quark B2, Cosmed, Rome, Italy). After appropriate familiarization, the athletes underwent a progressive incremental test, starting from habitual running pace and increasing the speed of 0.5 km/h every min until reaching volitional exhaustion. All athletes were asked to stop training and to abstain from taking medications 48 hours before blood collection. The blood and urine for laboratory testing were collected early in the morning (i.e., between 8:30 and 9:30 AM) from subjects who had fasted for not less than 8 hours. Blood was drawn into evacuated blood collection tubes containing either K2 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or no additives (Terumo Europe N.V., Leuven, Belgium). A morning urine sample was also collected immediately after blood drawing. The blood samples were centrifuged at 1,300 ×g for 10 min at room temperature; serum and plasma EDTA were then separated and stored in aliquots at −70 °C until measurement. The urine samples were also centrifuged at 1,300 ×g for 10 min at room temperature and the supernatant was then divided in aliquots and stored at −70 °C until measurement. Total creatine kinase (CK) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) were both measured in serum using a Roche Cobas 6,000 integrated analyzer (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The concentration of cTnT was measured with a high-sensitivity (HS) immunoassay, displaying a limit of blank of 3.0 ng/L, a limit of detection of 5.0 ng/L and a 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) of 14.0 ng/L (11). Total serum CK was also measured on Cobas 6,000, using the N-acetylcysteine-activated reference IFCC method. The isolation of miRNA 133-a and miRNA 206 from plasma EDTA and urine samples was performed with the miRNeasy RNA isolation kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A standard volume of each plasma sample (200 μL) was supplemented with 5 mol of Caenorhabditis elegans miR-39 (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) to normalize the results. miRNAs were reverse transcribed using the TaqMan MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Australia) and the complementary DNA (cDNA) was used as template for the Real Time PCR. The reactions were performed on a 7,500 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) using TaqMan MicroRNA assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Briefly, qRT-PCR was carried out in a total volume of 20 μL containing 1.33 μL cDNA, 1× Universal PCR Master Mix and 1 μL gene-specific primers and probes. PCR parameters were as follows: 95 °C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, and 60 °C for 1 min. The relative expression levels of miRNA 133-a and miRNA 206 were calculated by using the 2-∆Ct method (12). Physiological and laboratory data were reported as median and interquartile range (IQR). The potential associations among the various parameters were evaluated using both univariate (Spearman’s correlation) and multivariate regression analyses. In multivariate regression analysis, the serum or urine concentration of myomiRNAs was entered as the dependent variable, whereas significant parameters in univariate analysis were entered as independent variables. Differences between groups were then tested with Mann Whitney U test. The statistical analysis was performed with Analyse-it (Analyse-it Software Ltd., Leeds, UK). The study was part of an event called “Run For Science”, held in Verona (Italy) (the full information of the event can be retrieved from the Verona University Website, at: http://www.dsnm.univr.it/?ent=iniziativa&id=5382, Last accessed, 8 March 2017). The study was cleared by the local Institutional Review Board (Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona), and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The results of this study are shown in Tables 1 and 2. In univariate analysis, no single physiological or laboratory parameter was correlated with plasma miRNA 133-a concentration, whereas the urine concentration of miRNA 133-a was associated with both sex and BMI. Likewise, no single physiological or laboratory parameter was correlated with plasma miRNA 206 concentration, whereas the urine concentration of miRNA 206 was associated with both sex and serum cTnT. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, a modest association remained between urine miRNA 133-a and sex (beta coefficient, −9.9×10−6; P=0.046) but not with BMI (beta coefficient, −1.8×10−6; P=0.148). Similarly, urine miRNA 206 remained correlated with sex (beta coefficient, 2.4×10−5; P=0.037) but not with serum cTnT (beta coefficient, −1.4×10−6; P=0.510). The value distribution, differentiated between females and males of serum CK, serum cTnT, plasma and urine miRNA133-a and plasma and urine miRNA 206, is shown in Figure 1. In agreement with results of regression analyses, the urine values of miRNA133-a and miRNA 206 were found to be 3.0 and 1.9 folds higher in female than in male athletes. The Cohen’s d and the effect-size were 1.60 and 0.624 for miRNA 133-a, and 1.09 and 0.478 for miRNA 206, respectively. This implies that the percent overlap between the female and male populations of athletes was 27% for urine miRNA 133-a and 41% for urine miRNA 206, respectively. Notably, the Cohen’s d of the value distribution between female and male athletes was 0.035 for plasma miRNA 133-a and 0.356 for plasma miRNA 206, so highlighting a very large percent overlap of values between sexes (i.e., ~97% for miRNA 133-a and ~76% for miRNA 206, respectively). A significant difference was also observed for CK and cTnT, with the serum values of both biomarkers being nearly 40% higher in male than in female athletes. In no case did the concentration of serum cTnT exceeded the diagnostic cut-off of cardiac injury (i.e., the 99th percentile URL; 14.0 ng/L). The Cohen's d and the effect-size were 0.87 and 0.399 for serum CK, and 1.22 and 0.521 for serum cTnT, respectively. This implies that the percent overlap between the female and male populations of athletes was 48% for CK and 38% for cTnT, respectively. Several lines of evidence now attest that miRNAs are active players in health and disease (13-15). Taken together, our results suggest that the baseline plasma and urine concentration of the two main myomiRNA measured in this study is virtually independent from age, BMI, physical fitness, (i.e., VO2max), as well as from skeletal (i.e., serum CK) and cardiac (i.e., serum cTnT) muscle health. Although the plasma values of both miRNA 133-a and miRNA 206 were also found to be independent from sex, the urine concentration of these two myomiRNA was considerably higher in female than in male athletes. This is a rather unexpected finding, since the serum values of the two more conventional biomarkers of skeletal muscle (i.e., CK) and myocardiocyte (i.e., cTnT) injury were instead increased in male compared to female athletes (Figure 1). The evidence that the biological pathways underlying the metabolism of myomiRNA and muscle injury biomarkers in resting subjects is quite divergent, and is also totally independent from the overall BMI, paves the way to some important reflections. First, the lack of correlation between plasma and urine concentration of both miRNA 133-a and 206 implies that the measurement of these myomiRNAs in different body fluids is not interchangeable. No previous studies have assessed miRNA 133-a or miRNA 206 in urine samples of middle aged healthy subjects to the best of our knowledge, so this finding is highly innovative and underscores that increased renal clearance, and/or reduced reabsorption, may play a significant role in myomiRNAs metabolism. Then, the strong and independent association that we have observed between sex and urine concentration of both miRNA 133-a and miRNA 206 also implies that the urine reference ranges of these biomarkers should be partitioned for the sex. This is especially true for miRNA133-a, since not only was its urine concentration was 3-fold higher in women than in men, but also the percent overlap between the values of male and female athletes was extremely modest (i.e., 27%). Despite the overlap between values in men and women was less accentuated for miRNA 206 (i.e., 41%), the 1.9-fold increase of urine value of this myomiRNA suggests that its reference range should also be partitioned for the sex. Another substantial aspect highlighted by our data is that case-control studies involving the measurement of myomiRNAs in urine should be planned to exactly match the different study populations for the sex. This is especially important if one considers that miRNAs have a good stability in urine and under many storage conditions, so supporting their increasing use in urine as diagnostic biomarkers for several pathologies (16). Regardless of these general considerations, it remains unclear why the urine concentration of myomiRNAs should be higher in women than in men, especially if one considers that their plasma concentration is virtually identical between sexes (Figure 1). The potential influence of renal function (i.e., glomerular filtration rate) on the clearance of plasma miRNA 133a has been earlier shown (17), but this is not helpful to explain the different urine concentration between women and men observed in our investigation. This aspect should probably be targeted by future studies focusing on clearance of myomiRNAs in humans. In conclusion the results of this study demonstrate that the plasma concentration of miRNA 133-a and 206 is virtually independent from the most common physiological variables, whereas the urine reference values of these two myomiRNAs should be partitioned for the sex. As regards the future perspectives, the results of our study lead the way to an exciting scenario, where myomiRNA measurement may be used for creating individual training plans for athletes (i.e., personalized training). Fabian Sanchis-Gomar is supported by a post-doctoral contract (APOSTD/2016/140) granted by the Regional Ministry of Education, Research, Culture and Sport (Valencia). Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Ethical Statement: The study was cleared by the local Institutional Review Board (Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy). - Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004;116:281-97. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Cai Y, Yu X, Hu S, et al. A brief review on the mechanisms of miRNA regulation. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 2009;7:147-54. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Malizia AP, Wang DZ. MicroRNAs in cardiomyocyte development. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 2011;3:183-90. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Zacharewicz E, Lamon S, Russell AP. MicroRNAs in skeletal muscle and their regulation with exercise, ageing, and disease. Front Physiol 2013;4:266. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C, Cervellin G. Circulating microRNAs (miRs) for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction: meta-analysis of available studies. Int J Cardiol 2013;167:277-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Klug G, Metzler B. The role of circulating microRNAs in acute coronary syndromes: ready for prime time? Ann Transl Med 2016;4:537. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Adam R, Kelly D. Is there a role for microRNAs as novel predictors of prognosis in myocardial infarction? Ann Transl Med 2016;4:473. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Lombardi G, Perego S, Sansoni V, et al. Circulating miRNA as fine regulators of the physiological responses to physical activity: Pre-analytical warnings for a novel class of biomarkers. Clin Biochem 2016;49:1331-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Lippi G, Montagnana M. Laboratory and precision medicine: the reasons for the birth of a new journal. J Lab Precis Med 2016;1:3. [Crossref] - Lippi G, Bassi A, Bovo C. The future of laboratory medicine in the era of precision medicine. J Lab Precis Med 2016;1:7. [Crossref] - Giannitsis E, Kurz K, Hallermayer K, et al. Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay. Clin Chem 2010;56:254-61. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta C(T)) method. Methods 2001;25:402-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Yu H, Lu Y, Li Z, et al. microRNA-133: expression, function and therapeutic potential in muscle diseases and cancer. Curr Drug Targets 2014;15:817-28. [Crossref] [PubMed] - McCarthy JJ. MicroRNA-206: the skeletal muscle-specific myomiR. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008;1779:682-91. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C. The biomarker paradigm: between diagnostic efficiency and clinical efficacy. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2015;125:282-8. [PubMed] - Mall C, Rocke DM, Durbin-Johnson B, et al. Stability of miRNA in human urine supports its biomarker potential. Biomark Med 2013;7:623-31. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Gidlöf O, Andersson P, van der Pals J, et al. Cardiospecific microRNA plasma levels correlate with troponin and cardiac function in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction, are selectively dependent on renal elimination, and can be detected in urine samples. Cardiology 2011;118:217-26. [Crossref] [PubMed] Cite this article as: Danese E, Benati M, Sanchis-Gomar F, Tarperi C, Salvagno GL, Paviati E, Montagnana M, Schena F, Lippi G. Physiological determinants of urine and plasma myomiRNAs in recreational, middle-age athletes. J Lab Precis Med 2017;1:13.

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Fundamentals of Temperature, Power and Process Control Understanding the fundamentals of temperature, power and process controls is made easier if we break the process into its component parts of Sensors, Sensor Placement, Process Load Characteristics, Control Modes, Proportional Outputs, Power Handlers, and Heater and Control Connections. Once the fundamentals are understood, the selection of measurement and control system for the process needs becomes a relatively simple decision. I. The Control System It is important to understand what is trying to be accomplished, so the top-level overview would look something like this. The automatic control system typically consists of a process as portrayed below in Figure 1. Sensors commonly used in temperature control are: - Thermistor: A non-linear device whose resistance varies with temperature. Thermistors are used at temperatures under 500°F. Fragility limits their use in industrial applications. - Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD): Changes in temperature vary the resistance of an element, normally a thin platinum wire. Platinum RTDs find application where high accuracy and low drift are required. 3-wire sensors are used where the distance between the process and the controller is more than several feet. The third wire is used for leadwire resistance compensation. - Thermocouple: A junction of two dissimilar metals produces a millivolt signal whose amplitude is dependent on (a) the junction metals; (b) the temperature under measurement. Thermocouples require cold-end compensation whereas connections between thermocouple wire and copper at the controller’s terminal block produce voltages that are not related to the process temperature. Thermocouple voltage outputs are non-linear with respect to the range of temperatures being measured and, therefore, require linearization for accuracy.Thermocouple junctions are usually made by welding the dissimilar metals together to form a bead. Different thermocouple types are used for various temperature measurements as shown in Table 1. Thermocouples are the most commonly used industrial sensor because of low cost and durability.Table 1. |Wire Color||Useful Temperature Range (oF)||Useful Temperature Range (oC)| |J||White||32 to 1300||0 to 704| |K||Yellow||-328 to 2200||-200 to 1205| |T||Blue||-328 to 650||-200 to 345| |R/S||Black||-32 to 2642||-35 to 1450| 4. Other temperature sensors include non-contact infrared pyrometers and thermopiles. These are used where the process is in motion or cannot be accessed with a fixed sensor. Placement Reduction of transfer lag is essential for accurate temperature control using simple temperature controllers. The sensor, heater and work load should be grouped as closely as possible. Sensors placed downstream in pipes, thermowells or loose-fitting platen holes will not yield optimum control. Gas and air flow processes must be sensed with an open element probe to minimize lag; remember that the controller can only respond to the information it receives from its sensor. IV. Process Load Characteristics Thermal lag is the product of thermal resistance and thermal capacity. A single lag process has one resistance and one capacity. Thermal resistance is present at the heater/water interface, and capacity is the storage capacity of the water being heated. Sometimes the sensor location is distant from the heated process and this introduces dead time – Figure 2a. Introduction of additional capacities and thermal resistance changes the process to multi-lag as shown in Figures 2b & 2c. V. Control Modes - ON-OFF. Figure 3. On-Off control has two states, fully off and fully on. To prevent rapid cycling, some hysteresis is added to the switching function. In operation, the controller output is on from start-up until temperature set value is achieved. After overshoot, the temperature then falls to the hysteresis limit and power is reapplied.On-Off control can be used where: (a) The process is underpowered and the heater has very little storage capacity. (b) Where some temperature oscillation is permissible. (c) On electromechanical systems (compressors) where cycling must be minimized. - PROPORTIONAL. Figure 4. Proportional controllers modulate power to the process by adjusting their output power within a proportional band. The proportional band is expressed as a percentage of the instrument span and is centered over the setpoint. At the lower proportional band edge and below, power output is 100%. As the temperature rises through the band, power is proportionately reduced so that at the upper band edge and above, power output is 0%. Proportional controllers can have two adjustments: - Manual Reset. Figure 5. Allows positioning the band with respect to the set-point so that more or less power is applied at setpoint to eliminate the offset error inherent in proportional control. - Bandwidth (Gain). Figure 6. Permits changing the modulating bandwidth to accommodate various process characteristics. High-gain, fast processes require a wide band for good control without oscillation. Low-gain, slow-moving processes can be managed well with narrow band to on-off control. The relationship between gain and bandwidth is expressed inversely:Proportional-only controllers may be used where the process load is fairly constant and the setpoint is not frequently changed. 3. Proportional with Integral (PI), automatic reset. Figure 7. Integral action moves the proportional band to increase or decrease power in response to temperature deviation from setpoint. The integrator slowly changes power output until zero deviation is achieved. Integral action cannot be faster than process response time or oscillation will occur. 4. Proportional with Derivative (PD), rate action. Derivative moves the proportional band to provide more or less output power in response to rapidly changing temperature. Its effect is to add lead during temperature change. It also reduces overshoot on start-up. 5. Proportional Integral Derivative (PID). This type of control is useful on difficult processes. Its Integral action eliminates offset error, while Derivative action rapidly changes output in response to load changes. VI. Proportional Outputs Load power can be switched by three different proportioning means: - Current proportional: A 4-20 mA signal is generated in response to the heating % requirement. see Figure 8. This signal is used to drive SCR power controllers and motor-operated valve positioners. - Phase angle: This method of modulating permits applying a portion of an AC sine wave to the load. The effect is similar to light dimmer function…. see Figure 9. - Time proportioning: A clock produces pulses with a variable duty cycle. See Figure 10. Outputs are either direct- or reverse-acting. Direct-acting is used for cooling; reverse-acting for heating. - Cycle Time: In time proportioning control the cycle time is normally adjustable to accommodate various load sizes. A low mass radiant or air heater requires a very fast cycle time to prevent temperature cycling. Larger heaters and heater load combinations can operate satisfactorily with longer cycle times. Use the longest cycle time consistent with ripple-free control. VII. Power Handlers Power is switched to an electric heating load through the final control element. Small, single-phase 120/240 V loads may be connected directly to the temperature controller. Larger, higher voltage heaters must be switched through an external power handler. Power handlers are either large relays (contactors), solid-state contactors or power controllers. - Mechanical contactors are probably the most widely used power handlers. It should be noted that they: – Are rugged. Fuses protect against burnout due to shorts. – Will wear out in time due to contact arcing. – Cannot be fast-cycled for low-mass loads. – Produce RF switching noise. - Solid-state contactors are often used on loads requiring fast switching times. They need heat sinking and I2T fuse protection. 3 – 32V S.S. contactors switch power at zero crossing of the ac sine wave. - SCR power controllers. These devices switch ac power using thyristors (SCRs). These are solid-state devices that are turned on by gate pulses. They have unlimited life and require no maintenance. SCR controllers are available for switching single- or three-phase loads in zero crossing/burst firing (Figure 11) or phase-angle modes (Figure 9) SCR power control selection by switching method can be simplified, as follows: Use zero crossing for all standard heater applications. Specify phase angle: - When soft start (ramp voltage to peak) is required on high inrush heater loads. - If voltage limit is needed to clamp the maximum output voltage to a level lower than the supply voltage. VIII. Heater And Power Control Connections Power controls are connected to the control signal and load, per Figure 12. The control signal to the power controller may originate from a manual potentiometer, PLC or temperature controller. This signal is normally 4-20 mA, but can be other currents or voltages. An increase in the signal level produces a corresponding increase in power controller output. Calculation of SCR size for various voltages and heater sizes is as follows: Where watts = total heater watts, volts = line voltage, and amps = total line current SCRs should not be sized at exactly the heater current requirement because heaters have resistance tolerances as do line supplies. Example: A single-phase 240 volt heater is rated at 7.2 kW: 7,200 / 240 = 30 A If the heater is 10% low on resistance, at 240 V, the heater will draw 33 amperes. Damage to fuses will result. Power controllers must be properly cooled and, therefore, the mounting location should be in a cool area. SCRs dissipate approximately 2 watts per ampere per phase. Proper fusing is essential to protect the SCR devices from damage due to load short circuits. The type of fuse is marked I2T or semiconductor. Only SCRs designed to drive transformers should be used for that purpose. It should be noted that SCR power controllers must never be used as disconnects in high-limit applications. Nazem Kadri Jersey

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Many people haven’t heard of surety bonds, and many who have find them very confusing. This article will help to answer the question: what is a surety bond? In simple terms, this page will explain: To put it simply, surety bonds are a legally binding contract between three different parties. They make sure that one party (the principal) meets the demands of the other (the obligee). A third party, the surety, guarantees that the principal will fulfill the obligations of the bond. These obligations depend on what type of bond it is and what its purpose is. If you or your business are in need of a surety bond, then you will be the principal of that bond. The principal is basically the entity that needs the bond to do business or complete a project. Surety bonds might be required to: To the principal, surety bonds are like credit. They are a way for the principal to promise that they will perform their job correctly. If the principal fails to do this, the bond promises this will be taken care of. This means that the bond promises that damages caused by the principal’s mistake will be paid for. Basically, surety bonds legally promise someone that the principal will perform a task or complete a job lawfully. But who is the principal making that promise to? This party is called the obligee of the bond. Often, the obligee is a legal entity, like a local government or governmental agency. They usually require surety bonds from local businesses or contractors. This protects them and their citizens from “bad behavior” of whoever has the bond. To the obligee, the surety bond is like insurance. For instance, health insurance protects your health by paying for a portion of your health care if you need it. In the same way, surety bonds protect the public by paying for damages if needed. Surety bonds incorporate a third party known as the surety. This party acts as another layer of protection for both the principal and the obligee. If someone files a claim on the bond, the surety will initially pay the cost of the claim. This agreement protects the principal. However, the principal must pay back the cost of these damages in full at a later date. Surety bonds must be underwritten before they are given. This is because the surety takes a risk by promising to cover the costs of a claim. The underwriting process is a way to make sure that the principal of the bond is “trustworthy.” The surety also protects the obligee. By signing the surety bond, the surety adds another level of security to the agreement. The surety agrees to be liable to the obligee if the principal fails to follow through with the requirements of the surety bond. If someone files a claim on the surety bond, the bond guarantees that the surety will be accountable for the fault of the principal. Not just any entity can be a surety. To become a surety, companies have to undergo a lengthy screening and certification process. This makes sure that the company is qualified and able to accept the liability of the many principals it may sign off on surety bonds for. The US Department of Treasury is responsible for this certification process. It keeps a list of all certified sureties. If you need a surety bond, you should contact a surety bond agency. They have close connections to many certified sureties. Their experience in the surety world will help you get the bond you need. There are thousands of different types of surety bonds. Generally, every surety bond falls into two main categories: contract and commercial. Contract surety bonds are typically required by governmental agencies. True to their name, they apply to contractors and subcontractors. Contract bonds have two main goals: So, now we know what contract bonds are, but, why are they required? The short answer is that it’s the law. If a government agency pays someone to complete a large project, they must trust that contractor. This is because they risk losing a lot of money if that project fails or is not completed well. The federal government passed the Miller Act in 1935 to protect itself from these potential losses. This act applies to the construction, alteration, or repair of any federal governmental building. It requires that all contractors working on these public projects post certain bonds. These bonds add security to the public project process. They ensure that the contractors act honestly and lawfully during the project. Since the passing of the Miller Act in 1935, state governments have passed similar laws. These laws apply to projects funded by state governments. People commonly refer to these as “Little” or “Baby” Miller Acts. These act very similarly to the federal Miller Act. They require the posting of a payment and/or performance bond for the completion of a public project. There are three main types of contract bonds required by the Miller Act and Baby Miller Acts: More information about these contract surety bonds can be found below. Civil agencies select contractors for projects through a bidding process. During the bidding process, contractors estimate how much they believe the job will cost. The governmental agency that needs the job to be done will choose the contractor based on this information. But how do government agencies know that the information in the bid is correct? This is why the Miller Act requires bid bonds. Bid bonds protect the obligee from dishonest bids. If the obligee selects a certain bid, the bid bond ensures that the bid represents the real cost of the project. Once a contractor places a bid and gets chosen for a project, a performance bond is required. The performance bond, as the name suggests, ensures the satisfactory performance of the contractor. These bonds act as a guarantee that the contractor will complete a job in a certain way. Each bond has its own terms and conditions depending on the type of project and where it is occurring. If the contractor fails to complete the task in accordance with the bond, a claim can be filed. This way, the agency hiring the contractor will not be held accountable if the contractor messes up. So, the bid bond ensures the bid is honest, and, the performance bond ensures the job is done correctly. There is one last type of liability that must be accounted for: payment. Construction jobs require many laborers, suppliers, and sub-contractors. Because they work with so many people to complete their job, contractors are responsible for paying many different groups. The Miller Act requires the posting of a payment bond to make sure all parties are paid well. To sum it up, contract surety bonds are required by the Miller Act and similar Baby Miller Acts. They generally consist of bid bonds, performance bonds, and payment bonds. These bonds all apply to contractors working on public projects and ensure that the contractors will work appropriately. Contract surety bonds come in many types. However, they are just one category of surety bond. That brings us to our next topic: commercial surety. Commercial surety encompasses thousands of different types of surety bonds. These bonds range from the Texas Bond for Bingo Prizes to the more traditional California Motor Vehicle Dealer Bond. However, they all share the basic format: principal, obligee, and surety. Every state has different requirements for bonds and who it requires to be bonded. Often, surety bonds are required to obtain licenses or permits. Sometimes they can be used in other legal cases. One example is registering a vehicle with a lost title. They can also ensure that businesses will pay their state taxes on time. A few general types of commercial surety bonds are outlined below. Surety bonds are often required to obtain a license or permit. When this is the case, they are called license and permit surety bonds. These bonds are a type of commercial surety. Like most bonds, these surety bonds act as a guarantee to the obligee. They simply make sure that the principal is able to perform its job correctly and lawfully. These bonds are often required by legal agencies and local or state governments. The types of bonds required in any state depend on the laws in that region. There are many types of license and permit bonds. A wide variety of business types need to be bonded to become licensed. Mortgage broker bonds and vehicle dealer bonds are some of the most common license and permit surety bonds. It is important to understand that these bonds do not protect businesses themselves. They protect the public. The bond is a way for the business to ensure that it will conduct itself lawfully. This is why there are so many types of license and permit bonds. The laws and regulations that businesses must follow vary based on what type of business it is. Because of that, every bond must pertain to the specific business that is getting licensed. If you are interested in learning more about getting licensed and permitted, check out this guide. It has all the information you need to get your business bonded and licensed. Court bonds are another type of commercial surety bond. The term “court bond” generally refers to all types of bonds someone would need in the court of law. There are two main types of court bonds: Judicial bonds guarantee the court that the principal can pay the cost of all legal actions. Generally, judicial bonds can be divided into plaintiff and defendant bonds. Indemnity to sheriff bonds are a common plaintiff bond. Bail bonds are a common defendant bond. Fiduciary bonds ensure the court that the fiduciary will act lawfully. If the fiduciary fails to do so, the surety must pay the court and cover the damages. For instance, if a fiduciary commits embezzlement, the surety must pay however much money was embezzled. If you or your business need a surety bond, it is very easy to get one. Surety bonds are distributed by bond brokers and agents. To get bonded, you first need to apply. After that, the bond agency will contact you and tell you what is needed to get your bond completed. Typically, surety bonds require a process called underwriting before they are distributed. The surety bond underwriter protects the surety. Underwrites decide which accounts can be bonded safely. This lessens the risk for the surety. The underwriter assesses every potential bond account and decides which ones are ready to be bonded. The underwriting process usually involves a credit check and/or financial statements from previous years. If you are nervous about getting a credit check, check out this blog on how to get a surety bond with bad credit. You can also learn how to raise your surety credit. It is possible to get bonded with a low credit score, and the surety agency will help you do so. While surety bonds may seem complicated, they are an essential part of safe business operations. If you or your business need a surety bond, contact a surety agency. They are usually well informed and want to help you and your business get the bond that is right for you.

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Are you or someone you love being affected by selective mutism? Selective mutism is a relatively rare disorder in children causing inability to speak under certain situations (e.g. classroom) where speaking is expected, despite ability to speak normally in other situations. X Research source Selective mutism is estimated to affect 0.1-0.7% of the population, but the condition is likely under-reported due to poor understanding of this condition by the general public. Symptoms usually begin between 2.7 and 4.2 years of age. X Research source This article will offer some tips on how to overcome selective mutism and minimise its detrimental effects on the affected individual's social functioning. 1Check to see if you, a friend, or loved one, meet(s) the criteria for having selective mutism: - Consistent inability to speak in specific social situations (e.g. at school) where speaking is expected. - Ability to talk and normally interact in other circumstances. - The inability to speak under certain situation is having a negative impact on social and academic functions. - The symptoms last for longer than one month, excluding the first month of school (it takes time to adjust to a new environment). - The symptoms cannot be accounted for by unfamiliarity with the spoken language under the given social situation (i.e. a girl fluent in another language who knows very little English and remains quiet in situations where English is spoken does not have selective mutism!) - The symptoms cannot be accounted for by another disability, such as autism/Asperger syndrome, schizophrenia, or general psychotic disorders. - The inability to speak is not by choice, but rather by extreme anxiety preventing the individual from speaking. 2Recognize the extent to which selective mutism is affecting your daily functioning. To overcome selective mutism, you must first recognise how it is affecting you. Find out the specific circumstances in which you are unable to speak. For example, a child may speak normally with peers, but unable to talk to adults. Another child may talk and behave totally normal at home, but remains completely silent at school. By identifying the particular situation where selective mutism manifests, you can help direct your efforts to overcome selective mutism under these circumstances. 3If you can get others to help, try to overcome selective mutism gradually with the "Stimulus Fading technique": under a controlled environment (where help is readily available), interact with someone whom you can communicate with comfortably. Then gradually introduce another person to interact with to join the conversation. Start with the most comfortable person you can talk with and progress gradually to the most uncomfortable person for you to talk to. The idea of this technique is that the anxiety caused by the persons you feel uncomfortable interacting with will "fade" away when this stimulus is associated with another person you feel very comfortable interacting with. 4If the technique above fails to work entirely, or cannot be carried out readily, try to overcome selective mutism using the "Systematic Desensitization Technique":First imagine yourself in the situation wherein you cannot speak, then imagine speaking, then try to interact with persons in that scenario indirectly, e.g. via letter, e-mail, instant message, online chat, etc. Then progress to more interactions, such as by phone, then interact at a distance, and eventually to more direct interactions. This method is also highly effective for numerous other anxiety disorders, such as specific phobias. The idea of this method is to overcome the anxiety causing inability to speak by gradual exposure to increasing levels of the anxiety-provoking stimulus, eventually becoming desensitized enough to overcome the actual situation. 5Practice as necessary with all kinds of communications; become comfortable getting attention, raising your hand, nodding/shaking your head, pointing, writing, making some eye contact, etc. Introduce speaking a little at a time, and progressively speak a little more. Gradually increase the comfort level. Due to the extreme anxiety, it is crucial to get as much help and encouragement from others as possible. Try audio recordings of one's own voice, then replaying the speech to develop comfort with speaking -- this technique is known as Shaping. Practice whispering at a public place as in an office or classroom with a friend/parent or teacher, and practice gradually increasing the volume to a talking level. 6Use "Contingency Management," whereby you get a simple reward for speaking under anxiety-provoking situations. 7Focus on positive thinking to help overcome the anxiety. Instead of thinking "I can't talk..." think "I can try to talk and make it possible if I work at it! " 8Realize that butterflies (nervousness or even shaking) are common in certain situations; hence, you should start with smaller groups. One may benefit from public speaking classes for learning to do presentations, and even for small venues such as job interviews. Entertainers and other public speakers get used to having that stress when speaking or singing for a large audience. Sometimes, however, even well-experienced entertainers turn to drugs to attempt to control these stressful feelings, to relax on stage. Later in one's career while being naturally relaxed, one may desire to feel the old excitement, when it is rarely felt at all. Often, at the head table or on stage one may look at each other to offer support and to get a smile or a nod of appreciation.There is considerable stress related to new social situations as well as in the larger venues with crowds. 9For severe selective mutism, the above techniques may not work adequately to overcome the disability. In that case, you should seek professional help and may require the use of medications to cope with selective mutism. Common medications prescribed to help reduce anxiety to allow speaking and interaction include fluoxetine (Prozac) and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Use of medications should be combined with repeated practice of the above techniques and anxiety-reduction techniques for the greatest likelihood of overcoming selective mutism.Advertisement QuestionIf a child doesn't speak at school for years, is that due to selective mutism?Community AnswerIt can be, but there could be a number of reasons that the child is not speaking. He needs to be evaluated by a professional. QuestionI have a daughter who is at the age of four years old. At home, she is is very talkative but at school it has been seven months and she hardly say's a word. Does she possibly have selective mutism?Community AnswerIt might be possible that your daughter is suffering from selective mutism. It is a very common symptom for a young child diagnosed with selective mutism to be able to talk at home but not at school. This is because she may feel more comfortable at home than she is at school where she is expected to speak. However, it could also be other things, such as shyness, high sensitivity, a medical condition, introversion, etc., and your doctor and psychologist will be a much better source of help, as they'll have the bigger picture and all the details pertaining to your daughter's situation. QuestionShould I approach a psychiatrist to overcome my selective mutism?Community AnswerI would recommend starting with a psychologist or therapist since it's very possible that you could overcome this issue without medication. However, professional help of any kind is definitely a good thing! QuestionMy four-year old is afraid to talk to teachers and classmates at school. How can I help him overcome this?Community AnswerTalk to your child's teacher about building connections in the classroom and work on building his confidence at home. QuestionI have selective mutism, and I start secondary school tomorrow. How can I feel better and less scared so my mutism doesn't become an issue?Community AnswerJust relax and think about a valley, an empty place waiting to be filled with memories, and all throughout the day put all the good things in that valley. Repeat every time you go mute. QuestionDoes medication help selective mutism?Community AnswerYes, but there are many dangerous side effects, so it's best to try some options that don't include medications first. QuestionHow can I get my child to speak at school when they speak at home?Community AnswerWorking with a team at the school is the best strategy. Identify a "key worker" at school and do the stimulus fading technique with them. Once your child comfortably talks to this person, they can facilitate systematic desensitization and contingency management collaboratively with you. It will also be helpful to find a professional trained in behavioral treatment of selective mutism who can work with you. QuestionI'm 17 and have never had trouble at school, but I often panic and can't speak or can only speak disjointedly with enormous effort when home gets too crazy. Could selective mutism be the cause?Community AnswerIt may be the cause, but don't try to self-diagnose. It could also just be anxiety, or a natural response to stress. If this is really a concern, try going to your doctor and asking them for their opinion. QuestionIs it selective mutism if my granddaughter stopped speaking to everyone and hasn't said a word for 18 months?Community AnswerIt sounds like it could be, but if you are concerned you should consult a doctor or a specialist. QuestionMy 6-year-old sister has had selective mutism since she was 3. She is comfortable (and quite a chatterbox) when it comes to talking at home, and yet she won't talk in public. Any ideas?Community AnswerMy daughter was just like that at her age. She has to be relaxed to talk to someone. It also helps when she talks to people on the phone. Keep bringing her around other kids and encouraging her to socialize. She may also grow out of it. - Selective mutism can be a very disabling and difficult condition to overcome. The techniques outlined above may not work for everyone, especially the more severely affected. Do not be disheartened, but keep trying to overcome and use as much support as possible. - You should start using these methods to overcome selective mutism as soon as possible. Waiting will only reinforce the maladaptive behaviours and makes it more difficult to overcome later. - For an older child or adult, it is more important to focus on positive thinking and improving interpersonal skills to reduce anxiety under social situations. A good book to read is "How to Win Friends and Influence People", by Dale Carnegie. - Seek professional help early if symptoms are severe. - Consider ambiversion (balanced interactivity), introversion (covertness, recessiveness) and extroversion (overtness, assertiveness) as basic personality types, but running a broad scope or full spectrum of variations. X Research source Those called ambiverts appear noticeably well-rounded, balanced and not extreme in either regard (recessive or assertive). Extroversion and introversion may be typically viewed as a single continuum. So, to be high on one is necessarily to be low on the other: X Research source Extreme recessive traits (including tongue-tied reactions in certain public settings) may be quite common to a very introverted person's life, but may seem selective -- if that person is rather assertive and expressive when not feeling insecure in certain places or when among trusted colleagues, friends and family. - Introverted personalities tend to like to be sure of what to say, and then may condense it to a paragraph, sentence or only a phrase to avoid talking without "thinking it through." They may close up if challenged. - Introverts may distance themselves from controversy or self-revealing comments or negative attention. - Extroverts, on the other hand, may enjoy thinking aloud and even "pontificating," holding attention for as long as possible and using techniques to get and call attention to oneself even when others would consider it negative attention. - Non-aggressiveness seems more likely for the introvert, but might be exhibited by passive-aggressive secretive practical jokes, "trick or treat" activity, since that might not entail a direct confrontation as no one may know who did the covert behaviour... Sometimes a recessive reaction (withdrawal) may seem to be due to passive-angry or paranoid feelings. - Some introverts may experience a more severe kind of stage-fright and may react by being totally quiet. - An extrovert may respond by becoming challenging, angry or excessively acting out under the circumstances that would overwhelm the introvert. - Introverts may be open and more outgoing when playing a game that allows mistakes and foolishness, but seek to be less public and to not be noticed when errors would be corrected or subject to cut-downs. - Some introverts may experience a more severe kind of stage-fright and may react by being totally quiet. - For a young child, contingency management and shaping tend to work better, and have been shown to maintain speech at 13-week follow-up. X Research source - The use of medications should be considered last resort, especially for selective mutism. All drugs have adverse effects. Fluoxetine, in particular, may cause drowsiness, trouble sleeping, excessive sweating, headache, yawning nausea, diarrhoea, nervousness, feeling weak. Infrequent, but severe, side effects may include itching, hives, joint and muscle pain, fever, chills, rash, and trouble breathing. Rare side effects include neuroleptic malignant syndrome, serotonin syndrome, adverse drug interaction (e.g. when taken concurrently with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, such as phenelzine, tranylcypromine, or isocarboxazid, may lead to serotonin syndrome), hepatitis, erythema multiforme, seizures, swollen lymph nodes, abnormal liver function tests, allergic reactions, causing low blood sugar, hyponatremia (low amount of sodium in the blood), increased risk of bleeding, excessive cheerfulness and activity, mild degree of mania, or having thoughts of suicide. X Research source - ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_mutism - ↑ Cunningham et al. Behavioural and emotional adjustment, family functioning, academic performance, and social relationships in children with selective mutism, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 (2004), pp. 1363–1372. - ↑ compare traits at dictionary.reference.com - ↑ "Wikipedia" Extroversion and introversion - ↑ Amari, et al. Treating selective mutism in a paediatric rehabilitation patient by altering environmental reinforcement contingencies, Pediatric Rehabilitation 3 (1999), pp. 59–64. - ↑ http://www.webmd.com/drugs/drug-1774-fluoxetine.aspx?drugid=1774&drugname=fluoxetine&source=1&pagenumber=6

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The main pulmonary artery and the subsequent right and left pulmonary arteries sit within the middle mediastinum. They arise from the right ventricle of the four-chambered heart and transport blood to the lungs. De-oxygenated blood from the body's somatic cells travels to the right atrium, then into the right ventricle, and through the main pulmonary artery and its branches before blood enters the lungs for oxygenation and gas exchange. These steps are all prerequisites for normal human physiologic function. The pulmonary arteries function to transport de-oxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. These vessels serve as the conduit between the right side of the heart and the lungs. The right and left pulmonary arteries specifically provide blood flow to their respective lungs and further subdivide into the lobar, segmental, and sub-segmental arteries of the lungs before eventually becoming capillaries surrounded by alveoli. Described as a high capacitance, low-pressure system, pulmonary circulation is ideal for optimal gas exchange. As it leaves the right ventricle, the main pulmonary artery is typically short and wide. The main pulmonary artery is usually approximately 5 centimeters in length and 2-3 centimeters in diameter. The main pulmonary artery generally travels along the left of the ascending aorta as the great vessels leave the heart. It bifurcates at the level of the carina (T4 vertebral level) and just below the aortic arch at approximately a right angle to form the right and left pulmonary arteries. The right pulmonary artery supplies the right lung while the left pulmonary artery supplies the left lung. The right pulmonary artery courses posterior to the ascending aorta and anterior to the descending aorta. It lies anterior to the right mainstem bronchus. The left pulmonary artery passes anterior to the descending aorta and lies superior to the left mainstem bronchus. A common mnemonic used to remember the relationship between the pulmonary arteries and their respective mainstem bronchi is RALS meaning, the right pulmonary artery lies anterior to the right mainstem bronchus, and the left pulmonary artery lies superior to the left mainstem bronchus. Understanding the embryology of the pulmonary artery is imperative to demonstrate thorough anatomic knowledge on the subject. The most critical embryological components in the formation of the main pulmonary artery and the right and left pulmonary arteries are the sixth aortic arch, the truncus arteriosus, the conus cordis, and neural crest cells. The sixth aortic arch gives rise to both the right and left pulmonary arteries and the ligamentum arteriosum. The ligamentum arteriosum is actually the ductus arteriosus during fetal development. The ductus arteriosus serves to allow oxygenated fetal blood to bypass the developing lungs and move directly into the aorta. Both the right and left sixth aortic arches initially contribute to the development of pulmonary arterial flow, but as the right-sided arch degenerates, the left sixth arch contributes the vasculature for both pulmonary arteries. The intricate relationship of the truncus arteriosus, conus cordis, and neural crest cells in the fifth week of fetal development coordinates the proper formation of the right and left ventricular outflow tracts, the main pulmonary artery and ascending aorta, respectively. Oppositional ridges form within the truncus arteriosus: one along the right superior aspect and the other along the left inferior aspect. The right ridge progresses distally and leftward, while the left ridge progresses distally and rightward, twisting as they meet. Simultaneously, oppositional swellings develop within the conus cordis along the right dorsal and left ventral aspects. Each of these ridges, or swellings, acts under the influence of neural crest cells. As the truncal ridges converge, they divide the truncus arteriosus into the main pulmonary artery and the ascending aorta. When the conus ridges converge, they form the right ventricular outflow tract, positioned anterolaterally, and the left ventricular outflow tract, positioned posteromedially. Vasa vasorum supply the pulmonary artery wall with oxygen and nutrients while venous vasa vasorum clear waste products with venous drainage. The lymphatics of the pulmonary artery drain to the visceral thoracic nodal system, specifically the mediastinal lymph nodes. Innervation of the pulmonary artery is like that of other vessels. The cardiac nervous plexus supplies sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. The nerve plexus is situated anterior to the bifurcation of the trachea and posterior to the splitting of the left and right pulmonary arteries. The sympathetic supply comes from both cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord. The vagus nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation. Smooth muscles within the tunica media of the arterial wall comprise the musculature of the pulmonary artery and its branches. Vascular anatomy is always subject to anatomic variation, and the pulmonary arterial vasculature is no exception. Pulmonary artery variants are usually discovered as incidental findings on imaging. A well-documented variant of pulmonary arterial anatomy is the aberrant left pulmonary artery, also known as, the pulmonary sling. In this variation, the left pulmonary artery arises from the posterior aspect of the right pulmonary artery and passes superior to the right mainstem bronchus and between the esophagus and trachea. Another variant is unilateral proximal artery interruption. Here the pulmonary artery, right more commonly than left, ends blindly, as it enters the lung hilum although the vasculature within the lung itself is patent. To compensate for the interrupted artery the bronchial arteries supplying the affected lung will hypertrophy and participate in gas exchange. Transpleural arteries may also develop to further compensate for the decreased flow. One more variant of pulmonary artery anatomy is idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery (IDPA). This diagnosis may or may not involve dilatation of the right and left pulmonary arteries as well and requires the exclusion of other causes of pulmonary artery distension or enlargement. Anatomic variation of the segmental and subsegmental pulmonary arteries is much more common. Understanding pulmonary artery anatomy is essential for all cardiothoracic surgery. Any surgical work done in and around the pulmonary artery puts at risk the other nearby structures of the heart and lungs, and iatrogenic injury to a pulmonary artery can have immediate and grave consequences. Many surgeries directly involve the pulmonary arteries or the main pulmonary trunk. Congenital diseases requiring repair that involve the pulmonary artery and trunk are numerous and include: Tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, pulmonary stenosis, double outlet right ventricle, truncus arteriosus, transposition of the great arteries, and patent ductus arteriosus. Pulmonic valve replacement, although rare in adults, involves access through the right ventricular outflow tract and affects the pulmonary trunk. An operation directly involving the pulmonary arteries and their more distal branches is the pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Additionally, the pulmonary arteries can be the site of emboli that if clinically significant may require either surgical or catheter-directed embolectomy. The above is not an extensive list of the surgical procedures or considerations involving the pulmonary trunk and arteries. There are multiple clinical scenarios in which the pulmonary trunk and the pulmonary arteries play a significant role. Some of these pathological states are congenital while others result from adult-onset disease. Pulmonary artery pressures can be measured with a Swan-Ganz catheter and provide important data in determining the extent of lung and left-sided heart disease. Mitral valve disease and aortic valve disease can cause extreme increases in pulmonary artery pressure and reflect the stress placed on the right-sided heart. Pulmonary diseases, like pulmonary arterial hypertension, also cause increased pulmonary artery pressures. Again, these increased pressures are a direct reflection of the increased stresses on the right heart. A saddle pulmonary embolism can cause rapid onset hemodynamic instability and be a rare cause of sudden death. An embolus, or clot, lodged in the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery and occluding the lumen of the pulmonary arteries on both the right and the left is termed a saddle pulmonary embolism. Congenital diseases like persistent truncus arteriosus and transposition of the great vessels are directly attributable to a failure of normal embryologic development involving the pulmonary artery. |||Kandathil A,Chamarthy M, Pulmonary vascular anatomy & anatomical variants. Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy. 2018 Jun [PubMed PMID: 30057869]| |||Murillo H,Cutalo MJ,Jones RP,Lane MJ,Fleischmann D,Restrepo CS, Pulmonary circulation imaging: embryology and normal anatomy. Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR. 2012 Dec [PubMed PMID: 23168059]| |||Parke WW, The vasa vasorum of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk and their coronary-extracardiac relationships. American heart journal. 1970 Dec [PubMed PMID: 5529331]| |||Tucker WD,Mahajan K, Anatomy, Blood Vessels . 2018 Jan [PubMed PMID: 29262226]| |||Backer CL,Idriss FS,Holinger LD,Mavroudis C, Pulmonary artery sling. Results of surgical repair in infancy. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 1992 Apr [PubMed PMID: 1548911]| |||Kieffer SA,Amplatz K,Anderson RC,Lillehei CW, Proximal interruption of a pulmonary artery. The American journal of roentgenology, radium therapy, and nuclear medicine. 1965 Nov [PubMed PMID: 5844925]| |||Malviya A,Jha PK,Kalita JP,Saikia MK,Mishra A, Idiopathic dilatation of pulmonary artery: A review. Indian heart journal. 2017 Jan - Feb [PubMed PMID: 28228295]| |||Frazier AA,Galvin JR,Franks TJ,Rosado-De-Christenson ML, From the archives of the AFIP: pulmonary vasculature: hypertension and infarction. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2000 Mar-Apr [PubMed PMID: 10715347]| |||Mayo JR,Remy-Jardin M,Müller NL,Remy J,Worsley DF,Hossein-Foucher C,Kwong JS,Brown MJ, Pulmonary embolism: prospective comparison of spiral CT with ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy. Radiology. 1997 Nov [PubMed PMID: 9356627]|

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Invention – when we think about this word the first thing strike in our mind is a method, an innovative process or composition in different fields like physics, medicine, mathematics, chemistry, and biology. Invention is basically the process of creating something that has never been created before (whether for self-knowledge or for the benefit of the society). With the expertise in one or more areas of science an individual who uses a scientific method by conducting experiments, defines as a scientist. Scientists are our pride whether we say it for our nation or in the world of any area, scientists are honored and recognize till date through our studies for their great research works and inventions. There are more than 100 renowned scientists from India but below we have listed top 10 greatest scientists of our nation, who devoted their lives in researches and inventions and made our India a proud nation. Whether it’s C.V Raman or Salim Ali, these scientists have proved, established themselves and are count amongst the GREATEST SCIENTISTS OF INDIA. 1.) Prafulla Chandra Ray (2nd August 1861 -16th June 1944) is a scientist known for his contributions towards the chemistry stream, born on 2nd August 1861 in Khulna, Bangladesh. Born to a rich landowner, he was younger of two brothers. - Despite the illness during his childhood days forced him to discontinue studies for a while but he made the best use of that time too and pursued higher education from the ‘University of Edinburgh‘ and done his further research for a year there. He got famous for his works on nitrites and hyponitrites of metals, especially mercury does work for him worldwide. This Bengali chemist educator and entrepreneur, in another word he was hailed as the ‘Father of Indian pharmaceuticals’. - He knew for his work of starting the first-ever Chemical Landmark Plaque outside Europe, for which he got honored by the Royal Society of Chemistry. 2.) Salim Ali (12th November 1896 – 20th June 1987) – Know as “Birdman of India”, was a great scientist of birds although we can say an ornithologist and naturalist. He was born into a large family in Mumbai and the ninth-youngest child of Moizuddin and Zeenat–un-Nissa. He was an orphaned at the age of three as he lost his father at the age of a year old. He was taken by his middle-class uncle and aunt and received an upbringing at their home. His interest was seen in birds so he was introduced to W.S Millard, the secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society when he needed help in identifying a bird he had shot. Later Millard kindled in his desire to learn about birds and the young Salim Ali ventured into ornithology. - He was the renowned ornithologist despite having any formal training in the subject. The popular Salim Ali was among the first Indians to conduct systematic bird surveys across India. In 1947 he became a key figure at Bombay Natural History Society where he was actively involved in the creation of Bharatpur bird sanctuary. He also was honored for his life’s work which includes Padma Bhushan and Padam Vibhushan. (22nd December 1887- 26th April 1920) We saw a lot of scientists, in them the greatest Mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan got fame at the age of twenty-six. He was born in Erode town in Tamil Nadu on 22nd December 1887. The surprising fact we get to know about his life that even his college education was not completed due to his illness. He was keen on mathematics at that level where he started learning on his own, with the theory of learning he found the new formulas for solving out mathematical problems and also wrote articles. One of the articles when saw by the professor hardy (a scientist at Cambridge University) he was impressed and got an invitation towards England. He was also considered as the master of the theory of numbers. In 1914 the formula for p (n), the number of partitions of ‘n’ was his outstanding contribution. And also known for his one of the valuable contribution which he developed while working in Trinity College the ‘Number Theory’ and also elected a fellow of Trinity College on 18th October 1917. He passed away on 26th April 1920. Not only the Government of India had issued a commemorative stamp of honor but also the Indian National Science Academy and other scientific institutions giving awards in memory of this brilliant scientist. 4.) C.V. Raman (7th Nov 1888- 21st Nov 1970) Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman born on 7th November 1888 near a small village in Tiruchirapalli was the genius of Physics. His father was initially a teacher and later became a lecturer in mathematics and physics in one of Vishakhapatnam college. - Throughout, from the age of 11, he passed the matriculation examination as a brilliant student even though at age 13 he also passed his F.A examination with the scholarship. In 1902in Madras he joined Presidency College and received his B.A physics in 1904. He was honored at this age only and won the gold medal in his examination. 1907 he earned his M.A degree. His whole life he was an achiever and throughout the years. - In 1907 he topped in financial civil service and later in 1907 he went to Calcutta and joined Indian Finance Department as Assistant Accountant. - Majorly the greatest invention he did for our nation and made us proud by his discovering the “Raman Effect” or we can say the inelastic scattering of the photon. The experimentation was based on that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes in wavelength. From this invention early in the 20th century he got a count the greatest scientist of India. He won the 1930 Nobel Prize in physics for the “Raman Effect” and become the first Indian to win Nobel Prize in sciences, and in 1954 he was also honored with Bharat Ratna. 5.) Homi Jehangir Bhabha (30th Oct 1909- 24th Jan 1966) He was born to a well-known Parsi lawyer. Belongs to a well prominent family and also related to Dorabji Tata. His primary study was at Bombay’s Cathedral and John Connon School and later he went to Elphinstone College and Royal Institute of science till 1927. Not everyone knows Homi firstly did mechanical engineering in first-class from Cambridge University, whereas the keen interest of the young was into science later his father stick and keeping his promise let him continue for further studies where he received a doctorate in nuclear physics. - His first published work was ‘The Absorption of Cosmic radiation’ through which he wins the Isaac Newton Studentship in 1934 which he held for the next three years. - Invention for he enlisted as the greatest scientist the nuclear power where he conducts research for the country. He envisioned the three-stage nuclear power program which focused on extracting power from thorium instead of uranium reserves. He honored with Padma Bhushan in 1954 and also the third-highest civilian award in India. 6.) Jagadish Chandra Bose (30th Nov 1858- 23rd Nov) This scientist proves that if an animal has the pain factor the same as the plant does. He proves the plants also feel pain and affection, he was born in Bikrampur, Bengal Presidency, British India. Although all factors majorly his keen interest was seeing towards natural sciences from his schooling days only. He received his bachelor’s degree from the University of Calcutta in 1879. During this phase, he quit two options for pursuing further studies into Indian Civil Services and medicine. Later, finally, he decided to study Natural Science and secured admission to Christ’s College, Cambridge. - During his career, he does great inventions but the invention he got famous was who proved by the experimentation that both animals and plants share much in common. Through his experiment, he shows that plants also are sensitive to heat, cold, noise, and various other external Stimuli. - A personality who considered as being the modern scientist of India for the recognition he received from the Royal Institution, London. He was known as Polymath who discovers and extensively contributed to fields like botany, archeology and radio science. Apart from he was also a talented writer who set the precedence for Bengali science fiction writing. 7.)A.P.J Abdul Kalam He has known also as Avul Pakir Jainlabdeen Abdul Kalam into a Muslim Family in Rameshwaram (lived from Oct 1931 to 27 July 2015). His father was a boat owner while his mother was a housewife and had four elder siblings. As in young age, sir had sell newspaper because of the financial issues at home. But the atmosphere was filled up with love all around. One of his school teachers plays a role in kindled him to do something for aircraft. - He traveled to Madras for pursuing his dream and study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology. He not only served as the greatest scientist but also as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. He made his significant contributions as both in nation’s civilian space program and military missile development and also in India’s Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998 which established him as a national hero. He was also transferred to the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) where he served as the project director of India’s first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III). He was also famous for his quotes too. - His achievements are uncountable; throughout he was Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna from the Government of India. 8.) Satyendra Nath Bose Among all his brother-sister he was the eldest son of Surendranath Bose, a former accountant who worked East Indian Railways (1st Jan 1894- 4th Feb 1974). From his young age, he does have a deep interest in mathematics and science. Later he joined the University of Calcutta as the research scholar in 1916. This was the most amazing time in the annals of science as new discoveries were made. He got famous for giving the concepts of ‘Boson’ which refers to one or two classes of particles. - Bose-Einstein the theory got named when bose work in quantum physics was further developed by Albert Einstein. - Our Government honored him with Padma Vibhushan as the bestowed and eminent physic in 1954. - He was also a polyglot and also had interests in diversified fields like philosophy, art, and music. 9.) Birbal Sahni (From 14th Nov 1891- 10th April 1949) He was born Shahpur District, West Punjab. He received his early education from the Mission and Central Model Schools. Later he joined Government College University, Lahore, where his father worked. After attending Government College from where he pursued his studies with Botany, he moved to England for his further studies. He also had briefly worked in Germany before returning to India. With his great knowledge, he became the head of the Botany Department of the Lucknow. - His major work where he got recognized as he was the founder of Palaeobotany which later renamed as Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany. He was the pioneer in Palaeobotanical research in India but also took place in geologist as he had an interest in archeology. - He was elected to the Royal Society of London in 1936, which demonstrate as the highest British scientific honor, it was a record for our nation, becoming the first Indian botanist. He was also honored with Nelson Wright Medal of the Numismatic Society of India in 1945 and also Sir C.R Reddy National Prize in 1947. 10.) Raj Reddy (13th June 1937 – Till Date) Raj Reddy born 13th June 1937, an Indian-American Computer Scientist. He is also known as Dabbala Rajgopal Reddy, his father was an agricultural landlord whereas his mother was a homemaker. - He received a Bachelor degree in civil engineering in Madras (now Anna University, Chennai) India in 1958. In Australia 1960, he pursues his master’s degree in technology from the University of New South Whales. He also got a doctorate degree in computer science from Stanford University in 1966. He was best known for his one invention work which relates to large-scale artificial systems. - He is the early pioneers of Artificial Intelligence and has served on the faculty of Stanford and Carnegie Mellon University for over 40 years. Above from different the list, we have marked for the Top Ten Greatest Scientists who achieved miles with their Inventions in different sectors. Below is their WIKI TAG CLOUD

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A Survey of Simple Electric Motors posted on 24 Jan 2013 by guy last changed 12 Feb 2014 Your vote (click to rate) ages: 9 to 99 yrs budget: $0.00 to $0.00 prep time: 0 to 30 min class time: 10 to 45 min This lesson provides general background on motors and surveys a number of projects for constructing simple motors. Motors teach us about several of the basic ideas of electromagnetism, but the fundamental operation of a motor rests on only two simple principles: Using these principles, we can explain how a current-carrying wire (an electromagnet) pushes or pulls on another magnet (either a permanent magnet or another electromagnet), and forces one or the other, or both, to move. By careful design, we can arrange for these magnetic forces to drive a continuous motion in an electric motor. The examples mentioned in this lesson are easily constructed out of readily available and inexpensive materials, and demonstrate a variety of motor designs. Lecture slides are attached for the instructor who wants to kill some of the fun. keywords: electricity, magnetism, electromagnetism, Faraday, Oersted, Ampere, motor There were many discoveries in electricity and magnetism that ultimately led to the invention of the electric motor, but a fairly clear understanding of motors can be achieved by focusing on only two simple principles: - magnets exert forces on each other - when an electric current flows through a wire, it produces a magnetic field A motor makes use of these principles by using the forces between magnets to drive the motion, and by making at least one of those magnets an electromagnet in order to control and direct the forces. The first principle is the best known. Magnets come with two types of poles, called "north" and "south". In a typical bar magnet, one end is the north pole (often painted red) and the other end is the south pole (often painted silver or white). If we bring two poles of two separate magnets together, they will try to push each other apart if they are the same type of pole (two north poles or two south poles), and they will try to pull each other together if they are different types (one north and one south). These forces between magnets have been recognized since ancient times. Naturally occurring magnets known as lodestones were familiar to ancient philosophers, and were used as compasses for navigation in 12th century China.1 The second principle was discovered in April 1820 when the Danish scientist Hans Christien Ørsted observed that an electric current in a wire caused a nearby magnetic compass needle to deflect, thereby showing that the current-carrying wire acted like a magnet. This is the principle behind the electromagnet (see the lesson on Basic Electromagnets). In the same year, the French scientist André-Marie Ampère observed and characterized the magnetic forces between two current-carrying wires. In a general sense, forces between magnets are what drives a motor. An electric motor contains two or more magnets, at least one of which is an electromagnet. In a typical motor, at least one magnet is free to move (often mounted on an axle that can turn, called the "rotor"), while one or more other magnets are fixed nearby. By careful design, the forces between the magnets can be directed to turn the axle. At least one electromagnet is needed in order to sustain the continuous motion of the motor. If only permanent magnets were used, the motor might initially turn, but it would soon come to rest at a point where the magnetic force can push it no further. By using an electromagnet, the current can be reversed when approaching the resting position (or the path of the current can be changed in some other way), thereby changing the magnetic forces and causing the rotor to continue moving towards a new resting position. (In some designs, the electromagnet is simply turned off when approaching the resting position, so that the rotor coasts around to the other side before the magnet is turned on again -- the Safety Pin Motor is an example of such a design.) Furthermore, an electromagnet can be turned off in order to stop the motor. magnetic forces on moving charges One way to understand the forces that drive a motor is to think of them as forces between magnets, in which at least one of the magnets is an electromagnet. Another way to understand the same forces is to think of them as magnetic forces acting directly on electric currents; or, since electric currents are caused by electrons flowing in a conductor, to think of them as magnetic forces acting directly on moving electrons. The force that a magnet exerts on a moving charged particle is called the "Lorentz force", named after the Dutch physicist Hendrick Lorentz. We can describe that force in terms of what scientists refer to as "magnetic field lines". Fig. 1: Field lines around a bar magnet point away from the north pole and towards the south pole. At any point in space, the field line through that point shows the direction the force would be on a north magnetic pole located at that point. Fig 2: Iron filings on a piece of paper above a bar magnet. At each place on the paper, the iron filings pivot to point along the direction of the magnetic force. Fig. 3: Schematic for a "rail gun". In this figure, the magnetic field lines from some external magnetic source (not shown) are pointed downward (blue arrows). An electric current running through the rails and the movable rod generates a Lorentz force on the rod, which pushes it along the rails in the direction of the green arrow. Note that the force is perpendicular to both the current in the rod and the the field lines. In the early 1800's, the English scientist Michael Faraday introduced the concept of "magnetic lines of force", which led to the modern concept of magnetic field lines. Faraday noticed that if we scatter iron filings around a magnet, the filings line up to form chains along certain directions. Each iron filing is shaped like a miniature needle, long and thin, and all the filings within a small region tend to point in the same direction. Faraday explained this behavior in terms of the forces on the ends of the iron filings. He knew that a piece of iron becomes magnetic when brought near another strong magnet, and so an iron filing in a magnetic field becomes a tiny bar magnet. (An example of magnetizing iron can be found in A Floating Compass, where we use a strong magnet to magnetize a steel needle.) He correctly realized that the reason the iron filings pivot to point in a particular direction must be because there is a magnetic force pulling the north pole of the filing in one direction and the south pole in the opposite direction (see Iron Filings and Magnets for more details). Faraday characterized these forces by "force field lines", which showed the direction of those forces. At any point in space, the field line through that point shows the direction the force would be on a north magnetic pole located at that point (and opposite the direction on a south magnetic pole). By scattering iron filings around a magnet, he could map out the direction of magnetic forces all around the magnet (Fig. 2). Check out Iron and Magnets for our own experiment with some further questions to ponder. In 1892 the German scientist Hendrik Lorenz published a description of the force on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field.2 He demonstrated that the force at a particular location is perpendicular to the field line at that location, and also perpendicular to the direction of motion of the charged particle. The precise direction of the force is determined by a useful mnemonic called the right hand rule. In the special case where the particle is moving in the same direction as the field line, it feels no magnetic force at all. Some very simple examples using the Lorentz force to power a motor are shown in Classroom Rail Gun. Figure 3 shows how the Lorentz force can roll a current-carrying rod down a pair of conducting rails. Many more examples of simple motors are listed at the end of this lesson. motors and generators Another insight into the behavior of motors involves their similarity to electric generators. In 1820, Ørsted and Ampere described how an electric current can produce a magnetic field: a key principle in the operation of motors known as Ampere's law.3 In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered a closely related principle. He discovered that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current. This principle is the fundamental principle behind the electric generator, and is known as Faraday's law.4 By spinning a coil of wire inside a magnetic field, or by spinning a magnet inside a coil of wire, a generator can produce a current in the wire, thereby providing electric power. In a very real sense, Faraday's law and Ampere's law are converses of each other. A current produces a magnetic field (Ampere), while a [changing] magnetic field produces a current (Faraday). This relation also reflects the connection between a motor and a generator. By sending an electric current through a motor, electrical energy is transformed into the energy of movement. By turning a crank on a generator, the energy of motion of the crank is transformed into the electrical energy of the current in the wire. In fact, an electric motor and an electric generator are the same device. A generator is just a motor used in reverse. As the marvelous video below shows, a motor can be turned by hand to generate electric power, which can then be used to turn another motor. examples of simple motors Sciphile.org hosts a number of lessons on electric motors. Check out the curriculum about Magnets and Motors for suggestions about how to put some of them together into a coherent presentation. Here are a few favorite examples, in order of increasing complexity. Although not often identified as an electric motor, the rail gun (Classroom Rail Gun) is in some sense the simplest possible electric motor. It moves in a straight line rather than a circle, and it is a direct demonstration of the Lorentz force on a current-carrying wire. Many other simple motors can be found in the class of "homopolar" motors. A homopolar motor is one that does not contain a commutator. In most commercial motors, the commutator is the rotary switch that periodically reverses the current in the rotor, thereby keeping a steady rotating force. In contrast, homopolar motors achieve a steady force by rotating on an axle that is parallel to the magnetic field. Two examples in Minimalist Motors show the general idea. Two other favorites in this category are the Faraday Motor and An Electric Screw Motor. A few other devices convert electrical energy into motion, and perhaps ought to be classified with electric motors. Loudspeakers are a good example where electrical energy is converted into the motion of the speaker diaphragm. Generally however, a loudspeaker is usually classified as a nuisance rather than a motor. See the lesson on Homemade Headphones from Picnic Supplies for more annoying ideas. Safety Pin Motor demonstrates a motor design that contains a rotary switch. Strictly, the commutator in this motor does not reverse the current. It merely turns the power off for half a rotation and allow the rotor to coast around to the other side before turning the power back on. However, this lesson is very good for showing the basic idea behind the rotary switch. question to ponder - Why can't we make a motor just out of permanent magnets? It's a little hard to understand this issue just by looking at the forces on magnets. Experience with a single pair of magnets shows us that two magnets will not be able to keep each other moving indefinitely. In particular, if they are completely free to move, two magnets will just rotate until they are attracting each other and then come together and stick with north and south poles touching. However, one might still wonder if some more complicated arrangement of magnets could continue the motion. An easier way to look at this issue is to think in terms of energy. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only change from one form of energy to another. This is a fundamental law of physics that has its roots deep in the mathematical structure of physical law.5 As an example, chemical energy in a battery might be converted into electrical energy of a current flowing through a wire, which in turn might be converted into kinetic energy of motion by turning a wheel, and also into heat energy through resistive heating of the wire, and friction between the wheel and the road. In no case, however, is energy lost. As long as we account for all the types of energy that can be converted, we will see that the total amount of energy is always the same as what we started with. In order for a motor to lift an object against the force of gravity, or in order for it to accelerate a car down the road, or even keep it moving at a steady pace against the force of friction, the motor must supply energy, and that energy has to come from somewhere. For a motor constructed solely of permanent magnets, there is no way to get energy from the magnets indefinitely. Initially, energy in the magnetic field can be converted into kinetic energy to move the magnets, but if that energy is transferred somewhere else (to lift an object or drive a car for instance) the magnets will slow down and we cannot get that energy back. In the case of an electromagnet, electrical energy supplied to the motor can continually be converted into kinetic energy to keep the magnets moving, and drive the motor against a load. John Jenkins has compiled a beautiful visual summary of early motors at: http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM. Frederick Gregory at the University of Florida has written a nice description of some of the history surrounding Ørsted's discovery. Dr. David Stern at NASA has written a concise summary that puts the work of Faraday and Ørsted in a larger context. - 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodestone - 2. Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1892), "La Théorie electromagnétique de Maxwell et son application aux corps mouvants at the Internet Archive", Archives néerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles 25: 363–552. - 3. More precisely, Ampere's law relates the strength of the magnetic field as measured around a closed loop, to the electric currect that passes through the loop. See e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s_circuital_law - 4. More precisely, Faraday's law of induction relates the flux of the magnetic field through a closed circuit to the voltage in the circuit, which can be used to drive a current. See e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction - 5. In 1915, a German mathematician named Emma Noether established a correspondence between invariances in the laws of physics and conservation principles. In particular, her work indicated that there was a connection between the conservation of energy and the invariance of the laws of physics over time. In other words, assuming the laws of physics to be the same today as they were yesterday, and the same again tomorrow, Noether was able to prove the conservation of energy. The proof is a bit technical, and is recommended only for geeks with a background in Lagrangian mechanics.

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There are many different types of breast cancer, and if you or a loved one has recently been diagnosed, it can be helpful to know and understand the differences. According to the American Cancer Society, the terms used for types of breast cancer represent the specific cells in the breast that are affected with the cancer. Though breast cancer originates in the breast, it can spread to surrounding tissue or to lymph nodes. It can also spread to more distant organs, like the liver or bones. Cancer is when cells grow out of control and can form a tumor. Often, breast cancer lumps are either felt during an exam (a self-exam by the patient or a breast exam given by her doctor) or seen on an X-ray, like a mammogram or CT scan. While many women may be alarmed when a lump is discovered, it’s important to note that most breast lumps are not cancerous. To be sure, talk to your doctor if you find a lump so it that it can be tested. If it is found to be malignant, it’s called breast cancer. The American Cancer Society notes that the most common breast cancers include ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinoma. Others, like phyllodes tumors and angiosarcoma, are less common. There are also changes that can occur in a breast that aren’t cancer themselves, but increase your risk for getting breast cancer later on, like lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and atypical lobular hyperplasia. In situ vs. invasive breast cancers In addition to describing the specific cells in the breast that are affected by cancer, the type of breast cancer can also describe whether the cancer has spread. For example, "in situ" breast cancer (as in ductal carcinoma in situ, or DCIS) is a cancer that starts in a milk duct and has not grown into the rest of the breast tissue. The term “invasive breast cancer” is used to describe any type of breast cancer that has spread into the surrounding breast tissue. Ductal carcinoma in situ It's estimated that one in five new breast cancer diagnoses is for DCIS. The good news is that this early stage of breast cancer can be cured, the American Cancer Society says. It’s called stage 0 cancer. DCIS is a non-invasive or pre-invasive breast cancer, meaning that although the cells that line the ducts are now cancer cells, they are contained so they have not spread to the walls of the ducts or the breast tissue. It’s important to know, however, that DCIS can become invasive cancer — meaning that the cancer spreads to nearby tissue and metastasizes to other parts of the body. The challenge is that there’s no way to know for sure which DCIS breast cancers will become invasive cancer and which will not. As a result, almost everyone with DCIS will be treated so that the cancer does not spread. Treatment of DCIS often involves breast-conserving surgery, commonly known as a lumpectomy, the American Cancer Society says. This surgery involves removing the cancer — and in some cases the surrounding lymph nodes and healthy tissue — but leaving as much of the breast as possible. In some cases, a mastectomy is needed, meaning removal of the complete breast tissue. Lobular carcinoma in situ With LCIS unusual cells grow in the lining of a milk gland, or lobule. They don’t advance beyond the gland and the cells themselves aren’t cancerous. Because LCIS doesn’t cause a lump and the cells aren’t visible on a mammogram, it will go unnoticed, only to be discovered if you have a biopsy for another reason. The concern over LCIS comes from the fact that having these cell changes increases the risk for breast cancer by 7 to 12 times, reports the American Cancer Society. Still, there’s disagreement about whether LCIS should be called a carcinoma or be considered a pre-cancer because LCIS cells don’t turn cancerous and, should breast cancer occur, it’s just as likely to be in the opposite breast from where the LCIS was found. In fact, LCIS is sometimes called lobular neoplasia, meaning simply an abnormal growth in the lobule. Invasive breast cancer Invasive breast cancer is more serious because the cancer has spread into surrounding breast tissue. The most common types of invasive cancer are invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Invasive ductal carcinoma makes up about 70 to 80 percent of all breast cancers. Also within the category of invasive breast cancer is triple-negative breast cancer, which is a very aggressive breast cancer that accounts for about 15 percent of all breast cancers. It is a difficult cancer to treat. A rare type of invasive breast cancer is inflammatory breast cancer, which accounts for about 1 to 5 percent of all breast cancers. Another rare form is Paget disease of the breast — a cancer that starts in the breast ducts and spreads to the skin of the nipple and then to the areola (which is the dark circle around the nipple). Paget disease accounts for only about 1 to 3 percent of all cases of breast cancer. Another rare form of breast cancer is known as a phyllodes tumor, which develops in the connective tissue (stroma) of the breast. One of the rarest types of breast cancer is a form of sarcoma. Angiosarcoma starts in cells that line blood vessels or lymph vessels. Surviving breast cancer The survival rate for breast cancer varies by the type of breast cancer a woman has and the stage of the breast cancer. The National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program (SEER) collects cancer data across the country and from it compiles national cancer statistics, including a five-year breast cancer survival rate based on SEER data. Currently, the percentage of breast cancer patients expected to live at least five years after being diagnosed, according to SEER data, is: - For stage 1 breast cancer, 98 to 100 percent - For stage 2 breast cancer, 90 to 99 percent - For stage 3 breast cancer, 66 to 98 percent Additionally, SEER data indicates an expected five-year survival rate based on staging category (meaning how much the cancer has spread) at the time of diagnosis. - Localized, meaning the cancer cells have not spread beyond the breast: 99 percent - Regionalized, when the cancer has spread beyond the breast, possibly to the lymph nodes or nearby tissue, but the spread is limited to that region: 86 percent - Distant, which is the most serious form of breast cancer, when the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (what is called metastasis): 27 percent Breast cancer recurrence The good news, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine, is that most breast cancer patients will not experience a recurrence of their disease. But if it does happen, breast cancer recurrence can be treated most of the time, and cured some of the time. The key factors that affect the risk for recurrence include the type and location of the original breast cancer. It’s important to closely monitor your health and promptly report any changes if you have breast cancer because the highest risk for recurrence is during the first two years after treatment. Certain lifestyle changes may reduce the chances of your cancer returning. These include: - Exercising daily and eating a healthy diet - Keeping your weight in check - Taking care of yourself emotionally by limiting stress, being actively involved in your health and joining a support group so you don’t feel alone - Limiting alcohol consumption - Getting regular screenings (mammograms) Screening and risk reduction Though some women may experience symptoms of breast cancer, including pain or an inverted nipple, many women diagnosed with breast cancer have no symptoms. That's why screening is so important, the American Cancer Society says. Screening includes doing regular breast exams at home, having clinical breast exams by your doctor and getting regular mammograms. If your doctor finds something on a mammogram, he or she may send you for more tests, including possibly a breast ultrasound or a breast MRI. If cancer is suspected, your doctor may recommend a biopsy. That's the only way to know for sure if it’s cancer. Having regular screening tests and staying healthy by keeping your weight in check, exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet are good lifestyle choices. Also speak to your doctor about whether you might be eligible to take a hormonal modification pill, such as tamoxifen, to reduce your risk for breast cancer. This could be especially important if you have LCIS because of your higher risk for breast cancer later on. While there are some risk factors you can’t change — like family history and genes — other risk factors, such as alcohol consumption, are within your control. The American Cancer Society notes that drinking alcohol has been linked to an increase risk for breast cancer. Staying diligent about your health and making it a priority is an important first step in fighting breast cancer. - American Cancer Society: Types of Breast Cancer https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer.html - American Cancer Society: “What is Breast Cancer” https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/what-is-breast-cancer.html - American Cancer Society: Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/dcis.html - Susan G. Komen: “UNDERSTANDING BREAST CANCER SURVIVAL RATES”; https://ww5.komen.org/BreastCancer/ChancesForSurvivalBasedOnCancerStage.html - Susan G. Komen: “BREAST CANCER STATISTICS”; https://ww5.komen.org/BreastCancer/Statistics.html - John Hopkins Medicine: “Breast Cancer Recurrence”; https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/breast_center/breast_cancers_other_conditions/breast_cancer_recurrence/ - John Hopkins Medicine: “Reducing Risk of Recurrence”; https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/kimmel_cancer_center/centers/breast_cancer_program/treatment_and_services/survivorship/reducing_recurrence.html - American Cancer Society: Breast Cancer Early Detection and Diagnosis; https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection.html - American Cancer Society: Lifestyle-related Breast Cancer Risk Factors; https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/lifestyle-related-breast-cancer-risk-factors.html - American Cancer Society: Breast Cancer Risk and Prevention; https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention.html - Mayo Clinic “mastectomy”; https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/mastectomy/about/pac-20394670 - American Cancer Society: Breast-conserving Surgery (Lumpectomy); https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/surgery-for-breast-cancer/breast-conserving-surgery-lumpectomy.html - American Cancer Society: Lobular Carcinoma in Situ https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/non-cancerous-breast-condit… - American Cancer Society: Triple-Negative Breast Cancer https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/triple-negative.html - American Cancer Society: Invasive Breast Cancer https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/invasive-breast-cancer.html - American Cancer Society: Inflammatory Breast Cancer https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/inflammatory-breast-cancer.html - American Cancer Society: Paget Disease https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/paget-disease-of-the-nipple.html - American Cancer Society: Angiosarcoma https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/understanding-a-breast-cancer-diagnosis/types-of-breast-cancer/angiosarcoma-of-the-breast.html - American Cancer Society: Understanding Your Pathology Report: Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) https://www.cancer.org/treatment/understanding-your-diagnosis/tests/understanding-your-pathology-report/breast-pathology/lobular-carcinoma-in-situ.html

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What is the Sixth Amendment and how does it apply to my case? A criminal defense attorney explains: The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution sets forth various procedural rights related to criminal prosecutions. The amendment was ratified in 1791 as part of the United States Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court of the United States applies the Sixth Amendment to states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Our defense attorneys certainly believe the protections provided by the Sixth Amendment are crucial to your defense. Through the Sixth Amendment, you’re guaranteed a speedy trial, a public trial, an impartial trial, assistance of counsel, and the right to confront your accusers. Criminal defendants are afforded those rights on all cases ranging from low level misdemeanors to serious homicide charges. At Meyer Van Severen, S.C. we dedicate 100% of our practice to criminal defense. If you face criminal charges, certainly contact us immediately. Our criminal defense attorneys are available around the clock to begin fighting your criminal case. You can reach us via telephone at (414) 270-0202. What does the Sixth Amendment say? The language of the Sixth Amendment itself is pretty straightforward: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. In this blog post we will break down certain aspects of the Sixth Amendment. But firstly, let’s talk about the right to a speedy trial. What is the right to a speedy trial? The Sixth Amendment promises “the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy … trial.” Speedy is a relative term. The Supreme Court of the United States provided a four-part balancing test to determine whether the federal government violated the defendant’s speedy trial right. Barker v. Wingo involved co-defendants charged with murder. Prosecutors believed the case against Manning was stronger than Barker’s, so they tried Manning’s case first. Prosecutors hoped that after a conviction from Manning, he’d turn against Barker and encourage a resolution. Unfortunately for Barker, this resulted in 16 adjournments of his trial. The murders occurred on July 20, 1958. Barker’s trial didn’t start until October 9, 1963. Eventually the Supreme Court of the United States reviewed the case and upheld Barker’s conviction. Although Barker lost his case, SCOTUS provided us a four-part balancing test to determine whether a speedy trial violation occurred. On a case-by-case basis, we must determine: - Firstly, what was the length of the delay? The court never ruled any specific time limit applies. That being said, they did determine that a delay of a year or more is “presumptively prejudicial.” - Secondly, what was the reason for the delay? It’s crucial that the government not delay the trial for its own advantage. Securing absent witnesses or other practical considerations is a proper reason for delay. - Thirdly, in what time and manner did the defendant assert his speedy trial right? If the defendant agrees with a delay and subsequently challenges it, there isn’t a speedy trial violation. - Finally, what degree of prejudice did the delay cause? The remedy for a speedy trial right violation is simple: a reversed or dismissed case on speedy trial grounds means the government cannot continue prosecution. Skunk v. United States, 412 U.S. 434 (1973). Speedy trial in Wisconsin courts: Federal law doesn’t specify exact timelines for a speedy trial violation, instead employing the balancing test described above. But Wisconsin courts are bound by section 971.10 of the Wisconsin Statutes. That section provides: - Misdemeanor actions “shall commence within 60 days from the date of that defendant’s initial appearance in court. - Felony actions “shall comment within 90 days from the date trial is demanded…” Generally Wisconsin courts require the defendant demand his trial happen on a speedy timeline. What if they violated my right to a speedy trial? The remedy for a speedy trial violation in Wisconsin is simple. Accordingly, the defendant is released on a signature bond while his case pends. Finally, Wisconsin procedural law does not require a dismissal after a speedy trial violation. This is obviously in stark contrast to federal law. Again, the remedy in federal courts is for a complete dismissal of the charges against the defendant. The right to a public trial It’s frequently not an issue, but the defendant has the right to a public trial. While we don’t encounter this issue as much as that involving speedy trials, it’s certainly just as important. Without transparency, protecting the constitution is difficult. Dangerous things happen behind closed doors. Surely in that situation the government dulls the already fragile constitution protections of criminal defendants. It’s for those reasons we’re guaranteed a public trial, but for during very specific circumstances. Accordingly, the right to a public trial is not absolute. Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333 (1966). Instead, a “substantial probability” test governs the issue. Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1 (1986). The government can compel a closed trial when there is “an overriding interest based on findings that closure is essential to preserve higher value and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest.” The defendant can make a similar request, but “first, there is a substantial probability that the defendant’s right to a fair trial will be prejudiced by publicity that closure would prevent, and second, reasonable alternatives to closure cannot adequately protect the defendant’s right to a fair trial.” The Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury The defendant’s speedy, public trial must be before an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime was committed. The Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment supplement the right to an impartial jury. Impartiality is a two-fold requirement: - Firstly, “The selection of a petit jury from a representative cross section of the community is an essential component of the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial.” Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522, 528 (1975). To show a violation of the cross-section requirement, the defendant must show (1) the excluded group is a “distinctive” group in the community; (2) the representation in the jury panel is not fair and reasonable in relation to the group’s presence in the community; and (3) the underrepresentation is due to systematic exclusion of the group in the jury-selection process. - Secondly, jurors must be unbiased. Specifically, jurors must be able to decide the case on the basis of evidence presented. For example, if a juror was the victim in a sexual assault case, and she cannot give the defendant a fair shot at a sexual assault trial, she must be excluded. Sixth Amendment right to assistance of counsel The Sixth Amendment ensures the defendant has the right to be assistance from counsel in criminal actions. One certainly important aspect of the right to counsel focuses on indigent defendants. What if I can’t afford an attorney? In 1932 the Supreme Court first ruled on the issue. It held that “in a capital case, where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable adequately of making his own defense because of ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like, it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him.” Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932). The financial right to counsel was extended to all federal defendants in Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938) and to all state court defendants in Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52 (1961). Hamilton added that counsel must be provided even in the absence of “ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like.” If you’re unable to afford an attorney, we suggest reaching out to your local public defender office. When do courts appoint an attorney? The right to counsel means “…. at least that a person is entitled tot he help of a lawyer at or after the time that judicial proceedings have initiated against him, whether by formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment.” Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 (1977). The right to effective assistance of counsel An attorney is certainly a start. But what if that attorney is simply a warm body sitting next to you? Certainly that attorney doesn’t help your situation. In Strickland v. Washington the Supreme Court of the United States established that effective assistance of counsel requires two things: - Firstly, the defense attorney must have provided deficient performance; and - Secondly, prejudice resulted. Said prejudice would not have occurred but for the deficient performance of counsel. Having the benefit of counsel, or the assistance of counsel, requires an effective attorney. Without that, the defendant hasn’t benefited from the assistance of counsel. The Sixth Amendment right to confront your accusers Defendants in criminal actions have the right to confront their accusers. In more simple language, this means that the defendant has the right to face in court the people accused him of committing a crime. This right includes the right to be present at one’s own trial and the right to cross-examine government witnesses. The Supreme Court enunciated the three fundamental purpose of the Confrontation Clause in Mattox v. United States, 156 U.S. 237 (1895). Those three purposes are: - Firstly, to ensure that witnesses would testify under oath and understand the serious nature of the trial process; - Secondly, to allow the accused to cross-examine witnesses who testify against him; and - Finally, to allow jurors to assess the credibility of a witness by observing that witness’s behavior. Hire a Wisconsin criminal defense attorney to defend your case The Sixth Amendment to the United States constitution is certainly a complex document. There are important requirements that must be abided by in order to ensure you get a fair jury trial. Unless that occurs, your trial simply isn’t fair. Secondly, it’s your defense attorney’s responsibility to bring these issues up. The court won’t. The district attorney certainly won’t. And an attorney who doesn’t understand the Sixth Amendment certainly won’t. At Meyer Van Severen, S.C. we dedicate 100% of our resources to defending criminal cases just like yours. If you face criminal charges, call us today. We answer phones 24/7 at (414) 270-0202.

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Baroque style in the interior is a luxurious aristocratic style, which is designed to demonstrate the power and wealth. It is peculiar to theatricality and dynamic images. It allows you to emphasize the high status of the owner of the house due to the use of valuable finishing materials and furniture, art objects as a decoration of the premises, gilded surfaces with inlay. The style penetrated into Russia a little later. Only at the end of the XVII century Golitsyn, Naryshkin make their European-style residences, after the style gets to St. Petersburg. The style of the buildings erected at that time was called by the name of the ruler (owner of the property). Until now, there are concepts such as Golitsyn or Petrine Baroque. Baroque architectural forms are an oval, rectangle, square, circle. A symmetrical, properly built room with right angles and circles is typical of baroque interiors. Historical interiors in the Baroque style were decorated with colonnades, flight of stairs with marble balusters, portals with paintings and sculpture. In the 18th century, the baroque style in the interior became even more pompous, the symmetry and color saturation of the atmosphere was lost. The rooms began to make out more feminine, tracery. Even more in the interiors became gilding and curls. So, the baroque gradually transformed into rococo. However, unlike the Baroque, it was used only to create interiors. Rococo buildings were not built. 1. For the Baroque style in the interior you need a large space. A spacious room with high ceilings can be decorated with columns and statues. The high ceiling can be decorated with monumental painting, stucco rosettes and monograms. The apartment has an area of 80 sq. M. m. Baroque style recreate fail. 2. The color spectrum of the baroque premises is saturated. Vinous, deep blue, muted green, brown and terracotta colors are actively used. The most recognizable combination is white and gold. 3. For wall decoration choose wallpaper with the effect of silk-screen printing, embossing, patterned with monograms. They are combined with smooth plaster, decorated with gilded stucco, moldings, marble and mirror inserts, frescoes. 4. The ceiling is a natural extension of the walls, whose decorations smoothly pass to the ceiling surface. The ceiling is decorated with painting, stucco, fresco. Luxurious chandeliers with crystal pendants complement the elegant and stately look. 5. Floors blend harmoniously into the overall atmosphere of the room. They make out in uniform style with walls and home decoration. For finishing use parquet, laminate with a pattern of natural wood, marble or ceramic tile in marble and granite. From above the floors are covered with warm carpets with a dense texture. 6. Furniture creates the look of the entire room. Each piece of furniture is a masterfully made copy of the master with a unique design. It is decorated with artistic carvings, mosaics, beautiful patterned textiles, gilding. 7. As a baroque décor, recognized objects of art - paintings by famous artists of the XVII - XVIII centuries, sculptures of cherubs, naked girls and boys, handmade tapestries. None of the baroque interiors can do without a large mirror in a chic gilded frame with curls and monograms. 8. Baroque curtains are recognizable - they are lush, a little theatrical, expensive. Making the modern interior in the style of Louis XV, it is appropriate to decorate the windows with lambrequins, Austrian curtains, heavy double curtains in the wings. A recognizable combination of Baroque colors - white with gold. He emphasizes the magnificence of the interior, its status. White is replaced with pastel colors. It can be beige, peach, sand. For modern interiors, the use of dark royal colors - velvet blue and burgundy, chocolate brown and muted green is acceptable. Baroque in the interior is emphasized with a combination of contrasting colors. For example, white and brown. They are used for decoration of walls and ceilings. At the same time, surfaces are decorated with gilded stucco that unites space. Abundant use of ornate patterns, including various curls and flowers, is an integral part of the baroque interior. Patterns adorn the walls, furniture, floor, ceiling, mirror frames, dishes. Each meter of walls is decorated with special chic, filling the space with frescoes, niches, marble inserts, columns, monumental painting and gilded stucco molding. The main task of the style is to hit the guest’s imagination, to delight him, make him freeze in place. The wall in any case do not monotonous, covered with the same type of material. For her pick up a few expensive materials, combine them and decorate with additional decor. Designers use the principle of dividing the wall into zones to replicate the interior of the palace premises in modern houses. Each zone is decorated in a special way. It is important that the wall together with the ceiling create the impression of a single space decorated according to one principle. 1. A smoothly plastered surface is covered with a layer of white or light beige matte paint. A stucco cornice is glued along the perimeter of the upper part. The surface of the wall is decorated with stucco moldings and large mirrors in gilded frames. 2. For the decoration of the wall they use two contrasting colors and gilding. Along the perimeter of the wall they let in gilded stucco, high ceilings are emphasized with columns of marble with elegant carved capitals. On the wall, in the areas designated by the moldings, large mirrors are attached. They reflect the magnificence of the room. 3. Apply the principle of "white on white." For this choose expensive wallpaper with silk-screen or embossed. They make out squares or rectangles on the wall, enclosed in gilded stucco frames. The wall around them is painted with white matte paint. All stucco parts of the ceiling and walls are painted with gold acrylic paint. Portals are decorated with white sculptures in theatrical poses. 4. The richness and magnificence of the room is perfectly emphasized by inserts made of marble, tapestries, brocade. Baroque style in the interior is emphasized by high painted ceilings. They can be spherical, arched or straight. For ceilings, the characteristic features are: Marble, granite, varnished board, and artistic parquet were used for the flooring in historical interiors. Paul complemented the overall picture of magnificence and luxury, but did not over-focus his attention on himself. The floors in the living rooms and bedrooms were often covered with thick Persian carpets with drawings and patterns. Today, for the flooring use laminate, floorboard, marbled tiles. An important condition is the combination with the decoration of the walls and the overall concept of the room. The floor must complement the overall appearance of the room. Today, patterned carpets are replaced with monochromatic or select suitable analogues with bright patterns. Such a concept as a furniture set appears precisely in the Baroque era. A sofa with a curved back and silk upholstery was made together with the same chairs. They repeated the form, materials, textile design. Baroque furniture was made by hand by renowned craftsmen. The following features are characteristic of it: Large dining tables with signature chairs truly decorated the dining rooms. Twisted gilded legs, massive worktops with mosaic and artistic carvings complemented the inlay with a valuable tree. Luxury beds in the Baroque style decorated with canopies; elevated, raising to the podium. To create an interior of the times of Louis XV, modern living rooms are furnished with cozy armchairs and luxurious sofas. They are the same as historical counterparts, have curved legs, high backs, decorated with artistic carvings, gilding and mosaic. In the spacious living room can accommodate several sofas at the same time, forming a seating area. The amount of upholstered furniture depends on the size of the room. Examples of Baroque-style furniture: Forming the look of the historical style in the interior, the room is decorated with such decorative objects: An important role in decorating the Baroque room is played by the design of the walls and ceiling. The use of stucco elements, gilded elements, wall paintings creates a royal style in the interior. Baroque decor items: Baroque in the interior is formed by an abundance of monophonic and patterned textiles. For furniture upholstery, bedspreads, curtains, tablecloths choose satin, silk, brocade, smooth velvet. Fabric binds pieces of furniture and interior together, creating harmony and unity. Usually for the upholstery of sofas, armchairs and chairs choose one type of fabric. Curtains match the carpet or wallpaper fragments. Baroque curtains are a theater curtain. With flowing waves, draperies, an abundance of fabric. Choosing textiles for window decoration, they prefer the following types of curtains: Textiles are decorated with hooks, gold embroidery, tassels, bows, brooches. The bedroom creates the image of a royal boudoir with luxurious textile decoration. A quilted satin bedspread covering the bed is complemented with decorative pillows with a frill edge. A natural carpet with a pattern is laid on the floor. The reading and tea drinking corner is furnished with a soft armchair and with a silk upholstery. Bronze chandeliers with crystal pendants gave respectability and grandeur to the baroque interiors. At first, chandeliers served as the basis for candles, the light of which was amplified many times with the help of multi-faceted crystal pendants in the form of an oak leaf and a drop. Candles are inserted into the candelabra, girandoli, candlesticks. Today, baroque chandeliers do not necessarily decorate with real candles, it is enough to pick up bulbs of the appropriate form. In order to properly illuminate a large room, the lighting is formed by zones and high-altitude principle. There are lamps and floor lamps located in the recreation area, reading, playing music. In rooms with high ceilings or stairways, a large central chandelier is complemented by lower lights, lamps and floor lamps. For the spacious hall, select several large chandeliers for 12 or more bronze or bronze or gold horns. They are evenly spaced around the ceiling, decorated with rosettes and stucco. Examples of lighting devices made in the Baroque style: Today, baroque interiors are becoming fashionable again. With their help, you can emphasize the status and wealth of the owners. When you make a home, you need subtle taste and following the historically established traditions of Baroque, so as not to disturb the feeling of harmony and elegant luxury.

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Editor’s note: This is Part 6 of a 10-part series based upon Casey Luskin’s chapter, “The Top Ten Scientific Problems with Biological and Chemical Evolution,” in the volume More than Myth, edited by Paul Brown and Robert Stackpole (Chartwell Press, 2014). The full chapter can be found online here. Other individual installments can be found here: Problem 1, Problem 2, Problem 4, Problem 5, Problem 6, Problem 7, Problem 8, Problem 9, Problem 10. When fossils failed to demonstrate that animals evolved from a common ancestor, evolutionary scientists turned to another type of evidence — DNA sequence data — to demonstrate a tree of life. In the 1960s, around the time the genetic code was first understood, biochemists Émile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling hypothesized that if DNA sequences could be used to produce evolutionary trees — trees that matched those based upon morphological or anatomical characteristics — this would furnish “the best available single proof of the reality of macro-evolution.”99 Thus began a decades-long effort to sequence the genes of many organisms and construct “molecular” based evolutionary (“phylogenetic”) trees. The ultimate goal has been to construct a grand “tree of life,” showing how all living organisms are related through universal common ancestry. The Main Assumption The basic logic behind building molecular trees is relatively simple. First, investigators choose a gene, or a suite of genes, found across multiple organisms. Next, those genes are analyzed to determine their nucleotide sequences, so the gene sequences of various organisms can then be compared. Finally, an evolutionary tree is constructed based upon the principle that the more similar the nucleotide sequence, the more closely related the species. A paper in the journal Biological Theory puts it this way: [M]olecular systematics is (largely) based on the assumption, first clearly articulated by Zuckerkandl and Pauling (1962), that degree of overall similarity reflects degree of relatedness.100 This assumption is essentially an articulation of a major feature of the theory – the idea of universal common ancestry. Nonetheless, it’s important to realize that it is a mere assumption to claim that genetic similarities between different species necessarily result from common ancestry. Operating strictly within a Darwinian paradigm, these assumptions flow naturally. As the aforementioned Biological Theory paper explains, the main assumption underlying molecular trees “derives from interpreting molecular similarity (or dissimilarity) between taxa in the context of a Darwinian model of continual and gradual change.”101 So the theory is assumed to be true to construct a tree. But also, if Darwinian evolution is true, construction of trees using different sequences should reveal a reasonably consistent pattern across different genes or sequences. This makes it all the more significant that efforts to build a grand “tree of life” using DNA or other biological sequence data have not conformed to expectations. The basic problem is that one gene gives one version of the tree of life, while another gene gives a highly different, and conflicting, version of the tree. For example, as we’ll discuss further below, the standard mammalian tree places humans more closely related to rodents than to elephants. But studies of a certain type of DNA called microRNA genes have suggested the opposite — that humans were closer to elephants than rodents. Such conflicts between gene-based trees are extremely common. The genetic data is thus not painting a consistent picture of common ancestry, showing the assumptions behind tree-building commonly fail. This leads to justifiable questions about whether universal common ancestry is correct. Conflicts in the Base of the Tree of Life Problems first arose when molecular biologists sequenced genes from the three basic domains of life — bacteria, archaea, and eukarya — but those genes did not allow these basic groups of life to be resolved into a treelike pattern. In 2009, the journal New Scientist published a cover story titled, “Why Darwin was wrong about the tree of life” which explained these quandaries: The problems began in the early 1990s when it became possible to sequence actual bacterial and archaeal genes rather than just RNA. Everybody expected these DNA sequences to confirm the RNA tree, and sometimes they did but, crucially, sometimes they did not. RNA, for example, might suggest that species A was more closely related to species B than species C, but a tree made from DNA would suggest the reverse.102 This sort of data led biochemist W. Ford Doolittle to explain that “Molecular phylogenists will have failed to find the ‘true tree,’ not because their methods are inadequate or because they have chosen the wrong genes, but because the history of life cannot properly be represented as a tree.”103 New Scientist put it this way: “For a long time the holy grail was to build a tree of life … But today the project lies in tatters, torn to pieces by an onslaught of negative evidence.”104 Many evolutionists sometimes reply that these problems arise only when studying microorganisms like bacteria — organisms which can swap genes through a process called “horizontal gene transfer,” thereby muddying the signal of evolutionary relationships. But this objection isn’t quite true, since the tree of life is challenged even among higher organisms where such gene-swapping is not prevalent. Carl Woese, a pioneer of evolutionary molecular systematics, explains: Phylogenetic incongruities can be seen everywhere in the universal tree, from its root to the major branchings within and among the various taxa to the makeup of the primary groupings themselves.105 Likewise, the New Scientist article notes that “research suggests that the evolution of animals and plants isn’t exactly tree-like either.”106 The article explains what happened when microbiologist Michael Syvanen tried to create a tree showing evolutionary relationships using 2000 genes from a diverse group of animals: He failed. The problem was that different genes told contradictory evolutionary stories. … the genes were sending mixed signals. … Roughly 50 per cent of its genes have one evolutionary history and 50 per cent another.107 The data were so difficult to resolve into a tree that Syvanen lamented, “We’ve just annihilated the tree of life.”108 Many other papers in the technical literature recognize similar problems. Conflicts Between Higher Branches A 2009 paper in Trends in Ecology and Evolution notes that, “A major challenge for incorporating such large amounts of data into inference of species trees is that conflicting genealogical histories often exist in different genes throughout the genome.”109 Similarly, a paper in Genome Research studied the DNA sequences in various animal groups and found that “different proteins generate different phylogenetic tree[s].”110 A June, 2012 article in Nature reported that short strands of RNA called microRNAs “are tearing apart traditional ideas about the animal family tree.” Dartmouth biologist Kevin Peterson who studies microRNAs lamented, “I’ve looked at thousands of microRNA genes, and I can’t find a single example that would support the traditional tree.” According to the article, microRNAs yielded “a radically different diagram for mammals: one that aligns humans more closely with elephants than with rodents.” Peterson put it bluntly: “The microRNAs are totally unambiguous … they give a totally different tree from what everyone else wants.”111 Conflicts Between Molecules and Morphology Not all phylogenetic trees are constructed by comparing molecules like DNA from different species. Many trees are based upon comparing the form, structure, and body plan of different organisms — also called “morphology.” But conflicts between molecule-based trees and morphology-based trees are also common. A 2012 paper studying bat relationships made this clear, stating: “Incongruence between phylogenies derived from morphological versus molecular analyses, and between trees based on different subsets of molecular sequences has become pervasive as datasets have expanded rapidly in both characters and species.”112 This is hardly the only study to encounter conflicts between DNA-based trees and trees based upon anatomical or morphological characteristics. Textbooks often claim common descent is supported using the example of a tree of animals based upon the enzyme cytochrome c which matches the traditional evolutionary tree based upon morphology.113 However, textbooks rarely mention that the tree based upon a different enzyme, cytochrome b, sharply conflicts with the standard evolutionary tree. As one article in Trends in Ecology and Evolution observed: [T]he mitochondrial cytochrome b gene implied . . . an absurd phylogeny of mammals, regardless of the method of tree construction. Cats and whales fell within primates, grouping with simians (monkeys and apes) and strepsirhines (lemurs, bush-babies and lorises) to the exclusion of tarsiers. Cytochrome b is probably the most commonly sequenced gene in vertebrates, making this surprising result even more disconcerting.114 Strikingly, a different article in Trends in Ecology and Evolution concluded, “the wealth of competing morphological, as well as molecular proposals [of] the prevailing phylogenies of the mammalian orders would reduce [the mammalian tree] to an unresolved bush, the only consistent [evolutionary relationship] probably being the grouping of elephants and sea cows.”115 Because of such conflicts, a major review article in Nature reported, “disparities between molecular and morphological trees” lead to “evolution wars” because “[e]volutionary trees constructed by studying biological molecules often don’t resemble those drawn up from morphology.”116 Finally, a study published in Science in 2005 tried to use genes to reconstruct the relationships of the animal phyla, but concluded that “[d]espite the amount of data and breadth of taxa analyzed, relationships among most [animal] phyla remained unresolved.” The following year, the same authors published a scientific paper titled, “Bushes in the Tree of Life,” which offered striking conclusions. The authors acknowledge that “a large fraction of single genes produce phylogenies of poor quality,” observing that one study “omitted 35% of single genes from their data matrix, because those genes produced phylogenies at odds with conventional wisdom.” The paper suggests that “certain critical parts of the [tree of life] may be difficult to resolve, regardless of the quantity of conventional data available.” The paper even contends that “[t]he recurring discovery of persistently unresolved clades (bushes) should force a re-evaluation of several widely held assumptions of molecular systematics.”117 Unfortunately, one assumption that these evolutionary biologists aren’t willing to re-evaluate is the assumption that universal common ancestry is correct. They appeal to a myriad of ad hoc arguments — horizontal gene transfer, long branch attraction, rapid evolution, different rates of evolution, coalescent theory, incomplete sampling, flawed methodology, and convergent evolution — to explain away inconvenient data which doesn’t fit the coveted treelike pattern. As a 2012 paper stated, “phylogenetic conflict is common, and frequently the norm rather than the exception.”118 At the end of the day, the dream that DNA sequence data would fit into a nice-neat tree of life has failed, and with it a key prediction of neo-Darwinian theory. [99.] Zuckerkandl and Pauling, “Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in Proteins,” 101. [100.] Jeffrey H. Schwartz, Bruno Maresca, “Do Molecular Clocks Run at All? A Critique of Molecular Systematics,” Biological Theory, 1(4):357-371, (2006). [102.] Graham Lawton, “Why Darwin was wrong about the tree of life,” New Scientist (January 21, 2009). [103.] W. Ford Doolittle, “Phylogenetic Classification and the Universal Tree,” Science, 284:2124-2128 (June 25, 1999). [104.] Partly quoting Eric Bapteste, in Lawton, “Why Darwin was wrong about the tree of life” (internal quotations omitted). [105.] Carl Woese “The Universal Ancestor,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 95:6854-9859 (June, 1998) (emphasis added). [106.] Graham Lawton, “Why Darwin was wrong about the tree of life,” New Scientist (January 21, 2009). [107.] Partly quoting Michael Syvanen, in Lawton, “Why Darwin was wrong about the tree of life” (internal quotations omitted). [108.] Michael Syvanen, quoted in Lawton, “Why Darwin was wrong about the tree of life.” [109.] James H. Degnan and Noah A. Rosenberg, “Gene tree discordance, phylogenetic inference and the multispecies coalescent,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 24 (2009): 332-340. [110.] Arcady R. Mushegian, James R. Garey, Jason Martin and Leo X. Liu, “Large-Scale Taxonomic Profiling of Eukaryotic Model Organisms: A Comparison of Orthologous Proteins Encoded by the Human, Fly, Nematode, and Yeast Genomes,” Genome Research, 8 (1998): 590-598. [111.] Elie Dolgin, “Rewriting Evolution,” Nature, 486: 460-462 (June 28, 2012). [112.] Liliana M. D�valos, Andrea L. Cirranello, Jonathan H. Geisler, and Nancy B. Simmons, “Understanding phylogenetic incongruence: lessons from phyllostomid bats,” Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 87:991-1024 (2012). [113.] For example, see BSCS Biology: A Molecular Approach (Glencoe/McGraw Hill, 2006), 227; Sylvia S. Mader, Jeffrey A. Isaacson, Kimberly G. Lyle-Ippolito, Andrew T. Storfer, Inquiry Into Life, 13th ed. (McGraw Hill, 2011), 550. [114.] See Michael S. Y. Lee, “Molecular Phylogenies Become Functional,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14: 177 (1999). [115.]W. W. De Jong, “Molecules remodel the mammalian tree,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13(7), pp. 270-274 (July 7, 1998). [116.] Trisha Gura, “Bones, Molecules or Both?,” Nature, 406 (July 20, 2000): 230-233. [117.] Antonis Rokas & Sean B. Carroll, “Bushes in the Tree of Life,” PLoS Biology, 4(11): 1899-1904 (Nov., 2006) (internal citations and figures omitted). [118.] Liliana M. D�valos, Andrea L. Cirranello, Jonathan H. Geisler, and Nancy B. Simmons, “Understanding phylogenetic incongruence: lessons from phyllostomid bats,” Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 87:991-1024 (2012). Image by Ernst Haeckel [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons.

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Furthermore, the limits that Kymlicka places upon multicultural rights are limited in order to protect what Kymlicka terms "social justice. In outlining the thesis of the book Multicultural Citizenship, Kymlicka states that " A liberal theory of minority rights, therefore, must explain how minority 51 examining the forms justice and injustice that arise from liberal multiculturalism, this chapter will now devote particular attention to closely examining Kymlicka's thoughts on justice and fairness in his theory of liberal multicultural rights. This section will first describe how Kymlicka sees his model of multicultural citizenship as promoting multicultural justice. Next, this chapter will explain the limitations that Kymlicka imposes upon multiculturalism and the reasons why he imposes these limits. For Wil l Kymlicka, justice in the context of cultural minority rights is based upon a particular interpretation of liberalism. - Cultural Diversity, Liberal Pluralism and Schools: Isaiah Berlin and Education. - Economics and Information Systems, Volume 1 (Handbooks in Information Systems) (Handbooks in Information Systems) (Handbooks in Information Systems). - Join Kobo & start eReading today! Kymlicka refers to the ideas of John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin to explain "that justice requires removing or compensating for undeserved or 'morally arbitrary' disadvantages, particularly if these are 'profound and 90fi pervasive and present from birth. For Kymlicka, group rights provide a way of advancing equality of opportunity and freedom for individuals who are disadvantaged by the morally arbitrary characteristics associated with culture and race. Kymlicka argues that the approach to justice employed by Dworkin and Rawls provides an equality-based argument for protecting cultural minority rights. UBC Theses and Dissertations However, Kymlicka does not extend this argument to other forms of inequality that are based on "morally arbitrary" characteristics that impede equality of opportunity rights co-exist with human rights and how minority rights are limited by principles of individual liberty, democracy and social justice. Kymlicka contrasts this approach to liberalism with the dominant approach to diversity and rights employed by contemporary liberal democracies. Kymlicka argues that liberal neutralism has been the archetype for dealing with citizens in liberal democratic states. Liberal neutrality is based upon the assertion that there is a "strict separation of state and ethnicity" and as a result, the universal rights granted to all citizens is adequate; there is no need to assign special rights to particular groups of people within society. For example, states have official languages and many Western states have Christian religious references in state documents, national anthems and mottos. Multicultural justice is attained by treating citizens with "the same concern and respect" rather than treating citizens identically regardless of their particular circumstances. James Fishkin identifies the family as a "crucial source of inequality in modern society that has gone largely unexamined in the theory of distributive justice. Susan Moller Okin contends that theories of justice typically do not address barriers to justice within the family and often assume a sexist family structure in the private sphere to support the public sphere. Kymlicka associates this liberal approach with Michael Walzer, Nathan Glazer and contemporary American attitudes towards culturally diversity. The historical arguments are applicable to national groups as these cultural minorities have the right to self-determination under international law and many of these groups also have historical agreements that are legally and morally binding. The historical agreements made between national minorities and the national majority during the creation of the state must be respected, and honoured in order to secure justice for these cultural minorities. While Kymlicka is supportive of special rights for cultural minorities, he insists that there are limits to cultural tolerance. With respect to national minorities, Kymlicka states that "liberal principles set limits on how national groups go about nation-building. Liberal principles will preclude any attempts at ethnic cleansing, or stripping people of their citizenship, or the violation of human rights. This process involves "promoting a common language, and a sense of common membership in, and equal access to, the social institutions based on that language. In the case of immigrant minorities, Kymlicka asserts that looking at multiculturalism as a way of promoting fair terms for immigrant groups to integrate into the societal culture enables us to the see the limits of cultural tolerance. - Beautiful Boy: A Father's Journey through His Son's Addiction; - Schools and Diversity by Mary Keeffe | | Booktopia. - Was Liberalism’s Philosopher-in-Chief a Conservative? | City Journal! This may entail that "certain services should be available in the immigrants' mother tongue, and support should be provided for those organizations and groups within immigrant communities which assist in the settlement and integration process. For Kymlicka, the idea of universal human rights is a "good" that cannot be compromised or diminished. As such, his model of minority rights prevents minority groups from limiting the ability of individual members of the group from exercising their individual freedoms. In order to secure universal human rights for all Canadians, irrespective of ethnicity, Kymlicka asserts that internal restrictions are inappropriate for immigrant groups. While Kymlicka is a proponent of human rights, he believes that human rights alone do not provide a sufficient mechanism for promoting justice in diverse societies. In addition to the limit of universal human rights, Kymlicka argues that liberalism provides a limit for multicultural citizenship. Liberalism is the standard by which Kymlicka evaluates the practices and perspectives of ethnocultural groups to determine whether they are consistent with multiculturalism. Isaiah Berlin - Wikipedia From Kymlicka's perspective, illiberal cultural practices are not sustainable in a liberal multicultural context. For Kymlicka, liberalism provides a mechanism forjudging and evaluating the practices of cultural minority groups while at the same time, making multiculturalism more palatable to the members of the mainstream societal culture who may be concerned about multiculturalism. Kymlicka states: To be sure, liberal principles also set limits on minority rights. Given the priority liberals accord to individual autonomy, any scheme of minority rights must not be allowed to unduly restrict individual choices. Whereas critics tends to assume that minority rights necessarily involve restricting individual rights, and hence as threatening basic democratic values, defenders typically insist that at least some minority rights can be seen as supplementing individual rights, and hence enriching and extending traditional liberal democratic principles to deal with new challenges. First, liberalism provides a limit for the behaviour and activities of 2 1 9 Wi l l Kymlicka, Finding Our Way, Secondly, liberalism assists in allaying the fears of members of the dominant culture who may be concerned about the potential threat that multiculturalism poses to liberal democracy. In examining Kymlicka's theory of minority rights, Kymlicka's conception of multicultural justice is evident. This approach to justice draws upon multiple perspectives. First, Kymlicka's theory of multicultural justice follows the formulation of justice as treating individuals with equal concern and respect. This tradition is commonly associated with contemporary thinkers like Rawls and Dworkin whereby justice entails treating "each according to his needs. This formulation of justice "works towards settling the obligations of society towards each of its members. This approach requires the re-allocation of societal benefits for the purpose of achieving a more equitable distribution of "goods" among citizens. Finally, Kymlicka's approach to justice is guided by his liberalism that prioritizes equality of opportunity and freedom within his theory. The conceptions of justice that Kymlicka employs are used for the sake of furthering the liberal principles that he believes are primary in diverse societies: cultural equality of opportunity and cultural freedom. Wil l Kymlicka's theory of minority rights is a comprehensive articulation of the liberal multicultural perspective. Kymlicka's approach is based upon a particular liberal vision that sees cultural diversity as a means to the liberal ends of promoting equality and 2 2 4 Wil l Kymlicka, The New Debate Over Minority Rights, 5. Subsequent chapters will analyze Kymlicka's theory from Berlin's pluralist perspective to illustrate the forms of injustice that are likely to arise from Kymlicka's model. Kymlicka seeks to secure justice for ethnocultural groups by redistributing rights in society to enable weaker cultural communities to enjoy cultural freedom and equality of opportunity in spite of the powerful position of the dominant cultural group s in society. A pluralist analysis of Kymlicka's theory reveals the problems that result from the emphasis that Kymlicka places upon distributive justice. In addition, a pluralist approach highlights the injustices that are created by the distinction that Kymlicka constructs between nations and immigrants. These concerns will be explored in this chapter. In the subsequent chapter, liberalism in Kymlicka's theory will be examined; revealing the consequences of relying upon the rights model, combining liberalism and pluralism, and positing liberalism as a standard for mediating between claims of justice. Wil l Kymlicka's model of minority rights is intended to promote multicultural justice by securing freedom and equal opportunity to all irrespective of cultural heritage. One source to which Kymlicka looks for guidance in administering this justice is the distributive paradigm. As discussed in Chapter One, Kymlicka identifies John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin as theorists who have influenced his notion of cultural minority rights. He adopts Dworkin's definition of equality as treating individuals "as entitled to equal concern and respect. In addition to incorporating these principles of justice, Kymlicka adopts a distributive manner of administering justice as a way of implementing the principles of justice. For Kymlicka, distribution is a significantly important component of theorizing and practicing multicultural justice. - Continuities in Cultural Evolution. - Neil Burtonwood (Author of The Culture Concept In Educational Studies)! - Sauce for the liberal goose; - The Last Israelis; - Postcolonial Poetry in English (Oxford Studies in Postcolonial Literatures). His theory of multicultural justice focuses on the distribution of rights to individuals and to groups. With respect to individuals, Kymlicka firmly believes in the sanctity of human rights. He insists that universal human rights exist and that violating these rights is unacceptable. He divides ethnocultural groups into national groups and immigrant groups and distributes rights according to this model. Both national and immigrant groups are entitled to special representation rights. However, national groups are also entitled to the rights of self-government while immigrant groups are allotted less powerful polyethnic rights. ISBN 13: 9780415365017 Special representation rights relate to compensating for the under-representation of ethnocultural minorities in decision-making bodies such as legislatures. Kymlicka sees group representation "as a response to oppression or systemic disadvantage. Polyethnic rights make the process of integration more hospitable to immigrants. Included in this set of rights is public funding of cultural events and the re-evaluation of practices that privilege the majority culture. For Kymlicka, the importance of remedying the imbalances that exist between majority cultures and minority cultures is an important task and justice requires that individuals who are disadvantaged by the morally arbitrary cultural characteristics that they possess be assisted in order to secure justice. Kymlicka's approach to the distribution of ethnocultural rights is beneficial in the sense that it identifies group rights and revised models of representation as legitimate ways of reforming society. However, in analyzing Kymlicka's distributive paradigm of justice from a pluralist perspective, two categories of problems are illuminated. The first cluster of problems are general in nature and they relate to the weaknesses of theories of justice that unduly privilege the distributive paradigm. Iris Marion Young's exploration of distributive justice indicates that a theory of justice must recognize that not all issues are best thought of as problems of unfair distribution. In fact, the excessive emphasis on distribution conceals forms of oppression that the distributive paradigm cannot address.

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Walking a Cat on a Leash - Is It a Good Idea? See files for Cats Cats like to explore. Their curiosity leads them to running around the house and investigating every nook and cranny. You can also see it in evidence when they stare out the window for long stretches at a time. The interior world holds much interest, but going outside can become a deep fascination for many cats. Some may even begin to develop behavioral problems, trying to escape every time the front door is opened. This is particularly the case with cats which have not been sterilized. One solution to this problematic behavior may be to take the cat for a walk outside. In this AnimalWised article, we discuss walking a cat on a leash - is it a good idea? We see what advantages and disadvantages this may have for the feline so you can decide if it is something which might benefit your cat. Why walk a cat on a leash? As we state in the introduction, cats are curious creatures. Some will have more energy and eagerness to explore than others. The reasons for this are down to many factors. While there is still further research needing to be carried out, some cat behaviorists have determined there to be five general personalities for domestic cats. These are: We cannot know exactly how these factors will affect a cat's desire to explore outdoors, but there are certain traits which might make them more likely. For example, extraversion in cats is linked to activeness and inquisitiveness. This may make them more likely to want to explore outside. Impulsiveness is linked with being erratic and reckless, meaning they may be more likely to escape outside. Another factor to do with a cat wanting to go outside is related to their innate hunting behavior. Cats will hunt, even if they have enough food to satisfy nutritional needs provided for them. Unfortunately, providing a cat access to the outdoors is detrimental to local wildlife due to high populations of domestic cats. Many researchers consider letting your cat have unfettered outside access to be a practice of irresponsible ownership. Walking a cat on a leash has gained recent popularity as videos on YouTube and other platforms can attest. It allows the cat to indulge in exploratory behavior without risking becoming lost or attacking local fauna. With a leash, we can guide their direction and supervise them to maintain their security. However, not all cats may be predisposed to using a leash or a harness. You may need help to get your cat to walk on a leash, but first we should look at whether this is a good idea. Advantages of walking a cat on a leash As we have seen, most cats will want to have the freedom to go outside, even if they enjoy spending a lot of time indoors. Cat guardians need to work with the cat's nature and not against it, so it may be there are some positive reasons to walk a cat on a leash. If so, they include: - Provides positive experiences: the act of taking a cat for a walk can be a positive and enriching one. The cat will come into contact with a lot of new stimuli to their visual, tactile and olfactory senses. These include feeling grass under their paws, smelling local flora and indulging their curiosity. Such positive experiences may also improve the bond between cat and guardian. - Reduce escape behavior: some experts recommend that walking a cat on a leash might be a good way to help those with a tendency toward escapism. If a cat has such an interest and desire to go outside, then taking them for a walk with a harness can help them to exorcise these impulses. You will need to be particularly careful with these types of cat. - Exercise: some cats are prone to obesity and some may have already become overweight. In these instances, changing their diet is imperative. However, providing exercise can also help them to lose weight. Doing this in the limited spaces of the indoors can be tricky. Going outside allows the cat space to exercise their limbs and helps to reduce their weight. - Balances behavior: there are various reason why a cat may be hyperactive or engage in certain difficult behaviors. These are down to the individual cat, but whether they are neutered, their socialization process and breed type are influential. A cat which wants to go outside will look out the window regularly and may make attempts to exit the home. They may also show their frustration by causing unrest in the home or even destroying property. Taking cats like these for regular walks may satiate this desire and help them to balance their behavior when they return home. Disadvantages of walking a cat on a leash While walking a cat on a leash may help redress their behavior or simply provide positive experiences for them, it is not an activity for all cats. While dogs are eager to go for walks and can be trained to behave appropriately when outdoors, a cat's nature provides greater difficulty. Whether a cat should or shouldn't be taken for a walk will depend on the individual, be here are some of the problems which may be faced: - Cats are not dogs: as much as we may want to walk our cat like a dog, the chances of this happening are slim. Cats are unlikely to have the security and confidence to walk by our side. We will certainly not be able to release them from their harness, otherwise the risk of indoor cats being hurt is great. Cats also do not have the same needs as dogs. Walking is a vital part of a canine's daily routine, allowing them the opportunity to defecate, interact with other animals and provide their bodies the exercise they need. An indoor cat can have all of their needs met within the home and still live a happy and healthy life. However, this does not take away from the importance of well-socializing your cat. - It can be stressful: being solitary and territorial animals, walking a cat in the outdoors can be stressful. If encountering another cat, they may try to either defend themselves or run away from a potential aggressor. If the cat is tethered by a harness and leash, they may not be able to do either of these. having their movement limited in such a way can be extremely stressful and cause acute anxiety. Unlike dogs, cats do not generally see other cats as possible partners to play with. They see them as threats to their security. - You have to be vigilant: with dogs, once well-trained and socialized, you may be able to let them run off the leash. You cannot do this with cats. They will not necessarily come when called, they may run off at the slightest trouble and an indoor cat may not know enough the dangers of the outdoors to stay safe. As their guardian, you will have to be incredibly vigilant, not only of the cat's behavior, but of all stimuli in this environment. - It can endanger their health: cats need to be properly vaccinated and dewormed to prevent the possibility of disease and parasitical infestation. However, even with these precautions in place, an indoor cat going outside can provide threats to their health and well-being. These threats would not incur if they were to remain indoors. - It can exacerbate bad behaviors: although taking a cat outdoors might help to reduce a cat's desire to escape, this is not a given. Since a cat likes to stay in control of their own actions, once they go outside they may not enjoy being kept inside afterwards. One factor is to do with the influence of smell on a cat's desire to explore. When you have a window open or smells from the outside come in the home, it is possible this can cause the cats to want to explore more. This, again, will depend on the personality and preference of the cat. While there are advantages and disadvantages of walking a cat on a leash, it is important look at our individual cat and its well-being. We look further into whether you should walk your cat outside in the next section. Should you walk your cat on a leash? While many blogs and articles may suggest walking your cat is a great idea, not everyone agrees with this hypothesis. The Australian RSPCA is one such organization which highlights certain problems with walking a cat outside. They point out that the main problem is a cat's desire to have control over their own actions. Putting a cat in a harness and on a leash takes away this control and, therefore, their security. They highlight the stressors and dangers which can be found in the outdoors. These include loud noises, dogs, cars and strange people. Stress and agitation should be avoided at all costs, but the RSPCA argues walking a cat outside is likely to cause them harm. Their preference is to let the cat walk in an escape proof garden or covered area. However, the organization also recognizes there may be some exceptions where a cat will enjoy going for a walk on a leash. Every cat is an individual with their own boundaries and preferences, so it is possible some may enjoy going outside without fear. If this is the case, they point out how important it is for the cat to wear a harness and not to simply attach the leash to a collar. This is because not only can this lead to choking, but the cat can get free of the collar and escape. Can I walk a kitten on a leash? While caution needs to be implemented when taking any cat outside, this is especially so with kittens. They will need to have all of their vaccinations and deworming up to date and be given the OK by the veterinarian. They will also be more vulnerable to certain stimuli, so be extra careful. In saying this, once the kitten has been given the all clear, it is possible going outside will help with their socialization. Again, what happens will depend on the individual cat. How to walk a cat on a leash Whenever you weigh up the advantages and disadvantages of walking a cat and looked at your individual cat's needs, you may still decide to try walking your cat on a leash. If this is the case, it is imperative you follow certain guidelines to ensure the safety of the cat. If not, you can traumatize them and prevent the cat from ever wanting to go outside again. - Ensure the cat is completely vaccinated and dewormed. You should also invest in an antiparasitic collar to help further avoid any infestation. - Ensure you buy a harness for cats which is of good quality and does not dig into them at all. If you are unsure of how to put on a cat harness, you have to be very careful. Put their legs through the loops of the harness without harming them. - Not only will you need to choose a harness for cats with a leash attached, but you will need to ensure the cat is comfortable with the apparatus. Put the cat in the harness while still indoors and given them a day or two to get used to wearing it. If they are very uncomfortable, they will let you know. This may affect your decision as to whether or not they should be taken outside. - Choose a quiet place without any other animals and as little distraction as possible. This may be on your property to start off with. However, if you live near a busy road or similar congested area, you may need to take them somewhere further in the car first. - Start by taking your cat out for only very short walks. You can incrementally increase the length of the walk as their begin to feel more comfortable. - You must constantly monitor your cat to ensure they avoid danger and do not come into contact with any harmful substances. If you follow these guidelines and monitor your cat's response, it is possible you can walk your cat without any hassle. Always be responsive to their body language and remove them immediately if you sense trouble. If the worst is the happen and the cat manages to run away while out walking, our video below might be able to help. If you want to read similar articles to Walking a Cat on a Leash - Is It a Good Idea?, we recommend you visit our Facts about the animal kingdom category. 1. Litchfield, C. A, et al. (2017). The ‘Feline Five’: An Exploration of Personality in Pet Cats (Felis catus). PLOS ONE, 12(8), e0183455. 2. Escobar-Aguirre, S., et al. (2019). Can Responsible Ownership Practices Influence Hunting Behavior of Owned Cats?: Results from a Survey of Cat Owners in Chile. Animals, 9(10), 745. 3. Machado, J. C, & Genaro, G. (2014). Influence of Olfactory Enrichment on the Exploratory Behaviour of Captive-Housed Domestic Cats. Australian Veterinary Journal, 92(12), 492-498. 4. RSPCA. (2019). Should I Walk My Cat on a Lead? Retrieved on November 4, 2019, from

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If you have set your sights on purchasing and building on a sloping block of land with a view, then this is the blog post for you. A sloping site can be both a blessing and a curse. It can offer you wonderful views, and the home will be a unique and interesting talking point. But building on a sloping site can be a difficult task, which poses some very specific challenges. It requires creative and innovative thinking. The nature of a slope can make building more problematic and therefore more costly than building on a flat site. There can be a lot to take in when considering how to design your new home, so to make things a little clearer, we have included everything you need to know before you begin designing and building on a sloping site. We at Pivot Homes have been designing and building on sloping sites since 1989 and have the expert knowledge required to ensure that your home is less of a landslide and more solid as a rock. What is a Sloping Site? The name sloping site or ‘sloping block’ is self-explanatory. It basically means that the land you are planning to build on is on an incline or decline (or even slope sideways) and isn’t flat like standard building sites. The block will have what is termed as uneven levels of elevation. This will generally mean a rise or fall of approximately three metres or less across the building area. Here are some of the reasons that you might want to consider building your home on a sloping site: The elevation of a home designed and built for a slope means that you can enjoy stunning vistas and blue skies for miles around. Whether you are surrounded by mountains or water you can catch views that homes on standard flat blocks can seldom never achieve. Natural Drainage and Ventilation. The higher up you are, the more natural cross-flow ventilation there is, meaning your energy bills will be reduced. Designed correctly, the slope also means that drainage can occur naturally. Creative Design and Landscaped Gardens. A home on a slope presents a chance to create stunning exterior designs that are set over multiple levels. It can also mean more privacy from neighbours. Imagine relaxing on a sunny and secluded deck that takes in the panoramic views. Houses situated on the side of a hill are often perfectly placed to gain lots of natural light, which is a sought-after feature in most homes. Sloping Site Analysis A site analysis is vital when designing any building, but particularly when the home is to be constructed on a sloping site. If you don’t carry out a site analysis before beginning the design process, you could be faced with a multitude of issues from natural hazards such as flooding to greatly increased construction costs as you progress. A site analysis will identify any potential costly issues that might need to be taken into consideration going forward. There are several aspects that a site analysis of a sloping block will look at and identify, including the degree and direction of the slope, the natural aspects of the land, including potential views, drainage corridors, potential slippage, access and more. Before committing to purchasing the land, always ensure that you consult a specialist like Pivot Homes. We can help you understand the unique characteristics of the site and best location for the construction of your new home. Here are some of the things that an analysis should identify in more detail: Severity and Direction of the Slope. While some sloping sites slope upwards (rise up from the road), some slope downwards (away from the road). Others can slope from side to side. An upslope site can be more expensive to build on than a block that slopes downwards from the road because they tend to require more cut and fill (more on this later and the construction of retaining walls). As well as the direction of the slope, it is important to understand the severity of the gradient as this will give us a good idea of how to design the home to suit the site. The general rule of thumb is that any slope with an incline less than 2 metres of fall is easier to build on, whilst a slope more than 2 metres increases the skill required from a design perspective and cost of the build. Topography & Contour Surveys. Topography looks at the contours of the land you are planning to design and build on as well as the natural formations surrounding your block. On a flat site, topography might not be that important, but when you build on a sloping site it is paramount so that you can assess hazards like landslides and erosion. To measure the topography a land surveyor needs to be engaged to provide a contour survey. Pivot Homes uses Geelong Survey Solutions as the expert in this field. They provide data and drawings that allow our sloping block design team to determine the appropriate driveway grade and the heights of any retaining walls that may or may not be required. A Detailed Contour Survey is the secret to better design. An accurate Survey shows the exact slope of the land, the precise location of services ie power, telecom & data etc as well as neighbouring characteristics. This enables Building Designers and Engineers to design the perfect home to suit your block. – Craig Vanderpol, Surveyor from Geelong Survey Solutions Getting a soil test from a geotechnical engineer will help you to figure out the stability of the ground to be built on. Evidence of high-water tables in the soil, deep tree roots, and properties in the soil such as clay and sand are all issues that might mean you need to rethink your plans. For example, if there is a lot of moisture in the soil there can be a risk of moisture build-up, which can cause dampness and put pressure on the structure. If there is rock in the surface soil, excavation can be challenging and costly, meaning the house will need to be built out from the slope. Climate and Vegetation. The site analysis might also consider climate and plant life in the area. Things like wind direction and exposure, as well as solar orientation throughout the seasons are important features to look at so that you get the best weather conditions for your home. If there is heavy rainfall in the area, there might be more risk of flooding and erosion, while some areas can be subject to bush fires. Vegetation can stabilise a slope or cause issues due to root placement; it can also indicate the climate on the slope. Be aware that the placement of trees can either obliterate your view or provide shade and frame your views perfectly. This is one of the most vital aspects for a building on a sloping site. Analysing this will ensure that vehicles and pedestrians will be able to get to the property easily and safely, and it will also help you to figure out the best position for a driveway and other entryways. Understanding the effects of water on your site is important because if it isn’t managed properly it can lead to excessive erosion among other issues. Analysis should consider ways to redirect the water, such as stormwater pits, tanks, drainage corridors or swales. If you’re in an area of the country subject to heavy rains, then you should pay particular interest to this. Designing for a Sloping Block. The skill of the designer is one of the most important keys to success when building on a sloping block. When it comes to the design of your new home, you should look for a team that understands how to design on sloping blocks of the land. The team should be able to advise you on how to reduce the costs of excavation and retaining walls required whilst allowing for you to maximise those views. Consider a company like Pivot Homes who specialises in custom-built sloping site homes. Not every home builder is experienced nor even understands building on sloping sites, so be sure to find someone with a track record of success in this specific area. The design of the building should minimise the following: Excavation and Fill. Not only does this increase your costs, but it can also increase erosion by changing the stability of soil and have a significant impact on biodiversity by removing top soil and vegetation. Visual Impact on the Environment. The dwelling shouldn’t hugely alter the landscape and should instead complement its surroundings. Height restrictions also need to be taken into consideration. The design should maximise these factors: This is the main reason many people build on sloping sites, so it makes sense for the design to make the most of the views. Having large windows or carefully placed picture windows around the home is a great way to get the most of your unique vantage point. All those windows will mean lots of natural light, but it’s important for them to be positioned in a way that there is protection from the south and the west, whilst taking advantage of the natural sunlight from the north. Utilising Passive Solar Design principles will also increase your new homes energy efficiency. Making the most of the space you have is important, as sloping site homes tend to be more interesting designs. Large, light filled areas, open plan living spaces and exterior decking and platforms that lead you seamlessly from the indoors to outdoors work excellently. The structural design of the foundations of a building on a sloping block is critical. There are a number of ways foundations can be designed for homes on sloping sites depending on whether the house is on an upslope or downslope block. You can choose from a single concrete slab, a slab combined with a timber sub-floor, or a split slab. You also need to consider how the home will be designed and built for the slope. Here are some of the most common methods: Cut and Fill. This is a process of levelling out the land by cutting away some of the earth on the high side and moving it to the low side. This means that the house can be designed as though it were on a level surface. As stated by YourHome.gov.au: The use of piers and posts can greatly reduce the need for cut-and-fill on sloping blocks. Innovative tensile foundation structures can accommodate the most challenging of sites. If you use the cut and fill method, it is likely that you will need to construct retaining walls. These are generally made of steel beams cast into concrete footings and are very important for containing erosion and for adequate site drainage. Building on Stilts. Houses on particularly steep slopes can be built-up on piers or columns, meaning that there is minimum disturbance to the ground, and the building’s footprint will be smaller. This method can negate the need for expensive foundations. Height restrictions above natural ground level will need to be considered in closer detail. Designs aspects that work well for building on sloping sites include the following: These work excellently for sloping sites because they work with the lay of the land rather than against it. You can have various living and entertaining areas on different levels that make the most of your surrounding views. These designs can be also cost-effective. Flat Roof Designs. Designing a home with a flat roof can produce a great, natural effect and it reduces the obtrusiveness/bulkiness of the home. Designing on a sloping site offers a great chance to build in some extra storage space below ground level. These spaces can also lead directly from the rear or the side. We provide our clients with 3D imaging so that you can get a tangible idea of the design before committing to it. You can see a variety of our stunning sloping block designs for examples. Cost of Building on a Slope There is no point in beating around the bush. Because of the nature of building on sloping site, the costs are going to be higher. Although initially, a sloping block of land can be cheaper to buy than a flat block. However, when you add your additional construction and site costs into the mix, the price of building does increase. Related: Building Site Costs Explained. It can be very difficult to estimate the exact cost of building on a sloping site, as it is extremely site-dependent. As a rule, the steeper the site, the more expensive the project will be. If your site has over a 2m fall, costs will tend to increase due to the additional labour, foundations, retaining walls etc required to construct. Typically, building on a sloping site will add an additional cost of approximately $20,000 – $50,000 compared to a flat block. To get a rough idea and understand the costs of building your new custom home, fill in the form and we will be in touch with you shortly! Here are a few of the common things that might add to the cost of building on a sloping site: Any additional foundation work will add the biggest costs to your project and can be upwards of $20,000. Preparing the site and the intensive earthwork required to level the site through cut and fill and the addition of retaining walls is an expensive exercise. Erosion that occurs during the construction can also lead to extra costs. These costs can be reduced by custom designing the home to suits your sloping site. Drainage and Sewage Issues. Drainage and water run-off issues can be a drain on your pocket. If there isn’t adequate drainage and sewage accessibility from the street at ground level, getting rid of excess stormwater and sewage might necessitate pumps and pits which can potentially add to cost of the build. Building Materials and Labour. Additional materials are often necessary when building on sloping sites, such as reinforced suspended concrete floors. These specialised materials cost more than a standard build. You will also need equipment like excavators, trucks, removal of soil to assist in preparing the site. Depending on where you are building your new home, it might also be challenging to transport materials up to the building site and more complex for builders to access and work on the block, so costs are likely to increase. When working out costs, it is also helpful to remember that you only need to consider the slope of the area of the block that you are intending to build on, not the entire block of land. Also, bear in mind that if you sell your home, you will reap the rewards of your incredible views. You can read more about some of the potential costs involved in building on a sloping site in our post on What to Know Before Buying Sloping Land. As we have seen, building the home of your dreams on a sloping site has its pros and cons. A thorough site analysis from experts is vital in order to get an accurate picture of the cost of the project and how the home might be designed so that it will work with the land. We at Pivot Homes can help with that. Get in touch today to schedule a consultation with one of our professional sloping block experts.

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Most people are aware of the big historic dates and events related to vaccines. For example, they might now when Edward Jenner first tested his smallpox vaccine (1798), when the first polio vaccine was licensed by Jonas Salk (1955), or that we just got a Meningococcal B vaccine (2014). “It is hard to fully appreciate how vaccines have revolutionized modern medicine. The long schedule of vaccines may seem like a hassle, and rumors about harmful effects unnerve parents. But, the fact is, vaccines have helped save millions and millions of lives. Just a few generations ago, people lived under the constant threat of deadly infectious diseases, like smallpox, polio, and hepatitis. Let’s look at the greatest infectious scourges of the past 1,000 years and how vaccines have mitigated or even eradicated the danger.” Public Health Understanding Vaccines From historical safety concerns, like the Cutter Incident in 1955 or the withdrawal of the first rotavirus vaccine in 1999, to improvements in vaccine safety and the control, elimination, and eradication of vaccine-preventable diseases, understanding the history of vaccines can help you get educated and understand that vaccines work and that they are safe and necessary. Early History of Vaccination In the early history of vaccination we had the the smallpox vaccine and the beginning of the pre-vaccine era – the first vaccines. - Lady Mary Wortley Montagu brings variolation to England to prevent smallpox - George Washington mandated that every soldier in the Continental Army had to be inoculated against smallpox - Edward Jenner conducts experiments in 1796 that led to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine a few years later and replaces variolation as a preventative for smallpox - *Dr. Luigi Sacco becomes the Jenner of Italy - James Madison, one of the Founding Fathers, signed the Vaccine Act of 1813 – An Act to encourage Vaccination. - a vaccine for rabies is developed by Louis Pasteur in 1885 - vaccines for cholera and typhoid were developed in 1896 and a plague vaccine in 1887 - the first diphtheria vaccine is developed in about 1913 through the work of Emil Adolf Behring, William Hallock Park, and others - the first whole-cell pertussis vaccines is developed in 1914, although it will take several decades before they are more widely used - a tetanus vaccine is developed in 1927 - 12 children die when a multi-use bottle of diphtheria vaccine that didn’t contain a preservative became contaminated with bacteria in the Queensland Disaster in 1928 - Max Theiler develops the first yellow fever vaccine in 1936 - the AAP formally approves the use of a pertussis vaccine created by Pearl Kendrick and Grace Eldering in 1943 - the first flu vaccine is licensed for use in the US in 1945 End of the Pre-Vaccine Era In the mid-20th century, we started to get vaccines to control diseases that many of us have never seen, like polio, measles, and rubella. - the individual diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccines become combined in a single DTP vaccine in 1948 - the last smallpox outbreak in the United States kills one person, Lillian Barber, in the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas in 1949 - the Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is introduced in 1955 - President Dwight D Eisenhower signed the Polio Vaccination Assistance Act in 1955, which gave $30 million in federal grants to states to cover the costs of planning and conducting polio vaccination programs, including purchasing polio vaccine - about 200 children develop polio in 1955 from contaminated polio vaccines in what becomes known as the Cutter Incident - the live, oral Sabin polio vaccine (OPV) replaces the Salk polio vaccine in 1962 - President John F Kennedy signed the Vaccination Assistance Act in 1962 (Section 317 of the Public Health Service Act), which started as a three year program to help get kids vaccinated against polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, but it has been continuously reauthorized ever since - the first live and inactivated measles vaccines were licensed in 1963 but weer replaced with a further attenuated measles virus that was more effective and caused fewer side effects in 1968 - President Lyndon B Johnson established a legacy of US leadership in global immunization by funding the CDC Smallpox Eradication program in 1965 - the MMR vaccine becomes available in 1971, combined the vaccines for measles, mumps (licensed in 1967), and rubella (1969), and was routinely given when toddlers were about 15 months old - routine vaccination with smallpox vaccines end in the US in 1972 The Vaccination Era The end of the 20th century brought more vaccines and protection against even more now vaccine preventable diseases. - Pneumovax, the first pneumococcal vaccine that protects kids and adults from certain types of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria is approved in 1971 and is given to high-risk kids - President Jimmy Carter’s National Childhood Immunization Initiative in 1977 reached its goal of immunizing 90% of children - the Thirty-Third World Health Assembly declares that smallpox is eradicated in 1979 - Menomune, the first meningococcal vaccine is licensed in 1981 and is recommended for high-risk kids until it is later replaced by Menactra - a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine is licensed in 1981 - Vaccine Roulette, a controversial news segment, airs in 1982 and attempts to associate the DPT vaccine with permanent brain damage, downplays the risks of pertussis disease and helps start much of the modern American anti-vaccine movement - a Haemophilus b capsular polysaccharide vaccine is licensed in 1985, but unfortunately does not provide good protection in kids younger than 18 to 24 months, who are most at risk for Haemophilus influenzae Type b disease - a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Recombivax HB) is approved in 1986 but is only recommended to be used in those at high risk for infection - another hepatitis B vaccine, Engerix-B, is approved in 1989 - the first Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine (PRP-D) is approved in 1988 to provide protection against Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in all kids at least 18 months old, but in 1990, they are replaced with two improved Hib conjugate vaccines (PRP-HbOC and PRP-OMP) that can be given to infants as young as two months old - a booster dose of MMR is first recommended in 1989, but only for kids who live in counties that have at least 5 cases of measles. The routine 2 dose MMR schedule wasn’t put into use for all kids until 1994. - the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) is established in 1990 - the hepatitis B and Hib vaccines are recommended for all infants in 1991 - after year’s of neglect under President Reagan, President George HW Bush’s immunization action plan in 1991 once again raised immunization rates following three years of measles outbreaks - the DTaP vaccine, which is supposed to have fewer side effects than DTP is licensed, and by 1997 replaces DTP for all required doses, although DTP is never actually shown to have caused seizures or brain damage, as was once claimed in Vaccine Roulette - President Bill Clinton’s Childhood Immunization Initiative in 1993 includes signing the Vaccines for Children (VFC) Act, providing free vaccines to many children - the WHO declares that polio has been eliminated from the Western Hemisphere in 1994 - a vaccine to protect kids against chicken pox (Varivax) is licensed in 1995 - VAQTA, the first hepatitis A vaccine is approved by the FDA in 1996 for kids who are at least two years old, but is mainly given to kids at high risk to get hepatitis A - the Salk inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is once again recommended for kids and replaces the oral polio vaccine (OPV) in 1996 because of a small risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP), beginning with a sequential IPV-OPV vaccine schedule and then going to an all IPV schedule in 2000 - RotaShield, the first rotavirus vaccine is licensed in 1998 but is soon withdrawn from the market in 1999 after it is associated with an increased risk of intussusception, a form of bowel obstruction - LYMErix, a Lyme disease vaccine, is licensed in 1998 - Dr. Andrew Wakefield publishes a report in the journal Lancet and attempts to link the MMR vaccine to autism - thimerosal is removed from the vast majority of vaccines in the childhood immunization schedule in 1999 and 2000 - endemic measles is declared eliminated in the United States in 2000 - Prevnar, a newer pneumococcal vaccine is licensed in 2000 and is added to the immunization schedule the next year - LYMErix goes off the market because of insufficient sales in 2002 - Flumist, a live, intranasal flu vaccine, is approved in 2004 - endemic rubella is declared eliminated in the United States in 2004 - a flu shot for all healthy children between 6 and 23 months became a formal recommendation for the 2004-05 flu season. - beginning in the 2004-05 flu season, a flu shot is recommended for women who will be pregnant during flu season, in any trimester, which is different than previous recommendations for a flu vaccine if a women was going to be beyond the first trimester of pregnancy during flu season. Unfortunately, even though they are in a high-risk category, only about only 13% of pregnant women received a flu vaccine in 2003. - Havrix, another hepatitis A vaccine, is approved in 2005 and the age indication for both hepatitis A vaccines is lowered to 12 months. - Menactra, a vaccine to protect against certain types of meningococcal disease is licensed in 2005 and is added to the immunization schedule in 2006, being recommended for all at 11 to 12 years of age or when they enter high school - the Tdap vaccine (Boostrix or Adacel) is recommended for teens and adults to protect them from pertussis in 2006 and replaces the previous Td vaccine that only worked against tetanus and diphtheria - RotaTeq, another rotavirus vaccine, is licensed in 2006, and is added to the immunization schedule in 2007 - the hepatitis A vaccine is added to the routine childhood immunization schedule in 2006 - Gardasil, the first HPV vaccine, is approved in 2006 - a shingles vaccine, Zostavax, is approved for adults in 2006 - a 2nd booster dose of the chicken pox vaccine is added to the immunization schedule in 2007 to help prevent breakthrough infections The Post Vaccination Era Why call it the post-vaccination era? It has been some time since a vaccine for a new disease has been added to the routine vaccination schedule, but we are also starting to see more and more outbreaks of old diseases, especially pertussis, mumps, and measles. - another rotavirus vaccine, RotaRix, is approved in 2008 - another HPV vaccine, Cervarix, is approved in 2009 - Gardasil is approved for use in males in 2009 - another meningococcal vaccine, Menveo, is approved in 2010 - a newer version of Prevnar, which can provide coverage against 13 strains of the pneumococcal bacteria, is approved and replaces the older version (Prevnar 7) in 2010 - Fluzone Intradermal and Fluzone High-Dose are two new flu vaccine options that became available in 2011 - a combination vaccine that protects against both Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and Y was approved by the FDA in 2013. MenHibrix is recommended for infants at high risk for meningococcal disease. - Quadrivalent flu vaccines, which protect against four strains of flu, become available for the 2013-14 flu season - Trumenba, the first vaccine to protect against serogroup B Meningococcal disease is approved by the FDA (October 2014). Previously, Bexsero, a MenB vaccine that is approved in some other countries, was given to some college students during outbreaks under the FDA’s expanded access program for investigational products. Both are now recommended by the ACIP for those at increased risk for meningococcal serogroup B infections. - Gardasil 9 is approved by the FDA (December 2014) to provide protection against five additional types of HPV. - Cervarix is discontinued in the US in 2016 because of poor sales - Vaxchora is approved to in 2016 for adults traveling to cholera-affected areas - MenHibrix is discontinued in the US in 2016 because of low demand - Menomune is discontinued in the US in 2017 as it was long ago replaced by the new meningococcal vaccines Menactra and Menveo More Information About Vaccine Timelines - Historic Dates and Events Related to Vaccines and Immunization - History of Vaccines Timeline - Timeline – A history of vaccine development - NOVA – A History of Vaccination - History of Vaccine Manufacturers - Historical Immunization Schedules - Vaccine Availability Timeline - The Vaccine Timeline - CDC – Timeline: Thimerosal in Vaccines - CDC – Historical Vaccine Safety Concerns - CDC – History of Vaccine Safety - Canada Immunization Timeline - UK Vaccination Timeline - History of Vaccination in Australia - A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India - Polio Timeline - History of Polio - Wakefield Controversy Timeline - Remembering The Pre-Vaccine Era: The Diseases of Childhood Updated February 7, 2018 Last Updated on

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“Our examination…uncovered no evidence that fracking can be practiced in a manner that does not threaten human health,” states a blistering 266-page report released today by Concerned Health Professionals of New York and the Nobel Peace Prize-winning group, Physicians for Social Responsibility. Drawing on news investigations, government assessments and more than 1,200 peer-reviewed research articles, the study finds that fracking – shooting chemical-laden fluid into deep rock layers to release oil and gas – is poisoning the air, contaminating the water and imperiling the health of Americans across the country. “Fracking is the worst thing I’ve ever seen,” says Dr. Sandra Steingraber, one of the report’s eight co-authors, a biologist who has worked as a public health advocate on issues like breast cancer and toxic incinerators. “Those of us in the public health sector started to realize years ago that there were potential risks, then the industry rolled out faster than we could do our science.” In recent years, the practice has expanded from rural lands to backyards, farms, and within sight of schools and sources of drinking water. “Now we see those risks have turned into human harms and people are getting sick,” says Steingraber. “And we in this field have a moral imperative to raise the alarm.” The researchers behind the report, titled “Compendium of Scientific, Medical and Media Findings Demonstrating Risks and Harms of Fracking,” are quick to point out that fracking, or “unconventional oil and gas extraction,” extends far beyond the idea of a single well obediently gurgling up natural gas or oil. Fracking is part of a complicated extraction process with a spider web of infrastructure that extends many miles from the well pad. At virtually every turn, the process contains public health hazards. Residents living near an active site breathe air laced with carcinogens, including benzene and formaldehyde, and research has shown an increased risk of asthma, a decrease in infant health and worrisome effects on the development of a fetus, such as preterm births and birth defects. “Pregnant women have a major risk, not only themselves but they’re carrying a fetus whose cells are multiplying continuously,” says Dr. Lynn Ringenberg, a retired Army colonel and the president-elect of Physicians for Social Responsibility. “If those cells get hit by some toxic chemical from fracking, it may not manifest itself for years.” Fracking sites have caught fire – others have exploded, as happened last month in Belmont County, Ohio – torching chemicals whose dangerous components local fire chiefs may be surprised to learn are an industry secret. Communities have long feared the fracking process can contaminate underground aquifers with hazardous chemicals and research in Texas and Pennsylvania has now confirmed this to be the case. Fracked gas flows via pipelines, whose leaks and explosions are now well-documented. Piped gas must continuously be re-pressurized at compressor stations which have been documented to emit methane, fine particulate matter, as well as benzene, formaldehyde and other known human carcinogens. Report co-author Dr. Kathleen Nolan, a pediatrician and bioethicist who has examined numerous people sickened by fracking-related contamination, describes the harrowing case of one western Pennsylvania family. “They would see a yellow fog, kind of like a chemical mist coming from the compressor station,” says Nolan. “Their two youngest children, nine and 11, started having tics where their muscles would go into spasms, those spasms would persist even when they were asleep.” Then there’s the issue of the waste that flows back up a fracked well. Although the industry calls it “brine” or “produced water,” this material contains carcinogenic chemicals, can be flammable and, in much of the country, also contains radioactive elements from deep below the surface. Occasionally, this toxic waste is used to frack new wells. Often, it is hauled by trucks that must weave around narrow local roads to sites called injection wells, where this hazardous slurry is injected deep into the earth, a process that has repeatedly been linked to earthquakes. In 2016, in Barnesville, Ohio a truck spilled approximately 5,000 gallons of fracking wastewater when it crashed beside a stream that leads into one of the village’s main reservoirs. Last November a truck carrying fracking waste overturned near Coolville, Ohio and emptied fluid into a culvert that connects to a creek. Residents were prepared; they’d been living for years with the menace of injection wells, including what resident Susie Quinn calls a “chemical factory like smell” around their homes. Like many in the region, she spends free time researching risks the industry and her own government have failed to protect her against. More than a week after the frack truck overturned, she visited the site to take samples, but forgot gloves. “About an hour and twenty minutes later all the fingers on my left hand were burning underneath my fingernails,” says Quinn. Tests later revealed the culvert was loaded with barium, as well as strontium, whose isotopes can be radioactive. In West Virginia and Pennsylvania, radioactive fracking waste is being processed at facilities like Antero Clearwater in Doddridge County, West Virginia, which claims it can produce water clean enough to be discharged back into nearby local waterways. But Antero’s website contains scant details on how this is done, and radioactivity experts, like Dr. Marvin Resnikoff, a nuclear physicist and international consultant on radioactive waste, remain concerned. “The radioactive levels at the Marcellus shale formation are off the charts,” he says, referring to the gas-rich layer that underlies much of West Virginia and Pennsylvania. “What is radioactive underground is still radioactive when it’s brought to the surface,” says Resnikoff. “This is not alchemy where radioactivity disappears.” A tour last February with local residents through heavily-fracked Doddridge County revealed Antero’s facility, located just six miles from Doddridge County High School, was emitting tremendous amounts of steam that drifted away in the wind. “There may be radioactive elements in the steam,” says Resnikoff. The “Harms of Fracking” report also highlights astonishing risks for an often overlooked group in the public health discussion on fracking: The workers. Fracking has created 1.7 million jobs, says the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and the industry has potentially exposed workers on the ground to extremely dangerous conditions. “These are killing jobs,” says report co-author Dr. Sandra Steingraber. “We have actually detected benzene in the urine of workers at levels known to raise the risks of leukemia.” Dr. Pouné Saberi, a Philadelphia-based occupational and environmental medicine physician says workers face a wealth of risks, but their injuries rarely show up in the data, for a variety of reasons. They often work as non-unionized sub-contractors, allowing parent oil and gas companies to avoid reporting injuries, and the oil and gas industry is exempt from certain worker safety rules. Also, doctors and major Pennsylvania health care providers that service the industry, potentially a valuable source of worker data, says Saberi, rarely mention anything negative about fracking. “There is a code of silence that exists,” she says. Plus, workers themselves rarely report injuries or hazards, for fear of losing their jobs. “If you asked too many questions, you were labeled a tree-hugger and you were gone,” says former fracking waste truck driver Randy Moyer, who describes his stomach-turning experience on a website called Shalefield Stories. “Every day was different,” he writes. “Some days I’d carry mud, but most days I’d haul wastewater from fracked wells…It was an endless parade of trucks on those back roads.” Moyer was never told the contents of the waste he was hauling. At the well-site, waste was kept in a makeshift pit, and when loading his truck Moyer often had to climb in and squeegee out material. To avoid getting their boots wet, “some guys would go in there in their bare feet.” Moyer was given no safety gear, aside from a flame-resistant coat, because, he explains, “If the public sees guys in hazmat suits they’re going to start to ask questions.” As one would anticipate from a human being with direct exposure to radioactive waste, Moyer became quite sick. “My tongue, lips, and limbs all swelled up,” he writes. “I’ve had three teeth snap off. The first two broke while I was eating garlic bread and spaghetti. I have burning rashes all over my body that jump from place to place.” Moyer has seen over 40 specialists across West Virginia and Pennsylvania. “One told me that I had bed bugs. Another said it must be a food allergy.” The report, which is in its fifth edition, flips the narrative on an energy rush that is quite literally powering the nation. Fracking has “bolstered our economy and energy security” says Seth Whitehead, a consultant with Energy in Depth, a website affiliated with the Independent Petroleum Association of America. The numbers bear out: Fossil fuels supply the U.S. with a majority of its electricity, and gas has overtaken coal as America’s number one power source. Meanwhile, about 60 percent of the gas produced in America and 48 percent of the oil now comes from unconventional oil and gas deposits. Fracking has helped ease America off foreign fossil fuels. And the boom extends far beyond the well pads. Ethane, one of many components in fracked gas, serves as the base ingredient for the production of numerous plastics and petrochemicals. On the Gulf Coast, these industries are making big investments in infrastructure to take advantage of America’s newly abundant cheap gas. “With more than $35 billion in planned chemical plant expansions in our area over the next five years, these are the ‘good old days,'” Chad Burke, President of the Economic Alliance Houston Ship Channel Region, posted on the organization’s website. The American Chemistry Council bullishly estimates that over the next decade the plastics industry will generate over 300,000 jobs. “The surge of natural gas production from shale has reversed the fortunes of the U.S. plastics industry,” states a 2015 Council report. But these glowing numbers rarely take into account the fracking boom’s epic toll on public health, the American landscape and the world’s climate. In fact, against a mounting pile of personal testimony and scientific data, the industry continues to claim it is doing nothing wrong. “The science clearly indicates that, with an emphasis on prevention…energy production can and is being done right, and that hydraulic fracturing is not leading to widespread, systemic effects to drinking water resources,” Stephanie Wissman, an Executive Director with the American Petroleum Institute, stated at a recent meeting of the Delaware River Basin Commission. “It’s sad,” Marcellus Shale Coalition spokesperson Erica Clayton Wright wrote in an email, “that some shoddy so-called ‘studies’ focused on attacking American energy and the tens of thousands of hardworking Pennsylvanians that work across the industry are the subject of fake news stories like these.” But the science on fracking is getting more difficult to dismiss. “With fracking,” says Steingraber, “we had six peer reviewed articles in 2009 pointing to possible public health risks. By 2011 we had 42. Now there are more than 1200.” Some states are indeed listening to the scientists. New York, Maryland and Vermont have banned fracking, and even Florida’s state legislature is seriously considering a ban. “The chickens are going to come home to roost,” says Ted Auch, an environmental scientist with FracTracker Alliance. He believes that as negative impacts on health and water supplies continue to stack up, the fracking industry will have an increasingly difficult time gaining investors, an issue highlighted in a December article in the Wall Street Journal. “Shale has been a lousy bet for most investors,” the article states, referring to the deposits where fracking typically occurs. Within the past decade, says the Journal article, “energy companies…have spent $280 billion more than they generated from operations on shale investments.” As a result, many companies have taken extreme measures to politically protect their investments. Last month, Wyoming became the third state, after Iowa and Ohio, to introduce a bill criminalizing protest activities like the ones undertaken at Standing Rock. “It is a war,” says Tina Smusz, a retired emergency medicine and palliative care physician and Virginia-based member of Physicians for Social Responsibility. “And in this war one of your most valuable weapons is science.”

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SAMHSA estimates that as many as 23 Million people are addicted to drugs or alcohol. This includes children ages 12 and over as well as adults both young and old. But why? Why do so many people abuse drugs and alcohol, and what can a loved one or user him or herself do to recognize the dangers of substance use disorder? Addiction alters the brain’s perception and ability to function properly without the drug. Consequently, the addiction will also alter the way that a user who is addicted acts when he or she is on drugs or alcohol AND when he or she abruptly quits using the substance of choice—living a lifestyle of dependence is hard on both the addict and the family or loved ones of the individual, but there is help. Call our treatment helpline toll-free at 1-888-605-7779 anytime for assistance in finding the best inpatient rehab centers in the United States that offer caring, supportive guidance for your recovery. The call is confidential and our treatment advisors are ready to assist you 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Signs of Alcohol Abuse The very first signs that appear when abuse of drugs or alcohol has taken place include things like changes in attitude, behavioral upset or change, and overall physical signs such as a lack of appearance or a lack of desire to take care of one’s self. According to the National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependence, the following symptoms are associated with alcohol abuse: - Recurrent arguments with friends or family members while under the influence of alcohol - Drinking alone or secretly Signs of Stimulant Abuse Those who regularly abuse methamphetamine, diet pills, cocaine, or similar stimulant type drugs are often easy to recognize early on. They may stay up late or all night and begin sleeping all day, or you may just notice that they are losing excessive weight in a very short period of time—these are just a few of the early signs of stimulant abuse. Additional symptoms include: - Trouble at work, home or school as a result of not taking care of responsibilities. - Changes in appetite or mood. - Acting angry or otherwise in a mean manner towards loved ones or others. - Inability to perform sexually. - Heightened awareness or talkativeness followed by periods of excessive sleep. Signs of Benzodiazepine Abuse Benzodiazepines include Xanax, valium and Adderall as well as a wide range of other prescription medications that are most often prescribed for the treatment of anxiety. Abuse of these drugs is generally lower as most are classified as Schedule III or Schedule IV narcotics which means that the DEA believes they have a lower potential for abuse or misuse as compared to drugs such as hydrocodone or street drugs such as heroin. Signs of Benzo abuse include: - Slurred or unrecognizable speech - Inability to function properly from a lack of coordination or lack of bodily movement - Slowed or depressed breathing which could be dangerous - Trouble thinking or remembering things - Drowsiness or sleepiness What’s even more dangerous is that the National Institute on Drug Abuse estimates that as many as 15 percent of those who are already addicted to heroin are equally addicted to a benzodiazepine such as Xanax too. Signs of Opiate Abuse It’s no secret that the United States has come down with an epidemic, a crisis, in which opioids such as heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone and methadone are sweeping the nation and creating great need for treatment. Users exhibit various signs of abuse early on, including a lack of awareness and confusion. Sadly, many of these drugs are prescription medications so getting them out of the hands of users has proven to be a great challenge for authorities—more and more people are addicted with little hope in recovery unless they seek professional help. The most common signs of opiate abuse include: - Being confused all the time and having a lack of awareness of what’s going on around. - Having cold or clammy skin that can appear pasty. - Sores around the nose or lung infections from smoking or snorting the drugs. - Track marks or needle marks on the arms, legs, neck, or between the fingers and toes or other areas of the body. - Changes in behavior, attitude, memory and overall function. We realize that it takes great courage and strength to make the phone call for help. We want to do whatever we can to help YOU or your loved one overcome addiction to drugs or alcohol. If you have questions, need support, or you’re just unsure where you’re at or where you should be RIGHT NOW in this treatment journey, call 1-888-605-7779 and we’ll help you—we will walk you through the process and be by your side every step of the way. Signs of Hallucinogen Abuse Hallucinogens such as PCP, magic mushrooms, and LSD are not as commonly abused today as they were in the 60s, 70s and 80s—but you’ll still find people taking these types of drugs at dance clubs, raves or all night parties. While most hallucinogens are not considered highly addictive in a “physical” nature, they can cause some serious psychological deficits for those who abuse them. The most common general signs of hallucinogen abuse include: - Manipulated sense of reality including an inability to recognize what’s real and what’s not. - Heightened blood pressure. - Lack of coordination or inability to move properly without trembling or otherwise seeming “off.” - Impulsive behaviors or doing things that otherwise would NEVER be done. - Laughing uncontrollably or feeling very strong emotions otherwise such as anger, sadness, or overwhelming fear. - Visual and auditory hallucinations – seeing, and or hearing, things that are not there. Because there are so many different types of hallucinogenic drugs, there are a very wide range of symptoms associated with hallucinogen abuse. The high that is created by these drugs are referred to as “tripping” and have been proven to be mentally stimulating, in some cases being used for medical purposes when performed under the care and direction of a doctor. Sadly, repeat use can lead to anxiety, depression and even permanent psychosis. Signs of Marijuana Abuse Although marijuana is slowly being legalized for more than just “medical use” across this country, it’s important for us all to remember and recognize that even legal substances can be abused and may cause addiction. Marijuana is no exception to this potential for abuse and misuse. While some can smoke pot regularly with little to no adverse effects long-term, others struggle on a daily basis with a desire and dependence on this drug. Signs of marijuana abuse include: - Depression or lack of desire to do much. - Anxiety or fear that is heightened when using or which turns to anger or upset when not using. - Memory loss or difficulty focusing or concentrating. - Red, bloodshot, or glassy eyes. - Slurred speech, slow reaction times and a general slowness. - Laughing uncontrollably or acting outward in an “odd” manner. - Loss of interest in hobbies, sports or other activities that do not allow marijuana as part of the activity. - Increased hunger, weight gain and consumption of unhealthy foods. You may be inclined to believe that smoking weed is safe or otherwise “not so bad,” since this substance has been approved for recreational use in many areas of the country including Colorado and Massachusetts, but think about it as you would any other legal substance such as alcohol or prescription medications. In moderation, and for some people, this drug may pose little risk—but when used daily, excessively, or by an individual that is already predisposed to addiction—even a little recreational pot use could prove to be hazardous. Treatment for Substance Use Disorders Abusing any substance, illicit drugs, prescription drugs, recreational drugs or alcohol, can lead to addiction. Some drugs, such as heroin, lead to addiction so quickly most users don’t even realize it hit them until it’s too late and they’re already in a position that has them striving to do “whatever it takes” to get their hands on the next fix. Sadly, millions of Americans need treatment for a wide range of substance abuse and addiction problems—but less than 2% nationwide get the professional treatment they need for recovery. Treating substance use disorders can include an array of options for recovery such as: - Twelve step meetings and support groups such as NA or AA. - Non-twelve step meetings such as Women for Sobriety (WFS) or SMART Recovery. - Inpatient rehab that provides around-the-clock care in a drug and alcohol-free environment. - Outpatient rehab which provides as-needed or as-scheduled treatment for milder cases of addiction to drugs or alcohol. - Aftercare and sober living options which provide a continuum of care after drug or alcohol rehab has been completed. - Psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy and other forms of therapeutic care as needed and as defined by a professional treatment provider either in an inpatient rehab center or an outpatient rehab program. - Drug or alcohol detox in a medically supervised facility. Treatment may include medications, adjustment of prescribed medications, intervention, medical care, psychological care and counseling, family therapy and a wide range of modalities that are geared toward individual patient needs. The goal of all treatment programs is to help the user learn how to cope without drugs or alcohol, live a substance-free lifestyle, and deal with stress, anxiety or other everyday situations without immediately turning to his or her substance of choice. It’s a tough road—but recovery is possible. If you or a loved one is sick, struggling, and in need of help overcoming addiction to drugs or alcohol, call 1-888-605-7779 for immediate support. A caring treatment advisor is ready to take your call and assist you in the recovery process from start—to finish.

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The U.S.-Mexico-Canada trade agreement (USMCA) addresses the world’s largest trading area. Since trade agreements were first initiated, Canada and Mexico have evolved into two of the largest export markets for U.S. pork products. Thank you Congress for prioritizing the ratification of the USMCA to allow the U.S. pork industry to maintain zero-duty market access to two of its largest export markets. Discover dishes made possible by the USMCA Pulled Pork Poutine The origins of poutine are often disputed throughout Canada, but one thing is for sure—it originated in Quebec in the 1950’s and it’s still a late-night snack favorite. Legend has it that the staple dish came about after a man asked for a side of gravy with his takeout fries and cheese curds. As the dish evolved, it came to include a range of toppings, most deliciously among them—pulled pork. Pulled Pork Sandwich The practice of slow cooking pork arrived in the United States along with the Spanish conquistadors as they settled into what is now the American south in the 16th century. Before arriving in the U.S., conquistadors passed through the Caribbean islands and witnessed locals cooking pigs over an open and low flame. Upon tasting the delicious meat produced by the new cooking method, the conquistadors quickly adopted it and put it into practice. As the conquistadors continued traveling west, eventually landing in the U.S., so did the practice of slow cooking pork. Soon, sauces and marinades were paired with the meat, with each region of the U.S. crafting the sauce based on key influences from new settlers. Having been settled by the British, Virginia and North Carolina use a vinegar base for their sauce, while South Carolina uses a mustard base due to the French and German influence in the area. Memphis, being on the heavily traded Mississippi river, uses molasses as a base for its sauce, giving it the sweet and dark flavor that is so popular today. Today, each region of the south boasts their pulled pork and sauce recipe as the best, a debate not likely to be settled soon. Tacos al Pastor The beloved Mexican tacos have origins in the Lebanese method of cooking meat on a spit, referred to as shawarma. In the early 1900’s, Lebanese immigrants moved to Mexico and brought with them this unique technique, with lamb being substituted for pork by locals. The tacos are a staple in Mexico City where taco shops and stands line the streets. Each taquero has a unique way of marinating, seasoning, cooking and slicing the meat in order to create the perfect taco. As such, no true recipe exists. Instead, it is up to each taquero to create their best version of a taco, sharing the recipe with only their closest confidants. However, some things remain uniform, like the red coloring often seen on the meat, which comes from the chile adobo seasoning used on the tacos. This mixture usually consists of vinegar, cinnamon, ancho chiles, garlic and salt, though many taqueros claim to add secret ingredients. Cilantro and onion are used as toppings for the taco and a slice of pineapple usually makes an appearance. This famous double crusted meat pie traces its origins back to an old Quebecois Christmas tradition from the 1600s when French settlers celebrated Christmas Eve with a réveillon—a feast after midnight Mass. While the event included a variety of savory dishes, tourtière was always the feast’s focal point. The dish has evolved across Canada, with those along the coasts stuffing it with salmon or trout and those in Montreal using ground pork. However, some aspects of the dish always seem to stay consistent: the spices used (cinnamon, nutmeg and clove) and the soft, buttery, flaky crust. The deliciousness does not end there—it is usually accompanied by a chili, mustard or wine sauce. For some extra flair, chefs often use the leftover pastry dough to decorate the top of the pie. Did you know the hot dog can trace its origins back to Ancient Rome? Legend has it that it was Emperor Nero’s cook, Gaius who first discovered the practice of using pork intestines to pack meat and spices into, thus creating the first sausage. The name is said to come from a German butcher in the 1600s who named his sausage “dachshund” or “little dog.” Eventually, the hot dog would make its way across the pond to New York City, where it would get its crowning fame. Story has it, it was a German immigrant who sold sauerkraut, sausages and milk rolls from a push cart in the 1860s who is credited with inventing the hot dog as we know it today. Soon, hot dogs would begin to commercialize through their famed home on Coney Island and by 1893 hot dogs were in most baseball parks. Today, they can be found just about anywhere with an infinite list of toppings varying by region - onions, chili, slaw, tomatoes, pickles and even bacon-wrapped or deep fried in corn; they’re all wonderfully delicious. Pozole de Chile Colorado Pozole’s history dates back to pre-Hispanic times as a ceremonial dish for Aztecs, reserved only for the highest priests and the emperor during religious ceremonies and festivities. According to Alfonso de Jesus Jimenez Martinez, professor at the University of the Carribean, it was the Spaniards who added pork to the recipe upon their arrival in what would become Nueva España. While pozole varies by region (with the basis of the dish still with nixtamal corn) the Jalisco style stands out for having chile colorado—red chile made with crushed dried ancho chile—while the Sinaloa style substitutes chile guajillos. Split Pea Soup A winter favorite for its ability to fight off the cold Canadian winter, this Quebecois favorite traces its origins back to a dish served onboard ships coming from Europe with Canada’s first settlers. Considering the voyages were long, ships were stocked with food that could be preserved for extended periods of time, such as dried fruits, grains, legumes, rice and salted meats. Eventually, settlers planted gardens and raised livestock, and were able to include fresh pork and vegetables into the dish. This soup was especially fulfilling during the harsh winters since its ingredients composed a nutritious meal the settlers could rely on. The recipe has variances today with some creating a more brothy ham stock base than others. The ham hock has remained an essential part of the soup, with traditional recipes calling for it to be roasted in an oven alongside carrots and onions, then added to the broth with cooked peas. Driven by the rise of industrial meatpacking, ribs initially became popular cuts of meat because they were the leftover portions that could not be packaged into cans and were instead given away or sold for a bargain. However, during the first half of the 20th century, barbequed pork ribs became widely popular with the African American community as they standardized a new and savory way to cook the meat. African American-owned barbeque joints were plentiful in the 1950’s, with fried okra, sweet potatoes, cornbread and hush puppies often accompanying the ribs, creating the platter we know today. Cities like Cincinnati, Memphis and Detroit led the way to the dish’s boom in popularity, with ribs beginning to make appearances at high-end restaurants and home cookouts across the country. Today, ribs can be enjoyed as baby backs, spare or tips, and accompanied with a variety of regional dry rubs and sauces. Often referred to as a fusion dish between the Mayans and the Spanish, Cochinita Pibil has become representative of the Yucatan region in southern Mexico. In pre-Hispanic times, the dish was cooked in a pib – an oven in the ground - during the Mayan celebration of Hanal Pixán (known today as the Day of the Dead), in which families offer meals to the souls of the departed as they return for a visit between Oct. 31 and Nov. 2. Traditionally, the dish was made with pheasant, venison or wild boar, but was switched to pork with the arrival of the Spanish. The dish consists of pork marinated in achiote and bitter orange juice that is then wrapped in banana leaves and steamed on low heat in a pib. Conventional ovens and grills can be used as well by lining the rack with banana leaves and laying the meat directly on top. Peameal Bacon Sandwich Known as Toronto’s Signature Dish, the peameal bacon sandwich can trace its origins back to 1854 when William Davies arrived in Canada from the U.S. and opened a pork processing plant. The dish got its name when Davies cured pork loin by rolling it in crushed yellow peas and fried the leftover slices from the center cut, creating a perfectly delicious and juicy dish. Eventually, cornmeal would come to replace peameal without impacting the savory taste or tenderness of the meat. Today, Toronto, formerly known as Hogtown for its meatpacking industry, boasts the country’s greatest peameal bacon sandwich scene, drawing in crowds to its St.Lawrence Market where Canadians eagerly go to proudly savor the dish. Roasted Green Chile Stew Green or red? This seems to be one of the most pressing questions in New Mexico, referring to the two chile options available. Hatch Green Chiles, as they are famously known, produces both red and green —the color variance depending on when the pepper is picked and how ripe it is at the time of picking. Green chiles, despite being synonymous with New Mexico, are not native to the land, but instead are a Spanish import. In fact, most Southwestern cuisine is a fusion of Pueblo Indian tradition and Spanish imports. It was the Spanish monks, who while settling most of what is now New Mexico, introduced the pepper to the region. The pepper became a staple and was in high demand throughout the U.S., leading Congress to begin building roads with the goal of bringing more chile to market. Today, the stew is a fall and winter favorite because of the warm comfort it brings during the winter months. Traditionally, the stew includes chunks of pork, potatoes, onion and seasonings. Asado de Puerco Asado de Puerco’s history dates back approximately 150 years, with the dish originating in the northern Mexican states of Coahuila and Durango in an area known as The Comarca Lagunera. The dish is usually prepared in times of celebration such as weddings, baptisms or quinceañeras and is often offered in thanks to St. Jude Thaddeus, the Virgin of Guadalupe, or the Virgin of San Juan de los Lagos. Tradition states that on the anniversary of the Reparto Agrario - the distribution of land to those who worked it - locals open their ranches and homes to the public to come and enjoy homemade Asado de Puerco as a community, at no cost. This celebratory and traditional dish consists of tender cubes of pork bathed in a red chile sauce made of ancho and guajillo peppers with clove, garlic and cumin seasonings.

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When war broke out in September 1939, the greatest fear of many people was the bombing of cities by the German air force (Luftwaffe). This stemmed form the fact that aeroplanes had developed greatly during the 1920s and 1930s and it was widely feared that aerial bombing would the main feature of future wars. In particular, people looked to the example of Guernica in Spain, which had been bombed in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War. It was feared that a similar fate would come to the people of British cities. As a result, in the first four days of September 1939, nearly three million people left cities and towns to find safer places in the countryside. Some evacuees soon went back when aerial bombing did not begin immediately, but many stayed away for much of the war, and others left cities later. As a small rural town, Hemel Hempstead was a destination for many evacuees. This section includes stories of people who were evacuated to the town from London, but also of local people who were sent away to deeper countryside. (Interviewed by Sophie Horwood, November 2008.) Audrey Mullard was Audrey Deller when war broke out, and a four year old old resident of Tottenham in north London. She was evacuated towards the end of 1940 and remembers how she left London with her mother and sister. She was very unhappy to leave her father working in London, along with her cat. The family was moved around different places. Audrey says, We were billeted with four different families in Hemel Hempstead. We were assigned a billeting officer who had previously gone round to houses in the area. If householders had one or two spare rooms they were obliged to take in refugees. The host families were paid a small fee for each evacuee they took in. It was not easy being with another family. Audrey says: Although we got on reasonably well with one family that we were billeted with, unfortunately I have no happy memories of the others. In one billet we would leave a roaring fire and have be in our cold bedroom before the man of the house came home between 5 and 6 pm. We had a sparsely furnished bedroom with a lino covered floor, and there was just one double bed for my mother, sister and I. We would stay huddled together throwing coats over us for extra warmth. Mum said she would sometimes walk us round the streets so we did not get back to the unhappy billets too soon. We always had to be very quiet whilst in these billets. Despite these bad experiences, Audrey says: I suppose it is understandable that host families did not particularly want a mother and two small children staying with them. Then again, we did not want to be there either but we did not have much choice in the matter. Audrey pictured on the left next to her sister Shirley and in front of her mother. Note the gas mask cases. Read more about Audrey Mullard's life as an evacuee in Hemel here. (Interview by Sarah Kay and Amelia Wright, February 2009.) Hazel Wilkinson lived with her two sisters, Mary and Janet, in Hemel Hempstead with their parents before the war began. Her father knew that war was imminent and their parents decided to evacuate them privately. Hazel’s parents had spent their honeymoon on a farm in Wales and they sent the children there. Hazel recalls, “Our mother took us to Wales as by this time my father was in the army. We went through London which was being heavily bombed at the time and I remember the red sky from the previous night’s raids. It must have been very frightening for our mother.” Life on the farm was very different to that in Hemel, but the routine did not vary much. Hazel said, “Mondays were market days when Mr and Mrs Jones dressed in special clothes and went to market in a pony and trap, taking things like eggs and mushrooms. There might be a pig in the back of the trap. If it was not a school day one of us was allowed to go. That was a real treat. Baking was done in the bake house at the back of the scullery. A fire was lit in the oven and when it was really hot the bread for the week went in followed by cakes and pastries. That was the day we had our bath as the bake house would be warm. The bath was a tin one that usually hung on the wall of the scullery. There was no electricity or gas.” An advantage of being on a farm was that fresh produce was close at hand. Hazel recalls: “Local people got their butter and cheese rations from the farm. We think we had more than people who lived in towns.” School was also very different to the one Hazel attended in Hemel: George Street Primary School: “It was a 3 class village school. The head teacher taught my class. He was a gifted musician but certainly not a disciplinarian and chaos reined for much of the time. Mary was in the next class with a female teacher who was also a good singer and Janet was in the baby class. Every morning assembly went on for ages as Mr R played the piano, Miss P sang and we had lots of hymns. The age range in the top class was from 9 to 14. The bigger children, especially the boys, were allowed time off to help on the local farms. Lessons were haphazard. We had time off to collect sticks for wood for the school boiler.” Life on the farm was idyllic in many ways and gave the 3 sisters a unique experience and many memories, some good and some less happy. Hazel remembers, “We did see our parents occasionally when my father had some leave. I knew that they had arrived because I could smell my mother’s perfume as she came up the stairs to our bedroom. When they came we often went to the local town (Welshpool) and the river Severn where our father fished and cooked the fish for lunch. They were happy memories.” Despite these happy memories, Hazel says that she “was mostly very unhappy, apart from missing my parents and our settled life at home. I was a ‘square peg in a round hole’. I was a real bookworm and when our parents sent us a parcel it often contained a book for me. I instantly wanted to read it, but was discouraged by Mrs Jones. I also know now that I spoke out of turn. One time when I should have shut up was after a parcel arrived from our parents. They sometimes sent us sweets as our father would swap his tobacco allowance for sweet coupons. Mrs Jones would let us choose one item then put the parcel away, but she would bring it out when relations called and give them lots of sweets. I would say that they were ours. Not a good idea! When we did finally leave the farm 15 months later I was an extremely nervous and unhappy person. My sisters were not so affected as Mary loved life on the farm and Janet, although she was very young, was fortunate to be little and arouse the motherly instinct amongst those on the farm.” Hazel and her sisters enjoy a day out by the river near to the farm where they were evacuated in 1939. Read more about Hazel Wilkinson here. (Interview by Sarah Jane Kay, August 2010.) This is the story of Jeanette (Jean) Anne Martin, her twin brother James (Jimmy) Vernon Martin and older brother Ernest Peter Joseph Martin, who was always called Peter. They lived in Malden Road, Kentish Town in London. We were evacuated on 3rd September 1939 from Fleet Road School in Hampstead, London. We arrived in Berkhamsted (Hertfordshire) with nowhere very much to go. Children were lined up and delegated to various people who said things like, “I’ll take this one and I’ll take that one”. We were pretty much the last on the list as twins and an older brother who didn’t want to be separated and we kept holding hands. It was getting dark so they took us to a temporary billet in a very affluent house but we couldn’t stay there for more than a couple of days. The lady there was quite unkind despite the fact that we were very young. Jimmy and I were barely 6 years old and Peter was 10. There was some talk of people taking us in during the day time and sending us somewhere else to sleep but that didn’t work out. Peter was a very endearing boy with blond hair and a mischievous way and he was eventually chosen. No one really wanted to take us twins until Aunty Lizzie said she would have us. The people who took Peter were very cruel and treated him badly, for example locking him in a cupboard under the stairs. My Mum would give him half a crown, a lot of money in those days, to buy lemonade and a biscuit when the family went out. But they would get him a glass of water and no biscuit and take the money. He was so unhappy he ran away and hitch-hiked and walked back to London, about 28 miles…. Because he had run away Peter was tarnished and was sent back and put in a strict boys’ camp run by the Boys’ Brigade in Great Gaddesden. [The camp was probably the one at St Margaret's close to Great Gaddesden, details of which are here.] But this wasn’t fair because he had run away because of the cruelty. The children there lived in big black huts. I’m not absolutely sure about this but I think he could not leave until he was old enough to work. But anyway, he had to stay until he was about 14 years old…. Uncle Charlie and Aunty Lizzie Holiday were already old when they took us in. Aunty was in her seventies at the end of the war. She dressed very Victorian-like with her hair in a ‘cottage loaf’ bun. Uncle Charlie had been gassed in the First World War and was a semi-invalid. Aunty had been a nurse. They both worked at Berkhamsted Girls School where he was the caretaker and she was the matron. We picked apples that grew in the school grounds and wrapped them in blankets and stored them in the cellar. We also stored nuts in sand in tins. They were not to be eaten until Christmas. We ate well. It must have been quite costly to take on 2 children when they had none of their own…. We were called names by the local children such as Londonite and guttersnipe. You were only allowed to take one little suitcase, not much bigger than the gas mask case, with a change of underware. We weren’t dressed smartly so we were called names. We spoke slightly differently to the rural language of the time and the accent at that time in Berkhamsted was very strong. Aunty Lizzie got hold of some clothing for us and Mum made me a few dresses and sent them, but Jimmy played out in the garden in threadbare trousers to save his only decent pair. We were shielded from the full harshness of what was happening in the war but we could listen to the *wireless and at night-times you could sometimes see ‘dog fights’ between English and German planes and we saw some planes come down in flames. But this was small compared to what was happening in London. You could hear the barrage in London. You also knew that because of what was happening you might not see your Mum and Dad again. They were living in danger all the time. *Wireless - radio Jimmy and Jean Martin Read more about Jean Kelley here. (Information sent by individual, July 2009.) Daisy Lowe was born Daisy Brannon and was living in Islington at the start of the war, when she was seven years old. She was evacuated with her six year old sister, June, her baby brother Terry, her mother, and other relatives. On the journey from Euston to somewhere in the midlands, we were puzzled when the train stopped at Hemel Hempstead & Boxmoor station at about 11 a.m. WAR HAD BEEN DECLARED. All transport was immediately halted in England and we had to get off and lie down under the horse-chestnut trees on the moor by the Fishery Inn. A beautiful spot…. Later we had to take what seemed a long walk to St. John's Hall where the W.V.S. (Women's Voluntary Service) had tea, orange juice and biscuits organised for us. The good ladies gathered to choose who they would accept as evacuees to live with them. My mother had to choose the two younger children to go with her to Mrs. Smith in Sebright Road, I was left out! My aunt, Vi Davy, took me, together with her son Ron, to live in Grosvenor Terrace, and my aunt Lil and her daughter Maureen went to Horsecroft Road. After a very short period of time Mrs Smith agreed for me to join my family and before my father was called up into the Royal Artillery he also spent weekends with us. We attended Cowper Road Infants School and later St. John's School with Mr W.G.S. Crook as headmaster. We used to ride our roller skates to St John's School but a policeman stopped us because the skates made a sound like something dropped by German aeroplanes…. At the age of 11 years I was not allowed to sit the examination for the Grammar School because I was an evacuee, even though I had attended local schools for 4-plus years. Mr Crook was incensed at the discrimination and arranged for me to sit the London Board examination. As I passed this examination he again put me forward for the Grammar School but by then I had to spend a year at Corner Hall School …. Whilst at Corner Hall School we were taken swimming and one day a teacher was vigorously demonstrating what to do when she fell into the pool! Lots of cheering from us but Mr Whittle, the pool superintendent, restored order. At Corner Hall I spent many hours in the shelters during air raids when we were all encouraged to sing and were given barley sugar sweets. Read more about Daisy Lowe here. (Interview by Lynda Abbott and Fay Breed, November 2011.) John Stanbridge's farm, St Agnell's, hosted evacuees during the war. He remembers: We had a Welsh school teacher billeted on us and we became lifelong friends. We had two school teachers. One (the Welsh lady) did everything she possibly could to help – did the washing up, made the beds ready… The other thought she was in a paying hotel and did absolutely nothing. You can know which one we liked! The one we didn’t like left after about 18 months. The other one actually got married from the farm in the local registry office. They hadn’t really got any family left of their own. My parents were like grandma and granddad to them. We called them our Welsh branch. A funny thing happened to her in the war. She did advanced Welsh at Bangor University. One day the South Wales Borderers were on the little village green on manoeuvres (in Cupid Green). As she cycled to school one of these men passed some very spicy remarks about this young lady. She had enough courage to keep on cycling straight up to them and speak to them in their own language. They didn’t expect in a little country village in Hertfordshire to find a perfect Welsh speaking girl. Read more from John Stanbridge on evacuees here.

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|An adult hermaphrodite C. elegans worm| An adult hermaphrodite C. elegans worm Caenorhabditis elegans (pronounced /ˌsiːnoʊræbˈdaɪt ɪs ˈɛl ɪgænz/) is a free-living nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. Research into the molecular and developmental biology of C. elegans was begun in 1974 by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism. C. elegans is unsegmented, vermiform, bilaterally symmetrical, with a cuticle integument, four main epidermal cords and a fluid-filled pseudocoelomate cavity. Members of the species have many of the same organ systems as other animals. In the wild, they feed on bacteria that develop on decaying vegetable matter. Individuals of C. elegans are almost all hermaphrodite, with males comprising just 0.05% of the total population on average. The basic anatomy of C. elegans includes a mouth, pharynx, intestine, gonad, and collagenous cuticle. Males have a single-lobed gonad, vas deferens, and a tail specialized for mating. Hermaphrodites have two ovaries, oviducts, spermatheca, and a single uterus. C. elegans eggs are laid by the hermaphrodite. After hatching, they pass through four larval stages (L1-L4). When crowded or in the absence of food, C. elegans can enter an alternative third larval stage called the dauer state. Dauer larvae are stress-resistant and do not age. Hermaphrodites produce all their sperm in the L4 stage (150 sperm per gonadal arm) and then switch over to producing oocytes. The sperm are stored in the same area of the gonad as the oocytes until the first oocyte pushes the sperm into the spermatheca (a kind of chamber where the oocytes become fertilized by the sperm). The male can inseminate the hermaphrodite, which will use male sperm preferentially (both types of sperm are stored in the spermatheca). When self-inseminated the wild-type worm will lay approximately 300 eggs. When inseminated by a male, the number of progeny can exceed 1,000. At 20°C, the laboratory strain of C. elegans has an average life span of approximately 2–3 weeks and a generation time of approximately 4 days. Hermaphrodites can mate with males or self-fertilize. C. elegans has five pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Sex in C. elegans is based on an X0 sex-determination system. Hermaphrodite C. elegans have a matched pair of sex chromosomes (XX); the rare males have only one sex chromosome (X0). C. elegans is studied as a model organism for a variety of reasons. Strains are cheap to breed and can be frozen. When subsequently thawed they remain viable, allowing long-term storage. Because the complete cell lineage of the species has been determined, C. elegans has proven especially useful for studying cellular differentiation. From a research perspective, C. elegans has the advantage of being a multicellular eukaryotic organism that is simple enough to be studied in great detail. The developmental fate of every single somatic cell (959 in the adult hermaphrodite; 1031 in the adult male) has been mapped out. These patterns of cell lineage are largely invariant between individuals, in contrast to mammals where cell development from the embryo is more largely dependent on cellular cues. In both sexes, a large number of additional cells (131 in the hermaphrodite, most of which would otherwise become neurons), are eliminated by programmed cell death (apoptosis). In addition, C. elegans is one of the simplest organisms with a nervous system. In the hermaphrodite, this comprises 302 neurons whose pattern of connectivity has been completely mapped out, and shown to be a small-world network. Research has explored the neural mechanisms responsible for several of the more interesting behaviors shown by C. elegans, including chemotaxis, thermotaxis, mechanotransduction, and male mating behavior. Unusually, the neurons fire no action potentials. A useful feature of C. elegans is that it is relatively straightforward to disrupt the function of specific genes by RNA interference (RNAi). Silencing the function of a gene in this way can sometimes allow a researcher to infer what the function of that gene may be. The nematode can either be soaked in (or injected with) a solution of double stranded RNA, the sequence of which is complementary to the sequence of the gene that the researcher wishes to disable. Alternatively, worms can be fed on genetically transformed bacteria which express the double stranded RNA of interest. C. elegans has also been useful in the study of meiosis. As sperm and egg nuclei move down the length of the gonad, they undergo a temporal progression through meiotic events. This progression means that every nucleus at a given position in the gonad will be at roughly the same step in meiosis, eliminating the difficulties of heterogeneous populations of cells. As for most model organisms, there is a dedicated online database for the species that is actively curated by scientists working in this field. The WormBase database attempts to collate all published information on C. elegans and other related nematodes. A reward of $5000 has been advertised on their website, for the finder of a new species of closely related nematode. Such a discovery would broaden research opportunities with the worm. C. elegans was the first multicellular organism to have its genome completely sequenced. The finished genome sequence was published in 1998, although a number of small gaps were present (the last gap was finished by October 2002). The C. elegans genome sequence is approximately 100 million base pairs long and contains approximately 20,000 genes. The vast majority of these genes encode for proteins but there are likely to be as many as 1,000 RNA genes. Scientific curators continue to appraise the set of known genes, such that new gene predictions continue to be added and incorrect ones modified or removed. In 2003, the genome sequence of the related nematode C. briggsae was also determined, allowing researchers to study the comparative genomics of these two organisms. Work is now ongoing to determine the genome sequences of more nematodes from the same genus such as C. remanei, C. japonica and C. brenneri. These newer genome sequences are being determined by using the whole genome shotgun technique which means that the resulting genome sequences are likely to not be as complete or accurate as C. elegans (which was sequenced using the 'hierarchical' or clone-by-clone appoach). The official version of the C. elegans genome sequence continues to change as and when new evidence reveals errors in the original sequencing (DNA sequencing is not an error free process). Most changes are usually minor, adding or removing only a few base pairs (bp) of DNA. E.g. the WS169 release of WormBase (December 2006) lists a net gain of 6 bp to the genome sequence. Occasionally more extensive changes are made, e.g. the WS159 release of May 2006 added over 300 bp to the sequence. It has been shown that a small number of conserved protein sequences from sponges are more similar to humans than to C. elegans. This suggests that there has been an accelerated rate of evolution in the C. elegans lineage. The same study found that several phylogenetically ancient genes are not present in C. elegans. In 2002, the Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John Sulston for their work on the genetics of organ development and programmed cell death (PCD) in C. elegans. The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello, for their discovery of RNA interference in C. elegans. Because all research into C. elegans essentially started with Sydney Brenner in the 1970's, many scientists working in this field share a close connection to Brenner (they either worked as a post-doctoral or post-graduate researcher in Brenner's lab or in the lab of someone who previously worked with Brenner). Because most people who worked in his lab went on to establish their own worm research labs, there is now a fairly well documented 'lineage' of C. elegans scientists. This lineage was recorded in some detail at the 2003 International Worm Meeting and the results were stored in the Wormbase database. In the media - Brenner, S. (1974). "The Genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans" (PDF). Genetics. 77: 71–94. Unknown parameter - Nayak, S., J. Goree & T. Schedl (2004). "fog-2 and the Evolution of Self-Fertile Hermaphroditism in Caenorhabditis". PLoS Biology. 3 (1): e6. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006. Unknown parameter - Watts D. J. & S. H. Strogatz (1998). "Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks". Nature. 393 (6684): 440–442. Unknown parameter - Feng; et al. (2006). "A C. elegans Model of Nicotine-Dependent Behavior: Regulation by TRP-Family Channels". Cell. 127: 621–633. Unknown parameter - "Caenorhabditis isolation guide". WormBase. Retrieved 2007-08-30. - "Slime for a dime". Science. 317 (5842): 1157. 2007. Unknown parameter - The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium (1998). "Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology". Science. 282: 2012–2018. Unknown parameter - Stein, L. D.; et al. (2003). "The Genome Sequence of Caenorhabditis briggsae: A Platform for Comparative Genomics". PLoS Biology. 1: 166–192. Unknown parameter - "WormBaseWiki WS169 release notes". Wormbase. Retrieved 2007-02-21. - "WormBaseWiki WS159 release notes". Wormbase. Retrieved 2007-01-21. - Gamulin, V (December 2000). "Sponge proteins are more similar to those of Homo sapiens than to Caenorhabditis elegans". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Academic Press. 71 (4): 821–828. - A. Fire, S.Q. Xu, M.K. Montgomery, S.A. Kostas, S. E. Driver, C.C. Mello: Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. In: Nature. 391/1998, S. 806-811, ISSN 0028-0836 - "Worms survived Columbia disaster". BBC News. 2003-05-01. Check date values in: - Bird, A. F & J. Bird (1991). The Structure of Nematodes. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego. pp. pp 1, 69–70, 152–153, 165, 224–225. - Gamulin, Vera; Müller, Isabel M. & Müller, Werner E. G. (2000): Sponge proteins are more similar to those of Homo sapiens than to Caenorhabditis elegans. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 71(4): 821–828. HTML abstract - Hope, I. A. (1999). C. elegans: A practical approach. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. pp 1–6. - Riddle, D.L., T. Blumenthal, R. J. Meyer & J. R. Priess (1997). C. elegans II. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. pp. pp 1-4, 679–683. - WormBase - an extensive online database covering the biology and genomics of C. elegans and other nematodes - WormBook - a free online compendium of all aspects of C. elegans biology, including laboratory protocols - Wormatlas - an online database for behavioral and structural anatomy of C. elegans - Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute C. elegans page - half of the genome sequence is still maintained by this institute - WashU Genome Sequencing Center C. elegans page - the institute maintaining the other half of the genome - AceView WormGenes - another genome database for C. elegans, maintained at the NCBI - TCNJ Worm Lab - Easy to follow protocols and pictures for C. elegans research. Made by undergrads for undergrads. - Worm Classroom - An education portal for C. elegans - Textpresso - WormBase search engine - C. elegans movies - Timelapse films made by C. elegans researchers worldwide - C. elegans II - a free online textbook. - Silencing Genomes RNA interference (RNAi) experiments and bioinformatics in C. elegans for education. From the Dolan DNA Learning Center of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. - C.elegans 3D model by the Ewbank Lab - Videos and photos that explain the basic anatomy of C. elegans - Brenner S (2002) Nature's Gift to Science. In. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf - Horvitz HR (2002) Worms, Life and Death. In. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf - Sulston JE (2002) The Cell Lineage and Beyond. In. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf ca:Caenorhabditis elegans cs:Háďátko obecné de:Caenorhabditis elegans et:Varbuss it:Caenorhabditis elegans he:Caenorhabditis elegans nl:Caenorhabditis elegans no:Caenorhabditis elegans simple:Caenorhabditis elegans sv:Caenorhabditis elegans uk:Caenorhabditis elegans

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8 Female Fighters of World War II March is Women's History Month, so it's a good time for the overdue followup to the previous post 11 Women Warriors of World War II. Here are eight more women who bravely contributed to the Allied victory in World War II. 1. Lise Børsum: Refugee Smuggler Lise Børsum was a Norwegian housewife married to an Oslo physician. During World War II she became active in smuggling Jews out of Nazi-occupied nations into Sweden, often through her own home. She and her husband both were arrested in 1943. The doctor was soon released, but Lise Børsum was sent to the Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany where she stayed until liberated by the Swedish Red Cross in 1945. Børsum's time in captivity politicized her, and she wrote a book about her arrest, interrogation, and imprisonment that became a best seller. She also served on the National Council Fund to help victims of the war and on a commission to detect and end concentration camps in nations the world over. Børsum kept up her writing and humanitarian work until shortly before her death in 1985. Her daughter Bente became an actress and wrote and performed a stage show about her mother in Norway. 2. Barbara Lauwers: Propaganda Warrior Barbara Lauwers was born in Czechoslovakia, earned a law degree, and moved to the U.S. with her husband in 1941. She became an American citizen in 1943 and then immediately joined the Women's Army Corps. Lauwers was assigned to the OSS, the precursor of the CIA. In 1944, she was involved in Operation Sauerkraut, which was a propaganda assault to demoralize German soldiers. Fluent in five languages, Lauwers worked to turn German POWs into operatives, and trained them to disseminate rumors among the German Army after their release from Allied custody. Operation Sauerkraut was quite successful, and Lauwers continued to design and supervise propaganda operations in the the European theatre. She trained POWs to gather intelligence and report back to the Allies. Lauwers earned a Bronze Star for convincing six hundred Czech soldiers to turn to the Allies by her propaganda efforts. 3. Annie Fox: Pearl Harbor Nurse Lt. Annie G. Fox was the chief nurse on duty at Hickam Air Field in Hawaii on December 7, 1941. Fox went into action as the Japanese attack sent wounded soldiers into the hospital while shells continued to fall. For her tireless efforts during and after the attack, Fox became the first woman ever to receive a Purple Heart. The citation read, in part: “outstanding performance of duty and meritorious acts of extraordinary fidelity. . . During the attack, Lieutenant Fox, in an exemplary manner, performed her duties as head Nurse of the Station Hospital. . . in addition she administered anaesthesia to patients during the heaviest part of the bombardment, assisted in dressing the wounded, taught civilian volunteer nurses to make dressings, and worked ceaselessly with coolness and efficiency, and her fine example of calmness, courage and leadership was of great benefit to the morale of all with whom she came in contact...” In 1944, when the requirements for the Purple Heart were changed to require battle wounds, the medal was rescinded and Fox was awarded the Bronze Star in its place. Because of Fox's precedent as the first women to receive the Purple Heart, some sources say that she was wounded at Pearl Harbor, but she was not. 4. Violette Szabo: Fearless Spy Violette Bushell Szabo was raised in England in a British-French family. In 1940, she married French Foreign Legion officer Etienne Szabo. Two years and one daughter later, Etienne was killed in action, and Violette was determined to avenge his death. In 1943, Violette Szabo was recruited by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) and trained as a courier. Her first mission to France was in April of 1944, during which she reorganized a resistance unit, sabotaged roads and bridges, and sent back reports by radio. Szabo was arrested twice, and talked her way out both times. Her second mission in June was just after the D-Day invasion. Szabo parachuted into France, led a local resistance unit in sabotaging German communications, and then encountered a roadblock. She was arrested and interrogated under torture, but gave up no damaging information. Szabo was transferred several times, ultimately to Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany in August 1944. Even in captivity, Szabo managed to serve other prisoners, saved at least one spy's life, and planned an escape that was uncovered at the last minute. In January of 1945, she and two other SOE agents were executed by an SS officer. Szabo was posthumously awarded the George Cross and an MBE from Britain, and the Croix de Guerre and Médaille de la Résistance from France. Szabo's exploits are recorded in several biographies and at least one film, Carve Her Name With Pride. 5. Hannie Schaft: Dutch Resistance Fighter Hannie Schaft was a Dutch resistance fighter. Born Jannetje Johanna Schaft in 1920, she had to drop out of her university studies because she refused to sign an oath of loyalty to the Nazis. She joined a resistance organization called the Raad van Verzet, which leaned toward a communist philosophy. Schaft spied on German soldiers, aided refugees, and committed sabotage. She became known as "the girl with the red hair," although she later colored it after her identity was disclosed. In March of 1945, Schaft was arrested at a German checkpoint. They didn't know they had arrested the infamous girl with the red hair until later when her roots began to grow out. That identification led to her execution on April 17. The story goes that the first soldier who shot merely wounded her in the head, and Schaft cried that she could shoot better than that. Then a shot from a second soldier silenced her forever. After the war, Schaft was reburied with honors in a funeral attended by Queen Wilhelmina and the royal family of the Netherlands. 6. Felice Schragenheim: Underground Operative Felice Schragenheim spent years trying to leave Germany as the Nazis took power, but every effort to emigrate was blocked for one reason or another. Schragenheim then worked for a Nazi newspaper where she collected intelligence for the underground. She also went on operations to smuggle Jews out of Germany, but details of her underground activities are few and far between. What we know of Schragenheim is the evidence that Lilly Wust kept secret for decades after the war. Wust was the wife of a German officer and a mother of four; both she and her husband were members of the Nazi party. Wust and Schragenheim fell in love in 1942, but Wust did not learn that Schragenheim was Jewish until after their affair commenced. Schragenheim was hiding in plain sight -only her Jewish status was a secret. Schragenheim lived with the Wust family for a time, but on August 21, 1943, was arrested and sent to a concentration camp. Schragenheim and Wust still managed to send letters to each other. Wust went to Theresienstadt concentration camp in September of 1944 and asked to see Schragenheim. She was refused, and the visit may have accelerated the process that led to Schragenheim's death. She reportedly died on New Year's Eve 1944, possibly from tuberculosis. Wust, heartbroken, left her husband and worked to protect Jews for the remainder of the war. She kept all of Schragenheim's correspondence, in secret until 1995, when they became the subject of a book and then a film, Aimee & Jaguar, in 1999. The love story is told from the view of the survivor, of course. Wust was not privy to Schragenheim's Jewish resistance activities, so most of those details died with her. 7. Queen Wilhelmina: Dutch Inspiration When the Nazis invaded the Netherlands, Queen Wilhelmina was evacuated to Britain against her wishes when the planned government refuge of Zeeland was overrun by Germans. From Britain, she presided over the government in exile and broadcast information and encouragement to the Dutch resistance over Radio Oranje. Winston Churchill called the queen "the only real man among the governments-in-exile in London." 8. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya: Soviet Martyr Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was barely 18 years old when she was executed for her guerilla activities in World War II. She was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, the first woman to be named so in World War II. In October of 1941, she had volunteered for a class of guerrilla fighters known as the Red Army Western Front sabotage and reconnaissance force. Her unit was sent behind enemy lines, near Moscow at the time, to set land mines and to cut off German supply lines. Ordered to burn the village of Petrischevo, Kosmodemyanskaya set fire to a stable and a couple other buildings and was caught by locals. Some accounts say she was betrayed by one of her compatriots, Vasily Klubkov, after he was captured and interrogated. German forces tortured Kosmodemyanskaya by stripping and whipping her and marched her around naked in the cold. Still, she gave no information on her unit. The next day, she was hanged in a public ceremony, a sign on her chest reading "arsonist." Her body was left hanging, displayed for a month before burial. A Pravda article about Kosmodemyanskaya published in 1942 says she died still pledging her loyalty to the Soviet Union. Be warned that if you search for photographs of Kosmodemyanskaya, there are graphic pictures of her dead body. See also: 11 Women Warriors of World War II

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Complete Guide to Online Theology Degree Programs A theology degree program will provide you with in-depth knowledge about global history, specific religions, and the overall nature of religion as a whole. While most theologians apply this knowledge in leadership positions within their church, it can also be used in a myriad of other pursuits. As such, a degree in theology can help you launch a career in chaplaincy, ministry, or theological academia and research. Unlike civil engineering and other fields of study that take place on the micro level, theology encompasses a broad field of study, resulting in a wide variety of classes for students to choose from based on the specific religion that interests them. Most theology degrees revolve around Christianity and involve classes related to Biblical sermon, exegesis, history, and writing. Theology classes also involve the learning of classical languages, such as Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, which was the language used in the composition of the earliest religious documents known to man. Thus, theology is a scholarly pursuit that is intertwined with philosophy, which is the study of existence and knowledge itself. Theology degree programs allow students to study their religious passions while qualifying them to earn a living in a career closely tied to their faith, providing them with spiritual, emotional, and financial rewards. The median income for clergy members in the US is above the national average, with the top 10 percent of clergy members earning nearly double the median national income. Students committed in their beliefs and to their faith, and those that want to share their beliefs with others or have in-depth discussions on the topic, have the opportunity to do so in a theology degree program. What is Theology? A degree in theology allows people to gain a deeper understanding of a particular religion and is typically pursued by those interested in becoming a leader within their religious community. A theology degree can follow a purely academic path or a parochial path, which often translates into a career as a clergy member. This heralded degree provides individuals with an in-depth perspective of the role their religion currently plays in the world, how it has historically affected the world, and the role it will play in the future. Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and other religious systems play a significant role in the lives of millions of people around the world, and they have been fundamentally responsible for the creation of both communities and entire countries. Throughout history, religion has sought to provide answers to fundamental questions regarding human existence and an individual’s role in life. Religion also provides people with guidance and strength, and it unites communities by forming bonds of common beliefs and shared rituals that are passed down from generation to generation. Every religion has separate denominations with their own traditions, and the clergy of each denomination has its own responsibilities. For example, there are over 70 denominations of Christianity and four major branches of Judaism, and within each branch there are groups with their own diverse customs. As a clergy member, your primary role is that of a spiritual and religious leader as well as an interpreter and teacher of your faith and traditions. You will be responsible for organizing and leading religious services and special ceremonies, including funerals, weddings, and confirmations. You may also lead others in prayer, deliver sermons, administer sacraments, and read scripture from the Bible, Torah, or other religious texts. Clergy also visit and provide comfort for the bereaved or sick and counsel individuals seeking moral and religious guidance as well as those who are suffering from personal problems. Your work may also include expanding the congregation and seeking donations needed to support activities and maintain religious facilities. As a religious leader, you are expected to exhibit tolerance and listen to others’ needs while displaying confidence and instilling motivation. You must also be capable of working well under pressure, making tough decisions that affect others in your congregation, and live according to the moral standards of your community and your faith. Theology Degree Programs Theology degree programs are specifically designed to provide students with in-depth knowledge and a broad understanding of the role religion plays throughout the world on a personal and cultural level. More so now than ever before, theology students view themselves as being responsible for bringing about social change, and they have a deep desire to make a positive difference in the world. However, the educational requirements to gain entry into the clergy can vary greatly. While a religious background is not a requirement to begin studying theology, future clergy members may be required to obtain a bachelor’s degree in theology, religion, history, or liberal arts as preparation for theology graduate programs. Approximately 75 percent of all clergy members hold a bachelor’s degree and the majority of denominations require individuals to possess a master’s degree in theological or religious studies in order to gain admittance as a member of the clergy. Some denominations require students to have training from liberal arts or religious colleges in order to be ordained, so you should consult with your religious leaders to gain a clear understanding of the specific entry requirements. Many Catholic priesthood candidates possess four-year bachelor’s degrees from accredited colleges and universities. Then, they go on to earn their Master of Arts or Master of Divinity degrees in order to gain admittance into theological seminaries. Some priests also perform graduate work in unrelated fields, because the Catholic Church places a heavy emphasis on the advantages of continued education in the social sciences, such as psychology and sociology, for ordained priests. The following schools provide students with accredited theology degree programs, giving them general knowledge of religions as a whole and detailed knowledge regarding their religion of choice. In addition to enlightening students, these programs also prepare them for rewarding careers that allow them to earn a living while sharing their faith with others. Ohio Christian University – As an accredited university, Ohio Christian University’s online ministry degrees provide students with the opportunity to gain in-depth knowledge of theology while also learning the oratory and leadership skills needed to have a successful career in the Christian ministry. The school offers associate and bachelor’s degrees, both of which are fully accredited online degrees that can be completed according to your schedule. Grand Canyon University – With hundreds of traditional and online degrees available, Grand Canyon University, or GCU, is one of the leading Christian colleges in the nation. The school’s online bachelor and master’s degrees in theology are specially designed so students can complete them on their own schedule. The degree programs take a practical approach to education, providing students with engaging activities throughout the course of their studies. There are a variety of online theology degrees offered by GCU, including the popular Bachelor in Christian Studies and Youth Ministry degree and the Master in Christian Leadership degree. Spring Arbor University – As a leader in online education, Spring Arbor University offers an accredited online Master’s in Spiritual Formation and Leadership program, allowing students to accelerate their learning and earn a degree in a condensed period of time. This degree is specifically designed to teach and prepare students for careers as educators and pastoral leaders. Since students are able to work on assignments and turn them in any time they like, as long as it is before the deadline, it is an excellent option for working students with busy schedules. Colorado Christian University – For nearly 100 years, Colorado Christian University has specialized in the development of students’ spirits and minds, teaching them how to incorporate their morals and ethics into their career and business decisions. The school’s popular online Bachelor of Arts in Biblical Studies degree program is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. The Types of Theology Degrees Available Due to the fact that theology can consist of the study of multiple religions, there is a wide range of degree options for theology students. The associate’s degree is the entry-level degree on the subject. It typically takes two years to complete an associate’s degree, and it is offered by a number of vocation schools, community colleges, and some religious institutions. Students can also earn bachelor’s degrees in theology, most of which are BA, or Bachelor of Arts, degrees. Unlike Bachelor of Science degrees, the first two years of study are focused primarily on the arts. There are a number of BA degrees related to theology for students to choose from, but the Bachelor of Arts in Theology, Bachelor of Arts in Religion, Bachelor of Arts in Biblical Studies, and Bachelor of Arts in Christian Studies are popular options. There are a myriad of options for individuals in search of a graduate degree in theology as well. Students can earn a Master of Arts in Biblical Studies, Master of Arts in Theological Studies, Master of Arts in Christian Leadership, Master of Divinity, and many others. Those interested in earning a degree in theology on the doctoral level have many options as well. A few popular doctoral degree options include the PhD in Theology, PhD in Religious Education, and the PhD in Pastoral Counseling degrees. These are the highest level of theology degrees, allowing you to become a respected professor and authority in the field. There are also accelerated or combined programs as well, providing you with the opportunity to earn a Master’s Degree in Theology while simultaneously working towards your doctorate. Here is a sampling of some of the available theology degrees: • Associate Degrees – Religion and Ministry • Bachelor Degrees – Theology, Religion, Ministry and Leadership, and Christian or Bible Studies • Master Degrees – Religion, Theology, Divinity, Christian Studies, Christian Counseling, and Ministry Leadership The Difference Between Master of Theology and Master of Divinity Degrees The Master of Divinity degree is a popular option for theology students. While the degree is based upon the underlying principles of theology, it is quite different than a normal theology degree. Commonly called the M. Div., the Master of Divinity degree is the degree option you would pursue if you are interested in becoming a pastor. The M. Div. is required in order to become an ordained reverend, preacher, pastor, and so on in many Christian denominations. As such, it is traditionally offered in divinity and seminary schools. The Master of Divinity degree is also the standard for ordaining priests in the Roman Catholic Church. Due to the fact that the Master of Divinity degree is a graduate degree, individuals must possess an undergraduate degree before they can begin their divinity studies. Many people who choose to pursue an M. Div. degree have a bachelor’s degree in theology, but this is not a requirement. Other M. Div. students also have undergraduate degrees in philosophy, history, religious studies, or a similar discipline. Meanwhile, the Bachelor of Sacred Theology and Master of Religion degrees can also lead to an M. Div. degree. In fact, there are even programs that allow students to obtain a Bachelor of Sacred Theology and Master of Divinity degree from the same school. Typically, individuals pursuing a Bachelor of Sacred Theology degree are those with aspirations to become deacons or catholic priests. A traditional theology degree, on the other hand, is often pursued by people who are more interested in studying religion, not practicing it. However, it should be noted that every denomination has their own partialities on the degrees they like their religious leaders to have. Types of Grants and Scholarships Available for Theology Degrees There are a number of options available if you need financial aid to pursue a theology degree, but the best place to start is the college or university you plan on attending. Once accepted, make sure to visit the financial aid office to find out what options are available to you before you make your enrollment decision. By doing so, if you are accepted by multiple schools, you can compare the financial aid options of the different schools in order to lower your overall tuition costs. The school’s financial aid office can also help you in applying for any eligible grants and scholarships. They are there to answer any questions you may have, help you fill out forms, and so on. Although competition amongst scholarship candidates can be quite high and there is no guarantee that you will receive one, every qualified grant applicant is approved. Scholarships are primarily based on academic performance and a variety of other factors. Grants, however, are based on need alone. As long as you complete your studies, both funding options will not require you to repay the money you receive. Theology students can also take advantage of many national scholarships. One very helpful scholarship is the Catholic United Financial Scholarship. In fact, the scholarship fund has awarded over 5,000 scholarships to students attending both Catholic and non-Catholic universities. Christian students may also be eligible for a scholarship from the Vision International Education Network. The network provides two very helpful scholarships: the Karen S. DeKoven Memorial Scholarship and the Joseph J. Bohac Memorial Scholarship. Both scholarships are awarded to up to ten students every year who desire to continue their Christian education. There are scholarships for Jewish theology students as well. Of these, one of the better known is the JCC of North America Graduate Scholarship, which offers merit-based financial aid to students entering into careers that will benefit the Jewish Community Center. Online Theology Degrees If you are working and have a busy schedule, there are also plenty of online degree options. Every year, more and more schools are expanding their educational offerings to online platforms, making it easier for more students to earn the degrees they need to further their careers. When looking for online theology degree programs, accreditation is paramount, because it acts as a stamp of approval from regional education boards that the school offers quality education. Once you have chosen a school, you will have to complete a wide range of online courses related to theological education and religious studies. Some of the online courses may include: • Religious philosophy • Christian ethics • Introduction to the New Testament • Jewish-Christian relations • Islam, and much more! While most online theology programs offer similar classes and coursework, you should keep in mind that no program or school is alike. Therefore, programs may be structured differently and courses may differ from school to school. Ultimately, your coursework and the type of degree you choose to pursue will determine how long it will take you to complete the program. That being said, online programs require the same coursework to be completed as on-campus programs. If you feel an online theology program is the right path for you, our comprehensive list of accredited degree programs can provide you with additional information to learn more about your educational options.

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As you probably know, there is currently an outbreak of Dog Flu in the South Bay and more recently, a number of cases have cropped up in other areas around the Bay. All dog owners, including myself, are understandably concerned about what they can do to reduce the likelihood that their dogs will be infected. However, there is no need to panic. Although Canine Influenza, or dog flu, is extremely infectious, it usually causes only mild symptoms for a few days to a couple of weeks and the dogs normally make a full recovery despite treatment. Yes, complications from the flu can occasionally be fatal, (usually older dogs with an already compromised respiratory system, or dogs that develop secondary bacterial Pneumonia) but the mortality rate is actually very low, much less than deaths that occur from complications with human flu. When considering the risk of infection, maintaining perspective is essential: 1. To objectively evaluate the seriousness of the disease; 2. To take realistic precautionary measures to avoid infection; and 3. If infected, to avoid infecting others. Canine Type A influenza virus has been around for a while in the US. Type A H3N8 influenza first appeared in racing greyhounds in Florida in 2004 and has since spread to most states. In 2015, the first outbreak of Type A H3N2 influenza occurred in the Chicago area and the same strain subsequently caused an outbreak in Southwest Seaboard and Gulf states in 2017. H3N8 was thought to have mutated from a form of equine influenza and H3N2 from avian influenza. However, there is no evidence that the canine influenza virus can infect people. (The canine Type A H3N2 influenza virus is very different from the H3N2 viruses that cause seasonal outbreaks of the flu in people. The canine influenza virus is spread via respiratory secretions, primarily from coughing, sneezing and barking but also, by objects, such as, toys, food and water bowls, on surfaces, and by people (hands and clothing) who have recently handled infected dogs. Most dogs shed the virus within one or two days after infection and sometimes before showing clinical signs. Shed virus may remain infective in the environment for two days and for 12-24 hours on hands and clothing. The virus infects nearly all dogs that have been exposed. Most develop clinical signs within a day or two, others appear healthy but still shed the virus. Usual clinical signs include, coughing (usually moist, but occasionally dry), nasal discharge, lethargy and lack of appetite and usually clear up after a few days or a couple of weeks with or without treatment. However, some dogs may develop pneumonia, usually from secondary bacterial infections, or preexisting conditions. Pneumonia is extremely serious and life-threatening. Owners should go straight to their vet if their dog has a temperature of 104°F or greater, a purulent nasal discharge, or rapid/shallow, or labored breathing. Spread (Epidemiology vs. Epizootiology) There is often a tendency to panic when our dogs’ health is threatened. Evaluating and following the prevention protocols for similar diseases in people, in this case, human Type A influenza virus, helps put things into perspective. Precautionary measures include, preventing infection (maintaining a healthy lifestyle, vaccination, disinfection) and preventing infected individuals from infecting others (isolation). All Type A influenza viruses spread like wildfire, however, there are some marked differences in the spread of animal diseases and human diseases. Human influenza spreads much quicker, over a considerably greater area and the mortality rate is higher compared to canine influenza. People are exposed to far more people each day than dogs are exposed to other dogs. People travel greater distances by car, train and plane and for example, a single sneeze on a plane can turn a local pocket of infection into an epidemic, or pandemic. Infection rates are exacerbated because: 1. A large number of people still don’t get an annual flu shot and 2. A large number of children continue to attend school and a very large number of people continue to go to work and travel during the early stages of infection when they are most infectious. (Most people cannot afford to keep their children out of school, or not to go to work.) During the present flu-season in California, over 100 people (less than 65 years of age) have died from complications related to influenza. The death toll for people older than 65 is considerably greater and usually not quantified. A large number of people, especially elderly people (like me), already have compromised respiratory systems from smoking, or underlying medical conditions. Healthy Lifestyle, Avoidance Precautionary measures for dogs should be similar to and adapted from those for people trying to avoid catching the annual flu and spreading it to others. With dog diseases though, these precautionary measures are much easier to implement and considerably more effective. A lot of dogs lead healthier lifestyles than their human companions. Dogs eat a healthier and more balanced diet and they exercise more, even if not regularly taken for walks or to the park. (Dogs perform yoga-stretches and calisthenics most every time they stand up.) Dog’s don’t smoke. To put it bluntly, dogs are much healthier than people. Dogs, even elderly dogs, have less compromised lungs and therefore, are less likely to develop life-threatening, secondary bacterial pneumonia. Human influenza may occur at any time in the year but usually spreads globally at a rapid pace during the winter months, precipitating an annual flu-season and occasionally, reaching epidemic proportions. The human flu vaccination protocol is to vaccinate as much of the world’s population as possible. Canine influenza may also occur at any time in the year but because most dogs seldom travel great distances, the disease generally stays confined to isolated, well-defined geographical pockets. Thus, the easiest way to avoid infection is to avoid the infected areas and the vaccination protocol comprises immunizing as many dogs as possible around the periphery of the infected area and then working inwards. Disinfection & Isolation Procedures A bivalent vaccination is available that affords protection against both strains of the Type A canine influenza virus. Of course, developing vaccines for Type A viruses is akin to shooting at a moving target because the virus is continually morphing and mutating. However, if not preventing infection entirely, the vaccine may successfully reduce both the severity and duration of infection. The AVMA considers canine influenza immunization to be a “lifestyle” vaccination. Whether or not to vaccinate depends on where your dog lives and its exposure to other dogs. Perhaps the best news is that Type A viruses appear to be easily destroyed by common disinfectants, such as bleach, or quaternary ammonium products. The easiest way to prevent the spread of infection is suspending travel, especially to and from infected pockets, isolating all infected dogs and limiting healthy dogs from interacting with unfamiliar dogs (that may or may not be infected). Whereas, we can’t ask dogs to cover their muzzles when sneezing or coughing, it is much easier to isolate dogs than people. Dogs don’t need to go to work and might enjoy a staycation with delightfully-stuffed chewtoys. All infected dogs should be isolated for four weeks. First and foremost, precautions vary greatly depending on where you live. If there have been no outbreaks in your immediate area, continue life as normal, although maybe consider vaccinating your dog for future protection. If you live close to a local outbreak of canine influenza, read on: - People generally catch the flu where large numbers of people congregate, especially when the people they meet vary from day to day, such as, on public transport and elevators, at performances, in restaurants, bars and hospital waiting rooms. Schools and work-places also present a substantial but less of a risk because: 1. The groups of people remain the same from day to day; and 2. Any person showing symptoms is advised to stay at home so as not to infect others. - Dogs generally catch the flu when they are housed in large groups with changeable populations, such as kennels or shelters, or when they go to places where large numbers of dogs congregate and the population differs from day to day, such as dog shows and competitions, dog parks, playgroups and on walks. Training classes also pose a risk but much less of a risk because: 1 The groups of dogs are small; 2. Remain the same from week to week; and 3. Any puppy/dog showing symptoms is advised to stay at home and not infect others. - For dogs that are housed in large groups with ever-changing populations, such as boarding kennels and shelters, vaccination of all dogs would be wise. Daily disinfection of the facilities and daily laundry of clothing and regular hand-washing by personnel should all be mandatory, plus, of course, isolation of infected dogs. Soon maybe, prior vaccination against Canine Influenza (in addition to “kennel cough”) will be required by most boarding facilities and so, think ahead. - For dogs that regularly attend shows and competitions, dog parks and playgroups it would be wise to put competition and recreation on hold for a few weeks until things blow over, or consider vaccination. Two vaccinations, two-three weeks apart, should confer at least partial immunity a week following the second injection. - For dogs that visit facilities that see a fairly large number of different dogs each day, such as, grooming parlors and veterinary clinics, vaccination is an option prior to the visit. Obviously, though, the dog has to visit a veterinary clinic to get vaccinated. Most Veterinary Medical Associations across the country are presently reevaluating their biosecurity protocols (disinfection and isolation of infected animals) and it would be wise if groomers contacted their local VMA and followed likewise. …To Avoid Infection Nonetheless, I would still take similar precautions visiting a veterinary clinic with my dog as I would take going to a hospital myself. As with any unvaccinated puppy, keep the dog in the car and carry it straight to the examination table and then once vaccinated, carry it back to the car. If the dog is too large to carry, keep its nose from sniffing the ground in the car parking lot and the floor of the waiting room and after the visit, clean its paws with disinfectant wipes before letting it back in the car, or walking home. Some veterinary clinics will examine and vaccinate your dog in the car. For dogs that are walked regularly, whether or not you decide to vaccinate your dog depends on how many dogs your dog meets, whether or not canine influenza is rife in your area and of course, your level of concern. For puppies and dogs attending training classes, the risk of infection is very low but vaccination is also an option since class registration is scheduled in advance. For adult dogs, registration may be postponed until after vaccination. For puppies though, if you miss class, your puppy must be home-schooled — trained by you and safely socialized with numerous people. (It is impossible to turn back the clock with socialization!) Most trainers are already pretty savvy vis a vis disinfection protocols (in order to prevent parvovirus) and isolation protocols — any dog that coughs repetitively (kennel cough) or has diarrhea is asked to take a break from class until healthy. Perhaps the best statistic is that in 35+ years of teaching off-leash puppy classes, we have never had an infected puppy infect other puppies in class, i.e., occasionally, we have had infected puppies/dogs in class — some showed signs of disease (and were asked to leave) but others appeared healthy, but … the rest of the class remained healthy over the following weeks. Precautions: For Infected Dogs ISOLATION IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL FOR INFECTED DOGS. Please don’t take infected dogs onto public property where it may shed virus and infect other dogs. Please keep your dog confined to your home for four weeks. Make it fun. Feed your dog’s entire daily ration in hollow chewtoys. For puppies, obviously dog-dog socialization is on hold, BUT do not neglect socialization with people. Invite lots of people to the puppy’s house to socialize and play with your pup. As added precautions, maybe only invite non-dog owners and have all visitors leave their outdoor shoes outside. Remember, living with the dog flu for a couple of weeks is nothing compared with living with an unsocialized dog for 12 years. Moreover, when puppies are insufficiently socialized, they grow up to lack confidence and social savvy around people and subsequently, when they enter the adolescent “avoidance stage” of development, become progressively shy, standoffish, wary, fearful and anxious around people, yet most days, they have to confront their biggest fear, i.e., people! The essential question is How Dangerous is Canine Flu? Certainly, the media has talked about “deadly dog flu”, but facts are: 1. Most outbreaks have been relatively small in numbers; 2. Confined to small isolated pockets; and 3. Nationwide, a very small number of dogs have died from complications from the flu. It is so important to maintain perspective, to be objective and not to panic but instead to take obvious precautions and get on with our lives, just as we do with human flu. As of yet, doctors have not advised children not to attend schools/colleges, or people not to go to work for fear of catching the flu and so, with the above common-sense precautions, there is no reason to cancel dog school, working trials, dog shows/competitions, or play groups, or to close down dog parks, kennels and shelters.

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The relationship between dysbiosis, inflammation and disease is a burgeoning area of research[reviewed in 1-4]. A recently published paper by Sinha and colleagues examines the role of dysbiosis in Ulcerative Colitis. Their work highlights how a change in the relative abundance of a particular family of bacteria can influence intestinal inflammation, through perturbation of primary bile acid (PBA) metabolism by the gut microbiota. Furthermore, the insight provided opens up the potential for new treatment options for intestinal inflammation. Primary bile acids (chendeoxycholic acid and cholic acid in humans; muricholic acid and cholic acid in mice) are synthesised in the liver from cholesterol, by a number of different cytochromes P450, with the last step in the synthetic pathway being conjugation with the amino acids glycine (most commonly in humans) or taurine (predominant in mice). The conjugated PBAs are secreted from hepatocytes into the bile duct, via the bile salt export protein and from here may be transported into the duodenum or stored in the gall bladder. When PBAs reach the terminal ileum, they are reabsorbed by the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) expressed in the epithelium and recycled back to the liver. In addition to their role as emulsifiers that facilitate the uptake of fats and fat-soluble dietary components, PBAs also have an anti-bacterial role, either through the direct disruption of bacterial cell walls, or though transcriptional modulation of genes coding for anti-microbial proteins by intestinal epithelial cells, via the farsenoid X receptor. As a consequence of this, bacteria in the intestine need to be adapted to colonise and establish stable populations in the presence of high concentrations of PBAs; therefore, bacterial species that are found in the intestinal microbiome (predominantly Firmicutes and Bacteroidites phyla) express bile salt hydrolase (which deconjugates the PBA) in order to mitigate PBA toxicity. Deconjugated bile acids are not recirculated by the ASBT, but instead progress into the large bowel. It is here that they are further metabolised by the microbiota, resulting in production of secondary bile acids (SBAs), including deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA) in humans and, murideoxycholic acid (MDCA) in mice. Clostridium and Eubacterium (both Firmicutes), possess the ability to produce SBAs. High colonic concentrations of SBAs have been proposed to promote inflammation and carcinogenesis. In contrast, perhaps, a reduction in Firmicutes (and an increase in Proteobacteria) has been associated with dysbiosis in IBD patients, conditions which could reduce PBA metabolism and levels of SBAs. Like PBAs, SBAs can also modulate host cell function by interaction via receptor-mediated mechanisms. DCA and LCA are both potent ligands for the transmembrane G‑protein-coupled receptor 5 protein (TGR5) that is expressed by a range of cell types including colonic epithelial cells, brown adipose tissue cells, haematopoetic cells and skeletal muscle cells . One specific function of SBA signalling through the TGR5 receptor is the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) by L-cells in the colonic epithelium; it is thought that colonic L‑cells are “energy sensors”, modulating intestinal transit time via GLP‑1 secretion, in order to optimise nutrient absorption in the intestine. Sinha and colleagues initial work was to determine bile acid profiles (using high-performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry) in stool from patients with Ulcerative Colitis, and compare them with those from a control cohort; in this case, patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (FAP). Specifically, they studied patients (for both disease cohorts) that had undergone total colectomy and had surgery to form an ileo-anal pouch. Unfortunately, for many UC patients that have undergone this procedure, they continue to suffer with active inflammatory disease in the pouch mucosa (pouchitis); in contrast, FAP patients hardly ever demonstrate pouchitis. What the researchers found was that levels of the secondary bile acids, DCA and LCA, were significantly lower (almost absent) in UC patients compared to FAP patients. In contrast to this, the UC patients demonstrated significant elevation of the primary bile acid, CDCA. This bile acid profile was found to be consistent between UC patients that had pouchitis and those that did not. Meaningful differences in the profiles of other bile acids and metabolically-important molecules such as short-chain fatty acids were not identified. It was concluded that the reduction in the two SBAs and increase in the PBA were the result of reduced metabolism of the PBA, but that this was not based on overall bacterial abundance, which was similar between both groups of patients. UC patients, however, did show a reduced diversity of the microbiome in pouch stool samples (as determined by 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing), which was associated with a specific reduction in the Ruminococcaceae family, a member of the Firmicutes phylum. As mentioned previously, Firmicutes are responsible for SBA synthesis (from deconjugated PBAs) in the large bowel. The genes coding for the necessary enzymes for metabolism of PBAs to SBAs are grouped together in the bai (bile acid-inducible) operon. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analysis on the pouch samples was able to demonstrate that a reduction in bai operon gene expression was associated with UC (relative to FAP). The lack of DCA and LCA in UC patient samples prompted the authors to investigate whether supplementation with exogenous SBAs could ameliorate colonic inflammation in three different mouse models: DSS-induced acute colitis; TNBS-induced acute-colitis and naïve T cell transfer-mediated colitis in immunodeficient mice. In the DSS model, 8-week old female C57BL/6 mice (substrain not identified) were treated with 2.5% DSS for 10 days, with rectal instillation of DCA, LCA or CDCA on days 4, 6 and 8. The TNBS colitis model was run using 8 week old female BALB/c mice, with the mice pre-sensitised by dermal application of 1% TNBS (volume not stated) in acetone, followed eight days later by instillation of 2.5mg of TNBS in 50% ethanol (in a 100μl volume). LCA (1mg in 150μl volume) was instilled into the colon on days 1, 3 and 5 post‑TNBS instillation, with a scheduled study endpoint on day 7. In the T cell transfer model, 8-week old female, Rag2-/- mice (background not specified) received 500,000 CD4+CD45RBhiCD25lo T cells (isolated from spleens of wild-type donors; strain not specified) by intravenous injection on study day 0; one group of mice received an additional 100,000 CD4+CD45RBloCD25hi T cells (regulatory T cells) as a treatment control. LCA (1mg in 150μl volume) was instilled into the colon twice a week from seven days post‑TNBS instillation, with a scheduled study endpoint on day 49. Both SBAs were able to reduce DSS‑induced pathological changes including amelioration of body weight loss, large bowel shortening and histopathology score; the primary bile acid, CDCA, was not associated with any improvement in large bowel shortening or histopathology score. Levels of pro-inflammatory chemokines/cytokines (CCL5, CXCL10, IL‑17A and TNF‑α) were also reduced in DCA- and LCA-treated mice. Treatment with LCA was associated with similar improvements in disease, for both the TNBS and T cell transfer models of colitis. In order to address the question of how the anti-inflammatory effect of LCA was mediated, the authors employed TGR5-/- mice and repeated their studies using the DSS-induced acute colitis model. It was found that the ability of LCA to ameliorate colitis in this model was abolished in the absence of TGR5. Subsequently, a chimeric mouse was generated by irradiating (two doses of 9.5Gy, 4 hours apart) 8-week old C57BL/6 mice (substrain not identified) and subsequently reconstituting them with 2 million bone marrow-derived cells (via retro-orbital injection) isolated from TGR5-/- donors (age- and sex-matched); a control group of mice that were reconstituted with cells derived from wild-type donors was also included. After allowing eight weeks for engraftment, mice were treated with DSS with or without LCA treatment, as previously. The chimeric mice were still resistant to the anti-colitic effect of the LCA, demonstrating that TGR5-expressing leukocytes were a key factor mediating LCA efficacy in this model. In summary, pouchitis in UC patients was found to be associated with greatly reduced levels of secondary bile acids (in pouch stool samples) that are derived from the metabolism of primary bile acids by the intestinal microbiome. A reduction in bacteria of the Firmicutes phylum, and particularly the Ruminococcaceae family, was shown to be associated with this absence of secondary bile acids. As a result of these findings, it was hypothesised that secondary bile acids may have an anti-inflammatory role in the large bowel. This hypothesis was tested in mouse models of colitis, which demonstrated that exogenous lithocholic acid, administered as an enema was able to ameliorate disease, based on improved body weight, gross and microscopic pathological changes in the large bowel and changes in inflammatory chemokines/cytokines. The efficacy of the lithocholic acid was demonstrated to be dependent on the expression of the TGR5 receptor by immune cells. This study highlights a new approach for treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in the clinic and in this regard, the authors have already initiated a clinical trial to study secondary bile acid function in patients with antibiotic-refractory pouchitis. 1: Shelton CD & Byndloss MX. ‘Gut epithelial metabolism as a key driver of intestinal dysbiosis associated with noncommunicable diseases.’ Infect. Immun. 2020. 2: Salameh M, Burney Z, Mhaimeed N, Laswi I, Yousri NA, Bendriss G & Zakaria D. ‘The role of gut microbiota in atopic asthma and allergy, implications in the understanding of disease pathogenesis.’ Scand. J Immunol. 2020. 3: Yang D, Xing Y, Song X & Qian Y. ‘The impact of lung microbiota dysbiosis on inflammation.’ Immunology. 2020. 4: Baizabal-Carvallo JF & Alonso-Juarez M. ‘The Link between Gut Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease.’ Neuroscience. 2020. 5: Sinha SR, Haileselassie Y, Nguyen LP, Tropini C, Wang M, Becker LS, Sim D, Jarr K, Spear ET, Singh G, Namkoong H, Bittinger K, Fischbach MA, Sonnenburg JL & Habtezion A. ‘Dysbiosis-Induced Secondary Bile Acid Deficiency Promotes Intestinal Inflammation.’ Cell Host Microbe. 2020. 6: Wahlström A, Sayin SI, Marschall HU & Bäckhed F. ‘Intestinal Crosstalk between Bile Acids and Microbiota and Its Impact on Host Metabolism.’ Cell Metab. 2016. 7: Ruiz L, Sánchez B, Ruas-Madiedo P, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG & Margolles A. ‘Cell envelope changes in Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis as a response to bile.’ FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2007. 8: Inagaki T, Moschetta A, Lee YK, Peng L, Zhao G, Downes M, Yu RT, Shelton JM, Richardson JA, Repa JJ, Mangelsdorf DJ & Kliewer SA. ‘Regulation of antibacterial defense in the small intestine by the nuclear bile acid receptor.’ Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006. 9: Zeng H, Umar S, Rust B, Lazarova D & Bordonaro M. ‘Secondary Bile Acids and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon: A Focus on Colonic Microbiome, Cell Proliferation, Inflammation, and Cancer.’ Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019. 10: Vrakas S, Mountzouris KC, Michalopoulos G, Karamanolis G, Papatheodoridis G, Tzathas C & Gazouli M. ‘Intestinal Bacteria Composition and Translocation of Bacteria in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.’ PLoS One. 2017. 11: Kawamata Y, Fujii R, Hosoya M, Harada M, Yoshida H, Miwa M, Fukusumi S, Habata Y, Itoh T, Shintani Y, Hinuma S, Fujisawa Y & Fujino M. ‘A G protein-coupled receptor responsive to bile acids.’ J. Biol. Chem. 2003. 12: Greiner TU & Bäckhed F. ‘Microbial regulation of GLP-1 and L-cell biology.’ Mol. Metab. 2016.

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Because we are media blitzed we tend to see events of this nature only through the filter of its immediacy. This style of observation will bring us to conclusions that will keep us myopic in our views. We need to see this conflict through its historical context which will not only be in its recent past but will extend all the way back to its Biblical root. Israel as a nation when it lived in God's Will, never fought a battle that was unjust or offensive. Israelalways fought wars that were for its survival. God never charged Israel with the task of genocide. What God did was to ask Israel to judge the nations whose acts were so heinous that to allow them to continue would have threatened the survival of the entire world. These civilizations, if I can call them that were so determined to celebrate their culture of death that they were willing to even sacrifice their babies on the firey altar to their God Molech. Molech was an ancient fire deity worshiped throughout Canaan generally, and Phoeniciaparticularly. Under various names, depending upon the city or country, Molech is essentially identical with Chemosh of Moab, and probably Melqart of Tyre. The general name for this type of fire god used throughout Canaan was Baal, meaning 'lord.' Molech was the national deity of the country of Ammon, east of the Jordan, or the Ammonites. Molech was also worshipped by the Israelites on many occasions, much to the distress of the prophets. According to Jewish tradition, the cult idol of Molech was made of brass, hollow, and with hands so positioned that something laid therein would fall to the fire below. The practice of laying a child across the hands, and thus committing them to the fire, was termed 'pass through the fire to Molech.' During the early days of Israel, when they were first taking possession of the land the worship of various sun- or fire-gods was common throughout Canaan. Offerings were often made by fire and there were many similarities between deities from different neighboring countries. These practices were not only despicable to the Israelites and their God, they were abhorrent even to other cultures such as the Greeks and Romans who also mention this inhuman rite in derogatory terms. The children of Israel were forbidden, by God, to have anything to do with these abominable practices for fear that they would be affected and participate themselves. This would take them from a culture of life to one of death. In the scripture God gives them instruction on how to deal with these practices. Lev 18:21 'You shall not give any of your offspring to offer them to Molech, nor shall you profane the name of your God; I am the LORD. Lev 20:1 Then the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, Lev 20:2 "You shall also say to the sons of Israel: 'Any man from the sons of Israel or from the aliens sojourning in Israel who gives any of his offspring to Molech, shall surely be put to death; the people of the land shall stone him with stones. Lev 20:3 'I will also set My face against that man and will cut him off from among his people, because he has given some of his offspring to Molech, so as to defile My sanctuary and to profane My holy name. Lev 20:4 'If the people of the land, however, should ever disregard that man when he gives any of his offspring to Molech, so as not to put him to death, Lev 20:5 then I Myself will set My face against that man and against his family, and I will cut off from among their people both him and all those who play the harlot after him, by playing the harlot after Molech. Concerning Manasseh God said of him. 2Ki 23:10 He also defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, that no man might make his son or his daughter pass through the fire for Molech. Manasseh (King of Judah, 693 - 639 BCE) The king Manasseh has the distinction of being the first king to cause his own son to 'pass through the fire to Molech' and was forever condemned by the prophets. He was later carried to Assyria, and when he returned, he was reformed. He condemned the foreign deities, and worshipped only Yahweh. This, however, gave little comfort to the son who was previously sacrificed. As I said above the Children of Israel were in danger of replicating these detestable practices of death. Jer 32:34 "But they put their detestable things in the house which is called by My name, to defile it. Jer 32:35 "They built the high places of Baal that are in the valley of Ben-hinnom to cause their sons and their daughters to pass through the fire to Molech, which I had not commanded them nor had it entered My mind that they should do this abomination, to cause Judah to sin. Jer 32:36 "Now therefore thus says the LORD God of Israel concerning this city of which you say, 'It is given into the hand of the king of Babylon by sword, by famine and by pestilence.' Just as God asked Israel to judge the nations that participated in these practices that same God Judged Israel when they fell to the same low. God gave unto Israel a culture of life not death. Deu 30:15 "See, I have set before you today life and prosperity, and death and adversity; Deu 30:16 in that I command you today to love the LORD your God, to walk in His ways and to keep His commandments and His statutes and His judgments, that you may live and multiply, and that the LORD your God may bless you in the land where you are entering to possess it. Deu 30:17 "But if your heart turns away and you will not obey, but are drawn away and worship other gods and serve them, Deu 30:18 I declare to you today that you shall surely perish. You will not prolong your days in the land where you are crossing the Jordan to enter and possess it. Deu 30:19 "I call heaven and earth to witness against you today, that I have set before you life and death, the blessing and the curse. So choose life in order that you may live, you and your descendants, On the contrary, Islam is a religion of death and its author is Satan. Here are some statements summarizing the sentiment of "Palestinian" leadership. "The Hour [of Resurrection] will not take place until the Muslims fight the Jews, and the Muslims kill them. The Muslims will kill the Jews, rejoice!" -Sheikh Ibrahim Mudayris, Head of Association for Memorizing the Quran, PA Ministry of Endowments & Religious Affairs, PA TV, September 10, 2004 “and the rock and the tree will say: Oh Muslim, servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him!" -Dr. Hassan Khater, founder of Al Quds Encyclopedia PA TV, January 10, 2005 "We are waging this cruel war with the brothers of the monkeys and pigs, the Jews and the sons ofZion." -Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim Maadi PA TV, September 12, 2004 "The Prophet said: the Resurrection will not take place until the Muslims fight the Jews, and the Muslims kill them. The Muslims will kill the Jews, rejoice [in it], and rejoice in Allah's Victory. The Muslims will kill the Jews, and he will hide... "The Prophet said: the Jews will hide behind the rock and tree, and the rock and tree will say: oh servant of Allah, oh Muslim this is a Jew behind me, come and kill him!. Why is there this malice? Because there are none who love the Jews on the face of the earth: not man, not rock, and not tree – everything hates them. They destroy everything; they destroy the trees and destroy the houses. Everything wants vengeance on the Jews, on these pigs on the face of the earth, and the day of our victory, Allah willing, will come." -Sheikh Ibrahim Mudayris PA TV, September 10, 2004 As we deal with this recent spate of events that have transpired in the Gaza strip we need to ask ourselves these questions. 1. Are the Palestinians the poor victims of Israeli aggression? 2. Do they bare any responsibility for this conflict? 3. Who initiated the violence at first? 4. What is the history of this conflict? 5. Who are the real aggressors in this conflict? 6. Who has made official statements for the genocide of another people? 7. Is Zionism a plot for global conquest or just Israel's philosophy for survival? 8. Is Islam a peace loving religion or are they out for world conquest? 9. Is it ok for Israel to live in peace and security in a country the size of New Jersey? 10. Why can't 15 million Moslems live in peace in their countries the collective size of the USA one third of Canada, Alaska, and Hawaii with Israel? 11. Are the "Palestinians" the ancient indigenous people of the land of Israel? 12. Who has the right to this land? 13. When Islam had control of this land what did they do with it? 14. When Israel came back to their land what did they do with it? 15. Who is threatening to wipe out whom from the face of this planet? If we ask the right questions we can clearly see that Israel again is fighting a war for their defense and survival. It is true that many will suffer and innocents will die. But, the question again must be asked who is putting them in harms way? Is it ok for the "Palestinians to place their missile launchers in civilian areas and not expect the loss of civilian life? I contend that Islam is a culture of death and no different than those who offered up their babies on the altar to Molech. This is ancient history repeating itself as it always does when men refuse to learn from it the first time. I do believe it was Ben Franklin who said that the definition of insanity was repeating the same behavior over and over again and expecting different results. I would like to add to that and say that it is the same failed behavior. Islam is a failed system that celebrates death. Avi Lipkin an Israeli author calls it a neurosis. They continue to repeat the same failed behavior over and over again and yet the world is insane enough to believe their propaganda that it is religion of peace. Compare this quote with the ones above "We will have peace with the Arabs when they love their children more than they hate us". Golda Meir Prime minister of Israel 1969 I have yet to see once in history, a Jew strapping a bomb to him so that he might dash into a crowded mall of civilians and blow himself and the innocent to kingdom come. We must ask the right questions in order to see this situation as it really is. I would like to challenge you to do some research into this topic and find out who is to blame for this ongoing violence. I have written some blogs on the topic on our congregational web site www.shaarhashamayim.org as well as archived here at http://hashamayim.blogspot.com/. If after you have read this and still have questions please don't hesitate to contact me email@example.com. Please continue to pray for the peace of Jerusalem as we see the day fast approaching for the soon return of our Messiah Yeshua. Shalom uvracha b'Yeshua Peace and blessing in Yeshua UN: Cease Gaza Violence Tevet 1, 5769 / December 28, '08 - 10:00 am (IsraelNN.com) The UN Security Council called for an immediate cessation of violence in the Gaza Region on Sunday. In wake of the "Cast Lead" operation in Gaza, Arab countries in the council called for an emergency meeting to discuss and condemn the operation. A Russian-drafted press statement is planned to call for an immediate cessation of rocket attacks onIsrael. Israeli Ambassador Gabriela Shalev sent a response to the planned meeting on Saturday night, telling members of the UN that Israel has the right to defend her citizens from attack. Gaza terrorists fired hundreds of rockets at Israeli towns in the days before the operation began. "There is no justification for this whatsoever," Riyad Mansour, the Palestinian UN observer told reporters moments before the closed emergency session began. "This collective punmishment is in humane, immoral, and should be stopped immediately. There is no justification for punishing 1.5 million Palestinians=0 D in Gaza because of the actions of a few." According to Gaza sources quoted by Ynet, 15 of those killed in Saturday air strikes in Gaza were civilians. The remaining 215 were terrorists linked to Hamas, many of them members of the Hamas "police" in Gaza. You Decide is this propaganda or truth

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Simply, when one is outraged beyond all other words, when there is nothing left to do but put on your Frenchiest of accents, point your pointiest finger, and cry, J'accuse!. It means "I accuse [you]" in the French. This is half a storied work of public journalism, half Memetic Mutation. It goes like this: Once upon a time in France, a renowned writer named Émile Zola penned a scathing open letter to the President (published in liberal publisher Georges Clemenceau's newspaper L'Aurore on January 13, 1898) that accused the government of France's Third Republic of anti-Semitism and corruption in its handling of the Dreyfus Affair of 1894 — in which an innocent French Army officer, Alfred Dreyfus, who just happened to be Jewish, was used as a scapegoat in a German espionage case (France had recently lost a war to Germany and despised them), when it was quite clear to everyone that the only thing that Dreyfus was guilty of was being Jewish and from the region of Alsace (that was currently under German control). The letter pointed out the weakness of the evidence and several clear occurrences of judicial error and prejudice during Dreyfus's trial, and formally named and accused scores of people of everything from incompetence to crimes against justice and humanity; for someone so prominent and respected as Zola to write something so harsh was a big deal, and for that Clemenceau (who loved picking political fights) set the sensationalist headline, in giant, bold letters: "J'Accuse...!". Naturally, the conservative French establishment was scandalized, and in retaliation Zola was rapidly charged with and convicted for libel (which he had predicted he would be in the article, even citing the specific laws he would be charged with breaking) and had to flee to England for a year, until the bureaucrats then in power were removed. Dreyfus had been sentenced to life in prison on Devil's Island; he appealed his case multiple times, but it was not until 1906, twelve years after his trial, that his conviction was actually annulled. - Doonesbury once had a drug sniffing dog point at Zonker and say "J'accuse!". - The Far Side had a panel where a live lobster bursts into a kitchen, points his claw at a chef cooking lobster, and shouts, "J'accuse!" - And Pogo got in on it. Churchy LaFemme: J'accuse! Howland: Don't you call me no j'accuse! - In A.A. Pessimal's Hogswatchtime story Il se Passait au Nuit de Pere Porcher, DEATH is detained by the Klatchian Foreign Legion, who, whatever else they may forget, always remember a deserter. note . DEATH is arrested with the formula of "J'accuse!" and is court-martialled. But Discworld literal-mindedness takes over and the court goes off at a tangent concerning a soldier called Corporal Jack Hughes, Hughes the Booze from Third Batallion... Films about the Trope Namer: - The Life of Émile Zola: Award-winning 1937 film about the Trope Namer and Zola's crusade on behalf of Alfred Dreyfus (the Translation Convention is in full effect here, so Zola's letter is printed as "I Accuse!"). - There's also a 1958 film about Dreyfus, fittingly entitled I Accuse!, directed by and starring Jose Ferrer, along with Anton Walbrook and Viveca Lindfors. - J'accuse is also the French title of the movie adaptation of An Officer and a Spy. - J'Accuse: A French zombie movie released in the 1920s filled with as much political weight as can be. The Zombie Apocalypse is the sudden uprising of the French dead of WWI, coming back to condemn the guilty living who sent them to die. The whole film is an anti-war polemic, which the director convinced the army was going to be a propaganda flick, so they gave him real soldiers for actors — 80% of whom died once they went back to the front. - Discworld: In Going Postal the hero Moist von Lipwig uses a technically complicated plot to replace a message used in a bet with his enemy Reacher Gilt to do a wonderful reveal of Reacher's entire plot and bring him and his minions down using this trope. - The first Odd Thomas book contains a gag about how, while Odd is towing a dead body out of an apartment, he's trying to be quiet, except that he has to dump it over the railing. As he comes down the stairs, he guesses that no one heard him because no one runs at him yelling J'accuse! - The historical novel An Officer and a Spy, about the Dreyfus Affair, includes a scene where the protagonist (Marie-Georges Picquart) learns about the publishing of Zola's famous letter. The text includes long extracts of the letter. - On 30 Rock, Liz Lemon utters this phrase when some of Frank's cigarettes go missing, implying that he hasn't quit smoking. Turns out she ate them in her sleep. - 'Allo 'Allo!: In an unusual subversion of the show's trope of using Just a Stupid Accent as a Translation Convention for whatever language is actually being spoken. Lt. Gruber relates a dream he had of Rene saying "J'accuse! J'accuse!" and responds "Who is this "Jack Hughes"?" (Gruber believes he killed Rene with a firing squad and the Rene currently in the show is Rene posing as his own twin brother also called Rene). At the end of the episode Rene gets stuck on a giant aerial rising out of a grave (they'd hidden a transmitter in Rene's crypt since it was empty) and Gruber sees this figure of Rene rising out of the grave (looking sheepish) and faints. Helga then says "Well at least he didn't mention this "Jack Hughes". Roll credits. - Lester lets one fly in a final season episode of Chuck after discovering he and Jeff have been Locked Out of the Loop regarding Chuck's double life. - Doctor Who: In "The End of the World", Lady Cassandra does this when the Ninth Doctor seemingly discovers the culprit that was attempting to kill them all because she's hoping he won't realize that she's the real culprit. He does. - Robert says this to Raymond in an episode of Everybody Loves Raymond. Marie, who's taking French classes, says "Ooh! Ray! He's accusing you!" - In Glee Stoner Brett yells this during a Brittany Spears performance by the New Directions. - Modern Family had Cam say this after he discovered his husband was keeping his larger clothes in case his diet fails, specifically because it was more dramatic than other ways. - In The West Wing episode "The Indians in the Lobby", President Bartlet attempted to use this on his wife Abbey when he finds out it's her fault they were going to celebrate Thanksgiving in Camp David rather than their family farm in New Hampshire. It didn't work out so well, though: - Sonic Youth released "J'accuse, Ted Hughes". It's not Just for Pun, that's a controversial English poet who developed a Hatedom after Sylvia Plath (whom Hughes had just recently divorced) killed herself. - The Arthur music album Arthur's Really Rockin' Music Mix has the song "Fern's Detective Tango," which is based on the events of the episode "Binky Rules." In the song, Fern sings about the various reasons why certain characters couldn't have been responsible for the graffiti reading "BINKY RULES," before finally declaring, "Binky, j'accuse!" - In Eternal Sonata, this is the name of one of the attacks of Fugue, one of the Big Bad Count Waltz's minions. Since Calling Your Attacks is fully in effect, you get to hear it its full glory. Fugue: You peasants can never appreciate beauty of this kind. J'accuse! - The Simpsons: Hit & Run - Guybrush lets out the line at one point in the fourth chapter of Tales of Monkey Island. - Futurama: Zoidberg says this once, the joke being that he's not French but Ambiguously Jewish. - King of the Hill: Gilbert says it to Bill while ranting about his plan to sell the family's barbecue sauce. - Shadow Raiders: An episode title. The episode deals with the trial of a military officer that threatens society itself, no less. - On one episode of The Simpsons, Lisa complained about her French teacher not actually speaking French. "J'accuse!" "...What the hell is this broad talkin' about?" - Used in South Park in the April Fool's Day episode "Terrence and Philip in: Not Without My Anus", only to be sent up with a Chewbacca Defense. - The Magic School Bus: When the class takes a trip to the rainforest after the cocoa tree they gifted to Ms. Frizzle had its first crop of beans generously sum to a total of one, they meet Inspector 47, a rather haughty man with a French accent and nicely-tailored suit who is in charge of overseeing the section of rainforest Ms. Frizzle's tree is in. When they ask him what happened to the missing cocoa beans, Inspector 47 accuses Inspector 46 of being jealous of how neat and tidy his section of the forest and placing a curse on the trees, driving off in a jeep shouting, "J'accuse, Inspector 46! J'accuse!"

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Fibonacci Sequence - Trading Fibonacci Numbers Like Professionals Fibonacci sequence can be a very powerful tool or even the basis of a standalone trading strategy for investors and traders in bull or bear market and any time frame. The Fibonacci sequence is the series of numbers 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610 ... introduced by mathematician Leonardo Pisano (nickname Fibonacci), born in 1170 in Italy. Fibonacci sequence starts with 1, 1 and afterwards Fibonacci numbers are constructed in a way, that every next number is the sum of the proceeding two: 2 (1+1), 3 (2+1), 5 (3+2), 8 (5+3), 13 (8+5), 21 (13+8), 34 (21+13), 55 (34+21), 89 (55+34), 144 (89+55), 233 (144+89), 377 (233+144), 610 (377+233) etc. Beside Fibonacci sequence there are the Fibonacci ratios. By comparing the relationship between each number, and each alternate number, and even each number to the one four places to the right, we arrive at some fairly consistent ratios. - If you divide any number to the next higher number on the right, you always get 0.618 (34/55=0.618). - If you divide any number to the second higher number on the right, you always get 0.382 (34/89=0.382). - If you divide any number to the third higher number on the right, you always get 0.236 (34/144=0.236). - If you divide any number to the next lower number on the left, you always get 1.618 (55/4=1.618). - If you divide any number to the second lower number on the left, you always get 2.619 (89/34= 2.619). - If you divide any number to the third lower number on the left, you always get 4.235 (144/34= 4.235). - And so on... The most important Fibonacci ratios are 0.236, 0.382, 0.618, 1.618, 2.618, 4.236, less important are 0.764, 1.382, and for good measure we include 0.50 and 1.00; 0.618 and 1.618 are often referred as golden ratios. Since this simple series of numbers and ratios are describing the natural proportions of things in the universe, they are prevalent in nature all around us. Fibonacci numbers appear in ancient buildings, in plants, planets, molecules, the dimensions of human bodies, and of course snails... But of what use is all that to stock trader or investor? Use Of Fibonacci Sequence In Technical Analysis What really interests you is the application of Fibonacci sequence in the trading environment. Fibonacci analysis is part of technical analysis (chart analysis) that can be very useful tool for identifying support and resistance levels or determining profit targets for any time frame and any asset class like stocks, ETFs, futures, forex. As long as you are dealing with liquid instrument, the price of the security will "very often" retrace and advance in Fibonacci proportions almost to the penny. Let's confirm that by analyzing some charts. Factors To Consider Before You Begin Using Fibonacci In Trading In real world of trading and investing you will not calculate all the Fibonacci levels and draw the lines on the chart by hand. Instead, you should get yourself a good enough technical analysis software, which will offer you precise use of Fibonacci retracement and Fibonacci extension tools. The tool you will use must be simple enough and should offer you easy changing of time frames, fast symbol changing and plotting other technical indicators on the chart. You will soon find out that using technical analysis tool for drawing Fibonacci retracements by selecting two extreme points on a chart is very easy, but determining extreme low and high is the major problem of Fibonacci analysis. People look at charts differently and so will have their own version of where the extreme high and extreme low points should be. Therefore it is more recommended that you use Fibonacci sequence in combination with other fundamental or technical analysis tools and indicators, even though it can be also used as standalone tool on which your stock trading strategy is based. Yeah, one more thing. It can happen that you will find a stock that is absolutely ignoring Fibonacci sequence levels; in this case this trading strategy can't work, no matter how you like it. How To Apply Fibonacci Sequence To Your Stock Trading Strategy There are unlimited options of how to use Fibonacci sequence in trading or investing. I will cover one of the most wanted strategies, determining entrance and exit points together with risk management in uptrend. Similar (just the way around) strategy can be developed for downtrend. The presented strategy can be used in any time frame and with any instrument, according with your trading style and trading plan. We have used Google stock as an example, daily chart from low in 11-21-2008 at $247.30 to high 01-04-2010 at $629.51. Google stock is in an uptrend since end of 2008. Of course if you would look at only 2010, than Google stock is in downtrend, but this is not our trading time frame. Last quote on 08-03-2010 was $490.41. Plot Your Chart In Tradable Time Frame Run you charting software and plot your favorite stock chart in the time frame, you usually trade. For example, if you are medium-term investor, use a daily or weekly chart for last few years. If you are swing trader, use daily chart for last 6 months and so on. Plot Fibonacci Levels With Fibonacci Retracement Tool Use Fibonacci retracement tool to draw the Fibonacci support and resistance lines on the chart. Click on the low candle and move your mouse to the high candle or however you software requires you to do it. Determine The Trend Trend is defined by your trading time frame and this is quite easy thing to do. Look at the chart, if the stock price is moving from bottom left corner to the upper right corner, than you have an uptrend. Most of the time you will be looking for stocks to be in uptrend or downtrend and react in the same direction of trend; other strategies are also possible, but let's keep it simple at this point. Determine The Entrance Level Ok, so far we have a stock in an uptrend, which is in a correction lately. Perfect, that is exactly what we are looking for if we would like to enter the stock. Where should we enter? Anywhere around Fibonacci levels. The most preferred entrance point is at 61.8% retracement level, but it can be also earlier. Some Fibonacci traders enter the position at every Fibonacci level, starting slow, with small volumes at 23.6% and then adding up the volume at every next level. In our concrete example of Google stock, we have already missed some entrance points in the retracement phase of the stock. I am not sorry for 23.6% entrance point, but I am sorry for being too late to enter Google stock at 50% retracement level. At the moment the stock is trading around 38.2% level and this could be also a good entry point. To enter the stock more confidently I will wait for the stock to pass the last high few days ago at $497.50 - I will put a stop buy order even a little bit higher, at $501 - yellow line (I want the stock to pass the psychological price at $500; just below round numbers there are often many selling limit orders and I am looking for the buyers with enough power to move the stock to the next Fibonacci level). If Google stock will go down before it will reach our entry level, no problem. Be patient, like I said, even better entry level is at 50% or 61.8% retracement level. Below 61.8% the trend is not your friend anymore and you can stop thinking of buying Google stock for a while. Determine The Stop Level No technical study is perfect; we warn you all the time about this fact. That is why you have to protect yourself in case you were wrong, in case the stock will go opposite direction to what you have expected. I suggest you to place the stop order just below the last low around the Fibonacci level of you entrance point. There are different methods of how much below last low you should set you stop; some use tight stops while other don't like to get out of the trade to soon. I prefer to watch the stock chart, to tell me the story. In our concrete example of Google stock, we have placed an stop buy order at $501, which is around 38.2% retracement from our time frame high. The last low around this level was $479.14 on 07-30-2010. If you will look at Google stock chart history, you will notice, that if the stock passes the low, it will continue to fall further (it almost never passes the low for a few pennies and then turns back up again). This is telling me that I can afford a tight stop in this case. I will use 0.5% stop below last low at $476.74 (red line). Determine The Exit Level The last thing to determine is profit target. Well, you have probably heard of wording "let your profits run while cutting loses". That is why profit target is determined more as a level, where we will be more focused on what is happening with the stock, if there are any signs of trend reversal, rather than use it strictly as exit level. Generally you can expect the stock to extend the movement in the direction of the trend to the amount that is equal to the retracement of the stock in correction phase, but you should pay special attention to the stock movement at every single Fibonacci level. If there are sufficient signs of bulls losing their power and there is high possibility that trend will change, you better exit the position, otherwise let the profits run. One often used method is also to exit part of the position on every higher Fibonacci level, adding the exit volume on every higher level (just opposite to entering the position). In our concrete example of Google stock, if 50% retracement will be confirmed as the last low in medium term uptrend, than we can expect the stock price to rise 50% above the Fibonacci high; our exit target is therefore at $818.64 (green line). But pay also close attention at 23.6% level ($538) and 0% level ($628) for any signs of trend change. Fibonacci Sequence Trading Conclusion That is how to use Fibonacci sequence in trading purposes. It helps you determine entrance and exit levels based on support and resistance. Using the strategy as explained above, you are totally controlling the risk, which is the most important thing. Remember, you can make money as long as you don't lose it. Google Case: In our concrete example of Google stock we have determined entry level at $501, stop at $476.74 and exit level at $818.64. Your risk per share is $24.26. If you have a $100,000 trading account and according to your trading plan your maximum loss per position is 1%, than you can afford to lose all together $1,000 on Google position; your position size would therefore be 41 shares (1,000/24.26). On the other side you have a great medium term profit potential of $317.64 per share, giving you reward- risk ratio of more than 13 (317.64/24.26). Written by: Goran Dolenc Do you find this content useful? Like! Tweet! Recommend! Share!

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KANSAS CITY JOURNAL-POST September 10, 1933 Tremendous New Power Soon To Be Unleashed Nikola Tesla, Starting His 78th Year, Works on Revolutionary Power Project and Also is Completing Process for Photographing Thought by Carol Bird Proving his theory that a man's efficiency and accomplishments should increase, and not diminish with mellow age, Nikola Tesla, inventor, physicist, and one of the world's leading electrical technicians, enters his seventy-eighth year busily engaged on three or four great scientific projects. Several of these inventions or discoveries will be looked upon as "miracles" by many people, for Mr. Tesla has long been a scientist years ahead of his time, one whose advanced theories have alternately stamped him a "madman" and a wizard. Just as people ridiculed Copernicus' theory of the planetary system, the unenlightened jeered Tesla's accomplishment, years ago, regarding cosmic rays. The pathfinder and the pioneer - and Mr. Tesla is both - are always condemned by the masses. Nikola Tesla, tall, lean, with the face of an esthetic and deep-dash set eyes, whose expression denotes concentration on a canvas of work too big for most people's comprehension, partially described a new and inexhaustible source of power he has discovered after years of research, revolutionizing modern physical science. At the same time he touched on his own reservoir of energy which makes such monumental discoveries possible at his advanced age. How does he tap both these deep wells? What is the secret of fine health, keen mind, unusual vitality and mental force at 77, the time of life when most men are sitting in the sun with shawls over their knees or, alas' lying beneath the sod? Mr. Tesla is the father of the alternating system of power transmission and radio, the induction motor and Tesla coil. Asked about his startling new scientific discoveries, one of which concerns the "photographing of thought," which will, he maintains, bring about a tremendous social revolution, he said: "My first and most important discovery concerns the harnessing of a new source of power, hitherto unavailable, to be developed through fundamentally novel machines of my invention. "I am not yet prepared to dwell on the details of the project, for they must be checked before my findings can be formally announced. I have worked on the development of the underlying principles for many years. From the practical point of view of the engineer engaged in power development, the first investment will be relatively very great, but once a machine is installed it may be depended on to function indefinitely, and the cost of operation will be next to nothing. "My power generator will be of the simplest kind - just a big mass of steel, copper and aluminum, comprising a stationary and rotating part, peculiarly assembled. I am planning to develop electricity and transmit it to a distance by my alternating system now universally established. The direct current system could also be employed if the heretofore insuperable difficulties of insulating the transmission lines can be overcome. "Such a source of power obtainable everywhere will solve many problems with which the human race is confronted. My alternating system has been the means of harnessing 30,000,000 horsepower of waterpower, and there are projects now going on all over the world which will eventually double that amount. But, unfortunately, there is not enough water power to satisfy the present needs, and everywhere inventors and engineers are endeavoring to unlock some additional store of energy." Beyond adding that the new form of energy which he has been investigating many years would be available at any place in the world in unlimited quantities, and that the machinery for harnessing it would last more than 5,000 years. Mr. Tesla would say little more on the subject. Just when the power will become available for practical purposes he could not predict with any degree of precision. In a few years, perhaps, he ventured to say. Mr. Tesla then talked of several projects on which he has been working by way of relief from too much concentration on the main piece of work. He described one of his other interests, one highly dramatic, which stirs the imagination and which, doubtless, will sound too revolutionary to most people. But it must not be forgotten, as Mr. Tesla points out, that the ideas of television and radio and airplane were scoffed at in their infancy. "I expect to photograph thoughts," announced Mr. Tesla calmly, in the same tone of voice that a person occupied with some trivial things in the scheme of life might announce that it was going to rain. Continued Mr. Tesla: "In 1893, while engaged in certain investigations, I became convinced that a definite image formed in thought must, by reflex action, produce a corresponding image on the retina, which might possibly be read by suitable apparatus. This brought me to my system of television, which I announced at that time. "My idea was to employ an artificial retina receiving the image of the object seen, an 'optic nerve' and another such retina at the place of reproduction. These two retinas were to be constructed after the fashion of a checkerboard with many separate little sections, and the so-called optic nerve was nothing more than a part of the earth. "An invention of mine enables me to transmit simultaneously, and without any interference whatsoever, hundreds of thousands of distinct impulses through the ground just as though I had so many separate wires. I did not contemplate using any moving part - a scanning apparatus or a cathodic ray, which is a sort of moving device, the use of which I suggested in one of my lectures. "Now if it be true that a thought reflects an image on the retina, it is a mere question of illuminating the same property and taking photographs, and then using the ordinary methods which are available to project the image on a screen. "If this can be done successfully, then the objects imagined by a person would be clearly reflected on the screen as they are formed, and in this way every thought of the individual could be read. Our minds would then, indeed, be like open books.. Besides his discoveries concerning the harnessing of the new energy, television and thought photography, Mr. Tesla is working to produce a type of radio transmitter which will insure the strictest privacy in wireless communication regardless of the number of subscribers, and he is developing some important discoveries in molecular physics which will revolutionize the science of metallurgy and greatly improve metals. After a discussion of his new scientific findings, Mr. Tesla turned to the subject of his personal source of energy and what he considers the real values of life. "One of the most fundamental and also one of the saddest facts in human life is well brought out in a French proverb which, freely translated, means: 'If youth had the knowledge and age the power of doing,"' said Mr. Tesla "our condition of body and mind in old age if merely a certificate of how we have spent our youth. The secret of my own strength and vitality today is that in my youth I led what you might call a virtuous life. "I have never dissipated. When I was a young man I understood well the significance of that old French proverb, although I doubt that I had even heard it then. But I seem to have a clear understanding while still young that I must control my passions and appetites if I wanted to make some of my dreams come true. "So with this in view, quite early in life I set about disciplining myself, planning out a program of living for what I considered the most sane and worthwhile life. "Since I love my work above all things, it is only natural that I should wish to continue it until I die. I want no vacation - no surcease from my labors. If people would select a life work compatible with their temperaments, the sum total of happiness would be immeasurably increased in the world. "Many are saddened and depressed by the brevity of life. 'What is the use of attempting to accomplish anything?' they say. 'Life is so short. We may never life to see the completion of the task.' Well, people could prolong their lives considerably if they would but make the effort. Human beings do so many things that pave the way to an early grave. "First of all, we eat too much , but this we have heard said often before. And we eat the wrong kinds of foods and drink the wrong kinds of liquids. Most of the harm is done by overeating and under-exercising, which bring about toxic conditions in the body and make it impossible to throw off the accumulated poisons. "My regime for the good life and my diet? Well, for one thing, I drink plenty of milk and water. "Why overburden the bodies that serve us? I eat but two meals a day, and I avoid all acid-producing foods. Almost everyone eats too many peas and beans and other foods containing uric acid and other poisons. I partake liberally of fresh vegetables, fish and meat sparingly, and rarely. Fish is reputed as fine brain food, but has a very strong acid reaction, as it contains a great deal of phosphorus. Acidity is by far the worst enemy to fight off in old age. "Potatoes are splendid, and should be eaten at least once a day. They contain valuable mineral salts and are neutralizing. "I believe in plenty of exercise. I walk eight or ten miles every day, and never take a cab or other conveyances when I have the time to use leg power. I also exercise in my bath daily, for I think that this is of great importance. I take a warm bath, followed by a prolonged cold shower. "Sleep? I scarcely ever sleep. I come of a long-lived family, but it is noted for its poor sleepers. I expect to match the records of my ancestors and live to be at least 100. "My sleeplessness does not worry me. Sometimes I doze for an hour or so. Occasionally, however, once in a few months, I may sleep for four or five hours. Then I awaken virtually charged with energy, like a battery. Nothing can stop me after such a night. I feel great strength then. There is no doubt about it but that sleep is a restorer, a vitalizer, that it increases energy. But on the other hand, I do not think it is essential to one's well being, particularly if one is habitually a poor sleeper. "Today, at 77, as a result of a well regulated life, sleeplessness notwithstanding, I have an excellent certificate of health. I never felt better in my life. I am energetic, strong, in full possession of all my mental facilities. In my prime I did not possess the energy I have today. And what is more, in solving my problems I use but a small part of the energy I possess, for I have learned how to conserve it. Because of my experience and knowledge gained through the years, my tasks are much lighter. Contrary to general belief, work comes easier for older people if they are in good health, because they have learned through years of practice how to arrive at a given place by the shortest path."

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Each day we have experiences that are likely to produce anger, anxiety, disappointment and frustration. The result is physical stress: the strain on your body caused by its automatic reaction to the events that have caused you to be upset. The sequences go like this: mental stresses are transmitted from the outer brain, the cerebral cortex, to a lower brain center, the hypothalamus, that controls our emotions. The alarm goes out, and the body attempts to rally in defense, as if it were responding to an actual physical attack. Signals of emergency are relayed throughout the nervous system. Adrenalin pumps into the bloodstream, and hormones spring into action. Hooding the body. The immediate results are the ones described above - increased blood pressure, irregular breathing, a racing pulse, a tightening of the neck and back muscles, and pressure to empty the bladder and bowels. Ultimately, the wear and tear on your body's machinery begins to tell in physical complaints that have become commonplace. "I can count on a headache almost every day. It's as if there is a vice around my head that tightens as the day goes on." Doctors everywhere hear such laments by the hour. While they can arise for good medical reasons (and a thorough physical examination is a must), most often they have no physical basis. They are functional symptoms, not organic. We will never be able to avoid entirely episodes that evoke tension. A rebellious child, an unreasonable boss, unmanageable bills - all these, and more, will remain psychological facts of life. We can reduce their cost to our well-being, and keep them from being translated into chronic physical complaints. If you really want to unwind, you must begin to reverse the lifelong habit of reacting as if every predicament is a life-threatening emergency. Here are some practical exercises that will help. Learn to recognize how different tension and relaxation really feel. For many of us, the advice to relax may just as well be spoken in an unknown language. Because we are accustomed to living in a constant state of tension - always prepared to avoid threatening situations, to hurry before it is too late, or to expect the worst - we cannot actually tell the difference between a tense and a relaxed state. To wean our bodies away from tension, we must start by recognizing how dissimilar tension and relaxation are. Here are two exercises to help you recognize what it really feels like to relax. (1) Lie down in a position you find comfortable, your arms at your side. Raise your right hand at the wrist. (Just the hand, not the arm.) Now concentrate on how the top part of your forearm feels. That's tension. Next, let your hand go limp at your side again. The sensation in your arm now is relaxation. You can try this exercise on other areas of your body as well. Tense the area, then relax it. Start at your toes, and work up to your head, including your neck, jaw and eye muscles. If you are unable to feel the sensation of tension produced in a particular part of your body, touch the area with your hand, and feel how hard it is. Or, try this approach: (2) Sit quietly in a chair, and make a fist with your right hand. Notice the sensations in your forearm for the next few minutes the thickness and heaviness, the tension. Now stop making the fist without actually opening the hand, and notice the sensations in the muscles of the arm now. That's relaxation. You can use this exercise in turn for other areas of your body, learning to tense, and release the body muscles like a wave from your head to your toe. Practice these exercises until you recognize your body tensions for what they are. In everyday life, when you hunch your shoulders, clench your jaws, or tighten your fist, you do them routinely and unconsciously. Learn to identify such stress reactions when they occur. Breathe your way to relaxation. Breathing is more than a key to our physical survival. It is a bridge between our conscious awareness and our unconscious feelings; between our surface appearance and our hidden emotions. Stifled, shallow, or rapid breathing indicates inner turmoil. The following exercises are designed to help you release the tensions that are harbored within. While doing them, you must give your full attention to the sensations and the sounds of your breathing. Put other thoughts out of your mind. Do these exercises at least twice a day. Introduce relaxed breathing into your daily routine, practicing for several months if you are serious about changing the faulty habits of a lifetime. (1) Lie on your back on a firm surface, head slightly raised on a pillow so that your spine is straight, knees are bent, and feet are on the floor about 20cm (eight inches) apart. Put one hand on your stomach, the other on your chest. Draw deep breaths into the stomach and let the abdomen rise. The chest should hardly move at all. At first this may seem difficult, but as you practice, it will soon become a comfortable way of relaxing your breathing. Give your entire attention to the feeling of the breath. Concentrate on long and slow breaths - in through the nose, and out through the mouth, whispering "Haaaaah" - a sound like the wind - while the jaw, tongue, and mouth are dropped slightly open. Keep your mind on the sound and the sensation of breathing into your stomach. Do this for five or 10 minutes at a time. (2) When this becomes easy, sigh deeply, as if in relief. Let all the air out of your lungs. Then simply permit the air to come back in. You do not have to force yourself to inhale, it will happen naturally. Do this 10 times. (3) When it has become natural and pleasant to breathe into your stomach, practice this at odd moments during the day, taking three of four deep breaths, and putting all your attention into the pleasure of breathing. You can practice every time you begin to feel tense. Teach your muscles to unsnarl. When tense situations confront you, they are sure to be reflected almost immediately by a tightening of muscles throughout your body. The result is often a stiff neck or backache that hounds you by day, and prevents sound sleep at night. Here is one approach to undoing the vice of muscular tension that takes hold at times of anxiety and threat. It involves focusing on each part of your body in turn, inhaling, and then imagining as you exhale that you are sending your breath to that part of your body. (1) Sit in a comfortable chair, both feet on the floor uncrossed, hands lying relaxed in your lap. Close your eyes, fake a deep breath. Hold the breath for a moment: exhale slowly. Do this three times or more. (2) Now breathe normally, in a comfortable, relaxed rhythm. Inhale. Send your breath down to your toes and relax them. Next, send your breath to the soles of your feet, and then to your ankles. Your feet are now fully relaxed. Inhale. Send your breath down to the muscles of your lower legs from your ankles to your knees, and feel them relax. First do your left leg, and then your right leg. (3) Breathe very slowly and easily, and continue the exercise, sending your relaxing breaths to other parts of the body - your thighs, your buttocks, the muscles in and around the genital area, your stomach, your lower and upper back, your chest. Now send your breath down through your shoulders, along your arms, to your fingertips. (4) Continue to inhale deeply, sending your breath in turn to your forehead; your cheeks, eyelids, and jaw muscles. Let your jaw drop. You will enjoy a comfortable feeling of letting go as you relax these muscles in your face and jaw. Let this feeling of deep relaxation spread to the muscles of your neck, throat and tongue. Clear the clutter from your mind. Even while you engage in other activities - ride a bus, attend a class, talk to a friend - your mind may wander off in all directions, on to the day's grocery-shopping list, the doctor's appointment you have next Thursday, or the conversation you had this morning. Such undisciplined mental activity causes tension, and prevents us from fully enjoying the experience at hand. The habit is extremely hard to break. Here are some approaches you can use to stem the avalanche of thoughts and distractions that sap your energy and well-being. (1) Arrange for 20 minutes of uninterrupted quiet, and sit comfortably with eyes closed. Chant aloud the word "calm" or any other one-syllable word until all you really hear is your own voice. Now let yourself chant mentally. Simply sit, "hearing" that mental repetition of the chant. If you start to daydream, or thoughts intrude, gently guide your attention back to the chant. (2) Sometimes you will know that you are following the chant even though it has been transformed into a sensation other than sound - for example, a form or an image. It is as if you are following an elusive path, that always leads back to the simple word that blocks distractions. This helps to provide a clearing in the dense thicket of ideas and people that compete endlessly for your attention. If you are a visual rather than verbal person, you may profit more from a form of meditation known as "one pointing." (3) Twice a day, for 10 minutes at a time, contemplate some favorite object - a flower, or a leaf - without having any thoughts. If you find your attention straying, gently bring it back. If you do the exercise regularly, don't be surprised to find that even a match- stick can inspire your interest and total attention. A few minutes of such exercises, even if done during lunch hour at a desk, can provide more refreshment than a nap. The important thing is to practice daily, and to allow the experience to deepen over a period of months. Learn to let go. For many of us, the thought of letting go, of losing control over even the most minute aspects of our lives is a frightening prospect. We feel that we must constantly manage, supervise, rehearse and control. That is why we often have so much trouble falling asleep at night. We have not learned to let go of the day's events, or tomorrow's prospects. The result is a quicksand of insomnia, created by a tense mind and a taut body. To undo this habit, try this 30-second exercise a few times a day: Sit on the edge of a straight wooden chair, your knees about 30cm (12 inches) apart, and your legs slanted forward at an angle greater than 90 degrees. As in all relaxation, it is important not to be distracted by tight clothing, and to set aside your watch and glasses. Sit up very straight, and then let yourself collapse like a rag doll, the head forward, the spine rounded, and with your hands on your knees. Make sure you are comfortable, and then talk to yourself. "My right arm is heavy, my right arm is heavy." Repeat this for about 20 seconds while making mental contact with the arm from the armpit to the fingertips. Then make a fist, flex your arms: take a deep breath, open your eyes. Repeat the procedure three or four times a day, and before bedtime. After you become skilled at making the right arm heavy, you can extend the exercise to your legs and other parts of the body. In undertaking any of the exercises suggested here, you must keep one important rule in mind. Find a time to practice each day. Relaxation cannot be incidental to your life.

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Colon, also known as large intestine or large bowel, is the part of the intestine that extracts moisture, nutrients, and salt from indigestible foods, processes food that was not digested by the small intestine, and eliminates solid and non-metabolic waste from the body. If the colon does not function properly, it tends to absorb toxins into the body instead of eradicating them. This could lead to problems such as constipation, gas, bloating, low energy, headache, weight gain, chronic illness, and fatigue. Poor functioning of the colon could be caused by the type of food we eat as some foods are filled with chemicals such as additives and preservatives. Such foods could go undigested and could lead to a buildup in the colon which could lead to mucus accumulation and toxins in the body. With colon cleansing, you can flush out toxins from the colon and promote the buildup of healthy bacteria in the intestine. Colon cleansing also improves the body’s ability to absorb nutrients and helps to increase energy in the body. Here are some tips and good practices, to consider, if you thinking of colon cleansing; - Ensure you stay hydrated as fluids are the surest way to keep your colon clean. - Include castor oil in your colon cleanse diet as it is effective for bowel movement. - Include probiotics, such as yogurt and kefir, in your colon cleansing diet. - Drink a lot of herbal tea, such as fennel or senna tea, during your day. - You could consider going on a liquid fast by staying away from solid foods for a couple of days. Below are home remedies for colon cleansing; 1. Apple Juice Apples contain a high quantity of fiber which can help bulk your stool, thus, improving bowel movement. Apples are also effective at preventing the growth of cancerous cells in the colon by inhibiting their growth. To use this remedy you need to blend small pieces of an apple with a cup of water. Drink the juice and wait for about 30 minutes to drink water. Follow this remedy every day for a week. Yogurt contains antioxidants that help in detoxifying your body naturally. Yogurt is also a good source of probiotics which are beneficial for the health of the gut by maintaining the balance of good bacteria in the digestive system. This, therefore, helps in enhancing digestion and cleansing the colon. You only need to consume plain yogurt twice daily in order to experience the benefits. 3. Vegetable Juice Raw vegetable juice is very beneficial to your body as a great home remedy for colon cleansing. The juice helps in detoxifying your body as well as cleansing your colon. It is also very helpful in maintaining a healthy weight and improving the appearance of your skin. To make this remedy, you only need to blend a combination of fresh beetroot, carrot, spinach, cucumber, and tomato in order to get the raw juice. Drink the juice three times daily for effective results. Ginger has always been a great home remedy for various ailments and is also effective in cleansing the colon. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that help in eliminating digestive problems. Ginger also helps in promoting the secretion of essential digestive juice which plays a role in improving digestion. All these benefits of ginger help in cleansing the colon. In order to make this remedy, you need to add 2 teaspoons of ginger extract to 2 cups of boiled water and then add a quarter cup of lemon juice to the solution. Stir well to make a good solution. Drink the solution throughout the day. Flaxseeds contain antioxidant properties, omega-3 fatty acids, and fiber which are good for colon cleansing. These antioxidants and fiber help in bulking up the stool which enhances the movement of the bowel. This, in turn, makes it easy for the body to get rid of numerous toxins. You can use this remedy by adding one tablespoon of powdered flaxseeds to a glass of warm water and stir well to mix. Drink the solution twice daily that is every morning 30 minutes before having breakfast and during bedtime. 6. Apple Cider Vinegar Apple cider vinegar is a potent home remedy for numerous conditions and is also great for colon cleansing. It has antioxidant and antibiotic properties that help in improving the digestion and ensure proper functioning of the digestive system. Apple cider vinegar also helps in getting rid of toxins from the body due to its acidic properties, and can also be very effective at maintaining a healthy weight. To make this remedy you need to add 2 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar to a glass of warm water. Add 2 tablespoons of honey to the mixture and stir well. Drink the solution daily especially during the morning for better results. 7. Epsom Salt Epsom salt is an effective home remedy for colon cleansing due to its laxative effects. It works by softening the stool and improving bowel movements which in turn helps in cleaning the colon. Epsom salt is also good for weight loss. To make this remedy, you need to add 2 tablespoons of Epsom salt to a glass of warm water and stir well to mix. Consume the solution daily, specifically in the morning, for a week. 8. Baking Soda Baking soda is a very common home remedy for various conditions. It has a laxative effect which helps to treat digestive problems. It also enhances the balancing of the pH level in the stomach which helps in digestion. Baking soda attracts water into the intestines through osmosis which in turn helps in softening the stool and bulking it up. This helps to cleanse the colon effectively. In order to make this remedy, you need to add half a teaspoon of baking soda to a glass of warm water and stir well to make a good solution. Drink the solution once daily, in the morning, for effective results. 9. Castor Oil Castor oil is an effective home remedy for colon cleansing. Due to its potent laxative effects, it helps improve the bowel movements effectively. Castor oil also contains detoxifying properties which also helps in cleansing the colon by getting rid of numerous toxins from your body. You can use this remedy by mixing 2 tablespoons of castor oil with 2 tablespoons of lemon juice. Drink the solution every morning on an empty stomach. Drink a glass of warm water after every 30 minutes until you have emptied your bowel or until you have drunk water, at 30-minute intervals, 3 times. Follow this remedy once every day for a month. Pregnant women should not use this remedy, as castor oil could induce labor. 10. Cayenne Pepper Cayenne pepper contains capsaicin which helps improve bowel movements as well as get rid of toxins from your body. Cayenne pepper also contains antioxidant properties that are beneficial for the digestive system. Cayenne pepper can also help in detoxifying the digestive system while enhancing metabolism. To make this remedy, you need to add a quarter teaspoon of cayenne pepper, 2 tablespoons of lemon juice and 2 tablespoons of honey to a glass of warm water and stir well to mix. Drink the solution 10 times, throughout the day, for one week. 11. Sea Salt Sea salt is a great home remedy for colon cleansing since it has laxative effects and can help balance the pH level in your body. It also absorbs food particles through the intestinal tract as well as regulating water in your body. You can make this remedy by adding one teaspoon of fresh sea salt to 1 liter of warm pure water. Add 2 tablespoons of lemon juice to the solution and stir well to mix. Drink the solution immediately. Follow this remedy once every day, for a month, for effective results. Triphala contains natural laxatives, bioflavonoids, vitamin C and linoleic oil which are very useful for colon cleansing. These components help in improving bowel movements, thus, enhancing the cleansing of the colon. To use this remedy, you need to mix one 1 tablespoon of Triphala with a glass of water. Drink the solution in the morning every day. 13. Aloe Vera Aloe vera contains detoxifying properties which help in cleansing the colon. Aloe vera can also treat various ailments in the digestive system and ensure a healthy colon. To make this remedy, you need to extract some amount of aloe vera gel, then, add to diluted lemon juice. Stir well to make a good mixture. Add some honey to enhance the taste and drink it three times daily. 14. Licorice Root Licorice is a good home remedy for colon cleansing because it is able to promote the production of digestive juices and bile which are needed for better digestion. Licorice also contains anti-inflammatory properties that help eliminate inflammation in the intestinal tract as well as enhance the functioning of the liver, bladder, and kidneys. You can make this remedy by adding 2 tablespoons of licorice root powder to a glass of warm water and stir well to mix. Drink the solution once every morning for better results. 15. Fennel Seeds Fennel seeds contain numerous nutrients that are beneficial to the body. They also contain plenty of fiber which helps get rid of toxins from the body, thus, cleansing the colon naturally. Fennels seeds also contain anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that help prevent the growth of cancerous cells in the colon. You can use this remedy by boiling fennel seeds in a cup of water. Drink the solution, 3 times daily, in order to effectively get rid of waste from your colon. Senna has laxative effects that can help in colon cleansing. It is also able to stimulate the functions of the colon and help keep it healthy. To make this remedy you need to add senna teabag to a cup of boiled water and then leave it for about 10 minutes. Strain the tea thereafter and drink it. Follow this remedy, once every day, for effective results. 17. Lemon Juice Lemon is a great home remedy for colon cleansing and has always been used to treat other ailments. It contains antioxidant properties and vitamin C which help eliminate toxins and other free radicals from your body, and this helps in cleansing the colon effectively. To use this remedy, you need to add some lemon juice to a glass of warm water and then add a little amount of honey. Stir well to obtain a good solution. Drink the solution every morning before having breakfast. 18. Coconut Oil Coconut oil contains antioxidant properties due to its fatty acids which help in getting rid of toxins from your colon. It is also able to treat digestive problems and ensure your overall health. You can use this remedy by consuming 14 tablespoons of coconut oil every day for 7 days. 19. Fiber-Rich Food Foods rich in fiber helps get rid of harmful toxins, thus, helping to cleanse the colon. Fiber helps soften the stool and improve the movement of bowel making it easy to pass. Fiber-rich foods may include fresh fruits like pears, apples and raspberries, vegetables like broccoli and peas; and cereals such as nuts, whole grains, and beans. Honey can be an effective home remedy for colon cleansing. To use this remedy, you need to add 2 tablespoons of honey to a glass of warm water and stir well. Drink the solution in the morning on an empty stomach. This would help eliminate a large number of toxins in your colon. Pear contains a lot of fiber that is very effective for colon cleansing. For this remedy, you can extract juice from the pear and then add 1 tablespoon of honey to it. Stir well to obtain a good mixture. Drink the juice early in the morning for effective results. Legumes contain a lot of fiber that is needed for colon cleansing. They help in improving the bowel movement and also protect the digestive system from various ailments. Add more legumes such as lentils and kidney beans to your diet in order to cleanse your colon effectively. 23. Gingelly Oil (Sesame Oil) Gingelly oil can help improve the functioning of the digestive system which helps with colon cleansing. To use this remedy, you need to consume 5 tablespoons of gingelly oil early in the morning before having breakfast. Psyllium seeds contain a lot of fiber that can help in colon cleansing. They can also help in enhancing the intestinal lining. Furthermore, psyllium seeds can help treat various intestinal ailments such as bowel syndrome and constipation. You can use this remedy by consuming a few psyllium seeds, with plenty of water, three times daily. 25. Alfalfa Sprouts Alfalfa sprouts help get rid of pathogens and other toxins from your body. They also promote the growth of healthy bacteria in the digestive system. This helps in colon cleansing as well as provide the body with essential nutrients. Celery is an effective home remedy for colon cleansing. It contains plenty of fiber that improves the bowel movement and promotes the bulking up of stool. Celery can also be used during weight loss because it contains a very small amount of calories. Water is great for colon cleansing. Water does not only cleanse the colon but also improves the health of the digestive system. Water also helps in promoting peristaltic actions, in the intestine, which then allows food to pass smoothly through the digestive tract. It is optimal to drink at least 10 to 12 glasses of water daily to keep your digestive system functioning properly. Garlic contains anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce inflammation in the colon while cleansing it. You can crush one garlic clove and mix it with some honey. Consume the mixture once every day in order to effectively cleanse your colon. 29. Cumin Seeds Cumin seeds are an effective home remedy for colon cleansing because they help get rid of toxins from the colon. In order to use this remedy, you need to grind a few cumin seeds and mix 1 teaspoon of the ground seeds with a quarter teaspoon of asafetida powder. Consume the mixture every day for better colon cleansing. 30. Chia Seeds Chia seeds contain fiber and essential fats that aid with digestion as well as the cleansing of the colon. Chia seeds can also help reduce inflammation of the colon while stimulating the digestive process. In order to use this remedy, you need to add one teaspoon of chia seeds to a cup of water and stir to mix. Take the mixture daily, for 2 weeks, for effective colon cleansing. Rhubarb contains astringent properties that help get rid of toxins that accumulate on the intestinal walls. You can use this remedy by adding rhubarb in a large saucepan of water. Boil the mixture for about 10 minutes and then lower the heat. Allow the content to simmer for about 15 minutes. Strain the tea thereafter and add some honey to enhance the taste. Sip the tea slowly. Follow this remedy every day for effective results. 32. Fish Oil Fish oil is highly rich in omega-3 fatty acids that can help get rid of harmful toxins and excess waste from your colon. It can also prevent stomach disorders like bloating. Taking fish oil every day is great for colon cleansing and overall health. 33. Green Tea Green tea is an effective home remedy for numerous health conditions and is also effective for colon cleansing. It contains antioxidant properties that are essential for colon cleansing. You can make this remedy by adding 1 teaspoon of green tea to a cup of hot water and steep for about 15 minutes. Allow it to cool down at room temperature and then consume it. Follow the remedy three times daily for better colon cleansing. SAVE TO PINTEREST

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Social media and our children: Tips for effective communication and setting boundaries Challenging Updated: Jan 24 Challenging times for our children The media has reported recently that our children are the unhappiest they have been for 25 years. New data published by The Children’s Society is blaming excessive social media and turbulent friendships for increasing levels of loneliness and unhappiness. The charity says increasing issues surrounding appearance and body image, combined with social media pressures, school, and a lack of strong friendships are potential factors for the cause of low happiness levels in 10-15 year olds. Social media can also help young people learn about the world, form and build relationships, shape self-identity and express themselves. However, in some young people it can also increase the likelihood of anxiety, low self-efficacy and depression. Modern life is undoubtedly challenging for our children. How can we, as parents, ensure we are communicating well with our children? How can we do our best to safeguard them from the potentially damaging aspects of the internet? How can we help them to have confidence in themselves? The first thing we should be asking our children and young people is: How do you manage every day?! The children that I work with, and my own children, inspire me everyday with how they cope with all of these issues, and more, on a daily basis. We should invite them to see themselves as having existing strengths in their own lives, we should invite them to notice them, celebrate them and build on them. The solution focused approach As a solution focused practitioner, I have found the solution focused approach to be invaluable when working with children and young people and their families. Solution focused therapy is all about focusing on a preferred future, what works well already (existing strengths and resources), and the language that we use to communicate with each other. It is a respectful and empowering way of communicating that enables families to see each other as an expert in their own lifes and within the family. In this post we’ll look at how you can apply this approach with your own child, to encourage useful conversations, and hopefully, with that, a greater understanding of your child’s emotional wellbeing and behaviour. Young people need to feel empowered Research tells us that in order for interventions with young people to be effective, young people need to be respected. Young people thrive on respect. I have been saying this for some time now. But how do we do this while keeping them safe? How do we set boundaries while having them still respect us and when their brains are preparing them to separate from us? When I ask young people what they hope to be different in their lives as a result of our work together, they visibly change. They relax, engage and open up. They start to talk openly about their hopes, their views on social media and their emotional wellbeing. I notice how wise and reflective they can be, how future-focused they can become. We must remember that young people know more about social media than we do. They are living it in a way that we, as their parents, never have. They have most likely already made some good decisions to protect themselves from it. I find they are usually doing things to help them stay safe, to protect them from online threats such as bullying. However, we are often ‘selling’ them answers rather than asking them questions, in a bid to safeguard them. But as a result, we are silencing their wisdom. If we invite a conversation that allows children and young people to share small but useful changes they have made in their lives, we can support them by noticing and building on those positives. What I am inviting you to consider is that, how we communicate with our children, will have an impact on how they talk to us and how they feel about themselves. Focus on small but useful change When I worked as a solution focused social worker, I sometimes worked with families at the point of breakdown. These parents would be desperate for their child to be ‘fixed’ and I would ask them simply, ‘how did you all get here today?’ The whole family would sit before me and share a description of how they, as a family, had pulled together to get themselves to the meeting, because they all wanted things to be better. I would also ask, ‘what’s been better since we spoke to arrange the appointment?” More often than not, the family would be able to notice and share things that had gone well. We so often define ourselves by our problems, then becoming unable to notice what we do well, how we manage and cope. Asking these types of questions enabled these families to have hope, and with this hope, they were able to reconnect, cooperate and collaborate to bring about useful change. Be experts in yourselves I recently ran a workshop with more than 60 secondary school parents on the sensitive topic of safeguarding. The parents told me they were looking for advice and support on how to protect their children’s mental health in relation to social media and bullying. I invited them to notice what worked in their families and in how they communicated with their children. Many seemed perplexed by this question. They were not expecting to talk about their own relationship with their child. So often, I find that when we are entrenched in a problem or fear, we see ourselves as being unable to find the solution. We want to seek answers from others, and see professionals as holding all the answers. In short, we want to be told what to do. Feeling we need expert support can make us feel helpless and compound our issues further. When we become reliant on professionals to try and solve our problems for us, children and young people can lose hope in the possibility of change and their issues can escalate. This said it is important to refer to make use of services such as your GP and CAMHS if you are concerned for your child’s safety and wellbeing. It’s important to be open about how we feel and not to fear our own feelings. I write more about this topic in my recent post: Don’t be afraid to feel: the importance of understanding our emotions. [https://www.solutionrevolution.co.uk/blog] Start a solution focused conversation You are probably having solution focused conversations already within your family. Parents will often say to me something like: ‘Last week we had a really good conversation. He/she was really open and we discussed important things like phone use and curfews!’ Quite often this is followed by a ‘but’: “But we haven’t talked about it since and he/she is back to grunting at me.’ If a good, positive conversation happened, it’s important to identify what was different that time, what enabled that conversation to happen? What could you do to make it happen again? One of the founders of the solution focused approach Steve De Shazer, refers to this as ‘tacking down the carpet’. In other words, don’t let a good idea slip away! What would be your best hopes for your next conversation? What could you do to make a useful plan with your child? Tips for positive communication and setting boundaries The children and young people I have worked with have told me what works for them. Based on their feedback, here are my top tips for holding positive, open discussions about these topics, and for setting some boundaries. Try these techniques and see what works in your family. 1. From an early age, talk to your children about the internet and internet safety. Information is power! 2. Don’t just read statistics. Discuss internet use as a family, set out what your hopes are around these issues, and discuss what would need to happen in order for these hopes to be achieved as a family. 3. When you have a discussion, let everyone have their time to talk, ensure everyone is truly listening and work together on any plan. 4. Negotiate open and clear boundaries around phone and internet use. In my home, we have negotiated a decision to not have electronic devices upstairs. Regularly revisit the reasons for these decisions as your children develop. 5. Try to eat together in the evening. Eating a meal together creates opportunities for discussion, openness and fun! 6. Talk to your children’s school to find out more about their policies on internet and social media use. What do they find aids discussion about the impact of social media? 7. Find a group or set up a group of parents, possibly with young people attending too, where everyone can talk about what they do that works to support their children and themselves in relation to internet use. 8. Offer your teenager some great reading to support them during this challenging time in their lives. Look out for author Nicola Morgan who has written a wonderful series of books for teenagers that can really help them to understand themselves better. 9. Finally, stop and write a list of what you already do well to support your children around the issues of social media and internet use. I have no doubt you are already doing a lot to support your children and these tips may help you build on that list. 10. Remember you and your children have existing strengths! There are lots of things that you and they do well/cope with every day! Talk about them with your family! If we are asking our young people what they want, if we are seeing them as experts in themselves with existing strengths, then they will feel better about themselves. They will talk to us and share more. Our children and young people manage many things, many issues and emotions, every day of their lives. We must invite them to see themselves as heroes in their own lives. The children that I work with, and my own children, inspire me everyday by how they cope with the issues presented by life. Perhaps you have some of your own advice or experience to share? I’d love to hear from you if you do. And if you’ve enjoyed reading this post, why not check out my blog regularly? Follow me on Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter or Instagram.

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2 Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor.In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste.Ethanol, the word, alcohol derives from Arabic al-kuhul, which denotes a fine powder of antimony used as an eye makeup. Alcohol originally referred to any fine powder, but medieval alchemists later applied the term to the refined products of distillation, and this led to the current usage. 4 MISSOURI ETHANOL PLANTS Company Location Current Capacity Under Construction/ MG/YR ExpansionsGolden Triangle Energy, LLC Craig, MO NA Mid-Missouri Energy, Inc Malta Bend, MO NA Missouri Ethanol Laddonia, MO NA Northeast Missouri Grain, LLC Macon, MO NA Missouri Total 5 Ethanol can enter the environment as emissions from its manufacture, use as a solvent and chemical intermediate, and release in fermentation and alcoholic beverage preparation.It naturally occurs as a plant volatile, microbial degradation product of animal wastes, and in natural fermentation of carbohydrates. Produced naturally from a wide range of microbiological processes (by fungi, bacteria, etc), and possibly some plants.When spilled on land it is apt to volatilize, biodegrade, and leach into the ground water, but no data on the rates of these processes could be found. Its fate in ground water is unknown. 6 Ethanol is a clean-burning, high-octane fuel that is produced from renewable sources. At its most basic, ethanol is grain alcohol, produced from crops such as corn. 7 In 2005, 97 ethanol plants in 21 states produced a record 3 In 2005, 97 ethanol plants in 21 states produced a record billion gallons of ethanolA bushel of corn weighs 56 pounds and will produce at least 2.8 gallons of ethanol , 17 pounds of distillers grain & 18 Pounds of CO2 8 NATIONAL CORN GROWERS ASSOCIATION Ethanol is Safe in Soil and Groundwater Ethanol is non-toxic, water soluble and is the most harmless and biodegradable component of gasoline. In fact, ethanol occurs naturally during the fermentation of organic matter.When gasoline is spilled on land or in water, ethanol is the first component to quickly, safely and naturally degrade. More important, the presence of ethanol in gasoline means the reduced presence of other more toxic components such as benzene—so gasoline spills are less threatening to the environment.Last reviewed June 10, 2005 9 Ethanol can be made by a dry mill process or a wet mill process. Most of the ethanol in the U.S. is made using the dry mill method. In the dry mill process, the starch portion of the corn is fermented into sugar then distilled into alcohol. 10 The major steps in the dry mill process are: 1. Milling. The feedstock passes through a hammer mill which grinds it into a fine powder called meal.2. Liquefaction. The meal is mixed with water and alpha-amylase, then passed through cookers where the starch is liquefied. Heat is applied at this stage to enable liquefaction. Cookers with a high temperature stage ( degrees Celsius) and a lower temperature holding period (95 degrees Celsius) are used. High temperatures reduce bacteria levels in the mash. 11 3. Saccharification. The mash from the cookers is cooled and the secondary enzyme (gluco-amylase) is added to convert the liquefied starch to fermentable sugars (dextrose).4. Fermentation. Yeast is added to the mash to ferment the sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Using a continuous process, the fermenting mash is allowed to flow through several fermenters until it is fully fermented and leaves the final tank. In a batch process, the mash stays in one fermenter for about 48 hours before the distillation process is started. 12 5. Distillation. The fermented mash, now called beer, contains about 10% alcohol plus all the non-fermentable solids from the corn and yeast cells. The mash is pumped to the continuous flow, multi-column distillation system where the alcohol is removed from the solids and the water. The alcohol leaves the top of the final column at about 96% strength, and the residue mash, called stillage, is transferred from the base of the column to the co-product processing area.6. Dehydration. The alcohol from the top of the column passes through a dehydration system where the remaining water will be removed. Most ethanol plants use a molecular sieve to capture the last bit of water in the ethanol. The alcohol product at this stage is called anhydrous ethanol (pure, without water) and is approximately 200 proof. 13 7. Denaturing. Ethanol that will be used for fuel must be denatured, or made unfit for human consumption, with a small amount of gasoline (2-5%). This is done at the ethanol plant.8. Co-Products. There are two main co-products created in the production of ethanol: distillers grain and carbon dioxide. Distillers grain, used wet or dry, is a highly nutritious livestock feed. Carbon dioxide is given off in great quantities during fermentation and many ethanol plants collect, compress, and sell it for use in other industries. 14 Distillers grain can be fed to livestock wet or dry Distillers grain can be fed to livestock wet or dry. Dried distillers grain (DDG) is the most common variety. Drying the distillers grain increases its shelf life and improves its ability to be transported over longer distances. If a consistent nearby market can be secured, ethanol producers can supply the feed as wet distillers grain (WDG). The wet form is not as easily transportable, but the cost of drying the product is removed. 15 Dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) is the form available to the feed industry. The liquid that is separated from the mash during the distilling process is partially dehydrated into a syrup, then added back onto the dried distillers grain to create DDGS.DDGS is a high quality feedstuff ration for dairy cattle, beef cattle, swine, poultry, and aquaculture. The feed is an economical partial replacement for corn, soybean meal, and dicalcium phosphate in livestock and poultry feeds. Historically, over 85% of DDGS has been fed to dairy and beef cattle, and DDGS continues to be an excellent, economical feed ingredient for use in ruminant diets. 16 The personal care products industry is one of the largest users of industrial ethanol, or ethyl alcohol. Check the labels – hairspray, mouthwash, aftershave, cologne, and perfume all contain large amounts of alcohol by volume. Ethanol is also used in many deodorants, lotions, hand sanitizers, soaps, and shampoos. 17 Carbon dioxide is used to carbonate beverages, to manufacture dry ice, and to flash freeze meat. CO2 is also used by paper mills and other food processors.A project is underway in Kansas to use carbon dioxide to recover oil from marginal oil fields. Using this miscible CO2 flooding, carbon dioxide from a nearby ethanol plant is injected into oil-producing rocks about 3,000 feet underground. The carbon dioxide mixed with oil that has collected in hard-to-reach spots in the rock, forcing it into nearby production wells. 18 Ethanol melts at –114. 1°C, boils at 78. 5°C, and has a density of 0 Ethanol melts at –114.1°C, boils at 78.5°C, and has a density of g/mL at 20°C.Its low freezing point has made it useful as the fluid in thermometers for temperatures below –40°C, the freezing point of mercury, and for other low-temperature purposes. 19 Pure, 100% ethanol is not generally used as a motor fuel; instead, a percentage of ethanol is combined with unleaded gasoline. This is beneficial because the ethanol:decreases the fuel's costincreases the fuel's octane ratingdecreases gasoline's harmful emissions 20 BLENDING WITH GASOLINE Any amount of ethanol can be combined with gasoline, but the most common blends are: 21 E10 - 10% ethanol and 90% unleaded gasoline E10 is approved for use in any make or model of vehicle sold in the U.S. Many automakers recommend its use because of its high performance, clean-burning characteristics. In 2004, about one-third of America's gasoline was blended with ethanol, most in this 10% variety. 22 E85 - 85% ethanol and 15% unleaded gasoline E85 is an alternative fuel for use in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). There are currently more than 4 million FFVs on America's roads today, and automakers are rolling out more each year. In conjunction with more flexible fuel vehicles, more E85 pumps are being installed across the country. When E85 is not availible, these FFVs can operate on straight gasoline or any ethanol blend up to 85%. 23 ETHANOL Physical properties: Colorless liquid. Pleasant alcoholic odor detectable at 49 to 716 ppm.Miscible with water and most organic solvents.Melting Point (°C):Boiling Point (°C): 78.3Specific Gravity: 0.789Vapor Density: 1.6 24 When released into water it will volatilize and probably biodegrade. It would not be expected to adsorb into sediment or bio-accumulate in fish.Although no data on its biodegradation in natural waters could be found, laboratory tests suggest that it may readily biodegrade and its detection in water systems may be due in part to its extensive use in industry with possible relatively steady and large levels of discharges. 25 When released to the atmosphere it will photodegrade to carbon dioxide and water in hours (polluted urban atmosphere) to an estimated range of 4 to 6 days in less polluted areas.At low concentrations and amounts, ethanol is rapidly metabolised without apparent harm. At high concentrations, such as in leaks or spills, ethanol can have substantial acute effects on a wide range of biota, while it can cause death to many microbes. ETHANOL is used as both a food and a disinfectant 26 FLAMMABILITY ??? Gasoline -40 F (1.4 – 7.4 %), Ethanol 55 F ( %)Ethanol, in general, has a higher flash point than gasoline, thus posing less risk, butAt low temperatures (< 32 degrees), E85 vapor is more flammable than gasoline vaporE85 vapor is less flammable than gasoline at higher temps. The lower vapor pressure and lower heat of combustion of E85 reduce risk of fire compared to gasoline. In the event of a fire, the flame is less bright than a gasoline flame, but is visible in daylight. 29 Ethanol burns in air with a clear blue flame that is very faint in bright daylight conditions. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE: The flames you see are only about 5% of the actual fire. 30 What is the difference in putting out an ethanol fire versus putting out a gasoline fire? NFPA 30 and 30A recommend that the same form of fire fighting chemicals and techniques be used on E85 as is used to fight fires fueled with unleaded gasoline. The NFPA does not require different fire fighting for ethanol in comparison to gasoline. 31 The results of fire fighting tests conducted at Iowa State University indicates that in the case of gasoline alcohol blend fires:For spill fires - preferred foams are polymer “alcohol type”, fluoroprotein, and AFFF in that order for permanence of blanket and security of the area. “Alcohol type” and AFFF will produce more rapid fire knockdown, while the “alcohol type” and fluoroprotein will give the best protection against reflash.Small spill fires can be extinguished with BC extinguishers. 32 ETHANOL / WATER SOLUTION FLAMMABILITIES BOTH TEMPERATURE AND CONCENTRATION DEPENDENTALCOHOL ROOM TEMPERATURE :TEMPERATURE1 SECOND FLAME APPLICATION55 % CONTINUOUED BURNING46 – 55 % MOMENTARY FLASH< 46 % NO IGNITIONHEATED TO BOILING POINT:20 % CONTINUED BURNING 33 FOR TANK FIRES –For over the top application use “alcohol type” foam or Light Water AFFF. For subsurface application, the “alcohol type” foam is the preferred agent.Burn back resistance in these applications is sometimes lowered and therefore, additional foam application after fire extinguishment is recommended. 34 In the case of smaller ethanol spill fires (thin - less than one inch deep): Spills can be controlled and extinguished by dilution with water. 35 Use Class C Fire Extinguisher Denatured fuel ethanol is a flammable liquid having a Reid vapor pressure of 3.0 psi and its flash point is ~55°F. 36 TRANSPORTATIONHOW IT’S TRANSPORTED:Rail: DOT111A100W1 Tank Car (unit train)Highway: MC306 or DOT406 cargo tankPipe Line: none now, none plannedAll safety precautions applicable to loading gasoline or other Class I Flammable Liquids into a transport truck would also be applicable to fuel grade ethanol. The truck should be grounded and bonded when loading/unloading. 37 PLACARDS ?Ethanol (up to 5% gasoline Mixed) = UN Denatured AlcoholE85 (ethanol up to 85%) = UN 1993Flammable liquid, n.o.s. (ethanol, gasoline)Gasohol (up to 20% ethanol blend) = NA 1203 38 CompatabilitiesSteel tanks and nearly all fiberglass tanks are compatible with gasoline/ethanol blends. In some instances, tanks may have been relined with polyester or epoxy linings to prevent leakage. Although many of these lining materials are compatible with gasoline/ethanol blends not all are. 39 MATERIALS THAT DEGRADE WITH E-85: Zinc, Brass, Lead, and AluminumNatural Rubber, Polyurethane, cork, leather, PVC, Polyamides, methyl-methacrylatesACCEPTABLE MATERIALS TO USE:Buna-N, Neoprene, Polypropylene, Nitrile, Viton, Teflon

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What does the social entrepreneurship and social business movement mean for Europe? It can be argued that in 2015, the old capitalist model with its credo of "profit above everything else" has definitely entered its intellectual death struggle. In the past 30-40 years, the phenomena of the destruction of the environment and the accumulation of wealth in the hands of few have become too obvious to ignore. Both indicate that the economic paradigm that has guided the biggest economies in the world has to change. In the wake of this ongoing fundamental shift, recent years have seen the spread of the idea of social entrepreneurship. The key message of the movement is that you cannot wait for others to provide the solution – you must become a changemaker yourself here and now. In the midst of the ongoing economic and social crisis in Europe, it is time for relevant stakeholders to place greater importance on setting up an ecosystem that promotes the concept and the practice of social entrepreneurship. The following article is an effort to stimulate the discussion in this field by providing an introduction to the concepts of social entrepreneurship and social business, as well as focusing on the efforts that have to be adopted by stakeholders in order to promote a social entrepreneurship ecosystem. What is social entrepreneurship and social business? A social entrepreneur is someone who finds creative and sustainable solutions to the world’s problems. Social entrepreneurs have existed for centuries in various sectors and have come in all sorts of forms. Florence Nightingale is seen as an early example of a social entrepreneur by starting the first official nursing training program. Similarly, Jean Monnet is often quoted as inventing the project of European integration as a solution to ensure peace in Europe. In short, social entrepreneurs “find what is not working and solve the problem by changing the system, spreading the solution, and persuading entire societies to move in different directions”. Social businesses function in most ways like for-profit businesses, yet since the social impact is the primary purpose of this business, all profits have to be reinvested into the business (i.e. no dividends are paid out to the owners) or are used to start new social business to increase the impact of the organization. A famous example of a social business is the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, which each year gives out loans to the poor that amount to approximately one billion US dollars. Currently, the social business economy is still limited, but nevertheless it is becoming a stakeholder in its own right alongside for-profit businesses, cooperatives, the state, civil society and NGO’s. But what does an ecosystem that can produce and sustain social entrepreneurs look like? Access to capital The most central aspect is adequate funding for social businesses. As the pioneer of the impact-investing sector, Ronal Cohen has put it: “the supply of money creates its own demand and an increased flow of capital is therefore the starting point”. Venture Philanthropy Funds: To start or grow a new business, a social entrepreneur needs capital in the form of, for example, a loan or equity. Venture philanthropy takes concepts and techniques from venture capital finance and business management and applies them to supporting social entrepreneurs. Besides providing funding (e.g. in the form of loans or equity), the funds also support entrepreneurs with their network, business management expertise, as well as pro bono partnerships. Examples for such funds from abroad are Yunus Social Business and Big Society Capital. Currently, the overwhelming majority of large banks in Europe do not provide funds to social businesses and do not possess the know-how in the area of social and ecological investments. We therefore require the creation of new banks, which put social impact above the bottom line. The scaling of existing cooperative and ethical banks whose focus is on businesses that have a social and ecological benefit to society is also an option. An angel investment is an affluent individual who provides capital for a business start-up, usually in exchange for convertible debt or ownership equity. Experiences abroad have shown that an increasing number of angel investors organize themselves into angel groups or angel networks to share research and pool their investment capital, as well as to provide advice to their portfolio companies (for example the Pymwymic network). The practice of angel investing into social businesses could, for example, be made more attractive by the government through providing tax breaks in the case of the investment resulting in a loss. Most investors traditionally have thought that they have to choose between impact and profit, philanthropy or investment. Yet experiences so far have shown that there does not need to be a contradiction between profit and doing good. On the contrary: responsible companies that have good governance have been proven to outperform their competitors in the long run. This fact, together with a concern for social problems, developed a new kind of investor - the impact investor, who integrates ecological and social impact alongside profit into his investment focus. The impact investing sector is currently estimated at 50 billion Euro globally with solid growth in the recent years. As the coming 20-30 years will see the largest transfer of wealth onto a new generation that places greater importance on social and ecological issues than their parents, this sector is expected to grow even stronger providing greater funding opportunities to social businesses. In order to promote the idea of social entrepreneurship, organizations are needed that bring together different stakeholders such as for-profit and social businesses, the state, NGOs and investors. The most obvious example for such an organization is Ashoka, which is active on over 70 countries. Through Ashoka’s vast global network and partnerships, a knowledge exchange network is created for the exchange of best practices for all stakeholders of the social entrepreneurship ecosystem. In the context of knowledge exchange, the scaling of existing social business on a European scale becomes more and more important. Just as in the for-profit business world: you do not have to reinvent the wheel. There are thousands of successful social businesses from which you can learn and help expand. Ashoka, with its more than 3000 fellows, in this context provides an extensive library of potential case studies for young aspiring social entrepreneurs. Innovation still remains a key aspect of any entrepreneurial venture, not least as the social business has to be adapted to fit local specificities. Education on the practice of social entrepreneurship also plays an significant role. Universities could incorporate concepts of social business and social entrepreneurship into traditional business curriculums. They could also offer courses that focus on teaching students how to start a social business or project and could invite successful social entrepreneurs to present their work. Furthermore, the field of social entrepreneurship offers many possibilities for academic research, particular in the area of social impact measurement or in studying the funding needs of social businesses. In order for more people to become engaged in the social entrepreneurship movement, the idea of social entrepreneurship needs to be spread through the mainstream media. Stories about social entrepreneurs will encourage more people to get involved for social change, creating a self-perpetuating cycle. Reporting on the work of social entrepreneurs and the social entrepreneurship ecosystem will also serve the purpose of providing role models to our community, especially to youth. In Europe, we need to start shifting our attention from not only the problem, but also the solutions. One way to do this is through the promotion of social entrepreneurship. Similarly, young people need to have the feeling the social entrepreneurship is a viable career option and that achieving social impact has greater value than big bonuses and shiny sports cars. Currently the majority of foundations limit their work to a donation-based model. The problem is a donation is made once and is not renewed. An investment into a social business on the other hand is constantly renewed, creating a sort of Perpetuum mobile dedicated to the benefit of society. Thankfully, the large charitable foundations in Europe have begun to realize the potential of social investing and have launched pilot investment vehicles dedicated to social investing. The large European foundations have seen that they can use their enormous amount of capital stock from which they fund their operations to achieve a double impact: one the one hand through their investment activities and on the other through their grant-making processes. These pioneer foundations understood that instead of funding businesses that often harm society (e.g. oil companies) and then donating the money, the big charities could choose to invest a fraction of that capital in social businesses to fund their activities. Nowadays, it is becoming more and more important for customers to know that the company they are choosing to buy a product or a service is not harmful to society. In this context, it is not enough for companies to commit to “stay within the boundaries of the law” (as if that wasn’t expected to them anyways). The have to actively seek ways to do good and helping social businesses is one great way to boost their CSR efforts and achieve this end. For-profit companies can join in and help by for example providing pro bono services to social businesses, as McKinsey is doing in the case of Ashoka. Together, these stakeholders described above create the social entrepreneurship ecosystem. In contrast to the for profit economy, where ultimate domination of a market is the highest goal and collaboration with “competitors” is out of question, the social entrepreneurship economy enables stakeholders to collaborate on a much greater scale, since the ultimate goal is to achieve social impact for the benefit of society. Member states and the EU The state can choose to accelerate or to deter the development of the social entrepreneurship ecosystem. Although it has taken a long time, governments across Europe are starting to realize the potential of social entrepreneurship and want to be part of it. For example, the European Commission embraced the growing importance of social entrepreneurship by inviting the biggest players to Strasbourg for a large conference (“Have your say”) in January 2014 in order to listen to their concerns. Moreover, it launched the Social Business initiative which opened the EU’s structural funds to social businesses and created a 90 million Euro fund for social businesses. In the individual members states, excessive taxation and bureaucracy often times still prevail but even here change is coming with an increasing removal of red tape and allowing tax breaks for social businesses. In Germany, for example, the publicly owned Kfw bank launched an innovative co-investment scheme in 2012, which matches the investments made into social businesses by partner organizations up to 200,000 Euros. Social entrepreneurship is here to stay. The question therefore is not if the changes described above will come but when, as the foundations for a thriving culture of social entrepreneurship have already been laid. Most importantly, many European citizens have realized that we cannot afford to wait for the politicians to act or for the economy to recover. We have to find creative solutions to societies problems today. In any case, the state cannot solve all our problems, most importantly because if lacks the innovation incentives and freedom of the private sector. Yet, the establishment of a social entrepreneurship ecosystem will not replace the political struggles inside society and solve all our problems. Social entrepreneurship can be part of the puzzle that will create the change necessary for Europe to overcome its economic, political and moral crisis. Nothing more and nothing less. The exception is that social businesses can repay loans to investors. Although I want to explicitly point out that donations to non-profit organizations are important in their own right. About the Author Antonis Schwarz is of Greek-German origin and is based between Athens, Munich and Frankfurt. He studied Politics (BA Kings College London) and Business (MA IE university Madrid). Antonis co-founded a parliamentary monitoring organization in Greece, Vouliwatch (Vouliwatch = Greek for parliament), a website engaging citizens in politics, pioneered by Ashoka fellow, Gregor Hackmack. He is interested in scaling social/impact investing to Greece to help fight the crisis. He currently works as a social business consultant for Yunus Social Business and previously also worked at BonVenture, the first German venture philanthropy fund. Originally published February 3, 2015

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Children are actively engaged in the learning process. The curriculum integrates the needs, interest, and learning of the whole child with a variety of multi-sensory activities which are guided by key experiences in language, literacy, mathematics and science, social-emotional development & physical development & the creative arts. Children make choices, carry out plans and recall learning in a supportive environment that promotes initiative and independence. Throughout the day, children participate in individual, small and large group activities. We offer a balanced curriculum: quiet and active; academic and social; indoors and outdoors. The addition of our music specialist brings the great learning potential of music to all of children in their classroom. Our teachers look forward to working with families on furthering each child’s development. We want all children: - to become competent in the care and management of their bodies acquiring both large and small muscle skills. - to become competent in social interaction with both adults and children: functioning successfully as part of a group, learning mutual respect and cooperation - to become competent in developing relationships of trust, independence, initiative and self-esteem. - to become competent in thinking for themselves, reasoning, generating ideas, approaching new intellectual challenges and using language effectively. - to become competent in representing ideas and dealings through pretend play, drama, creative movement, music, art and construction: demonstrating creativity and imagination. To achieve these goals, we follow the organized scope and sequence of the High/Scope Curriculum. The content of learning is guided by key developmental indicators (KDIs). The High/Scope curriculum components and assessment (Child Observation Record) have been aligned with NAEYC criteria (National Association for the Education of Young Children) and NJ Core Curriculum Standards, and the NJ Preschool Teaching & Learning Expectations Standards of Quality. Our observation-based assessments (Child Observation Record, COR) are conducted in the classroom producing results that are valid, reliable and meaningful. The teachers observe what children do in self-initiated activities as well as planned teacher activities. After an initial screening, teachers monitor each child’s progress throughout the year and provide activities to expand on skills already acquired based on many observation (anecdotes). A Scoring Guide enables our teachers to score a child’s anecdotes accurately, using an objective eight-level scoring scale that allows teachers to pinpoint the developmental changes measured by each COR item. Infants & Toddlers The first three years of life are extraordinarily important for cognitive and emotional development and for language acquisition. Babies and toddlers need an environment in which they receive nurturing, responsive care and sensitive language interactions from adults who know them well and who provide a safe, healthy world for them to explore. THE INFANT PROGRAM (non-mobile) is designed to stimulate and nurture within a carefully prepared physical environment that focuses on trust, happiness, safety, sanitation and the continuity of care. Most of their learning involves developing senses and motor skills. Touch reassures infants that they are safe and not alone. An infant needs lots of holding, snuggling, touching and patting that provides trust and security. Movement is essential to development. The infant’s awake time is spent on the floor with a responsive teacher encouraging reaching, grasping, holding and learning to move in many ways. Babies are sensitive to tones and feelings expressed through the language of the adults who care for them. The give-and- take of language interactions from the teachers who know them well connects babies to the world while providing a consistent routine that creates a warm, reassuring setting, yet flexible enough to respond to individual needs, interests, and strengths. TODDLERS (mobile) are developing a sense of autonomy. They organize the world according to their own logic. They need to be able to see, touch, feel, smell, move and taste the world as they actively explore. Teachers support the individuality of each child by giving choices, asking questions and introducing each child to social guidelines while providing safe boundaries. Teachers provide more encouragement than direction, more exploration than restriction to support the developing sense of self. Teachers talk, play, and work alongside children observing development, identifying strengths and interests. Most group activities for toddlers happen spontaneously, a teachable moment, when children come together on their own. A primary caregiver system ensures that every child has a special person and that person becomes an expert on the child, an advocate, and a coordinator of the child and parent experience. Primary does not mean exclusive. Other staff develop a warm relationship with the child and have learning interactions and routine care experiences such as diapering / toileting, or mealtime experiences. Teachers are guided by High Scope’s Key Developmental Indicators (KDIs) which form the curriculum content for infants and toddlers. The KDIs provide a composite picture of what very young children do and what knowledge and abilities emerge from their actions. Learning becomes visible through regular observing, documenting and displaying of the efforts of individual children. Parents are welcomed as the expert on their child and as partners in sharing their child’s emerging interests, needs, and strengths. Parents are encouraged to contribute, make suggestions, and have influence over their child’s care. Infant and toddler programs are offered in school day (9-3) and full day schedules (up to 9 hours), along with a tenth-hour option. TERRIFIC TWOS are mobile, autonomous, social, verbal, with constant urges to test and experiment. They construct knowledge through interactions with materials, people, events and ideas. A new phase of cognitive growth is developing in which mental representations of the real world are developing through their play. Teachers expand sensory exploration into a more complex meaningful experience with textures, colors, sounds, weight, uses and other qualities. The teacher supports children’s learning with their interactions, interventions and language. Every experience is a learning experience including routine mealtimes, diapering, toileting and washing up. The teacher serves as facilitator for High Scope’s key developmental indicators which forms the basis for active learning. School day (9-3) and full day schedules (up to 9 hours) are available, along with an optional tenth hour. *Also offered for older two-year-olds as the Transitional Twos classroom, with the same school day, full day, and extended day programs available. PRESCHOOL PROGRAM encourages learning by doing. Children’s interests and choices are at the heart of the High Scope curriculum integrating the needs, interests and learning of the whole child with multi-sensory activities which are guided by Key Developmental Indicators (KDIs). Teachers arrange the physical environment to promote exploration and cooperative play. Our skilled staff plan activities that balance between active and quiet, indoor and outdoor, group and individual. Play and developmentally appropriate activities are designed to stimulate and sustain emerging skills. Teachers support and extend children’s learning by adding materials that reflect their current interests and home culture. Teachers further support social development by helping children learn how to resolve interpersonal conflicts. Teachers individualize for the variations in development that occur in children’s learning. The Key Developmental Indicators for understanding and supporting children’s learning includes: Approaches to learning, Social and Emotional Development, Physical Development and Health, Language, Literacy and Communication, Mathematics, Creative Arts, Science and Technology and Social Studies. This classroom engages children age 3 and 4. Children must be 3 by October 1st and be potty-trained. Half day (2 ½ hours), school day (9-3), full day (up to 9 hours) or extended day (up to 10 hours) programs available. PRE-KINDERGARTEN expands on age-appropriate skills, concepts and content for ages four and five. Children make plans, follow through on their intentions and recall learning in a supportive environment that promotes initiative, independence and play. Throughout the day children participate in individual, small group and large group activities. Teachers balance activities between active and quiet, social and academic, indoors and outdoors. An emphasis on literacy development includes: recognizing letters, letter-sound relationships, rhyme and alliteration awareness, approaches to writing and math concepts that explore number, operations, prediction, measurement, patterns, geometry and graphs. Key Developmental Indicators (KDIs) form the curriculum content that defines the knowledge children are acquiring. Teachers document and keep parents informed about each child’s development by creating portfolios that highlight and evaluate the child’s work and play. This classroom engages children age 4 and 5. Children must be 4 by October 1st & Potty-Trained to enroll in a Pre-Kindergarten Classroom. Half day (2 ½ hours), school day (9-3), full day (up to 9 hours) and extended day (up to 10 hours) programs available. With Music Together, your child’s music education will go far beyond singing songs once a week. A trained Music Together specialist leads a weekly class full of creative, research-based music and movement activities. And with the help of the music specialist, your child’s teacher uses music throughout the day, to support other subjects, to ease transitions, and at playtime. From jamming with friends at circle time, to a ritual song to start the day, to using a nature song as part of a science lesson, music becomes a seamless part of classroom life. Benefits for your child: When music is a part of your child’s everyday life, the benefits are immeasurable. Music develops the child’s mind, body, and spirit simultaneously. The simple pleasures of singing, dancing and playing instruments with others engages children and can help them participate more fully in school. In addition to the intrinsic benefits of music-making, the Music Together program supports your child’s growth in many important developmental areas. - Music development: Singing in tune and moving in time, ensemble skills, exposure to diverse musical styles, readiness for future music lesson (if desired) - Language development: active listening, pre-literacy skills, vocabulary - Social-emotional development: self-confidence, self-regulation, leadership skills - Cognitive development: emerging math skills, executive function, understanding cause and effect - Physical development: gross and fine motor skills, coordination, spatial awareness - Approaches to learning: motivation to try new things, imagination and creativity Visit the Registration Page to learn more about registering for the current and upcoming school year, and for summer program registration. Part-day, School-day and Full-day Summer Camp Programs for Infants through 2nd Grade Graduates 9 weeks: June 22* – August 21, 2020 7:00 am – 5:30 pm (*Official first day of summer program will be finalized once Toms River Schools confirms 2019-20 last day of school; we will update this page once we have received last day information) Get ready for fun this summer in Beachwood Nursery School’s summer camp programs. We offer caring, supportive NJ Certified teachers who also teach our regular school-year program, and provide a wide variety of engaging activities: Learning through play, learning centers, outdoor play, story time, sensory play (water, play dough, sand table), music and movement, splash days, open-ended art experiences and more. Special summer visitors from community organizations and parks make summer at Beachwood Nursery School packed with fun! Small class sizes and caring teachers encourage children to build friendships, independent skills and creativity while having fun in a safe, clean environment. PART-DAY, FULL-DAY or EXTENDED-DAY SUMMER ENRICHMENT PROGRAMS Summer program options include a 8:45 am-12:15 pm “Part-day” schedule (for Preschool through School Age), a 8:45 am-3:00 pm “School-day” schedule, or a 9-hour “Full-day” schedule–up to 9 hours inside 7 am start and 5:30 pm close–in a minimum of three 1-week sessions. Choose any three weeks from our nine-week summer schedule, beginning with Monday, June 22* and ending the week of Monday, August 17 through Friday, August 21. Camp hours are 7 am to 5:30 pm, depending on which schedule you choose, Monday to Friday. (*Official first day of summer program may start later than June 22 if snow days this winter push Toms River Schools’ last day later than expected, and BNS plans to determine actual start day for summer program once Toms River’s final day is announced) - Summer Hours: 7:00 am-5:30 pm; 10th hour available for $8 per day. - Must register for a minimum of 2 days per week for 3 weeks for the Summer Program. - Summer Tuition: 3 payments are due 6/15, 7/15 and 8/1. If you are paying each week, the first payment is due 6/15 and then weekly payments are due each Monday starting on 6/22/20. *There are no tuition credits given for absences, vacation or illness. - Summer Registration Fee: $50 and an additional child’s fee is $45. Registration fees are non-refundable. To register, please print out and complete Summer Program Registration Forms and submit with registration payment and optional tuition deposit, which may be paid at registration or is due by 6/15. Summer Themes for classroom and outdoor activities focus on Jersey Shore Living such as the beach and river, Fireworks on the Toms River, Boardwalk Games etc. Morning activities include Musical Mondays, cooking on Tinkering Tuesdays, Workout Wednesdays, Tasty Thursdays, and Fantastic Fridays. Afternoon Activities include working on our school garden, Board Games, Canvas Paintings, Arts and Crafts classroom & playground scavenger hunts. Scheduled visits from Cattus Island Park and Jakes Branch Park Naturalists, Shop Rite Dietician Giavonna, the Ocean County Health Department and the Ocean County Library take place throughout the summer. - Musical Mondays: Music, Movement, Socializing, Fun! Children will explore rhythm improvisation, singing, dance and dramatic play. Activities include body percussion on our hands, heads, bellies and knees, or using instruments like shakers, drums, scarves and more. - Tinkering Tuesdays: Children will invent, experiment and build during these weekly STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Math) experiences, including experiments with LEGO Simple Machine Kits and working on intricate art processes. - Workout Wednesdays: Yoga movement class, Junior boot camp fitness and more each week in our downstairs “fitness studio” (the All Purpose Room). - Tasty Thursday: The teachers will provide experiences for the children with cooking and food preparation, and then get to enjoy eating what they make in class! - Fantastic Fridays: Everyone’s favorite…Splash Day. Every Friday send your child in a bathing suit, water shoes & beach towel so they can enjoy splashing around on our playground. We set up sprinklers, hoses, water balloons and more to make Fridays wet and fun. Please send in spare clothes and shoes so children can change. Summer 2020 Weekly Rates up to 9 hrs Preschool, Pre-K & School Age (3-8 year olds/2nd grade graduates) up to 9 hrs

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#730: The Canadian Human Rights Commission Report (CHRC) on The Medical Perspectives on Environmental Sensitivities From Magda Havas: The Canadian Human Rights Commission Report (CHRC) on The Medical Perspectives on Environmental Sensitivities written by Margaret Sears is now available online at: It’s also available in pdf. http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/pdf/envsensitivity_en.pdf Please note that there is a section on electromagnetic radiation and fields (see below). This is a first and it should help those of us trying to get electrical hypersensitivity recognized. The Medical Perspective on Environmental Sensitivities By: Margaret E. Sears (M.Eng., Ph.D.) Electromagnetic radiation and fields “Electromagnetic radiation” covers a broad range of frequencies (over 20 orders of magnitude), from low frequencies in electricity supplies, radiowaves and microwaves, infrared and visible light, to x-rays and cosmic rays.224 Our limited understanding of the biological effects of the vast majority of frequencies gives reason for concern.225-230 Although there is still debate in this regard,231-233 tinnitus, brain tumours and acoustic neuroma are associated with cell phones and mobile phones. 234-237 Communications and radar antennae expose those who live or work near these installations to their emissions. The radiation travels through buildings, and can also be conducted along electrical wires or metal plumbing. Wireless communications create levels within buildings that are orders of magnitude higher than natural background levels.238 The World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledges the condition of electromagnetic sensitivity, and published a 2006 research agenda for radio-frequency fields.239 The WHO recommends that people reporting sensitivities receive a comprehensive health evaluation. It states: “Some studies suggest that certain physiological responses of EHS individuals tend to be outside the normal range. In particular, hyperactivity in the central nervous system and imbalance in the autonomic nervous system need to be followed up in clinical investigations and the results for the individuals taken as input for possible treatment.” Studies of individuals with sensitivities ought to consider sufficient acclimatization of subjects as recommended by Joffres for chemical sensitivities,72 as well as recognition of individuals’ wavelength-specific sensitivities. Reduction of electromagnetic radiation may ameliorate symptoms in people with chronic fatigue.240 It is worth noting that off-gassing of electrical equipment may also contribute to sensitivities.84 Different sorts of technology (e.g. various medical equipment, analogue or digital telephones; flat screen monitors and laptop computers or larger older monitors) may vary significantly in strength, frequency and pattern of electromagnetic fields.238 Visible light is a narrow range of electromagnetic radiation. Light affects hormone levels, including cortisol and melatonin,241-244 which affects the ability to sleep, among other things. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), wherein some people are increasingly depressed and fatigued during the winter months, may be alleviated with increased exposure to certain wavelengths of light in the blue end of the spectrum.245 People with environmental sensitivities may be unusually sensitive to light, reacting positively or negatively. Natural or full spectrum, non-flickering light is often best, but individuals ought to be consulted since they may be adversely affected by bright light. Fluorescent lighting, which is increasingly common and is promoted to save electrical energy, may cause increased radiofrequencies in the electrical supply and harm people with electromagnetic sensitivities. The flickering may also exacerbate sensitivities.246 Electromagnetic radiation arising from the use of electricity There are four phenomena that emerge from the use of electricity: ground currents; “electromagnetic smog” from communications equipment; magnetic fields from power lines and specialized equipment; and radiofrequencies on power lines or so-called “dirty electricity.” Ground current or “stray current” is electricity that is not contained in wiring; passing through the ground, building structures, plumbing, etc. Electrical current flows along the path of least resistance (e.g. through metal pipes or rods rather than through wood or concrete), with diverse health effects including behavioural, cardiovascular and reproductive problems (sterility and birth defects).247-249 On October 19, 2006, the Ground Current Pollution Act unanimously passed second reading in the Ontario Legislature. The Bill defines “objectionable current,”y establishes a time frame for utility companies to respond to and remedy complaints, and provides for the development and implementation of a plan to eliminate current that goes through the ground instead of through the neutral wire. Low frequency electromagnetic fields Extremely low frequency fields from high-voltage electrical supply lines have been associated with genetic damage250 and leukemia in children and may be considered an occupational carcinogen.251 One clear example of health effects from magnetic fields involved workers on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines. When electrical current flows, a magnetic field is created (measured in Gauss), and when conductors (including biological tissues) are moved within a magnetic field, electrical currents are induced. Workers experienced headaches and cognitive impairment at a greater rate and severity with increasing exposure time and magnetic field strength.252 Workers with quicker movements, which would have caused greater induced currents, suffered greater health effects. The Royal Society of Canada reviewed the issue of health effects of radio-frequency transmissions for Health Canada in 1999, with updates in 2001 and 2004.56 The latest report summarizes and is consistent with positions taken by many other authorities in Britain, Europe and the USA (e.g. California). Regulations for telecommunications are based upon avoiding heating of tissue as a result of exposure to electromagnetic radiation. However, other biological phenomena are both plausible and observed at much lower exposure levels.7 The Royal Society concluded that even if the evidence is not clear that adverse health effects from lower exposures to radiofrequencies exist, there is a need for further research.55,56 There is growing evidence of cancers (particularly acoustic neuroma) associated with the use of mobile telephones.235,237,253,254 Given the seriousness of the adverse effects and the availability of alternative technologies, a precautionary approach is warranted.255 In 2006, based upon a comprehensive review of the scientific literature, the International Firefighters took the position that transmission facilities should not be located at fire stations.256 The growing plethora of wireless communication devices such as Internet, WiFi, cell phones, satellite radio, microwave transmissions, TV broadcasts, etc. are exposing the populace to more and stronger electromagnetic frequencies. Shielding may block electromagnetic radiation (but not magnetic fields). Buildings, geography, weathe r and immediate surroundings affect exposure from telecommunications by reflecting or focusing radiation, thereby creating elevated local levels. Measurements in Canadian cities are many times higher than the regulated levels.z Canadian regulations do not require labelling of emissions from communications devices. Use of alternative technologies (wire or fibre data transmission) is the most straightforward, feasible and effective measure to accommodate workers with electromagnetic sensitivities. Radiofrequencies on power lines Some emerging research regarding electromagnetic sensitivities focuses on the radio-frequency “noise” on power lines. This arises from problems in the wiring and from “chopping” of the 60-cycle signal in modern power-efficient and sophisticated electronics. Remediation of wiring and addition of low-cost tuned circuits to electrical equipment are two steps to address this problem. As a “band-aid,” Graham-Stetzer filters can be plugged into outlets to remove these high frequencies from the power lines. Using these filters to create an electromagnetically “cleaner” environment, improvements are reported for several health outcomes, including multiple sclerosis, behavioural problems and asthma in children in schools, and diabetes.8 Canadian standards for electrical equipment do not require testing for or limits on “dirty power.” The CSA requires most products to be assessed only for shock and fire hazard. Electromagnetic compatibility testing is required for ballasts on fluorescent lights and medical equipment and can be carried out at the request of manufacturers. There is a lack of consensus in research regarding the health effects of electromagnetic phenomena. This may be due to methodological limitations including unmeasured and uncontrolled parameters such as the quality of the electrical signal, radiofrequencies, locally elevated exposure levels and ground currents. One of the most effective and economical strategies for achieving healthy indoor spaces and good air quality is to minimize potential pollutants during construction and renovation. This includes the use of low-maintenance surfaces that do not off-gas, design and construction that minimizes dampness and moulds, and an air intake system that avoids ground-level air. Energy conservation concerns create pressure to decrease ventilation in sealed buildings, reinforcing the need to use materials, finishings and furnishings with low toxic and volatile inputs and emissions. Least-toxic construction, maintenance and pest control, and infrastructure that minimizes exposure to electromagnetic phenomena all require attention to detail and might entail minimal additional costs. Minimizing on-going sources of environmental factors that initiate and trigger environmental sensitivities such as perfumes, dusts and vehicle exhaust require education and policies, and appropriate maintenance practices. h. ANSI/ASHRAE Addendum c to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. i. Personal communication, Dr. Kartar Badsha, Environmental Law Centre, UK. (August 14, 2006) j. “Considering the diversity of indoor air contaminants and the range of susceptibility in the population, compliance may not be acceptable for everyone.” ASHRAE Standard 62, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air quality. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. k. ASHRAE® STANDARD, BSR/ASHRAE Standard 62.2P: Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. q. Ontario hospitals with scent-free policies include: Toronto General Hospital; Women’s College Hospital, Toronto; Wellesley Hospital, Toronto; Lyndhurst Spinal Hospital, Toronto; Middlesex Hospital Alliance, Middlesex; Leamington District Hospital, Leamington; Grand River Hospital, Freeport Health Centre, Kitchener; Ottawa Hospital Civic Campus; Ottawa Hospital General Campus; Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa; Queensway-Carleton Hospital, Ottawa; University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa Health Research Institute; Kingston General Hospital; Hotel Dieu, Kingston; Soldiers’ Memorial Hospital, Orillia; Niagara-on-the-Lake Hospital; North Bay General Hospital. r. Including Dalhousie, McMaster, Acadia, Memorial, St. Mary’s, Thompson Rivers, Mt. Allison and Malaspina Universities, and the Universities of Calgary, Toronto, Windsor, British Colombia, Prince Edward Island, Ottawa, Victoria, Saskatchewan, Waterloo and Guelph. u. Unpublished tests conducted by Prof. Tang G. Lee, University of Calgary, April 1, 2001. v. Personal communication, Dr. Kartar Badsha, Environmental Law Centre, UK. (August 14, 2006) w. Doug Perkins, DPEnvironmental, pest management services for Ottawa hospitals, personal communication, July 30, 2006 x. Frank Reddick, agronomist, Turflogic, personal communication, August 4, 2006 y. “objectionable current flow” means any steady state of electrical ground current for five seconds or more on a grounding conductor or any other conductor that normally does not carry electric current, except for any temporary flow of electrical fault current that is caused by a phase-to-ground fault condition and that results from the performance of a grounding conductor’s protective functions regarding faults or lightning z. Dr. Andrew Michrowski, Ottawa, December 5, 2006 personal communication based upon his unpublished research completed for the CMHC.

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Some time next year, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft will descend to the boulder-strewn surface of asteroid Bennu, reach out with a robotic arm, and fetch a sample for return to Earth, but an initial survey of the space rock millions of miles from Earth suggests the robotic mission may have few suitable targets for the touch-and-go maneuver. OSIRIS-REx is still in the early weeks of its stay at asteroid Bennu, a roughly 1,640-foot-wide (500-meter) object that oscillates inside and outside of Earth’s orbit on each trip around the sun. Bennu’s proximity to Earth, which makes it an impact risk to the planet in the distant future, allowed ground-based radars to scan the asteroid in detail, revealing its size and shape before OSIRIS-REx’s launch in 2016. The radar observations made by stations at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, and Goldstone, California, did a “phenomenal job of predicting the shape and topography of the asteroid for us,” said Dante Lauretta, principal investigator for the $1 billion Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer mission at the University of Arizona, Tucson. On its approach to the asteroid last year, OSIRIS-REx showed Bennu is shaped like diamond, or a spinning top, just as the radar observations suggested. “It’s really good news that we got it so right, and that all our mission design plans are valid as we move forward,” Lauretta said Wednesday at a meeting of NASA’s Small Bodies Assessment Group, a community of scientists with research interests in asteroids, comets and other small objects in the solar system. “We do have the expected, so-called ‘spinning top’ shape, which seems to be characteristic of a subset of the near-Earth asteroid population,” Lauretta said. “One of the reasons we think it’s top-shaped is because it’s been accelerated by thermal pressures to sort of spin up,” said Olivier Barnouin, a co-investigator on the OSIRIS-REx mission from the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. “You can imagine if you take a top and start spinning up, if you have little rocks on it, things might go flying off.” OSIRIS-REx’s cameras searched for evidence of moons or debris around Bennu late last year. “We can confirm, to this point, that we have not identified any rocks that are flying around, and that there’s no risk to the spacecraft, which actually I think is kind of remarkable because this place is very dynamic,” Barnouin said in a Dec. 31 presentation of the mission’s preliminary findings at Bennu. But Bennu did present some surprises to scientists, such as its jagged, craggy terrain covered with a collection of boulders, rock piles, craters and ridges. “Some of the things that jump out at us right away from the asteroid’s surface are the large boulders,” Lauretta said Wednesday. “We are a looking at a pretty rough and rugged surface, more so than we expected.” The first detailed images from OSIRIS-REx suggest Bennu exhibits the scars from collisions with other objects in the solar system, perhaps when Bennu orbited in the main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The basins include up to a dozen large impact craters that measure up to 500 feet (150 meters) in diameter, according to Lauretta. “We’re thinking that the asteroid surface’s cratering age may be older than we expected, and may record its collisional history in the main asteroid belt,” he said. Scientists believe the asteroid’s visible surface may be between 100 million and 1 billion years old, and Lauretta says Bennu is likely a “rubble pile” asteroid, made by the merging of several distinct objects. With the data already returned by OSIRIS-REx, scientists have calculated Bennu has a bulk density just 20 percent higher than that of water, and a bit less than that of Jupiter. Officials marked OSIRIS-REx’s arrival at Bennu on Dec. 3, when the spacecraft flew over the asteroid’s north pole. Subsequent passes over both poles and the equator allowed scientists to calculate the asteroid’s mass, a crucial parameter for planning the probe’s future trajectories. OSIRIS-REx is currently in the mission’s “Orbital A” phase, following a maneuver Dec. 31 that directed the spacecraft into a slow-speed loop around Bennu that ranges between 1 mile and 1.3 miles (1.6 to 2.1 kilometers) from the asteroid. Due to Bennu’s weak gravity field, thousands of times weaker than that of Earth, OSIRIS-REx travels at a speed of just one-tenth of a mile per hour, or 5 centimeters per second, relative to the asteroid. The orbital velocity of satellites circling the Earth can be as high as 17,500 mph (7.8 kilometers per second). OSIRIS-REx has set records, becoming the first mission to orbit an object as small as Bennu, and as the closest any spacecraft has orbited to any planetary body. The craft’s navigation team on Earth is plotting the location of landmarks and other prominent features on the asteroid’s surface. Beginning next month, OSIRIS-REx will fly on station-to-station trajectories around the asteroid, pulsing its thrusters to cover Bennu globally and periodically move to closer and farther distances. “The orbit phase is not really a science campaign phase,” Lauretta said. “It’s primarily there for the navigation team to transition from using star fields to landmarks on the asteroid surface. That transition is going very well, and are achieving navigation accuracies that are required for us to depart orbit in about four weeks and begin the detailed survey campaign of the mission.” When the solar system formed more than 4.5 billion years ago, chunks of rock and ice collided as they circled the sun like the balls on a billiard table, eventually building up planets. The leftovers became asteroids and comets, and scientists believe Bennu still harbors the basic carbon-bearing organic molecules that were present in the early solar solar system, the stuff that may have helped seed life. The spacecraft carries three cameras — one for long-range viewing, a color camera for mapping, and another imager to take pictures as OSIRIS-REx collects samples from the asteroid’s surface. The rest of OSIRIS-REx’s suite of science instruments includes a thermal emission spectrometer to detect heat coming from the asteroid, a visible infrared spectrometer to locate minerals and organic materials, a laser altimeter provided by the Canadian Space Agency to create topographic maps, and a student-built X-ray spectrometer to identify individual chemical elements present on the asteroid. Data gathered by thermal emission and visible infrared spectrometer instruments — OTES and OVIRS — indicates clay minerals on the asteroid’s surface contain hydroxyl molecules with oxygen and hydrogen molecules bonded together. This finding suggests Bennu’s surface was once in contact with water, likely when the asteroid was part of a much larger parent body that was smashed to bits in a collision in the chaotic early solar system. One prominent feature of Bennu’s landscape is a large boulder protruding from the surface near the south pole. While ground-based radar images suggested the boulder to be at least 33 feet, or 10 meters, in height, OSIRIS-REx imagery indicates is closer to 164 feet, or 50 meters, tall with a width of approximately 180 feet, or 55 meters, according to NASA. On approach to Bennu, ground controllers at Lockheed Martin in Denver — where OSIRIS-REx was built — unlatched the probe’s robotic arm from its launch restraint for the first time. Over several days, the ground team commanded the arm to bend its joints and jettison a launch cover over the sample collection mechanism, which will release compressed air during a touch-and-go maneuver to force gravel and surface material into an on-board chamber for the journey back to Earth. One of the darkest features spotted so far on Bennu appears to be rich in magnetite and iron oxide, Lauretta said, based on early spectral measurements from OSIRIS-REx’s instruments. Scientists are intrigued by the darker regions of the asteroid because they are expected to contain more carbon, the scientific pay dirt for the sample return mission. But officials will evaluate where OSIRIS-REx can safely reach the surface in the coming months, with the tough-and-go descent currently scheduled for July 4, 2020. That can be pushed back a few months, if necessary, before the spacecraft must depart Bennu in March 2021 to reach Earth in September 2023. “The OSIRIS-REx mission’s sample site selection campaign starts next month, which is when we will start receiving science data at the resolution needed to make informed assessments about the safety of various regions on Bennu,” Lauretta said in a written response Thursday to questions from Spaceflight Now. “We’re thinking about sampling the surface … and the craters are starting to look as possibly good candidates because they’re fairly smooth in structure, as far as we can tell at this point in the mission,” Barnouin said. Email the author. Follow Stephen Clark on Twitter: @StephenClark1.

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How a Turbocharger Works A turbocharger is a forced induction device that recovers engine waste heat in order to increase performance and efficiency in a combustion engine. This is accomplished by utilizing otherwise wasted energy from the engine exhaust to compress the incoming air charge. A turbocharger draws in ambient air and compresses it, ultimately increasing the intake manifold pressure. The result is a higher density of air in the cylinders, raising the performance potential. The components of a simple turbocharger include: • Compressor housing • Compressor wheel (compressor) • Turbine housing • Turbine wheel (turbine) • A common shaft connecting the turbine and compressor wheels. The compressor and turbines of a turbocharger rotate in unison - that is, both wheels rotate with exactly the same angular velocity. Therefore, for any force acting upon the turbine, an equal force is acted upon the compressor. This is the basis for recovering waste heat from the engine exhaust. As high velocity, high temperature gases are expelled from the combustion chamber, they travel from the exhaust manifold through the turbine housing. A portion of the energy contained in these gases is than transfered to the turbine and therefore compressor of the turbo. The turbine and compressor housings are isolated from one another - there is therefore no mixing of air and exhaust gases. The geometry of the turbine is optimized to capture energy from the exhaust stream, while the compressor is optimized to pressurize the incoming air charge. In other words, compressor and turbine geometries (shape, size, fin design) are characteristically designed for separate purposes and are therefore different in appearance. The thermodynamic process by which waste energy is converted into usable mechanical power results in a temperature differential between the inlet and outlet of the turbine housing. While the turbocharger is in operation, the temperature of exhaust gases at the inlet of the turbine housing will always be greater than at the outlet of the turbine housing. The greater the temperature difference, the more energy extracted by the process. A turbocharger increases performance by forcing air into the combustion chamber of each cylinder, increasing the volumetric efficiency. This is opposed to a naturally aspirated process, where air is drawn in by the vacuum created as the piston descends on the intake stroke. The greater volumetric efficiency of the forced induction process results in a denser charge of air and therefore higher quantity of air molecules present in the combustion chamber prior to the compression stroke. The greater amount of oxygen molecules present therefore allows for a greater quantity of fuel to be injected, resulting in higher power outputs. The pressure a turbocharger creates is commonly referred to as boost - to make more boost is to create a greater manifold pressure (the pressure of the intake manifold is roughly equal to the pressure of air in the combustion chamber at the end of the intake stroke). Because compressing air proportionally increases its temperature, intercooling is common on turbocharged engines to further increase efficiency and performance potential. The efficiency of a turbocharger is not constant; efficiency can vary considerably depending on operating conditions such as speed and load. A "large" turbo typically provides top-end power and higher airflow potential, while a "small" turbo exhibits quick spooling characteristics at the expense of lower overall airflow at higher engine speeds. In single turbo applications, selecting a turbocharger is a balancing act of meeting airflow requirements and minimizing turbo lag. Turbocharger A/R Ratio The A/R ratio of a turbocharger goes by many names, including "aspect ratio", "area to radius ratio", "air ratio", and "area ratio". All these terms are synonymous with one another and refer to the ratio of the area of the turbine/compressor inlet to the distance between the centroid of the inlet and the center of the turbine/compressor wheel. A/R ratios are typically discussed in reference to turbine housings as the A/R ratio of the turbine housing significantly impacts turbocharger performance, whereas compressor performance is less sensitive to changes in compressor housing A/R ratios. As a result, turbine housings are generally characterized by the A/R ratio, while the compressor side of the turbo is distinguished by the exducer/inducer diameters and trim. Generally speaking, turbine housing A/R ratios exhibit the following characteristics: Large A/R Ratio - The larger the A/R ratio, the slower the turbo spools (more lag, slower response). However, a large A/R ratio yields greater top end performance potential and efficiency in addition to lower backpressure and higher flow capacities. Small A/R Ratio - The smaller the A/R ratio, the quicker the turbo will spool (less lag, better response). This is at the expense of flow capacity and lower performance overall. A turbine housing with a small A/R ratio will suffer from greater pumping losses, increased backpressure, and the turbocharger may choke on the top end. The flow velocity of exhaust gases into the turbine housing is higher. Controlling Boost with a Wastegate On a standard turbocharger (non-VGT), maximum boost pressure is controlled by a device called a wastegate. The wastegate is essentially a valve that can be internally or externally integrated into the turbine housing. When a predetermined boost pressure is realized, the wastegate opens and allows exhaust gases to bypass the turbine. In effect, the wastegate controls turbocharger outlet pressure by metering the amount of exhaust flow across the turbine. Exhaust gases that bypass the turbine housing expel directly into the exhaust system at the turbine outlet. Variable Geometry Turbochargers A variable geometry turbocharger features a series of operable vanes in the turbine housing that vary its geometry, increasing or decreasing the A/R ratio as necessary to provide optimal performance and efficiency at any combination of speed, load, and pressure. The vanes, which are actuated electronically, hydraulically, or by vacuum, open and close as commanded by the PCM in order to build or maintain boost pressure as necessary. This effectively allows a single turbocharger to display the characteristics of both a small and large turbo simultaneously. With the vanes in the closed position, the effective size of the turbine housing is decreased and the A/R ratio reduced. In this position, the turbocharger may spool rapidly since the exhaust gases are more concentrated at the turbine wheel, in effect compensating for low exhaust flow. As the vanes gradually open, the effective size of the turbine housing is enlarged and A/R ratio increased. In this position, the turbocharger can manage higher exhaust flow rates, exhibiting good overall performance characteristics without choking from high backpressure. A VGT turbo also uses the variable vane system in place of a wastegate - instead of using a valve to bypass exhaust flow, the vanes open, reducing the flow velocity and concentration of exhaust flow on the turbine wheel. In addition to providing an optimal A/R ratio based on current operating conditions (load, speed, demand, etc), a VGT turbocharger can be used an exhaust brake by closing the vanes during acceleration, effectively increasing backpressure in the same manner that a typical exhaust brake would. OEM "exhaust brakes" are more often than not simply a selectable mode in which the VGT vane schedule is modified to provide braking. Aftermarket vs OEM Turbochargers The design of turbo-machinery, including turbochargers, is a highly complex field that must account for a number of variables. There is no perfect turbocharger - selecting a turbocharger for an application is a process that requires giving up certain characteristics in order to obtain others. The performance of a turbocharger is a product of its geometry, with a definite focus on the flow characteristics of the housings and efficiency of the compressor and turbine wheels. The geometry of the compressor and turbine wheels is typically proprietary to a particular brand and/or product. This is where an aftermarket turbocharger may be considered an upgrade to an OEM unit. An upgraded turbocharger typically provides a variety of performance benefits, including greater airflow and maximum pressure potentials. Another important topic in turbochargers is bearing design. Many OE turbochargers utilize journal bearings, which are cost effective and, for all intents and purposes, perform their task adequately. A journal bearing is essentially a bushing that that rests between the shaft of the turbocharger and the bearing race. The bushing, or sleeve, typically has holes that allow for high pressure oil to enter. The turbocharger shaft is then suspended on the thin film of oil between the shaft and journal bearing sleeve. While they are adequate in stock applications, longevity becomes a cause for concern with higher boost pressures realized in performance applications. Ball bearing turbochargers feature ball bearings that suspend the shaft within the turbo housing. While lubrication is still essential, they do not necessarily need high pressure oil flow to ensure proper operation. In a ball bearing application, the turbo shaft is supported by the bearing cartridge, not a thin layer of oil. Ball bearing turbochargers operate with less friction than journal bearing turbos, thus decreasing turbocharger lag, increasing longevity, and tend to be more compatible in high boost applications. Keep in mind that a turbocharger can accelerate to more than 100,000 rpm in mere seconds. You may need to consider upgrading your turbocharger system if... • Engine is experiencing high exhaust gas temperatures (EGT) • Engine is producing excessive black smoke under load, signaling a high air-fuel mixture • Engine has extensive fuel system upgrades, which may include larger injectors and high performance injection pump(s) • Engine suffers from excessive turbo lag/slow spool times Performance increases resulting from turbocharger upgrades and swaps are difficult to estimate because each application will vary considerably. If your engine is running out of air (excessive smoke on the top end), or you're tired of putting up with turbo lag, a new turbocharger can make a huge difference. Turbochargers are generally advertised by the maximum horsepower range they can support, not how much horsepower they will add. Given you choose the proper turbocharger for your application, you can expect reduced turbo lag, increased hp/torque, and lower exhaust gas temperatures. Twin Turbocharging - Sequential, Compound, & Parallel Turbo Systems While a single turbocharger system can support a significant amount of power, a twin turbocharger system exhibits the high airflow potential of a large turbo while maintaining the quick spooling characteristic of a much smaller turbo. Twin turbos, albeit more expensive and complex, are unmatched in overall performance. There are two methods of installing twin turbochargers, in a sequential arrangement or a parallel arrangement. Sequential/Compound Turbo Systems In a sequential or compound turbo system, two turbochargers exhibiting considerably different characteristics are used. Compound turbo systems usually rely on a one small and one large turbocharger to obtain the characteristics of both - quick spooling with plenty of airflow to support massive amounts of horsepower. The smaller turbo is typically referred to as the "high pressure" turbo, while the larger turbo is typically credited as the "low pressure" turbo. In this arrangement, the low pressure turbocharger draws in ambient air through the air filter and feeds it to the high pressure turbo. On the exhaust side, exhaust exits the engine and into the low pressure turbo, then to the high pressure turbo. Air is first compressed in the low pressure turbo, then compressed even further in the high pressure turbo. The benefit is in the fact that the high pressure turbo spools rapidly, while the low pressure turbo moves a greater volume of air. Parallel Turbo Systems In a parallel twin turbo system, each turbocharger receives 1/2 the available exhaust flow. In a "V" engine, a single turbocharger is typically mounted the the outlet of each exhaust manifold. On an inline engine, parallel turbos can be mounted side-by-side at the outlet of the exhaust manifold by means of a split "Y" fitting. The theory in paralleling multiple turbochargers is that each turbo can be sized smaller than in a single turbo system, promoting rapid spool times. In practice, a parallel turbo system cannot typically outperform a compound turbo system in terms of maximum airflow, and thus they are largely (but not necessarily completely) impractical for diesel applications. The air side of a parallel turbo system meets at the intercooler or intake manifold, i.e. they feed both banks of cylinders jointly, not individually.

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Did you know that researchers estimate that half of the world’s population is chronically dehydrated? And in America, that level rises to 75 percent of the population. These are very eye-opening statistics when we consider that so many people are sipping on sodas, tea and coffee all day long. Even though most people know perfectly well that water provides the best hydration to the body, most fall short of the 10 daily cups prescribed by the Institute of Medicine. In medical terms, most people in the USA function daily in a chronic state of dehydration. Dehydration impairs your ability to think, drive, and perform crucial tasks. Without the adequate hydration that pure and clean water provides, your body’s biochemical and electrical processes can quickly begin to break down. This is why we need to talk about the many health benefits of MegaHydrate. MegaHydrate – Are You Dehydrated? Dehydration is one of the most frequent causes of hospitalization for people over 65. With age, many confuse thirst with hunger causing overeating and thus more dehydration. Those that are highest risk of dehydration are: outside workers exposed to high heat; seniors, people with chronic illness; athletes; infants and young children and people who live in high altitudes. Why do people lack hydration? This may be due to several things such as a poor thirst mechanism as we age, dissatisfaction with the taste of water, the over consumption of caffeine and alcohol, climate controlled environments (both heated and air-conditioned), and even excessive exercise. With water loss at 2% of body weight, individuals can experience impaired physiological and mental performance. Drinks that worsen dehydration include soda, very sweet drinks and caffeinated drinks. Know the Signs of Dehydration The signs and symptoms of dehydration range from minor to severe. - Increased thirst - Dry sticky mouth and swollen tongue - Palpitations (feeling that the heart is jumping or pounding) - Confusion – especially in the elderly - Sluggishness, even fainting - Sleepiness or tiredness — children are kess active than usual - Few or no tears when crying - Inability to sweat - Decreased urine output: Urine color may indicate dehydration. If urine is concentrated and deeply yellow or amber, you may be dehydrated. MegaHydrate – Ultimate Hydration What is MegaHydrate? A leading edge food-grade dietary supplement, MegaHydrate that is rich in antioxidants and provides ultimate hydration. When taken with water, it delivers billions of negatively charged Hydrogen ions to the cells of the body. MegaHydrate provides a way to boost cellular hydration by reducing the surface tension of water within the body which makes the water in and between our cells hydrated. The concept is that with excellent hydration and surface tension of this fluid, the body has the ability to more efficiently eliminate toxins and metabolic by-products on the most basic level. In addition, a potential increase in the delivery of important nutrients happens which grants healthier cells and a healthier body. More than one hundred times stronger than popular plant-based antioxidant sources such as Vitamin E, Vitamin C, green tea extract, and grape seed extract, MegaHydrate has been tested in a clinical setting for its relevance to all-inclusive well-being and free-radical elimination. According to the creator of MegaHydrate, physicist and medical doctor, Patrick Flanagan, silica hydride is the only antioxidant compound that does not convert itself into a pro-oxidant after donating its electrons, instead of combining with other hydrogen atoms to form a harmless gas or with oxygen and hydrogen to form water. MegaHydrate is safe, and tests show that is has no known side effects other than mild detoxification symptoms for some people. The silica hydride in MegaHydrate is a compound known to positively affect the “zeta potential” of blood cells. Zeta potential (x) is the electric potential, or charge, that exists in a hydrated particle and the surrounding solution. Zeta potential is an important and useful indicator in which this charge can be used to predict and control the stability of colloidal suspensions. The greater the zeta potential, the more likely the suspension will be stable because the charged particles repel one another and thus overcome the natural tendency to aggregate. Zeta potential is an electrical charge that describes how far apart cells are. Greater zeta potential indicates more space between cells. Increased zeta potential has many positive health benefits. More zeta potential means more surface area for cells. Toxins, viral matter, fungi, and bacteria trapped between cells can be expunged more readily. More importantly, water enters cells more easily. Water is arguably the most vital component of anti-aging, life extension, and the removal of free radicals and waste. The following test was performed and replicated by several groups of scientists with the same results. It provides yet more data indicating that MegaHydrate is a contributor to good health. PHOTO 1 shows a microscopic view of a blood sample from a subject with low zeta potential. The blood cells are clustered together and trap waste elements between them. Note the clustering effect may be a result of dehydration from caffeine, alcohol, heat, and stress: all commonly found in people today. The test subject was given 500 mg (or two 250 mg capsules) of Silica Hydride – the active ingredient in MegaHydrate – mixed with 8 oz of water. Twenty minutes later, another blood sample taken from the test subject was viewed under a microscope (as seen in PHOTO 2). The evenly-dispersed blood cells indicates high zeta potential. The blood cells appear pristine, as if the substances trapped between the cells have been cleansed. The surface area of the cells has increased allowing exponentially more nutrients into the cells and more toxins to be removed. MegaHydrate’s Silica Hydride is the only known supplement to dramatically increase zeta potential. MegaHydrate – Powerful Antioxidant What are anti-oxidants? Antioxidants are key contributor to healthy and longevity. “The antioxidant network: Keeps your body youthful; Bolsters your natural defenses against cancer; Prevents and even reverses heart disease; Sharpens your mental edge… Long term use of antioxidants is recommended. This is not a ‘quick fix’ but part of a lifestyle change: a commitment with a perseverant attitude toward safeguarding and enhancing your system.” James Balch, M.D. – Author of “The Super Anti-Oxidants” and “Prescription for Nutritional Healing” Comparing the effectiveness of the Silica Hydride in MegaHydrate on free radicals versus other natural, and even synthetic, antioxidant compounds clearly shows that Silica Hydride is 800% more effective than other known products or foods. One daily dose of MegaHydrate has more antioxidant power than hundreds of glasses of fresh vegetable and fruit juices, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, leafy greens, and other foods rich in antioxidants to prevent free radical damage. MegaHydrate provides natural pain relief from headaches, sore muscles, and inflammation of the joints. Studies show that MegaHydrate increases energy production (adenosine triphosphate or ATP) by up to 4 times. People with fibromyalgia and other conditions associated with energy production and hydration usually find substantial pain relief. MegaHydrate – Anti-Aging Humans must have Hydrogen to survive. It is the key to long life and anti-aging. However, due to mass food production, mineral deficient soil, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, over-processing of foods, chemical preservatives, and drinking over-chlorinated and over-fluoridated water, people do not get enough Hydrogen ions daily. Body cells become damaged, hydration levels decrease and cells age. In summary, MegaHydrate challenges the symptoms of dehydration and minimizes the process of aging. Many people also report increases in energy. MegaHydrate also is the key that unlocks the potential of water as the medium for nutrient replenishment and waste removal at the cellular level. Many people ask me about what anti-aging strategies they can use. MegaHydrate is always one of the first products I recommend. When you are sufficiently hydrated, your skin looks younger, wrinkles are not as pronounced and your energy levels will be high. All of these are very noticeable anti-aging properties from just the simple task of keeping your body hydrated! MegaHydrate Health Benefits - Contains Hydrating Silica Microclusters® - Powerful Antioxidant - Recycles other key antioxidants in the body - Safe and Non-Toxic – No known side effects - Increases the Production of Cellular ATP - Reduces Pain & Inflammation - May Slow the Aging Process - Neutralizes Harmful Toxins like Fluoride, Chlorine, etc. - Increases Absorption of other Supplements - Lowers Surface Tension of Water You Drink Leading to Improved Detoxification - Removes Heavy Metals from the Body - Increase Zeta Potential of Human Cells - Increases Cellular Hydration - Provides Negatively Charged Hydrogen Ions - Provides Oxygen - Protects Telomeres by allowing cells to exceed the Hayflick limit by 4-5 times - Protects and Repairs DNA - Protects Against and Repairs Radiation Damage Information & Research 1. Journal of Medicinal Food – Volume 5, Issue Number 1, 2002. Antioxidant Capability and Efficacy of Mega-H-™ Silica Hydride, an Antioxidant Dietary Supplement, by In Vitro Cellular Analysis Using Photosensitization and Fluorescence Detection. (click to download) 2. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy – Volume 28, Issue 11, 2003. Synthesis of a Novel Anionic Hydride Organosiloxane Presenting Biochemical Properties. (click to download) 3. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy – Volume 29, Issue 5, 2004. Non-Toxic Hydride Energy Source for Biochemical and Industrial Venues: ORP and NAD+ reduction analyses. (click to download) 4. Journal of Medicinal Food- Volume 6, Issue Number 3, 2003. Evaluation of Hydroxyl Radical-Scavenging Abilities of Silica Hydride, an Antioxidant Compound, by a Fe+2-EDTA Induced 2-Hydroxyterephthalate Fluorometric Analysis. (click to download) 5. Free Radical Biology and Medicine – Volume 35, Issue 9, 2003. Antioxidant Capacity of Silica Hydride: a Combinatorial Photosensitization and Fluorescence Detection Assay. (click to download) 6. Journal of Medicinal Food- Volume 7, Issue Number 1, 2004. Differential Metabolic Effects on Mitochondria by Silica Hydride Using Capillary Electrophoresis. (click to download) The references below are a condensed bibliography of studies related to Silica Hydride and Microcluster research. Brooks GA, Brown MA, Butz CE, Sicurello JP, Dubouchaud H. Cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria have a monocarboxylate transporter MCT1. Journal of Applied Physiology 87(5): 1713-1718, 1999. Carlisle EM. A silicon requirement for normal skull formation in chicks. J Nutr 1980,110;352-9. Carlisle EM. In vivo requirement for silicon in articular cartilage and connective tissue formation in the chick. J Nutr 1976, 106;4:478-84. Castleman AW. Invited Article. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 1996, Centennial Issue, 100: 12911-12944. Degani Y, Willner I. Photoinduced hydrogen evolution by an electron acceptor. The functions of SiO2 colloid in controlling the electron-transfer process. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105: 6228-6233,1983. Dove PM, Rimstidt JD. Silica-water interactions. In Heany PJ, Prewkt CT, Gibbs GV, (eds): Silica, Physical Behavior, Geochemistry, and Materials Application. Reviews in Mineralogy 29:259-301,1994. Flanagan P, Purdy Lloyd K. A silicate mineral supplement, Microhydrin®, traps reduced hydrogen providing in vitro biological antioxidant properties. Proceedings National Hydrogen Association 1999,10;595-610. Gascoyne PRC, Pethic R, Szent Gyorgyi A. Water structure-dependent charge transport in proteins. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 1981,78; 1:261-265. Gross ML, Aerni RJ. The unusual loss of hydrogen from ionized 1,5- Hexadiyne. J Am Chem Soc 1973,95;23:7875-7877. Happe RP, Rosebloom W, Pierik AJ, Albracht SPJ, Bagley KA. Biological activation of hydrogen. Nature 1997,385; 126. Hayashi H. Water the chemistry of life, part IV Explore 6, 1995: 28-31. Hoffer EC, Meador CK, Simpson DC. Correlation of whole body impedance with total body water volume. J App Phys 1969;27:531. Hopkins FG, Morgan EJ. Biochem J 1948, 42; 23-27. Hopkins FG. Biochem J 1925, 19;787. Hopps HC. Geochemical environment related to health and disease. Geological Society of America Special Paper 155:1-9,1975. Jaqmin Godda H, Commenges D, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF. Silica and aluminum in drinking water and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Epidemiology 7:281- 285,1996. Keller WD, Balgord WD, Reesman AL. Dissolved products of artificially pulverized silicate minerals and rocks: part I. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 33:191- 204,1963. Keller WD, Feder GL. Chemical analysis of water used in Hunza, Pakistan. In Hemphill D.D. (ed): “Trace Substances in Environmental Health-XIII, Proceedings.” University of Missouri-Columbia: 130-137,1979. Keller WD, Reesman AL. Glacial milks and their laboratory-simulated counterparts. Geol Soc Am Bull 74:61-76,1963. Keller WD. Argillation and direct bauxitization in terms of concentrations of hydrogen and metal ions at surface of hydrolyzing aluminum silicates. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 42:233-245,1958. Keller WD. Drinking Water: A geochemical factor in human health. Geological Society of America Bulletin 89:334-336,1978. Kleiner SM. Water: An essential but overlooked nutrient- J American Dietetic Association 1999,99;2:200-206. Klotz IM, Ayers, J, Ho JYQ Horowitz MG, Heiney RE. Interactions of proteins with disulfide compounds: some implications for electron transport in proteins. J Am Chem Soc 1958,80;2132-2141. Klotz IM. Protein hydration and behavior. Many aspects of protein behavior can be interpreted in terms of frozen water of hydration. Science 1958,10;815-821. Langmuir, Irving. Flames of Atomic Hydrogen. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 1927, June,19:8; 607-674. Leaf A. Getting Old. Scientific American 229:44-52, 1973. Leninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM, (eds.): Principles of Bioenecgetics. In”Principles of Biochemistry” 2nd ed. New York, Worth Publishers, 1993. Leung K.N. Bacal M. “H- ion density measurement in a tandem multicusp discharge.” Rev Sci Instrum 1984, 55; 3; 338-341. Mackor EL, van der Waals J.H. The statistics of the adsorption of rod-shaped molecules in connection with the stability of certain colloidal dispersions, j Colloid and Interface Science 1952,6;535-550. Marlow, Bruce. Privately funded research monograph entitled: Electrophoretic Fingerprinting of Silica Concrete Treatment Solution, 1993. MaughTH. Soviet science: A wonder water from Kazakhstan. Science 1978, 202; 414. Meusinger J, Corma A. Influences of Zeolite composition and structure on hydrogen transfer reactions from hydrocarbons and from hydrogen. Journal of Catalysis 1996,159;2:353-360. Morell, Franz. An Official Transcript of the three hour lecture and slide presentation by Dr. Franz Morel of West Germany regarding “The Bio-Electronic Method of Professor Vincent”, as given at the O.I.C.S. Alumni Associations German Electro-Acupuncture Week in July, 1982 at El Rancho Inn, Millbrae, California, U.S A . Mukherjee JN, Chatterjee B, Ray A. Liberation of H+, Al+++ and Fe+++ ions from pure clay minerals on repeated salt treatment and desaturations. Colloid Science May 1948, 437-445. M. Ito, T. Ibi, K. Sahashi and etal., “Open-label Trial and Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Trial of Hydrogen-enriched Water for Mitochondrial and Inflammatory Myopathies,” Medical Gas Research, p. 1:24, 2011.

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Peter O'Toole, who was marvelous in "Lawrence of Arabia," died recently. Many commentators and critics feel that Lawrence's story and the movie about him influenced the actions of many European statesmen, politicians, and members of Western foreign ministries and security services. However, there is considerable argument as to whether and what, as a matter of historical fact, T. E. Lawrence contributed to the British war effort by collaborating with the Bedouin tribes of the Arabian Peninsula against the Ottoman Turks during the First World War. Not all historians agree to the truth of the glowing reports of his personality, moral stature and personal behavior. Nevertheless, the enigmatic figure of Lawrence, an intelligence officer, became a role model for Western diplomats and statesmen, and he is revered as a master of mediating with the leaders of the Arab world. He seemed secretive and manipulative, with the rare ability and knowledge to exploit Arab ideology to achieve victory and foster the interests of the West, and to build inter-cultural cooperation and coexistence in a way that was both noble and romantic. The Arabs with whom Lawrence collaborated were romanticized and made to appear exotic and other-worldly. The murder, grudges, blood feuds, treachery, deception, destruction, violence, theft, robbery and looting, all deeply ingrained in the psyches of the Arab tribes, were wrapped in romanticism and existentialist concepts explained and justified as necessary, forced upon the Bedouins by their daily struggle to subsist in the hard conditions imposed on them by the desert. That was the foundation for utterly false and baseless concepts such as "Arab honor" and "his word is his bond," from which the image of the noble, almost feral, desert Bedouin Arab was constructed. Tales worthy of the Thousand and One Nights were told about the loyalty of the Arabs, their honor, trustworthiness and other imaginary transcendental qualities, turning the Arab in to a paradigm on which generations of Western intellectuals were reared, especially those who eventually went to work for the British Foreign Office. Critics of the blind worship of Lawrence have always claimed that the image of the British officer and his Arab partners was constructed through an emotional idealization resulting from a general lack of expertise regarding the Middle East, a region veiled in mystery, wonder and enchantment. Few people have bothered to read the Muqaddimah, or Introduction, written by Arab historian Ibn Khaldun in the 14th century, in which he describes the Bedouins as destructive, lacking any sense of morality or values, and working only to destroy culture and world order. Even fewer have read Fouad Ajami's 1998 book, The Dream Palace of the Arabs: A Generation's Odyssey, with its painful criticism of the pitiful Arab, whose inherent culture left him no shred of sincerity, creativity or courage. Worse, even fewer members of Arab society itself have dared to honestly criticize its faults for fear of reprisals. In the West, however, there were scholars who did objectively study the weaknesses and faults of the Arab Middle East, but the lack of openness, jealousy and the dark, ancient tribal pride made the Arabs sneer at such scholars as "Orientalists," unqualified pretenders who had the audacity to claim knowledge of the East. Those industrious, forthright scholars were accused by Arab "intellectuals" like Professor Edward Said of arrogantly patronizing the Arabs. The claim of Said, and others like him, was that they were not scholars but were in reality ignorant, stigmatizing the Arabs because of their imperialist-colonialist mindset and fanatical Christian hatred for the Arabs and Muslims, as well as their unjustified feelings of superiority. Peter O'Toole was a great actor, but the movie "Lawrence of Arabia" was nothing more than a Hollywood fantasy which, like the imaginary story of Lawrence, swept away many romantics and for decades had a negative impact on the decisions made by influential Western officials and statesmen dealing with policy in the Middle East. The problem is that today as well, Western leaders and policy-makers view and discuss the problems of the Middle East through the prism of Lawrence of Arabia, romantic, distorted and nostalgic as it is, seeing only the unilateral Arab position of every conflict, and adopting paradigms, symbols and historical deceptions as the gospel truth. Lies told repeatedly, as the past has shown, become historical truths. Actually, Hollywood's world of dreams and fantasy did not penetrate the wandering sand dunes of the evil and unjust acts perpetrated by the Arabs and Bedouins throughout the years of the jahiliyya (the era of ignorance before Islam) which left their indelible imprint of murder and theft. Those crimes accompanied the Arabs and Muslims from the rise of Islam and accompany them to this day. All the evil storms of history visited upon humanity did not expose to the people of Europe (who today host well-established enclaves of radical Islam in their midst) even the surface of the slaughter and injustice carried out by Muslims in the name of Islam, "the religion of peace," against Jews and Christians. Europe is still influenced by the fantasies of Lawrence of Arabia, captivated by the specious charms of the Arabs and Islam and unaware of the catastrophe that will be visited on the world as soon as the Islamist genie is let out of the bottle, making the World Trade Center look like three minutes of "coming attractions." Emotionally identifying with Lawrence's Arab narrative, the West is in denial. It disregards the warnings radiating from radical Islam and the tragedy of the persecuted, decimated Christian communities in the Arab Middle East as the threat to Europe steadily increases. As a collective blind eye is turned, the lives and property of the Christian communities is stolen, their churches are burned and their honor is defiled, exactly as the ancient Jewish communities in the Arab states were persecuted before they fled for their lives as refugees and eventually found a safe haven in the State of Israel. Nevertheless, Lawrence of Arabia-style mythology flourishes, the paradigm of the "good, noble Arabs" balancing the paradigm of the "bad, Protocols of the Elders of Zion Jews" who oppress "Palestine," helping to stir the smoldering embers of European anti-Semitism. The ancient European hatred of the Jews, dormant and in remission since the end of the Second World War, has reawakened in a new, politically correct form: Europe does not hate the Jews, but rather it is pro-Palestinian and thus anti-Zionist and anti-Israeli... Europeans, who for generations (and until the end of the Second World War) evicted the Jews from their countries screeching "Go back to Palestine" now impose boycotts, divestments and sanctions on the descendants of the Jews murdered, tortured and exiled by their grandparents during the Holocaust, persecuting them even after they settled in their ancient home in the Land of Israel. Western leaders claim that as soon as the Palestinian problem, by which they mean the problem of Israel's existence, has been resolved, peace will return to the Middle East. They blame Israel for the stalled negotiations, which have dead-ended simply because the Palestinians refuse to recognize Israel as the homeland of the Jewish people, which would end the conflict, preferring instead to plot the destruction the State of Israel. The leaders of the West are fully aware that the problem of the Palestinian refugees was solved long ago and that there are currently millions of genuine refugees all over the world whose lives are in danger. They know that the Arabs' thirst for blood has a multitude of causes that are not even remotely related to "Palestine," but nevertheless they delude themselves into thinking that the chaos in the Middle East will somehow disappear if the Palestinian issue is "resolved." Israel, democratic and pluralistic, which has absorbed Jews from all the countries of the Diaspora, including Ethiopia, is castigated as "apartheid. Western leaders also ignore the critical role played by the Israel's security fence in protecting the country's civilians from Palestinian terrorism, and call it the "apartheid wall." Those same European politicians, using threats of economic, academic and political sanctions, are currently trying to force Israel into making concessions to the Palestinians that will endanger its future existence and expose it to deadly terrorist attacks. Politicians like John Kerry and Catherine Ashton, who have virtually no understanding of the Middle Eastern mindset, exert pressure on the Israelis in an attempt to rob them of the land of their forefathers, the only place on earth where they found a genuine haven free of anti-Semitism, and to expose them to existential dangers equaled only the 1930s and '40s. Fortunately for the West, what was mistakenly called the Arab Spring quickly turned into the Arab Winter, and the storms of internecine Sunni-Shi'ite terrorism and slaughter exposed the convenient lapses of memory for what they were and tore away the myths concealing the true face of the Arab-Muslim world. It is now a recognizable fact that all over the globe, wherever there are Arabs and Muslims there is slaughter, terrorism, mass murder of both brother Muslims and "infidels,' pedophilia, the oppression of women, rape, the murder and persecution of Jews and Christians, the burning of houses of worship, and the use of weapons of mass destruction to kill civilians, none of which has the slightest relevance to the so-called "issue of Palestine." The Lawrence of Arabia syndrome Western politicians suffer from illustrates the limitations of people like Barack Obama, John Kerry and Catherine Ashton. Raised on Western values of pluralism and integration and influenced by British intellectual orientation, they have absolutely no ability to even imagine let alone appreciate or understand the manipulations of which Shi'ite Iranian Ayatollahs and Sunni Arab sheikhs and leaders are capable. At the recent meetings held by Western politicians with representatives of Shi'ite and Sunni Islam and with the heads of the Palestinian terrorist syndicate, meetings which dealt with their various religious schools, it was obvious that not only are the Westerners innocents, but that every P5+1 leader goes to bed at night feeling that he, personally, is today's Lawrence of Arabia. It is sad to see how pathetic they were, and how frightening, as they lead the Western world toward the brink of a Third World War. Anyone who follows the misguided Middle East policies of the European Union and John Kerry in their dealings with Iran can easily understand the extent to which Lawrence of Arabia's deceptive heritage is a dangerous illusion, a desert mirage. In Hollywood the movie ends with the credits, but in reality European and American innocence will end with catastrophic mass killings, with millions murdered by terrorism, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, a situation only hinted at by events in Iraq and Syria. Which of today's Western leaders would like to be remembered by history as responsible, and credited with writing the script? Dr. Reuven Berko has a PhD in Middle Eastern studies, is a commentator on Israeli Arabic TV, writes for the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom and is considered one of Israel's top experts on Arab affairs.

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Interesting work by Krapohl, et al. in PNAS. I love twin studies. They look comprehensively on the heritability of various factors that contribute to academic achievement, particularly performance on the British* GCSE exams administered during high school. They report that scores are 62% heritable, and that the different traits are from 35 - 58% heritable, with intelligence being the 58% figure. Their other traits were "personality", self-efficacy, well-being, etc. We'll have to look at the paper itself to see what they mean by personality, and what specific traits do the work. I'm guessing they mean Big Five personality, and that conscientiousness will be one of the major factors. (Openness to Experience often shows up as an important Big Five trait for academic achievement, but it's mislabeled – on its face, it's more about urban sophisitication, intellectualism, or urban liberalism than openness at a pure psychological level of analysis. We'll have data on this soon.) What does it mean for something to be "X% heritable"? I think this should be spelled out more clearly in news reporting of heritability studies, because I don't think the public will generally know what such statements represent. It is almost certain to mean that X% of the variance in Y (in this case, academic achievement/test scores) is accounted for by genes, by one's genetic inheritance. This is commonly expressed as R-squared in linear regression. 35 - 58% are huge figures for percent of total variance explained. We almost never see such large figures. To get the correlation, r , just take the square root of .35, .58, etc. The square root of .58 is .76. That's a huge correlation. What does it mean to say that X% of the variance in one variable is explained by variance in the another variable – what does it really mean, down to its bones? That's complicated, and modern language – English or any other – is not well-suited for describing the nature of such statistics in a sentence or two. Something that gets lost how we express such statistics is the reality of exceptions, and the number of such exceptions. Also, people often convert correlations to probabilities, which is completely wrong. That not what correlations are. A .76 correlation between X and Y does not imply – at all – that if a person is high on X, they're likely to be high on Y. And in this case, the particulars of which genes/alleles do the work, or which sets and combinations, will probably matter a great deal. They'll have different implications for the heritability of these outcomes and traits. We don't know all the details yet. I think the intersection of genetics and environment is extremely interesting, as is the intersection between genetics, environment, and willpower/self-regulation (which is itself partly heritable...) And the intersection between genetics, environment, willpower, and ideas. What does that mean? Ideas will be folded under "environment" for most purposes by most researchers. People are exposed to radically different ideas in different settings, eras, and cultures. We know almost nothing about the force of ideas. It has not received nearly as much research attention as things like income, race, genetics, etc., probably because those things are easier to measure. What's the impact of repeated exposure to the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s I Have a Dream speech? Or Obama's speeches? Or Oprah, Feynman, Rand, Cyrano de Bergerac, The Shawshank Redemption, etc.? How sticky are they? How much are they remembered and used by those exposed to them? I suspect the ideas we're chronically exposed to by our parents and teachers will have more impact – the implicit and sometimes explicit beliefs about the world, the feasibility of success or happiness (which don't have to be the same), etc. But who knows – the ideas we get from books and movies might have a large impact. We capture some ideas in the form of worldview measures like belief in a just world, external vs internal locus of control, belief in free will vs. determinism (see Vohs & Schooler), dispositional optimism, or just cultural psychology. I think we've just started to explore that whole area, even if some of the measures have been around for a while, and I don't think we've done much from a developmental standpoint to track exposure to and assimilation of certain ideas throughout childhood (I've always envied developmental psychologists, and I think that social psychology could probably make a quantum leap if we all stopped what we were doing and dived into developmental psychology for two years, read everything we could, then reapproached our research questions.) This has always lurked in the corner as a weakness in how we approach genetics and evironment. We study, necessarily, the status quo, the world as it is, the world as we find it. Then we make inferences about the role of genetics and environment in X, Y, or Z. We declare that academic achievement is "58% heritable" and people will run around saying that as though it's a stable, fixed truth, like the acceleration of gravity on earth (even though the researchers don't necessarily think of it that way.) But what if the environment were different? What sorts of things about the environment could be fundamentally different than the environment(s) that existed for the participants at the time and place the researchers conducted their study? Ideas could definitely be different. And some ideas might interact with the phenotypes at issue. And some important ideas might not even exist yet. I think that will be a very interesting area to explore in the coming decades. I don't mean to say that particular ideas and values will definitely have a huge impact on the outcomes we normally focus on – reality is whatever it is, and I don't know what it is. This is what science is for – to find out. This is potentially very rich – ideas vary in structure, content, source, and many other ways. Exposure to and embrace of ideas can vary in many similar ways. A slightly related development: For decades, we thought Mischel's marshmallow studies represented a finding where children with more self-regulation, or self-regulatory capacity, fare better as adults – and that we could capture this when they were very young, like 4-5 years old. And the basic finding might still be true. But now we have innovative research that suggests that the credibility of adults might have been a factor. When an adult tells a child that if they refrain from eating a treat, they will get a bigger reward in the future, whether they believe the adult should matter. Some children might be more exposed to less credible adults – they might be lied to more. They might not take for granted that some dude in a lab coat is telling the truth. In that case, it would be a better strategy to just eat the treat in front of them while they can, and not pin their hopes on an adult being trustworthy. If that drove the Mischel results, and if such children were more likely to be low-SES, than it wouldn't necessarily be a story about self-regulatory capacity (though it still could be, in a couple of ways.) It could just be that a low-SES childhood predicts a low-SES adulthood, and that low-SES children were less likely to trust adults' promises, given their experience. (Thankfully, last time I checked, parents' income accounts for only 25% of the variance in childrens' adult income in the US, so the idea that environment is destiny is simply false. It's usually lower for daughters, which could be explained by cultural changes.) It's a fascinating issue, and it also touches on the need for more diversity in social psychology (and all branches of research psychology.) The idea that the children from low-SES homes might not trust adults as much might not occur to a lot of researchers who never grew up in such settings. We need more Mexicans, more blacks, more white people who grew up poor, definitely more Asians. And like we argue in our BBS paper, more intellectual diversity, more people who depart from the prevailing white liberal narrative. The best argument for biodemographic diversity is that it leads to greater diversity in ideas and assumptions about human behavior and the factors that drive it. I for one don't care about racial diversity for esthetic or reparative justice reasons – I care about it because it gives us a broader set of intuitions and experience, and ultimately better and longer-lasting research. How is this related to my starting point, the genetics and academic achievement study? Well, it would be a very Joe move for it to not be related at all. I start in one place and end up somewhere else all the time. But it's related here in that what many people took to be a proxy measure for a heritable trait – self-regulatory capacity at age 4 or 5 – might have actually been a measure of an environmental variable. It might have been about what the children had learned about the trustworthiness of adults (and learning is environment for our purposes.) There are lots of ways we can make that type of mistake, even if we conclude that in this case the basic finding still holds, which we might yet conclude. We can mix up conceptual opposites like nature and nurture by making bad assumptions, based on the narrow cultural firmament of contemporary academia – the assumptions of urban white liberals, in essence. There's nothing wrong with being urban, white, or liberal, or all three – my point is simply that this is one culture in a constellation of cultures. Anyway, I love twin studies like Krapohl's. * The drama over the exams in Harry Potter is more easily understood if you know about the British exam system, the A-levels, etc. Americans have no equivalent, even in states that mandate exams for high school graduate. José L. Duarte Social Psychology, Scientific Validity, and Research Methods.

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1. A hemizygous deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 can result in a spectrum of clinical disease including velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) and DiGeorge syndrome (DGS). Unlike patients with DGS, VCFS patients do not have thymic hypoplasia or immunodeficiency. This chromosomal deletion syndrome is estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 3000 children. 2. Although the most common deletion includes a region containing more than 35 genes, the TBX1 gene has emerged as one of the most likely causes of the DGS phenotype. TBX1 is a transcription factor involved in the development of branchial arch structures. Impaired embryogenesis of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches causes abnormal development of the thymus and parathyroid. 3. The classic triad for DGS includes cardiac anomalies, hypocalcemia, and hypoplastic thymus leading to T-cell immune dysfunction. Approximately 90% of patients with DGS have the 22q11.2 deletion. Chromosome 10p deletions and CHD7 mutations can also result in a DGS clinical phenotype. Some patients with DGS lack a defined molecular etiology. 4. Low T-cell numbers are present in 80% of patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome as a result of thymic hypoplasia. In the vast majority of patients this decrease is mild to moderate. Low initial T-cell numbers can improve over time especially during the first year of life. T-cell function is typically preserved. Humoral immunity is intact in most patients. 5.Humoral immunity is intact in most patients. However, antibody defects have been described including IgA deficiency, hypogammaglobulinemia, and specific antibody deficiency. 6. Most patients with mild or moderate T-cell decreases do not suffer from opportunistic infections and do not require Pneumocystis prophylaxis. Clinically, patients commonly suffer from frequent upper respiratory infections. Live viral vaccines are generally given to patients who have a CD8 T-cell count > 300 cells/mm3, normal in vitro T-cell proliferative responses (to mitogens and antigens), and normal specific antibody responses to non-live viral vaccine antigens. 7. There is an increased incidence of autoimmune disease including juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and immune thrombocytopenia. This may be due to decreased T-regulatory cells as well as decreased thymic AIRE expression. 8. A severe form of this syndrome resulting from complete thymic aplasia (resulting in near total absence of T-cells) occurs in approximately 1% of patients. This is a form of severe combined immune deficiency that is sometimes referred to as complete DGS. This condition is fatal without a thymic transplant or a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (without T-cell depletion). 9. Occasionally patients with complete DGS can have dramatic oligoclonal expansion of a few circulating T-cells leading to normal or elevated total T-cell counts. This is referred to as atypical complete DGS. Patients typically develop erythroderma and rash similar to Omenns syndrome. Helpful laboratory clues include the presence of an increased memory T-cell phenotype (CD4+CD45RO+) with poor T-cell proliferation to mitogens, increased HLA-DR expression on T cells, an oligoclonal T-cell repertoire, and the absence of TRECs. Deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 can result in a spectrum of clinical disease ranging from velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) to DiGeorge syndrome (DGS). DGS is the clinical term used for patients who have the classic phenotype of cardiac defect, hypocalcemia and thymic hypoplasia leading to T-cell immunodeficiency. Of the patients who have a DGS phenotype, 90% have a 22q11.2 deletion (10% have other molecular etiologies such as 10p deletion, 17p13 deletion, 18q21 deletion, and CHD7 mutations). While often used interchangeably with DGS, patients with the confirmed chromosomal deletion should be referred to has having 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. 22q11.2 deletion patients have characteristic facial features that include the following: Low set posteriorly rotated ears Downward or upward slanting eyes Broad nasal bridge Bulbous nasal tip High arched palate Patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome have a variety of non-immunologic findings which are listed below: Cleft palate or submucous cleft palateVelopharyngeal insufficiency Renal anomalies (dysplasia, obstruction, reflux)Neurologic (cerebellar hypoplasia, cerebral atrophy) Skeletal abnormalities (veretebral anomalies)Dental abnormalities (delayed eruption, enamel hypoplasia) Growth hormone deficiency Psychiatric problems (ADHD, Schizophrenia) Up to 80% of patients with 22q11.2 deletion will have decreased T-cell numbers as a result of thymic hypoplasia. This decrease is mild to moderate in the majority of patients (so-called partial DGS) and can improve significantly during the first year of life. Most patients have some residual thymic tissue (which may exist in an ectopic location) that supports T-cell development. T-cell proliferation to mitogens is typically normal. Immunoglobulin levels and specific antibody levels are normal although IgA deficiency, hypogammaglobulinemia, and specific antibody deficiency have been reported in some patients. Overall, most patients have only minor immune suppression and do not suffer from opportunistic infections or severe infectious complications. There is an increased incidence of sinopulmonary infections in patients which may in part be related to palatal abnormalities. In about 1% of patients, the complete absence of thymic tissue leads to severely decreased T-cell numbers (comprising only 1-2% of the circulating lymphocytes). This is a form of severe combined immune deficiency and is sometimes referred to as complete DGS. These patients also have very decreased T-cell proliferation to mitogen stimulation. B-cell numbers and NK cell numbers are typically normal, resulting in a T-B+NK+ phenotype. Although B cells are present, immunoglobulin production is greatly impaired due to the absence of T cell help. Thymic transplant or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is mandatory for these patients. Thymic transplantation is preferred, but HSCT with an HLA-identical donor without T-cell depletion (there is no thymus to educate new T-cell precursors) is a reasonable alternative. Atypical complete DGS is a variant of complete DGS in which patients still lack thymic tissue but a limited number of circulating T-cells undergo oligoclonal expansion. These expanded cells have poor function and have an activated, predominantly memory phenotype. Patients are still severely immune suppressed despite having high or normal T-cell numbers. A severe dermatitis can develop similar to Omenn syndrome and can be a helpful clue for this diagnosis. These patients also require thymic transplant or HSCT. Atypical complete DGS occurs in approximately one-third of athymic DGS patients. There is an increased incidence of autoimmune disease in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. These include autoimmune cytopenias, juvenille idiopathic arthritis, and autoimmune endocrinopathy. The most common chromosome 22q11.2 deletion involves a 3-Mb region and a smaller 1.5-Mb deletion is found in 10% of cases. The deletion results in impaired embryogenesis of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches. These structures give rise to thymus (which is essential for T-cell development) and the parathyroid (the absence of which causes hypocalcemia). The most commonly deleted region of chromosome 22q11.2 includes more than 35 genes. TBX1 has emerged as the most likely gene contributing to the cardiac, thymic, and parathyroid abnormalities. TBX1 is a transcription factor that plays a role in the development of branchial arch structures. Mice that are homozygous for TBX1 deletions have a DGS phenotype with thymic hypoplasia, abnormal facies, cleft palate, and cardiac abnormalities. Point mutations in TBX1 have been identified in three patients with a DGS clinical phenotype but without 22q11.2 deletions. These data suggest that TBX1 deletions contribute to the DGS phenotype. The majority of patients with 22q11.2 deletion do not have a complete absence of T-cells. This is because some residual thymic tissue exists to support T-cell development, often in an ectopic location such as the neck. Patients have an increased risk for developing autoimmune conditions. A decrease in the percentage of CD4+CD25+ T-regulatory cells has been observed in patients with DGS compared to normal controls. Abnormal thymic development may also result in impaired expression of the autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) resulting in defective central tolerance. 1. Chromosome 10p13-14 deletion 2. Chromosome 17p13 deletion 3. Chromosome 18q21 deletion 4. CHARGE Syndrome 5. In utero ethanol exposure 6. In utero isoretinoin exposure 7. The differential diagnosis for complete DGS includes SCID and other combined immune deficiencies The presence of dysmorphic facial features, cardiac defects, hypocalcemia during infancy, and recurrent infections should raise suspicion for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Step 1: Molecular Diagnosis FISH for 22q11.2 Deletion - This test is commonly used to detect the most common deletion - One disadvantage is that it will not identify other causes of DGS phenotype - A useful test to study deletions or duplications of genetic material in the entire genome - This test detects most 22q11.2 deletions as well as other chromosomal abnormalities such as 10p deletions as well as CHD7 deletions. - Genome-wide array studies are steadily replacing FISH as the diagnostic test of choice to detect 22q11.2 deletions. Step 2: Immune Evaluation CBC with Differential Lymphocyte subset enumeration by flow cytometry IgG, IgA, IgM levels (if older than 6 months) Specific Antibody levels (if older than 6 months) The absolute lymphocyte count should be calcuated from the CBC T-cell enumeration by flow cytometry is particularly important if the absolute lymphocyte count is low (an ALC < 3000 is very low in an infant) IgA deficiency, low IgG levels, and poor specific antibody response have been described in some patients but these are not typical findings. Immunoglobulin levels before 6 months of age may reflect transplacentally aquired maternal IgG) STEP 3: Addditional Immune Evaluation - If the T cell numbers are very low (less than 1-2% of the circulating lymphocytes) complete DGS should be suspected. Further testing is indicated. T cell proliferation to Mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM) Naïve (CD45RA) and memory (CD45RO) T cell enumeration by flow cytometry T cell proliferation to Mitogens wil be decreased in complete DGS but is normal in partial DGS. Very low naïve (CD45RA) T cell numbers can be a useful clue for lack of thymic output. TRECs (T cell receptor excision circles) are loops of DNA excised during TCR rearrangement. Because TRECs are not replicated with cell division, they are gradually diluted as T cells become activated and expand. Thus, naïve T cells that are recent thymic emigrants have high TREC numbers. Complete DGS patients lacking thymic tissue have very low TREC numbers. STEP 4: Atypical Complete DGS Immune Evaluation - Patients who present with DGS, severe rash, and lymphadenopathy should be suspected of having this condition. Naïve (CD45RA) and memory (CD45RO) T cell enumeration by flow cytometry T-cell proliferation to Mitogens (PHA, ConA, PWM) TCR Gene Rearrangement PCR (TCR Spectratyping) Maternal Engraftment Study Despite having normal or high total T cell numbers, atypical complete DGS patients have low naïve T cell numbers. The clonally expanded T cells primarily have an activated (HLA-DR+) memory (CD45RO+) phenotype. Oligoclonally expanded T cells typically have low in vitro proliferation in response to mitogens and specific antigens. Low TREC numbers are helpful for confirming athymia despite normal T cell numbers. TCR Gene rearrangement is helpful for confirming the presence of oligoclonal T cells. Oligoclonal expansion of maternally derived T cells could also create a similar clinical picture (rash, lymphadenopathy) 1. Thymic Tissue is Present (partial DGS) - most patients fall into this categoryThe majority of 22q11.2 deletion patients have some thymic tissue that is able to support T cell development (although total T cell numbers may be decreased). T-cell function is intact despite decreased T-cell numbers. Patients typically are not at risk for opportunistic infections and do not require prophylaxis for opportunistic organisms such as Pneumocystis. For rare patients with defects of antibody production or function, IVIG or prophylactic antibiotics may be considered. The risk of using live viral vaccines (ex. MMR, Varicella, Rotavirus) is quite low except for patients who have very low T-cells. Patients who fulfill the following criteria may safely receive live viral vaccines: - CD8+ T-cell count > 300 cells/mm3- Normal specific antibody responses to non-live viral vaccines- Normal T-cell proliferation to mitogens 2. Absent Thymic Tissue (complete DGS) - less than 1% of patients Patients with absent thymic tissue and absent T-cells have a form of severe combined immune deficiency. This is an immunologic emergency and the following management steps should be taken: a. Avoid all live viral vaccinesb. Start prophylaxis for pneumocystis jiroveci with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazolec. All blood products should be irradiated and CMV negatived. IVIG therapy should be startede. Duke University thymic transplant team should be contactedf. Alternatively, a HLA identical sibling or unrelated donor should be identified for a non T-cell depleted Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 1. FISH for 22q11.2 Deletion -This test is readily available at many academic centers and commercial laboratories. 2. GENOME WIDE ARRAY (SNP ARRAY) -This detects the common 22q11.2 deletion as well as other deletions causing DGS including 10p13-14 and CHD7 deletions. -Cincinnati Childrens Cytogenetics Laboratory -Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia 3. Lymphocyte Subset enumeration by Flow Cytometry for T-cell (CD3, CD4, CD8), B-cell (CD19), and NK cell (CD16/56). -This test is commonly available at many academic centers as well as commercial laboratories including those listed below: -Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia Basic Lymphocyte Panel (click here for pdf) -Cincinnati Childrens Diagnostic Immunology Laboratory (click here for pdf) -ARUP Laboratories (Lymphocyte Subset Panel 5) -Quest Diagnostics (Lymphocyte Subset Panel 1) 4. Naïve (CD45 RA) and Memory (CD45 RO) T cells enumeration by Flow Cytometry - Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia - DiGeorge Panel - The DiGeorge Panel is an advanced lymphocyte flow cytometry panel which includes CD45RA and CD45RO (this test is NOT a FISH for 22q11.2 deletion or a SNP array) (click here for pdf) - Cincinnati Childrens Diagnostic Immunology Laboratory (click here for pdf) - ARUP Laboratories (Lymphocyte Subset Panel 7) 5. T-cell proliferation to Mitogens and Specific Antigens (candida, tetanus) -This test is available at both academic centers and commercial laboratories. -Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia -Cincinnati Childrens Hospital 6. TREC (T-cell receptor excision circle) Analysis -Mayo Clinic TRECs -10ml lavender (EDTA) tube 7. T-cell Recepror Gene Rearrangement (TCR Spectratyping) -Mayo Clinic TCR Gene Rearrangement 8. Thymic Transplant: Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC Louise Markert, MD, PhD Elizabeth A. McCarthy, RN, MSN 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Review 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Review 3. Jawad 2001 Immunologic Features of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Longitudinal Analysis of T-Cells in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome 5. Markert 2010 Thymus Transplantation Review 6. Land 2008 Long Term Results of BMT for DGS

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As mentioned in Chapter 1, "Managing Your IP Address Space," classful routing protocols such as RIP and IGRP do not support VLSM, but sometimes you are forced to resolve VLSM and classful routing incompatibilities in a real-world network. Especially when you redistribute, routes might get lost between the parts of your network that use VLSM and the other parts that are classful. Figure 3-8 illustrates a typical scenario. Resolving Issues with VLSM and Classful Routing Protocols 79 Figure 3-8 Issues with VLSM and Redistribution: An Example Network y OSPF Domain j 172.18.129.CV24 172.18.130.0/24 172.18.131.0/24 RIP Domain 172.18.129.CV24 172.18.130.0/24 172.18.131.0/24 RIP Domain In Figure 3-8, Router A is performing mutual redistribution between OSPF and RIP, and Router B is a RTP-only router. Because RIP is classful and does not support VLSM, all networks in the RIP domain are properly deployed with the same mask, /24. The OSPF domain contains subnets from the same major net and uses VLSM. Subnet 172.18.3.0 has a /26 mask (highlighted in boldface) and all the other subnets in the OSPF domain have a /24 mask. When Router A redistributes the routes from the OSPF domain into RIP. RIP advertises all of the routes out SerialO except 172.18.3.0/26. It doesn't forward 172.18.3.0/26 because the mask for that route is not what Router A's RIP process expects. Router A examines the major net and mask configured on SerialO before it advertises a route through it. If the route is part of the same major net as the interface but has a different mask. RIP does not advertise it out the interface (this rule applies to IGRP also). NOTE If the route is from a different major net than the interface, the major net of the route is advertised out the interface (172.18.0.0/16, for example). In a classful world, the existence of a different major net means the router sits on a boundary between major nets. One major net does not need to know the internal subnets of another because subnets are contained within a major net. As mentioned in Chapter 2, classful protocols do not support discontiguous subnets. Because Router A does not forward the VLSM route 172.18.3.0/26, Router B never receives it and no one in the RIP half of the network can reach subnet 172.18.3.0/26. The route is lost because it is redistributed into a classful routing protocol. The following output of Router B's routing table shows the problem: RTB#sh ip ro Codes: C • connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R • RIP, M mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX . EIGRP external, 0 - 0SPF, IA OSPF inter area E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E EGP i • IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default Gateway of last resort is not set 172.18.0.0 is subnetted, 7 subnets C 172.18.44.C/24 is directly connected, Seriall R 172.18.43.0/24 (120/1] via 172.18.44.1, 00:00:08, Seriall R 172.18.1.0/24 [120/2] via 172.18.44.1, 00:00:08, Seriall R 172.18.2.0/24 [120/2] via 172.18.44.1, 00:00:08, Seriall C 172.18.129.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 R 172.18.130.0/24 [120/4] via 172.18.129.2, 00:00:23, Ethernet0 R 172.18.131.0/24 [120/5] via 172.18.129.2, 00:00:23, Ethernet0 The two routes highlighted in boldface in the preceding output are the routes that Router A redistributes from the OSPF domain into RIP. Notice that route 172.18.3.0/26 is absent from the table because Router A is not forwarding it to Router B. To fix the problem of the missing route, you can configure a static route on Router B that tells the router how to reach the lost subnet: Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. RTB(COnfig)#ip route 172.18.3.0 255.255.255.192 172.18.44.1 The command ip route I72.18.3.U 255.2S5.255.192 172.18.44.1 installs a static route in Router B. It tells the router to reach 172.18.3.0/26 through the next hop router, 172.18.44.1 (Router A). This fixes the problem for Router B, but it does not help other RIP routers in the RIP domain. You would have to install static routes on the other RIP routers—a laborious task when there are many routers or many destinations, so consider the next approach. Resolving Issues with VLSM and Classful Routing Protocols 81 An alternate solution is to create a static route on Router A that is agreeable to RIP and then redistribute it into the RIP domain. The following is Router A's configuration with this approach (boldface highlights the new commands): router rip redistribute static redistribute ospf 10 metric 3 passive-interface Ethernet© network 172.18.0.0 ip route 172.18.3.0 255.255.255.0 Null0 where redistribute static tells the router to redistribute all static routes configured on the router into RIR This is like redistributing OSPF into RIP except the source of the redistribution is static routing instead of OSPF. The command ip route 172.18.3.0 255.255.255.0 NullO configures a static route in Router A. This and other existing static routes are redistributed into RIP by redistribute static. Notice a couple of things about the route: • The route is cleverly crafted with a /24 mask—the same mask as Router A's SerialO interface and the rest of the RIP domain. This route matches the mask that is consistent throughout the RIP domain, so it can be redistributed and circulated by RIP without any problems. • The route points to the router's NullO interface—a bit bucket that leads to nowhere. The section on "Verifying EIGRP Configuration" in Chapter 2 explains the strategy behind the NullO interface. Briefly, Router A doesn't use this route to reach 172.18.3.0/26 because it uses the most specific route: the one it learned through OSPF (172.18.3.0/26 is more specific than 172.18.3.0/24). You create this static so that Router A can redistribute it and make it known to other routers. This is called originating a static route. When Router A redistributes the static route into RIR RIP sends it out SerialO (it matches SerialO's /24 mask). Router B learns that it can reach 172.18.3.0/24 through Router A and then propagates the route as a normal RIP route to the rest of the RIP domain. Router B and other RIP routers can now reach 172.18.3.0/26 via the route you fabricated, 172.18.3.0/24. A caveat of this approach is the generalization (or summarization) of 172.18.3.0/26 by 172.18.3.0/24. The actual subnet (/26 mask) is a subset of the larger address block defined by the static with the /24 mask. This is fine if all addresses in the larger block are in the OSPF domain and reachable from the RIP domain via Router A. However, if portions of 172.18.3.0/ 24 other than 172.18.3.0/26 (for example, 172.18.3.128/26) are not advertised into RIP by Router A, this approach could cause reachability problems. NOTE You can sec that there's quite a bit of subnetting and masking in this section. Refer to Chapter 1 if necessary. Instead of originating a static route, an alternate solution is to use OSPF's summarization capabilities. With this approach, you use the OSPF area range command to summarize 172.18.3.0/26 with 172.18.3.0/24 (see "Configuring OSPF Summarization Between Areas" later in this chapter for use of this command). This gives you the same route 172.18.3.0/24, which you can then redistribute into RIP without a fuss. Sometimes, there is no perfect solution for resolving VLSM issues with classful routing protocols. If your network does not lend itself to a clean solution because the classless space is heavy with VLSM, you might have to use a combination of the approaches presented in this section. You might, for example, have to originate a static route and then fill in missing information by configuring static routes on some selected RIP routers. Alternatively, you might find a reasonable opportunity to renumber some subnets so you can originate a static route as in the example. Finally, you always have the option to migrate off the classful protocol or at least reduce its coverage. 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When building a workshop, you may find yourself deciding between two common power tools: table saws and miter saws. The two saws have many similarities and a few defining differences. When choosing one, you need to know those differences. Table saws and miter saws are both great power tools for cutting wood and other materials to size. They’re also capable of more advanced cuts like angles and even bevels. But how they go about physically cutting differs between the two saws and those differences matter for both what they are capable of and how safe they are to use. Miter Saw Blades Move to the Wood Miter saws and table saws both rely on a spinning blade concept, similar to a circular saw. It’s even possible to use the same blade in both tools (though generally, you won’t). But where that blade physically resides and how you use it differs between the two tools. A miter saw holds its blade high with the teeth facing downwards. You place your wood or other material below it, then bring the spinning blade down onto the wood. A table saw holds its blade in the table with the teeth facing upward. If you imagine a circular saw resting upside down on a table, that’s the basic concept. Instead of the spinning blade moving to the wood, you move the wood into the blade. For a beginner, this difference in design makes the miter safer. Instead of pushing your limbs and fingers towards a spinning blade, you move the blade in a predictable downward fashion. That makes it easy to keep your arms out of the way. Table saws, on the other hand, require knowledge of concepts like kickback, three points of pressure, and proper usage of safety gear like push sticks and push blocks. Kickback occurs when the table saw blade grabs trapped wood (or other material) and throws it, possibly at you. That leads to severe injuries. While kickback can also occur on a miter saw, it’s less likely to happen. As such, table saws are inherently more dangerous than miter saws with more room for error. Table Saws are More Versatile With a miter saw, you can accomplish three kinds of cuts: crosscuts, miter cuts, and bevel cuts. Crosscuts make a long piece of wood shorter. Miter cuts are an angled cut that joins two pieces of wood like your door frame’s corner or a picture frame. Bevel cuts are similar to miter cuts but come in at a different angle. The bevel cut allows two tall pieces of wood to join together nicely, as seen with the baseboards in your home. To miter cut, you turn the blade from left to right, while keeping it in a straight up and down position. To bevel cut, you tilt the blade sideways, left or right. It’s possible to both bevel and miter cut at the same time. For most woodworking projects, crosscuts and miter cuts are the two most common cuts you will make. But, for some types of projects, you may need additional options that a table saw provides. In addition to all of the above cuts, you can use a table saw to rip cut, resaw, and create french cleats. A rip cut makes wide board narrower. Depending on your blade height and the size of the board, a table saw can also resaw wood to divide a thick board into two thin boards. A french cleat looks like a combination of a rip cut and miter cut. This involves taking a narrow strip of wood and cutting a 45-degree angle down the length of it (making it even narrower). The two boards joined together are a powerful and versatile mounting point, which is commonly used for hanging cabinets. You screw one board to the wall, the other to a cabinet, and then set the cabinet on the wall piece. So Which Should You Get? If you’re new to woodworking and still developing your skills, you should probably consider a miter saw. While it’s not as capable as a table saw, it’s less prone to kickback and generally safer to use. You can accomplish the two most common cuts you’re likely to need, as well. And while you can crosscut material with both table saws and miter saws, if you have very long wood boards (say 10 feet or more), it’s better to use a miter saw. That’s because you won’t need to slide a 10-foot board back and forth while cutting it. And if you are setting up your first shop, miter saws are usually cheaper than table saws. On the other hand, if you want to accomplish more complicated projects, then a table saw will serve you well. It can do everything a miter saw can and more. That includes miter cuts! A miter saw is also limited in how wide a piece it can crosscut (depending on the size of the blade your saw uses). Table saws don’t have that limit since you push the wood through the saw. So long as you learn proper cutting techniques, they are relatively safe and can make short work of large jobs. In the long run, you may want both, as miter saws tend to be better for quick repeated cross cuts, while table saws are great to more intricate cuts that require precision. But if you have to pick just one, a miter saw is a good starting point. The Best Miter Saws We’ve covered miter saws before, and our overall recommendations remain the same. When looking for a miter saw, pay attention to blade-size. 10-inch blades are most common and cost less than a 12-inch blade, but limit your crosscutting ability. A sliding miter saw lets you cut even wider boards. Look for a fold-out fence and either a dust collection bag or port for a vacuum system. Some miter saws include a laser guide, but those typically cost more than they’re worth. Metabo is the new name for Hitachi, and they’ve made reliable power tools for years. This powered miter saw has a 10-inch blade, which is suitable for most people. It also has a fold-out fence for longer pieces of wood and a clamp to secure the material. Metabo HPT Compound Miter Saw, 10-Inch, Single Bevel, 15-Amp Motor, 0-52° Miter Angle Range, 0-45° Bevel Range, Large Table, 10" 24T TCT Miter Saw Blade (C10FCGS) The Matebo nails all the basics for not a lot of money. The ten-inch blade is good enough to crosscut everything but the widest boards. And the built-in stop block is a handy feature. If you need to cut something larger than 10 inches, the DEWALT sliding miter saw will do the trick. Not only does it have a 12-inch blade, but you can also pull it toward you, and then push back to cut a total of 16 inches in the material. Like the Metabo, you get a fold-out fence, and while it doesn’t come with a clamp, you can use your own to secure the wood. DEWALT Sliding Compound Miter Saw, 12-Inch (DWS779) The DeWalt steps up by offering a sliding feature. That lets you cut much wider boards, which is great for large projects. The Best Table Saws Table saws come in several form factors, from portable “job site” saws to large industrial-sized cabinets. The latter takes up a great deal of room and aren’t designed to move, but they are more powerful and have better dust collection options. When buying a table saw, you’ll want to pay attention to the rip fence. Rip fences are crucial for straight rip cuts. Very cheap saws tend to come with subpar fences and often aren’t accurate. You’ll also want to pay attention to blade size and safety features. Every table saw should come with a riving knife and blade guard. If you’re looking at a used table saw that’s missing those two components, skip it. Your fingers will thank you later. The compact DeWalt DW745S table saw is great if you don’t have a lot of workshop space. And in a pinch, you can take it somewhere else for remote projects. When you need to cut larger pieces, like plywood, the fence slides out to a maximum of 20 inches. This version comes with a detachable stand, but if you prefer, you can skip that to save a little money. DEWALT DW745S Compact Job Site Table Saw with Folding Stand Small, compact, and portable, this table saw is great for small shops and for going where you need it to. You'll get 20 inches of rip capacity and a removable stand. The first thing you’ll notice about Saw Stops is a dramatic increase in price. But if you can afford it, these table saws are worth the price of entry. In addition to quality rip fences and surfaces, the Saw Stop features technology that will save your fingers if you have an accident. The saw runs an electrical current through its blade. If your skin comes in contact with the blade, the change in charge fires its safety system. In 5 milliseconds, a brake engages that stops the blade and forces it down and away from your finger. At the same time, the system stops the motor from driving the blade. That might make the difference between a nasty cut and a missing finger. Here’s a video demonstration: After the safety system fires, you’ll need to replace the saw blade and the brake system to get going again. SawStop JSS-120A60 Jobsite Saw PRO with Mobile Cart Assembly - 15A,120V,60Hz Saw Stop saws include extra safety features to keep you safe. If your skin comes in contact with the blade, a brake stops the motor and blade and pulls it away in 5 milliseconds. That might prevent serious injury.

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'Sons' in the Bible And the days of Adam after he had begotten Seth were eight hundred years: and he begat sons and daughters: And Seth lived after he begat Enos eight hundred and seven years, and begat sons and daughters: And Enos lived after he begat Cainan eight hundred and fifteen years, and begat sons and daughters: And Cainan lived after he begat Mahalaleel eight hundred and forty years, and begat sons and daughters: And Mahalaleel lived after he begat Jared eight hundred and thirty years, and begat sons and daughters: And Jared lived after he begat Enoch eight hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters: And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters: And Lamech lived after he begat Noah five hundred ninety and five years, and begat sons and daughters: That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose. There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. And Noah begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee. And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood. In the selfsame day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into the ark; Go forth of the ark, thou, and thy wife, and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with thee. And Noah went forth, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him: And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth. And God spake unto Noah, and to his sons with him, saying, And the sons of Noah, that went forth of the ark, were Shem, and Ham, and Japheth: and Ham is the father of Canaan. These are the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth overspread. Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood. The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. And the sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan. And the sons of Cush; Seba, and Havilah, and Sabtah, and Raamah, and Sabtecha: and the sons of Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan. These are the sons of Ham, after their families, after their tongues, in their countries, and in their nations. And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided; and his brother's name was Joktan. And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab: all these were the sons of Joktan. These are the sons of Shem, after their families, after their tongues, in their lands, after their nations. These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations: and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood. And Shem lived after he begat Arphaxad five hundred years, and begat sons and daughters. And Arphaxad lived after he begat Salah four hundred and three years, and begat sons and daughters. And Salah lived after he begat Eber four hundred and three years, and begat sons and daughters. And Eber lived after he begat Peleg four hundred and thirty years, and begat sons and daughters. And Peleg lived after he begat Reu two hundred and nine years, and begat sons and daughters. And Reu lived after he begat Serug two hundred and seven years, and begat sons and daughters. And Serug lived after he begat Nahor two hundred years, and begat sons and daughters. And Nahor lived after he begat Terah an hundred and nineteen years, and begat sons and daughters. And the men said unto Lot, Hast thou here any besides? son in law, and thy sons, and thy daughters, and whatsoever thou hast in the city, bring them out of this place: And Lot went out, and spake unto his sons in law, which married his daughters, and said, Up, get you out of this place; for the LORD will destroy this city. But he seemed as one that mocked unto his sons in law. And Abraham stood up from before his dead, and spake unto the sons of Heth, saying, Nay, my lord, hear me: the field give I thee, and the cave that is therein, I give it thee; in the presence of the sons of my people give I it thee: bury thy dead. And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver, which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver, current money with the merchant. And the field, and the cave that is therein, were made sure unto Abraham for a possession of a buryingplace by the sons of Heth. And Jokshan begat Sheba, and Dedan. And the sons of Dedan were Asshurim, and Letushim, and Leummim. And the sons of Midian; Ephah, and Epher, and Hanoch, and Abida, and Eldaah. All these were the children of Keturah. But unto the sons of the concubines, which Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts, and sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet lived, eastward, unto the east country. And his sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron the son of Zohar the Hittite, which is before Mamre; The field which Abraham purchased of the sons of Heth: there was Abraham buried, and Sarah his wife. And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, according to their generations: the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebajoth; and Kedar, and Adbeel, and Mibsam, These are the sons of Ishmael, and these are their names, by their towns, and by their castles; twelve princes according to their nations. Let people serve thee, and nations bow down to thee: be lord over thy brethren, and let thy mother's sons bow down to thee: cursed be every one that curseth thee, and blessed be he that blesseth thee. And she conceived again, and bare a son; and said, Now this time will my husband be joined unto me, because I have born him three sons: therefore was his name called Levi. And Leah said, God hath endued me with a good dowry; now will my husband dwell with me, because I have born him six sons: and she called his name Zebulun. And he removed that day the he goats that were ringstraked and spotted, and all the she goats that were speckled and spotted, and every one that had some white in it, and all the brown among the sheep, and gave them into the hand of his sons. And he heard the words of Laban's sons, saying, Jacob hath taken away all that was our father's; and of that which was our father's hath he gotten all this glory. And hast not suffered me to kiss my sons and my daughters? thou hast now done foolishly in so doing. And early in the morning Laban rose up, and kissed his sons and his daughters, and blessed them: and Laban departed, and returned unto his place. And he rose up that night, and took his two wives, and his two womenservants, and his eleven sons, and passed over the ford Jabbok. And Jacob heard that he had defiled Dinah his daughter: now his sons were with his cattle in the field: and Jacob held his peace until they were come. And the sons of Jacob came out of the field when they heard it: and the men were grieved, and they were very wroth, because he had wrought folly in Israel in lying with Jacob's daughter; which thing ought not to be done. And the sons of Jacob answered Shechem and Hamor his father deceitfully, and said, because he had defiled Dinah their sister: And it came to pass on the third day, when they were sore, that two of the sons of Jacob, Simeon and Levi, Dinah's brethren, took each man his sword, and came upon the city boldly, and slew all the males. The sons of Jacob came upon the slain, and spoiled the city, because they had defiled their sister. And they journeyed: and the terror of God was upon the cities that were round about them, and they did not pursue after the sons of Jacob. And it came to pass, when Israel dwelt in that land, that Reuben went and lay with Bilhah his father's concubine: and Israel heard it. Now the sons of Jacob were twelve: The sons of Leah; Reuben, Jacob's firstborn, and Simeon, and Levi, and Judah, and Issachar, and Zebulun: And the sons of Zilpah, Leah's handmaid; Gad, and Asher: these are the sons of Jacob, which were born to him in Padanaram. And Isaac gave up the ghost, and died, and was gathered unto his people, being old and full of days: and his sons Esau and Jacob buried him. And Aholibamah bare Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah: these are the sons of Esau, which were born unto him in the land of Canaan. And Esau took his wives, and his sons, and his daughters, and all the persons of his house, and his cattle, and all his beasts, and all his substance, which he had got in the land of Canaan; and went into the country from the face of his brother Jacob. These are the names of Esau's sons; Eliphaz the son of Adah the wife of Esau, Reuel the son of Bashemath the wife of Esau. And the sons of Eliphaz were Teman, Omar, Zepho, and Gatam, and Kenaz. And Timna was concubine to Eliphaz Esau's son; and she bare to Eliphaz Amalek: these were the sons of Adah Esau's wife. And these are the sons of Reuel; Nahath, and Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah: these were the sons of Bashemath Esau's wife. And these were the sons of Aholibamah, the daughter of Anah the daughter of Zibeon, Esau's wife: and she bare to Esau Jeush, and Jaalam, and Korah. These were dukes of the sons of Esau: the sons of Eliphaz the firstborn son of Esau; duke Teman, duke Omar, duke Zepho, duke Kenaz, Duke Korah, duke Gatam, and duke Amalek: these are the dukes that came of Eliphaz in the land of Edom; these were the sons of Adah. And these are the sons of Reuel Esau's son; duke Nahath, duke Zerah, duke Shammah, duke Mizzah: these are the dukes that came of Reuel in the land of Edom; these are the sons of Bashemath Esau's wife. And these are the sons of Aholibamah Esau's wife; duke Jeush, duke Jaalam, duke Korah: these were the dukes that came of Aholibamah the daughter of Anah, Esau's wife. These are the sons of Seir the Horite, who inhabited the land; Lotan, and Shobal, and Zibeon, and Anah, These are the generations of Jacob. Joseph, being seventeen years old, was feeding the flock with his brethren; and the lad was with the sons of Bilhah, and with the sons of Zilpah, his father's wives: and Joseph brought unto his father their evil report. And all his sons and all his daughters rose up to comfort him; but he refused to be comforted; and he said, For I will go down into the grave unto my son mourning. Thus his father wept for him. And unto Joseph were born two sons before the years of famine came, which Asenath the daughter of Potipherah priest of On bare unto him. Now when Jacob saw that there was corn in Egypt, Jacob said unto his sons, Why do ye look one upon another? And the sons of Israel came to buy corn among those that came: for the famine was in the land of Canaan. We are all one man's sons; we are true men, thy servants are no spies. And they said, Thy servants are twelve brethren, the sons of one man in the land of Canaan; and, behold, the youngest is this day with our father, and one is not. We be twelve brethren, sons of our father; one is not, and the youngest is this day with our father in the land of Canaan. And Reuben spake unto his father, saying, Slay my two sons, if I bring him not to thee: deliver him into my hand, and I will bring him to thee again. And thy servant my father said unto us, Ye know that my wife bare me two sons: And Jacob rose up from Beersheba: and the sons of Israel carried Jacob their father, and their little ones, and their wives, in the wagons which Pharaoh had sent to carry him. His sons, and his sons' sons with him, his daughters, and his sons' daughters, and all his seed brought he with him into Egypt. 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I want to tell you a short story, which really happened. Not only were the events that took place that day, documented, also, the testimonies of the descendants of the people who were present that day, serve as proof of the authenticity of the events that these people witnessed that day. Saint Simon the Shoemaker lived towards the end of the tenth century AD. He was a contemporary of the Saint Bishop Abram Ibn Zaraa the Syrian, who occupied the seat of St. Mark in 975 AD and rested in peace in 979 AD. A severe and overwhelming famine came upon all of Egypt under the reign of the Ikhshidid Empire, namely between AD 934 to AD 968, shortly before the Fatimid Empire was established, under which the miracle of moving the mountain took place. The miracle took place circa AD 979, so Saint Samaan must have lived through this famine, which sent more than half a million people to their early graves. These events must have left an impression on the Saint’s soul and made him renounce pleasure in worldly things, as we shall see. This was, and is, God’s way of dealing with man… Cairo had been constructed only a short while before the miracle of moving the mountain took place. Al-Mu’iz Li Din Illah the Fatimid, was a polished politician, besides being a letterman and a lover of the gatherings in which poetry was recited. He was, as well, fond of religious sciences, which made him invite the Muslim, the Christian, and the Jewish religious leaders in order to debate before him with all frankness and freedom, and without any anger or contention. This matter has a direct relationship with the miracle of moving the Mokattam mountain, as we shall see later on. Saint Samaan the Tanner worked in one of these handicrafts, which was tanning the hides of animals. This Saint appeared suddenly on the scene of historical events as a shining star, and disappeared just the same way. History does not mention anything about his early upbringing at all, so we do not know where he was born, or where he was reared up, or who was his father. When the Saint was practicing his work as a shoemaker, a woman came to him to mend her shoes, and this woman was beautiful. It so happened that when she was taking off her shoes, her legs showed and he looked lustfully at her. But at once he drove the awl into one of his eyes, thus plucking it outin keeping with the commandment of the Lord, “But I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has committed adultery with her in his heart. If your right eye causes you to sin, gouge it and throw it away. It is better for you to lose one part of your body than for your whole body to be thrown into hell.” (Mt. 5:28,29). St. Samaan simply carried out the commandment literally!! And history tells us of a great miracle that happened with his prayers, which is the miracle of moving the Mokattam Mountain in Cairo. This is how this true miracle unfolded: The Calif of Baudas Took Counsel to Slay All the Christians in His Land I will tell you then this great marvel that occurred between Baudas and Mausul. There was a Calif at Baudas who bore a great hatred to Christians, and was taken up day and night with the thought how he might either bring those that were in his kingdom over to his own faith, or might procure them all to be slain. And he used daily to take counsel about this with the devotees and priests of his faith, for they all bore the Christians like malice. And, indeed, it is a fact, that the whole body of Saracens throughout the world are always most malignantly disposed towards the whole body of Christians. Now it happened that the Calif, with those shrewd priests of his, got hold of that passage in our Gospel which says, that if a Christian had faith as a grain of mustard seed, and should bid a mountain be removed, it would be removed. And such indeed is the truth. But when they had got hold of this text they were delighted, for it seemed to them the very thing whereby either to force all the Christians to change their faith, or to bring destruction upon them all. The Calif therefore called together all the Christians in his territories, who were extremely numerous. And when they had come before him, he showed them the Gospel, and made them read the text which I have mentioned. And when they had read it he asked them if that was the truth? The Christians answered that it assuredly was so. “Well,” said the Calif, “since you say that it is the truth, I will give you a choice. Among such a number of you there must needs surely be this small amount of faith; so you must either move that mountain there”, and he pointed to a mountain in the neighbourhood, “or you shall die an ill death; unless you choose to eschew death by all becoming Saracens and adopting our Holy Law. To this end I give you a respite of ten days; if the thing be not done by that time, ye shall die or become Saracens.” And when he had said this he dismissed them, to consider what was to be done in this strait wherein they were. How the Christians Were In Great Dismay Because of What the Calif Had Said The Christians on hearing what the Calif had said were in great dismay, but they lifted all their hopes to God, their Creator, that He would help them in this their strait. All the wisest of the Christians took counsel together, and among them were a number of bishops and priests, but they had no resource except to turn to Him from whom all good things do come, beseeching Him to protect them from the cruel hands of the Calif. So they were all gathered together in prayer, both men and women, for eight days and eight nights. And whilst they were thus engaged in prayer it was revealed in a vision by a Holy Angel of Heaven to a certain Bishop who was a very good Christian, that he should desire a certain Christian Cobler, who had but one eye, to pray to God; and that God in His goodness would grant such prayer because of the Cobler’s holy life. Now I must tell you what manner of man this Cobler was. He was one who led a life of great uprightness and chastity, and who fasted and kept from all sin, and went daily to church to hear Mass, and gave daily a portion of his gains to God. And the way how he came to have but one eye was this. It happened one day that a certain woman came to him to have a pair of shoes made, and she showed him her foot that he might take her measure. Now she had a very beautiful foot and leg; and the Cobler, in taking her measure was conscious of sinful thoughts. And he had often heard it said in the Holy Evangel, that if thine eye offend thee, pluck it out and cast it from thee, rather than sin. So, as soon as the woman had departed, he took the awl that he used in stitching, and drove it into his eye and destroyed it. And this is the way he came to lose his eye. So you can judge what a holy, just, and righteous man he was. How the One-Eyed Cobler Was Desired to Pray for the Christians Now when this vision had visited the Bishop several times, he related the whole matter to the Christians, and they agreed with one consent to call the Cobler before them. And when he had come they told him it was their wish that he should pray, and that God had promised to accomplish the matter by his means. On hearing their request he made many excuses, declaring that he was not at all so good a man as they represented. But they persisted in their request with so much sweetness, that at last he said he would not tarry, but do what they desired. How the Prayer of the One-Eyed Cobler Caused the Mountain to Move And when the appointed day was come, all the Christians got up early, men and women, small and great, more than 100,000 persons, and went to church, and heard the Holy Mass. And after Mass had been sung, they all went forth together in a great procession to the plain in front of the mountain, carrying the precious cross before them, loudly singing and greatly weeping as they went. And when they arrived at the spot, there they found the Caliph with all his Saracen host armed to slay them if they would not change their faith; for the Saracens believed not in the least that God would grant such favour to the Christians. These latter stood indeed in great fear and doubt, but nevertheless they rested their hope on their God Jesus Christ. So the Cobler received the Bishop’s benison, and then threw himself on his knees before the Holy Cross, and stretched out his hands towards Heaven, and made this prayer: “Blessed LORD GOD ALMIGHTY, I pray Thee by Thy goodness that Thou wilt grant this grace unto Thy people, insomuch that they perish not, nor Thy faith be cast down, nor abused nor flouted. Not that I am in the least worthy to prefer such request unto Thee; but for Thy great power and mercy I beseech Thee to hear this prayer from me Thy servant full of sin.” And when he had ended this his prayer to God the Sovereign Father and Giver of all grace, and whilst the Calif and all the Saracens, and other people there, were looking on, the mountain rose out of its place and moved to the spot which the Calif had pointed out! And when the Calif and all his Saracens beheld, they stood amazed at the wonderful miracle that God had wrought for the Christians, insomuch that a great number of the Saracens became Christians. And even the Calif caused himself to be baptised in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, Amen, and became a Christian, but in secret. Howbeit, when he died they found a little cross hung round his neck; and therefore the Saracens would not bury him with the other Califs, but put him in a place apart. The Christians exulted greatly at this most holy miracle, and returned to their homes full of joy, giving thanks to their Creator for that which He had done. There really is power in living a holy life. This Cobler was really pursuing holiness the Biblical way. It was for this reason that God led the congregation through the angelic visitation to call him to move the mountain. Out of all those Christians this man was called upon to move that mountain. We do need to live holy lives before our God in order to successfully face life’s challenges and also to stand firm against evil. We cannot live like we want to and expect to perform miracles. There are very clear principles in place governing these aspects in the kingdom of God. You can read about that in the post, “How did Jesus Christ really conquer evil?“ (The above story was copied from the following resources: St. Takla Haymanout Coptic Orthodox Website and Wikisource) All local resources on this website are free of charge. Please help us by sharing it with your friends through the social networks. Social network sharing buttons available at the bottom of all pages

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Last Updated on At a glance - Origins: Thailand (formerly Siam) - Lifespan: 15-20 years - Eyes: Blue - Energy: Medium - Temperament: Talkative, intelligent, affectionate, dog-like - Weight: Males 4-6 kg (8.8 – 13.2 lbs), females 3.5-5 kg (7.8 – 11 lbs) - Colours: Seal, blue, chocolate, lilac are the traditional colours, other colours vary depending on the cat council - Coat: Short - Grooming: Weekly - Talkative: Very - Cost: $900 – $1,500 Possibly the most instantly recognisable of all cat breeds, the Siamese cat is an ancient breed of cat with a colourful history and many legends surrounding it. One legend is that Siamese cats guarded the Buddhist temples and were considered sacred. According to Sally Franklin in her book The Complete Siamese Cat, when a high-ranking person died, a Siamese was chosen to receive the dead person’s soul. The cat was removed from the royal household and sent to one of the temples to spend the rest of its days living a ceremonial life of great luxury, with monks and priests as his servants. The Siamese is a stunning blue-eyed cat with dark points on the face, ears legs and tail, on a light body. Their unusual colouring is a form of partial albinism. They are a talkative cat, who loves to give you a running commentary, they are highly intelligent, extremely loyal and people-loving. Related: Siamese cat genetics The history of the Siamese isn’t entirely known, although there are plenty of theories as to its origins. - Sydney W. France, in his book ‘Siamese Cats‘ claims that the Hon. Russell Gordon gave his considered opinion that the Siamese cat was a cross between the Sacred Cat of Burma and the Annamite cat introduced into the religiously sealed and guarded Burmese Temples, and which were imported into Siam when the Cambodian Empire of Khmer fell to the attacks of the Siamese. - German explorer and zoologist Peter Simon Pallas shows a picture of a cat seen in the area of the Caspian Sea with a Siamese coat pattern which was said to be the progeny of a black cat and had a chestnut-brown body, black at the back and paler along the sides and belly, with a black streak running along and surrounding the eyes. Arrival in England: What we do know is that in 1884 Mr Edward Blencowe Gould an Acting Vice-Consul at Bangkok obtained a breeding pair of Siamese cats called Pho and Mia. It is said that King Chulalongkorn gave them to him, although this story does attract some scepticism. What we do know is that two Siamese cats arrived in England from Bangkok by Mr Gould as a present to his sister, Mrs Lilian Veley. Pho and Mia are recorded as 1a and 2a in the Siamese Cat Register. Mrs Veley went on to co-found the Siamese Cat Club in 1901. The following year, Mrs Vyvyan and her sister of Dover imported two Siamese cats. Mrs Vyvyan writes to Harrison Weir ‘The original pair were sent from Bangkok, and it is believed that they came from the King’s Palace, where alone the breed is said to be kept pure. At any rate, they were procured as a great favour, after much delay and great difficulty, and since that time no others have been attainable by the same person. We were in China when they reached us, and the following year, 1886, we brought the father, mother and a pair of kittens to England.’ During the next few years, more Siamese were imported into Britain and are the foundation cats of the Siamese we know and love now. Why are Siamese cats called Siamese? Siamese cats originated from Thailand, which was formerly known as Siam. Why do Siamese cats have dark points? Genetically a Seal Point Siamese cat is a black cat; however, Siamese cats carry the Himalayan gene (known as cs) which has a temperature-sensitive expression. This gene causes partial albinism due to a defective enzyme tyrosinase. This enzyme is located in the melanocytes and is responsible for controlling the production of melanin, which gives coat its colour. In Siamese (and other breeds which have the Himalayan gene), the defective tyrosinase doesn’t function as it should at normal body temperature, which means the cat’s true colour (which is reflected in the points) is unable to express on warmer parts of the body. The Siamese is an extremely intelligent, loyal and affectionate cat who forms close bonds with their human family. They are often described as ‘dog-like’ in that they enjoy to play fetch. Siamese cats need to be with their human companions almost constantly; they do not do well on their own. They can form close bonds with one particular member of the household, sometimes at the exclusion of others. One of most talkative cat breeds, the Siamese love to give their human companions a running commentary with their unique, deep and loud meow. The Siamese coat pattern is striking. The face, paws, ears, and tail (points) have a darker colouring; the body is light in colour. The coat should be short, fine and silky to the touch. The ears are large; eyes are a stunning blue and almond-shaped. The Siamese is an elegant animal with a long, muscular and tubular body, long neck. The legs are long and slender with small, oval feet. The hind legs are longer than the front legs. The tail is long, thin and whip-like. Three types of Siamese cat Siamese cats have changed quite a lot in the past three decades and have become much more slender than their ancestors. Originally there were two Siamese types, the applehead and the classic. The classic Siamese is more somewhere between the applehead and modern but has been around as long as Siamese have. Over time, the Siamese body and head became more slender (wedge-shaped). Some breeders continue to breed the old-style Siamese under the name Traditional, Thai, Applehead or Old Style Siamese. But cats on the show bench are usually fit the ‘modern’ standard, pet Siamese may be less slender in the face. Siamese cat colours The Cat Fanciers Association only accepts the traditional colours listed above, and other colours go under the classification of colourpoint shorthair. Other cat associations accept different Siamese colours in addition to seal, blue, chocolate and lilac, which include: - Red (flame) These colours can also occur in tabby point (also known as lynx) and tortie point. Siamese should be bought from a registered cat breeder to ensure you are getting what you are paying for. Registered breeders have to abide by a code of ethics set out by their registering body. I always prefer to buy purebred cats from a breeder who raises the kittens under-foot, which means they grew up inside the home and are used to the hustle and bustle of a household. Where possible, visit the cattery and meet the kittens and parents. Kittens should not leave the breeder until they are at least 12 weeks old, by which time they will have received at least two of the required three F3 vaccinations. Some breeders also choose to desex (spay or neuter) their kittens before they go to their new homes. All cats sold or given away in New South Wales must be microchipped. Write a list of questions for the breeder before you visit the cattery and always get guarantees in writing. If you pay cash (and I don’t recommend it), insist on a receipt. The Siamese cat’s coat is low maintenance, groom a week to remove loose hairs. Trim the claws every 4-6 weeks. Dental care is essential for all cats. Your Siamese should have his teeth brushed regularly with a cat toothbrush and toothpaste (never use human toothpaste on a cat). Or you can feed him raw chicken necks or human-grade chunks of beef two to three times a week. Do not let your Siamese cat roam free; there are too many dangers out there. If possible, give him access to a cat enclosure which keeps him safe, but allows him to enjoy the outdoors. Feed a good quality diet, preferably wet. Find out what the breeder has been feeding him and give him the same, if you would prefer to feed him something different, slowly introduce the new food while feeding less of the old. All cats, purebred or mixed breed can be prone to specific health problems, Siamese may have a higher incidence of the following: - Strabismus (cross eyes), this is cosmetic only - Kinked tail (cosmetic only) - Systemic lupus erythematosus - Patellar luxation - Feline hyperesthesia syndrome - Mammary (breast) cancer - Mast cell tumour Who are Siamese cats suited to? The Siamese cat thrives on attention and needs to be a part of the family. They are very dog-like and like to be a part of what you are doing. Siamese cats do not do well if ignored or left for extended periods on their own. A Siamese will often form a strong bond with one member of the household, and can sometimes become quite jealous. If you want a constant companion who will follow you around, conversing with you, then the Siamese is for you. If you prefer a quieter and more hands-off cat, then another breed may be more suitable. Siamese cats do like to be the king or queen of their domain. Siamese cat FAQ Do Siamese cats shed a lot? All cats shed, the Siamese sheds less than other breeds. Are Siamese cats jealous? Siamese cats can bond with one human in the family and display jealousy towards other family members. Are Siamese cats smart? Siamese cats are one of the most intelligent cat breeds. Is there a hairless Siamese cat? The Peterbald is a cross between an Oriental (a cat with the Siamese body type but non-pointed) and a Don Sphynx. The Peterbald occurs in all colours, including pointed. Are Siamese cats high-maintenance? As far as physical care, the Siamese is no more high maintenance than any other shorthaired breed. A weekly brush is enough to remove loose hairs as well as providing adequate dental care. The Siamese forms close bonds with their human family, which includes plenty of human interaction and do have higher emotional needs than other breeds. Siamese cats are extremely vocal and will share their opinion with their human family if it is asked for or not. Most people who choose a Siamese do so knowing that they are adopting a talkative cat. What is the best food for a Siamese cat? Once the Siamese kitten has weaned, feed a premium kitten food until adulthood and switch to a premium adult maintenance diet which can include both canned and dry food. Do Siamese cats make good pets? Siamese are loyal, affectionate, intelligent, strong-willed and talkative. They make exceptional pets in the right home where they receive the love and attention they crave. Are Siamese cats mean? Some Siamese cats can be a little jealous, but they are not a mean. This myth seems to have stemmed from the movie The Lady and the Tramp which featured two Siamese called Si and Am.

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Though we may not pay much attention to what it is, we’ve all listened to AM radio at some point in our lives. Whether it be to catch up on the latest news in our area, listen to music, or listening to an AM talk show, we’ve all heard AM radio without really taking a moment to truly understand what it is, how it works, and everything in between. What is AM Radio? AM radio, Amplitude Modulation, is a broadcasting radio signal that transmits information through the form of multiple electromagnetic waves. The carrier frequencies are within a range of frequency that reaches between 535 to 1605 kHz and assigned to a 10 kHz interval. To make it sound easier, this is the another option when you are not listening to an FM. When compared to FM radio, AM radio has a lesser deal when it comes to overall sound quality, but the transmissions can go a lot further and are a cheaper aspect to radio. The bandwidth is also a lot lower, but this is actually a good thing because more radio stations become available through any range of frequency. How Does AM Radio Work? AM radio works through the Heterodyne principle, which is a method that transfers a single broadcast signal from the carrier to a local, fixed intermediate frequency through the receiver. This is done so that the majority of the receiver will not have to come back once the channel is changed. The interference of two waves produces what is known as a beat frequency for the purpose of tuning the radio in order to apply a force that will further produce a beat frequency, one that is specifically an intermediate frequency, or an IF. Heterodyne principles are used within a receiver for AM radio and play a large part in ensuring it’s practical for a mass communication wave. An electromagnetic carrier wave carries the signal through frequency modulation or amplitude modulation and transfers the signal itself to the carrier through multiple frequencies as a result from heterodyning. This is accomplished through mixing a sine wave and a modulated carrier. This, in turn, produces a beat frequency that is equal to the frequency’s differences and constitutes an additional carrier for modulating the original signal. When it comes to radio transmission, this is crucial for the development of the heterodyning schemes, which actually led to the mass communication that was brought on by AM and FM radio. Fixing the beat frequency through the local and incoming carriers to an IF has helped to construct the majority of radio receivers in order to use incoming signals. Once the input amplifier has been properly tuned for the purpose of a station’s carrier frequency, a local oscillator is in turn tuned as well to produce the proper beat frequency that is equal to an IF. If the Heterodyne principle did not exist, we would not have as much access as we do through AM radio. Whether you realize it or not, we all take advantage of the fact that one single radio receiver is able to be tuned for the purpose of connecting and broadcasting from a local radio station. Without this principle and concept, we would not have the AM radio that we do today, which can also be said for FM radio as well, but with a slightly different operation process. The more we understand what AM radio is, how it works, and what the advantages are, especially in today’s society where radio is not used as often, the more we can really understand why it’s so important. The Advantages of Using AM Radio There are multiple advantages that come with using AM radio when compared to FM, which should be remembered today when we think about why AM is still around when most would argue that it’s not needed anymore. For one, the coverage on an AM receiver’s area is much wider when compared to FM. This is because the atmospheric propagation can stretch a lot farther and wider than the coverage of an FM station or wave. The propagation of AM is the definite choice for long distance ranges without static or too much interference from various towers that are broadcasting FM or another AM station. The circuit of AM is less complex and a lot cheaper when compared to FM, which has an unlimited bandwidth, while AM has a more limited bandwidth. To go further in depth for the biggest advantage of AM radio, the signals are further reflected straight back to the ionosphere layer of the earth, which means that the signals are able to reach thousands of miles from the initial source. Therefore, the coverage of AM compared to FM is drastically better and wider. Selecting the Best AM Radio Finding an AM radio that will suit your needs and bring the best quality to the table can be difficult, mostly because they are not mass produced anymore and are typically being phased out by radios that offer FM radio capabilities a lot more, but they are still around! Any quality radio must have shortwave capabilities that bring both AM and FM stations to light but move toward one that is better known for AM instead of FM. That way you will get more bang for your buck in terms of what you’re looking for. An older radio may have the durability you need, but newer versions ensure that you’ll have more channels, so try not to go for one that is too old or too new. Antennas are a must for AM radio because they help to clear up interference and bring more stations in, even though it probably already has more than enough. Even if you have a cheap radio that is poor quality, an antenna is a big game changer and will turn it into a better quality machine. AM Radio is Still Relevant It’s not just your grandparents and parents listening to AM radio anymore, even though it’s been somewhat phased out by FM. AM is still vastly popular for the many talk shows, local advertisements, and even older, classic music stations that AM radio incorporates. Top ten Best AM Radios Reviews In 2017 10. iRonsnow IS-088 Weather Radio Speaking of a good portable Am radio, the one that has multi-functions hence, giving you the chance to listen to any radio channels are what should be included. The iRonsnow IS-088 Dynamo Emergency Solar Hand crank Powered AM/FM/NNOAA Weather Radio has it all. Not only is this radio equipped with a powerful 3LED flashlight, with a cell phone charger, but it also listening to music or news from radio stations as well as letting you know about the weather since it is designed to be a weather radio as well. This radio is your ultimate emergency expert. In addition, this radio offers a 1-minute hand-cranking supports over 5 minutes radio play time is more than 30 minutes of continuous torch light as well as, 5 minutes cell phone talk time. This radio is built to be light and compact with a weight of about 0.5 Lbs. hence making it your everyday survival kit since it is very easy to carry it around. The best part about this AM Radio is that it offers a choice a variety of 3-charge options, there is a solar and external charge power option as well as a self-charge option. This simply means you can DC recharge by connecting the mini USB cable to a computer, expose to sunlight to charge by a solar panel, or hand crank to wind up the internal alternator. This AM radio is your go to friendly power emergency Radio that you and your family can depend on anytime. • Powerful 3 LED flashlight • All weather radio • Multiple charging options • Very light and compact • Professional solar power bank • A tiny 300mAh 3.6V NiMH internal battery 9. Mfine 938 AM Radio Do you walk every day and need something to accompany you? The Mfine 938 AM portable radio Player Micro SD/TF Card can be a great buddy. This is the portable radio from Mfine that is eccentrically designed to easily fit into your jacket or shirt pocket so that you can bring it along with you to any place you like. This radio supports FM/AM radio function since it has the telescoping antenna hence listening to any channel you like is made easier regardless of where you might be. In addition, it has a rechargeable Li-ion battery BL-5C 600MAH and 5C 600MAH. In terms of functionality, there is not a doubt that this is among the top AM radios for your money since uses a standard 3.5 mm jack hence you can plug in your iPod, laptop tablet, Smartphone, and other MP3 player or any audio source with ease. One of its best features is the Audio output function Fit for MP4, MP3, iPod player, iPhone and other Mobile Phones. • Rechargeable battery • Audio output function compatible with MP3, iPod, MP4 and mobile phones • LED flashlight • AM/FM function • Non-detailed instruction manual 8. Sony Shortwave World Band AM Portable Radio The Sony AM Portable Radio is a compact microprocessor controlled the portable radio with a frequency synthesized general coverage portable radio. This radio offers direct accessing to tuning channels with an accurate reception of 10 tuning accessed channels. Also, it features a multifunction LCD digital readout that allows unsurpassed convenience and accuracy. Additionally, this Am radio features a dual standby function that allows you to wake up through a two station alarm setting, it also allows an extremely accurate synthesised PLL tuning, you can save up to 100 stations,it also features a world time clock or dual clock feature hence, you never have to worry about not keeping time. Additionally, this portable radio provides a professional-type microprocessor-controlled channel tuning function that allows you to scan one channel at a time before settling on the channel you want. • FM/AM shortwave and longwave • Four tuning methods: manual, preset, scan and direct • My “My-memory” tuning function • Built in timer • No air band 7. Sint Two 2 Band Transistor Radio Talking about a portable radio, size matters most. If it is too big and difficult to bring along with, that is not a portable one. The Sony Transistor AM Radio has a convenient strap that makes this small and compact radio portable not to mention, the radio works on batteries. This feature makes it ideal, portable and suitable for usage at home, traveling, the beach, picnics, the park, playrooms and the gym. This portable AM radio features a big dynamic speaker 3.75” clear, high-quality sound as well as, excellent reception. Additionally, this radio comes equipped with standard jack headphones hence; listening to music in peace without causing disturbance to others around you. It has a weight of about 1lb.making it conveniently lightweight and portable. • Small compact in size • AM radio • FM/AM panel display • Standard jack size headphones • Big dynamic speakers clear, high-quality sound • Low volume and poor reception 6. Sngean Dgital Radio The Sangean Digital Radio is phenomenally designed with special features that provide excellent static and clear free listening for AM/FM reception to all listeners. This digital radio as its name suggest has a retro modern design as well as modern specification features such as rotary dials that allow you to navigate through the stations and adjust the volume, it has a two-alarm timer, HWS, and buzzer, therefore, you can always count on it to be your wake me up, buddy. In addition, it features 10 preset ( 5AM and 5FM) stations. Its LED tuning eye will assure you when you achieve the best reception for your selected station. This digital radio has an elegant appearance with a wooden MDF cabinet that delivers acoustic high-quality sound. Plus read with an LCD display with a backlight is made easier. • 10 preset stations • Easy to read • Adjustable sleep timer • 2 Alarm Timers No AC adapter included. 5. Panasonic AM (RF-2400) Panasonic is a popular brand for electronics and this little radio is a good example of the quality and convenience they offer. This Panasonic Radio is portable that is equipped with a large dial panel that makes listeners tune to their favorite channels with ease. In addition, this portable radio includes a separate dial scale for FM/AM, 4” dynamic speakers that deliver high-quality sound, it has a made easy with the tuning knob, it has both AC/DC operations (110V AC fold down power cord included). Moreover, this portable AM radio has a sleek elegant design with silver front casing with a metal speaker net and a standard earphone jack port. This portable radio is ergonomically designed to be the best traveling buddy you ultimately need. • Cylindrical tuning knob • Big Radio Dial Panel for Easy Tuning • Silver in color • 4“ Dynamic Speaker for excellent sound • The Knob is quite small 4. Crane CC AM Radio To those who love to walk or hike, listening to music on their favorite radio channel is the best thing that can keep them company. The Crane CC Am radio Alarm can prove to be a convenient accompaniment. You can take this AM radio with you anywhere, not only is it lightweight, small and portable, but it is also an Airband and Weatherband FM/AM Alarm radio. In addition, this radio runs on approximation, of sixty to seventy hours. It also features a signal meter that indicates available channels, Auto scanning tuning to make it easy for you to find your ideal channels, a direct entry keypad as well as 400 memory preset channels for your convenience. Moreover, this AM radio has additional features such as Lighted LCD Display, Stereo headphone, Jack and a Rotary Volume Knob and a sleep timer. Moreover, this radio includes a carry case, a fold out back stands and ear buds as well as a 1-year warranty from Crane. • Travelling Alarm Radio • 400 Memory Presets • Sixty to seventy hours running time • Autos scan tuning • 1-year warranty • Smudged under the LCD glass 3. Sony ICF-S10MK2 Pocket FM/AM Radio Even with all of the advent of technology that has come onto the scene today, sometimes what you really require is just a simple AM/FM radio. And what better brand, to get than a great Sony radio. Truth be told, Sony is still scaling the heights as a well-respected and popular brand name in electronics. And the Sony ICF-S10MK2 Pocket AM radio just one of its many products that stand unbeaten in upholding this company’s name. Enough praise, though, lets’s get right into business. The Sony AM radio an incredible portable radio that easily fits in a shirt or a jacket pocket. It supports FM/AM broadcasts and has built in speakers and a mono earphone jack that allows you listening music convenience wherever you go. Moreover, this radio has a telescoping antennae and an attached strap for convenience. The battery life provides approximately 45 hours of listening time on AM and 40 hours on FM. • Telescoping antenna • Built-in speaker and mono earphone jack • Attached carrying strap for convenience • Supports AM and FM broadcasts • Reception may vary in some areas 2. Epica Digital Emergency Solar Hand Crank AM/FM/NOAA Radio Are you looking for the perfect all time radio that will last you a lifetime? Look no further than the Epica Digital Emergency Solar Hand Crank AM/FM/NOAA Radio, Flashlight, and Smartphone Charger with NOAA Certified Weather Alert & Cable. This is the ultimate best AM radio for emergencies. This radio is a compact lightweight device that includes a 3-band radio, a mobile charger, a 3 LED flashlight as well as 3 ways to charge. You can either use a solar panel, crank, or plug-in for it to charge. This Epica radio is fitted with a convenient digital tuner with a simple backlight and digital crystal display that allows you to change the station any time of day or night while you see everything crystal clearly. This radio is phenomenally designed to be compact and durable to last you a very long time to come not to mention you can power up in any situation, Simply, cranking it up for only a minute nod you have20 full minutes of power. Plus with this radio you get a 100% refund or replacement guarantee from Epica in case you are not happy with the product. • Compact and durable • Crystal clear tuning dial • Emergency AM radio • 3 ways to charge • 3 LED flashlights • Standard AM/FM broadcast stations • Battery drains itself 1. Mega Bass Stereo Boombox- Sony How can you call it a radio if it cannot provide you the clear signal and good sound quality for you? The MegaBass Stereo Boombox Sony Sonic CD Head Cleaner is what you can call the best AM radio for you. Our top pick in this review yet again comes from the popular brand Sony. Not only do Sony make outstanding and phenomenal electronics that stand out from all the other electronics in the market, but it also makes high-quality products that are designed to be durable and offer great service. To start off, this AM radio is an all in one radio that features DVD/CD recording , Bass reflex speakers, Sleep Timer Audio input jack, Mega Bass-rich quality sound , 30 preset stations, Scan radio, Reflex speakers, FM/AM stereo Tuner , Carry Handle, Buttons , Long Battery Life, USB Input Record and Play LCD Digital Display all in a Modern Sleek Design. Additionally, it features a stream Bluetooth wireless technology option from any capable devices from 30 feet away giving you the chance pair and plays your music instantly. The sleep timer option allows you to play your favorite soothing music in your sleep not to mention, it has 4 play times 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes. Other than that, it has a panel audio dual front inputs option that gives you the chance to use with other input devices from iPods, iPhones, or any other music players.it is also fitted with a convenient standard 3,5 jack auxiliary input hence giving the chance to relish your music privately. Moreover, this AM digital radio has an effective reflective speaker System which produces deeper, richer bass high-quality sound. The another great benefit is the fact that it is portable with a perfect size for traveling. • Wireless technology • Multi-functional features • Front panel inputs • Reflecting Speakers • Easy operation and control buttons • Bluetooth connectivity may have frequent dropouts The above review lists the top AM/FM radios in the market that excelled in terms of size, battery life, speaker quality, features, ease of use, style, and other categories. You can rest assured that whichever product you pick from the above review would be a perfect AM/FM radio to have.

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For most people, the first gray hair is a traumatic experience. Yet, with a few exceptions, most individuals will have a change in hair color. Graying hair can appear in childhood and at any age following. By age 40, almost half of all Americans will have some hair classified as gray. Hair pigmentation varies according to genetics and some other factors. The color in your hair is from chemicals known as phaeomelanin and eumelanin. Generally speaking, the more melanin that is present, the darker the hair color. Although ethnicity is a factor, there are vast differences in both hair color and texture even between individuals who are of the same ethnicity. Often young women are most concerned about premature gray hair. In order to look at possible remedies to unwanted non-pigmented strands, you must first have an understanding of the causes. What Causes Gray Hair? There are several theories and some proven facts about the causes of loss of pigmentation. For example, smoking, the Catalase enzyme, B12 deficiency, thyroid imbalance and a copper deficiency have all been suggested. Of course, genetics is a major cause, as well. With many of these cases, it may not be a direct cause-and-effect relationship, but with others, there is a more direct link. For example, cigarette smoking does not cause your crowning glory to lose color. However, smoking has been linked to premature aging. If the individual’s genetic code for aging results in graying normally, speeding up the aging process will cause the hair to lose melanin. It is easy to see that if premature greying of hair is ceased. The graying process will continue, but at a pace, that is normal for the individual. Lack of Catalase Enzyme The Catalase enzyme plays a role in graying. This enzyme is responsible for encouraging the production of melanin. When Catalase production declines, again as part of the aging process, hydrogen peroxide builds up in the follicles. Hydrogen peroxide is a bleach that works on the hair follicle. So, in essence, the enzyme doesn’t cause gray hair, it is the lack of the enzyme that allows the hydrogen peroxide to build up and bleach the hair. The study continues as to how this information can be used to encourage the production of Catalase. Low Vitamin B12 For individuals who have low vitamin B12 reserves, premature grey hair may occur. B12 is found primarily in milk, eggs, and meat, so vegetarians must take special care to ensure adequate bodily reserves of the vitamin. Deficiency of B12 can also result from small intestine diseases such as celiac disease or Crohn’s disease. The vitamin can also be part of a daily supplement regimen. A thyroid imbalance can cause hair graying. Even though some foods, such as blackstrap molasses, seaweed, nettles, black sesame seeds, wheatgrass, and chlorophyll are thought to be beneficial in strengthening the kidneys and blood, excessive consumption of foods such as seaweed that contain high iodine content can cause problems in the thyroid gland, thus leading to premature aging. Low Copper Level Another common cause is a lowered amount of copper in the body. It is believed that the consumption of blackstrap molasses is beneficial as a therapy for copper deficiency. Avoiding corn syrup is one method to learn how to get rid of premature gray hair and improve the body’s level of copper. Myths Surrounding Gray Hair Pluck One Gray Hair and Two or Three Will Grow Back – There are a number of myths associated with hair graying. For example, it has long been believed that if you pluck one gray strand from your head, those multiple others will come in its place. While this may seem to be happening, it is simply the natural process of graying hairs. Each one that grows when the person is aging has less and less melanin, so the pigmentation level is less and less. Eventually, the new hairs that are coming in contain little or no pigmentation. Too Much Sun Will Turn Your Hair Gray – Another myth associated with graying is that it is caused by too much sun. This misconception is likely due to the fact that ear and nose hair does not gray as rapidly as those on the scalp. Since it is the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide that prevents graying, rather than the sun, wearing a hat all the time won’t keep you from going gray. Stress Turns Hair Gray Overnight – Stress doesn’t make you go gray overnight either. While stress is not good for your body and can cause poor nutritional and sleeping habits, the stress itself is not directly linked to an immediate change in color. Eating properly and making the necessary lifestyle changes to improve your overall health may slow or halt the progression of aging and graying. Home Remedies to Stop & Reverse Graying Hair Slowing or halting the graying process is one aspect of reducing the aging look. However, it is believed there are some remedies that will reverse the process of aging and gray color. There are external applications and internal applications that are linked to the reversal of pigmentation loss. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has suggested several compounds, including bee pollen, Amaranth and Indian gooseberry. Bee pollen comes in various forms, including capsules, tablets and granules. It is helpful in combating various aging and health problems. The best bee pollen is found in areas where there is no pollution. Rapid processing as soon after harvest as possible makes the product even more effectively. It is believed to be effective against many of the symptoms of premature aging and loss of energy. Drinking a dose of fresh amaranth juice daily has been shown to reduce the number of gray strands. Amaranth is an herb with more than 60 species. In some areas, it is considered a weed, but many native populations consume the herb in various forms. Grain amaranth is believed to improve hair color and health with regular consumption. Indian gooseberry is another herb that has long been known and used in determining how to get rid of premature gray hair. In fact, the oil of the Indian gooseberry is beneficial in making hairs less frizzy, fuller and shinier. Little information is available about scientific studies. Indian gooseberry is also known as amla. Amla powder is high in vitamin C. It is sometimes mixed with lemon or coconut oils. A common and readily available product that is touted by many as a means of how to get rid of gray hair is blackstrap molasses. It has been suggested that many Americans have a diet that lacks copper. In addition, it is believed that using corn syrup as is found in many processed foods tends to strip copper from the body. Successful results have been found by simply adding a small daily dose of blackstrap molasses as a sweetener in tea or other drinks. While copper is a trace mineral and doesn’t require a large amount to obtain the necessary levels, even foods with higher copper levels, such as liver, tahini and sesame seeds, oysters, chocolate, and sunflower seeds are made less effective when the cooking methods are not correct. Overcooking tends to destroy the copper assimilation process. Certain kinds of proteins, such as those in eggs or milk interfere with the absorption of copper. He Shou Wu (Fo-Ti) One of the most popular herbal compounds in TCM is He Shou Wu. This herb is also known as Fo-Ti or Polygonum multiflorum. The name is tied to a tale of a certain Mr. He. A rough translation of the Chinese name is “Black-Haired Mr. He”. According to the story, Mr. He took the herb and was rewarded with black hairs well into old age. Ayurvedic medicine recommends another compound called bhringaraj, which is roughly translated as “King of the Hair.” Ayurvedic herbs also promote amla which addresses premature graying, along with other conditions. Anti-Gray Hair 7050 Anti-Gray Hair 7050 contains the Catalase enzyme. The compound is helpful to reactivate pigmentation cells all over the body. This enzyme will help to restore gray hairs to their original color. As stated above, catalase production is the enzyme that helps to transform hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. When the hydrogen peroxide builds up in the follicle, it acts as a bleach in the strands. In addition to the catalase enzyme, Anti-Gray Hair 7050 contains amino acids, capsicum and essential minerals to nourish the follicles. .The supplement includes Catalase and other nutrients to make the strands thicker, healthier and fuller. In addition, the compounds stimulate melanocytes to that the body is stimulated to produce the pigmentation primary of melanin. By increasing the production of melanin, it is possible to overcome the genetically programmed tendency of the aging body to produce less and less melanin. Even nearly dead or inactive pigment cells can be stimulated and activated. The formula is natural and works on both men and women. The age at which graying begins is not a factor in the reversal process provided by this compound. It usually requires up to nine months for a significant difference in the level of gray hairs to be seen. A fuller list of ingredients includes Vitamin B-6, Folic Acid, Biotin, Pantothenic Acid, Catalase, Horsetail, Saw Palmetto, Plant Sterols, L-Tyrosine, Zinc, Chlorophyll, Barely Grass, Fo-Ti Powder, Gelatin, magnesium stearate, and calcium carbonate. Pura d’or Gray Hair Treatment Another product that is useful to reverse the signs of gray naturally is Pura d’or Gray Hair Treatment. This shampoo is chemical-free and doesn’t cause many of the chronic damage conditions, including graying. The shampoo doesn’t contain preservatives, artificial fragrance or color, gluten, parabens, DEA or sodium lauryl sulfate. Components include Argan oil, tea tree oil, vitamin B complex, He Shou Wu and other natural ingredients which nourish the follicles. The gentle shampoo stimulates melanocytes which encourage the production of melanin protein. It only requires about four to six week of daily shampooing to see a restoration of naturally pigmented hairs. This shampoo is appropriate for all types and can be used daily. Another wonderful natural product of today that will restore natural color is YOUTHAIR creme. Daily application of this cream will result in a restoration to natural hair color in about three week. The product is intended to be applied to the hair and combed throughout on a regular basis. Once the desired color has been achieved, a twice-weekly application will maintain the level of color. The ingredients include water, propylparaben, methylparaben, ceteareth-20, fragrance, lead acetate, Cetearyl alcohol, sulfur, lanolin, mineral, emulsifying wax N. F., glycerin and water. YOUTHAIR is not a dye and it doesn’t rub off or stain clothing and linens. Because the product works with your natural color, it never looks false or brassy. There is no need to worry about matching the natural color, it is your natural color that is achieved. A single-step process makes it as simple to use as a pomade or mousse. All these products are intended to prevent and reverse premature gray hair in various ways. Promoting the increase of pigmentation through Catalase enzyme enhancement is helpful. This allows the buildup of hydrogen peroxide to be reversed and natural pigmentation to be restored. However there is an additional way to deal with premature graying. It can be colored. Using coloring agents is not something that should be attempted by anyone who is not willing to spend the time to understand how the product works and what precautions should be taken. For most people the desired result is to end up with a color that looks natural yet is not too flat or uniform. Most strands are slightly varied in color, so the results should look varied as well. Some strands do not accept the color as well as others, whether gray or pigmented. Generally speaking, the darker the hair color, the better coverage of gray hair will be achieved. Most people find that two or three shades darker than the natural hair color is adequate to achieve good coverage. However, it is possible to go for an exciting new look in a lighter shade than what had been possible in the past. There is no need to dye all of the hair at the same color. Anyone can opt for a lighter shade to highlight or streak his hair. This streaking technique is a great way to hide gray hair while making a man look younger.

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US and EU together make 27% of the world’s total exports and take in 34% of the world’s total imports. But that is not what is really important. Where Europe and the US come into their own in the field of overseas investment. The EU and the US combined make 75% of all Foreign Direct investment in the world. European investment is hugely important to America. Europe provides more than half of all FDI in US (except in Rocky Mountain States where it provides 41%) Texas, New York, and California are the big destinations for European FDI in the US. FDI is responsible for 10% of all output in NY. It is responsible for 25% of output in London, and much of that foreign investment in London comes from the United States. But surely, one might suggest, the emerging markets of China, Brazil and Russia are more important nowadays? US investment in China is only70% of US investment in Ireland. US investment in Brazil is only 70% of its investment in Spain. US investment in Russia is 50% that in Italy. In 2009, US FDI fell by 44% pa to Europe … but by 185% to China. So Europe is holding its own in relative terms. Europe is still the place where a vital part of America’s wealth is kept. And it is the same in reverse. What does this mean in practice? It means that we own part of one another. We have a bigger stake in one another than either of us has in anyone else. HOW IS THE WORLD CHANGING? But the world is changing. Since 1989, it could be argued that the world is experiencing a bigger supply side shock than any that has occurred since the European discovery of the Americas, that discovery transformed the world economy by opening up new supply sources of raw materials. Since 1989, there has been an equally dramatic increase in the worlds available supply of labour, as billions of Chinese, Indian , Brazilian and other emerging market workers entered the world market and, thanks to IT, are now , able to perform tasks for Europeans and Americans, that previously could only be done in Europe and America .For example Indian radiologists can now read US X Ray results without ever leaving India.. 3 billion new people joined the world economy in the 1990’s That is a huge change. As a result, even in the midst of a crisis caused a bigger loss in wealth in western countries than occurred in 1929, 5 of the world’s 7 billion people are seeing their living standards improve, and are enjoying new opportunities their parents could only have dreamed of. That is the other side of globalisation. As China’s rural population joins its export economy, they add the equivalent of an entire French or Italian workforce to the world’s available workforce every year. China produced 1% of worlds GDP in 1980, it produces 11% today and that share is rising fast. WHAT EFFECT IS GLOBAL CHANGE HAVING ON OUR SOCIETY? The effects of all this are only beginning to be felt. It is highly disruptive, just as the discovery of the Americas was disruptive to medieval Europe!. Globalisation is redistributing income and wealth within our own societies, because some people can gain from it, the educated and the well placed, while others, with few skills and facing new Chinese and Indian competitors, can only lose. Making sure those among us who lose are helped is a matter for ourselves, not for the Chinese or the Indians. Protectionism is not the answer. The fear of unemployment corrodes confidence. The median duration of unemployment here in the US is now 20 weeks, twice what it was in the 1981/2 recession. 20% of men between 25 and 54 are not working now, as against 5% of that age group who were not working in the mid 1960’s. This follows a period in the 1990s, when the rate of growth in wealth has far outpaced that in jobs. For ten years we had jobless growth. In Europe we have another problem, that of people retiring too early. Only 46% of people over 55 are still at work in Europe, as against 62% here in the United States. AN INCREASED RELIANCE ON THE FINANCIAL SECTOR Both Europe and the United States have come to rely heavily on the financial sector as a source of jobs. The financial sectors share of EU GDP was 30% just before the crisis. It was only 13% in 1970. The financial sector has become increasingly concentrated. The three biggest banks in the UK already were worth 200% of British GDP in 2005. By 2008 they were worth 400% of it. In Europe the financial sector It made 42% of all profits in 2008, as against 25% in the mid 1980’s. It also attracted the biggest share of the talent coming out of our universities. This was placing a very big bet on one horse. THE TRANSFORMATIONS WE WILL HAVE TO MAKE Both Europe and the United States are going to have to undertake a huge transformation of our economies, to identify and capture the niches in the world economy where we will enjoy a comparative advantage against our competitors in Asia and the other emerging economies. We will be competing for resources, human, material and financial, with a whole range of new competitors that were not there before. As we seek to transform our economies, we can afford to let no capital go to waste, least of all can we afford to waste human capital. Unemployment is a waste of human capital, and a permanent diminution in the earning power of people, even when they eventually get back to work. How much human capital is wasted when a young person leaves school without a qualification? I do not know the answer. We do not measure that, but just because something is hard to measure, does not mean that it does not count. It is not all about throwing more resources at the problem. Ireland spends 5700 dollars per elementary school pupil, but gets better test results in international comparisons in reading, science and math than does the US, which spends 9156 dollars per pupil. But South Korea has more students per teacher than either Ireland or the United States does, and gets far better test results than either. Any response to the challenge of the emerging markets has to start with education. We need skills if we are to compete. 50% of Japan’s 25 to 34 year olds have a university degree, 40% of Americans in that age group do, but only 30% of Europeans. We have to ask very hard questions about how well our education is preparing people for the entirely new world in which they must compete. Are they adaptable enough? Do they have the language skills in Chinese, Portuguese and Spanish? Are too much of our resources going to things that do not add to our competitiveness? HEALTHCARE- IS IT ABSORBING TOO MUCH RESOURCES? Healthcare, which might more accurately be described as illness care, is absorbing an ever increasing share of our resources – 25% of US Federal spending today, as against 11% in 1980. Europe does not spend quite as much, but the upward trend in Europe is just as fast. I was really surprised to see the main Opposition party in a major European country recently promise to cut spending in every area, presumably including education, but to exempt health spending. That is the wrong priority. If we take note of the fact that baby boomer generation will soon retire, and of the fact that their health and pensions will have to be paid for by a much smaller generation of people of working age, this sort of promise makes little sense. It is not the best use of scarce resources. GREECE AND THE EURO That brings me to the problem of Greece and the eurozone,. and to the problems of Portugal, Spain, and other eurozone countries with large deficits and debts. The problem may present itself as a problem of borrowing or of exchange rates. But they are only symptoms of the real problem which is the misallocation of increasingly scarce resources. Scarce resources being committed to the wrong things in Greece and the other countries in difficulty. Or as economists like to describe it, it is a structural problem. In Greece, people can retire too early on a state pension, taxes are not collected efficiently, and the bureaucracy is overstaffed. That is poor use of scarce resources. In Spain and Ireland, too much resources were ploughed into building houses, again a poor use of scarce resources, in a notoriously cyclical sector of the economy. There will be no default by Greece or any other European country. As the economist Charles Wyplosz recently told the European Parliament, “No European country has any reason to default because they have all the taxing ability to raise enough resources to service their debts and because a default would cause enormously costly disruption” The problems of Greece do not call the euro into question. Of course the euro exchange rate that suits Germany might not always suit Italy. But the dollar exchange rate that suits New York might not always suit Michigan. In both cases the former can live with a stronger currency than the latter, but have to hang together because they do not want to hang separately. IMPROVING THE WAY THE EURO IS MANAGED The pact that governs the euro, the Stability and growth Pact, needs to be improved. The assumptions, on which national budgets are prepared, must be consistent and honest. They should be independently vetted. Opposition parties need to be part of that vetting process, so they are not taken by surprise by the state of the finances if the take over power, as the new Greek Government was. The mystery and the secrecy should be taken out of budget making in Europe. That will go a long way toward introducing greater discipline, because no one really wants to be seen pass on big liabilities to their children. A European Monetary Fund to provide fiscal policy insurance to member states of the euro is a good idea, especially if it involves higher premiums having to be paid by countries which are running excessively big deficits, ones that are not caused by short term problems that will reverse themselves. Just as China cannot run a policy that privileges exports, neither can Germany. An export led policy will only work as long as other people can afford to import. It took Germany twenty years of investment to make a success of reunification with the ex Communist east.. A tremendous achievement. In that period, it needed to save. Now, it needs to provide a market for its trading partners, just as the United States did after World War two, helping the recovery of Europe and Japan . It can do that by liberalising its economy, including liberalising shop opening hours. Within the EU, economic policy is a matter of common interest. That is what the EUTreaty says. German consumers can help the Greek recovery by taking a holiday in Greece, and buying some Greek wine! That is the best way to ensure that the German banks that have bought Greek bonds get all their money back, with interest! We must avoid a big disagreement across the Atlantic on how to change the rules governing finance so we can minimise the risk of another bubble economy. This is no small risk. We should not forget that our efforts to deal with the dot com bubble, contributed to the build up of the sub prime bubble. We are not going to have exactly the same rules in the EU and in the US. Our political systems and traditions are very different. But we should aim at equivalence and mutual recognition, rather than at having the same rules. But we must avoid a situation where bad practices creep back in because we are competing to have more lax rules in order to steal business from one another. Remuneration of top people in finance is controversial. Incomes in our societies have become more unequal in many sectors, not just banking. That inequality reduces a sense of mutual solidarity, which is an important value for Europeans. It makes it harder to persuade taxpayers that it is in their own interests to pursue pro business policies. A distinction might perhaps be made between rewarding top employees with company stock, where they share in the downside risk, and stock options where they can avoid risk and have only potential gain. USING THE CRISIS AS A LEVER FOR CHANGE Should we be optimistic or pessimistic? It is not an original thought but we should look the opportunity the crisis creates. The crisis should make it possible to make changes that it would be harder to get people to agree to in calmer times. Let us not forget that 50% of today’s Fortune 500 companies were formed during a bear market. Microsoft was formed in 1979. The 1991-93 recession in Finland led to the creation of Nokia. Every segment of our society –our political system, our educational system, our healthcare system- must ask itself it is contributing all it can to innovation, to cost cutting, and to the building up of human and material capital that will enable our societies to meet the huge economic challenge of the emerging economies. Speech to The Financial Services Roundtable in the St Regis Hotel, New York on 18th March 2010

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Companies are often compelled to report security incidents such as data breaches to regulators. Companies in the UK, for example, will be legally obligated under GDPR to inform the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) if they suffer a breach involving personal information of customers or employees. Similar obligations exist under the likes of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) in the U.S. or the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) in Canada. Why don’t businesses report cybercrimes, and are the reasons behind their reluctance justified? Businesses are underreporting cybercrimes Law enforcement agencies worldwide are rarely ever sure how many cyber crimes are being committed. In the UK, the gap between the Office of National Statistics’ annual crime survey and the number of crimes reported to Action Fraud, the UK’s national fraud and cybercrime reporting center, has been in the millions over recent years. A 2016 report by Barclays and the Institute of Directors found only 28% of cyberattacks against businesses in the UK were reported to the police. In the U.S., the FBI’s Internal Crime Complaint Center (IC3) reveals that just over 350,000 cyber crimes were reported to it in 2018, yet estimates only 15% of victims report their crimes to law enforcement. “If you think about a physical crime, the first people you call is the police,” Ian Dyson, commissioner of the City of London Police, said during the Cyber Trends 2019 event at London’s Mansion House in May. “Does that happen in the world of cyber? Are we the first port of call, or the last resort?” Why are businesses reluctant to report cybercrimes? A main reason behind the disparity is because many organizations are faced with the simple question of “what’s the point?” Identifying threat actors, especially when attacks come from abroad, is notoriously difficult. Law enforcement will be unlikely to help restore operations or prevent your stolen data from switching hands. Though the FBI’s Recovery Asset Team (RAT) claims a high recovery rate of assets, recovery of money can be difficult unless acted quickly upon. “The interest that a company has when a data breach occurs is to remedy the situation for itself, shore up any internal deficiencies that it has, ensure that this doesn’t happen again, and to fulfill its legal obligations in terms of notifying affected parties and regulators,” says C. Andrew Konia, data security partner at law firm McGuireWoods. “The FBI’s interest is to identify and track down and prosecute the perpetrator and bring that perpetrator to justice,” says Konia. “I think companies often may feel that it’d be great to get the guy or girl that perpetrated this, but the crime is done. These hackers are hard to find, and you’ve got enough to deal with in a data breach without getting law enforcement involved to try to find somebody that is never going to be found. There’s no legal requirement to report that and it may be viewed as a time drain.” Difficulty in attribution and a general lack of prosecution can also cause an apathy regarding reporting. According to the National Crime Agency (NCA), there is an average of one arrest per day relating to cybercrime in the UK, the majority of which are young people launching low-level attacks rather than the sophisticated groups behind serious or large-scale campaigns. Also, the fact the police may find a one-off incident involving a small amount of money or information not worth their time means companies may not see any point in reporting the incident. “Companies may be reluctant to report such cybercrimes because of the time and expense that this might require, and the perception that it is not likely to result in recovery to the business,” says Scott Pink, special counsel at O’Melveny & Myers. “The primary reason would be that the incident does not justify the time and expense of getting law enforcement involved and is better handled internally.” In fact, beyond doing nothing, some companies may fear that getting law enforcement involved may disrupt business further as they look to investigate incidents. “There’s this thought that the FBI or the Secret Service may descend upon these companies and try to take over that investigation,” says Konia. “That is, according to law enforcement, not true. These law enforcement agencies do not have any interest in taking over your investigation. They have an interest in finding the perpetrator.” “In reality, those two may conflict, especially if this is a large data breach with significant consequences for the general population, and a company may find itself dealing with a lot of requests from the FBI when all it’s trying to do is focus on remediating the incident internally and taking care of its legal obligations externally,” says Konia. During his presentation at the Cyber Security and Cloud Expo last month, Ben Russell, head of cyber threat response at the UK’s NCA, acknowledged that some companies worry that evidence gathering may impact business, but said that the police “do not put up police tape or put police cars outside of companies that suffer cyberattacks,” adding that investigations rarely affect business operations. If incidents involve insiders, says Steven Richards, a partner in the Dispute Resolution group for UK legal firm Foot Anstey, companies might see more benefit in not reporting it. “If the objective is getting money or data back, then the answer is that there isn’t much benefit [in reporting to law enforcement],” he says. As priorities in such situations will be on recovering whatever money or information was stolen over sending the perpetrator to prison, companies may wish to keep it out of criminal courts and keep proceedings within civil courts. Companies can have civil and criminal claims running in parallel, but courts will usually give precedence to the criminal claims and criminal proceedings will have to run their course first before an organization can start trying to reclaim what was lost. “If you want to get your money or assets back, it’s much better to take control and do it through the civil courts,” Richards says. “If you’re still minded to shop them to the police afterward or you still want justice, you can think about that later.” Reporting unlikely to lead to bad press and regulator reprisal Another reason companies don’t report is the worry that reporting an incident will lead to it becoming public knowledge. “Organizations are understandably worried about reputation, but that is a misinformed calculation,” the NCA’s Russell said during his presentation. “Public disclosure would only happen at court long after an attack has been mitigated.” City of London Commissioner Dyson said that although he understands that reputations can be at stake as a result of such incidents, he “challenges anyone to show me where the police have breached confidentiality. Reporting is not a risk.” Given that breaches often hit the headlines regardless of whether a company has acknowledged there’s been an incident, reporting to law enforcement is the least likely avenue for such news to be released. Realistically, if a breach ever is discussed in public by law enforcement – for example in court if the perpetrators are caught and charged – this will be months, if not years down the line and long dealt with by the business. As the share prices of the likes of Maersk and Norsk Hydro proved, a well-managed public response to a breach doesn’t have to adversely negatively affect a company once operations are restored. Companies that have a requirement to report incidents to regulators may worry that law enforcement will inform on a company if they have failed (or delayed) to do that. However, the UK’s National Cyber Security Centre has promised that is will not share information reported to with the ICO without first seeking the consent of the victim organization, while the NCA has made similar assurances. Likewise, in the U.S., FBI Director Christopher Wray last year promised that his agency will “treat victim companies as victims” and sharing information provided by companies to other agencies was not its responsibility. “I think that is a hang-up that a lot of people have,” says Konia, “that notifying law enforcement somehow makes it public or somehow the FBI would share that information with regulators, but in this case these companies are victims, and the FBI has promised to treat them as such.” During incidents such as ransomware, some companies may go against the advice of law enforcement and pay the ransom. A survey by AppRiver suggests over half of small- to medium-sized businesses would be willing to pay in the event of a ransomware attack, while SentinalOne research from 2017 found that only 54% of companies that had suffered a ransomware attack in the previous 12 months actually reported the incident to law enforcement. While a company may be on shaky moral ground around enabling criminals by giving them money, it would be unlikely to face punishment for paying a ransom and then reporting it to law enforcement. Business benefits to reporting cybercrime While reporting may not help remediate the individual incident a company has suffered, there may be benefits in the longer term. As the recent takedown of the GozNym criminal network showed, law enforcement can work with foreign counterparts to stop organized cybercrime gangs, which can help reduce the number of attacks your business faces. Konia says that the likes of the FBI are large federal agencies with lot of resources and a lot of experience in this field, and can be useful to have onside. “It may make a company’s investigation easier by having these experts at the ready. I know that when we have had clients contact law enforcement and the FBI in particular, they have given some very interesting insights, assistance and knowledge.” “The FBI can be a resource, and I think they want to be viewed as a resource,” Konia adds. “They can do other things. They can compel the disclosure of data for an internet service provider. They can work with foreign counterparts. They may be able to secure reporting extensions, in some cases.” Companies reporting to law enforcement can help provide information toward intelligence-sharing efforts, such as the FBI’s Infraguard or the NCSC’s CiSP program. Given that many victim companies will be one of a number of victims, all of which will be collecting different amounts and types of data relating to that attack, one company’s specific data breach might have clues related other data breaches that law enforcement could use in their investigations. If an organization discovers evidence of an ongoing business email compromise attack, for example, informing law enforcement may help shut that down before too much damage is done. At the Mansion House event, Commander Karen Baxter, a national coordinator for economic crime at the City of London Police, urged businesses to report crimes to aid wider investigations. “You might have the missing part of the jigsaw when it comes to intelligence,” she said. A less direct benefit is that it can help with incident recovery on the insurance and compliance side. “When you’re reporting these breaches to regulators,” says Konia, “it’s a good story to tell: ‘Look, we did everything that we could here, we properly investigated it, remediated it, and reported it, and we also thought that law enforcement might be able to help us and so we reported to law enforcement as well.’” Foot Anstey’s Richards adds that reporting is both helpful and sometimes necessary when it comes to insurance, as insurers will want to know there has been a cybercrime and ask for a crime reference number when a claim is submitted. Should companies report to law enforcement? While both Konia and Richards are reluctant to say that they would always advise firms to contact the police or other agencies, they both acknowledge it can be helpful. “I will say that generally speaking, I am pro notification; I think it can help the client,” says Konia. “You never know when a lead or an incident that that may seem meaningless, or a cold case or cold trail may actually be useful to them.” “I think there’s a difference between saying ‘should we report it,’ as opposed to ‘are we actually going to get a real benefit from reporting it to the police.’ Those are the two different questions,” says Richards. “If it’s a private fraud in the sense that you know who the fraudster is, then generally I don’t think that they are prime cases to go to the police. I think where you’ve got an unknown cybercrime or it’s a large scale complex international fraud, then invariably, you should and could get the police involved.” O’Melveny & Myers’s Pink says the decision to report has to consider the nature of the incident, the scope of the harm or potential harm, whether the incident is significant enough that law enforcement would actually pursue it, and how getting law enforcement involved would impact the business in terms of costs and resources it must dedicate to the law enforcement investigation and the benefit to the business of a successful outcome.

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Category: Buddhism Views: 4484 JATAKA TALES AND OTHER BUDDHIST STORIES The Buddha was a great storyteller and often told stories to get his message across. Stories were also told about the Buddha by his followers both to explain and understand the Dharma. These stories have been passed down to the present day and the most popular ones are the Jataka tales, a collection of hundreds of tales about the Buddha's past lives. They show the kind of life one should lead to become a Buddha one day. In many of these stories, the Buddha appears as an animal to teach the value of qualities such as kindness, compassion, and giving. The Monkey King and the Mangoes Once upon a time, the Buddha came into the world as a Monkey King and ruled over 80,000 monkeys. He was very tall and strong and had wisdom like the sun. In his kingdom on the banks of the Ganges River, there was a mango tree as big as the moon. The 80,000 monkeys jumped from branch to branch chattering and eating the lovely fruit that was big and sweet and delicious. Sometimes a ripe mango fell into the river. One day, the Monkey King strolled downstream and came upon a river palace where a human king lived. "Soon danger will come if the mangoes float downstream," he told the monkeys. "Pick all the mangoes and flowers on the trees and take them deep into the forest." But one mango, hidden by a bird's nest, was left unseen by the 80,000 monkeys. When it was large and ripe, it fell into the river and floated downstream where the human king was bathing. The human king, who was very curious, tasted the beautiful mango. "This is delicious!' he exclaimed. "I must have more. Servants, find all the mangoes and bring them to me at once!" Deep in the forest, the servants found hundreds of mango trees. In the trees were the 80,000 monkeys. When the human king heard about the monkeys, he was very angry, "The monkeys are eating my mangoes. Kill them all!" he ordered his archers. "Very well," said the archers and chased the monkeys to the edge of the forest where they came to a deep cliff. There was no way for the monkeys to escape. Shivering with fright, they ran to the Monkey King asked, "What shall we do?" "Don't be afraid. I will save you," said their king. Quickly, he stretched his huge body as far as possible and made a bridge over the cliff to a bamboo grove on the other side. "Come monkeys, run across my back to the bamboo grove," he called. And so the 80,000 monkeys escaped. The human king watched all that happened. He was amazed, "This Monkey King has risked his life to save his whole troop! And all I'm doing is being selfish. I have learned a great lesson." Then he called to his archers, "Put down your bows. It isn't right to kill this King of Monkeys." Forgetting about the mangoes, the human king went back to his palace by the river and ruled kindly and wisely for the rest of his life. The Deer King Long ago in a forgotten forest, lived a deer named Banyan. He was golden like the sun and his horns glistened like silver. His body was as large as a colt and his eyes sparkled like jewels-alight with wisdom. He was a King of Deer and watched over a herd of 500 deer. Not far away, another herd of deer was watched over by another golden deer named Branch. In the tall grass and shadows of the deep forest, the two herds lived in peace. One day, the King of Benares was out on a hunt and spied the beautiful green forest where the deer lived. "What a perfect hunting ground!" he declared and into the forests he dashed with his thousands of hunters and came upon the two herds of deer. Without a moment's hesitation, he notched an arrow in his bow. Suddenly he spotted the two golden deer. Never had he seen such beautiful creatures! "From this day on," he commanded, "No one is to harm or kill these golden deer." Thereafter, he came to the forest everyday and killed more deer than was needed for his dinner table. As the weeks went by, many deer were wounded and died in great pain. Finally Banyan Deer called the two herds together, "Friends, we know there is no escape from death, but this needless killing can be prevented. Let the deer take turns going to the chopping block, one day from my herd and the next day from Branch's herd." All the deer agreed. Each day the deer whose turn it was went to the chopping block on the edge of the forest and laid its head upon the block. One day, the turn fell to a pregnant doe from Branch's herd. She went to Branch Deer and begged, "Grant that I be passed over until after my fawn is born. Then I will gladly take my turn." Branch Deer replied, "It is your turn. You must go." In despair, the poor doe went to Banyan Deer and explained her plight. He gently said, "Go rest in peace. I will put your turn upon another." The deer king went and laid his golden head upon the chopping block. A deep silence fell in the forest. When the king of Benares came and saw the golden deer ready for sacrifice, his heart skipped a beat, "You are the leader of the herd," he exclaimed, "You should be the last to die!" Banyan Deer explained how he had come to save the life of the doe. A tear rolled down the cheek of the king. "Golden Deer King," he exclaimed. "Among men and beasts, I have not seen one with such compassion. Arise! I spare both your life and hers. "So we will be safe. But what shall the rest of the deer do?" "Their lives I shall also spare." "So the deer will be safe, but what will the other four-footed animals do?" "From now on they too will be safe." "And what of the birds?" "I will spare their lives." "And the fish in the water" "The fish shall be spared - all creatures of the land, sea, and sky will be free." Having saved the lives of all creatures, the golden deer raised his head from the chopping block and returned to the forest. The Wounded Swan One day when Prince Siddhartha and his cousin Devadatta were walking in the woods, they saw a swan. Quickly, Devadatta drew his bow and shot the swan down. Siddhartha rushed to the wounded swan and pulled out the arrow. He held the bird in his arms and caressed it. Devadatta angrily shouted at Prince Siddhartha, "Give me the swan. I shot it. It belongs to me!" "I shall never give it to you, You will only kill it!" said the prince firmly. "Let's ask the ministers of the court and let them decide." The ministers all had different views. Some said, "The swan should be given to Devadatta." Others said, "It should go to Prince Siddhartha." One wise minister stood up and said, "A life belongs to one who saves it, not to one who will destroy it. The swan goes to the prince." Prince Siddhartha took care of the swan until it could fly again. Then he turned it loose so it could live freely with its own kind. Aniruddha and the Golden Rabbit Once there was a poor farmer who offered his only bowl of rice to a holy man who was even poorer than he. This meant he would have nothing to eat that day. He went back to his work and forgot all about having given his rice away. Suddenly a rabbit hopped alongside the farmer and jumped on his back. The surprised farmer tried to brush it off. He tried to shake it off, he tried to knock it off, but the rabbit would not bulge. He ran home to his wife, crying, "Get this rabbit off my back!" By this time the rabbit had turned into solid gold! The wife flipped the rabbit into the air. It hit the floor with a "Crackkk!" One of its golden legs broke off and another one magically grew in its place. From that day on, whenever the farmer and his wife needed money, they would break off a piece of the golden rabbit. And from that life onward, Aniruddha was never poor. This was his reward for giving. A LESSON IN MEDITATION Concentration on the Breath A very simple way of meditating is concentrating on your breath. The breath is like a bridge between your body and mind. When you concentrate on your breath for a while, your body becomes relaxed and your mind becomes peaceful. Sit in a comfortable position with your back straight. Place your hands in your lap with the left hand on the bottom. Keep your eyes half-closed or closed. Concentrate on the tip of your nose. Notice your breath going in and out. Full-lotus- Sit on the edge of a cushion. Place your left ankle on your right thigh. Then lift your right ankle onto your left thigh. Half-lotus- Lift your left ankle onto your right thigh. by little. You may sit in a chair or stand if necessary. Continue reading here: Glossary and Sources - Part 8 ॐ Namasté - Blessings! © 2008-2020 crystalwind.ca. All rights reserved. Who is Online Now We have 1207 guests and no members online

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carefully then how you walk, not as unwise but as wise, Notes Regarding the Characters in Pilgrim's Progress The Cross - Christian's tears, amidst his gladness, intimate that deliverance from guilt, by faith in the atoning sacrifice of Christ, tends to increase humiliation, sorrow for sin, and abhorrence of it; though it mingles even those affections with a sweet and solid pleasure. By the “three shining ones”, the author might allude to the ministration of angels as conducive to the comfort of the heirs of salvation; ... And, as the “mark in the forehead” plainly signifies the renewal of the soul to holiness, so that the mind of Christ may appear in the outward conduct, connected with an open profession of faith, while the “roll with a seal upon it” denotes such an assurance of acceptance, as appears most clear and satisfactory, when the believer most attentively compares his views, experiences, desires, and purposes, with the holy Scriptures;" (Scott, p. 121)"I remember that one day as I was travelling into the country and musing on the wickedness and blasphemy of my heart, and considering of the enmity that was in me to God, that scripture came into my mind, ‘He hath made peace by the blood of His Cross.’ By which I was made to see both again and again and again that day that God and my soul were friends by that blood: yea, I saw that the justice of God and my sinful soul could embrace and kiss each other through that blood. That was a good day to me; I hope I shall not forget it.’” (J. Bunyan) The Scroll - "Now, what was that sealed roll but just the inward memory and record of all this pilgrim's experiences of the grace of God from the day he set out on pilgrimage down to that day when he stood unburdened of his guilt, unclothed of his rags, and clothed upon with change of raiment? The roll contained his own secret life, all sealed and shone in upon by the light of God's countenance. Simple, Sloth, and Presumption - "Many may outwardly walk in the ways of religion, and seem to be pilgrims, who are destitute of those ‘things which accompany salvation’. The three allegorical persons next introduced are nearly related; they appear to be pilgrims, but are a little out of the way, asleep, and fettered. Many of this description are found where the truth is preached, as well as elsewhere: they hear and learn to talk about the Gospel; have transient convictions, which are soon quieted; cleave to the world, and rest more securely in the bondage of sin and Satan, by means of their profession of religion. They reject or pervert all instruction, hate all trouble, yet are confident that very thing is and will be well with them, while teachers, after their own hearts, lull them with a syren's song, by confounding the form with the power of godliness; and if any one attempt, in the most affectionate manner to warn them of their danger, they answer ‘Mind you own business; we see no danger; you shall not disturb our composure, or induce us to make so much ado about religion: see to yourselves, and leave us to ourselves.’ Thus they sleep on till death and judgment awake them." (Scott, p. 123) "The true Christian will always be troubled when he thinks of the vain confidence of many professors: but he is more surprised by it at first than afterwards; for he sets out with the idea, that all apparently religious people sincerely seek the salvation of God: but at length experience draws his attention to those parts of Scripture which mention tares among the wheat, and foolish virgins among the wise." (Scott, 124) "Simple - It was not the weakness of his intellects, nor his youth, nor his inexperience. There is danger enough, no doubt, in all these things if they are not carefully attended to, but none of all these things in themselves, nor all of them taken together, will lay any pilgrim by the heels. There must be more than mere and pure simplicity. No blame attaches to a simple mind, much less to an artless and an open heart. There is so much that is not simple and sincere in this world; there is so much falsehood and duplicity; there are so many men abroad whose endeavour is to waylay, mislead, entrap, and corrupt the simple-minded and the inexperienced, that it is next to impossible that any youth or maiden shall long remain in this world both simple and safe also. ... And so, too often in our own land, the maiden in her simplicity also opens her ear to the promises and vows and oaths of the flatterer, till she loses both her simplicity and her soul, and lies buried in that same bottom beside Sloth and Presumption. ... The next time John Bunyan passed that bottom, the chains had been taken off the heels of this sleeping fool and had been put round his neck. "Sloth - Sloth had a far better head than Simple had; but what of that when he made no better use of it. ... I often wonder as I go on working among you, if you ever attach any meaning or make any application to yourselves of all those commands and counsels of which the Scriptures are full, - to be up and doing, to watch and pray, to watch and be sober, to fight the good fight of faith, to hold the fort, to rise early, and even by night, and to endure unto death, and never for one moment to be found off your guard. Do you attach any real meaning to these examples of the psalmists, to these continual commands and examples of Christ, and to these urgent counsels of His apostles? Do you? Against whom and against what do you thus campaign and fight? For fear of whom or of what do you thus watch? What fort do you hold? What occupies your thoughts in night-watches, and what inspires and compels your early prayers? It is your stupefying life of spiritual sloth that makes it impossible for you to answer these simple and superficial questions. ... We [all have] enemies in our own souls that never sleep, whatever we may do. There are no irons on their heels. They never procrastinate. They never say to their master, ‘A little more slumber.’ Now, could you name any hateful enemy entrenched in your own heart, of which you have of yourself said far more than that? And, if so, what have you done, what are you at this moment doing, to cast that enemy out? Have you any armour on, any weapons of offence and precision, against that enemy? And what success and what defeat have you had in unearthing and casting out that enemy? What fort do you hold? On what virtue, on what grace are you posted by your Lord to keep for yourself and for Him? And with what cost of meat and drink and sleep and amusement do you lose it or keep it for Him? "Presumption - Now, what gave this third man who lay in fetters a little beyond the cross the name of Presumption was just this, that he had been at the cross with his past sin, and had left the cross to commit the same sin at the first opportunity. Presumption presumed upon his pardon. He presumed upon the abounding grace of God. He presumed upon the blood of Christ. He was so high on the Atonement, that he held that the gospel was not sufficiently preached to him, unless not past sin only and present, but also all future sin was atoned for on the tree before it was committed. There is a reprobate in Dante [meaning a character in one of his writings], who, all the time he was repenting, had his eye on his next opportunity. Now, our Presumption was like that." (Whyte, p. 112-119) Formalist & Hypocrisy - "The perfect and finished hypocrite is not your commonplace and vulgar scoundrel of the playwright and the penny-novelist type; the finest hypocrite is a character their art cannot touch. ‘The worst of hypocrites,’ Rutherford goes on to say, ‘is he who whitens himself till he deceives himself. It is strange that a man hath such power over himself. But a man's heart may deceive his heart, and he may persuade himself that he is godly and righteous when he knows nothing about it.’ ... Canon Mozley says: ‘The Pharisee did not know that he was a Pharisee. He does not know that he is a hypocrite. The vulgar hypocrite knows that he is a hypocrite because he deceives others, but the true Scripture hypocrite deceives himself.’ And the most subtle teacher of our century, or of any century, has said: ‘What is a hypocrite? We are apt to understand by a hypocrite one who makes a profession of religion for secret ends, without practising what he professes; who is malevolent, covetous, or profligate, while he assumes an outward sanctity in his words and conduct, and who does so deliberately, deceiving others, and not at all self-deceived. But this is not what our Saviour seems to have meant by a hypocrite; nor were the Pharisees such. The Pharisees deceived themselves as well as others.’ ... For the complete and finished hypocrite is not he who thinks that he is better than all other men; that is hopeless enough; but the paragon of hypocrisy is he who does not know that he is worse than all other men. And in his stone-blindness to himself, and consequently to all reality and inwardness and spirituality in religion, you see him intensely interested in, and day and night occupied with, the outside things of religion, till nothing short of a miracle will open his eyes. ... If the light that is in such men be darkness, how great is that darkness." |David G. Barker

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On June 4, 2014, Governor McCrory signed the Energy Modernization Act, which legalizes oil and gas exploration and development in the state of North Carolina. Dr. Sarah Carmichael studies the origins of shale gas and fluid-rock reactions, and answers some frequently asked questions about hydraulic fracturing, shale gas deposits, and the potential for energy resource development in North Carolina. There has been a lot in the news lately about shale gas and fracking. What is shale gas? How is it different than other types of gas or oil? As a geologist, I've seen a lot of confusion in the general public about where it's possible to find shale gas. Shale gas contains a variety of hydrocarbons that are trapped in the tiny pore spaces of shale rock (a very fine-grained sedimentary rock). It's different than traditional oil or gas deposits because unlike other source rocks, the hydrocarbons have not migrated into a reservoir rock (a rock with lots of holes in it, which is easy to extract oil/gas from). Since they're still trapped in the shale, the extraction techniques for traditional gas/oil wells don't work. Hydraulic fracturing a.k.a. "fracking" was developed to bust apart the tiny little pores in the shale and extract the trapped gas. There's a lot of controversy and misinformation about the safety of fracking in the media now (from both the pro-fracking and anti-fracking movements), but I think the best resource to explain how fracking works and the potential groundwater and seismicity issues is the Geological Society of America's Critical Issue document on hydraulic fracturing. It is a non-partisan document written and illustrated for a lay reader, and is fully referenced to the scientific literature for those who are interested in getting more technical information. The Geological Society of America is a professional geoscience organization whose members represent geoscientists from a variety of disciplines. Where do you find shale gas? Shale gas doesn't just happen in random locations - the paleoenvironment has to be just right. You need to have a source of organic carbon (often this is terrestrial material washing into restricted marine basins or lakes, but sometimes it's based on major mass extinction events where lots of marine life dies and leaves a lot of organic carbon behind all at once). You need to have a geologic environment that's capable of preserving organic carbon for millions of years and not cooking it all away through metamorphism (heating and squishing that happens during mountain building events). The map below (from the Energy Information Administration, a federal agency) shows all the locations of currently or potentially economically viable shale gas deposits in the continental US. Much of the shale gas you see in the map above is middle to late Devonian in age (approximately 350-400 million years old). Major mass extinctions punctuated the middle and late Devonian, causing organic carbon (preserved now as natural gas) to be trapped in basins on the North American continent. Scientists like myself are still hashing out what exactly caused these mass extinctions. Regardless of the exact cause (or combination of causes), most of the major shale gas deposits in the US are associated with these ocean anoxia events during the middle and late Devonian (the header image at the top of this page illustrates one of my hypotheses about how this process works). This is what North America looked like in the Late Devonian (modified from http://cpgeosystems.com), where you can see the basins that trapped all the organic material that is now the natural gas that we're extracting via hydraulic fracturing: None of the maps above show any shale gas development in North Carolina. But we've been hearing a lot about the potential for shale gas development here. What areas of the state would be affected by this? Most of the interest that the NC legislature has in potential energy development in NC is in shale gas is in the Triassic basins in the Piedmont. These are not the large shale gas deposits that formed in the Devonian shown in the pictures above; these are very narrow basins that were formed as the Atlantic Ocean was opening up in the Mid-Late Triassic (about 230-210 million years ago). The image above (modified from http://cpgeosystems.com) shows what the landscape would have looked like in NC around the time the rift basins were forming. As Pangaea broke apart to form the Atlantic, there were lots of basins that developed along the east coast of the US. These basins are called "failed rifts" because they did not break apart enough to turn into ocean floor, but instead filled with sediment and stabilized. Those sediments were deposited in restricted lakes and tend to preserve organic carbon. Due to their tectonic environment, though, they also tend to be riddled with faults and often contain sheets of magma (called basalt dikes). The map of NC (below) shows the location of Triassic basins in North Carolina. It's from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) publication Hydrocarbon Source Rocks in the Deep River and Dan River Triassic Basins, North Carolina (PDF) (where you can find more detailed information about these basins). Part of the job of the USGS is to assess energy and mineral resource potential around the country. To put this in context, this is how a Triassic basin looks in cross section (image below from http://www.learnnc.org from the UNC School of Education). The Triassic basins (shown in red) are really pretty narrow and deep in comparison to the established gas fields (such as the Marcellus, Bakken, and Utica shales that span multiple states). Compared to these gas fields in Devonian basins, rift basins represent really, really tiny gas deposits. There has been talk about natural gas development in western NC. What's going on there? There are no Triassic rift basins on the map in those counties (Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Haywood, Jackson, Macon and Swain). There are no Triassic basins in those counties, that's true. However, there are Precambrian rift basins which are hundreds of millions of years older (they were deposited over 640 million years ago!). These Precambrian rift basin sediments are part of the Ocoee Supergroup rocks, which you see in the Great Smoky Mountains and the counties in western NC. The Ocoee Supergroup sediments represent sediments deposited in a rift environment from when the supercontinent Laurentia (which we were once a part of) rifted apart to form the Iapetus Ocean (which is no longer an ocean, it's since been subducted back into the mantle through plate tectonics). This happened before there were plants on land or any marine life besides single-celled organisms. This is what the world looked like in the Precambrian (again, from http://cpgeosystems.com): The potential for natural gas deposits in Precambrian rifts is still unknown. However, the Ocoee Supergroup sediments were metamorphosed to graphite schists and other metamorphic rocks when the Appalachians formed. Metamorphism causes the breakdown of the original minerals and the formation of new minerals under high pressures and temperatures. You can get more information about the types of rocks in this region by going to the USGS map for NC - click anywhere on the map and a window will open telling you what rocks are present. You can see that the Ocoee Supergroup rocks are all classified as metasedimentary rocks (metamorphosed sediments). Graphite (the mineral that makes pencil lead) forms in sediments through the breakdown of hydrocarbons and carbonate minerals during metamorphism. If you have graphite in a metamorphic rock, it means that the available carbon in the rock has reacted with other minerals and fluids (such as iron carbonates, CO2, O2, and sulfide minerals), although the chemical reactions that guide this process are still not well understood since there are so many variabilities in natural systems 1-3. Although hydrocarbons can exist in low-grade metamorphic systems, the fluids often migrate as part of this process4. While it remains unlikely that there are any recoverable hydrocarbons left in most of the rocks that have been metamorphosed under the conditions that the Ocoee Supergroup sediments were subjected to during mountain building, more research on metamorphic hydrocarbon mobility certainly needs to be done. But aren't there test wells being drilled in western NC? The Asheville Citizen-Times reported in June 2014 that DENR (the NC Department of Energy and Natural Resources) would begin drilling test wells in western NC to check for the presence of natural gas deposits. According to Dr. Kenneth Taylor (State Geologist of North Carolina, DENR), this plan has changed since the legislature revised the available exploration budget and test wells in western NC are no longer planned by DENR at the time of this writing (October 2014). Originally, DENR was tasked with testing the rocks in parts of western NC for the available organic carbon content, since the presence of certain metamorphic minerals indicates that the rocks may or may not have reached the thermal conditions that are best for hydrocarbon development and storage. It is important to note that this exploration and testing was requested by the NC legislature (prior to the budget revisions). To my knowledge there have been no oil or gas companies who have been interested in developing the Precambrian rift sediments in western NC. What about Ashe County? I've heard there's going to be gas exploration and development in the northwestern part of the county. The rocks in Ashe and Watauga counties are completely unfit for gas development. They are a mix of very old, high grade metamorphic rocks (like the Cranberry Gneiss, Blowing Rock Gneiss, and Ashe Metamorphic Suite, among others) and lower grade volcanic rocks (the Mt. Rogers Formation). Hydrocarbons cannot be found in any of these types of rocks, as they either have been cooked away hundreds of millions of years ago and/or they was never organic carbon there to begin with. Any fears about fracking in the High Country are totally unfounded. More information specific to the fracking rumors in Ashe County can be found in the Jefferson Post. I've heard that fracking causes earthquakes. Is this true? Fracking in itself causes very minor seismicity. However, injection of formation water back into the ground has been known to be a seismic hazard since the late 1960s. Formation water refers the salty deep groundwater that is extracted from the rock as part of the fracking process. To avoid surface groundwater contamination one of the disposal methods is to inject it back deep underground where it came from. However, care must be taken that injection wells are located in regions that do not contain old faults that can be reactivated as part of the process. The injection-associated earthquakes are not very strong (certainly not as strong as earthquakes seen around plate boundaries, like in California or Japan or Chile), but in areas that are not usually seismically active they do pose a danger, as microfaults or old faults that are normally locked up become "slippery" with injection fluids. The extent of injection well induced seismicity is not yet known, but it is a definite concern to scientists and policy makers.5 What do you think about fracking, personally? I am honestly pretty neutral about the topic. As long as there are proper regulations in place, and these regulations are enforced, I think it can be done safely. Natural gas is less polluting than coal for electricity, and far more efficient. But like any extractive industry, there is always going to be at least some environmental impact. I think it's important to have a national energy policy that balances local environmental impact with the economic needs of a region, and that communities who are going to bear the brunt of the environmental impact are compensated adequately. Unfortunately, this balance doesn't always happen, and existing regulations are not always enforced, resulting in a lot of tension between local communities and industry. Any take-home messages you want to give? Yes! It's important to remember that even if you live on or near a gas deposit, it's not always economical to develop it - this could be due to environmental regulations, technical limitations of how to access the gas, or simply that the potential volume of extractable gas preserved is not worth the start-up and infrastructure costs associated with well development. Well development is very expensive - companies will only invest in a gas well operation if the potential for profit is high. If you are concerned about resource development in your region, remember to step back and ask "what kind of rock do I live on?" - if you're in North Carolina, chances are the rocks you live on are not optimal for hydrocarbon extraction, because so many of the rocks in North Carolina have been highly metamorphosed, cooking away any available oil/gas deposits, or never had enough organic carbon in them to begin with. - Hall, D. L., Bodnar, R. J., & Craig, J. R. (1991). Evidence for postentrapment diffusion of hydrogen into peak metamorphic fluid inclusions from the massive sulfide deposits at Ducktown, Tennessee. Am. Mineral, 76, 1344-1355. - Helgeson, H. C. (1991). Organic/inorganic reactions in metamorphic processes.The Canadian Mineralogist, 29(4), 707-739. - Holloway, J. R. (1984). Graphite-CH4-H2O-CO2 equilibria at low-grade metamorphic conditions. Geology, 12(8), 455-458. - Evans, K. (2011). Metamorphic carbon fluxes: how much and how fast?.Geology, 39(1), 95-96. - Hand, E. (2014). Injection wells blamed in Oklahoma earthquakes. Science, 345(6192), 13-14.

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There are many hidden truths with the history of “Moi-E-Muqqadas”. There are mysteries, fantasies, and betrayal, still engrossed with. “Moi-E-Muqqadas” or Beard hair of Holy Prophet Mohammad is also associated with faith and to some extent linked to mysteries. Although, people believe that the holy relic keeps in Hazrat Bal Mosque in Srinagar. How Beard hair of Holy Prophet Mohammad came to India far away from Medina? How it traveled to in Bijapur, near Hyderabad to Kashmir? There are abundant history behind this. What was there in the place before Hazrat Bal was erected? Where it stands now. Hazrat Syed Abdullah, a descendant of Holy Prophet Mohammad and he was also a trustee of Holy shrine of Medina, traveled to India during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. He reached Bijapur near Hyderabad in the year of 1636 (1046 H). He possessed three holy relics, sacred hair of Prophet, sacred Turban of Hazrat Ali, and Saddle of Hazrat Ali’s Horse which is called Zul Jalal. After his death, his son Syed Hamid became the Mutwali (Custodian) of the holy relics. In his custodian “Moi-E-Muqqadas” or Beard hair of Holy Prophet has been transferred to Khwaja Nur-ud-Din Eshai or Khwaja Nur-ud-Din Ashawari, who was a wealthy Kashmiri businessman. It is still a mystery whether it was given to him or it was sold to him. According to one version, when Khwaja Nur-ud-Din Ashawari met with Syed Hamid, he developed a deep respect for him. During leaving for home, Khwaja Nur-ud-Din Ashawari requested to Syed Hamid for one of the relics but initially he refused. One day in a dream Prophet Mohammad instructed Syed Hamid to give one relic to Khwaja Nur-ud-Din Ashawari. After this dream, Syed Hamid chooses the sacred hair, which was given to him along with Khadim Maidanish. Another version is when his family estate was stripped and found himself unable to take care of the relics. Then he decided to sold the holy relic to Khwaja Nur-ud-Din Ashawari. When Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb came to know about the incident, he had seized the relic and arrested Khwaja Nur-ud-Din Ashawari. He was arrested in Lahore and then imprisoned him in Delhi. The relic was sent to Ajmer and it was enshrined in Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Dargah. Prophet Mohammad appeared in a dream and instructed Aurangzeb to release Kh. Nur-ud-Din Ashawari. Mughal Emperor realized his mistake and allowed him to take the relic to Kashmir but by that time he died in imprisonment. Finally, Moi-E-Muqqadas reached Kashmir along with the body of Kh. Nur-ud-Din Ashawari with full honour in the year of 1700. When the holy relic reached and enshrined, Kashmir (Kashmir Medina Bishud Az Moi Nabi) has become Medina because of the sacred hair of the Prophet. Afterward, the daughter of Kh. Nur-ud-Din Ashawari, Inayat Begum became the custodian of the holy relic. When she was married to Banday family, since then her descendants from Banday family have been the custodian for the holy relic. However, at first, the holy relic was enshrined in Khanquahi Naqashbandia in Srinagar. Later shifted to Baghi Saif Khan and housed in the bungalow (Pleasure House) of Sadiq Khan. Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab – Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab, also known as Hazrat Khawaja Naqshbandh Sahib or Khanquahi Naqashbandia or Khanqah of Khwaja Moinuddin Naqshbandi is a Muslim Shrine (Ziyarat). It is situated in the center of Srinagar and very significant religious place for the Muslims because the “Moi-E-Muqqadas” was kept here before it was moved to HazratBal Masjid. This shrine is named after a great Sufi Khawaja Syed Bha-u-Deen Naqsaband. Budshah Zain-ul-Abidin had built a Shrine for Syed Mohammad Owaisi and after the death of Owaisi in 1484 the shrine was abandoned. Khawja Khawand Mahmood demolished the old shrine in 1633 and used the same material to build the Naqahband shrine. Khawaja Moin-Ud-Din Naqashbandi son of Khawja Khawand Mahmood came to Kashmir to look after the shrine, after the death of his father in 1640 in Lahore. Khawaja Moin-Ud-Din Naqashbandi died in Srinagar and buried at the shrine. I have noticed that most of the Mosque or Shrine in Srinagar are mainly made off with wood and this is also a wooden shrine has some fine panels with Pinjra-Kari style and Khatamband (Small pieces of wood are fitted together to form geometric designs but without the use of nails) ceilings (As much as I could see from the entrance of the shrine). I couldn’t photograph the interiors as they didn’t allow me inside the main shrine. Even I have tried to locate the grave of Khawaja Moin-Ud-Din Naqashbandi. However couldn’t, because all the inscriptions on the graves are written in the Urdu and nobody was there to help me. Location – Nowhatta Hazrat Bal Mosque – Sadiq Khan was Subedar during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. He built a pleasure house called Ishrat Mahal along with a huge garden in the year of 1623 in Kashmir. Emperor Shah Jahan visited Ishrat Mahal in 1634 and he ordered Sadiq Khan to convert the place into a Mosque. Initially, Beard hair of Holy Prophet Mohammad was kept in the Naqashbad Sahib. When a huge crowd of people that flooded the Naqashbad Sahib for a glance at the Moi-e-Muqqades that place seems quite small. In this situation, it was decided to move the relic to HazratBal, then the place was known as Sadiqabad. The present marble structure of the white domed Hazrat Bal is not at all a part of Ishrat Mahal. In the year of 1968, Wakf Board headed by Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah started the construction work on this marble structure. The construction of the mosque was completed in 1979. On 26th December 1963, it was reported that the Holy relic was disappeared from Hazrat Bal Dargah and the news sparked almost like a civil war in Kashmir. On 31 December1963, few days after the disappearance of the relic the Prime minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru made a broadcast to the nation on the same. A committee called Awami Action Committee was formed to recover the relic and finally, on 4 January 1964 holy relic was recovered. Still, the relic displayed in a glass box to the public on special occasions and other holy days. Hazrat Bal which is also known as Assar-e-Sharief, Madinat-us-Sani, and Dargah Sharif. The domed structure of the mosque makes it unique in Kashmir, as this is the sole domed mosque in Srinagar, as other mosques have Pagoda like roofs. This is a most revered pilgrimage in Kashmir as well as in India. This is an epitome of the love and respect. Location – Hazrat Bal Road near Kashmir University. How to reach Hazrat Bal is situated just 10km and Naqshband Sahab is 6Km away from Srinagar and there are several ways to reach those places like By Road, By Shikara ride. Hazrat Bal and Naqshband Sahab are very well connected to Srinagar. You will get Rental Car/Shared Car/Bus from Srinagar, Dal Gate. If you opt for Rental Car, in that case, you have to hire the car for a day and will cost you 2000 – 3000 (NonAC) approx including all site seeing. Shared cars are also available, cost you 20 and Bus fare is 10 from Dal Gate to Hazrat Bal/Naqshband Sahab. Hazrat Bal is situated just opposite of Nishad Bag, which is situated almost at the end of Dal Lake. So you can hire a Shikara and also can enjoy the view of Dal Lake. It will cost you 1000 INR to 2000 INR approx. You must bargain for the rates. There is not any option of Shikara to reach Naqshband Sahab. The nearest airport is Srinagar International airport known as Sheikh Ul Alam International Airport. It is located at Aerodrome Road, Srinagar, approx 12 km from the city, Srinagar. Nearest railway station is Srinagar. - “Archeological Monuments” by A. Iqbal. - “Jammu and Kashmir Guide” by M. Saraf Copyright © BongBlogger you can share this post subject to the conditions that please give due credit to the Author Indrajit Das and do not alter before sharing. Request do not Plagiarize. If you found your photographs here and have issues with that please E-mail me with your requests, I will remove your photographs from the public domain.

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Listen to the podcast: Compassion in health care seems like it should be a given. Doctors enter the demanding field of medicine because they want to help people, and patients want physicians who care deeply about their well-being. So why is there a crisis of compassion in the sector today? Stephen Trzeciak and Anthony Mazzarelli, two physician scientists at Cooper University Health Care in New Jersey, examine that topic in their new book, Compassionomics: The Revolutionary Scientific Evidence That Caring Makes a Difference. Relying on evidence gathered from hundreds of studies, the authors make the case for why compassion leads to better outcomes for patients and lower rates of burnout for practitioners. Trzeciak, who is chief of medicine at Cooper as well as chair of medicine at Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, joined the Knowledge@Wharton radio show on SiriusXM to talk about bringing more compassion into the practice of medicine. (Listen to the podcast at the top of this page.) An edited transcript of the conversation follows. Knowledge@Wharton: How do you define compassion? Stephen Trzeciak: Nomenclature is important in any scientific discipline, and compassionomics is no different. Researchers define compassion as an emotional response to another’s pain or suffering involving an authentic desire to help. It’s slightly different from a very closely related term of empathy. Empathy is the feeling, understanding or detecting of another’s emotions and resonating with that. Compassion takes it one step further and means taking action to help alleviate that to some extent. Knowledge@Wharton: I’ve seen reports that say doctors often don’t feel like they have the time to provide empathy. How much does that factor into this issue? Trzeciak: Empathy is vital because if you don’t detect or understand another’s emotional state, you’re not going to be inclined to take action with compassion to help alleviate it. A study from 2012 published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine found that 56% of physicians said they don’t have time for compassion. That was a piece of data among many that indicated to Anthony Mazzarelli and I that there is, in fact, a compassion crisis in health care. You may say we have a compassion crisis in society at large, and that’s a topic for a different day. I’m going to stay in my lane as a physician scientist and just speak to the effects of compassion. “If you don’t detect or understand another’s emotional state, you’re not going to be inclined to take action with compassion to help alleviate it.” There is abundant data in the medical literature showing that we have a compassion crisis in health care. Survey data shows that nearly half of Americans believe that the U.S. health care system is not compassionate. Nearly half of Americans believe that health care providers are not compassionate. This is coupled with evidence that physicians, specifically, miss 60% to 90% of opportunities to respond to patients with compassion. And more survey data shows that two-thirds of Americans have had a meaningful health care experience with a striking lack of compassion. This is coupled now in the era of electronic health records, where there are rigorous data to show that health care providers spend more time looking into computer screens than looking their patients in the eyes. Based on all of these data, we conclude that we have a compassion crisis. But the next question is, does it matter? Does compassion really matter? Knowledge@Wharton: I would think a lot of people would say it is a huge component not only in terms of the relationship between patient and doctor, but also in the success of the organization as well. Would you agree? Trzeciak: Absolutely. The vast majority of health care providers, I’d say 99.9%, believe that compassion is vital to health care, in one sense — as an “ought.” We ought to treat people with compassion. In Compassionomics, we did a two-year journey through the biomedical evidence not only to test whether or not compassion mattered in a moral or ethical, or emotional or sentimental sense, but does it actually matter in a scientific sense? Is there scientific evidence that caring makes a difference for patients, for patient care and for the health care providers themselves? That’s to your point about organizations. It is absolutely vital that we have compassion in health care because there is striking evidence in the literature that more compassion is associated with lower burnout. Therefore, compassion on the part of health care providers isn’t just good for the receiver of compassion, it’s actually good for the giver, too. Knowledge@Wharton: How does compassion factor into Cooper and your role there? Trzeciak: I’ll answer that in two ways — first, personal. I’m an intensivist, so I practice intensive care medicine. The way I describe that job is that I meet people on the worst day of their life. That’s what we do in critical care. I came to the realization after 20 years working in ICU that I had almost every symptom of burnout. What was I supposed to do? There’s evidence of treatments for health care provider burnout. Most of it was not super compelling. I was aware of the evidence that more compassion is associated with more fulfillment in one’s career as well as building resilience and resistance to burnout. So, I did an experiment for myself. I’m a physician scientist. I do research. This was my N-of-1 experiment, where I was the only subject in the experiment. I tested the hypothesis that working very hard to care more and connect more would actually transform my experience, and that was when the fog of burnout began to lift for me. Then I’ll answer the question in another way. As a leader in the organization and chief of medicine, and after curating all the data and putting it together in this book, I am aware every day of how much compassion matters, not only in meaningful ways, but also measurable ways. We are now taking a new approach and looking at that in every aspect of what we do. Knowledge@Wharton: What does this focus on compassion mean for the business of the health care industry? “There is abundant data in the medical literature showing that we have a compassion crisis in health care.” Trzeciak: That’s a great question and an important question, and obviously a big question, as health care is once again at the forefront of all the headlines in the 2020 election cycle. We spend $3.3 trillion in health care in general. Where does compassion matter there? I think it’s important to break it down from what perspective. There’s the societal perspective, and then there’s the health care system perspective. One is if you’re an American, the other is if you’re a CEO of an organization. I’ll start with that one. There is clear evidence in the biomedical literature that compassion for patients is a profound driver of business. When you ask patients what they look for in a health care provider or specifically a physician, they don’t say the technical things because they just assume that’s a given, that the doctor knows what he or she is doing. What they want is the relational aspect, and that has been borne out in study after study after study. What is largely called patient experience is a profound driver of business in health care. But we also found that compassion communicates competence. There is a lot of research that shows that when patients are treated with compassion, they perceive the health care provider to be more competent. Clearly, you’re going to have trouble building a practice if people don’t think you’re competent. On the other side is the societal perspective, and there you’re not so focused on revenues. There are numerous studies, most of them coming from the primary care domain and family medicine, specifically, showing that compassionate, patient-centered care with a strong personal connection with a physician is associated with lower discretionary resource use — fewer diagnostic tests, fewer referrals to specialists, fewer unnecessary hospital admissions and lower total health care charges. Our thinking is that if you spend more time with the personal connection, maybe you don’t need so many tests and referrals. Health care providers who do not have that personal connection with patients more often use tests and technologies as opposed to talking. Knowledge@Wharton: Can you talk about compassion being part of the decision-making process in selecting a doctor? Trzeciak: We devote a whole section of Compassionomics to this issue of the finances and the business of health care. Obviously, a big part of that is how you go about selecting a physician. There is a study of 7 million online reviews of physicians, and what the investigators found is that just over half of those reviews were focused on the personal connection, what we call the caring parts of health care, compassion for patients obviously being a cornerstone of that relationship. A minority of the reviews were focused on some technical aspects of how wonderful a physician was or not. So, when you look at what patients are looking for in a physician, as well as how they evaluate physicians, it is that relational component that is so vital to patients. Knowledge@Wharton: Are medical schools teaching about compassion? Trzeciak: I love that question. It’s a vital question. We talk about this whole section of the book on nature versus nurture. Can you learn compassion? I will tell you that my mind was changed as we went through this two-year journey through the scientific evidence because I used to believe that you were either wired for compassion or you’re not. It’s something in the fabric of who you are or maybe in your DNA, but it isn’t something that can be learned. Then I saw the data. There is an abundance of data that compassionate behaviors can, in fact, be taught and learned. The key word is behavior. We’re not talking about what one believes in their mind as they care for another person, but how do they behave towards the patient and how does that effectively communicate compassion or not? This is a vital part of medical education. Historically, medical schools have always had a component on the doctor/patient relationship. But in our book, both Anthony and I believe that we have underestimated the power of compassion. We’ve thought about it in the moral/ethical/emotional sense, but we haven’t thought about it in a scientific way. “It is absolutely vital that we have compassion in health care because there is striking evidence in the literature that more compassion is associated with lower burnout.” Of the 430 references in the book, there are 250 original science research studies from peer review journals, so we put a lot of rigor to this. What we found is that compassion matters not only in meaningful ways, but also in measurable ways. In medical schools, what we believe we ought to do is have an awakening to the rigor that’s there if we just look at it that way. And we curated all the data in this book. Part of what I do as a professor is interview medical school candidates. I talk to the person first before I look at any of their data, their standardized testing. I want to know if the candidate can connect with a person. Sometimes there are just incredibly warm people that I know can talk to any patients, and sometimes not. In my estimate, that’s a really big thing. If they were not in the top of the candidates, they wouldn’t be sitting in the chair. I already know that they have incredible test scores. I already know that they aced all their classes in college. Our medical school has made some of the lists for one of the hardest schools to get into in the country because we have exceptionally high standards for that sort of rigor. I know everybody who’s a candidate sitting in the chair can do the work; then I just look at the personal factors and how they can connect with people. Knowledge@Wharton: Do you differentiate the need for compassion with somebody who is, say, a general practitioner in comparison to a surgeon? Or somebody who works in a cancer center in comparison to the emergency room? Trzeciak: Across different caregiver roles, there are different opportunities for compassion. For example, I’m an intensive care doctor. The majority of my patients are unconscious. I can’t actually talk to them, but I certainly can talk to their families. Depending on what caregiver role you have, you have a different opportunity to make that connection. You mentioned surgeons. I actually think surgeons get a bad rap. Some of the most compassionate physicians I’ve ever met in my life have been surgeons. While there is a huge technical component to what surgeons have to do, for the vast majority of surgeons that I’ve met in my life, that connection with their patient is incredibly important in their mind. It’s not only for the patient to put them at ease before and after surgery, but also for them and for their own fulfillment in loving what they do. So, there are definitely different opportunities across different caregiver roles. You mentioned emergency physicians. We recently published a paper in the journal Intensive Care Medicine in which we found an association between compassion at the point of care during a life-threatening medical emergency and lower symptoms of PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) 30 days later. Patients who go through medical emergencies and critical illness often come out with PTSD. We think of it as a combat-related trauma. When you go through a critical illness and an emergency where you think your life is hanging in the balance, and it is, and you have awareness of that, you can come out with psychological symptoms down the road. What we found is that there’s an association between more compassion at the point of care when the patient is experiencing that emergency, potentially making it less psychologically traumatic. It’s very preliminary data. We’re getting ready to put in a grant to the National Institutes of Health to study this further. “Health care providers who do not have that personal connection with patients more often use tests and technologies as opposed to talking.” Knowledge@Wharton: Is compassion linked to the issue of readmittance of patients? If you have that compassionate relationship between doctors and patients, will patients behave differently once they leave the hospital so that they have better outcomes? Trzeciak: Absolutely. This goes back to an earlier question you asked about costs. One of the most expensive, avoidable costs is related to something called nonadherence. We’re talking about how patients take care of themselves. They’re only in the physician’s office for a very short period of time. The rest of the time, they’re on their own. Adherence is when a patient takes their medicine as prescribed. Nonadherence has been estimated to account for between $100 billion and $300 billion of downstream avoidable health care costs in the United States alone. In Compassionomics, we go through all the data regarding self-care. We found a signal in the data that when you care deeply about patients and they feel that, they’re more likely to take their medicine. Let me give you a study from Johns Hopkins several years ago on 1,300 patients with HIV. That’s a disease that is quite controllable, but you have to take your medicine. Researchers asked, “Does your health care provider know you as a person?” They adjusted the analysis for all the other factors that could be associated with nonadherence. They found that knowing the patient as a person was associated with the patient being more likely to believe that the therapy would work. But here are the striking data points: It was also associated with 33% higher odds of adherence to therapy, and 20% higher odds of having no detectable virus in the blood. Knowledge@Wharton: Traditionally, isn’t it the job of the nurses to be compassionate and not the doctors? Trzeciak: I just want to say we think it’s everybody’s job. But you bring up an important point. It just so happens that of the 250 studies described in this book, there are many more studies about physicians than about nurses. We were just drawn to where the data led us. But a nurse’s compassion is absolutely vital. When the book was launching, one of the things that we were seeing in social media were messages from nurses who said, “We think that this should be obvious.” To some extent, we do believe that there is intuitiveness here, right? Compassion does make a difference, and that’s sort of what everybody knows in health care. But where is the data behind it? That’s why we wrote the book. Knowledge@Wharton: Can the ideas in your book be applied outside of the medical field? Trzeciak: Absolutely. There has been a lot of interest in the principles in our book from outside of the health care field because the thread that is running through the data probably is underpinning quite a bit of the burnout, employee retention, fulfillment and well-being in other industries. We just decided to study it in the health care literature because Anthony Mazzarelli and I are physician scientists, and that’s what we do. But we believe that the lessons you learn by taking that journey through the data are things that can be applied broadly.

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More History of Paulding County According to the 1832 legislation creating Paulding County, county elections and court sessions were to be held at the house of John Witcher until the county's inferior court should designate a county seat and provide for construction of a courthouse. At some point thereafter, a courthouse was built in the county seat of Van Wert -- but reportedly this structure later burned. Presumably, a second courthouse was built in Van Wert. Dallas became the new county seat in late December 1851 or early 1852. Sometime between 1852 and 1855, Paulding County officials borrowed the money to build a new courthouse, as evidenced by an act of Feb. 16, 1856, authorizing the county to levy a special tax to pay off the courthouse debt (Ga. Laws 1855-56, p. 545). The present old courthouse was built in 1892. The building was renovated 1956, 1984-85, and 1991. A new three-story, red brick courthouse annex was completed in 1990. In March 2001, the 1892 courthouse was the target of arson. Although the building survived, the district attorney's office was destroyed. As a result of the fire, Paulding County courts were forced to find meeting space outside the courthouse. County History: Paulding County was created from Cherokee County on Dec. 3, 1832 by an act of the General Assembly (Ga. Laws 1832, p. 56). According to the 1832 act . . . so much of the first, second and third districts of the third section, as lies west of the line herein-before designated, and eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth, twenty-first districts of the third section, and the first, second and seventeenth districts of the fourth section, shall form and become one county, to be called Paulding. In way of background, by 1830, the Cherokee Nation consisted of most of northwest Georgia, plus adjoining areas in Alabama, Tennessee, and North Carolina. Even while Cherokee Indians remained on their homeland in Georgia, the General Assembly on Dec. 21, 1830 enacted legislation claiming "all the Territory within the limits of Georgia, and now in the occupancy of the Cherokee tribe of Indians; and all other unlocated lands within the limits of this State, claimed as Creek land" (Ga. Laws 1830, p. 127). The act also provided for surveying the Cherokee lands in Georgia; dividing them into sections, districts, and land lots; and authorizing a lottery to distribute the land. On Dec. 26, 1831, the legislature designated all land in Georgia that lay west of the Chattahoochee River and north of Carroll county as "Cherokee County" (see map) and provided for its organization (Ga. Laws 1831, p. 74). However, the new county was not able to function as a county because of its size and the fact that Cherokee Indians still occupied portions of the land. On Dec. 3, 1832, the legislature added areas of Habersham and Hall counties to Cherokee County, and then divided the entire area into nine new counties -- Cass (later renamed Bartow), Cobb, Floyd, Forsyth, Gilmer, Lumpkin, Murray, Paulding, and Union -- plus a reconstituted and much smaller Cherokee County. Georgia's 89th county was named for John Paulding (1759-1818), who was a hero of the American Revolution. In 1780, Paulding assisted in the capture of Major John André, a British spy planning the seizure of West Point. In 1851, part of Paulding County was used to help create Polk County. Also, between 1832 and 1874 -- but particularly during the 1850s -- portions of Paulding County were annexed to Bartow, Campbell, Carroll, Cobb, Douglas, Haralson, and Polk counties. Between 1850 and 1874, parts of Carroll, Cobb, Douglas, and Polk counties were annexed to Paulding County. County Seat: The legislation creating Paulding County provided that on the first Monday in March 1833, election of county officials take place at the residence of John Witcher. Following that election, the new justices of county's inferior court were empowered to select a site for the county seat and provide for erection of a courthouse and other public buildings. The act further provided that until a courthouse was built, Paulding County superior and inferior courts were to hold sessions at John Witcher's house. In 1833, the inferior court selected a site for the county seat -- but many citizens complained about the location. On December 23, 1833, the legislature authorized the inferior court to call a referendum in Jan. 1834 to allow voters of Paulding County to indicate their choice for county seat (Ga. Laws 1833, p. 54). The referendum, however, was never held. Presumably, the site designated as county seat in 1833 grew into a town that became known as Van Wert (named for Isaac Van Wert, who had assisted John Paulding in the capture of Major André in 1780.) On Dec. 27, 1838, the legislature designated Van Wert as permanent county seat and incorporated it as a town (Ga. Laws 1838, p. 75). On December 20, 1851, the legislature created Polk County from portions of Paulding and Floyd counties (Ga. Laws 1851-52, p. 52). Because Van Wert was located in the section of Paulding transferred to Polk, the legislation authorized the Paulding County inferior court to select a new county seat and provide for erection of a courthouse. On May 14, 1852, the inferior court accepted land deeded by Garrett Spinks for a new county seat and designated the site as Dallas. Incorporated by an act of Feb. 8, 1854 (Ga. Laws 1853-54, p. 232), Paulding County's seat was named for George Dallas (1792-1864), who was Vice President of the United States during the administration of James Polk (1845-49). Paulding County, in northwest Georgia, is the state's eighty-ninth county, created in 1832 as one of nine counties carved from the original Cherokee County. It was named for John Paulding, one of three New Yorkers who captured the British spy John Andre. Andre was the accomplice of Benedict Arnold, a general during the Revolutionary War (1775-83) who hatched a treasonous plot to surrender an American fort to the British enemy. Originally held by Creek Indians, the land was lost in battle to the Cherokee Nation in 1755. In turn the Cherokee lost the land to white settlers who arrived in the nineteenth century. Many of them came in response to the discovery of gold, with two veins running through what was to become Paulding County, in 1829. Upon this discovery the state broke all its treaties with the Cherokee and divided the land into forty-acre "Gold Lots," which it distributed by lottery in 1832. Gold seekers migrated from other parts of Georgia and from other states. Many did not find gold but remained in the area to farm. By 1840 agriculture was the primary occupation in Paulding County, followed by manufacturing and trades. Primary crops were corn, tobacco, and wheat, with some cotton. Nonfarm enterprises included a number of gristmills, sawmills, potteries, and tanneries. . Agriculture has played an integral role in the county's economy since the nineteenth century. In 1851 Polk County was created from part of Paulding. Between 1832 and 1874 parts of Paulding County were annexed to several other counties: Campbell (now defunct), Carroll, Cass (later Bartow), Cobb, Douglas, Haralson, and Polk. Between 1850 and 1874 Paulding County annexed parts of Carroll, Cobb, Douglas, and Polk counties. Today the county covers 313 square miles. There have been two county seats in the county's history. The first, Van Wert, was created in 1833 and named after one of John Paulding's two companions in the arrest of Major Andre. Van Wert was in the part of Paulding County that went to Polk County. The new county seat was named Dallas for George Mifflin Dallas, who had just finished serving as vice president in U.S. president James K. Polk's administration. Incorporated in 1854, Dallas has been home to several courthouses, the first described as resembling a shack, three miles from today's city center. The next courthouse was built in the mid-1850s and was replaced by the current structure in 1892. Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the current building has been renovated several times and was provided with a three-story annex in 1990. Other incorporated cities in the county are Braswell and Hiram. The Paulding County Courthouse, located in Dallas, was built in 1892 and is designed in the Queen Anne style. The structure was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and a three-story annex was added in 1990. It is the county's third courthouse. In the months leading up to the Civil War (1861-65), Paulding County, largely rural and inhabited by a majority of nonslaveholding citizens, was a cooperationist county. After Georgia seceded, however, the county joined wholeheartedly in the Confederate cause. A large number of Paulding County men joined the Confederate forces, and both civilians and soldiers saw action in the county. Many of the county's roads, following Indian trails that led from a spring near Dallas, radiated from the county seat to cities such as Atlanta and Marietta. Union general William T. Sherman planned to take possession of Dallas so that he could control the routes to and from these cities. Confederate general Joseph Johnston and his troops attempted to prevent Sherman from realizing his plans, resulting in three major encounters in Paulding County in May 1864: the battles of New Hope Church, Pickett's Mill, and Dallas. These conflicts delayed the Union capture of Atlanta by at least a week. After the Civil War the county languished for decades, experiencing the difficulties common to other agricultural areas in the South beset by the loss of numerous young men, overused soil, and economic depression. Life for the county began to improve in 1882, however, when the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia Railroad built lines through it. The railway was directly responsible for tripling the population in Dallas by the end of the decade. The town of Braswell was created around a depot placed at the site by the railway in 1882, when it laid tracks through the area. By the turn of the century Paulding County was flourishing. Many one-room schools dotted the county, an indication of the population boom and a testament to the high value residents placed on education. The students of Oak Hill School, a one-room school in Paulding County, gather with their teacher, Ella Louise Babb, for a photograph in 1904. Similar schools opened around the county early in the twentieth century. The county economy followed that of the nation, suffering with the Great Depression and improving during the era following World War II (1941-45). The Hiram Colored School, located in Hiram, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. Built in 1930 with funds from the Julius Rosenwald Fund, this wood-frame structure served Hiram Colored School in Paulding County was built by the Rural School Building Program of the Julius Rosenwald Fund in 1930. The Rosenwald schools, which offered an education to African American students, were built throughout the South from 1912 to 1932. The cemetery of New Hope Church (now nestled in a commercial section of Dallas) is the site of the Civil War battle named for the church. There, on May 25, 1864, Confederate general Joseph Johnston's men won a significant victory over General Sherman's troops (under Joseph Hooker). Pickett's Mill Battlefield Historic Site is considered one of the best-preserved Civil War battlegrounds in the country. Fought on the grounds of a farm and gristmill owned by Benjamin and Malachi Pickett on Little Pumpkin-Vine Creek, the battle is considered the worst Union defeat of the Atlanta campaign. The nearly 800-acre site provides vivid evidence of the soldiers' battlements and a sense of how the area looked during the battle.

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Food, Family, and Gender in Twentieth-century Florence Author: Carole Counihan Pubpsher: Psychology Press Category: Social Science In this delicious book, noted food scholar Carole M. Counihan presents a compelling and artfully told narrative about family and food in late 20th-century Florence. Based on solid research, Counihan examines how family, and especially gender have changed in Florence since the end of World War II to the present, giving us a portrait of the changing nature of modern life as exemplified through food and foodways. A Tuscan cookbook with a difference, From the Tables of Tuscan Women turns its gaze away from the overly familiar areas of Florence and Siena, and looks westward to the less familiar province of Lucca. Tuscany's most diverse province geographically, Lucca spans mountains and forests, olive groves and terraced vineyards, with a pristine coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea. The cuisine of Lucca reflects both the richness of this diversity and the wealth of ingredients it provides -- from fritto misto di pesce, an assortment of fish battered and fried in olive oil, to cacciucci, a soup made entirely of fish and served on thick slices of toasted bread rubbed with garlic, to castagnaccia a sweet cake made with chestnut flour. Integral to the way of life there, Lucchesian food is inextricably bound up with the character of its people and their "uniquely Mediterranean lifestyle that mixes marvelous climate, a relaxed attitude, and an unrelenting passion of sitting down at the table," as Anne Bianchi says in her introduction. So, in order to most fully give the flavor of the cuisine of Lucca, Anne Bianchi, who has spent much of her life in Tuscany, introduces us to the spirit of the province and the soul of any Tuscan meal: its people. "No people anywhere in the world are more dramatic, outspoken, or riotously arrogant," she writes. In these pages we meet nine amazing Tuscan women, "hear their stories, stroll through their towns, and sample the best of their recipes." These virtuoso chefs share their secrets and opinions on everything from sauces to politics, spicing their conversation with witty and revealing anecdotes of life in their rural villages. Accompanied by lively photos, From the Tables of Tuscan Women gives intimate access to the culinary recipes and traditions of Lucca while offering an incomparable Tuscan experience. The voracious reader and adventurous cook will find new roads down which to travel, as well as sumptuous dishes to sample -- whose recipes can be easily replicated in American kitchens. Food and Culture in the San Luis Valley of Colorado Author: Carole M. Counihan Pubpsher: University of Texas Press Category: Social Science Located in the southern San Luis Valley of Colorado, the remote and relatively unknown town of Antonito is home to an overwhelmingly Hispanic population struggling not only to exist in an economically depressed and politically marginalized area, but also to preserve their culture and their lifeways. Between 1996 and 2006, anthropologist Carole Counihan collected food-centered life histories from nineteen Mexicanas—Hispanic American women—who had long-standing roots in the Upper Rio Grande region. The interviews in this groundbreaking study focused on southern Colorado Hispanic foodways—beliefs and behaviors surrounding food production, distribution, preparation, and consumption. In this book, Counihan features extensive excerpts from these interviews to give voice to the women of Antonito and highlight their perspectives. Three lines of inquiry are framed: feminist ethnography, Latino cultural citizenship, and Chicano environmentalism. Counihan documents how Antonito's Mexicanas establish a sense of place and belonging through their knowledge of land and water and use this knowledge to sustain their families and communities. Women play an important role by gardening, canning, and drying vegetables; earning money to buy food; cooking; and feeding family, friends, and neighbors on ordinary and festive occasions. They use food to solder or break relationships and to express contrasting feelings of harmony and generosity, or enmity and envy. The interviews in this book reveal that these Mexicanas are resourceful providers whose food work contributes to cultural survival. Release on 2012-11-07 | by Franca Iacovetta,Valerie J. Korinek,Marlene Epp Towards a Canadian Food History Author: Franca Iacovetta,Valerie J. Korinek,Marlene Epp Pubpsher: University of Toronto Press Just as the Canada's rich past resists any singular narrative, there is no such thing as a singular Canadian food tradition. This new book explores Canada's diverse food cultures and the varied relationships that Canadians have had historically with food practices in the context of community, region, nation and beyond. Based on findings from menus, cookbooks, government documents, advertisements, media sources, oral histories, memoirs, and archival collections, Edible Histories offers a veritable feast of original research on Canada's food history and its relationship to culture and politics. This exciting collection explores a wide variety of topics, including urban restaurant culture, ethnic cuisines, and the controversial history of margarine in Canada. It also covers a broad time-span, from early contact between European settlers and First Nations through the end of the twentieth century. Edible Histories intertwines information of Canada's 'foodways' – the practices and traditions associated with food and food preparation – and stories of immigration, politics, gender, economics, science, medicine and religion. Sophisticated, culturally sensitive, and accessible, Edible Histories will appeal to students, historians, and foodies alike. Investigating a lighthearted prankster, Homer Kelly finds murder instead There are frogs in the pond at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. A balloon has been tied to one of the sculptures in the small museum’s hallowed halls. And, worst of all, someone has moved paintings while no one was looking. At most museums these pranks would be an annoyance, but at the Gardner—whose founder stipulated that the museum be disbanded if the original collection is ever disturbed—they could spell disaster. The Gardner’s board hires Harvard professor and former police lieutenant Homer Kelly to investigate the mischief. Hardly an art lover, Kelly has trouble taking the threat seriously at first. But when a museum patron is found dead after catching the prankster in the act, Homer springs into action. He may know nothing about art, but murder is something he understands all too well. The term 'consumption' covers the desire for goods and services, their acquisition, use, and disposal. The study of consumption has grown enormously in recent years, and it has been the subject of major historiographical debates: did the eighteenth century bring a consumer revolution? Was there a great divergence between East and West? Did the twentieth century see the triumph of global consumerism? Questions of consumption have become defining topics in all branches of history, from gender and labour history to political history and cultural studies. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Consumption offers a timely overview of how our understanding of consumption in history has changed in the last generation, taking the reader from the ancient period to the twenty-first century. It includes chapters on Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America, brings together new perspectives, highlights cutting-edge areas of research, and offers a guide through the main historiographical developments. Contributions from leading historians examine the spaces of consumption, consumer politics, luxury and waste, nationalism and empire, the body, well-being, youth cultures, and fashion. The Handbook also showcases the different ways in which recent historians have approached the subject, from cultural and economic history to political history and technology studies, including areas where multidisciplinary approaches have been especially fruitful. Release on 2013-09-13 | by Psyche Williams Forson,Carole Counihan Redefining Foodways in a Changing World Author: Psyche Williams Forson,Carole Counihan Category: Social Science The field of food studies has been growing rapidly over the last thirty years and has exploded since the turn of the millennium. Scholars from an array of disciplines have trained fresh theoretical and methodological approaches onto new dimensions of the human relationship to food. This anthology capitalizes on this particular cultural moment to bring to the fore recent scholarship that focuses on innovative ways people are recasting food in public spaces to challenge hegemonic practices and meanings. Organized into five interrelated sections on food production – consumption, performance, Diasporas, and activism – articles aim to provide new perspectives on the changing meanings and uses of food in the twenty-first century. Memory, Ambivalence, and the Politics of Eating in Samburu, Northern Kenya Author: Jon Holtzman Pubpsher: Univ of California Press Category: Social Science This richly drawn ethnography of Samburu cattle herders in northern Kenya examines the effects of an epochal shift in their basic diet-from a regimen of milk, meat, and blood to one of purchased agricultural products. In his innovative analysis, Jon Holtzman uses food as a way to contextualize and measure the profound changes occurring in Samburu social and material life. He shows that if Samburu reaction to the new foods is primarily negative—they are referred to disparagingly as "gray food" and "government food"—it is also deeply ambivalent. For example, the Samburu attribute a host of social maladies to these dietary changes, including selfishness and moral decay. Yet because the new foods save lives during famines, the same individuals also talk of the triumph of reason over an antiquated culture and speak enthusiastically of a better life where there is less struggle to find food. Through detailed analysis of a range of food-centered arenas, Uncertain Tastes argues that the experience of food itself—symbolic, sensuous, social, and material-is intrinsically characterized by multiple and frequently conflicting layers.

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What Is A Cross Over Toe? A cross over toe describes a condition where a toe(s) become buckled, contracted or crooked – then literally crossed over another toe. The 2nd toe is, by far, the most common to cross over toe, though any toe could be involved. The 2nd toe will cross over the big toe, and this can happen with bunion problems. In short, a cross over toe occurs from damage to ligaments supporting a toe, causing a muscle imbalance – leading to slow dislocation and crossing over of the toe. Symptoms Of Hammer Toes Patients with a cross over toe may develop pain in the entire digit, on the top of the toe, tip of the toe, and/or on the ball of the foot. Excessive pressure from shoes may result in the formation of a hardened portion of skin (corn or callus) on the knuckle and/or ball of the foot. The toe(s) may become irritated, red, warm, and/or swollen. The pain may be dull and mild or severe and sharp. Pain is often made worse by shoes, especially shoes that crowd the toes. While some cross over toes may result in significant pain, others may not be painful at all. Painful toes and the bulk of the toe grossing over can prevent you from wearing stylish shoes, or shoes at all. Causes Of A Cross Over Toe People are not born with a cross over toe. Rather, it’s a condition that is developed over time. Some people may have a hereditary predisposition. Shoe gear is the most common external factor that will lead to a cross over toe. High heels cause excess pressure on the ball of the foot, leading to injury to the stabilizing structures of the toe. One structure in particular, called the plantar plate, can become injured – leading to the cascade of toe instability and ultimately cross over toe. A deformed toe often develops over time, and certain types of feet may be predisposed. Some patients may develop a cross over toe just from a bunion problem on the big toe. When to Seek Cross Over Toe Treatment Common reasons patients seek treatment for toe problems are: • Toe pain on the knuckle • Thick toe calluses • Interference with walking/activities • Difficulty fitting shoes • Worsening toe deformity • Pain at the ball of the foot • Unsightly appearance Toe deformities (contractures) come in varying degrees of severity – from slight to severe. The can be present in conjunction with a bunion, and develop onto a severe disfiguring foot deformity. Advanced cases, the toe can dislocate on top of the foot. Depending on your overall health, symptoms and severity of the cross over toe, the condition may be treated conservatively and/or with surgery. Non-operative Treatments for Cross Over Toe Non-surgical methods for cross over toe are geared at decreasing symptoms (i.e., pain and/or calluses) and/or limiting the progression into an even larger problem (if possible). Simple treatments patients can do are: • Wear supportive shoes • Use an arch support • Wear shoes with a wide toe box • Modify activities • Spot stretch shoes • Periodic callus care Non-surgical treatments Dr. Blitz can add: • Anti-inflammatory Medicines: Prescription strength medicines to decrease pain and inflammation. • Physical Therapy: To strengthen poorly functioning muscles and stretch tight muscles that may be exacerbating the toes. Special ultrasound techniques may reduce inflammation. • Custom Foot Orthotics: Dr. Blitz creates an orthotic with an exact mold of your foot to better align and support the foot to ease current discomfort and prevent future progression. • Toe Splints or Pads: Specific pads may prevent pressure and physical irritation in shoes. Toe splints and toe spacers physically realign the toes and can lessen pain and halt or stall hammer toe progression. • Injections: Cortisone injections are strong anti-inflammatory agents to decrease pain, and swelling directly at the toe region. Injections only treat the symptoms, and in some cases used in caution (and sparingly) they can further weaken supporting ligaments of the toe(s). Cross Over Toe Surgery Cross over toes can be surgically fixed. Depending on the severity and length of the toe, there are several methods to surgically correct a cross over toe. With cross over toe, however, its important to look at the front of the foot as a whole, and consider balancing the foot. In order to properly correct a cross over toe, it may be necessary to repair a bunion if the big toe is pushing (or underneath) the second toe. In general, the surgery involves removing a portion of the bone (within the toe) at the contracted joint, relocating the toe at the ball of the foot, and possibly aligning the toe. How Is A Cross Over Toe Surgically Corrected? The basis for cross over toe surgery most often involves removing s portion of bone within the toe itself, to reduce the joint contracture. The toe will also need to be relocated at the joint of the ball of the foot, and in some cases bunion surgery to make ‘room’ for the relocated toe. The first thing to repair a cross over toe is to repair the buckled digit. There are generally two methods surgeons use to correct the contractures – they are joint resection (arthroplasty) or bone mending (fusion), and the location where this is performed on the toe depends on where the toe is buckled. The second aspect of a cross over toe surgery is to perform a joint relocation procedure, which is performed at the joint of the ball of the foot. Dr. Blitz performs a series of ligament releases and repairs to get the joint realigned. Occasionally, the ligament on the bottom of the foot will need to be repaired (called plantar plate tear surgery). When the toe is severely dislocated, a bone shortening procedure will be needed to get the back into place. Nonetheless, a surgical wire is inserted to hold the toe stable and steady during the healing process. The third part of a cross over toe surgery is to correct a bunion problem of the big toe. Dr. Blitz recommends bunion surgery when the cross over toe has “jumped” on top of the big toe and/or there is too much flexibility of the bunion region which causes instability of the front of the foot – causing the cross over toe in the first place. Its important to recognize that most of the surgical work involved the joints of the toe, not the joint of the ball of the foot. Sometimes a toe relocation procedure is needed when the joint of the ball of the foot is malaligned (subluxed or dislocated). Cross Over Toe Surgery Recovery Recovery after cross over surgery depends on the method of surgery performed, and the extent of any bone surgery performed (if any). In all cases, healing takes about 6 weeks in healthy people and there is no way to speed up that process. Patients often return to normal activities and shoe gear by 6 weeks to 3 months depending on just how severe the toe deformity was preoperatively. Simple toe surgery can recover very quickly, and return to a shoe in two weeks. More complex repair, where bunion surgery is also performed, recovery is usually 6 to 8 weeks, then return to normal shoe gear. Factors that may prolong healing are age, smoking, poor nutritional status, and some medical problems. Walking After Cross Over Toe Surgery Walking after cross over toe surgery is strongly dependent on the method (procedure) surgeons choose to correct the toe and the techniques used to stabilize the digit while mending. Nearly all of Dr. Blitz’ patients are walking immediately after cross over toe surgery regardless of whether or not bunion surgery was also performed. Because of Dr. Blitz’ advanced Bunionplasty® techniques he is able to weightbear a very larger majority of the bunions (regardless of severity). What Anesthesia Is Needed For Cross Over Surgery Toe surgery is performed as outpatient surgery (this means you go home the same day). It may be performed in a hospital, ambulatory surgery center and even in the doctors office (so long as the facility is set up for surgery). The surgery can be performed under a local, regional, spinal or general anesthetic. Local and regional blocks, with monitored anesthesia care are most commonly performed. This means that the foot will be numbed with an anesthetic while an anesthesiologist provides sedation to relax you. Is Hardware Implanted Into The Foot With Cross Over Toe Surgery? The use of surgical hardware for cross over toe surgery is very common, and depends on the severity. Surgical hardware may involve stainless steel wires, screws, synthetic material, absorbable pins, cadaveric bone, and/or specialty fixation devices. A temporary stainless steel rod is most commonly used to hold the bones steady. The rod (medically known as a K-wire) will stick out the tip of the toe and removed in the office once healed – 2 -6 weeks later. Removing of the rod is doesn’t elicit pain usually, rather just an uncomfortable feeling. Will Cross Over Toe Surgery Also Remove The Corns And Calluses When corns and calluses (dried skin buildup) is present along with a cross over toe, indicates that the buckled toe is rubbing against the shoe. In general, correcting the toe problem will also correct the corn/callus buildup. In most cases, Dr. Blitz excised the corns are part of the incision approach for a better cosmetic appearance of the foot after toe surgery. What Are The Risks Of Cross Over Toe Surgery There are general risks associated with cross over toe surgery (or any surgery) and the use of anesthesia. Complications may occur and are not necessarily your fault, or the fault of your surgeon. Nonetheless, you should understand the risks. Toe surgery complications include, but are not limited to: infection, pain (temporary or permanent), swelling, hematoma, bleeding, blood clot, poor wound healing, incision breakdown, poor bone healing (delayed union, nonunion), malunion, nerve injury, disability, recurrence, flail toe, new toe deformity, metatarsalgia, unsightly scar, stiffness, shortness of toe, weakness in toe, loss of toe to purchase ground, hardware problems, need for revisional surgery, and/or catastrophic loss.

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Aids Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! AIDS “Somewhere among the million children who go to New York’s publicly financed schools is a seven-year-old child suffering from AIDS. A special health and education panel had decided, on the strength of the guidelines issued by the federal Centers for Disease Control, that the child would be no danger to his classmates. Yet, when the school year started on September 9th, several thousand parents in two school districts in the borough of Queens kept their children at home. Fear of plague can be as pernicious, and contagious, as the plague itself(Fear of dying 1).” This article was written in 1985. Since then much has been found out about AIDS. Not enough for a cure though. There probably will be no cure found in the near future because the technology needed is not available. AIDS cases were first identified in 1981,in the United States. Researchers have traced cases back to 1959. There are millions of diagnosed cases worldwide, but there is no cure(Drotman 163). There are about a million people in the United States who are currently infected with HIV(HIV/AIDS 1). It infects the population heavily in some areas of the country and very lightly in other areas. No race, sex, social class, or age is immune(AIDS Understanding 10). AIDS has killed more americans than the Vietnam War, which killed 58,000(AIDS Understanding 10). AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Acquired means that it is not hereditary or introduced by medication. Immune indicates that it is related to the body’s system that fights off disease. Deficiency represents the lack of certain kinds of cells that are normally found in the body. Syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs of disordered function that signal the diagnoses(Hyde 1). You don’t catch AIDS, you catch HIV. HIV is the virus that leads to AIDS. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus. HIV severely damages a person’s disease fighting immune system. There are two viruses that cause AIDS. They belong to a group called retroviruses. The first virus is HIV-1. It was isolated by researchers in France in 1983, and in the U.S. in 1984. In 1985, the second one was identified by scientists in France. It is closely related to HIV-1. It is called HIV-2. HIV-2 mainly occurs in Africa but HIV-1 occurs throughout the world(Drotman 163). There are three stages of the infection. The first stage is acute retroviral syndrome and asymptomatic period. This is the flulike or mononucleosislike illness that most people get within 6-12 weeks after becoming infected. It usually goes away without treatment. From this point on the person’s blood tests positively for HIV. The second stage is symptomatic HIV infection. This is when the infected person’s symptoms show up. It can last anywhere from a few months to many years. The third and final stage is AIDS. This is when the immune system is severally damaged and the opportunistic diseases set in. The progressive breakdown of the immune system leads to death, usually within a few years. HIV causes a severe “wasting syndrome.” A general decline in the health and in some cases, death. The virus infects the brain and the nervous system. It may cause dementia, a condition of sensory, thinking, or memory disorder. Infection of the brain may cause movement or coordination problems(Drotman 164). HIV can be present in the body for two to twelve years without any outward sign of illness. It can be transmitted to another person even if no symptoms are present(Drotman 164). When HIV picks up speed, a variety of symptoms are possible. The symptoms include unexplained fever, fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, enlarged lymph glands, loss of appetite, yeast infections of the mouth and vagina, night sweats lasting longer than several weeks, breathing difficulties, a dry cough, sore throat caused by swollen glands, chills, and shaking(Quackenbush 23). Pink or purple, flat or raised blotches or bumps occurring under the skin, inside the mouth, nose, eyelids or rectum are also symptoms. They resemble bruises, but don’t disappear. They are usually harder than the skin around them. White spots or unusual blemishes in the mouth is another symptom(Quackenbush 24). There are two illnesses that commonly affect AIDS patients. One is a type of pneumonia called pneumocystis carinii. The other one is a type of cancer called kaposi’s sarcoma, which attacks the skin(What are HIV/AIDS 1). Pneumocystis carinii is a yeast infection in the esophagus. It causes severe pain when swallowing which results in weight loss and dehydration. It is the leading cause of death among AIDS patients. Kaposi’s sarcoma are tumors that look like bruises, but grow. These two diseases plus many other are called opportunistic diseases. For decades cases declined in the U.S. until the mid-1980’s. Since the mid-80’s cases are growing especially in HIV infected people. People with AIDS eventually contract atleast one of the opportunistic diseases. These are the diseases that AIDS patients usually die from(Drotman 164). HIV is transmitted three ways. One way is through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex. The most risky is anal sex because the anus doesn’t stretch. Therefore, it is easier for the skin to tear and bleed. This makes it easier for the infection to get into the bloodstream. It can get soaked up by the mucous membranes that line the vagina, rectum, hole in the tip of the penis, mouth, and the throat(Johnson 17). The second way is through direct contact with infected blood. There are a couple ways of getting it through direct contact with infected blood. One way is by sharing a hypodermic needle with someone who is infected. A tiny drop of infected blood stays inside the needle and syringe. So if a person uses it he or she is actually shooting the infected blood directly into his or her bloodstream. That little droplet of infected blood is enough to give you HIV. Sharing needles for skin-popping can spread HIV in the same way. This way a person is more likely to get infections such as abscesses. A person can also get HIV from sharing other drug “works” with someone who is infected. Containers or cookers such as spoons or bottle caps, crackpipes, cotton, or water for dissolving drugs or rinsing syringes are some of the “works.” It doesn’t matter what a person is shooting in the needle-heroin, cocaine, speed, steroids, insulin, or any other drug. If a person shares a needle or “works” with someone who has HIV, he or she could get infected too(Johnson 20). Another way is through a blood transfusion. Chances of getting HIV through a blood transfusion in the U.S. are now very low, but still possible. Testing began in 1985, of all blood and plasma that is donated. The tests that doctors use are over 99% accurate. Blood is destroyed if signs of the virus show up in the donated blood. Therefore, it is almost impossible to get infected through a blood transfusion. Before 1985, some people became infected through infected blood and certain blood products. In the U.S. every piece of equipment used to draw blood is brand new. It is only used once and then it is destroyed. Therefore it is impossible for a donor to get HIV from giving plasma or blood(HIV/AIDS 2). The third way of getting HIV is an infected woman transmitting it to her fetus or baby. A pregnant woman with HIV can pass the virus to her child before or after birth. The way this happens is the fetus gets nourishment from its mother through the placenta and the umbilical cord. That is one of the ways. The other way is through breast feeding(Johnson 24). The only way to stem the spread of infection remains the public health approach, educating people on how to avoid infection or educating the infected people on how to avoid infecting someone else. There are many ways to prevent the transmission and spread of AIDS. A person has to be aware, because most people who are infected don’t know they are(Nichols 3). One way to prevent infection is to not engage in the act of sexual intercourse with anyone who is or might be infected. If someone is going to , then he or she should atleast use a latex condom. It is medically proven that latex condoms can help to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. HIV can not pass through the intact rubber film. It is almost impossible to catch the virus if the condom is used properly. This means using a good quality condom, one with the kite mark, with a spermicide. The condom itself can kill the virus(HIV/AIDS 2). Condoms don’t completely eliminate the risk of being infected because they can tear, break, or slip off. Birth control pills and diaphragms will not protect a person or his or her partner from getting HIV either(HIV/AIDS 4). Drug users should seek professional help to stop doing drugs. They should never share hypodermic needles, syringes, or other injection equipment. Azidothymidine, commonly known as AZT, may reduce the risk of an infected woman transmitting it to her fetus or baby. Also, infected women should not breast feed their infants, since HIV can be present in the breast milk of an infected woman(Drotman 164). There are a number of things that a person can not get HIV from, that people are skept …

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The ancient civilizations of the Assyrian. Egyptian. Babylonian. Chinese. Persian. Phoenicians and other peoples with the conscious breeding of plants and thus also varieties on the basis of Wild vines, It has long been known that new varieties could be obtained from seed sowing. Probably the Persians and later the Arabs already had large berries in the early Middle Ages table grapes bred that spread throughout the Mediterranean to Spain (Negrul's Proles orientalis ). Modern breeding as deliberate, manually induced crossing Two parent varieties with the targeted use of paternal pollen only started in Christian Europe with the beginning of the botanical system, for which Carl von Linné (1707-1778) and Charles Darwin (1809-1882) laid the scientific foundations. From the first third of the 19th century, new grape varieties through targeted breeding activities such as seed sowing or crossings emerged, particularly in the greenhouses of England. These were, for example, the table grape varieties Foster's White Seedling and Lady Downe's Seedling, In the middle of the 19th century, many new varieties such as that emerged in France, especially in the nursery of Anger (Loire) Madeleine Royale and Madeleine Angevine, Crossbreeding was then carried out professionally from the second third of the 19th century. A real boom for new varieties of mushroom-proof hybrid varieties and phylloxera resistant documents took place in connection with the Reblaus- and Mildew disaster from the 1870s especially in France, with the breeders Georges Couderc (1850-1928) and Albert Seibel (1844-1936), as well as the vine farm Seyve Villard are to be emphasized. After the great success of the Müller-Thurgau Large quantities of new grape varieties were also created in Germany after the First World War. This led to varieties like Bacchus. Domina. Dornfelder. dark fields. Huxelrebe. Kerner. Scheurebe. Siegerrebe and many more. The general breeding goal in modern viticulture is to produce grape varieties with certain positive, desired properties and characteristics. New grape varieties with better or sometimes completely new properties can only be produced in a generative (gender-specific) way by cross breeding : Two grape varieties with desired parental characteristics are crossed with each other and from the attracted seedlings selected plants that best match the desired ideal variety. In maintenance breeding , existing varieties with degenerative or viral appearances are improved by selecting the vigorous, most fertile and healthiest vines. These healthy and virus-free individual vines are then mass-propagated in a vegetative (asexual) way, while the degenerated, sterile vines in the vineyard are eliminated and by the reproduced healthy ones Clones to be replaced in top quality ( cloning ). Once a plant with the desired properties has been discovered and selected, the reproduction of this breeding success represented by only one plant can be achieved vegetative propagation about cuttings to be done in nurseries generate enough clone copies for planting the vineyards. Due to the extremely pronounced heterozygosity (Splitting inheritance) in the species genome of the grapevine re-split plants that have been seeded again and thus no longer have the selected properties of the mother plant. That is why vegetative propagation is the only way to obtain a selected type of variety and multiply it unchanged (see detailed information under blossom ). For issuing the plant variety for newly cultivated grape varieties or selected clones in Europe or the individual countries are the plant variety protection agency established by the EU CPVO (Community Plant Variety Office) or the national authorities. There are essentially four different breeding strategies, some of which can also be used in combination. These are cross-breeding, selection or selection, mutation and maintenance breeding. The new breed new grape varieties by crossing and generative (sexual) propagation of two parent varieties. The heterozygosity of the vine mentioned above means that the offspring also have different properties than the parents. This basically positive phenomenon is called heterosis, As a rule, the parents are different varieties, which prevents negative inbreeding effects. The seeds intended for sowing ripen in the berries of the mother variety (this is always the first mentioned variety in the family tree). The father variety provides the pollen for the fertilization of the egg cells and ovules (by special DNA analyzes, by the way, the crossing direction be determined). The aim is to select those plants from the offspring that best express the desired characteristics or ideally combine the special advantages of the two parent grape varieties. For example, frequent breeding goals are higher Mostgewicht, later expulsion, earlier Maturity date, Looseness, greater resistance to climatic conditions such as frost. drought and water stress, such as resistance against various fungal diseases such as Botrytis and both mildews, Is crossed with two grape varieties of the same species as for example the European one Vitis vinifera, one speaks of an intraspecific (intrinsic) crossing. But it is two different species, for example Vitis vinifera with Vitis labrusca, one speaks of one Interspecific crossing, In this case the result of the crossing is called hybrid (Hybrid). All types of the subgenus Vitis can be crossed with each other and the offspring are based on the same DNA structure (n = 19) reproductive. Crosses of those belonging to the subgenus Muscadinia Vitis rotundifolia (n = 20) with species of the subgenus Vitis (n = 19) are difficult because of the incompatible chromosome sets (2n = 38 +1) and only possible if second ones are used as mother. But even then there are often sterile, malformed specimens without fruit set among such offspring, which makes breeding lines with Muscadinia genome difficult or even impossible. When crossing, shortly before the start of the blossom the hermaphrodite single flowers of the vine intended as mother are castrated. Of one or more of his Gescheine all (not yet dropped) flower covers are removed with tweezers and the dust bags with the pollen sacks and pollen grains (male gametes) contained therein are plucked off by hand. This leaves only the bare ovaries with the female scars. Then the banknotes treated in this way are covered with bags to make a spontaneous Self- or pollination excluded by early pollen. When the flower has started, the previously harvested pollen of the father variety is sprinkled into the bags. Then the bag is shaken so that the pollen grains flying around can stick to the scar. The bags remain put over the appearance until the fruit begins to form. The seeds of the berries that develop from them are subjected to a stratification phase (cold treatment) that lasts several weeks and then germinate on a seed bed. Since all seeds never germinate, several hundred seeds are always placed in the soil. The 200 to 400 used seedlings From the first generation of intersections are referred to in technical terms as F1, which means 1st generation of branches or subsidiaries. As a rule, these do not yet show the desired properties to a satisfactory extent, so that some of the promising candidates are selected from this F1 seedling population in order to carry out further crossings. To improve the properties, backcrossing is often carried out with a parent selected for very good wine quality. By crossing and selecting several times in the F2 or F3 generation, one can ultimately eliminate undesirable or negative properties (displacement crossing) or select new positive properties, maintain existing ones or strengthen their characteristics. The latter is called transgression when the performance of the parent varieties (e.g. early maturity, nutmeg taste) is exceeded by the daughter varieties. The opposite is a regression , that is, the regression of positive properties. In addition to crossing and sowing, a selection from seedlings must also be carried out continuously. For the new breeding of modern fungus-resistant varieties, interspecific crossings (species of the European Vitis vinifera with American or Asian species) are carried out in order to cross the mildew resistance of the American vines, which is not found in European vines, in Vitis vinifera varieties while maintaining the high wine quality. Unfortunately, with these interspecific crosses, the unwanted cross is also inherited Foxton the American vines very easily, which can be tasted even in the smallest concentrations. Therefore, repeated back and crossings have to be carried out in order to re-approach European quality standards while maintaining the highest possible resistance to fungi. For approval reasons, the end product should no longer have any typical hybrid characteristics. These are continuous tendrils, a closed shoot tip or a higher content of the dye Malvidine-Diglucoside, Ideally, one tries to breed Vitis vinifera varieties with a crossed-in resistance gene complex, with the fungus resistance weakening more and more with each back-crossing with Vitis vinifera varieties. The pedigree of the newly created and selected variety seedling at the end of the crossing process is represented by a breeding scheme (pedigree) in order to be able to understand the complicated and interwoven crossing steps. However, the end result - the new variety - is far from being suitable for cultivation in practice, but a decades-long, very complex and laborious evaluation procedure follows until the new grape variety can be approved. The vines have been tested for decades at several locations and their properties continuously checked until they are certified after passing and passing the test variety protection receive. After cultivation tests have been carried out in the countries and regions, the regional or national classification and approval for commercial cultivation takes place, which are initially limited to certain wine-growing regions and can last for many years. Not all varieties pass these tough long tests and quite a few have to be withdrawn. This oldest breeding method has been used by humans for millennia. In the process, conspicuous vine plants with interesting properties were cultivated and vegetatively propagated using cuttings. In today's Georgia grape seeds from cultivated vines were found, which between 5,000 and 7,000 BC. Be dated. Probably not yet targeted pollination, however sowing vine seeds may have been an early and widespread method to get out of the germinated seedlings Select grape varieties with new properties. Certainly, seedlings have always sprouted spontaneously. Grape varieties with hermaphrodite flowers were preferred because they did not have to be pollinated and guaranteed a safe yield. A distinction is made between massive selection and cloning selection. With the massive selection (also field selection, French selection massale; massale = mass), certain are determined vines with desired positive properties like Maturity date, Grape shape (e.g. loose- ) or resistance (e.g. frost. drought ) selected in a vineyard for the purpose of reproduction. This can also be several (many) vines in this vineyard. From the selected vines, brushwood is cut and matched documents grafted. It then replaces dead, sick or other vines in the vineyard. In this way you can gradually renew a vineyard. In contrast, a single vine (mother vine) is selected in the clone breeding, which in one nursery then vegetatively propagated and is used in many vineyards. This form is used when a completely new vineyard is to be created and is widely used today. The vines in a vineyard are then genetically 100% dental, so to speak Clones, Critics of this form complain about the resulting loss of genetic diversity in such monocultures. That becomes one by using different clones vine taken into account in a vineyard. artificial mutations can be deliberately caused by ionic or radioactive radiation or biochemical treatment of cell cultures, callus tissues, seeds, pollen grains, buds and cuttings or other parts of the vine that can be regenerated. It is often isolated plant tissues that undergo special treatment in the laboratory. Then you regenerate new plants from the tissues, which are evaluated for their changed properties. Treating with colchicine (toxic ingredient from autumn timeless seeds) can, for example, produce plants with tetrapolide (4n = 76) sets of chromosomes, which are more profitable but also more susceptible to environmental stress. However, these procedures mostly mean manipulative genetic engineering and are still very controversial. In the vineyard can be spontaneous and accidental mutations in buds or cell lines morphological outgrown shoots grow out of which by vegetative propagation new grape variety clones can be branched off again. The variety complexes of very old varieties such as are particularly well known for this Pinot. Traminer. Chasseals or muscatel, These have numerous mutation-related and somatic variants chimeric produced that can be distinguished visually or in terms of taste and, at higher cost, usually also genotypically (clone variants). Such naturally occurring mutants are selected visually by clone selection and by vegetative propagation as a “fake” variety with its own name or as a new one clone preserved and reproduced. In this case, natural processes of nature are used. In addition to the new breeding and selection of new grape varieties from seedlings or the selection more visually striking Klonmutanten the less spectacular conservation breeding plays an important role in practice. Each vine has its specific life story, in which it capers for climates, the attacks of numerous Vine enemies, as well as numerous mechanical interventions. There is also a variety-specific aging process that leads to a reduction in the body's defenses and infections virus. bacteria or mushrooms favored. All of this leads to a slow but steady decline in performance (degeneration), the breakdown of the root mycorrhizal (Plant-fungus symbiosis) and increasing vine fatigue, The production and vigor of the old vines in many old plants around the turn of the century was therefore very impaired. In order to improve the yields of the vineyards again, some vine experts such as Gustav Adolf started Froelich (1847-1912) from the end of the 19th century with the positive selection of vigorous, healthy and productive, as well as additionally flower-proof and not to Verrieseln tending vines. First it was Silva heritage items, other varieties such as Riesling and Pinot Noir ( Pinot Noir ). The "best" vines in the vineyards were selected according to visual criteria, marked and propagated through cuttings. These primary clones were planted in special plants for further observation under uniform growth conditions. From this, the standardized procedure of single-level selection has developed over time. The quality of the primary clones in the experimental vineyard is recorded and rated (rated) over a period of five years. A single stick that has received the best rating five times (5 points) is then called “elite stick” and is increased. Today, such a floor must also meet the criterion of being virus-free, which is why standardized ELISA tests are available for testing for vine-specific virus types. From this elite stick one produces by finishing ten grafted vines, which are observed and tested again for five years (intermediate test). If this test was positive in all respects (yield security, flowering strength, yield level, wine quality etc.), the main test is carried out with at least 100 sticks. This extends over five years with the respective statistical evaluation. If these selected vines have received a positive evaluation in all disciplines, then this selected material clone named and receives an approval number. These yield clones, which are positively selected according to health and yield criteria, mostly hardly differ from one another in terms of their morphological Characteristics, but mainly in properties that can only be recorded statistically over the years, such as a somewhat different flowering strength, the number of grapes on the vine, the average grape size, or the density of berries. Growth characteristics such as upright or lateral growth, the time of budding, the duration of the ripening period, the time of the end of vegetation, the maturation of wood and other quantitative, seasonally influenced characteristics are taken into account. The test procedure until clone approval takes 15 to 20 years. All clones must be tested and virus free. Like one new breed the tested clones must be approved by official bodies. With the approval, the breeder undertakes to look after the clone until it is deregistered and to guarantee the maintenance of clone health and specific cloning properties. Only then will new clones be added to the list of varieties with certified clone material. Now they are allowed in commercial nurseries are vegetatively propagated, where they are bought by the winemaker and planted in the vineyards. In order to maintain the good properties of these plants, constant observation, virus and nematode control and, if necessary, positive selection in the clone nurseries must be carried out. Ursula Brühl, Doris Schneider, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)

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