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|Extinct in the Wild| |World Conservation Union| |IUCN Red List| For a list of species that are extinct, see extinct species. In biology and ecology, extinction is the death of every member of a species or group of taxa. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of that species (although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point). Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly "re-appears" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence. Through evolution, new species arise through the process of speciation — where new varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche — and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition. A typical species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance, although some species, called living fossils, survive virtually unchanged for hundreds of millions of years. Extinction, though, is usually a natural phenomenon; it is estimated that 99.9% of all species that have ever lived are now extinct. Prior to the dispersion of humans across the earth, extinction generally occurred at a continuous low rate, mass extinctions being relatively rare events. Starting approximately 100,000 years ago, and coinciding with an increase in the numbers and range of humans, species extinctions have increased to a rate unprecedented since the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event. This is known as the Holocene extinction event and is at least the sixth such extinction event. Some experts have estimated that up to half of presently existing species may become extinct by 2100. A species becomes extinct when the last existing member of that species dies. Extinction therefore becomes a certainty when there are no surviving individuals that are able to reproduce and create a new generation. A species may become functionally extinct when only a handful of individuals survive, which are unable to reproduce due to poor health, age, sparse distribution over a large range, a lack of individuals of both sexes (in sexually reproducing species), or other reasons. External mold of the extinct Lepidodendron from the Upper Carboniferous of Ohio.Pinpointing the extinction (or pseudoextinction) of a species requires a clear definition of that species. If it is to be declared extinct, the species in question must be uniquely identifiable from any ancestor or daughter species, or from other closely related species. Extinction of a species (or replacement by a daughter species) plays a key role in the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis of Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge. In ecology, extinction is often used informally to refer to local extinction, in which a species ceases to exist in the chosen area of study, but still exists elsewhere. This phenomenon is also known as extirpation. Local extinctions may be followed by a replacement of the species taken from other locations; wolf reintroduction is an example of this. Species which are not extinct are termed extant. Those that are extant but threatened by extinction are referred to as threatened or endangered species. An important aspect of extinction at the present time are human attempts to preserve critically endangered species, which is reflected by the creation of the conservation status "Extinct in the Wild" (EW). Species listed under this status by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) are not known to have any living specimens in the wild, and are maintained only in zoos or other artificial environments. Some of these species are functionally extinct, as they are no longer part of their natural habitat and it is unlikely the species will ever be restored to the wild. When possible, modern zoological institutions attempt to maintain a viable population for species preservation and possible future reintroduction to the wild through use of carefully planned breeding programs. The extinction of one species' wild population can have knock-on effects, causing further extinctions. These are also called "chains of extinction". Main article: Pseudoextinction Descendants may or may not exist for extinct species. Daughter species that evolve from a parent species carry on most of the parent species' genetic information, and even though the parent species may become extinct, the daughter species lives on. In other cases, species have produced no new variants, or none that are able to survive the parent species' extinction. Extinction of a parent species where daughter species or subspecies are still alive is also called pseudoextinction. Pseudoextinction is difficult to demonstrate unless one has a strong chain of evidence linking a living species to members of a pre-existing species. For example, it is sometimes claimed that the extinct Hyracotherium, which was an ancient animal similar to the horse, is pseudoextinct, rather than extinct, because there are several extant species of equus, including zebra and donkeys. However, as fossil species typically leave no genetic material behind, it is not possible to say whether Hyracotherium actually evolved into more modern horse species or simply evolved from a common ancestor with modern horses. Pseudoextinction is much easier to demonstrate for larger taxonomic groups. There are a variety of causes that can contribute directly or indirectly to the extinction of a species or group of species. "Just as each species is unique," write Beverly and Stephen Stearns, "so is each extinction... the causes for each are varied — some subtle and complex, others obvious and simple". Most simply, any species that is unable to survive or reproduce in its environment, and unable to move to a new environment where it can do so, dies out and becomes extinct. Extinction of a species may come suddenly when an otherwise healthy species is wiped out completely, as when toxic pollution renders its entire habitat unlivable; or may occur gradually over thousands or millions of years, such as when a species gradually loses out in competition for food to better adapted competitors. Assessing the relative importance of genetic factors compared to environmental ones as the causes of extinction has been compared to the nature-nurture debate. The question of whether more extinctions in the fossil record have been caused by evolution or by catastrophe is a subject of discussion; Mark Newman, the author of Modeling Extinction argues for a mathematical model that falls between the two positions. By contrast, conservation biology uses the extinction vortex model to classify extinctions by cause. When concerns about human extinction have been raised, for example in Sir Martin Rees' 2003 book Our Final Hour, those concerns lie with the effects of climate change or technological disaster. Currently, environmental groups and some governments are concerned with the extinction of species caused by humanity, and are attempting to combat further extinctions through a variety of conservation programs. Humans can cause extinction of a species through pollution, habitat destruction, introduction of new predators and food competitors, overhunting, and other influences. Genetics and demographic phenomena Population genetics and demographic phenomena affect the evolution, and therefore the risk of extinction, of species. Species with small populations are much more vulnerable to these types of effects.. Limited geographic range is the most important determinant of genus extinction at background rates but becomes increasingly irrelevant as mass extinction arises. Natural selection acts to propagate beneficial genetic traits and eliminate weaknesses. It is nevertheless possible for a deleterious mutation to be spread throughout a population through the effect of genetic drift. A diverse or "deep" gene pool gives a population a higher chance of surviving an adverse change in conditions. Main article: Genetic pollution Purebred, naturally evolved, region specific wild species can be threatened with extinction in a big way through the process of genetic pollution - i.e., introgression genetic swamping - which leads to homogenization or replacement of local genotypes as a result of a numerical and/or fitness advantage of the introduced animal. Nonnative species can bring about a form of extinction of native plants and animals by introgression, either through purposeful introduction by humans or through habitat modification, bringing previously isolated species into contact. These phenomena can be especially detrimental for rare species coming into contact with more abundant ones, where the abundant ones can interbreed with them, swamping the entire rarer gene pool and creating hybrids, thus driving the entire original purebred native stock to complete extinction. Such extinctions are not always apparent from morphological (outward appearance) observations alone. Some degree of gene flow may be a normal, evolutionarily constructive process, and all constellations of genes and genotypes cannot be preserved however, without introgression may, nevertheless, threaten a rare species' existence. Widespread genetic pollution also leads to weakening of the naturally evolved (wild) region specific gene pool leading to weaker hybrid animals which are not able to cope with natural environs over the long run and fast tracks them towards final extinction. Main article: Habitat destruction The degradation of a species' habitat may alter the fitness landscape to such an extent that the species is no longer able to survive and becomes extinct. This may occur by direct effects, such as the environment becoming toxic, or indirectly, by limiting a species' ability to compete effectively for diminished resources or against new competitor species. Habitat degradation through toxicity can kill off a species very rapidly, by killing all living members through contamination or sterilizing them. It can also occur over longer periods at lower toxicity levels by affecting life span, reproductive capacity, or competitiveness. Habitat degradation can also take the form of a physical destruction of niche habitats. The widespread destruction of tropical rainforests and replacement with open pastureland is widely cited as an example of this; elimination of the dense forest eliminated the infrastructure needed by many species to survive. Another example is the destruction of ocean floors by bottom trawling. Diminished resources or introduction of new competitor species also often accompany habitat degradation. Global warming has allowed some species to expand their range, bringing unwelcome competition to other species that previously occupied that area. Sometimes these new competitors are predators and directly affect prey species, while at other times they may merely outcompete vulnerable species for limited resources. Vital resources including water and food can also be limited during habitat degradation, leading to extinction. Predation, competition, and disease Humans have been transporting animals from one part of the world to another for thousands of years, sometimes deliberately (e.g., livestock released by sailors onto islands as a source of food) and sometimes accidentally (e.g., rats escaping from boats). In most cases, such introductions are unsuccessful, but when they do become established as an invasive alien species, the consequences can be catastrophic. Invasive alien species can affect native species directly by eating them, competing with them, and introducing pathogens or parasites that sicken or kill them or, indirectly, by destroying or degrading their habitat. Human populations may themselves act as invasive predators. According to the "overkill hypothesis", the swift extinction of the megafauna in areas such as New Zealand, Australia, Madagascar and Hawaii resulted from the sudden introduction of human beings to environments full of animals that had never seen them before, and were therefore completely unadapted to their predation techniques. Main article: Coextinction Coextinction refers to the loss of a species due to the extinction of another; for example, the extinction of parasitic insects following the loss of their hosts. Coextinction can also occur when a species loses its pollinator, or to predators in a food chain who lose their prey. "Species coextinction is a manifestation of the interconnectedness of organisms in complex ecosystems ... While coextinction may not be the most important cause of species extinctions, it is certainly an insidious one". Main article: Global warming The white lemuroid possum, only found in the mountain forests of northern Queensland, has been named as the first mammal species to be driven extinct by man-made global warming. The White Possum has not been seen in over three years. These possums cannot survive extended temperatures over 30 degrees C, which occurred in 2005. A final expedition to uncover any surviving White Possums is scheduled for 2009. Main article: Extinction event Apparent fraction of genera going extinct at any given time, as reconstructed from the fossil record. Does not attempt to include recent Holocene extinction event.There have been at least five mass extinctions in the history of life on earth, and four in the last 3.5 billion years in which many species have disappeared in a relatively short period of geological time. The most recent of these, the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, is best known for having wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs, among many other species. Modern mass extinction Main article: Holocene extinction event Further information: Deforestation According to a 1998 survey of 400 biologists conducted by New York's American Museum of Natural History, nearly 70 percent believed that they were currently in the early stages of a human-caused mass extinction, known as the Holocene extinction event. In that survey, the same proportion of respondents agreed with the prediction that up to 20 percent of all living populations could become extinct within 30 years (by 2028). Biologist E. O. Wilson estimated in 2002 that if current rates of human destruction of the biosphere continue, one-half of all species of life on earth will be extinct in 100 years. More significantly the rate of species extinctions at present is estimated at 100 to 1000 times "background" or average extinction rates in the evolutionary time scale of planet Earth. History of scientific understanding In the 1800s when extinction was first described, the idea of extinction was threatening to those who held a belief in the Great Chain of Being, a theological position that did not allow for "missing links". The possibility of extinction was not widely accepted before the 1800s. The devoted naturalist Carl Linnaeus, could "hardly entertain" the idea that humans could cause the extinction of a species. When parts of the world had not been thoroughly examined and charted, scientists could not rule out that animals found only in the fossil record were not simply "hiding" in unexplored regions of the Earth. Georges Cuvier is credited with establishing extinction as a fact in a 1796 lecture to the French Institute. Cuvier's observations of fossil bones convinced him that they did not originate in extant animals. This discovery was critical for the spread of uniformitarianism, and lead to the first book publicizing the idea of evolution though Cuvier himself strongly opposed the theories of evolution advanced by Lamarck and others. Human attitudes and interests Extinction is an important research topic in the field of zoology, and biology in general, and has also become an area of concern outside the scientific community. A number of organizations, such as the Worldwide Fund for Nature, have been created with the goal of preserving species from extinction. Governments have attempted, through enacting laws, to avoid habitat destruction, agricultural over-harvesting, and pollution. While many human-caused extinctions have been accidental, humans have also planned the deliberate destruction of some species, destruction of problematic species has been suggested. People who live close to nature can be dependent on the survival of all the species in their environment, leaving them highly exposed to extinction risks. However, people prioritize day-to-day survival over species conservation; with human overpopulation in tropical developing countries, there has been enormous pressure on forests due to subsistence agriculture, including slash-and-burn agricultural techniques that can reduce endangered species's habitats. While no extinct species has currently ever been recreated, recent technological advances have encouraged the hypothesis that using DNA from the remains of an extinct species, through the process of cloning, this species may be "brought back to life". Proposed targets for cloning include the mammoth, thylacine, and the dodo. In order for such a program to succeed, a sufficient number of individuals would have to be cloned, from the DNA of different individuals (in the case of sexually reproducing organisms) to create a viable population. The cloning of an extinct species has not yet been attempted, primarily due to technological limitations, though bioethical and philosophical objections have also been raised. The concept of cloning extinct species was popularized in the successful novel and movie Jurassic Park.

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Back to Creation/Evolution The Biblical support for a Flat Earth and Geocentricism By Dawn Huxley Posted on: 4/20/2002 Some creationists claim the Bible describes a spherical Earth which circles the sun, but they need to re-interpret Scripture to do so. I recently got into an argument with a young-Earth creationist named Dr. Mark Purchase, Ph.D., who tried to convince me that the Bible supported a spherical Earth and a heliocentric solar system. An actual reading of scripture, however, confirms just the opposite. The Biblical authors’ worldview actually described a flat Earth where the Sun rose and set by its own movements, not the Earth’s orbit around it. The authors also said that God could shake the pillars of the sky to make the stars fall from the ceiling. Let’s look at the examples, below. Fundamentalists love to quote the first part of Isaiah 40:22 where it reads, “He sits enthroned above the circle of the earth…” as proof that the Bible advocates a spherical Earth. The full verse, however, reads as follows: He sits enthroned above the circle of the earth, and its people are like grasshoppers. He stretches out the heavens like a canopy, and spreads them out like a tent to live in.Isaiah is actually describing the Earth as flat and circular, with a dome-shaped tent (sky) covering the land. As we all know, the Earth is not a circle but a sphere, and if Isaiah wanted to call it a sphere, he could have easily done so because earlier he states that God will “roll you up tightly like a ball and throw you into another country” (Isaiah 22:18). Furthermore, the “flat pancake” Hebrew word for “circle” is described elsewhere in Job 26:10 and Proverbs 8:27, although the NIV substitutes the word “circle” for “horizon.” Here are some additional verses: Thick clouds veil him, so he does not see us as he walks about on the vault of heaven.Daniel’s dream implies that the tree was touching the ceiling and could be seen everywhere on the flat Earth. — Job 22:14 Can you join him in spreading out the skies, hard as a mirror of cast bronze? — Job 37:18 The tree grew large and strong and its top touched the sky; it was visible to the ends of the earth. — Daniel 4:11 He who builds his upper chambers in the heavens and sets its vaulted dome over the earth.The Bible also advocates Geocentrism: — Amos 9:6 …the earth is turned upside down to scatter its inhabitants. — Isaiah 24:1, KJV He set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.Notice that not only does Joshua command the Sun and Moon to stand still, but he tells them to hover over two individual cities, which is impossible for celestial objects 93 million miles and 250,000 miles away, respectively. — Psalm 104:5 The world is firmly established; it cannot be moved. — Psalm 93:1 Say among the nations, ‘The Lord reigns.’ The world is firmly established; it cannot be moved. — Psalm 96:10 Tremble before him, all the earth! The world is firmly established; it cannot be moved. — 1 Chronicles 16:30 ‘O sun, stand still over Gibeon, O moon, over the Valley of Aijalon.’ So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, till the nation avenged itself on its enemies. — Joshua 10:12-13 Also, God can command the Sun not to rise rather than the Earth to stop turning. (Job 9:7, KJV) …the sun rises and the sun sets; and hastening to its place, it rises there again.Earthquakes are also an interesting subject in the Bible since the topic also belies the Biblical authors’ worldview. God shakes the world’s pillars and rattles the dome of the sky above, too. — Ecclesiastes 1:5 In [the heavens] He has placed a tent for the sun, which is as a bridegroom coming out of her chamber; it rejoices like a strong man to run its course, its rising from one end of the heavens, and its circuit to the other end of them. — Psalm 19:4-6 There was a great earthquake; and the stars in the sky fell to earth, as late figs drop from a fig tree when shaken by a strong wind.Some fundamentalists like to point to Job 26:7 where Job says that God “spreads out the northern [skies] over empty space; he suspends the earth over nothing.” — Revelation 6:12-13 …the stars will fall from the sky, and the heavenly bodies will be shaken. — Matthew 24:29, Mark 13:25 Before them the earth shakes, the sky trembles, the sun and moon are darkened, and the stars no longer shine. — Joel 2:10 Therefore I will make the heavens tremble, and the earth will shake from its place… — Isaiah 13:13 The earth trembled and quaked, the foundations of the heavens shook; they trembled because he was angry. — 2 Samuel 22:8 He shakes the earth from its place and makes it pillars tremble. — Job 9:6 The pillars of the heavens quake, aghast at his rebuke. — Job 26:11 When the earth and all its people quake, it is I who hold its pillars firm. — Psalm 75:3 For the pillars of the earth are the Lord’s, and he set the world upon them. — 1 Samuel 2:8 “See?” they exclaim, “Job says that the earth floats in empty space!” But what they conveniently ignore is the fact that God later rebukes Job for his insolence: Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundation? Tell me, if you understand. Who marked off its dimensions? Surely you know! Who stretched a measuring line across it? On what were its footings set, or who laid its cornerstone?And finally, the following is from the Book of Revelation: — Job 38:4-6 One of the seven angels who had the seven bowls full of the seven last plagues came and said to me, “Come, I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb.” And he carried me away in the Spirit to a mountain great and high, and showed me the Holy City, the New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God.According to John, the New Jerusalem will descend from Heaven and land on Earth. But this city is supposed to be in the dimensions of a perfect cube that measures 1,500 × 1,500 × 1,500 miles. It shone with the glory of God, and its brilliance was like that of a very precious jewel, like jasper, clear as crystal. It had a great, high wall with twelve gates, and with twelve angels at the gates. On the gates were written the names of the twelve tribes of Israel. There were three gates on the east, three on the north, three on the south and three on the west. The wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them were the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb. The angel who talked with me had a measuring rod of gold to measure the city, its gates and its walls. The city was laid out like a square, as long as it was wide. He measured the city with the rod and found it to be 12,000 stadia [1,500 miles] in length, and as wide and high as it is rsquo;long. He measured its wall and it was 144 cubits [200 feet] thick, by man’s measurement, which the angel was using. The wall was made of jasper, and the city of pure gold, as pure as glass. The foundations of the city walls were decorated with every kind of precious stone. The first foundation was jasper, the second sapphire, the third chalcedony, the fourth emerald, the fifth sardonyx, the sixth carnelian, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth chrysoprase, the eleventh jacinth, and the twelfth amethyst. The twelve gates were twelve pearls, each gate made of a single pearl. The great street of the city was of pure gold, like transparent glass. — Revelation 21:9-21 How could a cube that’s 1,500 miles across land on the surface of a spherical planet that’s only 8,000 miles across? Either the cube or the planet would be seriously deformed! Or… John assumed that the Earth was flat! Some fundamentalists claim that this city only “floats” above the Earth rather than “lands” on its surface, but they still have problems. A city that large and massive, even if it were to float in space, would have so much mass that it would gravitationally collapse into a sphere, crushing everybody and everything inside. (Don’t forget that the walls of this city are 200 feet thick!) “So what!” believers proclaim, “God will change the laws of physics!” Therefore, in this so-called prediction, God will reconstruct the principles of geometry and mathematics! And this is science? Also note that some Bible commentaries claim that 12,000 stadia can be interpreted as only 1,400 miles, but knocking a hundred miles off the cube’s dimensions won’t fix the mechanical difficulties of this scenario at all.

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Physical fitness provides countless health benefits. Step outside for fresh air and breathe in the sense of well-being becomes apparent. Merge the two, and health experts say you have a powerful combination that offers long-lasting benefits. Heading outdoors for physical activity not only does the body good, it also can be instrumental in preventing disease and boosting your mood, especially on dreary winter days. Studies have shown outdoor sessions can lower blood pressure, boost the immune system and reduce cancer risk. Local experts weigh in on some of the additional benefits of outdoor activities, as well as some ideas on how to connect with nature. Out or in Walking offers a host of health benefits, but does it matter whether you walk outdoors or indoors? Khisha Anderson, coordinator of the Well Walkers Club at St. Catherine Hospital in East Chicago, says walking in any environment can help reduce blood pressure, lower bad cholesterol and improve heart health. But walking outdoors can provide a key aid to maintaining a fitness routine. The main benefit to walking outside versus a treadmill is atmosphere, Anderson said. People are not as focused on the duty of exercise, watching the timer or mileage. Instead, when outdoors, people tend to be more attentive to their surroundings taking their mind off their exercise routine. It provides people the opportunity to smell the roses and enjoy their exercise, she said. Debi Pillarella, director of bariatric services at Community Healthcare Systems Healthy 4 Life Advanced Weight Loss Center, says even when its cold, getting outside can create feelings of revitalization, reduce tension and increase energy. You may even burn more calories simply by choosing an outdoor activity versus an indoor activity. When getting outside when the mercury is dropping, the body works to keep itself warm, and the result is burning more calories, she said. Cold outdoor temperatures are said to activate brown fat, which helps the body heat up and stokes the bodys metabolism. Theres also no cost to walk or participate in many activities outdoors, Anderson said. Walking can be done anywhere, at any speed, by anyone, and its free, she said. Effect on health Heading outdoors offers several benefits to the body, and overall, can improve a persons sense of well-being, says Michelle Kelleher, a fitness instructor and trainer at the Purdue Northwest Westville Fitness Center. When we go outside and connect with nature, it helps us connect to ourselves something that can change a day around, she said. This simple act of taking a walk outside also helps improve our overall well-being. Feeling connected and getting fresh air is a winning combo. Especially in the winter, when the cozy blanket beckons, getting outside is important, says L.J. Mattraw, wellness manager with Franciscan Health Fitness Centers. Being outdoors is a great way to improve your mood, he said. Physiologically, serotonin levels are usually lowest in the winter. Going outside and getting some sunlight is a great way to increase those levels and put you in a more positive mood. Research also suggests that vitamin D levels drop in the winter, Pillarella says. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium and promote bone growth. Typically in the winter, we cover our body with warm clothing, compared to the summer, which results in less exposure to the sun where our body gets UVB rays, which limit vitamin D synthesis. Even a 10-minute daily walk can help prevent vitamin D levels from decreasing, Mattraw says. Grabbing a friend or workout buddy also can promote accountability and long-term lifestyle changes, Kelleher says. Setting aside specific times to get outside might also be helpful to make it a natural routine, such as going for morning walks or going in the evening after dinner, she said. Daily physical activity, particularly outdoors, boosts an individuals circadian rhythm, hormones and neurotransmitters, Kelleher said. By improving our physical health, our mental, emotional and spiritual well-being improve, too, helping us to stay in balance and centered, she said. Ideas for outdoor activity The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week. If walking, a daily goal should be at least 10,000 steps, which is the equivalent of about five miles, Anderson said. Going for a peaceful stroll, playing with your kids or taking an outdoor meditation class could greatly uplift your day, Kelleher said. Qigong and yoga are both great options. Dancing in the rain isnt a bad idea either. After a snowfall, head outside for cross-country skiing, sledding, snowboarding and snowshoeing opportunities, Pillarella says. Many local parks, including the Indiana Dunes National Park, offer opportunities for winter activities. Even making snow angels, building snow forts or participating in snowball fights can burn calories, she says. Finding a fun activity is key and will make an outdoor activity something to look forward to, Pillarella says. If its fun and enjoyable, its more likely to become part of your world, she said. Though time spent outdoors is encouraged year-round by health advocates, Anderson says its important to keep in mind some precautions to ensure safety. When walking outside during anytime of the year, especially winter, be mindful of the terrain, she said. Dress in layers when the weather is cold. You can take outer layers off as you warm up. Drinking water is also critical, she says. Hydration is just as important in the winter as it is in the summer, Anderson said. Proper clothing is also key not only for comfort, but safety as well, Kelleher says. To walk outside in the winter months, one must be prepared with snow pants, hats, coats and gloves, she said. Scarves and face masks are also beneficial. Pillarella stresses the importance of looking at overall lifestyle changes and incorporating healthful behaviors such as getting outdoors into your routine throughout the day. The numbers dont lie, and we really need to heed the advice of the experts and realize that although exercise is super important and highly recommended, its what you do when youre not formally exercising that really counts, she said. If you do a formal workout for an hour, but sit the rest of your day, you might be at risk for the active couch potato syndrome. Studies have shown even among people who exercise regularly, those that exhibit an excessive sedentary behavior are at a higher risk of diseases and death, she said. 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What happened? - Wired.co.uk - February 27th, 2020 - Tools to help graduate students discover their own answers to academic and career questions (opinion) - Inside Higher Ed - February 27th, 2020 - Unleashing the Power of Three - Thrive Global - February 27th, 2020 - Letter to the Editor: Deep state exists only in Trump's mind - Fairfield Daily Republic - February 24th, 2020 - To Change Voters Sympathies, Its Time to Go Deep - The American Prospect - February 24th, 2020 - Camden takes tech crown as it leads UK for new business creation - City A.M. - February 24th, 2020 - These Fevered Days a fresh exploration of the wild terrain of Emily Dickinsons mind - The Boston Globe - February 24th, 2020 - Hekate's Key Journey And The Keys Of Spiritual Journeying | Hekate's Key - Patheos - February 22nd, 2020 - Google parent Alphabet is pruning its 'other bets' - Engadget - February 22nd, 2020 - Can mysticism solve the mind-body problem? - The Stute - February 22nd, 2020 - Review: 'The Lodge' is a slow-burn attack on the mind (Includes first-hand account) - Digital Journal - February 22nd, 2020 - How quieting the mind can benefit your life - Bangor Daily News - February 22nd, 2020 - Is The Recent Criticism For OpenAI by MIT Technology Review Unfair? - Analytics India Magazine - February 22nd, 2020 - The messy, secretive reality behind OpenAIs bid to save the world - MIT Technology Review - February 22nd, 2020 - The Mind-Altering Power of Deep Animal Connection - Sierra Magazine - February 13th, 2020 - Google Health, the company's newest product area, has ballooned to more than 500 employees - CNBC - February 13th, 2020 - Ryan Evans: Every invention begins with a curious mind - Akron Beacon Journal - February 13th, 2020 - Five Principles of Success - Thrive Global - February 13th, 2020 - Get Lost in the Mind of Yheti with New Album 'The Party Has Changed' [Album Review] - EDM Identity - February 13th, 2020 - 'This Is Us' Season 4: Kate in Abusive Relationship Hannah Zeile - TVLine - February 13th, 2020 - New decade, new you: 10 things you really can set your mind to doing in 2020 and beyond - Omaha World-Herald - February 11th, 2020 - DeepMind trains robots to insert USB keys and stack colored blocks - VentureBeat - February 11th, 2020 - Alabama man's Habitual Felony Offender Act sentence caused 'deep pain' for his sister, the last surviving member of their family - Southern Poverty... - February 11th, 2020 - Dan McCaslin: Post-Stroke Hiking and the Skylike Mind - Noozhawk - February 11th, 2020 - Slippery fish: How to remember your dreams - Thrive Global - February 11th, 2020 - Google's DeepMind AI trained by group of researchers to detect Breast Cancer - Brinkwire - February 11th, 2020 - How To Stay Motivated When Starting a Business - Thrive Global - February 11th, 2020 - New Poll Shows Deep Red Kansas Slipping Away From Trump And Republicans In 2020 - PoliticusUSA - February 11th, 2020 - Sundance 2020: Into the Deep Review: A frightening look inside the mind of a madman - AIPT - February 8th, 2020 - How three minds of the body Brain, heart and gut, work together for producing Happiness - Thrive Global - February 8th, 2020 - Do this 1 thing before bed for greater happiness and success - Ladders - February 8th, 2020 - River guides don't mind the rain - The Baxter Bulletin - February 8th, 2020 - What Made Virginia Change Its Mind on Guns? - The New York Times - January 30th, 2020 - How to talk someone out of bigotry with deep canvassing - Vox.com - January 30th, 2020 - Advancing AI Through Collaborative Sprints at VA - GovernmentCIO Media - January 30th, 2020 - The connection between Penn wrestling and engineering is one that runs decades deep - The Daily Pennsylvanian - January 30th, 2020 - iPhone Sales and Wearables Help Crush Apple Earnings - Nasdaq - January 30th, 2020 - This AI startup went viral after fooling airport facial recognition with printed masks. Here's the pitch deck it used to raise $73 million from... - January 30th, 2020 - Health Beat: Promoting vitality connects the mind and body - Missoula Current - January 29th, 2020

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Physiology, Physics, and the Force By Chris Knight What are Midi-Chlorians? Midi-Chlorians and the Force Force in the Family Time, Space, and the Force A Final, Force-ful Exit What Are Midi-Chlorians? Midi-chlorians, as explained by the creator of Star Wars, George Lucas: "Midi-chlorians are a loose depiction of mitochondria, which are necessary components for cells to divide. They probably had something--which will come out someday--to do with the beginnings of life and how one cell decided to become two cells with a little help from this other little creature who came in, without whom life couldn't exist. And it's really a way of saying we have hundreds of little creatures who live on us, and without them, we all would die. There wouldn't be any life. They are necessary for us; we are necessary for them. Using them in the metaphor, saying society is the same way, says we all must get along with each other." If Lucas wanted to further the theme of symbiosis between life and the Force, he could not have found a more apt illustration than with mitochondria. Not only are mitochondria required for cell division, they're required for EVERYTHING in a cell! An analogous structure was needed between cells and the Force, and midi-chlorians fill that need. So perhaps we should look at the fact behind the fiction... Here is an image from an electron microscope of a mitochondrion: Mitochondria are an essential part of all living cells. They convert the nutrients (primarily carbohydrates and fatty acids) into adenosine triphosphate or ATP, the "energy currency" that your cells - and your entire body - operate on. In animals and humans, food consumed is broken down by the digestive system into its component substances, which are dispersed throughout the body by circulation. These substances osmose through cellular membranes and are converted as needed by the mitochondria into ATP. When energy is required by the cell, it's the ATP molecule's breakdown into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) that provides that energy, much like the internal combustion engine in your car. It also produces waste product... namely, the carbon dioxide that you exhale with each breath. With plants, the nutrients are taken from the soil by the root system and transported to the leaves, where chloroplasts in leaf cells take the sun's light energy and convert that into stored chemical energy, which is then used by the mitochondria. With plants, the production of energy is reversed from animals, with a benevolent "waste product": breathable oxygen. Animals (and humans) produce carbon dioxide for the plants, and plants produce oxygen for us... symbiosis on a global scale. Mitochondria rank as the most unusual of the cell's organelles: the elements of the cell that are to it what your organs are to your body. They are the smallest, only being studied by higher-powered microscopes. They are among the most numerous: thousands may be crammed into the cell of heart tissue. Other organelles include ribosomes (used in protein production), endoplasmic reticulum (the cellular transport system), centrioles (utilized in cell division) and others, especially the nucleus. The nucleus is the "brain" of the cell. And within it, usually bundled in pairs of chromosomes, is the molecule DNA: the master code of an organism's being. It is the DNA that encodes protein composition in a complex process that ultimately decides the form and function of an organism entire. But the nucleus isn't the only place in a cell that DNA is found... mitochondria have it too! And mitochondrial DNA has become a useful tool in fields ranging from cellular biology to some branches of archaeology. When a child is conceived, he or she receives mitochondria primarily from the mother, and this matrilineal passing of mitochondrial DNA, which generally stays the same from one generation to the next, has been used to trace migration and inter-marriage patterns. Recently the "Kennewick Man" skeleton found in Washington state was to be subjected to mitochondrial DNA analysis to determine his origin: speculation on this 9,000 year-old gentleman has him as everything from Ainu, the original inhabitants of the islands of Japan, to Caucasian. Because of the age and location of the skeleton, local Native Americans believe that Kennewick Man must be American Indian and are against testing his mitochondrial DNA. As of this writing the issue is still unresolved. Mitochondrial Mayhem: Kennewick Man Most organelles are formed during mitosis or by "budding off" from the nucleus. Not so mitochondria: with their own DNA, they replicate on their own... another hallmark of independent life. But a mitochondrion is far from being a "cell within the cell". It has been theorized that mitochondria began as simple bacteria which, engulfed by more complex cells, began producing energy for the cell in symbiosis. But some scientists point out problems with this classification: mitochondria have too specialized an internal structure when compared with true bacteria. And if the cell is so dependent upon mitochondria for metabolism, how did cells survive before the introduction of mitochondria? Like so much else of science currently, the question is in a state of flux, brought on by new theories and particularly new mathematics. Scientists know these things happen, just now how exactly... yet. There are some gray areas that might not even be resolved in the lifetime of our grandchildren. Scientific philosophy is now closely following scientific fact in terms of importance. All of which begs the question: mitochondria are part of microscopic life, but are they true microscopic life-forms? And in our study, should the midi-chlorians of Star Wars be considered true life-forms separate from their cells? Science has never fully defined the microscopic limit of life. A cell is considered the basic unit of carbon-based life (the only kind we know of so far), but what about a virus? Viruses have no cells, only a protein sheathe protecting a core of DNA or RNA. They have nothing of metabolism, but they do reproduce by "invading" real cells and converting them into "virus factories", churning out more viruses and killing the cell. They can be "killed", by high temperature or chemicals, but usually by an organism's immune system (such as the lymphocytes and other white corpuscles that circulate in the blood stream). But are our cells defeating a real living enemy, or merely engulfing protein structures? To add to the confusion, in the last several years we have learned of prions: bits of protein often smaller than a virus. Smaller, but no less dangerous, prions are responsible for the "mad cow disease" that has plagued Europe recently, as well as other illnesses. Prion-caused disease is proving to be remarkably tough to fight, even moreso than those caused by viruses. Because of their makeup and effect on larger organisms, should prions then be considered alive? Mid-way between cells and viruses, there are cell organelles. Curiously, organelles have never been considered to be autonomous living entities, because on their own they cannot survive. Take endoplasmic reticulum - the cell's "transport system" - out of the cell membrane, and all you have is a miniscule mess. Pluck out the nucleus and the cell dies. What about mitochondria? Our cells couldn't survive without them, and they're worthless without our cells. The same can be said for the nucleus... is that a "symbiont lifeform" now, or do we give mitochondria more legitimacy because of its DNA? Qui-Gon Jinn spoke of midi-chlorians residing in all living cells: the classic definition of an organelle. Do we classify it as a separate life-form just because it's connected to the Force... and why would such a tiny thing be needed for the Force, anyway?! Here's the paradox: if midi-chlorians are a microscopic life-form, and if life couldn't exist without them, then where did midi-chlorians come from? How did they become part of "all" cells? How did life exist before their coming into being? Qui-Gon tells Anakin that without midi-chlorians, life could not exist. The problem with that statement is that life flourishes across the galaxy on millions of worlds in the Star Wars saga, all of which possess midi-chlorians. Did midi-chlorians arise spontaneously on ALL worlds then, "infecting" every lifeform? That would be a statistical improbability that most science-fiction would avoid. How did one lifeform come about in precisely the same way on planets so wildly different? And even given the miracle of hyperspace, it would have taken thousands of years for midi-chlorians to have spread from one point of origin to all known life... a period of time that all life would have been dead long before because they lacked midi-chlorians. How would life arise without them? Then again, we might be headed entirely in the "wrong" direction if we're looking to mitochondria to answer our questions about midi-chlorians. Despite all the knowledge we've gained on cells, there are some things about them that we still do not understand. There is some evidence to support the existence of "micro-bacteria" on a scale with the mitochondria. And some kinds of microscopy used in studying living tissue have examined particles in human blood, the function of which are still unknown! Might these be our "midi-chlorians"? Whatever they might be, Qui-Gon's statement to Anakin implies that midi-chlorians are ubiquitous to life. Obi-Wan explained to Luke that the Force was created by all living things. Between these two facts, a theory lends itself. What if, instead of midi-chlorians create sensitivity to the Force, the Force creates midi-chlorians? Continued next page Concepts in these pages are derived from material created by Lucasfilm Ltd. and George Lucas. While these pages discuss Star Wars, they are NOT to be considered "canon". This is merely a theory. As for the true nature of midi-chlorians, as Mark Hamill once said, "only George knows." Most of the ideas presented here are my original thoughts about midi-chlorians to the best of my knowledge but some, such as theoretical physics and Kirlian photography, are in the province of those who discovered them. Otherwise, the layout, structure, and interpretation in these pages is Copyright ? 2000 Chris Knight and TheForce.net. Got questions? Comments? Suggestions? Think Chris has WAY too much time on his hands? Let us know!

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What is a Pessary? A pessary or vaginal pessary is a removable device, usually body-friendly silicone or rubber that is worn inside the vagina it is designed to add support where the pelvic muscles are weak and pelvic organs have prolapsed or are in danger of prolapse. - A pessary can be removed at home and cleaned (rinsed under the tap) or if the user finds this difficult at the GP or healthcare professional surgery. - Some pessaries can be left in place during love making and do not have to be removed for intercourse, however a diaphragm cannot be use with a pessary so an alternative form of contraception is required if the user is pre menopause. Pessary for Prolapse Medical research shows that a pessary can actually slow the downward progression of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and also improve the severity or 'grade' of prolapse. A pessary for prolapse is highly beneficial for a number of reasons: - A pessary takes the pressure of a weak pelvic floor leaving the woman free to get her muscles strong through pelvic floor exercise, we here at Kegel8 urge as many women as possible to get fitted with a pessary to 'take the strain' whilst they regain pelvic floor muscle strength with a Kegel8 pelvic toner. - A pessary can help to manage a prolapse, it can help to stop a prolapse getting worse and also prevent further pelvic organ prolapse - A pessary is perfect for women needing support who want more family and to avoid pelvic surgery - A pessary is ideal for women who have had prolapse surgery but it has failed. Sadly this is in the region of 1:3 women and following initial prolapse surgery many women are reluctant to go through it again. - A small study has shown that women with vaginal wind (fanny farts) had less embarrassing episodes when fitted with a pessary. How does a Pessary Work? A pessary works to support or 'brace' falling pelvic organs. It can offer a valuable non-surgical approach to prolapse and is clinically proven to improve support and reduce sagging (reducing the genital hiatus). The term genital hiatus is used to describe the distance between the urethra (opening for urine) and the back wall of the vagina. Clinical studies show that genital hiatus size can be reduced when wearing a pessary for some users in as soon as 2 weeks of use! This means that the pessary is reducing the 'sag' of the pelvic floor - now that is great news! After 3 months of pessary use, genital hiatus size decreased significantly. Pessary use results in significant anatomical changes to the genital hiatus in patients with pelvic organ prolapse. What does a Pessary do? When the pelvic floor gets weak and loses its support it can result in reduced sensation, leaks of urine, faeces or wind, tampons falling out, lower back pain and hip pain - to name but a few. This weakness can also result in the pelvic organs falling down out of position, so the bladder, uterus, bowel or return can drop down due to lack of support - this is known as prolapse. Prolapsing or potentially prolapsing pelvic organs need support and if the pelvic floor muscles are also weak a pessary is a great place to start. Current figures show that 1 in 2 women aged 50 will suffer with pelvic organ prolapse and healthcare professionals are keen to pursue alternatives to pelvic floor surgery since the vaginal mesh scandal (2014) and doubts surrounding this major surgery. A pessary is literally a brace or support for the pelvic organs and there are different pessary types, styles and sizes depending on the support required: Ring Pessary - a hollow ring pessary is ideal to help with stress urinary incontinence. A filled in centre ring pessary is preferred for cystocele (bladder prolapse) and is sometimes referred to as a 'ring pessary with support'. Various symptoms can also be addressed by one pessary, for instance if you have stress incontinence and cystocele you would benefit most from a ring pessary ring with both support and a knob. Stress urinary incontinence can also be treated with a ring pessary with knob Cube Pessary - A Cube Pessary is recommended for women suffering from moderate to severe uterine prolapse, cystocele or rectocele. The curved edges of the Cube Pessary mean that even if the prolapse is severe, the pessary can stay in place comfortably due to the suction created with the walls of the vagina. Shelf Pessary - is often recommended for women suffering from a prolapse of the top of vagina or uterine prolapse. They are often used by women with vaginal prolapse who want to avoid surgery such as hysterectomy to help keep the womb prolapse in place. Gellhorn Pessary - A Gellhorn pessary recommended severe pelvic organ prolapse such as 3rd degree prolapse or procidentia. This is a more solid type of pessary with a stem making insertion and removal at home very easy. A shorter stem Gellhorn pessary is available for women with a short vagina or when the uterus is very low. Inflatoball Pesssary - The Milex Inflatoball Pessary is a special type of inflatable latex pessary designed for women with the most severe 3rd and 4th degree prolapse, cystocele, rectocele and/or procidentia. Doughnut Pessary - is slighter larger than ring pessary offering more support, it is a type of pessary often used by women suffering from moderate (2nd or 3rd degree) uterine prolapse and cystocele. The smooth, rounded shape is easily compressed for easy insertion and removal and is also easy to clean. Falk Pessary - is a solid vaginal pessary designed to support prolapsed organs in women suffering from uterine prolapse. While a pessary cannot cure a womb prolapse, it can help with the everyday symptoms of prolapse and can help to prevent the prolapse from getting worse. Shaatz Pessary - is designed for use by women who are suffering from a 2nd or 3rd degree uterine prolapse and may also have a cystocele (bladder prolapse). The rounded, slightly domed shape is flexible for easy insertion and provides support to the prolapsed organ which can help to relieve the symptoms of prolapse. The use of a Shaatz pessary, along with pelvic floor exercise to treat the underlying cause of prolapse, is recommended as a first-line treatment for pelvic organ prolapse. Gehrung Pessary - is designed to help women suffering from moderate to severe cystocele (2nd and 3rd degree bladder prolapse), rectocele and 2nd and 3rd degree uterine prolapse. The Gehrung Pessary is one of the most difficult pessaries to insert, however can provide great results for women suffering from pelvic organ prolapse. Pessaries and pelvic floor exercise are recommended as a first-line treatment for women suffering prolapse as they can help to treat the symptoms of prolapse and help women to avoid prolapse surgery. Dish Pessary - is a commonly used type of vaginal pessary designed to provide support for women suffering from stress incontinence, mild (1st or 2nd degree) uterine prolapse and mild (1st or 2nd degree) cystocele. The Dish Pessary is simply inserted into the vagina and provides support for the prolapsed organs. While a pessary cannot cure a prolapse, it can help you to manage the symptoms by giving support to the 'dropped' organs. Pessaries, in conjunction with pelvic floor exercise, are recommended as first-line treatment for Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP). Clinical studies show that the use of a pessary can be of significant benefit to a prolapase1. Hodge Pessary - is designed to provide support to the prolapsed bladder in women suffering from cystocele (bladder prolapse). A Hodge pessary is available with or without a 'knob' - if you suffer from stress incontinence, this knob can be used to apply gentle pressure to the urethra to prevent leaks. By using a pessary a woman has a really useful supporting tool for her Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) and/or Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) because a pessary can help to support the 'dropped' organs and give relief from the 'dragging' symptoms of prolapse. The use of a pessary along with pelvic floor exercise is recommended as a first-line treatment for pelvic organ prolapse and whilst a pessary cannot cure prolapse, clinical results show that it has a positive effect and can stop from getting worse. How to use a Pessary There are different styles, shapes and sizes of pessary and your clinician will fit one depending on your requirements. It is vital that your pessary is fitted by a professional - this is to ensure the right fit. Sadly many women have 'tried' a pessary but say it doesn't work, or 'fell out'. If a pessary falls out it was not the right size and we urge you to return to your healthcare provider and have another go. For a successful pessary fitting your clinician will use the largest pessary possible, a well fitted pessary will feel comfortable, it won't fall out, and it won't interfere with the emptying of your bladder or bowel. A pessary for prolapse is ideal for women wanting to keep active and avoid surgery. Since one of the most popular prolapse surgeries fell out of favour due to the controversy surrounding vaginal mesh the humble pessary has been thrust into the spotlight - and quite rightly so! To date transvaginal mesh has become the most sued-over medical device in US history and will probably follow suit here in the UK. There has never been a 'quick fix' for prolapse but we now understand that with careful management a prolapse can be managed with: - Targeted pelvic floor strengthening exercise - that’s where Kegel8 Ultra 20 can help with special programmes for deep effective exercise that is clinically proven (and it's made here in the UK). - Lifestyle changes, weight reduction, stop smoking, low impact sports, no straining! - Vaginal pessary to add support and stabilise the prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Sep;112(3):630-6. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318181879f Jones K1, Yang L, Lowder JL, Meyn L, Ellison R, Zyczynski HM, Moalli P, Lee T.

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United States 1831 Seeing slavery as an abomination to God and determined to force its immediate end in the United States, William Lloyd Garrison founded the nation's first militant antislavery newspaper, The Liberator, in 1831 in Boston, Massachusetts. The newspaper aimed to shame whites for their support of slavery by exposing northern links to bondage, by revealing the horrors of slave life, and by showing the cruelty behind the nascent movement to gradually end slave labor. Southerners banned Garrison's publication and blamed his relentless attacks on the institution of slavery for causing the violent Nat Turner-led slave revolt. Despite repeated attempts to suppress his newspaper, Garrison persevered to spark the rise of abolitionist sentiment in the North. - 1808: U.S. Congress bans the importation of slaves. - 1812: The War of 1812, sparked by U.S. reactions to oppressive British maritime practices undertaken in the wake of the wars against Napoleon, begins in June. It lasts until December 1814. - 1815: Napoleon returns from Elba, and his supporters attempt to restore him as French ruler, but just three months later, forces led by the Duke of Wellington defeat his armies at Waterloo. Napoleon spends the remainder of his days as a prisoner on the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic. - 1818: In a decisive defeat of Spanish forces, soldier and statesman Simón Bolívar leads the liberation of New Granada, which includes what is now Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador. With Spanish power now waning, Bolívar becomes president and virtual dictator of the newly created nation of Colombia. - 1825: New York Stock Exchange opens. - 1828: Election of Andrew Jackson as president begins a new era in American history. - 1830: Mormon Church is founded by Joseph Smith. - 1831: Young British naturalist Charles Darwin sets sail from England aboard the H.M.S. Beagle bound for South America, where he will make discoveries leading to the formation of his theory of evolution by means of natural selection. - 1833: British Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act, giving freedom to all slaves throughout the British Empire. - 1836: In Texas's war of independence with Mexico, the defenders of the Alamo, among them Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie, are killed in a siege. Later that year, Texas wins the Battle of San Jacinto and secures its independence. - 1839: England launches the First Opium War against China. The war, which lasts three years, results in the British gaining a free hand to conduct a lucrative opium trade, despite opposition by the Chinese government. - 1845: From Ireland to Russia, famine plagues Europe, killing some 2.5 million people. Event and Its Context In the years following the Revolutionary War, a small number of Americans began to agitate against slavery. To hold men, women, and children in bondage for life seemed to many to be contrary to the principles of liberty as embodied in the Declaration of Independence. Yet although a growing number of people opposed slavery, the idea of immediately ending the practice seemed absurd to all but a very few. A gradual end to bondage, antislavery forces argued, would preserve the social and economic stability of the South. Many of these reformers further expressed support for colonization, the gradual end of slavery through the immigration of blacks to Africa, in the belief that African Americans would forever be unable to compete equally with whites and that the best solution lay in the separation of the races. In this climate, William Lloyd Garrison began to gain notoriety. In the 1820s Garrison had attempted to start several newspapers in Massachusetts and Vermont, but all of the ventures had failed, partly because of Garrison's fiery writing style and willingness to provoke conflict. Always sympathetic to the underdog and familiar with black communities from the days of his poverty-stricken childhood, Garrison was a natural champion of the rights of the oppressed, but it appears that he became an abolitionist as the result of a job offer. In 1829 the Quaker abolitionist Benjamin Lundy invited Garrison to Baltimore to coedit The Genius of Universal Emancipation, and Garrison soon came to support Lundy's philosophy. A widely discussed libel suit, filed in 1830 by a slave trader who objected to being condemned for slave trading, quickly reversed the young editor's fortunes. Convicted and jailed for 49 days, Garrison publicized his martyrdom for the cause of abolition, then headed to Boston to start a new newspaper, The Liberator, first published on 1 January 1831. Through the pages of The Liberator, Garrison pressed for equal treatment of the races, self-advancement through the acquisition of literacy and mechanical skills, united political action, and a thorough repudiation of slavery. Although Garrison shared the publishing duties with Isaac Knapp, a childhood friend and printer, the editorial voice of the paper was Garrison's alone. William Nell, an African American who would eventually write for the newspaper and become a prominent abolitionist in his own right, joined the enterprise as an errand boy. With the motto, "Our Country Is the World—Our Countrymen are Mankind," the newspaper appeared weekly without interruption for 35 years. It typically contained editorials, book reviews, poems, excerpts from the religious and temperance press, factual material on slavery, reports of meetings held to protect the slave trade or register opposition to colonization schemes, and letters from readers. The extraordinarily physical writing style employed in the newspaper made it impossible to evade the issue of slavery. In Garrison's hand, trumpets blared, statues bled, hearts melted, and slave apologists trembled as slavery became the question of the day. Garrison wanted the newspaper to be a forum for black activists and a vehicle for a biracial political coalition. With money tight at first, Garrison worked odd jobs by day and produced the newspaper at night. Crucial support came from the black community, which provided 500 subscribers in The Liberator's initial year. Given that copies of the paper were typically passed around and posted in reading rooms as well as barbershops, the actual readership of The Liberator was considerably greater than the subscription rolls indicated. The influence of The Liberator also extended past its actual readers. The paper had no agents and few subscribers south of Washington, D.C., yet the common practice of newspaper exchange put the periodical in the hands of southern editors who reprinted material from it accompanied by bitter condemnations that were picked up by other newspapers. These comments eventually reached Garrison, who commented and began the lively circle anew. Insisting that slavery could not endure indefinitely in a Christian democratic society, Garrison sought to preserve the Union by removing an evil that, if allowed to grow, would inevitably produce a division of the states. He was determined to heat up the issue until the public felt ashamed of its connection to slavery and angry at granting political privileges to slave-holders. The masthead that Garrison chose for The Liberator reflected this desire to provoke as well as his ability to infuriate. Garrison pictured a slave auction in front of the nation's capitol with the flag of liberty blowing atop the building's dome. In 1838 he added to the masthead a second panel that depicted free labor and emancipation. In 1850 he combined the two vignettes with a medallion of Christ rebuking a master while elevating a slave. In response, John C. Calhoun, one of the most powerful men in the United States Senate and a die-hard proponent of slavery, attempted to ban from the mails newspapers with pictorial representations of slave labor. Other southerners soon joined Calhoun in expressing their rage at Garrison's provocations. When Nat Turner killed men, women, and children in a slave uprising in Virginia, terrified southerners blamed outside agitators for the bloodbath. Of these agitators, Garrison received the brunt of the blame. Although southerners demanded that northerners silence abolitionists before they succeeded at rending the social fabric of the slave states, supporters of slavery also took steps to stifle Garrison. In October 1831 the town of Georgetown near Washington, D.C., passed a law prohibiting African Americans from taking copies of The Liberator out of post offices. The penalty for such an act was a fine and 30 days in jail, plus the threat of being sold into slavery for four months if the fines went unpaid. A Raleigh, North Carolina, grand jury indicted Garrison and Knapp for distributing incendiary matter, and the Georgia state legislature offered a $5,000 reward for anyone who arrested Garrison and brought him to the Peach State for trial on charges of seditious libel. Garrison habitually attacked racial prejudice and political hypocrisy. Because Garrison held that both these qualities could be found in the colonization scheme, he reserved his harshest attacks for its proponents. He charged that colonization had been designed by slaveholders to protect their system from serious criticism, a view that added greatly to his unpopularity. Although Garrison had hoped to use the newspaper to reach reform-minded leaders, the initial apathy of these prominent men turned into open hostility as the editor increased his attacks on colonizationists. When one minister opined about the dangers of immediate emancipation, Garrison responded that this was the first time that religious men had advised the gradual abolition of wickedness. As Garrison kept clamoring, vigorous opposition to the growing abolition movement mounted in all parts of the nation. In the slave states, abolitionists were threatened, harassed, and expelled. In cities across the North, mobs interrupted abolitionists' meetings, attacked their homes, and assaulted communities of free blacks. In Boston on an October night in 1835, an angry mob of whites threw a rope over Garrison as he left an abolitionist meeting, dragged him through the streets, and barely missed lynching him. Later that year, Garrison assisted the Quaker abolitionist Prudence Crandall in her attempt to open the first boarding school for African American women. An improvement in the condition of black citizens formed an essential element of Garrisonian abolitionist thinking. By reading The Liberator, Crandall had been convinced of the moral correctness of abolitionism and the need for better education of black students. The school, designed to instruct future teachers, came under heavy attack by critics who charged Crandall and Garrison with promoting miscegenation. In the face of all these attacks, Garrison remained serene in the belief that he was an instrument of God doing battle with Satan's minions. As he had declared in his opening editorial, "I will not retreat an inch and I will be heard." When the Civil War began, Garrison changed the motto of the newspaper to, "Proclaim Liberty throughout All the Land, to All the Inhabitants of the Land." He urged President Abraham Lincoln to emancipate all slaves and give compensation only to slaveholding loyal citizens. In 1865, when Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment and abolished slavery, Garrison considered his life's ambition to have been filled. On 29 December 1865 he published the last issue of The Liberator. Crandall, Prudence (1803-1890): An educator, Crandall became the first advocate of desegregated schools when she enrolled black students at her Cranbury Female Seminary in Connecticut in 1832. In 1833 the school became a teacher-training institute exclusively for African American women. A mob attack forced its closure in 1834. Crandall left Connecticut and subsequently ran a school in Illinois before dying at her farm in Kansas. Garrison, William Lloyd (1805-1879): An antislavery editor, Garrison sparked the abolition movement by publishing The Liberator and founding the American Anti-Slavery Society (AAS). With the abolition of slavery, Garrison shut down The Liberator, resigned from the AAS, and declared his retirement from the antislavery movement. Knapp, Isaac (c. 1800-?): A printer and copublisher of The Liberator, Knapp ran the newspaper during Garrison's frequent absences. He became estranged from Garrison over differences in abolition strategy. Lundy, Benjamin (1789-1839): An antislavery editor, Lundy spent much of his career attempting by political means to persuade southerners to end slavery. In 1821 he founded the Genius of Universal Emancipation in Mount Pleasant, Ohio, and subsequently published it in Greeneville, Tennessee (1822-1824), Baltimore (1824-1830), and Washington, D.C. (1830-1833). Besides encouraging a boycott of slave-produced goods, the newspaper focused on the interests of whites by emphasizing the unprofitability of slave labor and the danger of slave revolts. Nell, William (1816-1874): Nell, a free-born African American, became an errand boy for The Liberator in 1831. In 1840 he began writing articles for the newspaper and representing Garrison at various antislavery functions. He authored Services of Colored Americans in the Wars of 1776 and 1812 (1851) and Colored Patriots of the American Revolution (1855). Turner, Nat (1800-1831): Turner, a Virginia slave, led the first successful slave revolt in the United States, in August 1831. In the belief that God had chosen him to end slavery, Turner organized a band of slaves who killed more than 50 whites before being overcome by local, state, and federal troops. Prior to his execution, Turner granted an interview to a journalist that became the basis of the book The Confessions of Nat Turner, the Leader of the Late Insurrection in Southampton, Va., as Fully and Voluntarily Made to Thomas R. Gray (1831). Cain, William E., ed. William Lloyd Garrison and the Fight Against Slavery: Selections from "The Liberator." Boston: Bedford Books, 1995. Mayer, Henry. All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. Stewart, James Brewer. William Lloyd Garrison and the Challenge of Emancipation. Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1992. Phillips, Wendell, and Francis Jackson Garrison. William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879: The Story of His Life Told by His Children. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885. Nye, Russel B. William Lloyd Garrison and the Humanitarian Reformers. Boston: Little, Brown, 1955. —Caryn E. Neumann

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- Join over 1.2 million students every month - Accelerate your learning by 29% - Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month International Baccalaureate: Biology Meet our team of inspirational teachers Aim To investigate the effect of strenuous physical activities such as badminton and bodybuilding on the heart rate of subject compared to stationary position During the initial portion of the cardiac cycle, an electrical signal is generated in pacemaker cells that is distributed through the heart through an electrical conduction system. In response to that particular electrical stimulation, the myocardium of first the atria and then the ventricles undergoes contraction (systole), followed by sequential relaxation (diastole) of the two sets of cambers a fraction of a second later. This cycle of compressing on the blood in the ventricles during diastole induces pressure changes in the ventricles that cause one-way valves in the heart to close audibly at different intervals of the cardiac cycle. - Word count: 1355 Once the seed has germinated, the roots will start to grow towards the soil and the sprout will grow upwards. As the first tiny leaves appear, photosynthesis is started. In the next stage of growth the plants start to compete for water and nutrients in the soil and also for sunlight and carbon dioxide above. Seeds that are planted too close to one another are known to grow taller initially to compete for sunlight (Dictionary.com 2012, Etiolation). However this growth will not last long because as they grow bigger, the plants will have to compete for other resources in the soil like space for roots, water and nutrients (Wikipedia 2012, Factors Affecting Growth). - Word count: 2132 This process is known as transpiration (Raven et al., 2002). Transpiration is a vitally important process in plants, and to study it further we designed and conducted an experiment to measure the rate of transpiration in the tomato plant, Solenum lycopersicum. In order to study the effects of varying weather conditions on the process, we studied how the transpiration rate would be affected by light, wind, and both light and wind (Vodopich et al., 2002). We hypothesized that these variables would increase the rate of transpiration. - Word count: 1277 The process of this bone marrow stem cell transplant begins with chemotherapy in order to kill the abnormal cancer cells as well as the normal cells present in the bone marrow. The new hematopoietic stem cells given to the patient via blood transfusion begin to produce new, healthy blood cells in a matter of a few days. Stem cells for transplants such as these are obtained from either adult tissue such as bone marrow; or from multicellular embryos such as embryos created during in vitro fertilization, embryos created in somatic cell nuclear transfer, germ cells or organs of an aborted fetus or from the blood cells of the umbilical cord after birth. - Word count: 1377 Experimental Question: What effect does substrate concentration have on the rate of enzyme activity? Dependent Variable: Rate of the enzyme activity in the reaction (measured in secs) Controlled Variables: Type of Enzyme (constant catalase obtained from beef liver) Room Temperature (constant 25OC) Materials: 1. (1) 100mL Graduated Cylinder 2. (1) Test Tube with a rubber stopper 3. (1) 200mL Beaker 4. 3% Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (H2O2) 5. Distilled Water 6. Test Tube Rack 7. Stopwatch 8. Catalase obtained from beef liver (Enzyme Solution) 9. Forceps (1 pair) 10. Petri Dish 11. 6mm Disks cut from the filter paper Experimental Procedure: 1. - Word count: 1513 A Eukaryotic is composed out of 5 different ribosomes while a Prokaryotic is only composed of 3 different ribosomes. 1. There is more space within a Eukaryotic cell than there is within a Prokaryotic cell. 1. A cytoplasm in a Eukaryotic cell is filled with large and complex organelles, many of which are enclosed in their own membranes. A Prokaryotic cell contains no membrane bound organelles. 1. Eukaryotic cells are larger than Prokaryotic cells by 10 times. 1. Eukaryotic cells either have a plasma membrane or a cell along with the plasma membrane while prokaryotic cells have a plasma membrane in addition to a bacterial cell wall. - Word count: 632 HIV can be transmitted through direct contact of mucous membrane or bloodstream with someone containing the virus. The transmission can happen through many different ways, such as: unprotected sex, childbirth, blood transfusions, breast milk, injection drug needles and any type of blood direct contact. Even though, we have a lot information about what AIDS and HIV are and what they do to humans, scientists still have not figured out why the HIV virus is so powerful that can kill almost all human immune cells. It is scary how the amount of people contracting HIV is getting bigger everyday and that almost 90% of our population is infected by this virus, and from 42 to 59% of the people infected by it those do not have any type of treatments to go against this. - Word count: 1016 When the enzyme shape is altered, it becomes denatured. Variables: Table 1: Variables Selected for this Experiment Variables Independent Variable Different pH concentration Dependent Variable Time to raise the manometer fluid to rise by 5 cm Control Variables Temperature, same amount of potatoes, same amount of pH solution, same amount of H2O2 Materials and Methods: 1. Fresh potato 2. Boiling tube -1 3. Single bore rubber bung 4. Cork borer 5. White tile 6. knife 7. Small beaker 8. - Word count: 904 The volume of glacial acetic acid used. 4 cm3 of glacial acetic acid used for dilution in all types of lemon juice. 4. Type of fruit used to prepare juice sample. Juices are extracted from lemon fruits for every trial. This is because different fruits contain different concentration of vitamin C, thus using variety of fruits will greatly affect the reliability of the data. Apparatus & Materials / Procedures Refer to the handouts. DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING 1. Data Collection 1. - Word count: 2693 According to FertilityCommunity.com (Ovulation Disorders), ?Ovulation disorders, infrequent or absent ovulation (anovulation), frequently result in infrequent periods, (oligomenorrhea).? The results of ovulation disorders are fewer oppurtunities for conception to occur in a woman, causes the egg not to break though the follicle (caused dues to hormone imbalances, because LH levels might be decreased), creates difficulty discovering the periods in which the woman is fertile, and cause a preterm or late release of the egg making the egg off sync with the other factors that are imperative for fertilization and implantation to occur. - Word count: 1406 Meanwhile during this time, the only research regarding DNA was able to prove that the genetic material was DNA, but the structure of the molecule remained unknown. However, there was little known information concerning the structure of DNA termed Chargaff?s Rules which resulted from Chargaff?s study of DNA from various species. He discovered a ratio of nitrogenous bases. He recorded that there were equal proportions of adenines to thymines as well as guanines to cytosines. The significance of this took a while to get noticed. - Word count: 1266 Sleeping helps your brain recover knowledge you may have forgotten during the course of the day. It also helps us remember the sequence of events; it has been found that long term memories are formed while we sleep, this being accomplished by the brain replaying memories while we sleep. Sleep not only strengthens the content of memory, but also reestablishes the order. Consequences of Sleep Deprivation âImpaired Memory and Thought Process âFatigue âIncreased Pain âDepression âPoor memory âDecreased Immune Response Caffeine and other energy stimulants can temporarily overcome the effects of sever sleep deprivation, but only for a limited amount of time. - Word count: 647 Question: What is the effect of detergent on organic membrane? Aim: To be able to use the colorimeter to measure the amount of absorbance and transmittance of the betalaine pigment in the beetroot and find out the effect of different concentration of detergent on the cell. Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis: 1. If the percent increment of detergent increases when applied on the beetroot, the light absorption rate from the colorimeter will remain the same because there is no relationship between the concentration of detergent to the absorption rate Alternative Hypothesis: 1. - Word count: 2436 Discard the ethanol. 5. Prepare five ethanol solutions. To do so, repeat Step 3, substituting ethanol for methanol. Place each solution in the second row of wells. See Figure 1. 6. Prepare five 1-propanol solutions. To do so, clean your pipette and repeat Step 3, substituting 1-propanol for methanol. Place each solution in the third row of wells. See Figure 1. 7. Now, obtain a piece of beet from your instructor. Cut 15 squares, each 0.5 cm X 0.5 cm X 0.5 cm in size. They should easily fit into a microwell without being wedged in. While cutting the beet, be sure: ? There are no ragged edges. - Word count: 1405 Determine the effect of average height of males and females and whether their mean heights are more or less the same The gender of the child also factors. For most peoples in the world, adult males on average tend to be taller than adult females. For males mother?s height is added to father, plus 5 inches, the sum is then divided by two. For females, mother?s is added to father?s, again calculated in inches, but five inches are subtracted from the total, divided by two. This is a predictor of a child's height in adulthood, save a few inches. Family members are likely to be of similar stature. - Word count: 626 Substance added to cabbage discs pH (±) Color Distilled water 6 slightly violet NaOH (1mol/dm³) 14 yellow HCl (1mol/dm³) 1 red Ethanol 5/6 purple only right around the cabbage discs near the bottom; clear on top of liquid Cabbage discs boiled in distilled water 5/6 purple, but less intense color than the red or yellow Table 2: Raw data collected by Bolayır’s group on color change of cabbage in different substances with average pH obtained. Discussion As we conducted our experiment using heated distilled water, ethanol, HCl, NaOH, and distilled water we had the opportunity of observing how different substances with different properties and even under different conditions affected the membrane of a cell. - Word count: 1164 (IB) Ecology Observation Report. The tree that Ive chosen to observe from March to June is located between the playground and the Main Hall From research, I have found a web article illustrating on method of classifying pines, which belong to Class Pinus. I am not yet certain whether or not ?X? belongs to Class Pinus, but this article may serve as blueprints for formulating my own dichotomous key. Initial Observations My initial observations on Mar. 27th provided me with basic knowledge about Tree ?X.? ?X? has needle-like leaves whose color ranges from olive yellow to dark green. Yellowish leaves tend to be more located to the bottom of the tree whereas the top has mostly dark green leaves. - Word count: 1666 Do the different dilutions of yeast cell suspension affect the number of yeast cells per cm3 that counted using haemocytometer under the microscope? This is because when more distilled water used, the smaller the ratio of yeast suspension to distilled water become. It means that the less yeast cell suspension will occupy the dilutions per cm3 as the yeast cell suspension get more diluted because the yeast cells had been widely distributed. Variables Independent variable : Different dilutions of yeast cell suspension which are one-to-hundred dilution (1/100), one-to-one thousand dilution (1/1000), one-to-ten thousand dilution (1/10,000), one-to-hundred thousand dilution (1/100,000) and one-to-one million dilution (1/1,000,000). - Word count: 1627 What is the color of pigment that can be found in green plants at different wavelength using a colorimeter? Qualitative data: Mustard: 1. The green mustard was put into the boiling water and then it become softer than it was before. 2. The mustard was grind using a mortar until it become it form of paste. 3. When it was in that form, it released an odor that can be smell. 4. The colorless acetone was added and grind together. 5. Then, the solution produce was transfer into centrifuge tube and after the process using the centrifuge was done, the layer between supernatant and the precipitate which both are green in color. - Word count: 1339 ________________ Mean= sum of all data values/the number of data values. ________________ this is the formula of standard deviation. It measures the Spread of the data values from the mean. ________________ CONCLUSION Figure 1 showing cell membrane structure From the graph it is evident that as the temperature increases, the % transmission of light through the solution(distilled water and anthocyanin) decreases.Therefore it can be deducted that temperature is one of the factors that affect the diffusion of anthocyanin because the amount of anthocyanin diffused in the distilled water was dependent on the temperature level the sample was in, for example at 45°c,the % light transmission was 99.4%(0.6% absorption) - Word count: 1013 catalase on hydrogen peroxide as the number of oxygen bubbles produced per minute were different for each buffer solution with a different pH level whilst every variable was held constant. The optimum pH of catalase is pH7 as it produced the highest average of 99 oxygen bubbles per minute. As the pH moved away from pH7, less oxygen bubbles were produced, for example pH3 had the lowest average of 11 oxygen bubbles produced per minute as it was the farthest from pH7.The bell shaped best curved fit on graph1 supports this explanation. - Word count: 947 Thus, the rate of reaction of amylase correlates to the absolute value of the rate of change in absorbance of the solution. A rapid decrease in the absorbance of the blue-black color equates to a high rate of reaction of amylase, whereas a slow decrease in absorbance signifies a low rate of reaction. In this experiment, an external variable of temperature will be manipulated into the amylase enzyme to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction of amylase enzyme. - Word count: 2152 Research question: Which species is more populated in the IB MCKK compound? Aim: To compare the population sizes of Mimosa Pudica and Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz) Trin in IB MCKK compound. Hypothesis: Mimosa pudica will occupy larger areal coverage in IB MCKK compound than Chrysopogon Aciculatus (Retz) Trin. IB MCKK compound is a windy area and populated with many small butterflies. Using insects and wind as medium of pollination, this is such an advantage for the growth of Mimosa Pudica populations in this area. - Word count: 1452

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There are many concerns that new parents have. Perhaps the biggest of these worries is their baby’s health during sleep. Sleep is especially important to an infant’s development process, but there are countless, anxiety-inducing stories that involve sleeping babies. For example, certain sleeping practices can raise the chances of SUDI – or sudden unexpected death in infancy. How can you avoid this, and put your mind at ease? How should babies sleep, and is there an exact position they need? Don’t worry – you’ve come to the right place. Here, we’ll discuss the many different sleeping positions for your baby, ones you should to avoid, and ways you can help them sleep calmly – and healthily – throughout the night. - 1 Babies and Sleep - 2 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - 3 What Position Should a Newborn Baby Sleep In? - 4 Why is it Dangerous for Babies to Sleep on Their Fronts? - 5 How to Encourage Back Sleeping - 6 Tips for Baby Sleeping Positions - 7 When Should Babies Sleep on Their Fronts? - 8 Conclusion Babies and Sleep First things first – what are the risks? Babies spend most of their time sleeping; those under 12 months old sleep 15 hours on average per day. With this amount of time spent snoozing, it’s crucial that they rest in a healthy position – one that improves their spine’s alignment, their breathing, and their general comfort. More importantly, the right position will lessen their chances of a parent’s greatest fear: SIDS. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Sudden infant death syndrome (or SIDS) refers to the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy infant and usually occurs during sleep. In this regard, it is also referred to as crib death. There is still no known cause for SIDS. However, experts believe that it may be associated with breathing and the brain. The portions of the brain that control breathing during sleep may be underdeveloped; when babies should be awoken due to danger or lack of breathing, the brain malfunctions, leading to death. According to the CDC, the most common type of SUID (or sudden unexpected infant death) is SIDS. In 2017, there were 1,400 reported infant deaths due to SIDS. However, the CDC also reports that SIDS has lowered considerably in the past few years, declining since the year 1990. Instances of SIDS in the year 1990 was 130.3 deaths per 100,000 live births, while reports in 2017 put SIDS death at 35.4 deaths per 100,000 live births. The CDC reports that the recent campaigns to educate parents for healthy sleeping habits helped lower statistics. While SIDS and other types of SUIDs can be scary, especially to new parents, there are precautions you can take to keep your baby safe. What Position Should a Newborn Baby Sleep In? Of all the baby sleeping positions, professionals agree that babies should be put to sleep on their backs. This helps safeguard them against night-time dangers in two major ways: - On their back, babies are less prone to rolling onto their chests. In that position, they could end up suffocating against their mattress. - Like adults, babies can breathe most efficiently on their backs, since their airway and lungs do not have any pressure on them. As such, the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) has labeled this as the best newborn sleep position. Since 1992, the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended parents to put their baby on their backs to sleep. Since this recommendation, fatality due to SIDS has dropped more than 50%. While efforts have been made to inform the public of the best sleeping habits, there is still misinformation – even in professional circles. Your own parents may answer that babies should be put on their front, as this was the recommended sleeping position of their time. However, new data contradicts this, and the lowered number of fatalities due to SIDS supports it. Risks to Sleeping on Their Back While placing babies on their backs is the best sleeping position, there are still some risks involved. - Positional Plagiocephaly: This condition refers to a flattened or misshapen head. This has known to be caused by putting your baby on their back too often, causing a flat spot to develop on the back of their heads. - Brachycephaly: Brachycephaly refers to the flattening of the back of the skull. It often occurs alongside positional plagiocephaly. - Weakened Muscles: Putting your baby on their front can increase their muscle strength, and helps them learn how to support their heads. However, there are ways to mitigate these risks. For example: - Babies can be placed on their front when they are awake, so long as they are supervised. - Babies can also rest on the other side of their head, so long as they are supervised. - Other than lying down, risks of a flattened head can be caused by sitting down, since seats made for babies often have a high back to support the head. To mitigate this risk, lessen the time your baby spends in carriers and car-seats. - Babies tend to fixate on objects, encouraging them to stare at a single point without moving their heads. If you notice your baby doing this, try moving your baby’s crib to get them to reposition their head. - Increasing the time spent carrying and cuddling your baby is also a good way to avoid a flattened head. With these details in mind, babies should still be placed on their backs for naps and sleeping at night. Why is it Dangerous for Babies to Sleep on Their Fronts? Beyond the advantages of sleeping on their backs, why is the face-down position so dangerous? - Sleeping on the stomach puts pressure on a baby’s jaw. - It reduces airway and restricts breathing. - Sleeping on the front increases the chances of rebreathing; your baby may have their nostrils very close to sheets, which means that they are breathing in the same air. - Rather than rebreathing, your baby’s nostrils being close to the mattress increases their chances of suffocation. - Other than rebreathing and suffocation, your baby can also breathe in microbes present on a mattress. How to Encourage Back Sleeping If your baby has been put to sleep on their front, they may have grown used to that sleeping position. As such, they may complain, cry, or refuse to sleep until they’re placed on their front. While newborns lack the muscle control or strength to properly roll, as they age, they may purposefully roll onto their stomachs. Luckily, at around four or five months, their chances of SIDS are considerably less. Even still, precautions should still be taken to ensure that your baby is kept safe. The risk of SIDS will not completely leave until one year of age. In this case, you should encourage back sleeping by: - Continually placing them on their back, even if they’re fussy. - Resting them on their back in your arms, rather than against your chest. - In the crib, placing a rolled-up baby blanket on either side of their hips, so they’re prevented from rolling. - Swaddling them tightly (but comfortably) with a lightweight blanket, so they cannot use their arms to roll. Your baby may require time to grow accustomed to this new sleeping position, but overall, it’s crucial to their health. Here’s a video with more information on baby sleeping positions. Tips for Baby Sleeping Positions So you’ve placed your baby on their back. They’re safe now, right? While this is your best, first defence, there are additional steps you can take when ensuring their safety. These include: Avoiding Loose Bedding Beddings that are loose can increase the chances of suffocation. Other than avoiding loose beddings, also avoid soft mattresses, water-beds, and sofas. You should also avoid putting pillows, bumper pads, stuffed animals, and fluffy beddings, as all of these increase the chances of suffocation. If you brace their body with a rolled-up blanket (to keep them from flipping onto their chest during the night), be sure to brace it near their hips. This way, they cannot accidentally press it to their face. Avoiding Covering the Head Anything that may cover your baby’s head shouldn’t be placed in a crib. When using a blanket, you should only cover up your baby’s chest, and tuck it under their arms. Additionally, it’s recommended to use blankets specifically made for babies, like a ‘sleep sack’ or a ‘baby sleep bag.’ These are sleeping bags fitted with neck and armholes, but with no hood. Alternatively, you can wrap your baby in lightweight cotton to keep their arms flush at their side, so they can’t roll over in their sleep. Baby-Proofing Your Crib Avoid using wedges, quilts, and comforters underneath an infant. A baby should be touching the bottom of a crib, so that they don’t wriggle underneath the bedding, where they may suffocate. Despite this, parents often find themselves in the possession of a quilt, either because of an uninformed purchase or a gift from a loved one. If you do want to use a quilt or comforter, you can wrap your baby in it while carrying them; however, avoid using it inside a crib. Your mattress should fit your cot, and it should be tucked into the cot so that your baby can’t wriggle underneath it. The sides of the crib should also be high enough that your baby can’t climb over it. Babies should not share their beds with anyone, including parents, guardians, and other babies. The risk of suffocation due to the presence of another person is too high. They may roll against them and be unable to breathe or, in the worst cases, an adult may roll onto them. Overheating is another concern that parents should consider during a baby’s sleep time. To avoid overheating, make sure that your baby is wearing breathable clothing. Beddings and sleeping bags should also be made from light cotton that expels heat. Creating a Good Sleep Environment Make sure that your baby’s room is ready for sleep. A good sleep environment includes the right temperature, a dark room, and a quiet atmosphere. Babies should be kept in a room at around 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Much like adults, babies can be woken up by uncomfortable conditions, which can damage their sleeping routine. When Should Babies Sleep on Their Fronts? Despite the recommended position of “on their backs,” should you ever place your baby on your front? Technically, yes – there are certain medical reasons for sleeping on their stomachs. However, the risks generally outweigh the advantages. Here are a few examples: Severe Gastroesophageal Reflux Severe reflux and other upper-airway malformations (like Pierre Robin Syndrome) can obstruct the airway. As such, the new position will lessen the pressure they feel and allow them to breathe more easily. However, studies show that the additional risks to their health do no always outweigh this approach. Vomiting is another popular argument against putting babies to sleep on their backs. Doctors and parents alike used to believe that babies do not have the strength to turn their heads when vomiting, putting them at risk of choking on their backs. However, this concern is unfounded. Babies can turn their heads without a problem, should they need to vomit. In fact, there is reason to believe that babies can clear secretions better when on their backs. This is because of the trachea’s position on top of the esophagus. The position lessens the chances of secretions pooling into the trachea (causing suffocation) since they would have to work against gravity. Parents of colicky babies may also feel like it is better to put their babies on their front. This position helps relieve them of gas, which is not only good for their health, but removes a great deal of discomfort. However, this should only be done under your supervision, and they should always be put on their backs if you leave them to sleep. After feeding, colicky babies should also be given some time to process their gas. Putting them directly to bed can aggravate their already uncomfortable state. This video has more information on newborn sleep positions. If you have a baby, it’s important to know the right sleeping position to keep them safe and healthy. This reduces their chances of SIDS and other causes of death in sleep. While it may seem scary, especially for new parents, you’re now better equipped to keep your baby safe and sound. Rest easy – and so will they! What are your thoughts on newborn sleep positions?

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No other mineral can relax a person the way magnesium can. In fact, when a hospital patient is experiencing irregular and potentially fatal heartbeats, a doctor might give him or her magnesium in order to calm the heart. Of course, you can benefit from magnesium when you’re in less dire circumstances. When you eat foods or take supplements that are rich in this mineral, the magnesium will loosen any parts of your body that are too stiff or tight. As a result, it can reduce cramping, ease headaches, improve mental concentration, and ensure regularity. Among the many conditions that magnesium can alleviate are - kidney stones - chronic fatigue syndrome It can also reduce anxiety, stress, and depression. In fact, magnesium might just be the most relaxing mineral available and has a powerful calming effect on the brain. This is why using magnesium for anxiety and stress has become the focus of several recent clinical studies. You could describe magnesium in a few different ways. First of all, it’s an element. To be precise, it’s atomic number 12 on the periodic table of elements, a chart that you probably remember from a high school chemistry class. Elements are the materials that, alone or in combination with one another, make up all matter. The number 12 denotes that the nucleus of a magnesium atom has 12 protons. Magnesium is also: - the ninth most plentiful element in the universe - the second most plentiful element inside the cells of the human body - a positive ion, which means that each atom has more protons than electrons and an electrical charge that’s positive - part of many compounds that are easy to find in nature. Chlorophyll and magnesium chloride are two examples. Magnesium is a mineral as well, one of six minerals that you absolutely must include in your diet. The body cannot make magnesium on its own. Like calcium and potassium, magnesium falls into the category of macrominerals; a trace mineral, by the way, is the opposite of a macromineral. To put it simply, a macromineral is a mineral that the body must have in large quantities. In fact, the average person has about 25 grams of magnesium inside his or her body at any given time. In human life, magnesium plays hundreds of roles, many of which are vital. For starters, it protects and maintains strands of RNA and DNA, which are the blueprints that the cells use to reproduce. Further, magnesium regulates enzymes so that they can perform all of their necessary functions. Because of this mineral, thousands of biochemical reactions can take place throughout the body every day. Especially important, enzymes can break down fat, sugar, and glucose molecules at the proper rate. Without magnesium, those activities might take place much too quickly. In turn, bodily damage could easily take place. Magnesium often positions itself in the gaps between neurons. In many instances, it’s joined there by the compound glutamate and by calcium, both of which can stimulate the NMDA receptor, which is a part of a neuron. If left unchecked, that stimulation often leads to anxious and unpleasant emotions. Over time, it can even cause the death of nerve cells. However, magnesium does not excite the NMDA receptor, and it can block glutamate and calcium from doing so. Therefore, maintaining proper levels of magnesium can greatly reduce feelings of anxiety and can lead to increased feelings of peace and relaxation. Magnesium can lessen anxiety in another way. If you often feel stressed, your body is probably releasing too much of the hormone cortisol. After a while, all of that excess cortisol can harm the hippocampi, which are the two sections of the brain that change short-term memories into long-term memories. When the hippocampi are damaged, it can cause depression and anxiety that last for long periods of time. However, when you ingest enough magnesium, that mineral can keep your body from releasing too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) when you feel stressed. ACTH is the hormone that induces the adrenal glands, which are located just above the kidneys, to release adrenaline and cortisol. Also, magnesium often stays at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a membrane that separates your blood from your brain extracellular fluid (BECF), which is the liquid that’s just outside the cells of your brain. When you have enough magnesium blocking your BBB, it keeps cortisol and other stress-related hormones from entering your brain and doing harm over the long haul. It likewise keeps your mind from producing overly anxious feelings. In addition, magnesium helps the body’s cells to make lots of extra energy through aerobic and anaerobic processes. When you’re more energetic and more relaxed all at once, your spirits are sure to be lifted. Moreover, this mineral serves as a counterion for the potassium and calcium that are inside your cells. That is, potassium and calcium ions have negative charges whereas a magnesium ion is positive. Counterions help to regulate your muscle contractions and your nervous system’s communications. By extension, they play an important role in all of your bodily systems. If you don’t have enough magnesium, the potassium and calcium can lead to muscle cramps. In rare and severe cases, such an imbalance could even cause death due to arrhythmia. For an adult, the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for magnesium is 320 to 420 milligrams. However, people who have certain medical conditions need more than that, and the typical individual will enjoy health benefits by taking in between 420 and 1,000 milligrams every day. Even so, in the U.S., the average adult only consumes about 250 milligrams of magnesium each day, and many people take in less than 200 milligrams daily. Some people barely ingest any magnesium at all. In fact, increasing cases of anxiety and depression in the U.S. and other nations may be directly linked to a decrease in magnesium levels. During the early years of the 20th century, the average adult’s consumption of magnesium was about 400 milligrams per day. In part, that’s because people ate considerably fewer processed foods and many more whole grains. At that time, depression in adults younger than 75 was much less prevalent. Only about 1 percent of the U.S. population suffered from this chronic disorder. Fast forward 50 years: By the mid-century, processed foods were much more common, and approximately six times as many people in the U.S. were clinically depressed. Today, at least 15 percent of Americans are severely deficient in magnesium ― and in all likelihood, that percentage is significantly higher. Keep in mind that dairy products, most meats, processed foods, and foods that have white flour as a primary ingredient contain little or no magnesium. Of course, the diets of many people consist chiefly of those kinds of foods. Making matters worse, many common human activities cause the body to expel magnesium before it can put the mineral to use. For example, when you take antibiotics or drink large amounts of coffee, soda, or alcohol, the amount of magnesium in your body will plummet. Likewise, when you sweat a good deal, which obviously happens after intense workouts, you tend to lose this mineral. Additionally, certain conditions can greatly reduce a person’s magnesium level, including chronic stress and intestinal maladies. During times of stress, the body tends to flush away much of its magnesium supply in urine so it is critical for those that deal with anxiety to supplement their diet with magnesium. When it comes to magnesium, society is often unhelpful. This mineral is usually stripped away whenever cities and towns treat their supplies of public drinking water. Plus, the soils in which our agricultural products grow often contain little magnesium these days. Not only do many of us take in too little magnesium and lose too much of it, but the human body has a difficult time absorbing this mineral. Indeed, in order for the body to properly use its supply of magnesium, it needs lots of it on a regular basis. Furthermore, it needs plenty of the mineral selenium as well as vitamins D and B6; all three of those nutrients aid the complex process of magnesium absorption. Naturally, then, a deficiency in any or all of those nutrients can lead to a magnesium deficiency even if you’re consuming plenty of the latter. The most effective way to get more magnesium is by altering your diet. The body can best absorb nutrients that are delivered through food. You could start by increasing your consumption of nuts, green vegetables, beans, brown rice, dates, shrimp, garlic, pumpkin seeds, and wheat bran. In particular, vegetables such as kelp that grow in the ocean tend to be high in magnesium. Those plants can be surprisingly tasty as well. At the same time, try to drink less alcohol, soda, and coffee, and work hard to reduce your overall intake of sugar and salt. Similarly, if you’re taking a prescription drug, ask your doctor if it might be lessening your magnesium levels. Some medications for high blood pressure, for example, sap patients’ stores of magnesium. If you’re on such a drug, you might be able to switch to a different kind of medicine. A pleasant way to increase your quantities of magnesium is to bathe in warm water that has Epsom salts mixed in. These salts contain magnesium sulfate, which is a form of the mineral that’s comparatively simple for the body to absorb. What’s more, if you take time each day to practice some form of meditation or active relaxation, you can make it easier for your body to absorb magnesium. Magnesium oils, which are often offered at spas, represent another topical option.While more scientific research into the effectiveness of these oils is needed, it’s likely that very little magnesium will enter your bloodstream this way. Therefore, it’s not a great product for boosting your total magnesium level. On the other hand, this kind of oil might be a good way to ease a muscle pain or a cramp. If you discover that you aren’t eating or don’t like enough magnesium-rich foods, you could turn to nutritional supplements. In some cases, magnesium supplements can be even more effective at getting rid of depression than prescription medications. In particular, if you’re taking calcium pills and find that you’ve been feeling depressed, a regular magnesium capsule might be an antidote. Just be aware that you shouldn’t get more than 350 daily milligrams of this mineral from your supplement. It is possible to overdose on a dietary supplement ― especially if you’re diabetic or have certain other health issues ― whereas magnesium overdoses through food are all but impossible. In any event, it’s always wise to have a conversation with your doctor before you increase your magnesium intake, and you should never take any kind of nutritional supplement without first consulting him or her. If you have heart disease, obstructed bowels, or kidney problems, you need to be especially careful with magnesium supplements as they could exacerbate your condition. If you’ve had part of your bowels surgically removed, you could discover that extra magnesium leads to recurring diarrhea. In that case, you’d probably find it useful to get your extra magnesium mainly through Epsom salts. Even if you’re in great health overall, if you start to take in more magnesium than your body can handle, you might find that you’re frequently tired, confused, or weak. You might also experience low blood pressure, and your body might become less adept at absorbing zinc and calcium. Another factor to consider is that if you’re currently taking antibiotics or certain prescription medications, a sudden increase in magnesium could make them less effective. All of those warnings and caveats aside, a magnesium supplement can be a very effective means of improving your health and reducing your levels of anxiety. Magnesium supplements come in various forms, primarily oxide, amino acid chelate, citrate, and glycinate. Your doctor can help you to decide which type would be best for you. Among the factors that you’ll consider are the following: ⇨ Magnesium oxide can function as a laxative as well as a muscle tranquilizer. ⇨ Magnesium citrate is especially easy for the body to absorb. ⇨ Magnesium glycinate is highly potent in terms of mental relaxation. ⇨ If you’re lacking in one or more amino acids in addition to magnesium, your best bet might be a magnesium amino acid supplement. Medical experts have known about the healing powers of magnesium for a long time. In 1968, Dr. Warren E.C. Wacker and Dr. Alfred F. Parisi published the results of their magnesium study in the New England Journal of Medicine. Wacker and Parisi concluded that magnesium deficiency is a common issue and that it can lead to such problems as headaches, depression, and even bad moods. To cite a more recent example, an overview of seven medical studies that was published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in February 2012 revealed that you can lower your risk of stroke by about 8 percent simply by taking in 100 more magnesium milligrams each day. Even so, medical research on the effects of magnesium on anxiety is lacking; there’s much more to be done in this exciting, intriguing area. In fact, there have been comparatively few studies on magnesium and mental disorders of any kind. Nevertheless, the investigations that have been done on this topic have been fascinating. For example, a study that was released in January 2012 found an “inverse relationship” between magnesium deficiency and anxiety; it was conducted by researchers at the University of Innsbruck in Austria. Also, in 2011, scientists at the University of Texas, University of Toronto, and Beijing’s Tsinghua University put out the findings of a joint study in the Journal of Neuroscience. This study concluded that Magtein, which is a magnesium supplement brand, is capable of improving a person’s cognitive functioning. As a result, the brain is able to tamper feelings of anxiety and panic. This compound also reduced in participants the memory-based fears that cause long-term anxiety disorders. These and other magnesium studies have reinforced one main idea: You should load as much magnesium as you can into your diet. If you find that reaching the magnesium RDA is difficult through food alone, consider high-quality nutritional supplements. Either way, you’re sure to soon appreciate magnesium for what it is: a truly miraculous mineral.

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Posts for: December, 2018 With smart phone in hand, you can instantaneously find out just about anything. Unfortunately, online search results aren’t always accurate. Case in point: there’s an idea floating on the World Wide Web that root canal treatments cause cancer. Sounds ludicrous? Yes, but like other strange ideas this one has historical roots (pardon the pun). In the early 20th Century, a dentist named Weston Price propagated the idea that leaving a “dead” organ in the body caused health problems. By his view, a root canal-treated tooth fell into this category and could potentially cause, among other things, cancer. But concern over root canal treatment safety is on shaky ground: dentistry examined Dr. Price’s ideas over sixty years ago and found them wanting. But first, let’s look at what a root canal treatment can actually do for your health. Tooth decay is an infection that first attacks the outer tooth enamel and then continues to advance until it infects the inner pulp. It can then travel through the root canals to the roots and bone. Without intervention, the infection will result in tooth loss. We use a root canal treatment to save the tooth from this fate. During the procedure we remove and disinfect all of the diseased or dead tissue within the pulp and root canals. We then fill the empty chamber and canals with a special filling and seal the tooth to prevent any further infection. And while technically the procedure renders a tooth unable to respond to thermal sensitivity or tooth decay, the tooth is still alive as it is attached to the periodontal ligament and its blood supply and nerve tissue. The tooth can still “feel” if you bite on something too hard and it doesn’t affect the tooth’s function or health, or a patient’s overall health for that matter. As to Dr. Price’s theory, extensive studies beginning in the 1950s have examined the potential health risk of root canal treatments. The latest, a 2013 patient survey study published in a journal of the American Medical Association, not only found no evidence linking root canal treatment to cancer, but a lower risk of oral cancer in 45% of patients who had undergone multiple root canal treatments. While root canal treatments do have potential side effects, none are remotely as serious as this online “factoid” about cancer. It’s far more likely to benefit your health by saving your tooth. If you would like more information on root canal treatment, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Root Canal Safety.” Multi-platinum recording artist Janet Jackson has long been known for her dazzling smile. And yet, Jackson admitted to InStyle Magazine that her trademark smile was once a major source of insecurity. The entertainer said, “To me, I looked like the Joker!” It was only after age 30 that the pop icon came to accept her unique look. Jackson is not alone. A study commissioned by the American Association of Orthodontists found that more than one third of U.S. adults are dissatisfied with their smile. But there’s good news—modern dentistry can correct many flaws that can keep you from loving your smile, whether you’re unhappy with the color, size, or shape of your teeth. Here are some popular treatments: Professional teeth whitening: Sometimes a professional teeth whitening will give you the boost you need. In-office whitening can dramatically brighten your smile in just one visit. Tooth-colored fillings: If you have silver-colored fillings on teeth that show when you smile, consider replacing them with unnoticeable tooth-colored fillings. Dental bonding: If you have chipped, cracked, or misshapen teeth, cosmetic bonding may be the fix you’re looking for. In this procedure, tooth colored material is applied to the tooth’s surface, sculpted into the desired shape, hardened with a special light, and polished for a smooth finish. Porcelain veneers: Dental veneers provide a natural-looking, long-lasting solution to many dental problems. These very thin shells fit over your teeth, essentially replacing your tooth enamel to give you the smile you desire. Replacement teeth: Is a missing tooth affecting your self-confidence? There are several options for replacing missing teeth, from a removable partial denture to a traditional fixed bridge to a state-of-the-art implant-supported replacement tooth. Removable partial dentures are an inexpensive way to replace one or more missing teeth, but they are less stable than non-removable options. Dental bridges, as the name implies, span the gap where a tooth is missing by attaching an artificial tooth to the teeth on either side of the space. In this procedure, the teeth on both sides of the gap must be filed down in order to support the bridgework. Dental implants, considered the gold standard in tooth replacement technology, anchor long-lasting, lifelike replacements that function like natural teeth. After coming to embrace her smile, Jackson asserted, “Beautiful comes in all shapes, sizes, and colors." If you don’t feel that your smile expresses the beauty you have inside, call our office to schedule a consultation. It’s possible to love your smile. We can help. For more information, read Dear Doctor magazine article “How Your Dentist Can Help You Look Younger.” Around 20 million people—mostly women after menopause—take medication to slow the progress of osteoporosis, a debilitating disease that weakens bones. But although effective, some osteoporosis drugs could pose dental issues related to the jawbones. Osteoporosis causes the natural spaces that lie between the mineral content of bone to grow larger over time. This makes the bone weaker and unable to withstand forces it once could, which significantly increases the risk of fracture. A number of drugs have been developed over time that stop or slow this disease process. Two of the most prominent osteoporosis drugs are alendronate, known also by its trade name Fosamax, and denosumab or Prolia. While originating from different drug families, alendronate and denosumab work in a similar way by destroying specialized bone cells called osteoclasts that break down worn out bone and help dissolve it. By reducing the number of these cells, more of the older bone that would have been phased out lasts longer. In actuality this only offers a short-term benefit in controlling osteoporosis. The older bone isn’t renewed but only preserved, and will eventually become fragile and more prone to fracture. After several years the tide turns negatively for the bone’s overall health. It’s also possible, although rare, that the bone simply dies in a condition called osteonecrosis. The jawbones are especially susceptible to osteonecrosis. Forces generated by chewing normally help stimulate jawbone growth, but the medications in question can inhibit that stimulus. As a result the jawbone can diminish and weaken, making eventual tooth loss a real possibility. Osteonecrosis is most often triggered by trauma or invasive dental procedures like tooth extractions or oral surgery. For this reason if you’re taking either alendronate and denosumab and are about to undergo a dental procedure other than routine cleaning, filling or crown-work, you should speak to your physician about suspending your medication temporarily. Dentists often recommend a suspension of three to nine months before the procedure and three months afterward. Some research indicates this won’t worsen your osteoporosis symptoms, especially if you substitute another treatment or fortify your skeletal system with calcium and vitamin D supplements. But taking this temporary measure could help protect your teeth in the long run. If you would like more information on the effect of osteoporosis treatment on dental health, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Osteoporosis Drugs & Dental Treatment.” Your dentist in Batavia, Illinois can save your smile with dental implants Are you thinking about dental implants? If so, you’re probably wondering if you are a good candidate for them. The truth is dental implants can rebuild and restore your smile, no matter how many missing teeth you have. Even if you’ve worn dentures for a long time, dental implants can give you the natural smile you want. John C. Koechley, D.D.S. in Batavia, Illinois can save your smile, thanks to dental implants. Implant Benefits and Requirements Dental implants are the most highly successful surgical implant, with a success rate of over 95 percent, according to the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. You can be sure of a healthy, beautiful smile when you choose dental implants. A high success rate isn’t the only benefit you will enjoy with dental implants, though. Consider that dental implants are: - Completely stable and will never move around because they are firmly embedded in bone - Naturally beautiful because the implant crown material reflects light and looks just like natural tooth enamel - Easy to maintain because you brush and floss them just like your natural teeth If you are healthy, and you take solid care of your oral health, chances are good that you are a great candidate for dental implants. However, there are a few issues that can make it more difficult for you to heal and for your implants to be successful. Be sure and let us know if you: - Have diabetes - Have a history of radiation to your jaws, face or head - Use tobacco products, smoke, or drink excessive amounts of alcohol No matter how damaged your smile is, dental implants can rebuild and restore it. You can achieve the smile you’ve always wanted. If you are thinking about dental implants, talk with an expert—pick up your phone and call John C. Koechley, D.D.S. in Batavia, Illinois. Don’t wait to get the smile you deserve, dial (630) 406-9441!

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Engineering Graphics for Diploma - Kindle edition by K.C. John. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Engineering Graphics for Diploma. ME 111: Engineering Drawing Lecture # 14 (10/10/2011) Parallel-line developments are made from common solids that are composed of parallel lateral edges or elements. e.g. Prisms and cylinders Triangulation developments of wrapped surfaces produces only approximate of those surfaces. Yash Chawla-Engineering Graphics-Projections of Solids Section of Solids_1 - Duration: 17:46. Roma Thakur 66,783 views. 17:46. We've Found The Magic Frequency. The notes offer advice regarding the Irish Post-Primary Junior Certificate Technical Graphics examination. These notes are intended for study purposes only. No…. Book Review: Based on the latest edition of Engineering Graphics, the second edition of Principles of Engineering Graphics is a combination textbook/workbook that provides students with a dynamic and up-to-date learning tool at an affordable price. Engineering Graphics Notes Pdf – EG Notes Pdf starts with the topics covering Concepts and conventions, importance of graphics in engineering applications, geometrical drawing, drawing instruments and materials, mini drafter, drawing papers, drawing pencils, layout of drawing sheet. PowerPoint Presentation: GE6152 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS L T P C -2 0 3 4 UNIT I PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING Basic Geometrical constructions, Curves used in engineering practices: Conics – Construction of ellipse, parabola and hyperbola by eccentricity method – Construction of cycloid – construction of involutes of square and circle – Drawing of tangents and normal to the above. When two solids Interpenetrate, a line of intersection is formed. H is sometimes necessary to know the exact shape of this line, usually so that an accurate development of either or both of the solids can be drawn. This chapter shows the lines of intersection formed when some of the simpler geometric solids interpenetrate. BE/B.Tech First Year Engineering Graphics Syllabus. Tejas October 3, 2013 BE/B.Tech First Year Engineering Graphics Syllabus 2013-10-03T19:06:18+00:00 First Year Syllabus No Comment. Periods/week : 2 Periods 4 Tut /week. Ses. : 30 Exam : 70 Examination (Practical): 3hrs. Solids and Developments Projection of solids in simple positions. 11 Development of Surfaces OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to Draw the development of surfaces—the shapes of solids as they would appear when the surfaces of … - Selection from Engineering Drawing, 2nd Edition [Book]. Engineering Graphics Design lab has been facilitated to visualize or imagine the technical statements and representations of technical designs. Also learning facility has been provided by appropriate models of Plane scale, Planes, Solids, Section of solids, Developments of surfaces, Cycloids and Orthographic objects for students. Velammal College of Engg Tech, Madurai – 625 009 Open Book Test-Unit 2,3 A hexagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm rests on the HP on one of the base corners with the base edges containing it being equally inclined to HP. The axis is inclined at 450 to the HP…. 1. Parallel-line developments are made from common solids that are composed of parallel lateral edges or elements. e.g. Prisms and cylinders The cylinder is positioned such that one element lies on the development plane. The cylinder is then unrolled until it is flat on the development plane. The base and top of the cylinder are circles. Book is written in a style that is free of jargon of special applications while integrating the three important functions of geometric modeling: to represent simple forms (curves, surfaces, and solids), to shape and assemble these into complex forms, and to determine geometric properties and relationships. Professor John is a Fellow member of the Institution of Engineers (India) and Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE). He is the author of several books. His books titled Textbook of Machine Drawing, Engineering Graphics for Degree, and Engineering Graphics for Diploma have been published by PHI Learning, Delhi. Computer Aided Interactive Learning of Engineering Graphics - An E-Learning Module Conference Paper · January 2009 with 3 Reads How we measure 'reads'. about the book – engineering drawing – plane and solid geometry The book provides all aspects and detailed study of Engineering Drawing — Plane and Solid Geometry , a core subject for all branches of Engineering study, presented in a lucid manner and easy-to-follow style. study of development of solid in engineering drawing by rohit kumar. HIS BOOK IS INTENDED TO PROVIDE A COURSE IN PRACTICAL Geometry for engineering students who have already received some instruction in elementary plane geometry, graph plotting, and the use T of vectors. It also covers the requirements of Secondary School pupils taking Practical Geometry. in your exercise book. Tick off every topic as it is taught in class, and write the relevant textbook page numbers next to the topic. Spend at least 3 hours per week after school on Engineering Graphics and Design. Engineering Graphics Tutorials. List of Chapter Available Click on chapter name for Download Basics of Engineering Graphics. Using Drawing Tools All about Dimensioning Scale Projection of Points Projection of Point and Lines. Projection of Straight Line. Projection of Planes Projection of Solid Loci of Points Loci of Points. ENGINEERING GRAPHICS WITH AUTOCAD. by D. M. KULKARNI, A. P. RASTOGI, A. K. SARKAR. NOOK Book Projections of Solids 13. Sections of Solids 14. Development of Surfaces of Solids 15. Intersection of Surfaces Advancements and rapid developments have led to many ramifications in the ever-changing world of software engineering. Each book is fully indexed for locating specific problems rapidly. For students in engineering, architecture, art fields, and construction. Covers orthographic projection, auxiliary and sectional views, as well as surfaces and solids and their intersections. Also included are developments, fasteners, cams and gears, vector analysis. Engineering Graphics for Diploma such as projections of points, lines, plane lamina, geometrical solids and their different sections are well-explained in Module C. Module D deals with intersection of surfaces and their developments. 5.0 out of 5 stars Best book to learn Engineering Drawing. 23 April 2013 - Published.Basic Mechanical Engineering. Developments in Environmental Durability for Photovoltaics. Links. Home. About the Book. Contents of the book. Chapters 1-6 7-12 13-18. RGPV Syllabus / Course. BE-105 Engineering Graphics. RGPV Question papers Solutions. September 2009 June 2009. E-Resources. Engineering curves Projections of Solids Projections. ENGINEERING GRAPHICS FOR DEGREE - Kindle edition by K. C. JOHN. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading ENGINEERING GRAPHICS FOR DEGREE. HIS BOOK IS INTENDED TO PROVIDE A COURSE IN PRACTICAL Geometry for engineering students who have already received some instruction in elementary plane geometry, graph plotting, and the use T of vectors. It also covers the requirements of Secondary School pupils taking Practical Geometry at the Advanced Level. The following are the 'must do' things during mechanical engineering: 1) Ability to understand Drawing, 2) Basic fundamental knowledge, 3) Technical knowledge, 4) some Software skills like:- auto cad, ansys, solid works, 3D- creo. 5) Leadership. AbeBooks.com: Textbook on Engineering Drawing: Contents 1 Engineering drawing and draughting tools 2 Principles of graphics 3 Geometrical constructions 4 Scales 5 Curves used in engineering practice 6 Orothographic projections 7 Projections of points 8 Projections of straight lines 9 Projections of planes 10 Auxiliary projections 11 Projections of solids 12 Sections of solids 13 Helical. To familiarize with the sectioning of solids and development of surfaces 4. To familiarize with the Preparation and interpretation of building drawing UNIT III SECTIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS 3 Sections of solids and development of surfaces. A Text Book of Engineering Graphics, 21st Edition, Dhanalakshmi Publishers, Chennai, 2012.3 Draw the development of a cone of diameter 1.5 and inclined height of 2 1 D 11. Draw the development of a square pyramid from its plan and front elevation which stands vertically on its base on H.P with one edge of the base parallel to V.P. O. AO = Radius of the base = 3/4 BO = Inclined height. This book provides a detailed study of geometrical drawing through simple and well-explained worked-out examples and exercises. This book is designed for students of first year Engineering Diploma course, irrespective of their branches of study. The book is divided into seven modules. Module A covers the fundamentals of manual drafting, lettering, freehand sketching and dimensioning of views. Dec 29, 2015 · ENGINEERING GRAPHICS - Complete Notes, 1st Semester notes for is made by best teachers who have written some of the best books of It has gotten 84642 views and also has 4.4 rating. CONTENTS OF BOOK [Chapter 13-18] Cutting plane method, Types of penetrating solids, Intersection of prism by another solid, Intersection of cylinder by another solid, Intersection of pyramid by another solid, Basic Mechanical Engineering. Developments in Environmental Durability for Photovoltaics. Links. Home. About. ENGINEERING GRAPHICS FOR DEGREE 1st Edition, Kindle Edition such as projections of points, lines, plane lamina, geometrical solids and sections of them are well explained in Module C. Module D deals with intersection of surfaces and their developments. this book is good for engineering graphics. Read more. One person found this helpful. development of surfaces of solids. meaning:- assume object hollow and made-up of thin sheet. cut open it from one side and unfold the sheet completely. then the shape of that unfolded sheet is called development of laterlal suefaces of that object or solid. laterlal surface is the surface excluding solid’s. Syllabus Introduction to Engineering Graphics; Orthographic projections of lines and solids, Isometric projection, Freehand sketching, Introduction to CAD, Sections of solids, Development of surfaces, Perspective projection. SOLIDWORKS 2017 and Engineering Graphics: An Integrated Approach combines an introduction to SOLIDWORKS 2017 with a comprehensive coverage of engineering graphics principles. Not only will this unified approach give your course a smoother flow, your students will also save money on their textbooks. What’s more, the exercises in this book cover the performance tasks that are included. Book Review: AUTOCAD 2011 TUTOR FOR ENGINEERING GRAPHICS is a classic reference work featuring self-paced tutorials that lead students from simple one-view engineering drawings to geometric constructions, multiview projections, section and auxiliary views, 3D solid modeling, and photorealistic rendering. Engineering *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The book is divided into seven modules. A topic is introduced in each chapter of a module with brief explanations and necessary pictorial views. Then it is discussed in detail through a number of worked-out examples. ZZU 103 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS L T P/D C 1 0 3 3 Module 1 (10 hours) Introduction to Engineering Graphics – Drawing instruments and their use – Different types of lines - Lettering dimensioning – Familiarisation with current Indian Standard Code of Practice for Engineering Drawing – Introduction to scales. Introduction. 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Informative Essay Topics Looking for informative essay topic ideas for your paper? Let’s first define what is an informative essay. Informative essays present essential information on a given topic. They do not claim to be of academic nature, but still can be an important point of reference when you want to get information on the topic. Your informative essay must be based upon serious research and be as neutral as possible. Remember: your personal opinion does not count. Informative essay topics offered here concern some daily concepts as well as academic issues. You can pick up a topic according to your personal interests and knowledge. Each topic for an informative essay is clarified with some remarks, usually in the form of a question in order to direct your attention to one central point. INFORMATIVE ESSAY TOPICS RELATED TO SCIENCE This section is focused on the most influential scientific theories and conceptions. 1. Darwin’s theory of evolution Evolution theory has had serious impact on our society and way of living. Explain its principles and present its central proofs. 2. Einstein’s theory of relativity This theory is famous but is difficult to be understood by common people. Explain its influence and argumentation using simple words and examples. 3. Quantum Physics This is perhaps the most difficult scientific theory. In your informative essay try to show its principles and controversies. 4. Radioactivity and its scientific applications Explain how radioactivity is used today - in nuclear weapons, to produce nuclear energy, cancer treatment, etc. 5. The men of the future What will the men of the future be like, according to evolutionary theory? This informative essay topic is rather of hypothetical nature. 6. Causes and treatment of cancer What do scientists think about cancer and its treatment? 7. Big Bang Theory How did the universe begin its existence? Present the theory and the proofs in its favor. 8. Life on other planets Present some theories about the presence or absence of life on other planets. This informative essay topic is a hypothetical one. 9. Viruses and immunization How does immunization eradicate dangerous viruses? Try to clarify the process of immunization to the people who feel confused about it. 10. DNA - its structure and functions What is DNA and its functions? Try to use more examples and simple words. INFORMATIVE ESSAY TOPICS RELATED TO RELIGION This section is focused on informative essay topics related to world religions and philosophy of religion. 11. Differences between Protestantism and Catholicism There are plenty of differences, so you should show only the most significant of them - theological and ritual differences. 12. God as a Trinity What does it mean that God is triunite? Is the Trinity one God, or three gods? 13. Moral principles of Islam Present the central moral principles of Islam. 14. Proofs for the existence of God What are the classical proofs by Christian theologians? 15. Atheism and agnosticism Define both concepts and show the differences between them. 16. The teaching of Buddha Present the ideas of Buddha according to the historical sources. 17. The immortality of the soul In short, present two opposing theories - that the soul is immortal and that it is not. What are their central proofs? 18. The power of prayer Present some proofs for it or repudiate it. This informative essay topic is very abstract and you can have different approaches to it. 19. The theory of reincarnation Explain what reincarnation means. 20. Church and state according to law What is the legislative definition of the relation church-state? What is the history of the separation of both in the United States? INFORMATIVE ESSAY TOPICS RELATED TO LOVE AND FAMILY These topics for an infomative essay are related to intimate relations and family. What are the positive and negative aspects of abortion? Why do people decide to do it? You can bring in some surveys and statistics in your informative essay, and then summarize them. 22. Teen pregnancy Present some statistics and facts about teen pregnancy in the USA. Is there any tendency in it? 23. Causes and factors for divorce Present some data about divorces in the USA. What are their usual causes? 24. The ideal partner What do psychologists think about the way in finding one’s ideal partner? You can turn to renowned psychologists in our informative essay. 25. Marriage in our society There are still people who get married. Present some statistics and facts about it. 26. Advantages of domestic partnerships Explain what are the advantages of such co-existence - you can compare it with marriage. 27. Contraception: what everyone should know Explain the fundamental principles of contraception. Give some advice related to the use of contraceptives. 28. Stages of child’s development Present the dominating theoretical views on the topic. This informative essay should be of better quality than a standard essay. 29. Tips for better communication in family Advise your reader on the topic how to communicate better with your spouse or children? 30. Family therapy Is there any use of family therapy? Present some arguments for and against. Try to be impartial. INFORMATIVE ESSAY TOPICS RELATED TO EDUCATION These topics for informative essay are related to school, education and learning. 31. Methods of ESL teaching How to teach English as a second language? Choose a few methods (for example, the most popular nowadays) and describe them in your informative essay. 32. Admissions procedure in American colleges How to apply for American universities? This informative essay will be useful not only for Americans but also for foreigners. 33. Selection criteria in American colleges What are their criteria for selection? Try to summarize them, although this is difficult - some colleges have different criteria. 34. Non-formal and informal learning Define both terms and show the differences between them. Compare them with formal learning. 35. School students with special needs How the problems of these students are solved? You can present some good practices. 36. IQ testing - essence and types What is the idea of IQ testing? How do these tests measure our IQ? 37. Affirmative action in education Define the term and present the controversy over affirmative action in schools and colleges. 38. Montessori education - principles and practice What is Montessori education? What are its principles and methods of work? 39. Homework: advantages and disadvantages Today there is a strong campaign against homework for students. What are homework’s functions, what are its strong and weak points? 40. The Khan Academy: what is this? Present some information about this internet phenomenon. How many people use it, and which academic fields it covers? INFORMATIVE ESSAY TOPICS RELATED TO SOCIETY This section contains good informative essay topics related to a wide range of social issues. 41. Multiculturalism and ethnocentrism Define both concepts and present the controversy over the former. Try to be concise – this topic is comprehensive. 42. Globalization: its essence and development What is globalization? Explain its nature and stages of development. Try to find the common thing between different definitions. 43. Legal and illegal immigration How are both concepts defined according to American legislation? Is it possible to reduce illegal immigration to the United States? 44. Feminism and its opponents Define feminism and present some of its central ideas. Try to adhere to the general definition of feminism. 45. Unemployment in the United States in the 21st century Present some data about the problem. What are the main causes of unemployment? 46. The financial crisis of 2008 Explain what were the causes and mechanisms of the crisis. How did it influence our society? What are its consequences? 47. What is “hybrid identity”? Many researchers today speak about “hybrid identity.” What is this and can you show any examples of it? 48. Sex and gender: controversy What is the difference between both? In your informative essay present the standpoints of the participants involved in the hottest debate of recent years. 49. The controversy over capital punishment Present information about capital punishment in the USA - in which states is it applied and what are the reactions to it? 50. “Social capital” – what is this? Trust is called “social capital” by sociologists. What is the social capital of Americans today? Do they trust each other? INFORMATIVE ESSAY TOPICS RELATED TO POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS These issues concern American internal politics as well as international relations. 51. American Constitution and the first ten amendments You can write a short review of these in your informative essay. Why are they valuable even today? 52. The ideologies of the Democratic and the Republican Party Political confrontations usually have ideological background - explain it without entering into too many details about both parties. Avoid your personal opinion and sympathy. 53. History of women’s political rights An important issue which needs more clarification: when did women gain the right to vote? 54. NATO - goals, members and programs What is NATO and what are its principles? What about America’s allies in the organization? 55. The Arabian Spring of 2011 This is a geopolitical topic which not all people are familiar with. Describe in short the events in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Syria in 2011. 56. Geopolitical blocks today It seems that the two major blocks are USA and Europe against Russia and China, but there are also other theories. 57. The European Union - mission and structure How was the EU founded and with what aims? What are its central institutions? 58. Political changes in Cuba Cuba is quickly changing in the last years. Can you tell the reader what exactly is going on? 59. Healthcare reforms in the United States Healthcare system is perhaps the most vulnerable one. Can you explain what changes it was subjected to in the last two decades? 60. The doctrine of free trade Free trade is the economic theory that the state cannot restrict trade with other countries. Whose are its proponents and what are their central ideas? INFORMATIVE ESSAY TOPICS RELATED TO INTERNET AND TECHNOLOGIES Here are some informative essay topic ideas connected with some important inventions and their use. 61. The invention of the internet Present the most important facts about the invention of the internet and its enhancement over time. How did its inventors envisage the future of the internet? 62. How does an airplane fly? It has become a part of our daily living, but people are not aware of such a simple fact. Explain it to them in simple terms! 63. Internet and addiction - psychological studies What do psychologists think about internet addiction - does such thing exist, and if yes, in what forms? 64. Human health and computers In what way can computers harm our health and how to avoid it? 65. How do computers work? We are constantly in touch with computer devices but what is going on inside them? 66. Tips for keeping your computer safe from viruses There are many tips for this, so you should choose the most relevant ones. 67. What are satellites used for? What is the use of satellites? Are they used only for military purposes? 68. Astronauts’ preparation for space missions Present the most important and curious facts about an astronaut’s preparation. 69. Artificial intelligence projects What is AI and how can it be used? Present some major projects related to it. 70. Advantages and disadvantages of electronic banking Electronic banking is not always safe. Can you compare its strong and weak points? INFORMATIVE ESSAY TOPICS RELATED TO HISTORY These informative essay topic ideas deal with the world history. 71. Rise and fall of Communism in Eastern Europe Focus your informative essay particularly on the period 1945-1989. 72. Causes of the Second World War Why did this terrible war burst out? 73. Causes of the fall of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire was great but something happened with it. What exactly caused its decay? 74. The French Revolution - central events and personalities You can explain the causes of the revolution and how the central personalities were involved. 75. The great battles of Napoleon It was not only in Austerlitz, but also in other great battles where Napoleon showed as a genius. 76. The rise of National Socialism in Germany What were the causes and factors for this rise? 77. The Russian Revolution in 1917 What happened in Russia in October 1917 and who played the major part? 78. The Holocaust - causes and consequences This terrible series of events had its causes and drives - explain them. 79. The end of the Mayan civilization One of the biggest mysteries in history is the end of the Mayan civilization - is there any well-proved theory about it? 80. Spanish conquistadors What were their goals and what was their influence on the local people? INFORMATIVE ESSAY TOPICS RELATED TO CULTURE AND MEDIA The following informative essay topic ideas look into some general issues related to modern art, culture and media. 81. Principles of modern art Can we say that there are principles common for all works of modern art, and if yes, what are they? 82. The most visited museums in the world You can choose several museums and present some basic information about them. 83. Function and influence of advertisements What are advertisements and how are they used? 84. Differences between PR and advertisement You need to explain this difference. 85. How a TV channel works Your reader would be interested in a simple presentation of what is going on behind the scenes. 86. Moral principles of journalism What are the fundamental moral principles every journalist must adhere to? 87. Essence and principles of aniconism Aniconism is the doctrine that images of men and animals must be forbidden (for example in Islam). Why are they forbidden and what can be depicted? 88. Famous art photographers You should choose some of the best representatives of art photography. 89. Principles of ballet What are the most important principles of ballet? 90. Masters of opera Pick up the best classical opera composers. INFORMATIVE ESSAY TOPICS RELATED TO FAMOUS PERSONS Informative essay topic ideas about famous persons and geniuses. 91. The works of W. Shakespeare Tell your reader about the style and the most famous works by Shakespeare. 92. The life of L. van Beethoven A real genius, Beethoven was notorious for his difficult temperament. 93. The inventions of B. Franklin What are the most remarkable of them? 94. The genius of T. Jefferson Jefferson was a polymath. What were his best achievements? 95. A. Lincoln - mission and notable achievements Everyone knows about Lincoln, but what about his mission, ideals and personal values? 96. Pope John Paul II - “the Pilgrim Pope” Why is he called like that? Where did he travel to and why? 97. The works and life of Martin Luther How are Luther’s life and works connected? What are the most important facts of his biography? 98. The discoveries of Galileo Why was Galileo famous? How did the Catholic Church react to his discoveries? 99. Columbus and Magellan Two of the most remarkable explorers of all times - can you make a comparison? What are their achievements? 100. Sir Edmund Hillary: The conqueror of Mt. Everest Obviously, to climb the Mount Everest is the most difficult task on earth. How did Hillary manage to do it and what were his experiences and impressions? You can also modify the informative essay topics presented above according to your own needs. Try to formulate a short and clear title. Do not forget that these essays are rather of theoretical nature than of practical - this means, you should not write according to the “How to”- method. What you need to do in your informative essay is to present objective, impartial information. Get your original paper!

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Click on the links or arrows below to view expanded content. How many dogs have died in the Iditarod? In almost all of the Iditarod races, at least one dog death has occurred. The first race is reported to have resulted in the deaths of 15 to 19 dogs. In 1997, the Anchorage Daily News reported that “at least 107 (dogs) have died.” In the years since that report, 46 more dogs have died in the Iditarod, bringing the grand total of dogs who have died in the Iditarod to at least 154. There is no official count of dog deaths available for the race’s early years and this count relies only on a reported number of deaths. Causes of death during the last ten years have included strangulation in towlines, internal hemorrhaging after being gouged by a sled, liver injury, heart failure, and pneumonia. “Sudden death” and “external myopathy,” a condition in which a dog’s muscles and organs deteriorate during extreme or prolonged exercise, have also been blamed. In 1985 a musher kicked his dog to death. The 1975 Iditarod winner, Jerry Riley, was banned for life in 1990 after being accused of striking his dog with a snow hook (a large, sharp and heavy metal claw). In 1996 Rick Swenson’s dog died while he mushed his team through waist-deep water and ice. For more information, read Dog Deaths. How many dogs die after the race? The Iditarod Trail Committee does not release information about dogs who die after the race. How many dogs have died or have been injured while training for the Iditarod? We simply do not know how many dogs die or are injured during their intensive and grueling training for the race. Most mushers train their dogs in the remote areas of rural Alaska; consequently, their activities cannot be monitored. As part of their training, many mushers force their dogs to pull very heavy loads, which can cause hip and spine injuries. Are dogs sick and injured during the race? Some injuries and disorders that occur during the race include spinal injuries, bone fractures, sore and cut paws, ruptured tendon sheaths, torn muscles, sore joints, dehydration, stress and diarrhea. Intestinal infections occur when mushers feed their dogs food contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. When temperatures rise, dog food dropped off and left outside during the race often spoils. On average, 50% of the dogs who start the race cannot make it across the finish line. Please read Dog Injuries and Sickness for more information. Does the Iditarod violate accepted standards regarding animal cruelty? The Iditarod violates accepted standards regarding animal cruelty as is shown by the laws of 38 states and the District of Columbia. These 38 states and the District of Columbia have animal anti-cruelty laws that say “overdriving” and “overworking” an animal is animal cruelty. The California law is typical: “597. Cruelty to animals. (B) Every person who overdrives, overloads, drives when overloaded, overworks… any animal… is, for every such offense, guilty of a crime punishable as a misdemeanor or as a felony or alternatively punishable as a misdemeanor or a felony and by a fine of not more than twenty thousand dollars ($20,000).” –Animal Welfare Institute, Animals and Their Legal Rights The dog deaths and injuries in the Iditarod show that these dogs are “overworked” and “overdriven.” If the Iditarod occurred in any of these 38 states or the District of Columbia, it would be illegal under the animal cruelty laws. Unfortunately, the State of Alaska’s animal anti-cruelty law does not say that “overdriving” and “overworking” an animal is animal cruelty. Is the Iditarod a commemoration? Not connected: Iditarod and delivery of serum to Nome in 1925 “Vi Redington: ‘Originally, we most certainly did not think of our race of the race trail in any connection whatsoever with the famous Nanana-to Nome Serum Run. We had no intention to connect the two.’” – Vi Redington was the wife of Joe Redington, Sr. Some people say Joe was “The Father of the Iditarod. – Perry, Rod. TrailBreakers – Pioneering Alaska’s Iditarod Vo. II. Chugiak: Rod Perry, 2010. Iditarod celebrates a musher’s memory not delivery of serum in Nome: The Iditarod Trail Committee promotes the Iditarod as a commemoration of the 1925 Anchorage to Nome diphtheria serum delivery. However, the race actually celebrates the memory of musher Leonhard Seppala. The Iditarod was patterned after the All-Alaskan Sweepstakes which were races held in the early 1900s. The Iditarod was not patterned after the serum delivery. The idea for the Iditarod started with Dorothy Page. “(In 1967) run in two heats over a 25-mile course, the race was officially named the Iditarod Trail Seppala Memorial Race, in honor of mushing legend Leonhard Seppala.” “Over the years, the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race’s origins have been closely linked with the ‘great mercy race’ to Nome. Most people believe the Iditarod was established to honor drivers and dogs who carried the diphtheria serum, a notion the media have perpetuated. In reality, ‘Seppala was picked to represent all the mushers,’ Page stressed. ‘He died in 1967 and we thought it was appropriate to name the race in his honor. But it could just as easily have been named after Scotty Allan. The race was patterned after the Sweepstakes races, not the serum run.'” – Dorothy Page, co-founder of the Iditarod, discussing the origins of the race – Sherwonit, Bill. Iditarod, Seattle: Alaska Northwest Books, 1991 (Bill Sherwonit reported on sled dog racing for over ten years for the Anchorage Times. He wrote articles for numerous publications including National Wildlife magazine and the Anchorage Daily News.) Joe Redington, Sr. later expanded the original 1967 event making it longer and more lucrative. There are few similarities between the route of the serum delivery and the present-day Iditarod dog sled race routes. In the serum delivery, a train carried the medication from Anchorage to Nenana. From there the dogs ran the remaining 674 miles in relays to Norton Sound and up the Bering Sea Coast to Nome. There were 20 serum mushers with dog teams and no dog ran over 92 miles. The Iditarod race follows a northern route in even-numbered years and a southern route in odd numbered years. The northern route goes from Anchorage to Ophir and then north to Ruby. The southern route goes from Anchorage to McGrath and then on to Unalakleet. Only the trails from Ruby to Nome and Unalakleet to Nome have similarities to the serum delivery route. Alaskans say Iditarod is not Alaska’s cultural heritage: “The Iditarod, the thousand-mile-plus sled dog race underway in Alaska, is partly portrayed by promoters as a link to Alaska’s cultural heritage, to pre-snowmobile times, when Alaskans used dogs for winter transportation. However, not all Alaskans buy that interpretation. Fact is, many of them believe pioneering Alaskans would be appalled to see the punishment endured by the dogs during the Anchorage-to-Nome race.” Earl Gustkey, Los Angeles Times, March 3, 1992 Alaskans of pre-snowmobile years would never run dogs a thousand miles: “Sportswriter Fattig of the Anchorage Times interviewed a couple of Alaskans from McGrath, one of the race’s checkpoints, and found them outspokenly opposed to the length of the race. They pointed out that Alaskans of pre-snowmobile years would never run a dog team a thousand miles. ‘We knew Leonard Seppala (one of the mushers in the 1925 diphtheria run to Nome) and that little guy would turn over in his grave if he knew what was happening,’ Margaret Mespelt, 76, an Alaskan since 1929, told Fattig.” – Earl Gustkey, Los Angeles Times, March 24, 1986 Iditarod mushers allowed to use GPS position indicators: “Largely unnoticed, the Iditarod Trail Committee has slipped what could be a significant game-changer into the rules for the running of The Last Great Race. Mushers headed from Willow to Nome will, for the first time, this year be allowed to use GPS position indicators to keep track of where they are along the 900-mile trail, race spokesman Chas St. George said Thursday. While the Iditarod uses GPS to track teams along the trail, the use of GPS by competitors themselves has been hotly debated for years. Some have argued that using modern technology to find the way north in a race that celebrates the old Alaska is sort of cheating.” – Craig Medred, Alaska Dispatch, February 17, 2011 Rule 34 – Electronic Devices: “Use of GPS is permitted.” – Iditarod 2011 rules, Iditarod website, 2011 Mushers equipped with the most high-tech outdoors equipment: “Mushers are equipped with the most high-tech outdoors equipment available, including custom-made sleds with adjustable runners for varying snow conditions and, starting this year, global-positioning-satellite devices to check on their progress.” – Yereth Rosen, Reuters, March 4, 2011 Iditarod does not honor history: Anchorage Daily News – Letters to the editor, May 22, 2005: “Serum run of 1925 was a relay “With reference to Thomas Thuneman’s letter, it needs to be said that the Iditarod Race does not honor history (“Iditarod dogs love running, and race reminds us of history,” May 14). The serum run was done in relays and not a grueling, money-oriented 1,100-mile race. Change the direction of the Iditarod race to honor “true history” and there will be more support and far less criticism. —- Ethel D. Christensen, Anchorage EDITOR’S NOTE: The writer is a director of a local animal welfare organization.” (Sled Dog Action Coalition Note: Mrs. Christensen was the executive director of the Alaska SPCA.) How do mushers benefit from running their dogs in the Iditarod? Many thousands of dollars in prizes are awarded to the winning mushers. The largest prize is given to the musher whose team crosses the finish line first. However, prize money is also given to teams who first reach certain points along the trail. Mushers who are hired to be in corporate advertisements receive substantial financial benefits, as do mushers who reap royalties from the sales of books they write or the speeches they give. These corporations turn their face away from the cruelties the dogs are forced to endure. More mushers will receive prize money than ever before: ‘This year (2000), the Iditarod Trail Committee plans to hand out a record purse of more than $525,000 divided among the top 30 finishers – not just the top 20, as in years past.” – Staff and wire reports, Anchorage Daily News, March 13, 2000 Swingley, the 2000 race winner, hopes to profit from breeding his lead dog: “Swingley also noted that if the teams behind him are interested in help, Pepy the lead dog is available for breeding at $500 a turn.” – Craig Medred, Anchorage Daily News, March 14, 2000 Please read Greed Fuels the Iditarod for for more information. What kind of veterinary care do the dogs receive before and during the race? How does the current speed record compare to the speed record in the first Iditarod? According to the Iditarod website, the current speed record for the race was set by Martin Buser in 2002 at 8 days, 22 hours and 46 minutes. In the first Iditarod in 1973, the speed record was set by Dick Wilmarth at 20 days and 49 minutes. What is the cost of running in the race? The Iditarod Trail Committee website said the average kennel budget is approximately $50, 000 a year and the cost of running the Iditarod is $10,000, including entry fee, dog food for the race, dog supplies, musher supplies and freight. Does the Iditarod make a profit? Yes. According to AP Sports Friday (May 28, 1999), “The race is turning a profit and the purse this year (1999) was more than $500,000 – the biggest ever.” Please read Greed Fuels the Iditarod for more information. How do the Iditarod dogs live when they are not racing? The Iditarod Dog Sled Race has led to an increase in the number of husky dog kennels in Alaska. In these kennels, many dogs are treated cruelly. Many kennels have more than 100 dogs. Some have as many as 200 dogs. None of the kennels is inspected or supervised by the State of Alaska. Mushers raise many dogs hoping that a few will be strong enough to run in the race. Do these mushers cull or kill unwanted dogs? Culling is a common practice among mushers. The Iditarod mushers breed many dogs, hoping to get a few who will be fast enough to race. According to an article in the Anchorage Daily News, “Killing unwanted sled-dog puppies is part of doing business” (October 6, 1991), most of the mushers cull by shooting their dogs in the head. An animal who is not properly restrained when the musher shoots may suffer an agonizing death. Mushers also cull dogs who are injured in the Iditarod, old but otherwise healthy dogs, or any dog who is not wanted for any reason. Musher Lorraine Temple said, “They (the big racing outfits) can’t keep a dog who’s a mile an hour too slow” (Currents, Fall, 1999). Please read Abuse in Kennels for more information. Are Iditarod dogs kept permanently tethered on short chains? In many kennels, dogs spend their entire lives outside chained up to their dog house. In these musher’s kennels, a dog can have a chain as short as four feet long. In 1997, the United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) determined that the permanent tethering of dogs, as the primary means of enclosure, was inhumane and not in the animals’ best interests. The permanent chaining of dogs is prohibited in all cases where federal law applies. Some reasons why permanent tethering is cruel are as follows: - A dog who is permanently tethered is forced to urinate and defecate where he sleeps, which conflicts with his natural instinct to eliminate away from his living area. - Because the chained dog is always close to his own fecal material, he can easily catch deadly parasitical diseases by stepping in or sniffing his own waste. The ground within the dog’s chained area may have a high concentration of parasite larvae. - Even if the fecal matter is picked up, the area where the dog can move about becomes hard-packed dirt that carries the stench of animal waste. The odor and the waste attract flies which bite the dog’s ears, often causing serious bloody wounds and permanent tissue damage. - Continuous chaining psychologically damages dogs and makes many of them aggressive animals. - Dogs who forced to live on a chain are easy targets for stinging bites from insects and attacks by other other animals. - The tethers can become entangled with other objects, which can choke or strangle a dog to death. - The neck of a chained dog often becomes raw and covered with sores in part due to the dog’s constant yanking and straining to escape confinement. Please read Tethering Facts for more information. Dogs are tethered to exercise wheels. Is this practice safe for the dogs? Some dogs are tethered to exercise wheels as part of their pre-race training. There is a picture of one of these wheels on this page. Because the dogs run at varying speeds, the slower runners are pulled along by the neck, which causes injuries. Dogs who are tired or ill are forced to run. The number of injuries from the exercise wheel goes unreported. What kind of veterinary care do the dogs receive in their kennels? Some mushers live in towns that have no veterinarians, so that their dogs must be transported great distances to receive veterinary care. Mushers who live in small towns where there are no roads and no veterinarians have to fly their dogs in small airplanes hundreds of miles to obtain treatment. Do you think the many dogs who live in kennels far from veterinarians and animal hospitals receive adequate veterinary care, or any care at all? What other kennel conditions do the dogs endure? These dogs are never given the opportunity to run free even in a fenced in area. Many of them drink water from hard-to reach rusty cans that are bolted to their doghouses and are rarely cleaned or disinfected. All of the dogs, even those who are injured, old or arthritic are kept outside in the winter when the average daily minimum temperatures range from -24 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit. It is painful for these dogs to be in such intense cold. Some dogs are never bathed, and nothing is done to help them cool off no matter how hot it gets. In the summer, the only shade they get is inside their dirty doghouse, or under their doghouse if they are lucky enough to have one that is raised off the ground. Some kennels have few employees, so that each dog gets little attention. These dogs are unhappy prisoners with no chance of parole.

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Characterization of a Supercapacitor Using an EQCM A tremendous amount of research has gone into supercapacitors in recent years. Supercapacitors have high charge/discharge rates, long cycle life, operate over a large temperature range and have a low cost-per-cycle. The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) is a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) that has been interfaced to a potentiostat such that one of the crystal faces is used as a working electrode. Please see the application note, Basics of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance for a more introductory explanation of this technique. Gamry has produced three other application notes detailing characterization of supercapacitors. These can be found in the application note section of our website (www.gamry.com) Testing Supercapacitors: Part 1 – CV, EIS, and Leakage Current Testing Supercapacitors: Part 2 – CCD and Stacks Testing Supercapacitors: Part 3 – Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy This application note focuses on the characterization of the materials used to construct a supercapacitor. 10-MHz Au-coated quartz crystals were coated with 1 μL carbon suspension containing 20 mg of carbon and 5 wt% polyvinylidene fluoride binder in 1 mL N-methylpyrrolidone. The solution was cast onto the crystal and dried in an oven. Three different pore-sized carbons were used. This crystal was then mounted in a PTFE static cell and interfaced to a Gamry eQCM 10M™. A Gamry Reference 600™ was coupled to the EQCM via the working electrode interface on the front of the eQCM 10M. Data were acquired using the Gamry Resonator™ software and analyzed in Echem Analyst™. The electrolyte solution was aqueous 1 M CsCl. A Pt wire was used as the counter electrode and potentials are reported against an Ag/AgCl (sat’d KCl) reference electrode. Five cyclic voltammograms of a high surface area material are shown in Figure 1. The voltammograms are the typical shape for a supercapacitor – a large charging current attributed to the movement of charge to and from the electrode. Figure 1. Five cyclic voltammograms of a high-surface area carbon cast onto an Au-coated quartz crystal. Scan rate was 10 mV/s. Cations and anions will be ejected or injected into the high-surface material during scanning as a charge-compensating mechanism. For example, scanning in a positive direction will result in either a cation desorbing from the surface of the electrode or an anion adsorbing to the surface of the electrode. In this application note, we will use term expulsion to mean desorption and injection to mean adsorption since we are dealing with high-surface area (i.e. porous) materials. Mass changes were recorded and are shown, along with potential, versus time in Figure 2. Scanning in the positive direction results in a mass decrease while scanning in the negative direction results in a mass increase with little mass change at the positive vertex. These results would indicate, at first glance, Cs+ expulsion from the material when the potential is scanned positive and injection into the material when scanned negative. Small mass changes at the positive vertex might indicate a mixed process of Cs+ expulsion and Cl- injection. Figure 2. Mass and potential plotted versus time. Conditions were as listed in Figure 1. A single CV is shown in Figure 3 and overlaid with mass data. These data make the mixed process at potentials above 400 mV more evident. Figure 3. Cyclic voltammogram overlaid with mass data. Scan conditions were as listed in Figure 1. Mass-charge data, plotted as Mass change versus Charge breaks the mixed process down even more clearly as shown in Figure 4. Arrows have been added to show scanning direction. The dashed lines represent a linear fit to selected portions of the data. Molar masses were calculated from the slopes of these lines according to the following equation: MM = Slope * F * n (1) where F is Faraday’s number and n is the number of electrons involved in the charge compensation process (n=1 here). In this instance, the initial slope is 173 g/mol – a Cs+ ion (132 g/mol) plus approximately 2.3 water molecules (18 g/mol * 2.3 = 41 g/mol). The slope of the mass-charge plot decreases as more charge is passed (more positive potentials) until it nearly levels out at 8 g/mol, indicating a mix of Cs+ expulsion and Cl- injection. Some have attributed this switching from Cs+ expulsion to a mixed behavior as Cs+ depletion effects.1 Once the Cs+ in the material has been depleted the charge-compensation process becomes Cl- injection. Upon reversing the scan the mass-charge is initially flat but quickly increases to a slope of 130 g/mol. Figure 4. Mass versus Charge for the data shown in Figure 3. Arrow indicates initial scan direction. Dashed lines indicate linear fits to select portions of the data. Another type of high-surface area carbon with pore sizes different than that in the previous example was deposited on an Au-coated quartz crystal as described in the experimental section. Unlike the previous example, this material increases in mass upon scanning in the positive direction and decreases in mass when scanning in the negative direction as seen in Figure 5. Unlike the previous example though there appears to be no depletion effect. Figure 5. Cyclic voltammogram overlaid with mass data. Scan rate was 5 mV/s. The mass-charge plot is shown in Figure 6 and actually shows that only Cl- participates in the charge-compensation mechanism. The molar mass calculated, according to Eq. 1, is 70.3 g/mol – a Cl- ion and an average of 1.9 H20 molecules. Figure 6. Mass change versus Charge for data shown in Figure 5. Arrow indicates direction of scan. Dashed line represents a linear fit to the data set. There actual number of water molecules associated with a Cl- ion varies slightly over the scan as can be seen by the curved nature of the plot. A future application note will deal with examining solvent and ion transfer kinetics using a flux ratio method.2 A third type of high-surface area carbon was coated onto an Au-coated quartz crystal as described in the experimental section. This carbon had different pore sizes than the previous two. This material was cycled five times as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7. Cyclic voltammograms for five cycles of Carbon 3. Scan rate was 10 mV/s. The mass change and potential are plotted versus time as shown in Figure 8. This system displays a unique response compared to the other two carbons. Note that as the potential increases the mass decreases until close to the vertex as which point the mass begins increasing until the vertex is reached. The mass then decreases upon reversal before increasing once more. Figure 8. Mass change and potential versus time for Carbon 3. Scan rate was 10 mV/s. A single cycle of these data is shown in Figure 9. Arrows have been added for clarity. Figure 9. Cycle 2 of the data in Figure 8. Plotting these data as a mass-charge plot, shown in Figure 10, reveals a similar Cs+ expulsion depletion effect as to that seen in Carbon 1. However, unlike Carbon 1 where the depletion resulted in a mixed process, it appears that the charge compensation mechanism becomes a Cl- injection. Figure 10. Mass change versus charge for the data shown in Figure 9. The anodic and cathodic parts of the curve are split into two different plots to improve readability as shown in Figure 11 and Figure 12, respectively. Figure 11. Anodic portion of the data shown in Figure 9. The slope of the Cs+ expulsion regime is 173 g/mol and the slope for the Cl- injection regime is 88.7 g/mol. Figure 12. Cathodic portion of the data shown in Figure 9. The slope of the Cl- expulsion regime is 88.7 g/mol and the slope of the Cs+ injection regime is 130 g/mol. Note the similarities to Carbon 1 where the slope of the mass-charge plot when Cs+ expulsion was 170.3 g/mol and the Cs+ insertion was 130 g/mol. Both of these results show that 2.3 molecules of water are used to solvate the Cs+ upon anodic scanning while the Cs+ ion is completely desolvated during cathodic scanning. When Cl- is the charge-compensation mechanism for Carbon 3, it is deposited by 1.9 water molecules during injection and is ejected with 1.9 molecules during expulsion. This application note was meant to provide a guide for analyzing material to be developed into a supercapacitor. Learning about ion and solvent transfer through mass-charge relationships provide valuable insight into the design of supercapacitors. A future application note will deal with varying the ions or solvent for a single type of material in order to learn about ion and solvent transfer thermodynamics and kinetics. Gamry Instruments would like to acknowledge the Gogotsi Group at Drexel University for the generation of these data. QCMs have a variety of uses in addition to monitoring LbL assembly. - Chemical and biological sensors - Li+ intercalation - Corrosion studies The eQCM 10M is shipped with the Gamry Resonator Software, Gamry Echem Analyst Software, an eQCM Quick Start Guide, a Hardware Operator’s Manual (CD), a Software Operator’s Manual (CD), one EQCM cell, one AC Power Adapter, one USB interface cable, one BNC cable, one potentiostat interface cable, and 5 Au-coated quartz crystals (10 MHz). Several additional options are available including additional crystal holders, QCM and EQCM flow cells, and Pt-, C-, and Fe-coated crystals. Please visit www.gamry.com for more details. Microsoft® Windows 7 or newer is required.

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The dry rot fungus Serpula (formerly Merulius) lacrymans is well known for destroying timbers in buildings and spreading from floor to floor through hidden spaces. Its mysterious appearances throughout an affected building have led to a sometimes almost mystical fear of its destructive abilities, as though it is something like a biblical plague. However, S.lacrymans is only a woodland fungus that happens to have developed a capacity to grow in buildings. Its ancestral habitat is cool pine forests, where it feeds on fallen dead wood on the moist forest floor. A building containing softwood embedded in damp masonry provides all the conditions to which the fungus has become adapted by natural selection in its original forest home: damp softwood to feed on, a moist surface from which it can scavenge mineral nutrients, and damp enclosed spaces to grow in. By understanding the fungus’s biological requirements, evolved in its natural habitat, we can alter the conditions within the building to make them unsuitable for its growth. S.lacrymans occurs in genetically distinct races in different parts of the world. Each race probably originated when a strain of S.lacrymans growing in dead wood on a pine forest floor made the jump to conifer wood in buildings. Populations of the fungus are made up of individuals, with each individual growing network the mycelium made of microscopic filaments, the hyphae. Individuals that meet can fuse hyphae to join into a single network. Identifying S.lacrymans in buildings The sponge-like sporophores (fruiting bodies) of S.lacrymans are often produced in ceiling cornices or corners of walls, oriented so that the pores are vertical, allowing spores to drop out into the air. Sporophores produce millions of rusty red spores a day which collect as a red dust on horizontal surfaces in unventilated rooms. When sporophores are absent S.lacrymans can be identified by visual inspection and if necessary analysis of decayed wood. S.lacrymans affects softwood. Early tensile strength loss occurs in wood that may still appear intact because S.lacrymans enzymes can extract sugars from cellulose without at first disturbing the lignin framework of the wood cells. Genomic analysis recently showed that S. lacrymans has a highly evolved and sophisticated system of scores of cellulose digesting enzymes which it synthesises whenever its hyphae meet a wood food source. Eventually, as cellulose is progressively removed, the wood becomes brown, breaks up by transverse and horizontal cracks into cubes, and eventually collapses into a dry brown powdery lignin residue. Painted surfaces of timber such as skirting boards are usually colonised by mycelium growing through damp underlying masonry. The paint skin is easily dented with a chisel where the timber beneath has been decayed. Mycelial cords − aggregates of hyphae visible to the naked eye − are produced by both S. lacrymans, and its close relative Coniophora puteana. These Agaricomycete brown rotting species are the most common cause of timber decay in northern European buildings. Mycelial cords are strands of fungus from one to several millimetres wide, white in colour changing to yellow and brown. Cords usually remain, dried and brown, after an outbreak has died down. They are often revealed when water-impermeable coverings such as oil-based paint, vinyl flooring and rubber-backed carpet are removed. DNA testing can identify traces of live or even dead fungal tissue. Where the expense is warranted, samples may be sent to specialist laboratories. Unique volatiles of active dry rot can be detected by trained dogs. Coniophora puteana can be confused with S.lacrymans because it has cords and a similar type of rot, but it does not spread as far and is usually limited to damper areas, hence the name cellar fungus. Spread through buildings by mycelial growth S.lacrymans can spread through buildings because of its ability to extend for distances of several metres from a wood food base over non-nutrient surfaces. In nature, this allows it to capture scattered pieces of dead wood by growing across the forest floor. In buildings, mycelium growing from infected wood grows outwards over walls and behind plaster and flooring materials. The microscopic hyphae and fine mycelial cords are invisible to the naked eye and grow through spaces as small as a few microns (hundredths of a mm) wide, until it finds a fresh food source – damp wood or other cellulosic material. The fungus advances through a building as a leading edge of parallel separate branching hyphae. These are the feeding part of the fungus. They exude enzymes and also scavenge nutrients: carbohydrates from wood, and compounds of mineral nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from underlying surfaces. The microscopic hyphae that initially colonise wood can only grow in wood with a water content of over 20%. There is no evidence that dry wood, with moisture level below 20%, can be colonised through import of water through cords, although mycelium can exude drops, and enclosed spaces round growing mycelium can retain damp. Nutrients accumulate inside the fungus as sugars and amino acids. They are translocated responsively in the network according to local supply and demand, through mycelial cords that develop around the hyphae connecting old and new colonised wood. Cords carry nutrients in either direction and can move different nutrients in opposite directions. Starvation for nitrogen, provided the fungus is established in a wood food base that provides abundant carbohydrate, causes faster extension. Mycelium with plenty of nitrogen extends more slowly and branches more. This growth response can be exploited to limit spread of dry rot in buildings. Extension stops when mycelium is fed with a local application of a non-metabolised amino acid, α- aminoisobutyric acid, AIB, which is translocated in place of food amino acids. AIB is like junk food. The fungus wrongly perceives a nitrogen glut, and switches its development from extension to localised branching. AIB inhibition acts systemically throughout a connected network. Arrest of extension persists indefinitely. Spread between buildings by spores An individual grows from a spore produced by a sporophore. Genetic analysis shows that spores produced in sporophores are the source of new outbreaks of dry rot in buildings. There is no support for the theory that dry rot infection can spread between buildings as tissue fragments in wood or on tools. Survival of mycelium and vegetative spores within infected buildings S.lacrymans can only grow in cool conditions. Growth is optimal at 20°c, scanty at 26-27°c and the fungus cannot grow above 28°c. Temperature affects the ability of mycelium to survive dormant in dry wood. It can remain viable for up to 8 years at 7.5°c but only 6 months at 27°c. Spores are more resistant to higher temperatures, but are killed by 32h at 60°c or 1h at 100°c. The first step is to locate both the wood and the source of water. Sporophores can develop at distances of 10m from the wood food source, connected to it by cords. A sporophore means that fungal growth is well established in a substantial wood structure. This may require exposure of underlying wall by removal of plaster and fittings. Established procedures used by accredited contractors are effective in modern buildings. Heritage buildings may require a more customised approach to detect and limit dry rot. For example, a sporophore appearing between masonry joints in the entrance archway of an uninhabited Scottish castle was traced back to a wooden lintel nobody knew was there, embedded in a wall 15 metres away. The source of damp was condensation from the outer surface of a cold water tank in a tower percolating down through the wall into the lintel. The fungus had crossed a masonry wall in the form of cords connected to the sporophore which was emerging into the nearest available open air. In a Victorian house in Oxford, massive mycelial growth was found colonising a wood fuel store in a cellar. The fungus originated from the floor above where rising damp caused by a blocked air brick and soil against an external wall. The unventilated space in the cellar stimulated mycelial growth. A Victorian dining room was panelled with mahogany veneer curved round the inside of a circular turret, secured by softwood battens. Water seeping in through the exterior wall behind from a broken downpipe had allowed S.lacrymans to colonise the damp softwood battens and expand into the space behind the panelling. In all these cases the treatment was to expose and ventilate the affected parts of the building, remove as much of the affected timber as feasible, and repair sources of water ingress. Conservative treatment in historic buildings Where large buildings leaky buildings are uninhabited, as in the case of fire damage or disputed ownership rapid effective remedial treatment may be impossible. AIB application to arrest spread is allowed under a site-by-site HSE experimental license. Electronic damp monitoring is the best safeguard in long-term projects involving neglected buildings. Schmidt, O. (2006). Wood and Tree Fungi: Biology, Damage, Protection and Use. Springer, Belin Heidelberg Schmidt, O. (2007). Indoor wood-decay basidiomycetes: damage, causal fungi, physiology, identification and characterisation, prevention and control. Mycological Progress 6, 261-279. Lloyd, H. & Singh, J. (2004) Inspection, monitoring and environmental control of timber decay. In: Building Mycology, ed. Jagjit Singh. E & FN Spon, London. PP. 159-186. Watkinson, S.C, & Eastwood, D. C. Serpula lacrymans, wood and buildings (2012). In: A.Laskin, Sima Sariaslani and G.Gadd, eds. Advances in Applied Microbiology 78, 121-149. Sarah Watkinson Consulting Laboratory experiment demonstrating the chemical 2-aminoisobutyric acid arresting the spread of S.lacrymans. This harmless, but as yet unregistered, substance causes lasting arrest of mycelial extension.

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Johnny Gallegos started to feel nauseated and sleepy — so much so that the 18-year-old couldn’t get off the bus. He was on a “toxic tour,” an expedition led by a local advocacy group to some of the Houston-area neighborhoods most affected by pollution from sources such as petrochemicals and metal recyclers. Something in the air was making him feel sick. That made the Furr High School student feel something else: anger. “Sometimes I feel like these (chemical) plants and the people who run these plants don’t care about what they are doing and they are just in it for the money,” said Gallegos, his eyes welling with tears. “And that angers me, but it also makes me really sad because these people” — the affected communities, he added — “their voices are not enough to change anything.” Located on the city’s east side, the school was overhauled a decade ago to address high dropout rates. From the third floor, students can see the site of a once-massive landfill. The nearby bayou is polluted, they say, and chemical plants lining the Houston Ship Channel are only a few miles away. It is also one of the few high schools in the country — if not the only one — where the curriculum revolves around the theme of environmental justice. The focus on environmental issues at Furr comes as young people are becoming more vocal and active in calling for action on climate change. They sue the government, interrupt major sporting events and organize candidate forums. But they also grow gardens in food deserts, plant trees to mitigate flooding and monitor air quality to keep their communities informed. This fall, Greta Thunberg, a Swedish teen who in 2018 started skipping school to strike outside of her country’s parliament, became a global icon after she sailed to New York to address the United Nations Climate Action Summit. She chided world leaders for failing her generation in a powerful speech and helped lead protests across the globe that attracted millions demanding climate action. They say it’s personal for them. After all, they will be the ones to deal with the most dire consequences of climate change, especially if adults fail to act. “This is the only Earth we have,” said Pearl Phan, 18, a senior at Pasadena Memorial High School. “Once it’s damaged, you can’t bring it back, so why not prevent it now — you know, make a difference now and not let it go?” Furr’s transformation started three years ago, with a $10 million grant won through a national contest sponsored by Laurene Powell Jobs, the widow of Apple co-founder Steve Jobs. The goal was to reinvent high school. For Furr, that meant capitalizing on the school’s location, an area of Houston with serious environmental challenges. Students study traditional subjects such as math and English but also attend classes on wildlife, fisheries and ecology and agriculture. On a recent morning, the agricultural class walked over to Herman Brown Park, where they maintain a garden full of fruit trees and a vegetable garden. “Trees are the best solution to climate change,” David Salazar, an agriculture teacher specialist, told the students. “They help with erosion and flooding. Trees capture the carbon we are trying to sequester.” He then sent them out to pick clusters of bananas they would eventually take home, as they do with all the food they produce. Most bananas are imported from Central America, Salazar said, which wastes energy. Those who pick them don’t get paid fairly either, he added. Everything he teaches is solution- and action-oriented, he said. The school is “about environmental justice,” said Steven Stapleton, the principal, “and about empowering our students to have agency and advocate for themselves and their community.” That’s what Yulissa Cabrera, 18, aims to do. Her media class spent more than two months preparing for a permit hearing for the Valero Houston Refinery, which is about 6 miles south of the school. “Why can’t you treat our community the way you are treating the community in Los Angeles?” she asked company representatives, as audience members applauded. Her knees were shaking and her palms sweating, but she felt she was not alone, she said, with a whole group behind her. So she continued to press officials. “Some people saw it as us protesting,” she said later, “but it was really just us doing what we want to do when we grow up. This is just us raising awareness, being a voice, knowing what’s going on in our communities. We can’t just be oblivious to a black cloud that we see in the sky.” In some ways, climate and the environment have become defining issues for many young people. While some conservative leaders question the science behind climate change, including how much humans are to blame, younger people increasingly see it as an urgent issue. A clear majority of American teenagers, 86 percent, think human activity is changing the Earth’s climate, according to a recent Washington Post-Kaiser Family Foundation poll. Roughly 1 in 4 have participated in a walkout, attended a rally or written to a public official. And it crosses party lines. According to the Pew Research Center, millennial Republicans are more likely than baby-boomer and older Republicans to say the Earth is warming due to human activity. “You definitely see younger people becoming more active on this issue,” said Lia Millar, 22, a local organizer with 350.org, an international climate justice organization. She said access to information on social media and the internet has enabled people “to learn about the climate crisis in a way they weren’t able to before.” They can also watch and draw inspiration from young leaders who use social media to create movements. Locally, there are a handful of youth-led groups, Millar said, including Sunrise Movement, Fridays for Future, Climate Strike US and 350.org — all of them relatively new here. “People are realizing (that) maybe our representatives in federal office aren’t taking the climate movement seriously enough, and young people are willing to hold politicians accountable for their future,” she added. Every social movement that has been successful in the U.S. has had “a strong youth and student component,” said Robert Bullard, an urban planning and environmental professor at Texas Southern University known as the “father of environmental justice.” And this generation of young people is mobilizing across racial and class divides, with fewer wedge issues that keep them from working together, he said. Part of that is because they see it — and live it — in their own communities. Houstonians are all too familiar with severe storms and hurricanes, which researchers have concluded are becoming more frequent and extreme due to climate change. “ITC” has also become part of their vocabulary. Intercontinental Terminals Co.’s Deer Park chemical storage tank facility caught fire in March, sending a black plume of smoke across the sky that was visible for days. Schools were placed on lockdown, baseball games were canceled and students weren’t allowed to go outside. “I remember that day so clearly,” said Gallegos, the Furr High School student. “I walked outside, and I see this big cloud. I thought it was one giant rain cloud.” When he got to school, everyone was talking about it. The students organized a shelter-in-place workshop afterward to show residents what to do, including sealing their windows. Others organized informational forums. “It was harder 10 years ago to draw attention to these kinds of issues because the discussions were more in the abstract and in the scientific,” said Jonathan Williamson, a political scientist from the University of Houston. “In recent years you’ve seen the negative consequences affecting, in a more obvious way, people and places across the globe.” Phan and Kevin Juarez, 17, also a senior at Pasadena Memorial High School, say they can tell when the city of Pasadena is having a bad air-quality day. “I can see it,” Phan said. “I look up at the sky and there are black fumes everywhere.” There’s a reason why the community southeast of Houston is known by some as “Stinkadena,” Juarez said. “Sometimes you come into the school and smell something and don’t know what it is,” he said, although he added that things have gotten better. The two teens belong to the Environmental Youth Council, a new program by the Environmental Defense Fund deployed in three area schools: Pasadena Memorial and Galena Park high schools and the Raul Yzaguirre School for Success — all within a few miles of the ship channel. “We are trying to prepare the next generation of environmental leaders,” said Shannon Thomas, who manages the program. “This is their planet.” Phan and Juarez can now read and interpret data from two air monitors on the school’s rooftop. After school on a recent day, Juarez found the previous night’s readings upsetting. “Did you see it was 147 last night?” Juarez asked Kathryn Williams, the AP environmental science teacher. “It was almost as high as the ITC fire.” The air quality index reached 162 for particulate matter on March 24, seven days after the fire started, which means unhealthy. “That’s the dangerous part of air pollution,” Juarez said. “You don’t know it unless you are on top of it.” Both seniors are pushing for an idling policy at school to require students and parents to turn their engines off. They noticed that the air-quality index spiked in the mornings, before school started, and after dismissal. They said they had known it was an issue for a while, and they now have data to back it up. There was a time when people in some countries in Asia didn’t have to wear a face mask, said Phan, whose parents are from Vietnam. “But now they do. (We) here in the U.S., we don’t have to wear a mask, but if we don’t make a difference, we are going to end up wearing a mask every time we walk outside a building, and that’s just a life no one wants to have.”

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It is estimated that approximately 24% of the US population has at least one tattoo. However, tattoo ink ingredients include heavy metals (high atomic number Z) that are not regulated, which can cause skin reactions. This study investigates the dosimetric effects in surface dose due to high-Z elements in tattoo ink under electron beam irradiation. Four commercially available tattoo ink colors, black, red, yellow, and blue were chosen. The elemental composition of the tattoo ink samples was analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). An ultrathin-window parallel plate ion chamber was used to measure the surface dose perturbation (ratio of ionizations with and without tattoo ink) for 6 − 20 MeV electron beams. The elemental concentration in the tattoo ink samples showed high-Z elements, with Z ranging from 11 to 92. The dose perturbation ranged from 1.4% up to 6% for the yellow ink for the 6 MeV electron beam, with similar values across the rest of the electron energies, whereas the black, red, and blue inks presented up to 3% dose perturbation for the same range of energies. Based on this initial study, we conclude that commercially available tattoo inks contain large amounts of high-Z metals that may contribute to dose perturbation. Therefore treatment of superficial lesions with electron beams in a tattooed area should be monitored for signs of early skin reaction during radiation therapy treatments. Citation: Galavis PE, Sanfilippo NJ, Das IJ (2019) Glamour, expression, and consequences of tattoos in radiation treatment. PLoS ONE 14(8): e0220030. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220030 Editor: Roberto Amendola, ENEA Centro Ricerche Casaccia, ITALY Received: October 1, 2018; Accepted: July 8, 2019; Published: August 7, 2019 Copyright: © 2019 Galavis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Tattooing has become a social phenomenon, as it is estimated that approximately 24% of the US population has at least one tattoo . Tattoo ink comes in many colors, from traditional black to almost every color in the light spectrum. These bold colors have genesis in the heavy metals in the ink, which produce the pigmentation . Spectrophotometric analysis of trace metals in tattoo ink has revealed the presence of multiple elements at levels exceeding the traditionally accepted safe limit of 1 μg/g . Interestingly, the US Food and Drug administration (FDA) neither approves nor regulates tattoo ink as they do with medications or medical devices, because the FDA considers tattoo inks to be cosmetic and the pigments used in the inks are considered additives . Therefore, manufacturers are not required to reveal tattoo ink ingredients. Traditionally, skin cancers and superficial tumors (most common and prevalent in the USA) have been treated with kilovoltage beams to deliver 100% dose to the skin. However, as the availability of kilovoltage beams has decreased in the USA, electron beams have taken their place to treat these patients. It has been shown that there are two intertwined well-studied phenomena [5–12], dose perturbation and electron backscattering. These occur when an electron beam encounters an interface (e.g. a non-water type material) on its path and secondary electrons released in both media change the electron fluence on both sides of the interface, creating a dose perturbation and electron backscatter, which depend on the electron beam energy, particle type, and the atomic number (Z) of the two media. This study was designed to investigate an unexpected skin toxicity (serious erythema) in a patient who was treated with an electron beam in a partially tattooed area at the level of the left upper chest (between the shoulder and the clavicle). Since the examination of the patient’s chart and dosimetry did not reveal any reason for the skin reaction (much earlier than anticipated), our hypothesis is that the high-Z material in the tattoo ink may have interfered and created dose perturbation when irradiated with the electron beam. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports studying the possible effects of ionizing radiation on treated tattooed regions. Materials and methods The tattoo ink composition Four commercially available tattoo ink colors (Iron Sakura Tattoo Ink, Taiwan) were chosen for this study. Black, red, yellow and blue were selected based on their popularity among tattoo customers and also because these have been reported to produce adverse skin reactions [13, 14]. The ink samples were sent for X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis to determine the elemental composition of the ink. For measurements, 10 mg of each tattoo ink color were smeared on to a 37 mm teflon-filter. Any values of elemental composition found below two times their uncertainties were considered below the lowest detectable level of the instrument for that particular element. The results were sorted in descending order according to the amount of each element expressed in ng/cm2. To estimate the amount of each element in the ink samples, we calculated the percentage of each element based on ng/cm2 times the 10 mg. In this study we use the definition of surface dose perturbation as the ratio of ionizations of the ion chamber readings with and without the tattoo ink. This parameter was measured at the surface of an ultrathin-window parallel plate ion chamber, PTW-Markus (sensitive volume of 0.02 cm3), positioned at the center of a customized 30×30 cm2 solid water slab, placed on top of 5 cm solid water to avoid back-scatter from the linac couch. This setup was chosen to mimic the surface of the skin as the ion chamber has 1 mm thick water-proof material, thus limiting the measure to depths comparable to those of the skin. Given that the dose perturbation is defined as a relative dose, no stopping power correction was deemed necessary to convert readings to dose. Measurements were taken on a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator for all the available electron energies in the range of 6-20 MeV, using 100 cm source to skin distance (SSD) and a 10×10 cm2 electron cone size. Measurements with the tattoo ink were performed by measuring each ink-drop (measured with a 3 cc syringe) and smearing it over a 1.4 cm diameter on the surface of the ion chamber (properly covered with thin ink resistant paper). Assuming a cylindrical volume, the ink thickness was estimated using thickness = Inkvolume/(π × r2). The effect of bolus was not evaluated due to the difficulty of measuring with tattoo liquid, which could smear further causing uncertainty on the thickness of the tattoo ink. The patient was CT simulated and planned in Eclipse (Varian Medical Systems) treatment planning system using a 9 MeV electron beam (200 cGy per fraction for 30 fractions) and a 0.5 cm bolus to treat a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the trunk after surgery. Electron Monte Carlo (Version 13.7.14) algorithm was used to calculate the dose. The patient showed a brisk skin reaction early in treatment (600 cGy). Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeters (OSLDs) were used for in vivo measurements in order to evaluate the accuracy of the treatment as part of our institutional quality assurance. The OSLD detector was placed at the central axis of the treatment field under the 0.5 cm bolus, a 0.6% difference between the planned and measured dose was found. The spectral plots of the tattoo ink studied are shown in Figs 1 and 2. The elemental concentration in the tattoo inks studied as a function of the atomic number is shown in Fig 3, indicating presence of high-Z elements ranging from 11 to 92. Table 1 summarizes the major element concentrations in percentages, the red ink showed the highest atomic number material composition. The dose perturbation (ratio of dose with and without tattoo ink) with electron beams scatter plots for black, red, blue, and yellow tattoo ink for all the electron energies are shown in Fig 4. The dose perturbation ranged from 1.4% up to 6% for the yellow ink for the 6 MeV electron beam, with similar values observed across the rest of the electron energies, whereas the black, red, and blue inks presented up to 3% dose perturbation in the same energy range. We calculated the type A uncertainty on the dose perturbation by looking at the standard deviation of the average readings from the ion chamber measurements. In addition, straightforward error propagation on the dose perturbation gives us a relative standard uncertainty error of < 0.1%. For completenes, an error propagation on the thickness equation gives a relative error about 0.4%. In addition, type B uncertainties were estimated based on manufacturer specifications, and published references [15, 16] as shown in Table 2. Due to the lack of studies on the possible effects of tattooing in radiation therapy, this study was conducted to investigate the dose surface perturbation in electron beams due to the high-Z material content in the tattoo ink. It was found that high-Z components, as shown in Fig 3, are part of the composition of the inks that were analyzed. The impact of these inks in electron beam dosimetry is shown in Fig 4, and it can be seen that the dose pertubation increases with increasing tattoo ink thickness. From this we can infer that there is some dose enhancement resulting from the transit of electrons through thin layers of ink, however no clinical correlation of skin erythema to the small increase in surface dose was measured in this work. The skin reaction could be related to electron backscatter, as it has been shown to play a significant role depending on the material and the electron energy. In addition, there are physiological changes in the skin of a tattooed area that cannot be reproduced in a experiment without biopsy. This study was limited by the uncertainties on the ink thickness in an actual tattoo applied to the patient’s skin, and the actual concentration of the metals in the skin. A retrospective study with various clinical cases is desirable, however it is uncommon to treat skin lesions within or near tattooed areas, but as tattoos increase in popularity radiation therapy treatment cases may increase as well. This study was motivated by an unexpected skin erythema in patient treated with an electron beam in the tattoo region. Although our findings represented in the dose perturbation parameter did not provide conclusive support to correlate them with the observed patient’s reaction, we believe it is still worth investigating the potential dosimetric effects of tattoo ink on patient’s treatment. For instance, as we mentioned in the paper, it is almost impossible to know for sure the amount of high-Z material present in the patient’s tattoo and its implications on the physiological changes in the skin of a tattooed area, which cannot be reproduced in an experiment without a biopsy. This study provides awareness that tattoo ink might produce dosimetric perturbations and therefore it should not be disregarded. We are thankful to Drs. Lung-Chi Chen and Mianhua Zhong from Department of Environment Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NY, for providing the XRF analysis of the tattoo ink colors used in this work. - 1. Laumann AE, Derick AJ. Tattoos and Body Piercings in the United States: A National Data Set. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2006;55(3):413–421. pmid:16908345 - 2. Laux P, Tralau T, Tentschert J, Blume A, Dahouk SA, Bäumler W, et al. A Medical-Toxicological View of Tattooing. The Lancet. 2016;387(10016):395–402. - 3. Beute TC, Miller CH, Timko AL, Ross EV. In Vitro Spectral Analysis of Tattoo Pigments. Dermatol Surg. 2008;34(4):508–515; discussion 515–516. pmid:18248489 - 4. LeBlanc PM, Hollinger KA, Klontz KC. Tattoo Ink–Related Infections—Awareness, Diagnosis, Reporting, and Prevention. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(11):985–987. pmid:22913662 - 5. Archard GD. Back Scattering of Electrons. Journal of Applied Physics. 1961;32(8):1505–1509. - 6. Khan FM, Werner BL, Deibel FC. Lead Shielding for Electrons. Med Phys. 1981 Sep-Oct;8(5):712–713. pmid:7290024 - 7. Lambert GD, C KS. Penetration of backscattered electrons in polystyrene for energies between 1 and 25 MeV. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 1982;27(5):721. - 8. Gagnon WF, Cundiff JH. Dose enhancement from backscattered radiation at tissue–metal interfaces irradiated with high energy electrons. The British Journal of Radiology. 1980;53(629):466–470. pmid:7388280 - 9. Klevenhagen SC. Implication od electron backscattering for electron dosimetry. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 1991;36(7):1013–1018. - 10. Tabata T, Ito R. Simple calculation of the electron-backscatter factor. Medical Physics;19(6):1423–1426. pmid:1461204 - 11. Das IJ, Coia LR, Tabata T. Harvesting Backscatter Electrons for Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;33(3):695–703. pmid:7558961 - 12. Buffa FM, Verhaegen F. Backscatter and dose perturbation for low- to medium-energy electron point sources at the interface between materials with different atomic numbers. Medical Physics. 1992;19(6):1423–1426. - 13. Brady BG, Gold H, Leger EA, Leger MC. Self-Reported Adverse Tattoo Reactions: A New York City Central Park Study. Contact Derm. 2015;73(2):91–99. pmid:26016445 - 14. Yoong C, Vun YY, Spelman L, Muir J. True Blue Football Fan: Tattoo Reaction Confined to Blue Pigment. Australas J Dermatol. 2010;51(1):21–22. pmid:20148835 - 15. McEwen M, DeWerd L, Ibbott G, Followill D, Rogers DWO, Seltzer S, et al. Addendum to the AAPM’s TG-51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high-energy photon beams. Medical Physics. 2014;41(4):041501. pmid:24694120 - 16. Pablo C, Feliciano GV, Cristina M, Alejandro F, David S, Leopoldo P, et al. Study of the uncertainty in the determination of the absorbed dose to water during external beam radiotherapy calibration. Journal of Applied Medical Physics. 2008;9(1).

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A few years ago, I met a young man was a descendant of Cornplanter. His family had moved from the tribal lands to the nearby Seneca reservation probably for economic reasons. He gave me a CD of his people’s music. It was beautiful. It is sad that our culture had almost wiped their culture from this country. Another memory that I have related to this chief is that I remember back when I was a teenager at the nursing home next door where I sometimes worked, one of the residents had been one of the people who helped move a graveyard off land that would be at the bottom of the lake above what was to be Kinzua Dam in Warren County, Pennsylvania. Later I learned that this had been land that was promised to the descendants of Chief Cornplanter. If they lived on the land, it would always be reserved for them. The last member of the Cornplanter Tribe left the land sometime before the US government whisked in and took possession of the area and flooded the area and built the dam for electricity production. Cornplanter’s Early Years Cornplanter was born sometime between 1732 and 1746, in the village of Conewaugus on the Genesee River in New York, the son of a Seneca woman and a Dutch trader named John Abeel (O’Bail). Lewis Henry Morgan erroneously states that it was Cornplanter’s mother who was white rather than his father. This is important because the Seneca, like other Iroquois people, are matrilineal. This means that tribal membership comes to individuals through their mothers. Cornplanter had two half siblings who were born to his mother and a Seneca father: a brother, Handsome Lake, the Seneca prophet; and a sister who became the mother of Governor Blacksnake, the Seneca political leader. Little is known about Cornplanter during his early years, although many scholars contend that he was a warrior during the French and Indian War at the defeat of Edward Braddock in 1755 while he was in his early teens. One letter to the governor of Pennsylvania noted that Cornplanter, while playing with the other Indian boys, noticed that his skin color was lighter than that of the other boys, whereupon his mother told him of his white father who lived in Albany. As a prospective bridegroom, he visited his father who treated him kindly, but gave him nothing in the way of either material goods or expected information, particularly regarding the coming rebellion of the colonists against the British. This rebellion played a major role in Cornplanter’s life. This Role during the Revolutionary War Cornplanter played a major role in Iroquois Confederacy politics before and during the American Revolution and the subsequent political adaptation of the Seneca to the new government of the United States. The Iroquois Confederacy began as an alliance of five northern Iroquoian-speaking tribes: the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca. This alliance was formed to harness the strength of these five groups in fighting common enemies as well as to foster economic cooperation among them. The confederacy was governed by the Grand Council of Fifty Chiefs. This governing body had cardinal rules which stated that any decision made required a unanimous vote of the chiefs especially decisions regarding war. In the Revolution, the Mohawk were firmly behind the British, but the Seneca hoped for neutrality. Cornplanter and his half-brother Handsome Lake were among the leaders of the Seneca. However, Cornplanter was obliged to support his fellow clansman Joseph Brant, a Mohawk captain who supported the British and he was obligated to fight with the British against the Americans. Other members of the federation, like the Oneida and the Tuscarora remained neutral and refused to get in the middle of the fight. Despite his original misgivings about entering the war on the side of the British, Cornplanter served as a commander for the Seneca throughout the war. During the Battle of Canajoharie, located in the Mohawk Valley, during August of 1780. Cornplanter recognized his father, John Abeel, among the captive survivors after his men attacked and burned a village. Though Cornplanter felt slighted by his father for not having send a wedding gift, Cornplanter still respected him as a kinsman and apologize for burning his house. He also offered his father the option of returning to Seneca country with him or being released immediately. Abeel chose to be released, and, at Cornplanter’s request, the council of leaders allowed his freedom. After the Revolution Even before the end of the war, Americans started planning to remove the Indians from their lands and punish them for their aid to the British by destroying the political importance of the confederacy and looked at the monetary gain they would get for confiscating and selling Indian land. When General George Washington ordered an invasion of the Iroquois homeland to punish them for their role in the revolution, Cornplanter sent an urgent message in July of 1779, saying: “Father. You have said that we are in your hand and that by closing it you could crush us to nothing. Are you determined to crush us? If you are, tell us so that those of our nation who have become your children and have determined to die so, may know what to do. But before you determine on a measure so unjust, look up to God who made us as well as you. We hope He will not permit you to destroy the whole of our nation.” Cornplanter tried to reconcile the Seneca with the Americans, but failed. He attended the treaty council held at Fort Stanwix (1784) between the Iroquois and the United States. This treaty ceded large tracts of Indian land to the new government. Because he tried to make peace between the Seneca and the Americas and because the tribe lost great tracts of land, Cornplanter became unpopular with the Seneca. Although he was not a signer of the treaty, Cornplanter agreed to the Fort Harmar Treaty (1789), ceded another great tract of land to the United States, and this only worsened his position with the tribe. During this period of treaty-making, arguments arose over which of the newly formed states would encompass Indian territories. Robert Morris, an early colonial and American financier, purchased a right, called a right of pre-emption” from the state of Massachusetts. He eventually decided to sell this right of pre-emption to the Holland Land Company, agreeing in the bargain to extinguish Indian claim to the land by buying the land from the Indians. Finances ultimately kept him from accomplishing this, but he still attempted to extinguish Indian claim to the land through political channels. He met with Cornplanter in Philadelphia in August of 1797 to begin preliminary discussions of this issue, which led to full-scale negotiations between Morris and the Seneca at Genesee, New York. The Seneca rejected all of Morris’s offers and Red Jacket eventually proclaimed negotiations to be at an end. The Seneca finally agreed to cede the land and signed a treaty in September of 1797. The Land Grant In 1795 the Pennsylvania Commonwealth awarded him in fee simple 1,500 acres of land in western Pennsylvania. Cornplanter directed the survey of this land into three strategic and valuable tracts and a patent was issued in 1796. He eventually lost two of the tracts, those at Oil City and Richland. The third tract he kept, encompassing about 750 acres along the Allegany River including the site of the old Seneca town Jenuchshadago and two islands in that river. He was awarded a yearly pension by the U.S. government because of the 1797 treaty, which he collected for some time. An additional tract of land given to Cornplanter is in what is now Marietta, Ohio, and Cornplanter’s heirs continue to claim that the US government defrauded from them. Cornplanter raised horses and cattle and maintained his own political community. According to O. Turner in Pioneer History of the Holland Purchase of Western New York, Cornplanter later quarreled with Handsome Lake over some of the religious teachings which Handsome Lake had introduced to the Seneca. Cornplanter eventually became a Christian, and invited Quakers to build a school on his land grant. However, he became disillusioned with the white man’s effects on Seneca culture and he publicly destroyed the formal regalia and various awards that he had received from the president of the United States. He died on February 18, 1836, in Jenuchshadago at about one hundred years old. Cornplanter’s last direct heir and great-great-great-grandson, Jesse Cornplanter, an artist, died in 1957. By the 1960s, Cornplanter’s indirect descendants had already moved to Salamanca, New York. Construction of Kinzua Dam condemned 10,000 acres of the Allegheny Reservation including the land granted to Cornplanter in the Treaty of Canandaigua. The Seneca lost a considerable number of acres of fertile farmland and forced 600 Seneca from their community within the reservation. Because he claimed the immediate need for flood control, President John F. Kennedy denied the Seneca’s request to halt construction. In Pennsylvania, the government condemned most of the historic Cornplanter Tract, made by the state legislature to Cornplanter after the Revolutionary War to him and his heirs “forever”. This area included a historic cemetery that contained Cornplanter’s remains as well as three hundred descendants and followers and a state memorial monument erected in 1866. The state exhumed and reinterred these remains in a new cemetery, located west of the north central Pennsylvania town of Bradford, about 100 yards from the New York state line. “The cemetery contains remains of white residents of Corydon, a town submerged by the reservoir. By 2009 Seneca observers and whites pleaded with the State Corps of Engineers to protect the area when they saw erosion on the bluff where the cemetery was located. Other remains were relocated to a cemetery in Steamburg. The Locket Saga Read the books of The Locket Saga In print at http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/cygnetbrown On Kindle: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B076ZSK5PB/ref=series_rw_dp_sw

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While aluminum is not a heavy metal, it has been found to be toxic. Because aluminum permeates our air,water, and soil, small amounts are present in our food. The average person consumes between three and ten milligrams of aluminum a day. Only recently has research revealed that aluminum is absorbed and accumulated in the body. Aluminum is a popular metal used to make cookware, cooking utensils, and foil. Excessive use of antacids is the most common cause of aluminum toxicity. Mylanta, Maalox, Glusil, Amphojel, and many others have a high aluminum hydroxide content. Many over-the-counter drugs used for inflammation and pain contain aluminum, including Arthritis Pain Formula, Ascriptin, Bufferin, and Vanquish. Several douche preparations, including Massengil and Summer’s Eve, contain aluminum. It is also an additive in most baking powders and is sometimes evident in drinking water. The highest exposure to aluminum is most frequently due to the chronic consumption of aluminum-containing antacid products. Research shows that aluminum builds up in the body over time; thus, the health hazard to older people is greater. Concentrations of aluminum that are toxic to many biochemical processes are found in at least ten human neurological conditions. Recent studies suggest that aluminum contributes to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, senile and presenile dementia, clumsiness of movements, staggering when walking, and inability to pronounce words properly. Behavioral difficulties among schoolchildren have also been correlated with elevated levels of aluminum and other neurotoxic heavy metals. Symptoms: Flatulence, headaches, dry skin, weak and aching muscles, senility, spleen pain, stomach pain, liver dysfunction, kidney dysfunction, neuromuscular disorders, osteomalacia, colitis, anemia, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hemolysis, leukocytosis, porphyria, heartburn, memory loss, numbness, paralysis, Parkinson’s disease, excessive perspiration, leg twitching, cavities, colds, behavioral problems, constipation . Many symptoms of aluminum toxicity are similar to those of Alzheimer’s disease and osteoporosis. Aluminum toxicity can lead to colic, rickets, gastro-intestinal disturbances, poor calcium metabolism, extreme nervousness, anemia, headache, decreased liver and kidney function, forgetfulness, speech disturbances,and memory loss, softening of the bones, and weak, aching muscles. Research suggests that a chronic calcium deficiency may change the way in which the body uses minerals. Bone loss and increased intestinal absorption of aluminum and silicon combine to form compounds that accumulate in the cerebral cortex of the brain. These compounds prevent impulses from being carried to or from the brain. An accumulation of aluminum salts in the brain has been implicated in seizures and reduced mental faculties. Autopsies performed on Alzheimer’s victims revealed that four times the normal amount of aluminum had accumulated in the nerve cells in the brain. This suggests that long-term accumulation of aluminum in the brain may contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, an unidentified protein not found in normal brain tissue has been discovered in the the brain tissue of Alzheimer’s victims. Because aluminum is excreted by the kidneys, toxic amount of aluminum may impair kidney function. Working in aluminum smelting plants for long periods can lead to dizziness, impaired coordination, and losses of balance and energy. Accumulations of aluminum in the brain was cited as a possible cause for these symptoms as well. Aluminum is excreted by the kidneys, therefore toxic amounts can impair kidney function. Aluminum can also accumulate in the brain causing seizures and reduced mental alertness. The brain is normally protected by a blood-brain barrier, which filters the blood before it reaches it. Elemental aluminum does not pass easily through this barrier, but certain compounds contained within aluminum, such as aluminum fluoride do. Interestingly, many municipal water supplies are treated with both aluminum sulfate and aluminum fluoride. These two chemicals can also combine easily in the blood. Aluminum fluoride is also poorly excreted in the urine. When there is a high level of absorption of aluminum and silicon, the combination can result in an accumulation of certain compounds in the cerebral cortex and can prevent nerve impulses being carried to and from the brain properly. Long term calcium deficiency can further aggravate the condition. Workers in aluminum smelting plants on a long term basis, have been know to experience dizziness, poor coordination, balance problems and tiredness. It has been claimed that the accumulation of aluminum in the brain could be a possible cause for these issues. It is estimated that the normal person takes in between 3 and 10 milligrams of aluminum per day. Aluminum is the most abundant metallic element produced by the earth. It can be absorbed into the body through the digestive tract, the lungs and the skin, and is also absorbed by and accumulates in the bodies tissues. Aluminum is found naturally in our air, water and soil. It is also used in the process of making cooking pots and pans, utensils and foil. Other items such as over the counter pain killers, anti-inflammatory products, and douche preparations can also contain aluminum. Aluminum is also an additive in most baking powders, is used in food processing, and is present in antiperspirants, toothpaste, dental amalgams, bleached flour, grated cheese, table salt, and beer, (especially when the beer is in aluminum cans). The biggest source of aluminum, however, comes from our municipal water supplies. Excessive use of antacids is also a common cause of aluminum toxicity in this country, especially for those who have kidney problems. Many over the counter type antacids contain amounts of aluminum hydroxide that may be to much for the kidneys to handle properly. In addition to aluminum cookware, foil, antacids, baking powders, buffered aspirin, and most city water,aluminum is also used in food processing (pickles and relishes, in particular), antiperspirants, deodorants, beer (especially when in aluminum cans), bleached flour, table salt, tobacco smoke, cram of tartar, Parmesan and grated cheeses, aluminum salts, douches, and canned goods. Those who enjoy fast foods should be aware that processed cheese has a high aluminum content. The food product having perhaps the highest aluminum content is the cheeseburger. This mineral is added to give processed cheese its melting quality for use on hamburgers. Sources: Aluminum foil, antacids, aspirin, dust, auto exhaust, treated water, vanilla powder, nasal spray, milk products, salt, commercially-raised beef, tobacco smoke, anti-perspirants, bleached flour, cans, animal feed, ceramics, commercial cheese. *Calcium(1,500 mg daily) in the chelate form with magnesium.(750mg daily)………This chelating agent binds with aluminum and eliminates it from the body. *Garlic tablets(kyolic)… 2 capsules 3 times daily…….. Acts as a detoxifier. *Kelp….. 6 tablets daily………. has a balanced mineral content. Acts as a detoxifier of excess metals. *Lecithin…. 2 tbsp. 3 times daily with meals….. Aids in healing of the brain (and other cell membranes). *Multivitamin and mineral complex (high potency, hypoallergenic).. As directed on label… Basic in stabilizing vitamin and mineral imbalance in toxic conditions. *Vitamin B complex plus vitamin B6(pyroxidine) and B12 lozenges or B12 injections …100 mg 3 times daily and 50 mg 3 times daily. But Injections under doctor’s recommendation and supervision only…..The B vitamins, especially B6, are important in ridding the intestinal tract of excess metals in in removing them from the body. So, what can we do to prevent aluminum toxicity from happening to ourselves and our families? 1. Eat a diet that is high in fiber and includes apple pectin. 2. Use stainless steel, glass, or iron cookware. Stainless steel is the best choice. 3. Beware of any product containing aluminum or dihydroxyaluminum. 4. A hair analysis can be used to determine levels of aluminum in the body. 5. Research has shown that the longer you cook food in aluminum pots, the more they corrode, and the more aluminum is absorbed into the food and hence into the body. Aluminum is more readily dissolved by acid forming foods, such as coffee, cheese, meat, black and green tea, cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, turnips, spinach and radishes. 6. Acid rain leeches aluminum out of the soil and into drinking water. *Make sure that your diet is high in fiber and contains apple pectin. *Use glass, iron, or stainless steel cookware. There is still much controversy as to whether aluminum collects in the neurons as a result of a dysfunctions of the neurons or if it actually causes the dysfunction of the neurons. It is best to avoid aluminum as much as possible! *Beware of products containing aluminum. Read the labels and avoid those that contain aluminum, bentonite, or dihydorxyaluminum. If you use chelation therapy, use oral chelating agents only. Aluminum cannot be chelated out of the body, but it can be displaced or moved. YOU can reduce excess aluminum in the body with the herbs like Apple pectin, Norwegian kelp, coral calcium and trace minerals, high-potency garlic extract. Click to see the recent Tesearch Papers on Alzimers due to Aluminium Toxity Disclaimer: This information is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advise or help. It is always best to consult with a Physician about serious health concerns. This information is in no way intended to diagnose or prescribe remedies.This is purely for educational purpose

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After the sumptuous lunch on our grand circuit trip at Angkor group of temple, we started to cover the large temple city – The Preah Khan. The Preah Khan The Preah Khan temple located just outside the capital city Angkor Thom was built in 1191; its name translates to “the Sacred Sword”. Preah Khan was built during the reign of King Jayavarman VII. He was a warrior king celebrated for reconstructing the Khmer Empire after a period of fragmentation. Jayavarman first made a name for himself in 1165, when news of a rebellion reached his ears. Rushing home from the Cham Kingdom, where he resided, he arrived too late to stop the usurper Tribhuvanadityavarman from crowning himself King of the Khmers. Jayavarman was powerless to interfere, but waited patiently for an opportunity. Finally in 1177, the Cham kingdom sent an invasion force against the Khmer usurper, joined by native elements, that toppled him in a bloody campaign. Fighting even reached Angkor, laying waste to the capital. The victorious Cham occupied Khmer territory as a foreign power, but their rule was not to last long. Jayavarman jumped in with his own private army, striking headlong at the Cham forces. He won a spectacular naval battle on the Great Lake that crippled the Cham fleet. This opened the door to a wholesale invasion that not only drove out the foreign occupiers, but struck against native kinglets that resisted his “liberation”. Only in 1181 was he confident enough to crown himself King, taking the reign title Jayavarman VII. The King commissioned Ta Prohm and Preah Khan temples as monuments of his rule. Preah Khan was probably built on the same spot where previous kings had kept their palaces. Preah Khan was more than just a monastery, it was an entire city enclosing a town of 56 hectares. About 100,000 farmers produced rice to feed about 15,000 monks, teachers, and students. Subsidiary buildings included a hospital, rest house, and rice granary. The central Buddhist temple at Preah Khan included an image of the Boddhisattva Lokeshrvara, carved to resemble the King’s father. There were 282 sub-deities around the main statue, including Khmer heroes and deceased officials. There was even a statue of the usurper-king in front of the temple. Though this seems odd, the Khmers believed that all past kings, even usurpers, guarded the country after death. Clearing works on the overgrown temple started in the late 1920’s. The temple has been partially restored using the anastylosis method, reconstructing the temple with the original architectural concepts in mind. In front of the temple’s Eastern entrance are the ruins of a small landing area for boats with a couple of lions standing guard. The pier is situated on the Western bank of the Jayatataka baray, a huge water reservoir (now dry) immediately East of the temple. From this pier, the King could embark a boat to the Neak Pean temple, which is located in the center of the baray. Check my last blog for Neak Pean temple. From the landing area a 100 meters long walkway with boundary stones leads to the causeway crossing the moat. The Buddha images carved into the boundary stones have been destroyed. The moat is crossed by a bridge lined with giants holding the body of the mythological Naga snake. The temple grounds are divided into four enclosures. The 4th enclosure contained within the moat is over 900 meters long and 750 meters wide. This space was occupied by long gone wooden houses of villagers and servants. The wall of the fourth enclosure contains 5 meter high Garudas fighting Naga snakes. Dozens of the mythological half man, half bird creature are placed at regular intervals around the more than 3 kilometres long fourth enclosure. The gopura gate of the Eastern main entrance consists of 3 towers, the central one being the largest, which contains an entrance gate large enough for elephants to pass. Along the walkway to the third enclosure is a well preserved Dharmasala or “house of fire”. The third enclosure measures 220 meters long and 165 meters wide. At the gopura of the East entrance which consists of 3 towers is a very well preserved guardian lion statue. The carved depictions of the Buddha have been altered to praying Rishis. Just past the gopura is a well preserved Hall of Dancers with beautiful devatas carved above the entrance doors. North of the Hall of Dancers is a two storey building with large circular columns. Although it is not known what the purpose of this structure was, some speculate it might have been a granary building. It is probably the only which has large circular columns. Between the Hall of Dancers and the second enclosure is a courtyard with two very small library buildings. The second enclosure was added at a later stage. As a result, the space between the first and second enclosure is very small. Six sanctuary buildings were built between the two enclosures on the East side of the temple. The first enclosure which contains the inner sanctuary, the most sacred part of the temple, is a square area measuring 55 meters on all sides. The surrounding wall contains Buddha images, that have escaped the destruction of the Hindu reaction of the 13th century. The inner sanctuary consists of four parts, divided by a gallery with a cruciform floor plan. The small space is cramped with a large number of small chapels, among them funeral chapels and tombs. Most depictions of the Buddha have either been destroyed or altered into praying Rishi figures. The Western entrance to the inner sanctuary is guarded by a well preserved Dvarapala guardian. The sanctuary’s lintels and pediments contain several depictions of Vishnu, Krishna and the Buddha. In the center of the central sanctuary, at the location where originally the Lokeshvara image would have been, is a circular stupa that was built centuries after completion of the Preah Khan temple. Between the second and third enclosure are three satellite temples. While the Southern sanctuary building is in a ruined state, the Northern building is in a much better condition. The entrance of the Western satellite temple is guarded by two huge Dvarapalas armed with a sword. The structure contains a library building opening to the West, away from the inner sanctuary. The lintels and pediments contain several depictions including Krishna lifting Mount Govardhana to protect the people and their cattle from torrential rain, Krishna, Vishnu and battle scenes from the Ramayana epic, like the battle of Lanka. After an exhaustive walk of few kilometers we were bone tired. Heat and 100% humidity was killing. Since this was the last temple in our grand circuit, we decided to go back to room and take a small nap and to get freshened up for the evening performance of Phare. The Phare, the Cambodian Circus. At 7:30 PM we reached the circus venue. It was few minutes Tuk Tuk ride from our hotel. Seats were already booked by our hotel staff. There are Reserved seating middle section which probably gives best viewing experience. You will receive a bottle of water and small gift from Phare Boutique. Tickets vary from $35 for the front 3 rows and $25. General Open seating is cheaper ($18) as it gives the seating in the side sections. Some seats in this section have obstructed pillars and lights. We went for this section as it was cheaper. Obviously, the view was not optimal, but as you can see from the photos below I could capture some great moments. Preferred Reserved Seating (Section A): Reserved seating in the front 3 rows of the middle section for the best viewing experience. Enter at your leisure knowing your seat is waiting for you. All these captures of circus are using the Fuji 50-140mm lens on my Fujifilm X-T2 Mirrorless Digital Camera at very high ISO (ISO 3200 & 6400) as I needed the higher shutter speed to capture action. The lighting was pretty low and highly colourful. Fujifilm X-T2 did not struggle at all and focus was pretty accurate even though I was using zoom to the maximum. You can check results here for yourself. Phare, is more than just a circus, the Cambodian Circus performers use theater, music, dance and modern circus arts to tell uniquely Cambodian stories; historical, folk and modern. The young circus artists will astonish you with their energy, emotion, enthusiasm and talent. Phare artists are students and graduates from Phare Ponleu Selpak‘s vocational training centre in Battambang. The association was formed 20 years ago by 8 young men coming home from a refugee camp after the Khmer Rouge regime. They were greatly helped by art therapy and wanted to share this new skill among the poor, socially deprived and troubled youngsters in Battambang. They founded an art school and public school followed to offer free education. A music school and theatre school were next and finally, for the kids who wanted more, the circus school. Today more than 1,200 pupils attend the public school daily and 500 attend the alternative schools. Phare Ponleu Selpak also has extensive outreach programs, trying to help with the problems highlighted in their own tales. Phare The Cambodian Circus offers these students and graduates somewhere to hone their skills and a place to earn a decent wage. Money that will take them out of poverty and give them self-respect and freedom. Since 2013 Phare, The Cambodian Circus performed its first show in Siem Reap. Since then, they have grown to be one of the top attractions in the city, with nightly indoor performances under their signature red big top. Phare artists will astonish you with their energy, passion, talent and dedication. From some of the most difficult social and economic backgrounds imaginable, these Cambodian youth transform their lives through art. Every night performance is different. The energetic performance uses stories taken from real life experiences. The day we went it was called ‘Preu’ (Chills). A funny and modern take on traditional Cambodian beliefs, Chills is the story of two ghosts who haunt a group of young students. After a spooky encounter at night, the students are scared and worried that they’ll be haunted forever. So they make a plan. They research ghosts at the school library, create a strategy to get rid of them and pray to the gods for help. But nothing works until they confront their fears and make peace with their new supernatural friends. This contemporary circus show mixes eerie and graceful aerial acrobatics, contortion and other modern circus arts with slapstick humor and a playful live score performed on traditional Cambodian instruments. Phare is actually half way between a theatre and the circus. I liked how acrobatics, juggling, artworks, dance etc. was interwoven into a story that was very worth telling. Some of the acrobats are amazing, but the story line may be a little difficult to follow as a foreigner. It is a small tent that can get pretty warm. The young acrobats, musicians and dancer’s energy, enthusiasm and talent makes this worthy of an evening out. In addition to being entertained, you will feel better about supporting an event that encourages the local young people to work hard and to hone their craft. After such enthralling performance we wanted to try another. Let me introduce you to the Café! (Beware, shocking pictures below!) The Bugs Café, owned by french expatriates Davy and Marjolaine Boulard and sitting right in the city centre of Siem Reap, is indeed what we can call a peculiar restaurant. There you can enjoy all different kinds of hairy, leggy, viscous little creatures that are usually living at the bottom of your darkest nightmares. But don’t expect to find on your plate the classical over-n-over-stir fried kebab of insects that you can purchase on any market in Siem Reap. In the Bugs Café, insects are THE ultimate delicacies and the talented khmer chef Seiha Soeun is using all his creativity to prepare unique and sublime dishes of ants, grasshoppers, silk worms, scorpions, tarantulas. The dish we ordered, as we were newbies to the big insectivorous gastronomy : the discovery platter. It is the best seller of the Bugs Cafe, it is perfect to discover all the different flavours that insects have to offer. Here is the list of the surprising things you can find on it : an oven-baked skewer of marinated silkworms, grasshoppers, tarantula, and giant waterbug, some ants spring rolls, a grasshopper muffin, the famous tarantula-donut accompanied by a delicious mango purée and, last but not least, the silkworms and grasshoppers wok sautéed with fresh kampot pepper. Grasshoppers and silkworms are the easiest to start with. Eating them is a bit like eating crackers, once you’ve started you can’t stop until you finished them all. Plus they are really tasty. We found that silkworms have a very nice nutty taste while grasshoppers are quite surprising, presenting different flavours depending on how they are cooked. Ants are great too, adding a subtle lemony taste to the recipes. But the most exciting insect to try was definitely the tarantula. It is easier to try the tarantula-donut first, this way you don’t see the beast directly. After that we still had to brave the one on the skewer, but it was not such a big trouble after this first donut experience! It was tasty, but a thrilling treat. Not really for the feeble or fainthearted. It really doesn’t fill your stomach, but surely fill your brain and excites your nerves. We had shopping in the night market and then it was time to hit the sack. Next part of this blog I will cover our third day at Cambodia visiting most popular temples of the Cambodia, Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom And Bayon Temples. Thanks to all of you for being part of this journey and encouraging me to write this travelogue. If you have missed earlier, check all the 8 parts with links below. - In Search of Lost Gods – Cambodia Part 1 - In Search of Lost Gods – Cambodia Part 2 - In Search of Lost Gods – Cambodia Part 4 - In Search of Lost Gods – Cambodia Part 5 - In Search of Lost Gods – Cambodia Part 6 - In Search of Lost Gods – Cambodia Part 7 - In Search of Lost Gods – Cambodia Part 8

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- VISION & MISSION - GAZARTED AND NON GAZARTED CHIEFS The Akyem Bosome State has an interesting history which brought it into close contact with many war-like states. It won many victories but suffered terrible defeats at the hands of war-like neighbours. The founding fathers, under the leadership of Nana Kwasi Mpem belonged to the Agona clan. Tradition asserts that they broke off from the parent stock at Nkoho or Mpoho situated on the borders of Wasa (O.S. Wassaw) following humiliation after they had been rejected in a Stool contest. The third ruler of Wasa called Gyankokora was a warrior king, and that the mere mention of his name caused panic among the people living on his land and beyond.READ MORE They regarded him as a lion and at his roar all members tremble, bow, pay their respect and keep quiet. Everybody dreaded a visit to his domain, hence the name “Nko ho” (literally meaning “don’t go there”) otherwise you ought to prepare yourself for a rude shock. Through barbaric oppression, therefore, the Bosome ancestors migrated to Ada-Manso near Bogosu after they had lost their second leader Nana Ntiamoah, in a war. The next leader was Nana Boampadu. Even at Ada-Manso, the anger of the paramount Chief of Wasa still ran high on them-eleven times, indeed, they repulsed his attacks and the contest continued unabated; during the twelfth encounter they could not stand against the swarming Wasa warriors and, therefore, they abandoned Ada-Manso for Denkyira–Akwabuoho, thence to Mbraem on the Twifo border where after a brief term of peaceful settlement Nana Boampadu expired. The next chief was Oware Agyekum, and there was peace during his short term of office. He was succeeded by Nana Kese Taa. In those days, a Bosome hunter killed an elephant in the Twifo forest. The Twifo paramount Chief claimed that since he was the aboriginal settler, the elephant’s tail must be presented to him. The distribution of the trophy and the sensational announcement developed into open conflict. The Twifohene mounted a formidable expedition against his guest, but his army was beaten. However, during the second encounter, the Wasa contingent fought on the side of the Twifo army. Although most of the Bosome able-bodied men were available for the defence of their settlement, they suffered defeat and took refuge in the region of Lake Bosomtwe where they settled at Ahuren together with their Agona clan-brothers. As time went by, a violent confrontation arose between the Ahuren and Bosome over adultery committed by a royal of the latter with a wife of the Ahuren Chief which resulted in a civil war during which the Bosome suffered a defeat. Emigration continued from there to Omanso, about five-minute walk away, to join one of their womenfolk who had married a prominent person there. On the sudden death of Nana Kese Taa, the vacant stool was occupied by Nana Ntow Korko. The new chief made war with Asaman over the declaration of ownership of Lake Bosomtwe. In the end, the Asaman won the resounding victory and claimed the Lake. The chief of Bosome was captured in the war and was succeeded by Gyaasehene Misa Ahweam as Regent, until the installation of Nana Bosompem Ntow. During his reign, a war broke out between Juaben and Kwadutwum. The Bosome assisted the latter whose chief was the clan brother of Bosomehene. When the Juabens won the day, they prepared to attack Bosome, but the people of Bosome would not allow their rights being abrogated. They took a decisive step and made an exodus to the south. The myth is that the fetish-priest carrying the famous deity Katawere halted at a place where the pad under the pot fell from his head under mysterious circumstances. This incident was considered as a sign of good omen; therefore, a permanent settlement was built at the sacred spot. This is the origin of the name SWEDRU, delivered form the expression, “Soa abeduru” (literally “we have carried you so far”). The aboriginal settler in the neighbourhood was a hunter by name Asiama from Akyem Nkwantanan, who granted the newcomers land to settle on after Nana Bosompem Ntow had paid on his behalf, a debt amounting to Mpireguan Aduasa, and his village became known as ADUASA. Tradition credits Nana Bosompem Ntow as the leader who acquired the Akyem Bosome land for his subjects. For the first few years, the Fante at Mankessim under one Adoko began to suspect the newcomers of spying for the Asantehene and planned a surprise attack on them. Thus insecurity to life and property compelled Bosome to retreat and seek refuge father afield passing through Wankyi, Kade, Otumi, Bankume. They arrived at Omanso, their former abode in the Lake District, having travelled all night to conceal their movements. Upon their arrival, they renewed their allegiance to the Asantehene and served him through the Dadiesoabaahene. When their chief died, a linguist called Oben Apea acted as the Regent. During his regency the two Assin groups living in the neighbourhood suddenly attacked the Bosomes while their able-bodied men had travelled to the coast to procure ammunition. The Assin contingent drove away the few fighting men to the bank of the Pra River where most of them were drowned, including the Aba Komahene, which brought about the Oath “Prah” into being. After the defeat, Nana Korankye Ampaw was enstooled. He decided, rather impudently, on a total reliance on the Asantehene and served him through Kokofuhene NANA Ofe Akwesim. Once more under the Asante hegemony Bosome followed the Kokofuhene to the Adinkra War. 1818. They even acquiesced on forfeiting the monopoly of the land they now occupy. They broke through the enemy line and reached the bank of the River Tain. They then forced a passage across the river, wading waist deep. As soon as they reached the opposite bank, news reached them that Adinkra had been captured and decapitated. The Bosome contingent collected booty and withdrew to Kumase in the company of the entire Asante army. The Bosome lost 120 men and commemorated their heavy loss in the Oath, “Gyaoman”. After the weary of constant fighting and decided to abandon the region. The call for counter emigration to the south went out to the people from all over Asante. They finally crossed the River to the south and rebuilt the ruins of Swedru amidst tremendous rejoicing. *Source:By: KWAME AMPENE (Founder of the Guan Historical Society) - Vision – To preserve Traditional Values and practices of the traditional Area - Mandate– To initiate and formulate policies for the traditional Sector - Mission– To develop effective interface between civil society on issue relating to chieftaincy - LIST OF GAZETTED CHIEFS NO NAME STATUS 1 Okotwaasuo Kantamanto Oworae Agyekum III Paramount Chief 2 Nana Kwartema Minkyim II Paramount Queenmother 3 Obrempong Akomeah Biri III Gyasehene 4 Obrempong Ofosu Asante Kodan III Akwamuhene 5 Barima Nyarko Amporful I Amanonehene 6 Nana Abrokwa Gyampim II Oman Kyeame 7 Nana Kofi Boadi II Safohene 8 Obrempong Appianing Kwaframoah II Kyidomhene 9 Obrempong Dubin Nti II Benkumhene 10 Nana Akosua Sarpomaa II Benkumhemaa 11 Nana Boa Mensah Kyidomhemaa 12 Nana Kwabena Oduro Gyasehene 13 Nana Frimpong Manso I Ankobeahene 14 Obrempong Kwaku Bredu II Mponuahene 15 Nana Kwasi Yeboah II 16 Obrempong Owusu Twum Barima Nifahene 17 Nana Effa Amama II Krontihene 18 Nana Osei Frempong I Dabenhene List of Chiefs in the Traditional Area NO NAME STATUS 1 Okotwaasuo Kantamanto Oworae Agyekum III Omanhene/Paramount 2 Nana Kwartema Minkyim II Paramount Queenmother 3 Obrempong Akomeah Biri III Gyasehene 4 Obrempong Ofosu Asante Kodan III Akwamuhene 5 Barima Nyarko Amporful I Amanonehene 6 Nana Abrokwa Gyampim II Oman Kyeame 7 Nana Kofi Boadi II Safohene 8 Obrempong Appianing Kwaframoah II Kyidomhene 9 Obrempong Dubtin II Benkumhene 10 Nana Akosua Sarpomaa III Benkumhemaa 11 Nana Boa Mensah II Kyidomhemaa 12 Nana Kwabena Oduro I Gyasehene 13 Nana Frimpong Manso I Ankobeahene 14 Obrempong Kwaku Bredu II Mponuahene 15 Nana Kwasi Yeboah II 16 Obrempong Owusu Twum Barima Nifahene 17 Nana Effa Amama II Krontihene 18 Nana Osei Frempong I Dabehene 19 Nana Nyantakyi Amponsem II Krontihene 20 Osabarima Obeng Asiedu Anantahene 21 Nana Adu Parko Ampofo II Adwareyehene 22 Nana Kofi Abedi II Asafohene 23 Nana Obeng Appiah II Santahene 24 Nana Dwamina Akenten II Chief 25 Naa Mohammed Haruna IV Zongo Chief 26 Nana Kofi Danso II Benkumhene 27 Nana Kwabena Oduro I Gyasehene 28 Nana Akowua II Akwamuhene 29 Nana Frimpong Manso I Ankobeahene 30 Nana Boadi II Nifahene 31 Nana Anhwere II Krontihene 32 Nana Kwaku Boagyasu III Adontenhene 33 Obrempong Kwaku Bredu II Mponuahene 34 Nana BenewaaII Mponuahene 35 Nana Yaw yeboah II Krontihene 36 Osabarima Osei Amponsah II Werempehen 37 Nana Yaa Agyeiwaa Werempehemaa 38 Nana Kwasi Yeboah II Krontihene 39 Nana Dwamina Akenten II Gyasehene 40 Nana Pobi Asomani II Abakomahene 41 Nana Asuman Takyi II Kyidomhene 42 Obrempong Amoaben Oko Awuakyei Kyidomhene 43 Nana Kaabi Abomah II 44 Nana Duben II Krontihene 45 Nana Kwame Wusu II Akwamuhene 46 Nana Agyeman Duah I Adontenhene 47 Nana Anarfi Sempeh I Manwerehene 48 Nana Owusu Akyaw II Ankobeahene 49 Nana Amoako Acheampong Dabehene 50 Nana Ofosuhene Apenteng I Nifahene 51 Nana Awua Darkwa Ampon II Benkumhene 52 Nana Bentuo Danso Abeam I Sanaahene 53 Nana Kwaku Awuah II Dwantoahene 54 Obrempong Twumwaa II Nifahene 55 Nana Effah Amoama II Krontihene 56 Nana Antwi Frimpong I 57 Nana Akua Sapomaa Ofoasehemaa - OUR TOWN - HISTORIC ACHIEVEMENTS - Akyem Swedru (Traditional Seat ) - Akyem Ofoase - Akyem Aperade - Akyem Brenase - Akyem Adiemra - Akyem Adieto - Akyem Amantia - Akyem Anamase - Akyem Babianeha

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Some may think that medieval gardens were all about cabbages, beans and medicinal herbs. But gardens also came to be intended for lush and frivolous play When calendars in the Later Middle Ages began to change the illuminations for May of peasants digging, ploughing, pruning and chopping their way through shrubbery and undergrowth, with those of people planting flowers, the pleasure garden had long been an important part of the houses and homes of the elite. Now, however, it also became the joy of burghers and perhaps even peasants. The development of this idea that a garden should be not just useful, but also delightful took many centuries. When did Gardens become kitchen-yards? Walking through Pompeii, it is evident that the Romans adored gardens and filled them with a profusion of sprinkling fountains, abundant exotic fruit trees and furniture intended to provide comfortable seating for a leisurely time in the cool shadows. In the aftermath of Late Antiquity people apparently still prized their gardens. Thus, Gregory of Tours tells us about the garden of St. Martius, who was abbot of Clermont in Auvergne. St. Martius had his monks grow a “garden filled with a lot of various vegetables and fruit-trees; it was at the same time beautiful to look at and pleasing in its fertility. In the shade of its trees, whose leaves murmured gently at the breath of wind, the blessed man usually sat.” Later, we hear how a thief entered the garden at night and “gathered some vegetables, onions, garlics, and fruits”. Unfortunately, that thief could not find his way out of the garden with his illicit victuals, but that is another story. What we should not here is the obvious idea of Gregory that a garden was not just an intensively farmed plot of land. It was also a pleasure. Such was also the case with the opulent garden, which the French king Charibert I (c. 517 – 567) according to Venantius Fortunatus granted to Ultrogotha. The garden plot was next to the Church of St. Vincent, which served as her husband, Childebert’s, mausoleum. Later she was buried there next to him, and it is likely this garden was intended more as a Christian Cemetery than a pleasure garden as such. This garden was said to offer shade from vines and apple trees, granting a foretaste of Paradise. Obviously, the reference to the vine-stock is also a symbolic reference to the church . Elsewhere Venantius wrote of his poor garden close, which did not yield roses but only violets, which he could bring to Radegund. However, when the Benedictine monk, Walafrid Strabo (c. 808 – 849), wrote his Hortulus, a treatise on gardening, he no longer waxed lyrically about the garden as a token of Elysium. Now the garden had evidently turned into a place where you were sure to get hard calluses all over your grubby hands. “We Wish to Find all Sorts of Herbs in Gardens” Kitchen gardens are of course known from numerous more prosaic sources, like laws, capitularies, polyptychs and charters, as well as archaeological excavations. From these, we know that kitchen gardens were ubiquitous in the medieval agrarian landscape from Iceland in the north to the Mediterranean coastal societies in the south. Plants might differ, though, catering for different traditions and palates. Several Carolingian sources supply us with a detailed overview of what was at least expected to be found in a proper kitchen garden in the Frankish empire of Charlemagne. In his Capitulare de villis nearly a hundred different sorts of herbs, vegetables, nuts, and fruits. We even get a sense of the way in which a garden could be so much more than just a fenced and manured piece of land. Listed is for instance also the so-called sempervivum tectorum L – the common houseleek – which we hear that every gardener (hortulanus) must have on the roof of his house. Of course, this is a reference to the ancient superstition that this particular herb would protect against lightning strikes. Another fine source is the plan of the Abbey of St. Galen. Probably, these idealised kitchen-gardens left the reality far behind. However, we do know that people could be both inventive and entrepreneurial. Early on, plants were thus imported; also into the countryside. First by monks and wandering clerics, who helped to spread them into the garden of the local vicar; from where it likely passed on to the peasants. Spinach is such a vegetable. At first introduced to the Iberian peninsula by the Muslims, it was later brought north of the Pyrenees by the Cathars, who may have imported it via their network of wandering” perfects”. Arabic and Norman Gardens Although we find evidence of ornate and elite gardens in Carolingian sources , useful gardens continued to dominate the European literature and art until the Normans “discovered” the Arab gardens in Southern Italy and Sicily in the 11th century. Arabic inventions were not just the introduction of new trees like the pistachio three, or the citrus fruit trees, which came to spread their flowery scent and sweet and sour tastes of their nuts and fruits on the tables of the new rulers. Another lovely introduction was the mulberry tree, which did no just serve as a home for the larvae of the mulberry silkworm, but which also yielded sweet berries To this must also be added the marvellous new vegetables like the carob, pistachio, eggplant, spinach. However, the cultivation of these fruits and vegetables rested heavily on the ingenious use of water, which had led the Arabs to adopt the old Persian and Middle Eastern tradition for irrigation and the mastering of canals, ditches and water-fountains. The numerous palatial buildings and gardens in Palermo preserved from the time when the Normans ruled Sicily witness to this. Thus, the garden of Maredolce-La Favara mainly consisted of an artificial lake, which not only held numerous species of fish but also served as a pleasure lake, maredolce, literally meaning sweet-water-lake. In the centre of this lake was the “sollazo”, the “solace” of Roger II. Here, he went together with his court to spend time leisurely paddling on the lake while imbibing the sweet fruits of his predecessors. Other significant remnants are the palaces of Cuba and Zisa, notable for their elaborate fountains and the engineering, which lay behind the control of flowing water in all its disguises. No wonder, some of the earliest references to ornamental gardens may be found in the circle of crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries, who experienced this garden culture, either first hand in the Middle East or by extension, in Sicily and Andalusia. Thus, recent scholarship has uncovered the close connection between several French and British elite centres from the late 13th to early 14th centuries and the gardens in Palermo. Such was the case for two northern gloriettes at Leeds Castle in Kent and Hesdin in Pas-de-Calais. Both were commissioned by King Edward I and Count Robert II of Artois, respectively, after they had passed through Palermo in 1270 – 72. Other such gloriettes have been identified at the castle in Lillebonne and the town of Arbois. The earliest mention of an early gloriette on English soil is found in a survey from 1260 of the castle at Corfe. This particular gloriette consisted of a lavishly decorated royal palace, which was erected inside the inner bailey, and enclosed by an extensive hall-range and kitchen block. On the northern side, the king and his retinue could take a stroll in the garden and gaze at the magnificent keep. Such gloriettes were chambers or suites inside the main compound of high-status residences and were perhaps not in themselves indicative of being part of medieval gardens. Nevertheless, the inspiration may have come from a poem, the anonymous Prise d’Orange (c. 1190), in which a sumptuous palace was described with its marble columns, silver windows, pine and carob trees, herbs as well as frescoes depicting lions and birds roaming in a garden. Although sketchy, we get a sense of the palace inserted into and nearly transformed into an enclosed garden. About Growth, Plants and Artful Gardens “Nothing refreshes the sight so much as fine short grass. One must clear the space destined for a pleasure garden of all roots, and this can hardly be achieved unless the roots are dug out, the surface levelled as much as possible, and boiling water is poured over the surface, so that the remaining roots and seed which lie in the ground are destroyed and cannot germinate… the ground must then be covered with turves cut from good grassland, and beaten down with wooden mallets, and stamped down well with the feet until they are hardly to be seen. The little by little the grass pushes through like fine hair and covers the surface like a fine cloth” Quoted from Christopher Thacker: The History of Gardens, London 1979, p. 84. For the Latin text see, De Vegetabilibus Libri VII, ed. C. Jessen, Berlin 1867, p. 636 – 637. Sometime in the mid-13th century, the Dominican friar, Albertus Magnus (1200 -1280) wrote a book, called “De Vegetabilibus et Plantis”, in which he compiled a vast amount of earlier herbals. However, Albertus magnus also included a famous description of a leisure garden complete with green lawns. Although his recommendations were intended for a garden in a monastery, they were soon adopted outside after Piero de’ Crescenzi, a Bolognese lawyer, who wrote another manual, the Ruralia Commoda (c. 1304 – 1309). Dedicated to the King of Naples, Charles the II, a French translation was carried out in 1373. Other garden-authors were Matthaeus Silvaticus and Gualtherus. It is also during this period we encounter gardens as meaningful contexts for significant literary achievements like the “Roman de la Rose”, Boccaccio’s Decameron, and the German epic, King Laurin, which is known to belong to the group of texts called the “Rosengarten group”. Although these poems used the motive strictly allegorically, they do testify to the widespread recognition of the Rose Garden as a beautiful and amorous spot. At the same time, we see a preponderance of illuminations showing delightful gardens cropping up in manuscripts. Demonstrating what a properly enclosed medieval garden would look like behind the hedges, fences or walls they showcase flowery meadows, orchard trees, flower-beds with topiary plants, as well as benches, fountains, trellises and arbours. Many of these illuminations show the Virgin Mary teaching the Christ-child to read. Late Medieval Gardens In the 15th century, gentle gardening had turned from an elite preoccupation to a bourgeois pastime. Early evidence is the chapter on horticulture, which an elderly French gentleman wrote to his young wife at the end of the 14th century when he handed her the responsibility for his household. Through his admonitions we get an excellent introduction to their garden in Paris – or perhaps the plot, she gardened on the outskirts of Paris. Thus we learn which month she should plant fava beans, peas, kale and cabbages, spinach, chard, leeks, squash, lettuce, fennel, and orache. Of herbs, he mentions parsley, marjoram, violets, savoury, sorrel, basil, borage, and rosemary. Added to this is advice on how to graft and care for fruit trees – vines, cherries, plums. Finally, she is told to plant peonies, serpentines, lily bulbs, rosebushes and currant bushes after the Feast of the Nativity of our Lady – the 8th of September. Was this a garden intended to be plainly fruitful? Probably! But it also seems to have included flowers for which no particular use can be found except the ubiquitous medicinal. Roses might be utilised for rosewater or to scent clothes. But peonies seem to have had no special use apart from medicinal (which is not indicated). Finally, though, it is fascinating to read how our Parisian recounts advice he has received from some of his noble acquaintances. He tells us that “he have heard it said to Monseigneur de Berry that the cherries are much larger in Auvergne than in France (Île-de-France), because they graft their cherry-trees there”. Also, we learn that a Monseigneur de Rivière helped to introduce to Paris seeds of a particular sort of lettuce from Avignon. It appears, that already at this point, the noble and the wealthy were personally involved in gardening, sharing, tips, tricks and seeds. No wonder, one of the very first secular books to be printed was the work by Piero de’ Crescenzi in 1471 in Augsburg; with more than 57 editions from the next century, this witnessed to the widespread popularity of gardening in Early Modern Europe. Gregory of Tours: Life of the Fathers. Tr. And ed. By Edward James. Liverpool University Press 1991, p. 92 Venantius Fortunatus, Carmina VI.2, lines 21-26 and VI.6, lines 3 – 16. Se also: The Humblest Sparrow: The Poetry of Venatius Fortunatus. By Michael John Roberts. University of Michigan Press, 2009, p 92. Introduction to the list of herbs, Charlemagne expected to find in the gardens of his peasants as stipulated in his Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii: “We Wish to Find all Sorts of Herbs in Gardens”. In the Capitulare de Villis, § 40, we read “That every steward, on each of our estates, shall always have swans, peacocks, pheasants, ducks, pigeons, partridges and turtle doves, for the sake of ornament”. Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii ”Paradies der Erde” – wasserinszenierungen in den Normannerpalästen Siziliens. By Hans-Ruldolf Meier. In: Wasser in der mittelalterlichen Kultur / Water in Medieval Culture: Gebrauch – Wahrnehmung – Symbolik / Uses, Perceptions, and Symbolism. Ed by Gerlinde Huber-Rebenich, Christian Rohr, Michael Stolz Walter de Gruyter 2017, p. 601 – 613 Aristocratic Power and the “Natural” Landscape: The Garden Park at Hesdin, ca. 1291–1302. By Sharon Farmer. In: Speculum (2013), Volume 88, Number 3, pp. 644 – 680 La Zisa/Gloriette: Cultural Interaction and the Architecture of Repose in Medieval Sicily, France and Britain. By Sharon Farmer In: Journal of the British Archaeological Association (2013), pp. The Good Wife’s Guide. Le Ménagier de Paris. A Medieval Household Book. Tr. by Gina L. greco and Christine M. Rose. Cornell University Press 2019, pp. 209 – 214 Castelnaud-la-Chapelle, overlooking the Dordogne River in Périgord © Wikipedia/Boutry

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Toddler rashes: Watch out for these 15 common children's skin conditions From diaper rash to eczema, from ringworm to chicken pox, there are many types of toddler rashes that turn a baby's soft skin red, blotchy and scaly. Toddler rashes are quite common and usually not a major concern. Most of them disappear on their own and are pretty harmless. However, if the redness and soreness persists, rushing your child to a medical practitioner is advisable. You may find that sometimes a prolonged illness, allergic reaction or even a cold can cause specific skin conditions in toddlers. Toddler rashes: Skin conditions that can affect your baby Rashes don’t usually need urgent medical intervention. However, knowing what they are can help you treat them faster. Here, we are going to take a look at some of the most common types of toddler rashes and how to treat them. But before we begin, let’s understand a rash. A rash is a change in the texture and colour of a small or large part of the skin. The skin may become scaly, red, sore and even bumpy with a rash. There are various terminologies that are used for rashes based on their appearance and intensity. These terms will help you identify the rash quickly. - Raised: You will feel a bump when you run your finger over your toddler’s rash. - Flat: As the name suggests, you will only see redness or a blotchy patch but it won’t be raised. - Lacy: You will notice that the skin over the rash has a lacy design on top. - Bumps: This means exactly what the name suggests, it is a raised bump. - Pimply: This will be a raised rash with a tiny white head in the middle, just as you see in a pimple. - Blisters: The bump in this case will be filled with a clear fluid. - Spots: These are just like pigmentation and are red and flat. - Pustule: This is a pus-filled raised bump. - Blotches: These are red and skin-coloured patches and are usually flat. - Welt: These are similar to blotches, but they are raised and can be red in colour. - Patch: This is a small red or skin-coloured area on the skin and is sometimes the size of a pimple. - Hives: A slightly bumpy red area on the skin that can be itchy. You will notice most medical practitioners using these common phrases to describe your child’s skin condition. Now let’s move on to see the different kinds of toddler rashes and how to deal with them. 15 types of toddler rashes 1. Baby acne Yes, babies also get acne. This skin condition usually appears on their cheeks, forehead, chin and even on their backs. It can be present at the time of birth or appear in infants aged two to four weeks. Fortunately, it clears up at around three to four months. But there’s no exact cause for this. As mentioned in this article, “to treat acne, wash your baby’s face with a gentle soap daily. Remember not to scrub too hard, especially on affected areas. Don’t use lotion as it tends to make skin more oily. Consult your baby’s paediatrician if the problem persists.” 2. Chicken pox This skin condition first appears on the face, scalp, torso and back. Then it slowly spreads all over the body. You will notice small red bumps all over your toddler’s body if he has contracted chicken pox. These soon turn into blisters that are filled with a clear fluid. As the illness progresses, these blisters become itchy. After two weeks or so you will notice the blisters turning into dry scabs that eventually fall off the body as the child recovers. Usually young children get about 250 to 300 blisters in all. It is also possible for some to have just a few if they have just had a chicken pox injection. Remember that chicken pox is one of the many toddler rashes that is extremely contagious. If you’ve never had chicken pox yourself, chances are you might contract it from your toddler. If your baby doesn’t have fever, you can try giving them a bath after a few hours and keep them dry. Home remedies include sprinkling baking soda or colloidal oatmeal in his bath to calm the blisters. 3. Cold sores This skin condition is quite common in toddlers. It appears either on or near the lips. You will notice small pus-filled blisters that get bigger and eventually burst or even crust over. Remember that cold sores are contagious and caused by a virus. So if you notice them on your baby’s face do not to kiss him or touch the affected area. Also, make sure he doesn’t touch his eyes after touching his lips. That can cause a serious eye infection called ocular herpes. Cold sores are also quite painful, so avoid touching them. The best home remedy for cold sores is to apply ice on the affected area. You can also try giving your child a mild pain reliever like acetaminophen. If your child is six months or older, he may be prescribed ibuprofen by a doctor. You should also avoid giving citrus or acidic foods to your kid when he has a cold sore. Refer to a doctor if it doesn’t go away. 4. Cradle cap This skin condition is usually seen on the scalp, eyes, eyebrows, armpits and even where your toddler’s neck creases. It is medically termed as infantile seborrheic dermatitis. In this condition, the skin becomes dry and scaly, and you will notice yellowish crusty patches. Since cradle cap commonly occurs when the child is three to four months old, you may even notice minor hair loss. You should know that cradle cap is not contagious. So you can treat it at home by gently massaging your baby’s scalp with your fingers, or by combing the flaky skin out. Shampoo his head at least once a day. You can even use shampoos that are especially made to tackle cradle cap. 5. Diaper rash In this skin condition, you will notice inflamed red skin around the diaper area. You might even notice a flat or raised rash – or even blisters – around the folds of the toddler’s thighs and legs. A diaper rash is quite common in babies, especially those under the age of one. Fortunately, it is not contagious but may need attention for quick treatment. Your baby might be prescribed a diaper rash cream or an ointment. Most importantly you must keep the baby’s diaper area dry and clean at all times. You can even consider letting him sleep without his bottoms just so the area can get some fresh air. In this skin condition you will notice red rashes on your baby’s forehead, scalp, or cheeks. These can be itchy and painful for the baby. It is commonly seen in children under the age of six months. Eczema can persist even after your baby turns a year old. The bad news is that it can spread to the knees, elbows, and skin creases. But the good news is that it can still clear up on its own. As mentioned in our previous article, “this condition worsens due to accidental contact with an allergen or irritant, as well as saliva.” Although there is no definitive cure for eczema, you can manage your baby’s symptoms by bathing with a gentle soap for only five to 10 minutes. Follow it up by applying a thick cream or ointment twice a day. Also, make sure to avoid exacerbating eczema and always use unscented laundry detergent when washing your baby’s clothes. 7. Erythema toxicum This skin condition can appear anywhere on the baby’s body. It is characterised by small white and yellow bumps that are surrounded by red skin. This is quite common in newborns and you might notice it three to five days after birth. An erythema toxicum usually only lingers for about two weeks, with a maximum of three weeks. Then it goes away on its own. But you can go for a check up if you notice that all these symptoms continue. Fortunately, eruthema toxicum is also non-contagious and your toddler will not need any specific treatment. 8. Fifth disease Also called slapped cheeks disease or erythema infectiosum, this skin condition is common in preschoolers and older toddlers. You might notice it on the cheeks, torso as well as the feet of the toddler. With this skin condition the toddler has bright red cheeks and lacy skin. Sometimes the child may even have a fever, runny nose and cold symptoms. Discovered after scarlet fever, measles, rubella, chicken pox, and roseola; the fifth disease is contagious. Your child might be given acetaminophen or ibuprofen to treat the virus. Although you cannot treat it at home, you can bring down the possibility of his contracting it again by maintaining hygiene. 9. Hand, foot, and mouth disease In this condition, some blister-like sores appear on the mouth, palms, soles and even the buttocks. The rashes begin as small red dots and soon develop into bumps and blisters. Although it is common in preschoolers, it can happen to kids at any age. But be careful because this condition is contagious and is commonly caused by the coxsackie virus. Usually kids recover from it within 10 days. But in rare cases, it might lead to meningitis. Fever, constant drooling, and open blisters are some of the common symptoms. If you notice them rush to a doctor. Also, you should avoid giving spicy or salty food to your child if he is suffering from this condition. Maintain hygiene and wash his hands regularly. In this skin condition you will notice small itchy red bumps. These are mostly seen around the mouth and nose and might even spread to other parts of the body. As the condition progresses, the bumps become blisters and develop a brown crust. Your child might suffer from fever, swollen lymph glands and have cold symptoms in this condition. Impetigo is also quite common in children aged between two and six. Sadly, this condition is highly contagious and caused by bacteria that enter the skin through a cut. If this condition is not immediately treated by medication, it can become prolonged. This skin condition usually appears on the body, face as well as hands. They are basically raised red bumps and can be quite itchy. You may notice that many of them come and go after a few days. But if they persist for more than two weeks you should consult with a doctor. These are usually not contagious but might need medical intervention based on the child’s age and the level of infection. 13. Heat rash These toddler rashes occur when blocked pores lock sweat into the skin. It is mostly because of hot or humid weather. In this condition you will notice red fluid-filled blisters that sprout on the chest, armpits, shoulders, neck, and/or groin. If it doesn’t go away within a few days or looks infected, rush your child to a doctor immediately. Heat rash can be easily managed at home. Choose loose cotton clothing for your baby during hot months. Also make sure you regularly change your toddler’s diapers and keep his diaper area clean and dry at all times. Use a gentle powder to keep most of his body dry and fresh. These toddler rashes are common in kids that are two years and older. These can appear anywhere on the body or their scalp. You will notice that a ringworm looks like a red circle that ranges from the size of a dime to a quarter. Of course, the size increases when you don’t treat the rash. Ringworm is usually dry and crusty on the periphery and smooth and soft in the centre. On the scalp you will notice it as dandruff and even bald spots. Unfortunately, ringworm is contagious and thrives in a humid climate. Keep your toddler clean and dry, and make sure to wash his hands as often as possible. Unlike most other toddler rashes, this one causes a lot of itching. You will notice red bumps between your toddler’s fingers, wrists and elbows, as well as in the armpit and diaper area. They might also show up on kneecaps, soles of the feet, palms, the scalp and even the face. Scabies often leaves curvy red lines in the skin around the rashes and is highly contagious. Your toddler may experience a lot of itching at night, especially after a hot bath. This can occur at any age and if it is his first time, it might fully develop after three to four weeks. This condition intensifies as scabies mites lay eggs in the skin. So the best solution is to keep your child and your home clean. Consult a doctor if it continues for more than a week. Remember that for most of these toddler rashes, the best prevention is good hygiene. When you keep your toddler away from places that can potentially house viruses and bacteria, he becomes less vulnerable. So maintain hygiene. But also make sure to keep track of your child’s body. What may seem like a small rash, might actually turn out to be a bigger infection. So make a note of all these aforesaid symptoms so you can treat toddler rashes before they become deadly.

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Walking in the Ordesa National Park Spectacular kilometre deep canyons Torla - the gateway to Ordesa Guide to walking in the Ordesa National Park Established in 1918 the Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido was Spain’s first protected area and an undisputed highlight of the Pyrenees. Covering an area of 156 square kilometres the park contains the showcase valleys of Ordesa and Anisclo. In 1997 it was made a world heritage site by UNESCO and it is also part of the Ordesa-Viñamala UNESCO Biosphere reserve. Standing at 3355m right inthe centre of the park is the limestone summit of Monte Perdido -the third highest peak in the Pyrenees. The park contains a dozen or so other summits of over 3000m mostly strung along the French border. This is a high-mountain landscape with an extremely abrupt relief formed by deep canyons and raised plateaus. The extreme aridity of the upper areas contrasts with green valleys with pastures and woods, where the water forms waterfalls and rushes through canyons and gorges. Ordesa National Park The highlight of the park are it’s four deep canyons carved into the limestone. The Ordesa and Pineta valleys are glacial while Añisclo and the Garganta de Escuain were formed by rivers. The Ordesa Valley is the most famous with cliffs rising over eight hundred metres on each side and Monte Perdido perched majestically at the valleys end. The Anisclo Canyon is over a kilometre deep and the high cliffs combined with the narrow, winding nature of the valley makes it very spectacular. The three peaks of Las Treserols – Monte Perdido, Cilindro and Pico Anisclo are the most recognisable in the park and form an impressive skyline for many walks. The plateau covering much of the higher reaches of the park resembles a moonscape of gnarled rock in some places. Look up though and the dramatic peaks against the (usually!) blue sky make for an impressive site. A string of 3000m peaks run along the French border with the unmistakable cleft of Breche de Roland the only passable point. A karstic landscape A karstic limestone layer covers the park. This layer was lifted from the sea bed fifty million years ago and was tilted and folded as it rose. Glaciers then carved the landscape creating the dramatic peaks and the steep sided valleys. The soft limestone is also easily eroded by water and rivers have created the Añisclo and Escuain canyons. Some of the limestone layers are softer than the others and erode quicker. This has created ledges high in the cliffs. Some of these are walkable and these paths (called ‘Fajas’) are some of the most dramatic in Europe with the Faja de las Flores being particularly airy and spectacular. Three ways to explore Ordesa Guided and self guided walking holidays in the Ordesa National Park. Let us show you the very best of Ordesa including the hidden corners missed by most visitors. Beautiful hotels, small groups and local guides. Walking in the Ordesa National Park The Ordesa National Park has some of the best hiking in the Pyrenees. It’s varied terrain means there are superb trails for walkers of all levels. The Ordesa Valley Ordesa has the most to offer hikers. There are four main routes for day hikers all starting at the Pradera car park/bus stop and ranging from gentle rambles to very airy and scary! The valley floor 16 km, 450m ascent, 6-7 hours Most day hikers take the path on the valley floor. A good easy to follow path winds through lovely beech and silver fir woods with cliffs flanking you on either side. You pass several fantastic waterfalls before the woods open up to meadows that are filled with flowers in early summer. The trail ends at the waterfall in the Circo de Soasa with Monte Perdido dominating the skyline above. Faja de Pelay 22 km, 800m ascent, 8-9 hours A spectacular path on the southern cliffs of the valley. Your day starts with a steep climb of an hour and a half up to a fantastic mirador with a birds-eye of the valley and the valley floor 600 metres below. With the hard work done enjoy one of the best stretches of path in the park as you contour around to the Circo de Soasa at the end of the valley, descending along the valley floor. Highly recommended with great views across to the Brecha de Roland and all of the 3000m peaks. 11 km, 580m ascent, 5-6 hours This path under the northern cliffs is overlooked by many visitors but it’s one of my favourites. You really get close to the cliffs walking directly underneath them and get an idea of the scale of the valley. There’s a lovely contrast between the bare rock of the cliffs on your left and the lush green woods sloping away to your right. There’s a good chance of spotting sarrios (chamois) on this route as well as lammergeier. Faja de las Flores 16 km, 1150m ascent, 9-10 hours A spectacular path a kilometre high on the northern cliffs needing a very good head for heights. A steep path ascends over a thousand metres passing two sets of ‘clavijas’ (iron pitons) on the way. At first there looks no place for a path but as you get closer the eroded band shows itself and you can see it winding it’s way along the cliff face. At only a metre or so wide with a 400 metre sheer drop to your right at all times this is not a route for the feint hearted. The traditional descent passes across a cliff face by using an extremely scary set of chains and pitons. Those that don’t fancy this can turn round and head back down the way they came. A superb hike. Spending a night in Refugio Goriz (the only hut in the park) gives you access to a string peaks including Monte Perdido. It’s a steep ascent but the panoramic views from the summit make the effort worthwhile. The final section from Lago Helado to the summit is called the Escupidera (‘spittoon’) and is covered in snow and ice until well into the summer. This section can be treacherous and crampons and ice-axe are essential if there’s snow. Refugio Goriz post updates on snow conditions on there Facebook page. Access to the Ordesa Valley Most walks in Ordesa start at the Pradera where there is a car park, bus stop cafe and toilets. Private cars aren’t allowed into the valley during Easter, from the 29 June to the 15 September and from 12 to 13 October (2019 dates). 2020 shuttle bus dates and times Last days of June, July and August (27 June to 31 August) – first bus 6 am – last bus into valley 7 pm – last bus back to Torla 10 pm September (1 to 13 September) – first bus 6 am – last bus into valley 6 pm – last bus back to Torla 9 pm October (10 to 12 October) – first bus 6 am – last bus into valley 6 pm – last bus back to Torla 8.30 pm 2020 Bus prices Standard fare: 4.50 € return ticket – 3 € single ticket Older than 65 years*: 3,50 € return ticket – 2,50 € single ticket Younger than 10 years*: free Dogs: 2 € return ticket – 1 € single ticket * it would be necesary to show the passaport or a certifying documentation. The service works pretty efficiently with buses every 20 minutes. Colonies of Griffon Vultures roost high in the cliffs of the Anisclo Canyon. This massive brown bird has length of one metre and groups are easily seen rising on the thermals created by the sun beating on the rock faces. They often fly in close formation in twos, threes or fours and make a magnificent sight as the sweep overhead searching for food. The Ordesa valley is home to Sarrios (Pyrenean Chamois). Growing to just eighty centimetres with short horns these shy animals congregate in the upper slopes to graze in the summer. Almost hunted to extinction, Sarrio are now protected and thrive in many Pyrenean valleys. One of the rarest and spectacular vultures – the Lammergeier (or Bearded Vulture) can often be seen in the park. The Spanish Pyrenees are home to approximately 55 breeding pairs – the largest population in Europe. At over a metre in length the Lammergeier uses its incredible wingspan to cover huge distances searching for food. This vulture is most famous for the unique behaviour of dropping bones from a great height to smash them open and expose the nutritious marrow inside. The Garganta de Escuain has a lammergeier feeding station where they leave bones for these endangered birds. It’s a fabulous place to get close up views of the vultures. The park is also home to 5 breeding pairs of Golden Eagles. This elegant bird of prey, while smaller than the Griffon Vulture, is majestic and expert in the air. Ordesa Walking Holidays Our Discover Ordesa guided walking holiday is the ideal way to explore the park. We offer two walks of differing levels each day. Our Ordesa self guided walking holidays are perfect for those that would like to explore the park on their own. We provide maps, advice and detailed route directions for all of the best walking in the park.

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What is DNA Science/Genetic Engineering? We find it mixed in our food on the shelves in the supermarket--genetically engineered soybeans and maize. We find it growing in a plot down the lane, test field release sites with genetically engineered rape seed, sugar beet, wheat, potato, strawberries and more. There has been no warning and no consultation. It is variously known as genetic engineering, genetic modification or genetic manipulation. All three terms mean the same thing, the reshuffling of genes usually from one species to another; existing examples include: from fish to tomato or from human to pig. Genetic engineering (GE) comes under the broad heading of biotechnology. But how does it work? If you want to understand genetic engineering it is best to start with some basic biology. What is a cell? A cell is the smallest living unit, the basic structural and functional unit of all living matter, whether that is a plant, an animal or a fungus.Some organisms such as amoebae, bacteria, some algae and fungi are single-celled - the entire organism is contained in just one cell. Humans are quite different and are made up of approximately 3 million cells -(3,000,000,000,000 cells). Cells can take many shapes depending on their function, but commonly they will look like a brick with rounded comers or an angular blob - a building block.Cells are stacked together to make up tissues, organs or structures (brain, liver, bones, skin, leaves, fruit etc.). In an organism, cells depend on each other to perform various functions and tasks; some cells will produce enzymes, others will store sugars or fat; different cells again will build the skeleton or be in charge of communication like nerve cells; others are there for defence, such as white blood cells or stinging cells in jelly fish and plants. In order to be a fully functional part of the whole, most cells have got the same information and resources and the same basic equipment. A cell belonging to higher organisms (e.g. plant or animal) is composed of: · a cell MEMBRANE enclosing the whole cell. (Plant cells have an additional cell wall for structural reinforcement.) · many ORGANELLES, which are functional components equivalent to the organs in the body of an animal e.g. for digestion, storage, excretion. · a NUCLEUS, the command centre of the cell. It contains all the vital information needed by the cell or the whole organism to function, grow and reproduce. This information is stored in the form of a genetic code on the chromosomes, which are situated inside the nucleus. Proteins are the basic building materials of a cell, made by the cell itself. Looking at them in close-up they consist of a chain of amino-acids, small specific building blocks that easily link up. Though the basic structure of proteins is linear, they are usually folded and folded again into complex structures. Different proteins have different functions. They can be transport molecules (e.g. oxygen binding haemoglobin of the red blood cells); they can be antibodies, messengers, enzymes (e.g. digestion enzymes) or hormones (e.g. growth hormones or insulin). Another group is the structural proteins that form boundaries and provide movement, elasticity and the ability to contract. Muscle fibres, for example, are mainly made of proteins. Proteins are thus crucial in the formation of cells and in giving cells the capacity to function properly. Chromosomes means "coloured bodies" (they can be seen under the light microscope, using a particular stain). They look like bundled up knots and loops of a long thin thread. Chromosomes are the storage place for all genetic - that is hereditary - information. This information is written along the thin thread, called DNA. "DNA" is an abbreviation for deoxyribo nucleic acid, a specific acidic material that can be found in the nucleus. The genetic information is written in the form of a code, almost like a music tape. To ensure the thread and the information are stable and safe, a twisted double stranded thread is used - the famous double helix. When a cell multiplies it will also copy all the DNA and pass it on to the daughter cell. The totality of the genetic information of an organism is called genome. Cells of humans, for example, possess two sets of 23 different chromosomes, one set from the mother and the other from -the father. The DNA of each human cell corresponds to 2 meters of DNA if it is stretched out and it is thus crucial to organise the DNA in chromosomes, so as to avoid knots, tangles and breakages. The length of DNA contained in the human body is approximately 60,000,000,000 kilometres. This is equivalent to the distance to the moon and back 8000 times! The information contained on the chromo-somes in the DNA is written and coded in such a way that it can be understood by almost all living species on earth. It is thus termed the universal code of life. In this coding system, cells need only four symbols (called nucleotides) to spell out all the instructions of how to make any protein. Nucleotides are the units DNA is composed of and their individual names are commonly abbreviated to the letters A, C G and T These letters are arranged in 3-letter words which in turn code for a particular amino acid - as shown in the flow diagram 1. The information for how any cell is structured or how it functions is all encoded in single and distinct genes. A Gene is a certain segment (length) of DNA with specific instructions for the production of commonly one specific protein. The coding sequence of a gene is, on average about 1000 letters long. Genes code for example for insulin, digestive enzymes, blood clotting proteins, or pigments. How does a cell know when to produce which protein and how much of it? In front of each gene there is a stretch of DNA that contains the regulatory elements for that specific gene, most of which is known as the promoter. It functions like a "control tower," constantly holding a "flag" up for the gene it controls. Take insulin production (which we produce to enable the burning of the blood sugar). When a message arrives in the form of a molecule that says, ’more insulin", the insulin control tower will signal the location of the insulin gene and say "over here". The message molecule will "dock in" and thus activate a "switch" to start the whole process of gene expression. How does the information contained in the DNA get turned into a protein at the right time? As shown in picture 2, each gene consists of 3 main components: a "control tower" (promoter), an information block and a polyA signal element. If there is not enough of a specific protein present in the cell, a message will be sent into the nucleus to find the relevant gene. If the control tower recognises the message as valid it will open the "gate" to the information block. Immediately the information is copied - or transcribed - into a threadlike molecule, called RNA. RNA is very similar to DNA, except it is single stranded. After the copy is made, a string of up to 200 "A"-type nucleotides - a polyA tail - is added to its end (picture 2). This process is called poly-adenylation and is initiated by a polyA signal located towards the end of the gene. A polyA tail is thought to stabilise the RNA message against degradation for a limited time. Now the RNA copies of the gene leave the nucleus and get distributed within the cell to little work units that translate the information into proteins. No cell will ever make use of all the information coded in its DNA. Cells divide the work up amongst one other - they specialise. Brain cells will not produce insulin, liver cells will not produce saliva, nor will skin cells start producing bone. If they did, our bodies could be chaos! The same is true for plants: root cells will not produce the green chlorophyll, nor will the leaves produce pollen or nectar. Furthermore, expression is age dependent: young shoots will not express any genes to do with fruit ripening, while old people will not usually start developing another set of teeth (exceptions have been known). All in all, gene regulation is very specific to the environment in which the cell finds itself and is also linked to the developmental stages of an organism. So f I want the leaves of poppy plants to produce the red colour of the flower petals I will not be able to do so by traditional breeding methods, despite the fact that leaf ells will have all the genetic information necessary. There is a block that prevents he leaves from going red. This block may be caused by two things: · The "red" gene has been permanently shut down and bundled up thoroughly in all leaf cells. Thus the information cannot be accessed any more. · The leaf cells do not need the colour red and thus do not request RNA copies of this information. Therefore no message molecule is docking at the "red" control tower to activate the gene. Of course - you might have guessed - there is a trick to fool the plant and make it turn red against its own will. We can bring the red gene in like a Trojan horse, hidden behind the control tower of a different gene. But for this we need to cut the genes up and glue them together in a different form. This is where breeding ends and genetic engineering begins. BREEDING is the natural process of sexual reproduction within the same species. The hereditary information of both parents is combined and passed on to the offspring. In this process the same sections of DNA can be exchanged between the same chromosomes, but genes will always remain at their very own and precise position and order on the chromosomes. A gene will thus always be surrounded by the same DNA unless mutations or accidents occur. Species that are closely related might be able to interbreed, like a donkey and a horse, but their offspring will usually be infertile (e.g. mule). This is a natural safety devise, preventing the mixing of genes that might not be compatible and to secure the survival of the species. Genetic engineering (GE) is used to take genes and segments of DNA from one species, e.g. fish, and put them into another species, e.g. tomato. To do so, GE provides a set of techniques to cut DNA either randomly or at a number of specific sites. Once isolated one can study the different segments of DNA, multiply them up and splice them (stick them) next to any other DNA of another cell or organism. GE makes it possible to break through the species barrier and to shuffle information between completely unrelated species; for example, to splice the anti-freeze gene from flounder into tomatoes or strawberries, an insect-killing toxin gene from bacteria into maize, cotton or rape seed, or genes from humans into pig. Yet there is a problem - a fish gene will not work in tomato unless I give it a promoter with a "flag" the tomato cells will recognise. Such a control sequence should either be a tomato sequence or something similar. Most companies and scientists do a shortcut here and don’t even bother to look for an appropriate tomato promoter as it would take years to understand how the cell’s internal communication and regulation works. In order to avoid long testing and adjusting, most genetic engineering of plants is done with viral promoters. Viruses - as you will be aware - are very active. Nothing, or almost nothing, will stop them once they have found a new victim or rather host. They integrate their genetic information into the DNA of a host cell (such as one of your own), multiply, infect the next cells and multiply. This is possible because viruses have evolved very powerful promoters which command the host cell to constantly read the viral genes and produce viral proteins. Simply by taking a control element (promoter) from a plant virus and sticking it in front of the information block of the fish gene, you can get this combined virus/fish gene (known as a "construct’) to work wherever and whenever you want in a plant. This might sound great, the drawback though is that it can’t be stopped either, it can’t be switched off. The plant no longer has a say in the expression of the new gene, even when the constant involuntary production of the "new" product is weakening the plant’s defences or growth. And furthermore, the theory doesn’t hold up with reality. Often, for no apparent reason, the new gene only works for a limited amount of time and then "falls silent". But there is no way to know in advance if this will happen. Though often hailed as a precise method, the final stage of placing the new gene into a receiving higher organism is rather crude, seriously lacking both precision and predictability. The "new" gene can end up anywhere, next to any gene or even within another gene, disturbing its function or regulation. If the "new" gene gets into the "quiet" non-expressed areas of the cell’s DNA, it is likely to interfere with the regulation of gene expression of the whole region. It could potentially cause genes in the "quiet" DNA to become active. Often genetic engineering will not only use the information of one gene and put it behind the promoter of another gene, but will also take bits and pieces from other genes and other species. Although this is aimed to benefit the expression and function of the "new" gene it also causes more interference and enhances the risks of unpredictable effects. How to get the gene into the other cell.? There are different ways to get a gene from A to B or to transform a plant with a "new" gene. A VECTOR is something that can carry the gene into the host, or rather into the nucleus of a host cell. Vectors are commonly bacterial plasmids (see below and next page) or viruses (a). Another method is the "SHOTGUN TECHNIQUE" also known as "bio-ballistics," which blindly shoots masses of tiny gold particles coated with the gene into a plate of plant cells, hoping to land a hit somewhere in the cell’s DNA (b). What is a plasmid? PLASMIDS can be found in many bacteria and are small rings of DNA with a limited number of genes. Plasmids are not essential for the survival of bacteria but can make life a lot easier for them. Whilst all bacteria - no matter which species - will have their bacterial chromosome with all the crucial hereditary information of how to survive and multiply, they invented a tool to exchange information rapidly. If one likens the chromosome to a bookshelf with manuals and handbooks, and a single gene to a recipe or a specific building instruction, a plasmid,could be seen as a pamphlet. Plasmids self-replicate and are thus easily reproduced and passed around. Plasmids often contain genes for antibiotic resistance. This type of information which can easily be passed on, can be crucial to bacterial strains which are under attack by drugs and is indeed a major reason for the quick spread of antibiotic resistance. Working with plasmids? Plasmids are relatively small, replicate very quickly and are thus easy to study and to manipulate. It is easy to determine the sequence of its DNA, that is, to find out the sequence of the letters (A, C, G and 1) and number them. Certain letter combinations -such as CAATTG - are easy to cut with the help of specific enzymes (see proteins). Ilese cutting enzymes, called restriction enzymes, are part of the Genetic Engineering "tool-kit" of biochemists. So if I want to splice a gene from fish into a plasmid, I have to take the following steps: I place a large number of a known plasmid in a little test tube and add a specific enzyme that will cut the plasmid at only one site. After an hour I stop the digest, purify the cut plasmid DNA and mix it with copies of the fish gene; after some time the fish gene places itself into the cut ring of the plasmid. I quickly add some "glue" from my "tool-kit" - an enzyme called ligase - and place the mended plasmids back into bacteria, leaving them to grow and multiply. But how do I know which bacteria will have my precious plasmid? For this reason I need MARKER GENES, such as antibiotic resistance genes. So I make sure my plasmid has a marker gene before I splice my fish gene into it. If thA I plasmid is marked with a gene antibiotic resistance I can now add specific antibiotic to the food supply of the bacteria. All those which do not have the plasmid will die, and all those that do have the plasmid will multiply. What’s wrong with Genetic Engineering ? Genetic Engineering is a test tube science and is prematurely applied in food production. A gene studied in a test tube can only tell what this gene does and how it behaves in that particular test tube. It cannot tell us what its role and behaviour are in the organism it came from or what it might do if we place it into a completely different species. Genes for the colour red placed into petunia flowers not only changed the colour of the petals but also decreased fertility and altered the growth of the roots and leaves. Salmon genetically engineered with a growth hormone gene not only grew too big too fast but also turned green. These are unpredictable side effects, scientifically termed pleiotropic effects. We also know very little about what a gene (or for that matter any of its DNA sequence) might trigger or interrupt depending on where it got inserted into the new host (plant or animal). These are open questions around positional effects. And what about gene silencing and gene instability? How do we know that a genetically engineered food plant will not produce new toxins and allergenic substances or increase the level of dormant toxins and allergens? How about the nutritional value? And what are the effects on the environment and on wild life? All these questions are important questions yet they remain unanswered. Until we have an answer to all of these, genetic engineering should be kept to the test tubes. Biotechnology married to corporations tends to ignore the precautionary principle but it also igpores some basic scientific principles. The material on this web site is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the medical advice of your doctor or other healthcare providers. Only medical professionals who examine you can give you medical advice or diagnose your medical problem. We do not intend to create a physician-patient relationship. Your reliance on the information you get from FreeMediInfo.com is solely at your own risk. If you have a specific health question, contact your physician. Also note that while FreeMediInfo.com frequently updates its content, medical information changes rapidly. Therefore, some information may be out of date.

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Cooking can be a fun way to learn different functional, language and literacy skills. As a parent of both a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder , “ASD” and a typical developing child, I was always looking for ways for my two children to do activities together. To keep the interest of my ASD child, the activity would have to be motivational. Moreover, I wanted it to be an activity where he would have a learning opportunity and apply all the wonderful skills he had mastered in the Assessment of Basic Language and Literacy Skills Revised, “ABLLS-R” authored by expert psychologist Dr. James Partington. My son with Autism has had Applied Behaviour Analysis and Intensive Behavioural Intervention , “ABA/IBI” therapy for seven years. I was fortunate enough to have spent three months at Dr. Partington’s clinic in California. I transitioned him from centre based programming to a school environment with a shadow where he was integrated with typical children. It was the best thing I ever did! In hindsight, I wished I had done it earlier. The move was difficult, as I was afraid to move away from ABA/IBI therapy and, the centre always made me feel as if he did not have the required skills to go out in the real world. As a result of all the amazing programming, he has gained many amazing skills, however, unlike typical children; he had trouble making vague connections that he was taught by Dr. Partington and apply them to his everyday life. The purpose of the Step by Step Visual Recipes attempts to make some of these connections by simply combining multiple targets together in a meaningful, functional and motivational manner while targeting an essential life skill by breaking it down in easy to understand step by step instructions. It can be used in the home with a parent, sibling or caregiver, part of a center based ABA/IBI program, cooking classes, a functional skills program or just as a leisure activity. Who Can Use The Recipes? The recipes and programs can be used by anyone.There is no limit to who can use the website and for what purpose. However, the recipes and programs cannot be republished, the layouts copied, or sold. The idea is that education should be free. - Visual Learners - Those who want to learn cooking - Preschoolers to Adult - Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder or other Developmental Disabilities - Alzheimer and/or Aging Patients - A collection of recipes for the teenager going away to University - Teachers in the Public School System who want to create a Cooking Program or Functional Skills Program. As my journey continued, shortly thereafter I met Dr. Wendy Roberts. She has been an integral part of this project. Her advice and knowledge has been invaluable. She is a Developmental Paediatrician and the Director of Isand. She is an amazing and dedicated person to further research in Autism. I am very happy to be working on a pilot study of the visual recipes and visual modelling videos with her and her expert team. Empowered by the ABLLS-R, Assessment of Functional Living Skills, (AFLS) , ABA Principles, Natural Environment Teaching, School Curriculum and, my own ideas, I looked at how time that is spent doing everyday activities can be used to apply targets from the ABLS and AFLS. I developed some programs from these and some are my own ideas. The attempt is not to rewrite what has already been written and researched by some of the best in the field , but to provide the tools necessary to carry out some of these functions. The attempt is to save valuable time and money to a parent , a teacher, or anyone in the industry by providing the materials to carry out some of these activities. Time and resources saved, means more time for oneself, family and, resources for the learner who requires additional help, attention and learning opportunities. Recipes Can Be Used By Anyone My typically developing son, has learned essential organizational and cooking skills from this program. His friends are now requesting recipes to make delicious recipes at home. The recipes are written in an easy to follow format geared to all ages and skill levels. Organizational skills and related AFFL targets are categorized and embedded within the recipes. These skills are important even for all types of learners. I can’t tell you how many parents said to me, my typically developing child doesn’t have all these skills. Thus, this creates a learning opportunity for the entire family. Recipes begin with step by step instructions to wash hands and set the table. In the skills section, is a print out of how to clean up after a recipe, load a dishwasher ,broom and mop the floor, to name a few. All of these can be embedded as part of the program when learning a visual recipe. Eating is necessary for survival and , in most homes, cooking is a everyday routine. Natural Environment Teaching suggests using times that are a part of a households normal routine that can be used for natural learning opportunities which include the whole family or a member of a family. It won’t take long before the learner discovers cooking is fun. If there is a particular recipe your learner or your family would enjoy making, please email us with the recipe and we would be happy to photograph it and post it. We are not in the business of creating recipes, thus, recipe donations would be greatly appreciated. Also, if you would like to donate your time to helping us photograph, video tape, edit and put in layouts we would love to hear from you. How To Use The Recipes? Recipes can be found in the traditional categories of breakfast, lunch and dinner.The advanced search allows for recipes to be sorted by no cook, microwave, toaster oven, blender, slow cooker, stove top and oven. This allows for the learner to progress through the levels or concentrate on learning the skill of using a specific appliance by concentrating only on those recipes. We are beginning to create recipes in different reading levels. This allows for the entire family to participate and creates curriculum for inclusion learning. Learning or teaching to cook does not have to be a frightening experience or just another functional skill to be learned. With the right amount of organization, planning and visual tools it can be a fun shared activity that is simple and exciting to learn. Taking into account, the many complex issues that are associated with sensory issues, dietary restrictions and , varying abilities , the recipes have been selected and photographed using the Picture2Learn Method (P2LM) to ensure everyone is Able2Learn. Let us take the anxiety out of teaching and learning. Breath easy and enjoy the journey. How can a missing items program be used to create a grocery list? Thus, programs are written with this thought in mind , that a parent can run some of these programs during many of their regular household routines. I cannot afford ABA/IBI therapy. Look no further, we are attempting to provide you with these tools too. Everyone has a right to free, good quality education , and, everyone deserves an opportunity to learn to their best potential. Colour coded templates are provided, to make the implementation of these programs easier for the caregiver. Flashcards can be downloaded from the flashcard section to save time and money of actually going out and taking pictures, or searching for them on the internet and then printing them out. The measuring cups are colour coded to visually aid the non-reader, or any learner that requires a visual aid to help complete the visual recipe. There are many recipes that are single servings to keep the level of difficulty at a minimum.The learner gains knowledge about food, utensils found in the kitchen, following simple directions, organization, clean up, measurement, simple menu planning, how to make a bag lunch, grocery shopping, creating a grocery list, basic safety and nutrition. In addition to learning these necessary skills, the recipes create further learning opportunities in the areas of speech and language, occupational therapy and social skills. The background of the recipes are colour coded according to traditional meals. Parents can create cookbooks for their child organizing recipes by background colour to represent what time of the day they are to be prepared. There are recipes that would traditionally not be found on an internet site. For example, how to make a juice concentrate or, a simple sandwich or canned soup. These recipes can be important for some who require to learn extremely simple recipes or for others who can use a simple recipe to concentrate on learning a different goal. For example, the goal maybe to use a microwave or learn how to open a tin can. There are multiple modalities, for the same skill to give the learner many opportunities to learn the same skill without getting bored. Food has a multitude of meanings and uses: - It is essential for survival - It provides the necessary nutrition for the healthy functioning of our bodies. - It assists in healing the body - It is often used as a reward for good behaviour - It can be soothing and nurturing - It provides a beautiful setting for social gatherings - It is the nucleus of a family Food sensitivities, dietary restrictions and life threatening allergies are all important aspects of food that can have serious consequences. It is equally important to consider all of these issues when preparing recipes and, setting individual objectives and goals. However, the pursuance of learning in all its different aspects should never be compromised. Thus, there are many recipes that are gluten free and casein free. By making careful substitutions to recipes, the learner can avoid an allergic reaction. Familiarity Taste and Texture Recipes were carefully selected to repeat ingredients to encourage development of taste and to visually show the learner how to use the same ingredient in various different recipes. If the learner likes chocolate spread, food can be presented in similar ways. For example, chocolate spread is repeated in crepes, pound cake, overnight oats, bagels and sandwiches. Yogurt is repeated in oatmeal, flavoured yogurt and Caesar salad dressing. Yogurt is repeated in oatmeal, flavoured yogurt and Caesar Salad Dressing. A learner may require to taste a food or ingredient 10-15 times before developing a liking for it. Every time the learner is visually exposed to the food, the learner becomes more familiar with it increasing the chances of trying a new food. Autism Wisdom offers a wide variety of recipes with different tastes, textures and smells catering to the most pickiest eater.Variations encourage trying new foods with favorite ingredients. Blank recipe pages allow the learner to develop their own taste and create a recipe. Most main recipes are simple taking into account aversion to textures. Variations offer different textures and smells. Introducing new items, textures and smell should be done slowly, it should be fun and most of all encouraging. The experience of cooking, eating and tasting new foods should always be a positive experience.Programs and goals that are implemented should not be overly pressurizing and a cause for anxiety. Food programs can include the tasting of food alongside favorite foods with simple goals as taking one bite or just touching and feeling the texture. Rewards and praise can be used to encourage the learner. With the right mix of encouragement, selection of recipes, individual food goals, the food repertoire can be increased and the experience wonderfully positive. Give the learner a choice of foods.This helps with creating healthy eating habits and building new foods into the repertoire. The weekly menu planner is a great tool. For the breakfast planner, the learner can be given a choice of five foods to place on the planner. One of those choices can be a new food or a new food that contains a familiar ingredient or texture. Under the label, “with “ in the planner , the learner can be given options of healthy drinks, fruits or sides. The food group curriculum helps the learner learn about healthy and unhealthy food choices. The more familiar the learner becomes with a food, the more likely the learner will try new foods. Don’t be discouraged if the learner does not try the food the first time it is presented. It may take several attempts. Recipes develop essential skills and pertinent knowledge of the kitchen necessary for independence.Skills are repeated in various contexts to ensure the learner has opportunity to learn within a variety of different opportunities. For example, the skill for spreading is taught in the recipe, bagel and cream cheese and its variations, as well as, peanut butter and jelly and its variations. Recipes are carefully selected many times embedding more than one skill at a time. The learner learns spreading can be done in different situations while not getting bored of doing the same recipe or task over and over again which may cause unnecessary boredom, anxiety and stress. Preparing The Food A growing body of research is supporting the relationship between food preparation, cooking skills and food choices of children and adolescents.By being involved in the planning process a learner is more likely to try a new food. Autism Wisdom involves learners in the planning process from the beginning to the end result: creating a grocery list, going to the grocery store to shop for ingredients, learning how to put away ingredients, following a recipe and cleaning up. Simple, recipes are an excellent way for learners to develop healthy eating habits and tastes for new foods. Contributing To The Family During the testing of the recipes, learners were quite proud of what they had accomplished.The feeling of achievement can be a satisfying reward. Programs can be developed where the learner prepares food for caregivers, members of families or friends. This serves as a great opportunity to learn about sharing, making food for others, and being a contributing member of the family. As the learner watches family members enjoying the food, they may be tempted to try it. An opportunity arises to learn in the natural environment. Food and Family Research shows there are many positive social outcomes to eating a meal together with the family.Meals are more likely to be more nutritious where healthy eating habits are developed. Family members are more likely to engage in social conversation and bond together. Depending on the individual a social skills program can be implemented at meal time. My own son, Niam, only ate a handful of foods. I even created a blog post about it. Needless to say my friends were surprised and the number of phone calls and suggestions to increase Niam's repetoire of foods. All advice was taken with a grain of salt, reminding myself the intentions are good. As an Autism Parent taste sensitivities is not easy to overcome. I started creating the visual recipes 5 years ago. My staff, young innocent students, would hand over food to Niam to try. He would gag by either taste or smell. The girls were determined. They had him help them prepare food, touch it , smell it , encouraged him to taste it, and , one day, two years later, yes it took two years, he ate food, and he started trying food. I documented it. It can be viewed on Niam's Journey in the video section. Today he eats, everything including most salads and spinach soup.

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Written by Madeleine Matthews Lower leg ulceration is a major health issue in New Zealand. This chronic condition is debilitating for patients’ and has many symptoms such as pain, infection and odor. It also affects the patients’ physical, psychological and social health (Todd, 2011a). Leg ulcerations are a financial burden to the patient and health services, as they require complex and long-term nursing and specialist care (Simon, Dix, & McCollum, 2004). Using evidence-based practice is the most effective way to treat and heal leg ulcerations; therefore this discussion will look into compression bandaging, the different types, and its use and effectiveness in healing leg ulcerations. While on my primary health placement I noticed there were a large variety of dressings used on leg ulcerations in the community. The nurses had completed training in wound care and compression bandaging however, compression was not commonly used by this particular service. After attending the wound clinic day with a wound care specialist nurse I was unsure what method was best practice. The specialist used compression bandaging on all the chronic wounds, which made me wonder, how does it work, when is it an appropriate intervention, are there different sorts of bandaging, and who can apply the compression. This topic is relevant in today’s society as chronic leg ulcers are prevalent in the older population, they require a large amount of resources, they take up a lot of nursing time and they are very distressing for the patient. Currently, community nurses are caring for patients with chronic leg ulcers and this ensures patients have independence, can continue living their ordinary life, and because hospital services could not accommodate the large number of patients with this condition. In order to formulate a clinical question from my clinical issue, I used the PICO acronym to structure my question. PICO stands for; patient or problem, intervention of interest, comparison, and outcome. (Schneider & Whitehead, 2013). The problem I have identified is chronic leg ulcerations, the intervention is compression bandaging, the comparison is between different types of compression and the outcome is which compression therapy is more efficient. The question remains: Is compression bandaging the most effective treatment for venous leg ulcerations in adults in the community, and if so, is long stretch, short stretch or combination bandaging more efficient at healing? Leg ulcerations are caused by vascular, neuropathic, hematological, traumatic and neoplastic difficulties. The most common type is a venous ulcer and is primarily caused by venous hypertension (Simon, Dix, & McCollum, 2004). Blood in the legs opposes gravity and is returned to the heart by contraction of skeletal muscles and by valves that prevent backflow. These mechanisms prevent pooling in the veins however; immobility, prolonged standing and genetic factors prevent blood return, which then leads to venous hypertension (Todd, 2011a). The pressure exerted on the veins causes loss of elasticity in veins, distention of the veins, and cells leak into the tissues causing oedema. The blood flow slows down and causes white blood cells to clump together and cause congestion in the veins. These factors together make it difficult to supply adequate nutrients to maintain healthy cells. Skin cells begin to break down and a venous ulcer is formed (Anderson, 2008). The aim of ulcer management is to heal the wound and prevent the reoccurrence of future ulcers. Compression bandaging corrects the cause, which is oedema and decreased blood supply. By applying external pressure to the leg, the compression acts as a skeletal pump and helps push the blood back up to the heart, close the valves and prevent backflow. When there is less pooling of blood in the veins, and blood is being effectively returned to the heart, then accumulated fluid in the tissue and clumped white blood cells are able to return to the circulatory system (McKenzie, 2010). Blood flow can then speed up to a normal rate and supply the tissues with adequate nutrients. Therefore, compression bandaging facilitates an environment for effective wound healing and as many studies show, compression bandaging has proven to be best practice for the management of venous leg ulcers (Anderson, 2008). Compression bandaging needs to be successful at reducing oedema, tolerated by the patient and adaptable to the patients needs in order to be effective (Anderson, 2008). There are many different types of compression bandaging in order to cater for these different needs. These include, long stretch, short stretch and multi layer. Long stretch bandages can be stretched up to 100% and they move with the body ensuring sustained compression (McKenzie, 2010). This means that the client can mobilise, muscles can contract, and the compression bandaging adapts and returns to the original shape. Short stretch bandages are the opposite. They are usually made from cotton and the way the fibers are woven it allows air permeability and very little stretch. This type does not move with muscular activity, which means there is higher compression during activity, and this is when compression is at a therapeutic level. However, during rest compression is reduced due to the inelastic properties, which means it is more comfortable for the patient, but it does not provide adequate compression to help the oedema or prevent pooling of blood in the legs (Todd, 2011b). Multi layer compression bandaging aims to provide graduated compression by using three of four layers. Each layer alone is not sufficient, but the accumulation of layers provides beneficial compression (McKenzie, 2010). The first layer is the padding and is usually made from wool. This layer protects the skin, gives shape, and is also absorbent if the ulcer has heavy exudate. It is important to protect the skin and the bony prominences, as they may be vulnerable during compression (Anderson, 2008). The next layer is a crepe bandage, which will smooth out the wool fibers and provides light compression. The third and forth layers provide the majority of compression and is often cohesive and sticks to itself, this helps maintain sustained and graduated compression (Anderson, 2008). Before compression can be applied, a thorough and holistic assessment needs to be completed to ensure that the patient can have compression bandaging (Regmi & Regmi, 2012). A full health history needs to be taken first to record any other health problems and any possible complications. The history of the ulcer and an examination is also important, as it helps identify the underlying cause of the wound (London & Donnelly, 2000). During this assessment it is vital that all contraindications and barriers to effective compression therapy are detected and addressed. Patient tolerance and compliance is an important contraindication as a study conducted by Annells, O’Neil and Flowers (2006), shows that the willingness of the patient is essential in effective compression. To ensure that there is no arterial insufficiency or arterial disease, the Arterial Brachial Pressure Indexes (ABPI) need to be assessed by using a hand held Doppler. This measurement must be between 0.9 and 1.2 to be eligible to have compression bandaging (Simon, Dix, & McCollum, 2004). In order to evaluate the progress of oedema reduction and wound healing, the circumference of different parts of the limb and wound should be recorded (Todd, 2011a). If, after an holistic assessment, compression is an appropriate intervention, then a suitable type of bandaging needs to be selected. According to Cullum, Nelson, Fletcher and Sheldon (2008), compression bandaging for healing of venous ulcers is superior to no compression, higher compression is more successful than low compression and multi layered bandaging is more effective than single layered. This evidence shows that multi layered high compression is the most effective and efficient intervention, however, there are other factors that must be taken into consideration when deciding on a bandage type (Cullum, Nelson, Fletcher, & Sheldon, 2008). A patient who would not be suited to the multi layered compression may be allergic to the fibers in the padding or crepe layer, they may prefer and be more compliant with the thinner and less bulky single layered bandage and they may also find the multi layered bandage too hot. The long stretch bandage gives continuous high compression, but it can be painful and some patients cannot tolerate it, especially at night time. Short stretch bandages are another option, but they rely on patient compliance because this form of bandaging is only effective if the patient is mobilising, so therefore it should not be used on an immobile patient. There are many factors to take into consideration when choosing an appropriate bandage, and these factors will determine the effectiveness of treatment. Compression bandaging is the gold standard for healing venous leg ulcers. Community nurses predominantly manage this condition so, to provide the best care; nurses must understand the basic principals of compression bandaging, be able to conduct a thorough assessment before and during treatment and be able to skillfully apply compression bandaging (Todd, 2011b). Application of any type of compression bandaging should be by a competent practitioner as correct application is essential. Incorrect application could result in pressure ulceration over bony prominences, tissue damage and even necrosis (Simon, Dix, & McCollum, 2004). In order for all practitioners to be competent at compression bandaging, appropriate resources, support and education needs to be available to nurses who require it. Compression bandaging is the most effective and efficient treatment for venous leg ulcers. The evidence from this literature review clearly shows, though some compression may be better than others, that any compression is better than none. Long stretch, short stretch and multi layer compression bandages are all effective modes of compression if used correctly and for the right patient. Community nurses are capable of implementing compression and managing patients with venous leg ulcers, however, to ensure they are confident and accurate, training programmes and resources should be readily available. Compression bandaging can improve patient outcomes by facilitating normal venous function and allowing wounds and ulcers to heal. This discussion has answered the question, is compression bandaging the most effective treatment for venous leg ulcerations in adults out in the community, and if so, is long stretch, short stretch or combination bandaging more efficient at healing? Compression bandaging has been shown to be the best, most efficient treatment for venous leg ulcerations. The pathophysiology behind compression bandaging has been backed up by numerous studies and they all have very similar findings. All three forms of bandaging are beneficial if used in the right situation. Venous leg ulcerations are a chronic and common condition and New Zealand and by keeping up to date and following best practice guidelines, this condition could be better managed in the community by using compression bandaging. Anderson I. (2008). Compression bandaging in patients with venous insufficiency. Nursing Standard, 23(10), 49-55. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=b246a279- 5b9c-41e6-8166-5ec3034a32c7%40sessionmgr15&vid=4&hid=125 Annells, M., O’Neil, J., & Flowers, C. (2006). Compression bandaging for venous leg ulcers: the essentialness of a willing patient. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17, 350-359. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01996.x Cullum, N., Nelson, E. A., Fletcher, A. W., & Sheldon, T. A. (2008). Compression for venous leg ulcers. The Cochrane Library, 4. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/14651858.CD000265/ass et/CD000265.pdf?v=1&t=hi9ub2mv&s=daf98ee7b217ef62ca3fc26b1250 a5cd05f721cf London, N., & Donnelly, R. (2000). Ulcerated lower limb. British Medical Journal, 320, 1589-1591. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127371/pdf/1589.pdf McKenzie, M. (2010). Compression for leg ulceration. Journal of Community Nurisng, 24(3), 39-48. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=588d f694-6ad8-4323-9517-d91c01262bab%40sessionmgr15&hid=21 Regmi, S., & Regmi, K. (2012). Best practice in the management of venous ulcers. Nursing Standard, 26(32), 56-66. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=5956 d4d9-11ed-4b01-b14b-298ba1f270b3%40sessionmgr13&hid=21 Schneider, Z., & Whitehead, D. (2013) Identifying research ideas, questions, statements and hypotheses. In Z.Schneider & D. Whitehead (Eds), Nursing and midwifery research (4th ed., pp.57-73). Chatswood, NSW: Mosby. Simon, D.A., Dix, F.P., & McCollum, C.N. (2004). Management of venous leg ulcers. British Medical Journal, 328, 1358-1362. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC420292/pdf/bmj32801 358.pdf Todd, M. (2011a). Venous leg ulcers and the impact of compression bandaging. British Journal of Nursing, 20 (21), 1360-1364. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=7e4c b4a8-9785-4f96-b13d-7697832368eb%40sessionmgr12&hid=21 Todd, M. (2011b). Use of compression bandaging in managing chronic oedema. British Journal of Community Nurses, 16(10), S4-S12. Retrieved from http://www.internurse.com/cgi- bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=86817;article=BJCN_16_10- Suppl_S4_S12;format=pdf

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The importance of Hib immunisation in infancy and high-risk groups Although routine Hib immunisations have significantly reduced the number of infants contracting Hib meningitis Dr Siba Paul and Dr Lilias Lamont advise community practitioners they should remain vigilant. Dr Siba Prosad PaulMBBS, DCH, MRCPCH ST4 in Paediatrics, Great Western Hospital, Swindon Honorary Paediatric Registrar, St Richard's Hospital, Chichester Dr Lilias Susan LamontMRCP, FRCPCH Consultant Paediatrician, St Richard's Hospital, Chichester The incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) invasive disease has declined significantly in the United Kingdom since the introduction of routine Hib immunisation. However life-threatening Hib infections such as meningitis and epiglottitis may still occur, especially in the unimmunised and immigrant children. A case of Hib meningitis is a reminder that the threat of invasive Hib disease has not been totally eliminated. Early diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis (including Hib meningitis) is essential to prevent death and serious neurological sequelae. Health visitors play a vital role in encouraging parents to have their children immunised without any avoidable delays and in providing reliable information as necessary to back up this advice. Enquiring about immunisation status of all children new to a practice and addressing any omissions, should be routine; immigrant children (and their parents) may be particularly vulnerable and more likely to be inadequately immunised. ■ Haemophilus influenzae B meningitis is rare in the post-vaccination era, especially in the industrialised world ■ However Hib meningitis can still occur, particularly in unimmunised and immigrant children ■ Clinical suspicion of meningitis should be followed by a lumbar puncture in a clinically stable child ■ Treatment of Hib meningitis is likely to combine intravenous antibiotics and high dependency care ■ Long term follow up should include immunisation, hearing tests and developmental checks ■ Health visitors can facilitate immunisations for immigrant children and instances where parents refuse vaccination by counselling and providing information The recent death of a young female university student from meningitis, shortly after feeling unwell, highlighted the fact that meningitis is still a dangerous and frightening illness. Meningitis has a reputation for spreading rapidly if not contained quickly, particularly in busy environments like schools and colleges, where groups of people cluster together. About 50 different types of bacteria can cause meningitis in children, although the main types are Meningococcus, Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), group B Streptococcus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escheria coli and Listeria monocytogenes1,2. Hib was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children until the Hib conjugate vaccines were introduced2. Hib is particularly vicious as it can cause a range of serious invasive illnesses including meningitis, pneumonia, pericarditis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis and cellulitis3. Identification of high-risk children Although health care practitioners will rarely see an infant presenting with a case of Hib meningitis, they should be suspicious of this in non-immunised or immigrant children from developing countries. We describe the case below of a previously healthy seven week-old infant, who presented with fever and being non-specifically unwell, who was found to have a Hib meningitis. Figure 1 highlights the coverage of Hib vaccination in the world and this will help in identifying at risk immigrant children where Hib vaccination may not be routinely available. HH, a seven-week-old Caucasian male infant, was born at term by Caesarean section with a birth weight of 4.3 kg. He was formula fed, with no history of travel outside the UK. He presented to the hospital with a 24-hour history of high temperature up to 38.5°C, blanching rash, decreased feeding and had not opened his bowels for five days. The initial observations showed a heart rate of 132/min, respiratory rate of 32/min, axillary temperature of 36.9°C and a saturation of 99% in air. He was found to be alert with good tone and a soft anterior fontanelle. The rest of his clinical examination was otherwise normal. Blood investigations were done and he was admitted for observation. A glycerine suppository administered rectally helped in passing soft faeces. The blood investigations showed haemoglobin of 9.1gm/dl, white cell count of 8.3x109/cu.mm and a C-reactive protein (CRP) of 6mg/L. His urine sample showed no evidence of infection. A few hours after admission, HH spiked a further temperature of 38.8°C and was found to be irritable. In view of this, a lumbar puncture was done; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample showed a white cell count of 53/cu.mm, red cell count <1/cu.mm and gram stain did not show organisms. The CSF glucose was 2.7mmol/L against a blood glucose of 6.6mmol/L (normal value: CSF glucose levels should be ≥2/3rd of blood glucose) and protein of 0.65gm/dl (normal for age). The CSF analysis showed strong evidence of meningitis and HH was commenced on intravenous (IV) antibiotics and fluids. He was managed in the paediatric high dependency area. The temperature settled after 72 hours of starting antibiotics. CSF results confirmed Hib on a Latex Agglutination Test, however the CSF culture was reported as negative. The blood culture was reported to be negative after five days. In view of the CSF findings and in co-relation with the clinical picture, HH was treated as a case of Hib meningitis with IV Cephalosporins 3rd generation4. His mother was also offered a course of prophylactic antibiotics. HH is currently being followed by a paediatric consultant and remains under the care of a health visitor. He is now up-to-date with his immunisations and is reported to be doing well, achieving expected milestones. A subsequent hearing test was also reported as normal. A discussion with his mother at a later stage revealed that she was born at a period when Hib vaccination had not yet been introduced in the UK. The infant therefore was unlikely to have transitory protection against Hib due to maternal antibodies offered by immunisation of mothers5. In 1933, Fothergill and Wright described a relation between age and the occurrence of meningitis due to Hib6. They also demonstrated that serum bactericidal activity to Hib was associated with protection from infection and their observations guided the vaccine production in the 1970s and 1980s7. Since 1939, all the cases of Hib meningitis had been recorded in the Greater Helsinki area and this provided an opportunity to the epidemiologists to study the impact of Hib vaccination on invasive Hib diseases10. The Hib vaccination was introduced in the UK in 19922,8,9. Typical presentation of meningitis (illustrative case) An eight-month-old infant presented with a one day history of high fever, irritability and refusing to feed. She was previously well and healthy and reported to have been fully immunised. The initial assessment revealed that the infant was pyrexial with increased heart and respiratory rate, not moving the neck (ie. neck stiffness) and covered her eyes with her hands when bright light was shown to her eyes (ie. photophobic). There was no rash noted. A provisional diagnosis of meningitis was made and the infant was admitted for close observation and management. Infants less than 3 months of age should have a full septic screen if there is a suspicion of sepsis or meningitis11. Blood investigations showed raised infection markers such as white cell count and C-reactive protein. The lumbar puncture showed evidence of meningitis. IV antibiotics were started and close monitoring was done in the high dependency area. The CSF culture grew Meningococcus serogroup B. The fever and irritability settled within 48 hours of admission and the infant was treated with a 10 day course of IV antibiotics. The family was offered Rifampicin prophylaxis. A hearing test was organised at discharge and she was found to be well at the clinic review eight weeks later. Studies have shown that only 11 per cent of patients presenting with a nonblanching petechial rash, actually had a meningococcal infection. It should be noted that non-blanching rash is only one of the criteria and not all rashes are associated with meningococcal meningitis or sepsis20 Positive effects of the Hib vaccination programme Before the introduction of the Hib vaccination in 1992, Hib was one of the major cause of childhood bacterial meningitis, especially in the under-5s2. Since its introduction, cases of Hib meningitis in children under five years have dropped by 99 per cent from about 800 cases per year to 12 cases per year in 2008. This compares favourably with figures in the US, where Hib meningitis now occurs in < 2 per 100,000 children12. The beneficial effect of Hib vaccinations is demonstrated in Figure 2 and also reflects the impact of the pilot booster dose of Hib vaccination introduced in 200313. Currently four doses of Hib immunisation are offered to all children in the UK at two, three and four months and a booster at around 12 months of age2. It's worth noting that the booster dose of Hib vaccination was only formally introduced to the UK in September 20062 and this resulted in better coverage of protective immunity in children13. Splenectomised children are at higher risk of overwhelming sepsis following an infection with an encapsulated micro-organism (eg. Hib, Pneumococcus)14 and should preferably be vaccinated before splenectomy14. Immunising all the children is also important for herd immunity; this will help in protecting the immunocompromised children (eg. those on chemotherapy, long term steroids for conditions such as nephrotic syndrome and those with congenital immune deficiencies); as well as children before they get immunised, as would have been in this case of a seven-week-old boy16. Prognosis8,12. The overall mortality from Hib meningitis is approximately three to five per cent. Fifty per cent of individuals with Hib meningitis will have some neurologic sequelae, which includes partial to total sensorineural deafness, developmental delay, language delay, behavioral abnormalities, language disorders, impaired vision, mental retardation, motor problems, ataxia, seizures, and hydrocephalus. Approximately six per cent of individuals with Hib meningitis experience permanent sensorineural hearing loss. Role of health care providers in immunisation uptake Health visitors in the UK, routinely provide immunisation information for parents, whereas general practitioners and practice nurses administer the vaccines15. Health visitors also play a vital role in providing information to parents, as well as ensuring that a child is actually taken for the immunisations and any missed doses are rearranged16. Crucially they are also well placed to identify "at risk" groups and individuals, such as immigrant children recently moved into the catchment area (who may not have received any immunisations at all) and the children of parents who seem averse to immunisation. The latter's parents may cite reasons such as a fear of adverse events as a consequence of immunisation, moral reasons, alternative methods of protection, practical issues and personal experience of previous immunisations16,17. Some facts about invasive Hib2,6,13 disease are presented in Table 1 and this may help convince a non-compliant parent in reconsidering their decision not to agree to their child being immunised. Signs and symptoms of meningitis (NICE 2010)19 ● Unwell looking child, toxic or in a moribund state ● Altered mental state, decreased consciousness or change of behaviour ● Refusing to eat or drink ● High fever ● Neck stiffness ● May present with spreading petechial or purpuric rash (see Figure 3) ● Signs of shock (eg. prolonged central capillary time) ● Raised or tense anterior fontanelle The following strategies are helpful during the health visiting consultation to maximise vaccine uptake and to ensure that children who suffered from meningitis receive further adequate care2,8,16,17,18. 1) Provide information about the immunisation to the new parents 2) Check the personal child health record (the"Red book") about the vaccines actually being Administered 3) Identify immigrant children who may have moved into the area 4) Emphasise the need for vaccine administration in children whose parents choose not to immunise their child. 5) Identify splenectomised children and arrange for vaccinations against encapsulated organisms such as Pneumococcus, Hib, etc. (post trauma, children with sickle cell disease and are new immigrant, etc.). Immunising all children will build up the herd immunity and help in protecting immunocompromised children. 6) Where a case of Hib has occurred, check to see if vaccinations of the child and other siblings within the family are up-to-date 7) Conduct regular developmental follow ups to ensure the child after the episode of meningitis continue to achieve milestones. This case illustrates the importance of being aware of the Hib meningitis in infants, even though we see it much less nowadays, due to the success of the Hib immunisation. However, it may still be seen in unimmunised children or children who are recent immigrants and early treatment can avoid mortality and long-term morbidity. We hope this case report heightens awareness about this rare but important infection in children. 1. Paul SP, Davey E, Remorino R. Meningococcal meningitis manifesting as hydrocephalus: a clinical dilemma. Nursing Times 2010; 106(21): 16 2. Peltola H, Kilpi T, Anttila M. Rapid disappearance of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis after routine childhood immunisation with conjugate vaccines. Lancet 1992; 340(8819): 592-594 3. Meningitis Research Foundation. HIb meningitis. 4. British National Formulary for Children 2010. 5. Plotkin S, Orenstein W, Offit P. (Eds). Vaccines (5th Edition) Philadelphia: WB Saunders and Company, 2008; pp 168 6. Norden CW, Callerame ML, Baum J. Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in an adult. A study of bactericidal antibodies and immunoglobulins. New England Journal of Medicine 1970; 282(4): 190-194 7. Apicella MA, Murphy TF. Haemophilus, infection and immunity. Encyclopedia of Immunology, 2004 , pp 1048-1050 8. Devarajan VR. Haemophilus Influenzae Infections (2009) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-overview [Accessed Feb 2012] 9. Ramsay ME, McVernon J, Andrews NJ et al. Estimating Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine effectiveness in England and Wales by use of the screening method. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003; 188(4): 481-485 10. Peltola H, Salo E, Saxén H. Incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis during 18 years of vaccine use: observational study using routine hospital data. BMJ 2005; 330(7481): 18-19 11. NICE clinical guideline 47. Feverish illness in children - Assessment and initial management in children younger than 5 years. (2007) http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG47NICEGuideline.pdf [Accessed Feb 2012] 12. Dudgale DC. Meningitis - H. Influenzae. 13. Ladhani S, Slack MP, Heys M et al. Fall in Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) disease following implementation of a booster campaign. Arch Dis Child 2008; 93(8): 665-669 14. Li Volti S, Sciotto A, Fisichella M et al. Immune response to administration of a vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b in splenectomized and non-splenectomized patients. Journal of Infection 1999; 39(1): 38-41 15. Redsell SA, Bedford H, Niroshan Siriwardena A et al. Health visitors' perception of their role in the universal childhood immunisation programme and their communication strategies with parents. Primary Health Care Research & Development 2010; 11: 51-60 16. Paul SP, Plaxton F, Wallace A. Safety in numbers. Journal of Family Health Care, 2011; 21(4): 33-37 17. Sporton RK, Francis SA. Choosing not to immunize: are parents making informed decisions? Family Practice 2001; 18(2): 181-188 18. NICE guidelines PH21. Reducing differences in the uptake of immunisations (2009) http://publications.nice.org.uk/reducing-differences-in-the-uptake-of-immunisations-including-targeted-vaccines-among-children-and-ph21 [Accessed Feb 2012] 19. NICE guidelines CG102. Bacterial meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia (2010) 20. Wells LC, Smith JC, Weston VC et al. The child with a non-blanching rash: how likely is meningococcal disease? Archives of Disease in Childhood 2001; 85(3): 218-222

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Main specifications of the thermoelectric generator TEG1-12611-6.0. In this chapter, experimental analysis of the direct conversion of thermal energy into electric energy was carried out, in order to encourage the conscious use of energy and to reduce waste. The conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy occurs in a thermoelectric generator through the Seebeck effect. This effect is associated with the appearance of an electric potential difference between two different materials, placed in contact at different temperatures. This relation between temperature and electrical properties of the material is known as thermoelectricity. This experimental study has as objective the obtaining of operating characteristic curves of the thermoelectric generator TEG1-12611-6.0, for different temperature gradients and under constant pressure between the heater plate and the heat sink. Resistors were used to heat the thermoelectric generator, which simulates the residual heat, and insulation material to minimize the dissipation of heat to the environment. For cooling, a heat exchanger was used in order to maximize the temperature difference between the sides of the thermoelectric generator. In this way, it was possible to perform an experimental analysis of the obtained electric power for different temperature ranges between the faces of the generator and, with this, verify the applicability in real systems. - waste heat recovery - thermoelectric generator - Seebeck effect - thermal energy In 2017, total world energy consumption was approximately 13,511 million-ton equivalent of petroleum (MTEP). With the fast industrial growth of developing nations over the last decade, the industrial sector consumed approximately 2852 MTEP. It is estimated that in 2035, the world consumption of energy will increase by more than 30% . Approximately 33% of the total energy consumed in the industry is rejected as residual heat, presenting as a major problem the fact that the most of this rejected energy is identified as low-quality residual heat . This type of waste heat has a small working potential, and the temperatures are below 230°C, which implies a low energy density . Concurrently with the concern for global warming and the issues of diminishing oil consumption, there is a strong incentive for the development of more efficient and clean technologies for heat recovery and energy conversion systems using waste heat. In order to minimize the waste of energy with residual heat, energy recovery systems have been more explored. These systems can become an important object of research and/or application if, at least, part of the thermal energy expelled by industrial equipment to the atmosphere can be reused . In this context, experimental analysis of the direct conversion of thermal energy into electric energy, using thermoelectric generators, was carried out. The Seebeck effect is related to the appearance of a difference of electric potential between two different materials, placed in contact, however, at different temperatures . Basically, this is the same effect that occurs in thermocouples, where two different materials are connected and submitted to a temperature difference, causing a potential difference to be generated and translated into a temperature reading. In addition to this application, the thermoelectric effect can be explored in the generation of energy for wristwatches and aerospace applications or, even, in the generation of electric energy from the heated gases released in the internal combustion of engines, boiler gases, and/or the geothermal sources. The thermoelectric generators (TEG) have as main characteristics the reduced dimensions, easy adaptation in complex geometry, and very low maintenance . Its conversion efficiency is about 5%; however, studies conducted at the NASA laboratory have reached 20% efficiency for high temperatures . The studied thermoelectric generator consists of an arrangement of small blocks of bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) doped with n-type and p-type, mounted alternately, electrically in series, and thermally in parallel between two plates of good thermal conduction , as shown in Figure 1. The top of the p-n junction is heated, and the bottom of the set is cooled; in this way, a temperature gradient is generated. The free electrons of the n-type doped elements and the interstices of the p-type elements begin to move toward the cold part, that is, the lower part of the system. In the cold part, the n-type doped elements acquire negative polarity, while the p-type elements get positive polarity. Closing the circuit between the p-n elements, an electric potential is generated , and, with the electron accumulation at the cold side, an internal electric field is created, causing the Seebeck voltage. The experimental apparatus and procedure developed for this research are described in details in this section. 2.1 Experimental apparatus The experimental bench developed to obtain the thermoelectric generator characteristic curve, shown in Figure 2(a), consisted of a laptop (Dell™), an uninterruptible power supply (NHS™), an aluminum block containing electrical resistors in cartridge, a thermoelectric generator (TEG1-12611-6.0), a water-cooled heat exchanger, a controlled automated resistive load variation system controlled by an Arduino™, data logger (Agilent™ 34970A with 20 channels), a power supply unit (Politerm™ 16E), an ultrathermostatized bath (SOLAB™ SL-130), and a variable area flowmeter with throttle (Omega Engineering™ FL-2051). In Figure 2(b), the heating and cooling system of the thermoelectric generator and the data acquisition system to obtain generated power by the thermoelectric generator TEG1-12611-6.0 are shown in detail. The thermoelectric generator used in this experiment is made of bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and has dimensions of 56 mm by 56 mm with a height of 3.3 mm, totaling a surface area of 0.003136 m2. An illustration of the generator and, also, its main specifications can be seen in Figure 3 and Table 1, respectively. |Matched load resistance||1.2||[ohms]| |Matched load output voltage||4.2||[A]| |Matched load output current||3.4||[A]| |Matched load output power||14.6||[W]| |Heat flow across the module||Approximately 365||[W]| |Heat flow density||11.6||[W/cm2]| |AC resistance under 27°C at 1000 Hz||0.5 to 0.7||[ohms]| To measure the temperatures of the thermoelectric generator, K-type thermocouples with mineral insulation Omega Engineering™, fixed inside machined channels in the heater block and the water-cooled heat exchanger, from the ultrathermostatized bath, were used. The thermocouples were positioned in order to obtain the temperatures of the heated and cooled surface of the generator (Thermocouple 1 and Thermocouple 2—Figure 4), resulting in the obtaining of the temperature difference between these surfaces. Figure 4 shows the schematic diagram of the experimental system used to obtain the characteristic curve. 2.2 Experimental procedure For the performance of the experimental tests, the ambient temperature was maintained at 16°C ± 1°C by thermal conditioning system Carrier™, and the temperature of the water in the ultrathermostatized bath was also maintained at 16°C ± 1°C. As can be seen in Figure 4, the thermoelectric generator was positioned between the heat exchanger and the heating system. The heat exchanger consists of an aluminum block with machined channels inside. Water is fed by an ultrathermostatized bath with a flow rate of 1 L/min, passes through the channels in order to exchange heat with the upper surface of the TEG, and returns to the ultrathermostatized bath. The heat exchanger, the water inlet, and the water outlet in the exchanger can be observed in items (1), (2), and (3) in Figure 2(b), respectively. The heating system consists of an aluminum block located inside the base of the experimental apparatus, item (4) in Figure 2(b). The block contains two cartridge resistors associated in parallel, which are responsible for the heating of the block and, consequent, the dissipation of the heat to the TEG. Each cartridge resistor has power of 200 W. In order to increase the heat exchange between the surfaces, the heating system was insulated on its sides using aeronautic thermal insulation. In addition, an aluminum bracket and two threaded rods were used to exert constant pressure in the whole system, increasing the contacts between heat exchanger - TEG and TEG - heating system. These contacts will ensure the required temperature gradient in order to get the Seebeck voltage. The tests were performed by varying the potential difference (pd) applied to the heating system resistances, which simulate the residual heat, in order to obtain thermal loads from 40 to 320 W, with a variation of 40 W. Each thermal load was maintained for 20 minutes, where the quasi-permanent operating condition was reached. To ensure the data reliability, the experimental tests were repeated 3 (three) times for each dissipated power, and errors were compared taking into account that the differences between the mean values which were less than 0.5°C. The temperature data of the hot and cold surfaces of the TEG were recorded every 10 seconds using the two thermocouples and the data acquisition system, which are saved by the software Agilent™ Benchlink Data Logger 3. To obtain information about the thermoelectric generator, a data acquisition system based on Arduino™, presented as item (5) in Figure 2(b), was used. The system was responsible for switching resistive loads and obtaining values of voltage and current and, consequently, the power produced by the thermoelectric generator. For this, an Arduino™ programming was done to work with a set of relays and a bank of resistors, which supports up to 10 W of power, and the resistances are in a range of 1–50 Ω. In Figure 2(b), the set of relays and the bank of resistors are presented as items (6) and (7), respectively. Different parallel associations between the resistors were activated, obtaining distinct loads that the thermoelectric generator was subjected. As a result, the values of voltage and current are acquired as experimental data and, consequently, the corresponding power. This system was only activated when the condition of the thermal system reached the quasi-permanent condition. 2.3 Experimental uncertainties The analysis of experimental uncertainties aims to quantify the validity of the data and their accuracy and, therefore, to allow the estimation of the random error present in the experimental results. The error is defined as the difference between the actual value and the indicated value . The experimental uncertainties present in this research were associated to direct and indirect measurements, shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively, and they were calculated according to the error propagation method described in . The direct uncertainties are those relative to the parameters obtained using a measuring tool, being the current, input voltage and temperature, the voltage generated, and other temperatures. The uncertainty of indirect measurement is calculated in the function of other parameters, and a specific tool did not measure it. In the case of this experiment, the only indirect uncertainty is related to the power supplied by the power supply unit to the cartridge resistors, in the heating system. The power quantity was obtained by multiplying the voltage and current supplied by the source. |Input current||Power source||[A]||± 0.01| |Input temperature||Ultrathermostatized bath||[°C]||± 1.00| |Other temperatures||K-type thermocouple||[°C]||± 1.27| |Input voltage||Power source||[V]||± 0.01| |Generated voltage||Arduino™||[V]||± 0.01| |Power of the power| supply unit [W] 3. Results and discussions First of all, the water flow through the heat exchanger, the power dissipated by the electric resistances, and the constant ambient temperature are fixed. After obtaining the quasi-permanent condition, the data collection and treatment were performed. Figure 5 illustrates the output current (Iout) versus the output voltage (Vout), respectively, in [mA] and [mV], for different dissipated powers in the heating resistors. It may be noted that the output current and voltage increase according to the temperature difference between the sides of the thermoelectric generator. It is evident from the analysis of Figure 5 that there is high linearity obtained in the results. It may be further noted that curves have similar slopes; this means that the internal resistance of the thermoelectric generator changes minimally when the operating temperature is varied. In Figure 6, for each temperature difference value, the thermoelectric generator has different internal resistance values. It is possible to note that the resistance values increase in a quadratic form with the rise of the temperature difference. A curve adjustment with coefficient of determination (R2) was performed close to 1. The value of the internal resistance of the generator as a function of the temperature difference (∆T) between the sides of the thermoelectric generator can be defined by Therefore, the characteristic curve of the thermoelectric generator studied can be expressed by Figure 7 shows the open-circuit voltage (Vopn) and closed circuit voltage (Vclc) as a function of temperature differences (∆T). The open- and closed circuit voltage increase linearly with the rise of the temperature difference. The points obtained for the closed circuit voltage are points where the maximum power generated is obtained. The curve fit for the open-circuit voltage (Uopn) as a function of the temperature difference (∆T), with a determination coefficient of 0.996, can be determined by Figure 8 shows the behavior of the output power (Pout) as a function of the output voltage (Vout) parameterized in the temperature difference between the faces of the thermoelectric generator. It can be observed that with the increase in temperature difference between the faces of the thermoelectric generator, the power generated is also raised. As expected, the characteristic curves obtained follow a highly quadratic behavior, indicated by the coefficient of determination R2 close to 1. The maximum power generated occurs when the resistance of the external load is equal to the resistance of the internal load. At this point, the power of 7068 mW is generated with a voltage of 2340 mV for the temperature difference of 230°C. Figure 9 indicates an alternative way to illustrate the output power data: output power (Pout) as a function of output current (Iout) parameterized in temperature differences (∆T) between the surfaces of the thermoelectric generator. It can be seen, again, that the maximum power point is 7068 mW for a current of 3020 mA considering a temperature difference of 230°C. Another important point to analyze is the comparison of the amount of power generated by different types of generators. For this, it is of extreme relevance to consider the size of the generators and the generated power density and not just the amount of generated power [W]. As a result, it is important to evaluate how much power is generated per square meter of the generator [W/m2]. Thus, Table 4 shows the power generated by the thermoelectric generator area as a function of the temperature gradient. per area [W/m2] As shown in Table 4, it can be seen that in a condition such as that found in processes with residual heat release, with a temperature gradient in the range of 60°C, the thermoelectric generator is capable of generating 114.14 W/m2. This value is almost the produced power by a photovoltaic solar panel of monocrystalline cells (Siemens™ SM46 ), for example, which has A-level efficiency and can generate up to 152.60 W/m2. In addition, the thermoelectric generator can support higher temperature gradients and, if exposed to more extreme conditions, can generate up to 2253.93 W/m2 of electrical power for a temperature gradient of 230°C. Figure 10 shows the behavior of the output power (Pout) as a function of the temperature difference (∆T). It may be noted that with the increase in temperature difference between the surfaces of the thermoelectric generator, the power generated raises in a quadratic form. Furthermore, the output power is limited only by the operating temperature of the thermoelectric generator, which is 270°C. Eq. (5) correlates the values of temperature difference for the electric power with a coefficient of determination of 0.996, for temperature differences greater than 7°C. In this chapter, experimental analysis of the direct conversion of thermal energy into electric energy was carried out. An experimental analysis was performed to obtain the operating characteristics of a thermoelectric generator of bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3). For this, it was necessary to develop an experimental apparatus to provide the necessary operating conditions. Therefore, it was possible to obtain the operating curves of the thermoelectric generator for a temperature difference between the surfaces of the thermoelectric generator of 30 and 230°C. It is noted that the highest power values delivered by the thermoelectric generator were for the greater temperature differences. Normalizing the power generated by the photovoltaic solar panel and the thermoelectric generator, in conditions close to the real ones of use, both have values of generated power, around 152.60 and 114.14W/m2, respectively. Also, the thermoelectric generator can reach values of 2253.93 W/m2 for a temperature gradient of 230°C. In conclusion, the application of thermoelectric generators in the recovery of residual heat is a great instrument to be explored. This kind of device is compact, requires very low maintenance, and has a geometry that can be coupled in most of the industrial systems. Acknowledgments are provided to the CAPES, the CNPq, the PROPPG/UTFPR, the DIRPPG/UTFPR, the PPGEM/UTFPR/Ponta Grossa, and the DAMEC/UTFPR/Ponta Grossa. electromotive force of the electric generator [mV] electric current [mA] power [mW] resistance of the thermoelectric generator [ohms] coefficient of determination temperature difference [°C] output voltage of the generator [mV] voltage [mV] output internal generator open circuit closed circuit electromotive force of the electric generator [mV] electric current [mA] resistance of the thermoelectric generator [ohms] coefficient of determination temperature difference [°C] output voltage of the generator [mV]

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The “ki” in Ki Teitzei is an interesting word. While in modern Hebrew, it means “because”, in the Tanach, it has three additional meanings: “due to”, “rather”, and “if”. The first verse of the Parsha is translated thus: כִּי תֵצֵא לַמִּלְחָמָה עַל אֹיְבֶיךָ וּנְתָנוֹ ה’ אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּיָדֶךָ וְשָׁבִיתָ שִׁבְיוֹ If you go to war with your enemies, and Hashem gives them to you, and you take captives… (Devarim 21:10) The commandment is not “go to war”, but rather, “if you go to war, then this is how you should behave”. Similarly: כִּי תִבְנֶה בַּיִת חָדָשׁ וְעָשִׂיתָ מַעֲקֶה לְגַגֶּךָ וְלֹא תָשִׂים דָּמִים בְּבֵיתֶךָ כִּי יִפֹּל הַנֹּפֵל מִמֶּנּוּ: If you build a new house, you must make a fence for the roof, and not place liability upon your house, if a person should fall from it. (Devarim 22:8) The commandment is not, “build a house”, but rather, “if you build a house, then this is what you need to be concerned with.” In fact, the majority of Parshat Ki Teitzei consists of these “what if” commandments: “what if a person has two wives”, “what if you see a bird’s nest”, “what if a man divorces his wife”, “what if two men are fighting”. The Torah teaches us that life is varied and unpredictable; it presents all kinds of situations which we need to deal with, not all of them pleasant. It gives us the tools to handle a wide range of situations, from which we can derive how to handle all others. Consequently, the Jewish People are experts at dealing with uncertainty; we are always aware that the only thing we can count on is change. The source of our ability to accept this, and even thrive on it, is the Torah itself and the “what ifs” of Parshat Ki Teitzei. However, while in moderation, uncertainty may be constructive, the experience of Jewish People in Exile has been that of continuous instability and vulnerability. It is this feeling of insecurity, of the ground constantly shifting under our feet, that is the theme of the Haftarah of Ki Teitze. Like the Parsha, the Haftarah of Ki Teitzei repeats the word “ki” in its various meanings and connotations, ten times in as many verses. אַל תִּירְאִי כִּי לֹא תֵבוֹשִׁי וְאַל תִּכָּלְמִי כִּי לֹא תַחְפִּירִי כִּי בֹשֶׁת עֲלוּמַיִךְ תִּשְׁכָּחִי וְחֶרְפַּת אַלְמְנוּתַיִךְ לֹא תִזְכְּרִי עוֹד … כִּי כְאִשָּׁה עֲזוּבָה וַעֲצוּבַת רוּחַ קְרָאָךְ ה’ וְאֵשֶׁת נְעוּרִים כִּי תִמָּאֵס אָמַר אֱ-לֹהָיִךְ Do not fear, for you will not be shamed, do not be troubled, for you will not be disgraced; for you will forget the shame of your youth, the disgrace of your loneliness you will recall no more… You were like a woman abandoned, depressed, when Hashem called to you; “As if one could reject the wife of one’s youth?” asks your G-d. (Yeshayahu 54:4,6) The great fear of our Exile has been that our condition of humiliation, poverty, and helplessness was not only a temporary punishment, but a sign that G-d no longer has any relationship with us at all. The Haftarah assures us that the upheavals that we faced with flexibility and resilience were not mere vagaries of fate, and that G-d has not abandoned us to be buffeted by forces beyond our control, with no meaning and no purpose. But the years of uncertainty take a toll. When the Redemption finally comes, and Jerusalem is rebuilt, will we be able to convince ourselves that there will be no more upheavals and no more “what ifs”? Will we not ask ourselves, “What if we fail again?” אמרו ישראל לפני הקב”ה רבש”ע לא כבר נבנית ירושלים וחרבה אמר להם ע”י עונותיכם חרבה וגליתם מתוכה אבל לעתיד לבא אני בונה אותה ואיני הורס אותה לעולם Israel said to G-d, “Master of the Universe! Hasn’t Jerusalem been rebuilt and destroyed again?” He said, “Because of your sins it was destroyed and you were exiled, but in the future, I will build her and I will not destroy her ever!” (Midrash Tanchuma Noach 11) According to the Midrash, the Jewish People will look at Redemption, and we will wonder if again the ground will shift under our feet, if everything we have worked for will again turn to dust. If Jerusalem was rebuilt and destroyed once before, what if that happens again? The Haftarah of Ki Teitzei, the fifth in the series of the Haftarot of consolation and hope, offers the promise of stability: כִּי מֵי נֹחַ זֹאת לִי אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי מֵעֲבֹר מֵי נֹחַ עוֹד עַל הָאָרֶץ כֵּן נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי מִקְּצֹף עָלַיִךְ וּמִגְּעָר בָּךְ: כִּי הֶהָרִים יָמוּשׁוּ וְהַגְּבָעוֹת תְּמוּטֶנָה וְחַסְדִּי מֵאִתֵּךְ לֹא יָמוּשׁ וּבְרִית שְׁלוֹמִי לֹא תָמוּט אָמַר מְרַחֲמֵךְ ה’: ס For it is like the Waters of Noach to Me, as I swore not to let the Waters of Noach pass over the land, so too I have sworn not to be angry at you, nor to chastise you. Would even mountains wear away, and hills erode, My constancy will not wear away from you, and My covenant of peace will not erode, says He who shows mercy to you, Hashem. (Yeshayahu 54:9-10) G-d swore to Noach that no matter what mankind does, no matter how badly they mess up His world, He will not destroy it again. Now G-d swears to the Jewish People that no matter how badly we mess up, He will not destroy Jerusalem again. A nation that has seen everything that they had ever built abandoned and destroyed, knows to count on nothing. We know that mountains wear away and hills erode. But, because of this Haftarah, we also know that our relationship with G-d is eternal and solid. It is the source of our stability, and the consolation that has given us hope to survive until this day. The Redemption will bring its own set of challenges, its own set of “what ifs”, and we will need all the flexibility, creativity, and resilience that Parshat Ki Teitzei can teach us. But there is one “what if” that we do not need to worry about. The Haftarah tells us that once we reach this stage of Redemption, it will not be reversed. Jerusalem will be rebuilt, and stay rebuilt. PDF for printing 2 pages A4 Copyright © Kira Sirote In memory of my father, Peter Rozenberg, z”l לעילוי נשמת אבי מורי פנחס בן נתן נטע ז”ל

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About Human Trafficking Q: What is the simplest way to explain human trafficking? The commonly accepted international definition of human trafficking comes from the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, which is one of three Protocols known collectively as the Palermo Protocols. The best way to understand human trafficking is to split it into its three elements; each element must be present to establish a case of trafficking. Ask yourself – has there been: The ACT – What is done e.g. recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons. The MEANS – How it is done e.g. threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or position of vulnerability, giving or receiving of payments/benefits. The PURPOSE – Why it is done e.g. prostitution, sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery, servitude, removal of organs. Where the suspected victim is a child, it’s only necessary to demonstrate that the ‘act’ and ‘exploitation’ elements exist. Read more on our Human Trafficking pages. Q: Is it only human trafficking if victims are transported across national borders? No! The Protocol recognizes a number of ‘acts’ (transfer, recruitment, harbouring or receipt of persons) but it doesn’t specify that those actions need to cross borders. When someone is moved from place to place or town to town within a country as a result of transport, transfer, recruitment, harboring or receipt of persons they are also trafficked. This kind of trafficking within a country is called ‘internal trafficking’. When a person has moved or been moved across a national border it is ‘external trafficking’. Both types are prohibited by the Protocol. Read more on our Human Trafficking pages. Q: What if people travel willingly to the country where they are exploited? The Protocol answers this question. Take ‘Jacob’ as an example. Jacob responds to a job posting offering certain wages and accommodation for work in a UK city. This seems a great opportunity and Jacob travels to the city willingly. Jacob has been recruited for work by the person who posted the advertisement and he has transported himself; either the recruitment or the transport is enough to satisfy the ‘act’ element from the Protocol’s definition of trafficking. When Jacob arrives for the job he’s told he has to pay off the cost of the accommodation he’s offered but with deductions for food and transport to and from work, and with the unreasonably low wages Jacob will never have enough money to pay off the accommodation. Now he’s trapped in a cycle of debt. Jacob was promised certain work and conditions but the promise has turned out to be false; he was deceived into travelling to the UK city, that deception is the ‘means’ element of the definition. The fact that Jacob works for no real pay because of all those unreasonable deductions means he is being exploited. He is a victim of exploitation for forced labour. The labour is forced because he does it under ‘menace or penalty’, the penalty being that he must pay off his debt. Jacob transported himself (‘act’), he did this because he was deceived (‘means’) and now he’s been exploited to work for no real pay (‘exploitation’). Jacob is a trafficking victim, despite having made his initial journey to the UK freely. Read more on our Human Trafficking pages. Q: What if people aren’t kept captive physically, is that still trafficking? Force, abduction, physical confinement and rough handling is what we most often associate with trafficking; someone tied to a bed or locked in a trailer, for example. But traffickers more often use psychological or emotional manipulation, such as threats against the victim’s family, debt bondage, the use of shame as a weapon, insidious threats of violence, or the long-term ‘grooming’ of a victim to believe the trafficker is their lover or friend. Traffickers may manipulate their victims by creating fear of others; there have been instances of traffickers dressing as police officers before raping a victim. Acts like this falsely convince a victim that the police cannot be trusted and should be feared. There has been an increasing trend of traffickers targeting vulnerable groups in society for recruiting victims. Their vulnerabilities make them easy to control without needing to resort to physical measures. Common examples include alcoholics and the homeless. Q: Is there really a lot of trafficking in the US, UK or Norway? Isn’t it a ‘developing world’ problem? Trafficking is a global problem and it’s happening in our communities, perhaps even on our street. It is now thought to be the third biggest criminal enterprise in the world. The International Labour Organization estimates that forced labour in the private economy generates US$150 billion in illegal profits per year. Since people pay more for services in ‘developed’ nations, there is more profit to be made from forced labour and sex trafficking in nations like our own than in ‘developing’ countries. Read more on our Human Trafficking pages. Q: How trustworthy are the statistics? It’s impossible to know the exact number of victims because it’s a hidden crime. The most reliable global estimate comes from the International Labour Organization, a specialised agency of the UN. Its current estimate is 24.9 million people in forced labour, sexual exploitation or domestic servitude, plus another 15.4 million in forced marriages, for a total of 40.3 million people. In the UK, work by the Home Office Chief Scientific Adviser, Professor Bernard Silverman, has estimated that in 2013 there were between 10,000 and 13,000 potential victims of modern slavery in the UK. However, in August 2017, the National Crime Agency (NCA) suggested that figure was too low and that there are actually ‘tens of thousands’ of victims. Will Kerr, the NCA’s Director of Vulnerabilities, said: “The growing body of evidence we are collecting points to the scale being far larger than anyone had previously thought. The intelligence we are gaining is showing that there are likely to be far more victims out there, and the numbers of victims in the UK has been underestimated.” Hope for Justice agrees with that analysis. It is important, however, not to become distracted or overwhelmed by the statistics, but to remember instead that behind every single number is a real human being, each with their own story and their own hopes and dreams, cruelly ripped away from them by those seeking to profit from misery and abuse. Q: How can I spot the signs in my own community? Each case of trafficking and modern slavery looks different, although there are some common indicators of trafficking and more specific ones for each type of trafficking. The existence of any one or even a number of indicators is not proof, but combined with your best judgement it is sensible to report any concerns about an individual or yourself to Hope for Justice. Learn to spot the signs here. Q: What should I do if I suspect trafficking? If you or someone else is in immediate danger, call the police. Otherwise, contact Hope for Justice: Reporting in the UK: Contact Hope for Justice on 0300 008 8000 (local rate call) or email firstname.lastname@example.org Reporting in the US: Contact Hope for Justice on 615.356.0946 or email email@example.com Reporting in other countries: Contact local law enforcement. If you report potential trafficking activity to Hope for Justice, we will try to keep you informed about the progress of the case. However, the information we gather following a report is often subject to confidentiality. While we understand you may want to be kept fully informed, this is not always possible or appropriate. About Hope for Justice Q: What is Hope for Justice’s strategy to combat modern slavery? Hope for Justice has a strategy based on ‘Preventing exploitation, Rescuing victims, Restoring lives, and Reforming society’. Hope for Justice operates in the UK (with offices in England and in Scotland), the USA, Cambodia, Norway, Ethiopia, Uganda, Vietnam and Zimbabwe (via a partner organisation) but doesn’t currently operate all programme areas in all countries. Find out more about What We Do here. Hope for Justice’s work around the world is split into four core strands: PREVENTING EXPLOITATION: Our outreach teams, Self-Help Groups and community education initiatives empower people to protect themselves and their families from predatory traffickers and their recruiters. RESCUING VICTIMS: Investigators work closely with police and other agencies to identify victims of modern slavery, build bridges of trust with them and remove them from exploitation. RESTORING LIVES: The charity’s multi-disciplinary advocacy team provide victim-centred support, including help to access housing, benefits, employment, mental health support and legal assistance. They support survivors through the criminal and civil justice processes to ensure they receive restitution. In Cambodia and Africa, Hope for Justice runs aftercare residential and educational facilities, plus extensive outreach and reintegration programmes. REFORMING SOCIETY: Hope for Justice trains frontline professionals – including police / law enforcement agencies, healthcare workers, homeless shelter staff, NGOs, community groups and many others – to spot the signs of modern slavery and to respond effectively. We also seek policy change through governments and the media. Via Slave-Free Alliance, we help businesses protect their operations and supply chains, and encourage businesses to improve their practices. Our frontline work also provides the evidence base to inform our campaigning work to ensure that law, policy and practice work to protect victims and combat the problem. We regularly work closely with legislators to make the case for positive change. In the UK, we facilitate the West Yorkshire Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery Network on behalf of the Office of the Police and Crime Commissioner, and since February 2016, we have also been responsible for coordinating the National Anti-Trafficking and Modern Slavery Network. This brings together Police and Crime Commissioners from across England and Wales, the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner, and representatives from the National Police Chiefs Council and the Home Office Modern Slavery Unit to improve collaboration and the nationwide response to modern slavery in all its forms. Q: What do you mean by the term ‘rescue’? We use the word ‘rescue’ when the intervention of our specialist staff directly removes a victim of human trafficking from a situation of exploitation or profound vulnerability to exploitation. Rescues range from month-long observation operations that develop into contact with a victims and their safe removal from their situation of exploitation to attending a homeless shelter to meet a victim referred by staff who have been trained by Hope for Justice, then arranging that individual’s entry into safe-house accommodation. No matter how we get to the point of meeting that victim, we celebrate their rescue once it’s happened. Our expert intervention means a life changed and another step taken toward ending slavery for good. Find out more about the work of Hope for Justice on our What We Do page. Q: Where does Hope for Justice operate? Hope for Justice operates in Cambodia, Norway, the US, the UK, Ethiopia and Uganda, and in other countries via partner charities and one-off projects. Our headquarters is in Manchester, UK. We also operate in Cambodia – USA – UK – Norway – Ethiopia – Uganda Q: Does Hope for Justice work with the government and police? Hope for Justice has worked closely with law enforcement on investigations and prosecutions in the UK and has been invited to play a part in victim reception during large raids. We are a vital ‘alternative pathway’ for victims too scared to engage directly with law enforcement, at least at first. Many victims come from countries with disreputable policing or have been instilled with a fear of the authorities by their trafficker. This means that even where frontline police officers are fully versed in trafficking law, there is still a need for Hope for Justice to act as a trusted intermediary. We also provide training on the indicators of trafficking, recording trafficking offences and other country-specific advice and training. Find out more about What We Do. Q: Why does the fight against modern slavery require an NGO? The kind of fear and manipulation experienced by many victims means they would never consider reporting their situation to police or law enforcement. This creates a desperate need for a trusted third party to identify victims, raise public awareness, provide excellent aftercare and train frontline professionals who can build bridges between the victim and the police. Hope for Justice works closely with victims to make sure they enter safe accommodation and get the support they require. After some time in a safe environment, victims are often able to overcome the fear they’ve been instilled with. At this point the victim may feel comfortable telling their story to the police but it is always the victim’s choice whether to cooperate with the police. Q: What results has Hope for Justice’s strategy produced so far? Hope for Justice is committed to rescuing and restoring every victim of modern day slavery and we’re building an organisation to make that possible. Hear about our recent successes on our News page or read our most recent Year in Review for 2016-17. We can’t always share about our successes because of ongoing police investigations and because of our commitment to protect and respect the privacy of the victims we have helped. Q: Is Hope for Justice a Christian organisation? Hope for Justice was founded on the principles of the Christian faith. Many, but by no means all, of our staff come from a church background. All staff are expected to work in a way that reflects core values of respect, tolerance, passion for justice and appreciation of the value of individuals. The organisation strives for high standards of professionalism, openness and integrity but the service we deliver is not evangelistic. Our Directors hope that our work, and the good that comes of it, speaks of the love of God. We are acutely aware of the vulnerability of the victims we work with and we treat them with the highest level of cultural sensitivity. We serve victims who have originated from all across the globe and from a diverse mix of cultures. We do utilise the programmes of some faith-based organisations that provide aftercare for victims of trafficking but we would only make a referral if the victim was comfortable with the content of the programme and was able to make an informed choice. Q: How is Hope for Justice funded and regulated? Hope for Justice is primarily funded by private individuals, a small number of trusts and partnerships with churches. Church Partners commit to giving a set, regular donation in a similar way to individuals who donate. Some revenue is also generated from our training and work with businesses. Take a look at our Financials. In the UK, Hope for Justice is proud to be registered with the Fundraising Regulator, meaning we agree to ensure all of our fundraising is legal, open, honest and respectful. The standards for fundraising are set out in the Code of Fundraising Practice. We also abide by the Fundraising Promise. In the US, Hope for Justice has earned the Excellence in Giving Transparency Certificate after an independent analysis of 175 data points across strategy, leadership, financial, and impact data. This certification gives donors the opportunity to find our organisation, recognise our commitment to transparency, and determine if we are the right fit for their giving priorities. Q: Will the money I donate be spent in my country? Hope for Justice had projects across four continents, and your donations are directed toward whichever of our life-changing programmes is most in need. We work hard to make sure that each programme works to the highest standards and results in the greatest number of people being rescued and restored. You can be sure that every penny you donate works hard to bring freedom, justice and restoration to victims. Find out more about the lives changed by our donors’ generosity: read survivors’ stories. Q: What is Natalie Grant’s role in Hope for Justice? Natalie Grant founded Abolition International, one of the three organisations that became Hope for Justice in 2014. Natalie is a co-founder of Hope for Justice and an ambassador for the abolitionist cause. As a Grammy-nominated recording artist, Natalie uses her platform to raise awareness of the plight of trafficking victims in the US and around the world and sits on the Board of Hope for Justice. Meet the rest of Our Team. Q: Will the new expanded Hope for Justice still be a local solution to modern slavery? We’ve always seen Hope for Justice as a community intent on ending modern slavery. Each of the founding organisations started by providing practical help to people, and together we’re keeping our local focus, we’re just creating a way for more people to join the abolitionist movement! Together we’ll be rescuing and restoring many more people. Read the stories of the individual lives we’ve changed – survivor stories.

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Corecursion can be understood by contrast with recursion, which is more familiar. While corecursion is primarily of interest in functional programming, it can be illustrated using imperative programming, which is done below using the generator facility in Python. In these examples local variables are used, and assigned values imperatively (destructively), though these are not necessary in corecursion in pure functional programming. In pure functional programming, rather than assigning to local variables, these computed values form an invariable sequence, and prior values are accessed by self-reference (later values in the sequence reference earlier values in the sequence to be computed). The assignments simply express this in the imperative paradigm and explicitly specify where the computations happen, which serves to clarify the exposition. A classic example of recursion is computing the factorial, which is defined recursively as and To recursively compute its result on a given input, a recursive function calls (a copy of) itself with a different ("smaller" in some way) input and uses the result of this call to construct its result. The recursive call does the same, unless the base case has been reached. Thus a call stack develops in the process. For example, to compute fac(3), this recursively calls in turn fac(2), fac(1), fac(0) ("winding up" the stack), at which point recursion terminates with fac(0) = 1, and then the stack unwinds in reverse order and the results are calculated on the way back along the call stack to the initial call frame fac(3), where the final result is calculated as 3*2 =: 6 and finally returned. In this example a function returns a single value. This stack unwinding can be explicated, defining the factorial corecursively, as an iterator, where one starts with the case of , then from this starting value constructs factorial values for increasing numbers 1, 2, 3... as in the above recursive definition with "time arrow" reversed, as it were, by reading it backwards as . The corecursive algorithm thus defined produces a stream of all factorials. This may be concretely implemented as a generator. Symbolically, noting that computing next factorial value requires keeping track of both n and f (a previous factorial value), this can be represented as: or in Haskell, ((n,f) -> (n+1, f*(n+1))) `iterate` (0,1) meaning, "starting from , on each step the next values are calculated as ". This is mathematically equivalent and almost identical to the recursive definition, but the emphasizes that the factorial values are being built up, going forwards from the starting case, rather than being computed after first going backwards, down to the base case, with a decrement. Note also that the direct output of the corecursive function does not simply contain the factorial values, but also includes for each value the auxiliary data of its index n in the sequence, so that any one specific result can be selected among them all, as and when needed. Note the connection with denotational semantics, where the denotations of recursive programs is built up corecursively in this way. In Python, a recursive factorial function can be defined as:[a] def factorial(n): if n == 0: return 1 else: return n * factorial(n - 1) This could then be called for example as factorial(5) to compute 5!. A corresponding corecursive generator can be defined as: def factorials(): n, f = 0, 1 while True: yield f n, f = n + 1, f * (n + 1) This generates an infinite stream of factorials in order; a finite portion of it can be produced by: def n_factorials(k): n, f = 0, 1 while n <= k: yield f n, f = n + 1, f * (n + 1) This could then be called to produce the factorials up to 5! via: for f in n_factorials(5): print(f) If we're only interested in a certain factorial, just the last value can be taken, or we can fuse the production and the access into one function, def nth_factorial(k): n, f = 0, 1 while n < k: n, f = n + 1, f * (n + 1) yield f As can be readily seen here, this is practically equivalent (just by substituting return for the only yield there) to the accumulator argument technique for tail recursion, unwound into an explicit loop. Thus it can be said that the concept of corecursion is an explication of the embodiment of iterative computation processes by recursive definitions, where applicable. In the same way, the Fibonacci sequence can be represented as: Note that because the Fibonacci sequence is a recurrence relation of order 2, the corecursive relation must track two successive terms, with the corresponding to shift forward by one step, and the corresponding to computing the next term. This can then be implemented as follows (using parallel assignment): def fibonacci_sequence(): a, b = 0, 1 while True: yield a a, b = b, a + b map fst ( ((a,b) -> (b,a+b)) `iterate` (0,1) ) Tree traversal via a depth-first approach is a classic example of recursion. Dually, breadth-first traversal can very naturally be implemented via corecursion. Without using recursion or corecursion, one may traverse a tree by starting at the root node, placing the child nodes in a data structure, then removing the nodes in the data structure in turn and iterating over its children.[b] If the data structure is a stack (LIFO), this yields depth-first traversal, while if the data structure is a queue (FIFO), this yields breadth-first traversal. Using recursion, a (post-order)[c] depth-first traversal can be implemented by starting at the root node and recursively traversing each child subtree in turn (the subtree based at each child node) – the second child subtree does not start processing until the first child subtree is finished. Once a leaf node is reached or the children of a branch node have been exhausted, the node itself is visited (e.g., the value of the node itself is outputted). In this case, the call stack (of the recursive functions) acts as the stack that is iterated over. Using corecursion, a breadth-first traversal can be implemented by starting at the root node, outputting its value,[d] then breadth-first traversing the subtrees – i.e., passing on the whole list of subtrees to the next step (not a single subtree, as in the recursive approach) – at the next step outputting the value of all of their root nodes, then passing on their child subtrees, etc.[e] In this case the generator function, indeed the output sequence itself, acts as the queue. As in the factorial example (above), where the auxiliary information of the index (which step one was at, n) was pushed forward, in addition to the actual output of n!, in this case the auxiliary information of the remaining subtrees is pushed forward, in addition to the actual output. Symbolically: v,t = (, FullTree) : (RootValues, ChildTrees) meaning that at each step, one outputs the list of values of root nodes, then proceeds to the child subtrees. Generating just the node values from this sequence simply requires discarding the auxiliary child tree data, then flattening the list of lists (values are initially grouped by level (depth); flattening (ungrouping) yields a flat linear list). These can be compared as follows. The recursive traversal handles a leaf node (at the bottom) as the base case (when there are no children, just output the value), and analyzes a tree into subtrees, traversing each in turn, eventually resulting in just leaf nodes – actual leaf nodes, and branch nodes whose children have already been dealt with (cut off below). By contrast, the corecursive traversal handles a root node (at the top) as the base case (given a node, first output the value), treats a tree as being synthesized of a root node and its children, then produces as auxiliary output a list of subtrees at each step, which are then the input for the next step – the child nodes of the original root are the root nodes at the next step, as their parents have already been dealt with (cut off above). Note also that in the recursive traversal there is a distinction between leaf nodes and branch nodes, while in the corecursive traversal there is no distinction, as each node is treated as the root node of the subtree it defines. Notably, given an infinite tree,[f] the corecursive breadth-first traversal will traverse all nodes, just as for a finite tree, while the recursive depth-first traversal will go down one branch and not traverse all nodes, and indeed if traversing post-order, as in this example (or in-order), it will visit no nodes at all, because it never reaches a leaf. This shows the usefulness of corecursion rather than recursion for dealing with infinite data structures. In Python, this can be implemented as follows.[g] The usual post-order depth-first traversal can be defined as:[h] def df(node): if node is not None: df(node.left) df(node.right) print(node.value) This can then be called by df(t) to print the values of the nodes of the tree in post-order depth-first order. The breadth-first corecursive generator can be defined as:[i] def bf(tree): tree_list = tree while tree_list: new_tree_list = for tree in tree_list: if tree is not None: yield tree.value new_tree_list.append(tree.left) new_tree_list.append(tree.right) tree_list = new_tree_list This can then be called to print the values of the nodes of the tree in breadth-first order: for i in bf(t): print(i) Initial data types can be defined as being the least fixpoint (up to isomorphism) of some type equation; the isomorphism is then given by an initial algebra. Dually, final (or terminal) data types can be defined as being the greatest fixpoint of a type equation; the isomorphism is then given by a final coalgebra. If the domain of discourse is the category of sets and total functions, then final data types may contain infinite, non-wellfounded values, whereas initial types do not. On the other hand, if the domain of discourse is the category of complete partial orders and continuous functions, which corresponds roughly to the Haskell programming language, then final types coincide with initial types, and the corresponding final coalgebra and initial algebra form an isomorphism. Corecursion is then a technique for recursively defining functions whose range (codomain) is a final data type, dual to the way that ordinary recursion recursively defines functions whose domain is an initial data type. The discussion below provides several examples in Haskell that distinguish corecursion. Roughly speaking, if one were to port these definitions to the category of sets, they would still be corecursive. This informal usage is consistent with existing textbooks about Haskell. Also note that the examples used in this article predate the attempts to define corecursion and explain what it is. The rule for primitive corecursion on codata is the dual to that for primitive recursion on data. Instead of descending on the argument by pattern-matching on its constructors (that were called up before, somewhere, so we receive a ready-made datum and get at its constituent sub-parts, i.e. "fields"), we ascend on the result by filling-in its "destructors" (or "observers", that will be called afterwards, somewhere - so we're actually calling a constructor, creating another bit of the result to be observed later on). Thus corecursion creates (potentially infinite) codata, whereas ordinary recursion analyses (necessarily finite) data. Ordinary recursion might not be applicable to the codata because it might not terminate. Conversely, corecursion is not strictly necessary if the result type is data, because data must be finite. In "Programming with streams in Coq: a case study: the Sieve of Eratosthenes" we find hd (conc a s) = a tl (conc a s) = s (sieve p s) = if div p (hd s) then sieve p (tl s) else conc (hd s) (sieve p (tl s)) hd (primes s) = (hd s) tl (primes s) = primes (sieve (hd s) (tl s)) where primes "are obtained by applying the primes operation to the stream (Enu 2)". Following the above notation, the sequence of primes (with a throwaway 0 prefixed to it) and numbers streams being progressively sieved, can be represented as or in Haskell, ((p, s@(h:t)) -> (h, sieve h t)) `iterate` (0, 2..) The authors discuss how the definition of sieve is not guaranteed always to be productive, and could become stuck e.g. if called with 5,10.. as the initial stream. Here is another example in Haskell. The following definition produces the list of Fibonacci numbers in linear time: fibs = 0 : 1 : zipWith (+) fibs (tail fibs) This infinite list depends on lazy evaluation; elements are computed on an as-needed basis, and only finite prefixes are ever explicitly represented in memory. This feature allows algorithms on parts of codata to terminate; such techniques are an important part of Haskell programming. This can be done in Python as well: from itertools import tee, chain, islice, imap def add(x, y): return x + y def fibonacci(): def deferred_output(): for i in output: yield i result, c1, c2 = tee(deferred_output(), 3) paired = imap(add, c1, islice(c2, 1, None)) output = chain(0, 1, paired) return result for i in islice(fibonacci(), 20): print(i) The definition of zipWith can be inlined, leading to this: fibs = 0 : 1 : next fibs where next (a: t@(b:_)) = (a+b):next t This example employs a self-referential data structure. Ordinary recursion makes use of self-referential functions, but does not accommodate self-referential data. However, this is not essential to the Fibonacci example. It can be rewritten as follows: fibs = fibgen (0,1) fibgen (x,y) = x : fibgen (y,x+y) This employs only self-referential function to construct the result. If it were used with strict list constructor it would be an example of runaway recursion, but with non-strict list constructor this guarded recursion gradually produces an indefinitely defined list. Corecursion need not produce an infinite object; a corecursive queue is a particularly good example of this phenomenon. The following definition produces a breadth-first traversal of a binary tree in linear time: data Tree a b = Leaf a | Branch b (Tree a b) (Tree a b) bftrav :: Tree a b -> Tree a b bftrav tree = queue where queue = tree : gen 1 queue gen 0 p = gen len (Leaf _ : s) = gen (len-1) s gen len (Branch _ l r : s) = l : r : gen (len+1) s This definition takes an initial tree and produces a list of subtrees. This list serves dual purpose as both the queue and the result ( gen len p produces its output len notches after its input back-pointer, p, along the queue). It is finite if and only if the initial tree is finite. The length of the queue must be explicitly tracked in order to ensure termination; this can safely be elided if this definition is applied only to infinite trees. Another particularly good example gives a solution to the problem of breadth-first labeling. The function label visits every node in a binary tree in a breadth first fashion, and replaces each label with an integer, each subsequent integer is bigger than the last by one. This solution employs a self-referential data structure, and the binary tree can be finite or infinite. label :: Tree a b -> Tree Int Int label t = t′ where (t′, ns) = go t (1:ns) go :: Tree a b -> Int -> (Tree Int Int, Int) go (Leaf _ ) (n:ns) = (Leaf n , n+1 : ns ) go (Branch _ l r) (n:ns) = (Branch n l′ r′ , n+1 : ns′′) where (l′, ns′ ) = go l ns (r′, ns′′) = go r ns′ An apomorphism (such as an anamorphism, such as unfold) is a form of corecursion in the same way that a paramorphism (such as a catamorphism, such as fold) is a form of recursion. The Coq proof assistant supports corecursion and coinduction using the CoFixpoint command. Corecursion, referred to as circular programming, dates at least to （Bird 1984）, who credits John Hughes and Philip Wadler; more general forms were developed in （Allison 1989）. The original motivations included producing more efficient algorithms (allowing 1 pass over data in some cases, instead of requiring multiple passes) and implementing classical data structures, such as doubly linked lists and queues, in functional languages. class Tree: def __init__(self, value, left=None, right=None): self.value = value self.left = left self.right = right def __str__(self): return str(self.value) and initializing a tree, say via: t = Tree(1, Tree(2, Tree(4), Tree(5)), Tree(3, Tree(6), Tree(7))) In this example nodes are labeled in breadth-first order: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Image by/from Steve Evans from Bangalore, India A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibers (yarn or thread). Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, hemp, or other materials to produce long strands. Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting , tatting, felting, or braiding. The related words “fabric” and “cloth” and “material” are often used in textile assembly trades (such as tailoring and dressmaking) as synonyms for textile. However, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. A textile is any material made of interlacing fibres, including carpeting and geotextiles. A fabric is a material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding that may be used in production of further goods (garments, etc.). Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric but is often a piece of fabric that has been processed. The word ‘textile’ is from Latin, from the adjective textilis, meaning ‘woven’, from textus, the past participle of the verb texere, ‘to weave’. The word ‘fabric’ also derives from Latin, most recently from the Middle French fabrique, or ‘building, thing made’, and earlier as the Latin fabrica ‘workshop; an art, trade; a skilful production, structure, fabric’, which is from the Latin faber, or ‘artisan who works in hard materials’, from PIE dhabh-, meaning ‘to fit together’. The word ‘cloth’ derives from the Old English clad, meaning a cloth, woven or felted material to wrap around one, from Proto-Germanic kalithaz (compare O.Frisian ‘klath’, Middle Dutch ‘cleet’, Dutch ‘kleed’, Middle High German ‘kleit’, and German ‘kleid’, all meaning “garment”). The first clothes, worn at least 70,000 years ago and perhaps much earlier, were probably made of animal skins and helped protect early humans from the elements. At some point, people learned to weave plant fibers into textiles. The discovery of dyed flax fibres in a cave in the Republic of Georgia dated to 34,000 BCE suggests textile-like materials were made even in prehistoric times. The production of textiles is a craft whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization and the introduction of modern manufacturing techniques. Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing and for containers such as bags and baskets. In the household they are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, coverings for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, and in art. In the workplace they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Miscellaneous uses include flags, backpacks, tents, nets, handkerchiefs, cleaning rags, transportation devices such as balloons, kites, sails, and parachutes; textiles are also used to provide strengthening in composite materials such as fibreglass and industrial geotextiles. Textiles are used in many traditional crafts such as sewing, quilting and embroidery. Textiles for industrial purposes, and chosen for characteristics other than their appearance, are commonly referred to as technical textiles. Technical textiles include textile structures for automotive applications, medical textiles (e.g. implants), geotextiles (reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), protective clothing (e.g. against heat and radiation for fire fighter clothing, against molten metals for welders, stab protection, and bullet proof vests). In all these applications stringent performance requirements must be met. Woven of threads coated with zinc oxide nanowires, laboratory fabric has been shown capable of “self-powering nanosystems” using vibrations created by everyday actions like wind or body movements. Textiles are made from many materials, with four main sources: animal (wool, silk), plant (cotton, flax, jute, bamboo), mineral (asbestos, glass fibre), and synthetic (nylon, polyester, acrylic, rayon). The first three are natural. In the 20th century, they were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum. Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest microfibre made of strands thinner than one denier to the sturdiest canvas. Textile manufacturing terminology has a wealth of descriptive terms, from light gauze-like gossamer to heavy grosgrain cloth and beyond. Animal textiles are commonly made from hair, fur, skin or silk (in the silkworms case). Wool refers to the hair of the domestic sheep or goat, which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with a wax mixture known as lanolin (sometimes called wool grease), which is waterproof and dirtproof. Woollen refers to a bulkier yarn produced from carded, non-parallel fibre, while worsted refers to a finer yarn spun from longer fibres which have been combed to be parallel. Wool is commonly used for warm clothing. Cashmere, the hair of the Indian cashmere goat, and mohair, the hair of the North African angora goat, are types of wool known for their softness. Other animal textiles which are made from hair or fur are alpaca wool, vicuna wool, llama wool, and camel hair, generally used in the production of coats, jackets, ponchos, blankets, and other warm coverings. Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the angora rabbit. Qiviut is the fine inner wool of the muskox. Wadmal is a coarse cloth made of wool, produced in Scandinavia, mostly 1000~1500 CE. Sea silk is an extremely fine, rare, and valuable fabric that is made from the silky filaments or byssus secreted by a gland in the foot of pen shells. Silk is an animal textile made from the fibres of the cocoon of the Chinese silkworm which is spun into a smooth fabric prized for its softness. There are two main types of the silk: ‘mulberry silk’ produced by the Bombyx Mori, and ‘wild silk’ such as Tussah silk (wild silk). Silkworm larvae produce the first type if cultivated in habitats with fresh mulberry leaves for consumption, while Tussah silk is produced by silkworms feeding purely on oak leaves. Around four-fifths of the world’s silk production consists of cultivated silk. Grass, rush, hemp, and sisal are all used in making rope. In the first two, the entire plant is used for this purpose, while in the last two, only fibres from the plant are utilized. Coir (coconut fibre) is used in making twine, and also in floormats, doormats, brushes, mattresses, floor tiles, and sacking. Straw and bamboo are both used to make hats. Straw, a dried form of grass, is also used for stuffing, as is kapok. Fibres from pulpwood trees, cotton, rice, hemp, and nettle are used in making paper. Cotton, flax, jute, hemp, modal and even bamboo fibre are all used in clothing. Pina (pineapple fibre) and ramie are also fibres used in clothing, generally with a blend of other fibres such as cotton. Nettles have also been used to make a fibre and fabric very similar to hemp or flax. The use of milkweed stalk fibre has also been reported, but it tends to be somewhat weaker than other fibres like hemp or flax. The inner bark of the lacebark tree is a fine netting that has been used to make clothing and accessories as well as utilitarian articles such as rope. Acetate is used to increase the shininess of certain fabrics such as silks, velvets, and taffetas. Seaweed is used in the production of textiles: a water-soluble fibre known as alginate is produced and is used as a holding fibre; when the cloth is finished, the alginate is dissolved, leaving an open area. Rayon is a manufactured fabric derived from plant pulp. Different types of rayon can imitate the feel and texture of silk, cotton, wool, or linen. Fibres from the stalks of plants, such as hemp, flax, and nettles, are also known as ‘bast’ fibres. Asbestos and basalt fibre are used for vinyl tiles, sheeting and adhesives, “transite” panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets. Glass fibre is used in the production of ironing board and mattress covers, ropes and cables, reinforcement fibre for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabric, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibres. Glass fibres are woven and coated with Teflon to produce beta cloth, a virtually fireproof fabric which replaced nylon in the outer layer of United States space suits since 1968.[verification needed] Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of uses, including the production of cloth-of-gold and jewellery. Hardware cloth (US term only) is a coarse woven mesh of steel wire, used in construction. It is much like standard window screening, but heavier and with a more open weave. Minerals and natural and synthetic fabrics may be combined, as in emery cloth, a layer of emery abrasive glued to a cloth backing. Also, “sand cloth” is a U.S. term for fine wire mesh with abrasive glued to it, employed like emery cloth or coarse sandpaper. Synthetic textiles are used primarily in the production of clothing, as well as the manufacture of geotextiles. Polyester fibre is used in all types of clothing, either alone or blended with fibres such as cotton. Aramid fibre (e.g. Twaron) is used for flame-retardant clothing, cut-protection, and armour. Acrylic is a fibre used to imitate wools, including cashmere, and is often used in replacement of them. Nylon is a fibre used to imitate silk; it is used in the production of pantyhose. Thicker nylon fibres are used in rope and outdoor clothing. Spandex (trade name Lycra) is a polyurethane product that can be made tight-fitting without impeding movement. It is used to make activewear, bras, and swimsuits. Olefin fibre is a fibre used in activewear, linings, and warm clothing. Olefins are hydrophobic, allowing them to dry quickly. A sintered felt of olefin fibres is sold under the trade name Tyvek. Ingeo is a polylactide fibre blended with other fibres such as cotton and used in clothing. It is more hydrophilic than most other synthetics, allowing it to wick away perspiration. Lurex is a metallic fibre used in clothing embellishment. Milk proteins have also been used to create synthetic fabric. Milk or casein fibre cloth was developed during World War I in Germany, and further developed in Italy and America during the 1930s. Milk fibre fabric is not very durable and wrinkles easily, but has a pH similar to human skin and possesses anti-bacterial properties. It is marketed as a biodegradable, renewable synthetic fibre. Carbon fibre is mostly used in composite materials, together with resin, such as carbon fibre reinforced plastic. The fibres are made from polymer fibres through carbonization. Weaving is a textile production method which involves interlacing a set of longer threads (called the warp) with a set of crossing threads (called the weft). This is done on a frame or machine known as a loom, of which there are a number of types. Some weaving is still done by hand, but the vast majority is mechanized. Knitting, looping, and crocheting involve interlacing loops of yarn, which are formed either on a knitting needle, needle, or on a crochet hook, together in a line. The processes are different in that knitting has several active loops at one time, on the knitting needle waiting to interlock with another loop, while Looping and crocheting never have more than one active loop on the needle. Knitting can be performed by machine, but crochet can only be performed by hand. Spread Tow is a production method where the yarn are spread into thin tapes, and then the tapes are woven as warp and weft. This method is mostly used for composite materials; spread tow fabrics can be made in carbon, aramide, etc. Braiding or plaiting involves twisting threads together into cloth. Knotting involves tying threads together and is used in making tatting and macrame. Lace is made by interlocking threads together independently, using a backing and any of the methods described above, to create a fine fabric with open holes in the work. Lace can be made by either hand or machine. Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen are made by interlacing a secondary yarn through woven cloth, creating a tufted layer known as a nap or pile. Felting involves pressing a mat of fibres together, and working them together until they become tangled. A liquid, such as soapy water, is usually added to lubricate the fibres, and to open up the microscopic scales on strands of wool. Nonwoven textiles are manufactured by the bonding of fibres to make fabric. Bonding may be thermal or mechanical, or adhesives can be used. Bark cloth is made by pounding bark until it is soft and flat. Textiles are often dyed, with fabrics available in almost every colour. The dyeing process often requires several dozen gallons of water for each pound of clothing. Coloured designs in textiles can be created by weaving together fibres of different colours (tartan or Uzbek Ikat), adding coloured stitches to finished fabric (embroidery), creating patterns by resist dyeing methods, tying off areas of cloth and dyeing the rest (tie-dyeing), or drawing wax designs on cloth and dyeing in between them (batik), or using various printing processes on finished fabric. Woodblock printing, still used in India and elsewhere today, is the oldest of these dating back to at least 220 CE in China. Textiles are also sometimes bleached, making the textile pale or white. Textiles are sometimes finished by chemical processes to change their characteristics. In the 19th century and early 20th century starching was commonly used to make clothing more resistant to stains and wrinkles. Eisengarn, meaning “iron yarn” in English, is a light-reflecting, strong material invented in Germany in the 19th century. It is made by soaking cotton threads in a starch and paraffin wax solution. The threads are then stretched and polished by steel rollers and brushes. The end result of the process is a lustrous, tear-resistant yarn which is extremely hardwearing. Since the 1990s, with advances in technologies such as permanent press process, finishing agents have been used to strengthen fabrics and make them wrinkle free. More recently, nanomaterials research has led to additional advancements, with companies such as Nano-Tex and NanoHorizons developing permanent treatments based on metallic nanoparticles for making textiles more resistant to things such as water, stains, wrinkles, and pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. Textiles receive a range of treatments before they reach the end-user. From formaldehyde finishes (to improve crease-resistance) to biocidic finishes and from flame retardants to dyeing of many types of fabric, the possibilities are almost endless. However, many of these finishes may also have detrimental effects on the end user. A number of disperse, acid and reactive dyes (for example) have been shown to be allergenic to sensitive individuals. Further to this, specific dyes within this group have also been shown to induce purpuric contact dermatitis. Although formaldehyde levels in clothing are unlikely to be at levels high enough to cause an allergic reaction, due to the presence of such a chemical, quality control and testing are of utmost importance. Flame retardants (mainly in the brominated form) are also of concern where the environment, and their potential toxicity, are concerned. Testing for these additives is possible at a number of commercial laboratories, it is also possible to have textiles tested for according to the Oeko-tex certification standard which contains limits levels for the use of certain chemicals in textiles products.

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This WHOIS Primer summarizes the key components of the WHOIS service, policy, and protocols. It takes into account the many contracts, specifications, standards, protocols, advisories, and policies that collectively describe the ICANN WHOIS program applicable to the collection, display, and use of gTLD domain name registration data. This Primer is based on the obligations described in the 2013 Registrar Accreditation Agreement (2013 RAA), and the base new gTLD Registry Agreement (New GTLD Registry Agreement [PDF, 649 KB]), and in a few instances other registry agreements, as noted below. As not all registrars and registries are operating under the 2013 RAA or the New gTLD Base Agreement, their actual obligations pertaining to WHOIS may vary. Please refer to the language of the original documents for the text of the obligations related to WHOIS. Based on existing consensus policies and contracts, ICANN is committed to "implementing measures to maintain timely, unrestricted and public access to accurate and complete WHOIS information", subject to applicable laws. The WHOIS service is a free, publicly available directory containing the contact and technical information of registered domain name registrants. Anyone who needs to know who is behind a website domain name can make a request for that information via WHOIS. The data is collected and made available by registrars and registries under the terms of their agreements with ICANN. WHOIS is not a single, centrally managed database. Rather, registration data is held in disparate locations and administered by multiple registries and registrars. They set their own conventions for WHOIS service, consistent with the minimum requirements established in their contracts with ICANN. The term "WHOIS" refers to protocols, services, and data types associated with Internet naming and numbering resources beyond domain names, such as Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs). The WHOIS service includes WHOIS clients, WHOIS servers, WHOIS data stores, and WHOIS data (domain name registration records). Essentially, WHOIS can refer to any of the following: These ambiguities inherent in the WHOIS label complicate efforts to shape the evolution of meta-data for Internet naming and numbering. To address this, ICANN has developed more precise terminology for gTLDs, including: Domain Name Registration Data (DNRD) – refers to the information that domain name registrants provide when registering a domain name and that registrars or registries collect. Some of this information is made available to the public. For interactions between ICANN accredited Generic Top Level Domain (gTLD) registrars and domain name registrants, the data elements are specified in the current registry agreement and Registrar Accreditation Agreement. For country code Top Level Domains (ccTLDs), the operators of these TLDs implement local policy regarding the request and display of registration information. Domain Name Registration Data Access Protocol (DNRD-AP) – refers to the elements of a (standard) communications exchange—queries and responses—that make access to registration data possible. For example, the WHOIS protocol (RFC 3912) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) (RFC 2616 and its updates) are commonly used to provide public access [PDF, 649 KB] to DNRD. Domain Name Registration Data Directory Service (DNRD-DS) – refers to the service(s) offered by registries and registrars to provide access to (potentially a subset of) the DNRD. This term is now often used interchangeably with Registration Directory Service (RDS). Internet operators use WHOIS to identify individuals or entities responsible for the operation of a network resource on the Internet. Over time, WHOIS has evolved to serve the need of many different stakeholders, such as domain name registrants, law enforcement agents, intellectual property and trademark owners, businesses and individuals. Stakeholders use the WHOIS service for a variety of purposes, including to: Under the ICANN contracts, WHOIS can be used for any legal purpose except to enable mass unsolicited, commercial advertising or solicitations, or to enable high volume, automated, electronic processes that send queries or data to a registry or registrar's systems, except as necessary to manage domain names. Anyone wishing to register a domain name must provide contact and technical information for display in the WHOIS database; WHOIS data is actually a subset of the information due at the time of registration. In turn, ICANN's agreements with registrars require them to provide public access to data on registered names. The 2013 RAA states that "at its expense, Registrar shall provide an interactive web page and, with respect to any gTLD operating a "thin" registry, a port 43 WHOIS service (each accessible via both IPv4 and IPv6) providing free public query-based access to up-to-date (i.e., updated at least daily) data concerning all active Registered Names sponsored by Registrar in any gTLD." For the generic top-level domain (gTLD) registries, ICANN specifies WHOIS service requirements through the registry agreements [PDF, 649 KB]. Registries satisfy their WHOIS obligations using different data models. The two common models are often characterized as "thin" and "thick" WHOIS registries. Although the new "thick" WHOIS policy now requires all new gTLD registries operate a thick registry, currently a few existing registries (such as .COM and .NET) have not yet transitioned to "thick" WHOIS and still operate a thin registry. A thin registry only includes data sufficient to identify the sponsoring registrar, status of the registration, creation and expiration dates for each registration, name server data, and last time the record is updated in its WHOIS data store. Thick registries maintain the domain name registrant's contact information and designated administrative and technical contact information, in addition to the sponsoring registrar and registration status information supplied by a thin registry. Additionally, domain name registrants are required to provide timely updates (within seven days) to WHOIS data for a registered domain name. The registrar is then obligated to promptly update the WHOIS data. Because registration data connects individuals or organizations with domain names, domain name registrants are required to provide accurate and reliable contact details. If the domain name registrant knowingly provides inaccurate information, fails to update information within seven days of any change, or does not respond within 15 days to an inquiry about accuracy, the domain name may be suspended or cancelled. For their part, registrars are required to comply with the new WHOIS Accuracy Specification. They must verify certain WHOIS fields such as email addresses or phone numbers and validate the presence of data as well as the format of email addresses, postal addresses and telephone numbers. Registrars are also obliged to send annual data reminder notices to domain name registrants and to verify and validate changes to WHOIS data. Registrars are obligated to perform these validation and verifications of these WHOIS data fields within fifteen days of the domain registration, inter-registrar transfer, or any change in the domain name registrant. However, if a registrar has already successfully completed the validation and verification procedures on the identical contact information, and is not in possession of facts or knowledge of circumstances that suggest that the information is no longer valid, then it is not obligated to re-validate or re-verify these WHOIS data fields. Anyone can submit complaints of inaccuracies through ICANN organization's WHOIS data reporting system, and the RAA requires registrars to investigate claims of inaccuracy. Registrars must also re-verify and re-validate certain WHOIS data fields if they have any information suggesting that these WHOIS data fields are incorrect. In order to verify and ensure the operational stability of registry services, as well as to facilitate compliance checks on accredited registrars, registries provide ICANN with weekly, specific up-to-date thin registration data [PDF, 649 KB]. Registries also are required [PDF, 649 KB] in exceptional cases, such as failure of a registry, to provide bulk access to thick registration data to ICANN. Registrars and registries [PDF, 649 KB] are obligated to provide access to WHOIS data through registration data publication services. It must be publicly available in a specific format and on a designated "port" reserved for WHOIS data sharing (port 43), as well as on an interactive webpage. Port 43 access by registrars is required only for domain names registered in 'thin' registries. The data must include specific identification, contact and technical information. At present, web-based WHOIS queries may be performed through the websites of ICANN organization itself, ICANN accredited registrars and registries, most regional Internet registries, and third party WHOIS client providers. The agreement between a gTLD registry operator and registrar may, if approved by ICANN organization in writing, state alternative requirements for that gTLD. Also, under certain market conditions, the registrar may be obligated to provide bulk access to WHOIS. Data available depends on whether a registry is "thick" or "thin". Only a few registries that existed prior to the new gTLD program are "thin," (such as .com and .net). Thin registries do not include domain name registrant contact details. For thin registries, registrars provide the specific domain name registrant contact information. ICANN specifies Service Level Agreements related to the performance and acceptable downtime of the registrar & registry's [PDF, 649 KB] WHOIS services. This includes downtime for maintenance, planned outages or system failures, and performance response times to Internet user queries. To the extent that a reseller is involved in facilitating a registration of a domain name, registrars must enter into written agreements with all of its resellers that enable the registrar to comply with and perform all of its obligations. Licensors of domain names also have responsibility for the actions of licensees. Any domain name registrant that licenses use of a domain name to a third party is responsible for providing its own full contact information and for providing and updating accurate technical and administrative contact information adequate to facilitate timely resolution of any problems that arise in connection with the registered domain name. A domain name registrant licensing use of a domain name is liable for harm caused by wrongful use of the domain name, unless it discloses the current contact information provided by the licensee and the identity of the licensee within seven (7) days to a party providing the domain name registrant reasonable evidence of actionable harm. ICANN requires registrars to submit an electronic copy of the registrar's database, which includes WHOIS data, to a reputable escrow agent on a schedule, under the terms, and in the format specified by ICANN. Registries are required [PDF, 649 KB] to deposit domain name registration data, along with other registry data, in escrow, with an escrow agent. The RAA specifies that if the WHOIS service implemented by registrars does not provide reliable and convenient access to accurate and up-to-date data, ICANN may set up centralized access to remote data. In response to the WHOIS Review Team's recommendations, ICANN has committed to creating a centralized look-up tool that will interface with the WHOIS databases of registrars and registries to simplify and make the WHOIS service more convenient for its users. The format of responses must contain certain data elements and follow a semi-free text format. A list of the available data elements and directions about which ones are required/mandatory is included in the Registration Data Directory Services Specification to the 2013 RAA. There are also specific formatting requirements for registrars and registries [PDF, 649 KB], such as those specified by the Registry Registration Data Directory Services Consistent Labeling and Display Policy. Earlier WHOIS specifications did not include language or script requirements for input or output. Implementation efforts are now underway to internationalize WHOIS, in accordance with the new Translation and Transliteration of Contact Information Policy. Registries have the option to provide certain search functionality [PDF, 649 KB] for the WHOIS. Registrars and registries must comply with applicable laws and government regulations regarding the collection, display and distribution of personal data via WHOIS. If a registrar or registry encounters a conflict with local laws, ICANN has procedures in place for reviewing and considering those situations, including processes for requesting a WHOIS data retention specification waiver. Privacy and proxy services are for individuals and entities who wish to keep certain information from being made public via WHOIS. There are two general types of these services: Privacy and proxy services offered by registrars or their affiliates are subject to additional obligations. These privacy and proxy providers must disclose their Service Terms, publish an Abuse of Point Contact and meet Escrow Obligations. Further issues associated with privacy and proxy service accreditation are currently being addressed through implementation of new policies. Every registrar must publish on its website(s) and/or provide a link to the Domain Name Registrants' Benefits and Responsibilities Specification. Domain name registrants' rights include: Instructions that explain the registrar's processes for registering, managing, transferring, renewing, and restoring domain name registrations, including through any proxy or privacy services made available by the registrar. Domain Name Registrants' Responsibilities include: Providing accurate information for publication in directories such as WHOIS, and promptly update the data to reflect any changes. WHOIS is referenced to conduct specific functions related to the operation of domain names. For example, WHOIS is used to support the transfer or deletion of a domain name, or to facilitate trademark related administrative dispute resolution proceedings such as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) and the Uniform Rapid Suspension System (URS). Under the ICANN Policy on transfers between registrars, the authority to transfer a domain name is restricted to the administrative contact and the domain name registrant in the WHOIS record. The gaining registrar must obtain a valid Form of Authorization (FOA) from either of these contacts. If the transfer between registrars is contentious, the Registrar Transfer Dispute Policy allows a registry to examine the WHOIS evidence to determine if the transfer was properly authorized. Sometimes domain name registrations are deleted – such as in the case of false contact data or non-response to a registrar's inquiries. Under the Expired Domain Name Recovery Policy, the domain name registrant at expiration in the WHOIS record is offered a Redemption Grace Period of 30 days to request the restoration of a domain name. During this time, the registered domain name is disabled and cannot be transferred. Under the Restored Names Accuracy Policy, following the restoration of the domain name, the domain name registration must be placed on hold until updated and accurate WHOIS information is provided. WHOIS is also referenced in trademark related complaints in new gTLDs under the Uniform Rapid Suspension System (URS) to: Changes to WHOIS can occur in a variety of ways. ICANN's Bylaws require periodic reviews to assess the effectiveness of the current gTLD Registration Directory Service (RDS, formerly known as WHOIS), and those reviews can lead to modifications of the WHOIS Program. Changes to WHOIS obligations can also be accomplished through the contract amendment clauses in the RAA and in each of the Registry Agreements. In addition, consensus policies created through recommendations developed by the Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) as approved by the Board in accordance with the procedures under the ICANN Bylaws, can also change WHOIS obligations. For example, a GNSO Policy Development Process is now underway to identify requirements for Registration Directory Services and make a recommendation as to whether a next-generation WHOIS replacement is needed to meet those requirements. This summary is not intended to be comprehensive, but illustrative of the breadth of the WHOIS program. Please refer to actual contract terms, specifications, and policies for the definitive obligations. ICANN organization has posted a "Single Webpage for ICANN WHOIS-Related Policies and Provisions" as a resource to identify the location of these obligations. As noted above, this WHOIS Primer is based on the terms of the 2013 RAA and the New gTLD Base Agreement. Not all registrars or registries are bound by these form agreements, and as a result, the WHOIS obligations may vary from registry to registry, and from registrar to registrar, depending upon what version of RAA registrar is under. Please visit the accredited registrar listing to identify the contract version applicable to specific registrars. Last Updated: July 2017

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I. In Judaea - Azotus: Near the Mediterranean; the ancient Ashod, visited by Philip (Acts 8:40). - Bethlehem: Six miles south of Jerusalem; the birthplace of Jesus (Matt. 2:1). - Bethany: Near Jerusalem, on a slope of the Mount of Olives; the home of Mary, Martha, and Lazarus (John 12:1). - Gaza: Near the Mediterranean, to which a road led from Jerusalem (Acts 8:26). - Emmaus: Four miles south of Jerusalem; the place to which the two disciples were walking when joined by Jesus (Luke 24:13). - Joppa: On the Mediterranean; the port of Jerusalem where Peter saw a vision (Acts 11:5). - Jericho: In the valley of the Jordan, where Jesus restored sight to Bartimaeus (Mark 10:46). - Jerusalem: The Holy City where all the great feasts were held (Luke 2:41). II. In Samaria - Antipatris: East of Shechem; the place to which the guard conveyed Paul by night (Acts 23:31). - Caesarea: On the Mediterranean, where Paul made his defense before Agrippa (Acts 25). - Sychar: In the valley between Ebal and Gerizim; the site of Jacob’s well (John 4:5, 6). III. In Galilee - Bethsaida: A village on the Sea of Galilee; the native place of Peter, Andrew, and Philip (John 1:44). - Cana: A village four or five miles northeast of Nazareth, where Jesus performed his first miracle (John 2:11). - Capernaum: A city on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, where Jesus lived, and performed many miracles (Matt. 4:13). - Chorazin: A city on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee, against which Jesus pronounced woes (Matt. 11:21). - Magdala: A village on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, visited by Jesus (Matt. 15:39). - Nazareth: A town among the hills, about midway between the Sea of Galilee and the Mediterranean; celebrated as the place where Jesus was brought up (Luke 4:16). - Nain: A village on a hill southeast of Nazareth, where Jesus raised to life the widow’s son (Luke 7:12). - Ptolemais: On the Mediterranean, north of Mount Carmel, where Paul landed on his way to Jerusalem (Acts 21:7). - Tiberias: A city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, visited by Jesus (John 6:1). IV. In Peraea - Bethabara: A place east of the Jordan, nearly opposite Jericho, where John baptized (John 1:28). - Machaeus: East of the Dead Sea; the place where John the Baptist was imprisoned and beheaded. Not named in the Bible. - Bethsaida: On the northeastern shore of the Sea of Galilee; the place where Jesus fed the five thousand (Luke 9:10-17). - Gadara: A city south of the Sea of Galilee, which gave its name to the district-“the country of the Gadarenes” (Mark 5:1). - Gergesa: A little village east of the Sea of Galilee; the place near which the demoniacs were cured, and the swine drowned (Matt. 8:28-34). VI. In Phoenicia - Tyre: The celebrated commercial city of antiquity, on the Mediterranean; on “the coasts” of which Jesus cured the daughter of the Syro-Phoenician woman (Matt. 15:21-28). - Sidon: A city on the Mediterranean, about twenty miles north of Tyre, in a region once visited by Jesus (Mark 7:24). VII. In Syria - Damascus: On a fertile plain, watered by the Abana and Pharpar, east of the Anti-Libanus mountains; the place of the Apostle Paul’s conversion (Acts 9:1-25). - Antioch: On the river Orontes, seventeen miles from the Mediterranean, between the Tarsus and Lebanon ranges of mountains; the seat of the first missionary church (Acts 11:19-30). VIII. In Asia Minor - Antioch: A city in Pisidia, east of Ephesus, visited by Paul and Barnabas (Acts 13:14). - Ephesus: A celebrated city one mile from the AEgean Sea, where Paul preached for a long time, (Acts 19) and one of the seven churches of Asia (Rev. 2:1). - Derbe: A town in Lycaonia, visited by Paul and Barnabas (Acts 16:1). - Iconium: Sixty miles east of Antioch, where Paul and Barnabas preached (Acts 14:1-5). - Lystra: Not far from Derbe, also visited by Paul and Barnabas; the home of Timothy, (Acts 16:1) and where the two missionaries were thought to be gods (Acts 14:8-12). - Laodicea: The capital of Phrygia, and the seat of one of the churches to which a message was sent by John (Rev. 3:14). - Miletus: The port of Ephesus, where Paul delivered a farewell address (Acts 20:17-38). - Myra: An important town of Lycia, where Paul changed ships on his journey to Rome (Acts 27:5). - Patara: A sea-port of Lycia, where Paul took ship for Phoenicia (Rev. 2:12). - Pergamos: A city of Mysia; the site of one of the seven churches of Asia (Rev. 2:12). - Perga: A city of Pamphylia, visited by Paul and Barnabas, and where Mark left them (Acts 13:3). - Philadelphia: A town on the borders of Lydia; the seat of one of the seven churches of Asia (Rev. 3:7). - Smyrna: On the AEgean Sea, forty miles north of Ephesus; the seat of one of the seven churches in Asia (Rev. 2:8). - Sardis: An important city of Lydia; the seat of one of the seven churches of Asia (Rev. 3:1). - Troas: The ancient Troy, on the AEgean Sea, where Paul in a vision received the call to Macedonia (Acts 16:8-10). - Tarsus: A city of Cilicia; the birthplace of the Apostle Paul (Acts 9:11). - Thyatira: A city of Lydia, and the seat of one of the seven churches of Asia (Rev. 2:18). IX. In Macedonia - Amphipolis: Thirty-three miles from Philippi, and three miles from the AEgean Sea, visited by Paul (Acts 17:1). - Apollonia: A city thirty miles from Amphipolis, where Paul remained one day (Acts 17:1). - Berea: A small city on the eastern side of Mount Olympus, where Paul preached, and where the people examined the Scriptures to see if his preaching was true (Acts 17:10-13). - Philippi: A flourishing city nine miles from the AEgean Sea, celebrated as the first foothold of the gospel in Europe (Acts 16:12-40). - Thessalonica: At the head of the Thermaic Gulf; an important commercial centre, and the scene of Paul’s labor (Acts 17:1-9). - Athens: One of the most celebrated cities of the world, situated five miles northeast of the Saronic Gulf, a part of the AEgean Sea. It was the seat of Grecian learning, and the place where Paul delivered one of his most famous discourses (Acts 17:15-34). - Corinth: An important city forty miles west of Athens, where Paul preached, and the seat of one of the leading churches (Acts 18:1-18). XI. In the Isles of the Sea - Fair Haven: A harbor in the island of Crete; a place where the ship on which Paul was sailing anchored (Acts 27:8). - Mitylene: On the island of Lesbos, in the AEgean Sea, where Paul’s ship anchored for a night (Acts 20:14). - Paphos: On the western shore of Cyprus; visited by Paul and Barnabas (Acts 13:6). - Salamis: On the eastern shore of Cyprus; visited by Paul and Barnabas (Acts 13:5). - Syracuse: A celebrated city on the eastern shore of Sicily, where Paul stopped on his journey to Rome (Acts 28:12). - Rhegium: A city on the southern extremity of Italy, where the ship in which Paul was journeying touched (Acts 28:13). - Puteoli: The leading port of Italy, where Paul disembarked (Acts 28:13). - Appii Forum: A village on the Appian Way, forty-three miles from Rome, where Christians met Paul (Acts 28:15). - Three Taverns: A place eleven miles from Rome, where another band of Christians met Paul (Acts 28:15). - Rome: The great city of Italy, the capital of the Roman Empire, where Paul was taken for trial before Caesar, (Acts 28:16), and where he was afterwards put to death. Copyright © 1989 - 2017 AIRRINGTON MINISTRIES | www.airrington.com |All Rights Reserved. This site exists to give hope to the lost, truth to the pretender and strength to the believer.

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Type 2 diabetes is one of the rare diseases, which is not caused by any viruses or bacteria but by unhealthy diets that are high in bad fats. It is also the most common form of diabetes and affects millions of people worldwide. Since type 2 diabetes is not just a virus or microbe that you can fight or kill, great discipline and major lifestyle changes are important to treat this disease. Though it is common, every person with type 2 diabetes needs unique care, especially the aged since they need more attention and assistance when it comes to medications and other treatments. The main focus of type 2 diabetes management is to maintain the blood glucose levels in the body within normal range. Additionally, it focuses on preventing diabetes-related complications such as cardiovascular complications, and debilitation and amputation. In line with that, regular aerobic exercise, healthy diet, appropriate medications, and hygiene are vital in a diabetic patient’s treatment plan. Cinnamon is probably best known for its sweet aroma and delicious flavor, but that’s not all it’s good for. Nature’s Bounty Cinnamon 1000 mg contributes to heart health, circulation and the metabolism of sugar and fats. Nature’s Bounty Cinnamon 1000 mg has antioxidant properties and impacts blood sugar levels. Cinnamon may help maintain healthy blood sugar levels already in the normal range. No artificial colors or flavors and no preservatives. It is yeast, starch and gluten-free. Nature’s Bounty Cinnamon 1000 mg suggested use: For adults, take two (2) capsules per day, preferably with meals. If preferred, the capsules can be opened and added to beverages and food, for example-tea, coffee, hot chocolate, cereal, oatmeal. It has been a proven fact that people have all have different reactions when it comes to medications. For example, some people who have type 2 diabetes are able to manage their blood sugar with just diet and exercise; however, most of them need diabetes medications or insulin therapy together with their nonpharmacologic treatment. Some studies show that early intervention with antidiabetic drugs may improve blood sugar control over time. The decision on which medications are best for you depends on what your doctor prescribes which is usually according to the level of blood glucose in your body and if present any other health problems which may be contraindicated to your diabetes treatment. Oftentimes, newly-diagnosed diabetics are diagnosed with metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza) as it is the first-line drug of choice for the disease and it lowers the production of glucose in the liver. If metformin is not enough, your physician will then add other oral or injected medications such as insulin for a more efficient treatment. In addition to antidiabetic medications, the physician might also prescribe a low-dose aspirin therapy, and blood pressure and cholesterol-lowering medications in order to prevent blood vessel or heart disease. Carlson Labs Nutra-Support Diabetes Multi Nutrients is a unique high potency multi vitamin and mineral formula that provides enhanced nutritional support for people with diabetes and prediabetes. Carlson Labs Nutra-Support Diabetes Multi Nutrients suggested use: Take two soft gels daily only at mealtime, with water or beverage. Caution: Vitamin K can antagonize the effect of anticoagulants, including Warfarin. Do not take Carlson Labs Nutra-Support Diabetes Multi Nutrients if you are taking Warfarin, without first consulting with your physician. One of the most common oral antidiabetic medications is metformin, the first-line drug of choice for type 2 diabetes, especially in people who are overweight. Compared to other oral antidiabetic drugs, Metformin has fewer side effects and is found to prevent the cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes, such as strokes and heart attacks. According to research, metformin also decreases the risk of diabetes-related endpoints in overweight people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Additionally, it is associated with fewer hypoglycemic attacks and less weight gains than other type 2 diabetes medications such as insulin and sulfonylureas, considering that it has a similar effect on blood sugar control with the other two drugs mentioned. However, like any other medications, metformin has contraindications including liver disease, kidney disease, congestive heart failure, and severe infection. It is vital for you to notify the physician before he/she prescribes metformin because you may develop lactic acidosis, which is a life-threatening condition. Spring Valley Diabetes Daily Pack provides a simple and convenient solution to support your unique nutritional needs. Each pack contains eight special formulas to provide maximum benefits in a single per-day convenient pack. Spring Valley Diabetes Daily Pack ingredients: ABC plus Senior Multivitamin Alpha Lipoic Acid Vitamin D3, 1500 IU Spring Valley Diabetes Daily Pack is scientifically formulated to supply nutritional support for people with diabetes or prediabetes, and provides essential nutrients that may be lacking due to the strain diabetes can often put on the body’s health. Insulin injection is part of a class of medications known as hormones and is used in controlling blood sugar in people who have type 2 diabetes, a condition where blood glucose level is too high due to no production of insulin in the body. This is also used as a second choice whenever type 2 diabetes cannot be controlled with oral medications only. The main functions of insulin injection are to take the place of insulin normally produced by the body, move sugar from the blood throughout the other body tissues where it is usually used as energy, and prevent the liver from making more sugar. Insulin injection usually comes as a liquid solution and a suspension which is injected under the skin several times a day depending on the doctor’s prescription. Oftentimes, more than one type of insulin needed. It is important to consult a doctor before using insulin injections so that you will know which type(s) of insulin to use, correct dosage of insulin, and the right frequency. You should also let your doctor teach you how to administer the injection properly for maximum absorption of the medication. Gymnema Sylvestre is a woody climbing shrub native to India and Africa. The leaves are used to make medicine. Gymnema has a long history of use in India’s Ayurvedic medicine. The Hindi name, gurmar, means “destroyer of sugar.” Today, Gymnema Sylvestre is used for diabetes, metabolic syndrome, weight loss, and cough. It is also used for malaria and as a snake bite antidote, digestive stimulant, laxative, appetite suppressant, and diuretic. Gymnema Sylvestre contains substances that decrease the absorption of sugar from the intestine. Gymnema may also increase the amount of insulin in the body and increase the growth of cells in the pancreas, which is the place in the body where insulin is made. Special Precautions & Warnings: Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There is not enough reliable information about the safety of taking gymnema if you are pregnant or breast feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use. Diabetes: Gymnema can affect blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Watch for signs of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and monitor your blood sugar carefully if you have diabetes and use gymnema. Surgery: Gymnema might affect blood sugar levels and could interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgical procedures. Stop using gymnema at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery. Healthy lifestyle choices are important parts of diabetes treatment, which includes weight control, diet and regular exercise. However, if you have type 2 diabetes, medications to control blood sugar are sometimes needed, too. Type 2 diabetes medications come in various classes. Some are taken orally while others need to be injected for full efficiency. There are medications that increase the production of insulin such as dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists, meglitinides and sulfonylureas; medications that improve insulin’s effectiveness like metformin and thiazolidinediones; and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors which affect food absorption. Most of the time, a combination of these medications is needed to better treat type 2 diabetes. Another thing is that not all diabetes treatment works the same for everyone, what may work for one might not work for another person. So it is much better and safer to consult a health care provider first since they are the ones who can recommend the right and appropriate medication treatment for you. Cinnamon is an ancient herb that has gained widespread popularity for its ability to help support sugar and fat metabolism. Chromium picolinate promotes carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Nature’s Bounty High Potency Cinnamon 2000mg Plus Chromium 400mcg forms an unbeatable combination for supporting your nutrition plan. Nature’s Bounty High Potency Cinnamon 2000mg Plus Chromium 400mcg recommended dose: For adults, take two (2) capsules daily, preferably with a meal. Capsules can be opened and the contents added to your favorite beverage or food. Nature’s Bounty High Potency Cinnamon 2000mg Plus Chromium 400mcg is not intended for use by pregnant or nursing women. If you are taking any medications, consult your doctor before use. Discontinue use and consult your doctor if any adverse reactions occur. Keep out of reach of children. Do not use if seal under cap is broken or missing. Every year, over millions of people is being diagnosed with a condition called diabetes. Having this problem is very harmful for a person because it may cause several complications which could significantly decrease the quality of people’s lives. Most of the cases of diabetes involve people who are past the age of forty; however, it is still very possible for younger individuals to acquire the problem. Most of the time, insulin therapies, as well as medications are recommended as treatment for this condition; however, some doctors also suggest some of the best blood sugar support supplements. There are two major forms of this condition which hare type 1 or insulin dependent diabetes and type 2 or non-insulin dependent diabetes. Whichever form of diabetes a person has, it is still considered to be one of the most chronic conditions today because of its several derogatory effects. Some of the complications that are linked to it include cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, kidney failure, liver dysfunctions, sexual problems and gastric damages. The proper and early management of diabetes is considered to be necessary because when diabetes is mistreated or handled incorrectly, it may either make the condition worse or may trigger the onset of secondary conditions. People who are suffering from diabetes are usually recommended to carefully manage their conditions in order to prevent it from becoming worse. Besides medications, some doctors may also recommend the use of supplements to help with diabetes management. Some of the best blood sugar support supplements are being marketed as an all-natural remedy for diabetes. They are believed to have potent properties which not only reduce blood sugar levels but also help regulate and maintain its levels to normal. Because of these effects, other medical experts consider it as a safer alternative to common diabetes medications. The best blood sugar support supplements seems to have the most beneficial effects which are makes it a product worth trying. However, despite being an all-natural product, there are still some possibilities for other people to experience some side effects. To prevent such problems from occurring, it is best to first consult doctors regarding its use before making any purchases. Nowadays, millions of people are being diagnosed with some form of conditions which are said to have vast derogatory effects on their health and one of these is diabetes. Because of the several complications that are linked to its development, people who have diabetes are recommended to be more careful about their condition and prevent it from becoming worse. Although diabetes is known to be an untreatable condition, it may still be controlled through different methods. Some of these methods include the use of medications as well as taking supplements like Carlson Nutra Support Diabetes. This condition has two major classifications, namely insulin dependent diabetes or type 1 and non-insulin dependent diabetes or type 2 which is also the most common form of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, there are various factors which are considered to greatly contribute to its development. Some of these include, but are not limited to, obesity, familial history, lack of proper exercise, and age. Patients who have type 2 diabetes are encouraged to watch their blood sugar or glucose levels to prevent certain complications from occurring. Some people who are struggling from diabetes may try different ways of treatments which could range from the use of traditional medications to the use of natural supplements. Despite the fact that diabetes medications have been approved by several medical associations as effective remedies for the condition, some people still prefer taking supplements over drugs. Carlson Nutra Support Diabetes is a form of supplement which is being marketed as a beneficial product for lowering the levels of blood sugar without having any negative side effects that medications usually give. This product is also said to have properties which not only decreases glucose levels but also promotes the overall health of its consumers. In general, Carlson Nutra Support Diabetes can be beneficial for the decrease or maintenance of blood sugar levels. However, because the effects of natural supplements as such may vary from person to person, some people may not benefit from taking this product. Because of this, consulting doctors should be initially considered by all people to prevent unwanted effects from occurring. Level Life Diabetes Management Protein Shake is really a unique high potency multi mineral and vitamin formula that delivers enhanced dietary support for those who have diabetes and pre-diabetes. It includes nutrition which helps support glucose metabolic process and also the conversion of glucose into energy. Level Life Diabetes Management Protein Shake is the latest item for the most popular Level Life products. Reviews in several years ago believed that about twenty million individuals in the United States alone have diabetes, and fifty four million people might have pre-diabetes. Level Life carefully developed this product to supply dietary support for people with diabetes and pre-diabetes. With more than a dozen vitamins, nine minerals and seven factors, this product provides important nutrition which help to aid healthy blood sugar levels, defense mechanisms function and cardiovascular health. This is easy to swallow and in a multi-nutrient soft gel form that provides enhanced dietary support for those who might be at greater risk of health issues. Level Life Diabetes Management Protein Shake is in reality a unique high potency multi mineral and vitamin formula that delivers enhanced dietary support for the people who are suffering from pre-diabetes and diabetes. What makes it as a very important health supplement? Individuals with diabetes cannot correctly process glucose – a sugar that your body either uses for energy or gets it stacked. Consequently, glucose stays within the blood, leading to blood glucose to increase. Simultaneously, however, cells of the body could be starved for glucose. Individuals with diabetes are in high risk for cardiovascular disease, arteriosclerosis, cataracts, retinopathy, stroke, poor wound healing, infections, and harm to the renal system and nerves. If you are fearing of having diabetes later in life or is currently diagnosed with it, the supplement Nature’s Bounty Diabetes Support Pack may be able to help you. This innovative product can help in the management of blood sugar levels in patients. Live your life as you should be, with full confidence with the success of this product. Blood sugar levels are not a minor issue. If yours goes above the normal rate, then you really should do something about it. A very simple yet effective thing to do is control your diet. Limiting your sugar intake will greatly help in the long run. Even when you are not experiencing diabetes symptoms, it is no go signal that you can go back to your sweet indulges. The science behind Nature’s Bounty Diabetes Support Pack targets to lower the blood sugar levels naturally. It is dangerous when blood sugar is high and this is observed in many individuals nowadays. The balance in the blood sugar is supposed to be continual. If you can notice certain diabetes symptoms, however, the very first step you should take is go see your doctor. So how do you let yourself take the full benefits of Nature’s Bounty Diabetes Support Pack? Eating healthy is one key element in successfully battling diabetes. Of course a sudden absence of sweets in your life can be too difficult that sometimes the patient ends up eating more. Begin by gradually reducing your sugar intake. Take a look at how many times your food needs sugar in them. Is a tablespoon of sugar used in any of your meals? Fruits can also be a carrier of excessive sugar. Although healthy in nature, some fruits are not advisable for patients. Some also have allergic reactions to particular variations. Learn about these fruits from your doctor so you can see which ones you can still enjoy. An addition of Nature’s Bounty Diabetes Support Pack can be very advantageous in the long run. You can look at different testimonials on the internet to see how effective it can be or not. Consult your doctor on what supplements you can take apart from the usual ones you use for your other conditions. TrueResult Blood Glucose Starter Kit is one of the fastest, precise and reasonably priced glucose measuring systems in the market. It can compete with other expensive products, for their result of the blood glucose test is only as quick as four seconds. Thought not as prominent as the other blood glucose monitor systems with name brands, accessories and costly price tags, TrueResult Blood Glucose Starter Kit can declare their great accuracy that is as good, or sometimes better, than other branded glucose monitoring systems. It also needs a very small amount of blood, which is only 0.5 microliters. It comes with ten lancets and a lancing device that have different penetration depths for different skin thickness. Compared to other glucose starter kits, it has a surprising memory of 500 tests with four alarms that can be programmed for reminders for the whole day. It could also provide you with results of 7, 14 and 30-day averages. It also has data management capacity that consists of an automatic on and off function. It also has a Glucose Control Detection System so you don’t have to worry about tedious coding. TrueResult Blood Glucose Starter Kit is also very easy to use. You must wash your hands with warm water and have them dried completely. It is also important to check the dates on the test strip that you will be using. Don’t use if it has been open for three months or after the date that is printed on the vial as it may have been expired. Insert the test strip into the test port with the meter off. It will then be turned on.

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BY HIRANYALAL SHRESTHA The promulgation of the Constitution of Nepal by major political parties, the Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal despite advice from neighboring country India to accommodate some changes in the constitution and to hold the constitution for some time, implementation of the constitution firmly defying the blockade, holding of three tiers of election at national, provincial and local level and the strides taken by Nepal to stability and prosperity by forming a left government commanding a two third majority shows that a new Nepal is emerging amidst geo-strategic challenges. In yesteryears, Nepal was a unitary, semi-colonial, semi-feudal and monarchical country. It has changed into New Nepal today. The Article 4 of the constitution defines Nepal as an independent, indivisible, sovereign and federal democratic republican state. Nepal’s place in Asia: Nepal is the oldest independent country of Asia while other neighboring countries were colonized by world powers in different historical periods. Nepal is a country where no foreign power could ever hoist its flag. Perched in the midst of ancient Indian civilization, Nepal is a country which represented an amalgamation of distinct Aryan and Mongol-Kirat civilizations. Therefore Nepalese civilization is more Asian than other regional Asian civilizations. Nepal has signed a transit and transport agreement with China together with a railway transport agreement with India also. It is on its way to becoming an important transit country between Central and South Asia. It was a land-locked country before. It is a land-linked country today. It has , in fact, become a point of connectivity for Asian railways and the global airways. Considered to be an insurmountable wall of nature , the Himalayas are no longer a barrier between two vast land masses of Central and South Asia. We can hardly ignore this rapidly changing geo-political reality. Nepal’s geo-strategic place in the world: When the Communist Party of China assumed power in 1949 and the PLA consolidated its position in Tibet, the United States and Britain considered Nepal as a last frontier of the free world. India started to consider the southern part of the Himalayas as its sphere of influence, subsequently trying to push it under its security umbrella according to what was latter called the Nehru Doctrine. According to Peace and Friendship Treaty between Nepal and India and the accompanying correspondence, the Nehru Doctrine of sphere of influence is said to have been implemented in Nepal. According to this doctrine, Indian military mission was established in Nepal and Indian check-posts were set up along the northern border of Nepal in the 1950s. It was only after continuous opposition of the Nepali people that the Indian military mission was lifted and the Indian military personnel withdrawn from the northern check posts. A Regional Agreement was signed between the government of Nepal, India and the United States of America concerning the development of transport facilities in Nepal with a view to build road infrastructure and to watch China. The Regional Transport Organization(RTO) was terminated in 1962 amid the pulling and pushing of contrary interests as India’s interest was to push from the south to the north, the US wished to move to the Chinese border and Nepal wished to build the East-West Highway. After Hong Kong’s unification with China, the western powers started to use Nepal as a vantage point to watch China. When there was a pro-West government in India, Russia watched entire South Asia from Kathmandu. The maintenance of larger embassy buildings by superpower states in Kathmandu than needed, keep a large staff force and deployment of military attaches shows that Nepal occupies an important place in the global security context India has imposed blockade against Nepal repeatedly and Nepal has endeavored to free itself from foreign subjugation. Nepal has resisted and has mobilized internal and external forces against blockade which is in itself a coercive weapon. Sequences of Indian blockades against Nepal Indian blockade on Nepal: i) 1962: Raxaul blockade in support of exiled Nepali Congress Marshall Chen Yi’s statement in support of Nepal compelled India to lift Nepal ii) 1970: Blockade was made in retaliation to Nepal’s decision to request India for termination of military mission, withdraw of check posts from the northern border and the renewal of trade and transit treaty which had expired for quite some time. The trade and transit treaty was signed owing to Chinese support to Nepal, airlifting of petroleum products from Bangladesh and after several rounds of bilateral talks with India. iii) 1989-90: Blockade by India took place because of her dissatisfaction at Nepal’s purchase of weapons from China. India’s support for the joint movement of Nepal for democracy and the king’s readiness to stay as a constitutional king. iv) 2015-2016: India imposed blockade as Nepal’s constitution did not include the features recommended by India and Nepal’s refusal to heed advice even on the day of the promulgation of the constitution. Successive stand taken by Nepali Congress Prime Minister Shushil Koirala and the CPN Prime Minister K.P. Oli against the blockade. China’s support to Nepal compelled India to lift the blockade. All three forces attach priority to security: All the three powers- India , China and the US have attached priority to their security interest in this region and have organized joint military exercises with Nepal. Nepal, however, did not participate in the BIMSTEK military exercise organized from September 10 to 16, 2018 as it was sponsored by India unilaterally. Nepal did not want to get entangled in the exercise which could carry implication of a strategic maneuver aimed at China and Pakistan. Nepal remained neutral during the 1962 border war between China and India. But it has been collaborating with all the three countries in joint military exercises. 1) Military exercise with Indian – Bilateral military exercise between Nepal and India has been taking place for quite some time. Military exercise named Suryakiran has been taking place in Nepal and India alternately. Its objective has been specified as being anti-insurgency and anti-terrorism operation. The Gurkha Army was divided between India and Britain as per the Trilateral Treaty of 1947 signed among Nepal, India and Britain. The Indian Gurkhas have been used by India in the war with China and Pakistan. 2) Military exercise with the US- Nepal is having joint military exercise with the United States also. Nepal Army and the US’s Indo-Pacific Command have been conducting training from time to time to share experience. The United States has also been providing training to Nepal army officers in addition to providing logistic support to the Nepal Army. 3) Military training with China – The People’s Liberation Army has increased its support to the Nepal Army by 50 percent recently. China has committed to provide 2.53 billion rupees to the Nepal Army. According to MoU signed by Nepal and China during the official trip of Prime Minister K.P. Oli and Defense Minister Ishwor Pokhrel in last October, Nepal has been receiving Chinese support for the modernization and professionalization of the Nepal Army. Two joint military exercises have already taken place between Nepal and China under the title of Sagarmatha Friendship. First exercise was organized in Nepal and the second one was organized in Chengdu of China. Gurkha mercenaries to world peace keepers: The United Nations has inspired Nepal Army by accreditation Birendra Peace Operation Training Center (BPOTC) as the UN peace keeping army training center on 24 October 2018. This center located at Pachkhal of Kavre district is providing high quality peace keeping training. The army personnel trained here are deployed by the UN in peace keeping missions all over the world. Since its establishment in 1986, this is the first time the BPOTS has received the UN accreditation in over 30 years. Nepal is the sixth largest contributor to the UN peace keeping missions. The international image of Nepal has changed from Gurkha mercenaries to peace keepers through their active participation in different UN peace keeping missions. Challenges and opportunities Because of the trade war unleashed by President Donald Trump resulting in the increase in the tariff on the goods imported to the US, discontent has grown not only in China, India and Russia against the US even Japan, Australia and Canada are unhappy about its protectionist policy. The United states, too, is dissatisfied with India and China for their decision to buy weapons from Russia. America is unhappy with them also because of their decision to buy petroleum products from Iran in defiance of the embargo imposed by it against Iran. The US is reviving Cold War by renaming its Pacific Command to Indo-Pacific Command in order to give it an anti-Chinese implication. It is clear that Nepal has avoided taking part in BIMSTEK military training in order not to be embroiled in a potentially partisan strategic maneuver. After resolving the violent conflict with the help of UNMIN, promulgating the constitution, setting up a government with a two-third majority and orienting the nation towards stability, Nepal has sought the investment of all the friendly countries for its infrastructure development. It has expanded opportunities for Nepal. However, one neighboring country is still trying to expand its sphere of influence by fomenting instability through micro-management Nepal’s affair and playing in the contradictions among the factional leaders of the ruling party. On the other side, another neighbor China has been steadily expanding its sphere of influence taking advantage of this situation. The third power, the US, is also active in Nepal and wants to expand its sphere of influence and contain China. Though terrorism has not originated in Nepal, it has been used as the transit point by terrorists. At present, separatism and radicalism have become major problems for Nepal. According to Purna Chandra Thapa, COAS of Nepal “We are alert and closely looking into the movements of the underground armed outfits that are likely to create political instability in the country”. Every big or small country of Asia has their soft bellies like Tibet of China, Kashmir of India, Jaffna of Sri Lanka and Tarai of Nepal and so on. Good neighbours should not poke into the sore points of others or interfere in others’ internal matters. We know that if two elephants fight grass will suffer. The grass will get crushed even if they make love with each other. When China and India developed bond and signed an agreement on opening a trade point at Lipulak, they bypassed Nepal whose territory was involved in the deal. Nepal is happy at the improving relation between them but they need to be cautious about taking decisions which can affect Nepal’s national interest and sovereignty. There are tremendous challenges and opportunities for all the stakeholders of this region. Instead of charting a path of conflict, it will be worthwhile for all to develop a collaborative mechanism for finding a peaceful way out of the seemingly complicated situation. (Excepts of a paper presented by the author, former Nepali ambassador to Russia and former member of the Parliament, at a seminar held at the George Washington University, USA on 17 November this year.)

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Bermuda Grass Lawn Care For any individual or family dwelling in a Southern climate who wants to have a hardy grass which is capable of enduring fiercely hot sun as well as living on smaller quantities of water, Bermuda grass proves to be a terrific choice. Bermuda is a low-to-the-ground growing, extra-tough variant of grass, offering wonderful cover for the ground, as well as withstanding high levels of foot and pet traffic. Taking care of a Bermuda grass lawn is not difficult. It revolves mainly around having the grass grow in sunny areas. The following are the various factors necessary to effectively care for and maintain a Bermuda grass lawn, including proper mowing, watering, and aerating. Preparing to Plant Bermuda Grass Lawns Bermuda grass is a warm season turf grass and is best planted in spring to late spring or early summer. Plant Bermuda grass seeds when soil temperatures are consistently above 65° F (18°C) — this soil temperature is reached when daytime air temperatures are 80° or higher. The optimum soil temperature for germination and root growth of Bermuda grass is 75° to 80°F (24° to 27° C) – Higher temps are acceptable provided moisture is maintained. Site Selection: Plant Bermuda grass in full sun on well-drained soil in the temperate, sub-tropical and tropical climate zones. Proper drainage is essential for successful establishment and the development of mature healthy turf. Soil Test: Prior to seeding, a soil test is recommended. Apply fertilizer and other amendments per test. Add lime as needed to establish a minimum 6.0 soil pH. A lawn starter fertilizer is an ideal choice to apply prior to planting. Seedbed Preparation: Loosen soil to a depth of six inches (15 cm). Level area to proper grade with approximately .5 inches (14 mm) pulverized soil at the surface. Rake smooth prior to planting. Do NOT use any herbicides or weed & feed fertilizers during planting. You must allow a period of 10-14 weeks prior to, and 10-14 weeks after seeding date in which NO herbicides or weed & feeds can be applied. Keep area mowed frequently to control weeds. Related: 10 Grasses for Your Yard Information on Bermuda Grass Because Bermuda grass is in fact a perennial form of grass, it does not typically require re-seeding. It sports a richly green color, and features a fine to medium texture. It does exceedingly well in yards. Typically, Bermuda grass is the one selected for golf fairways or putting greens around the South of the United States. The regular varieties of Bermuda grass which are grown throughout the United States’ South can be had in more than a dozen different varieties which have their own best uses for different scenarios. As an example, a user might pick out a specific variety because of its color, tolerance for wear and tear, mowing height, or practicality for a little bit cooler climate found in the northerly ranges of the South. Bermuda Grass Seed and Types Bermuda grass is popular because it is usually drought resistant and can easily grow on different soil types. Bermuda grass is broadly classified into two categories: Hybrid Bermuda and Bermuda Common. The common Bermuda grass varieties are usually seeded varieties. Cheyenne, Jackpot, U-3, Santa Ana, Ormond and Yuma are examples of common Bermuda grass. Bermuda hybrid grass varieties include Tif varieties (such as Tifway-I, Tifway 419, Tifway-II, Tifgreen, Tifeagle) and Sunturf etc. These hybrid varieties are mostly used in sod. The common Bermuda grass is light green in color and has a coarse texture. It’s a loosely netted turf grass with low shoot density. Although the hybrid varieties have higher density, common Bermuda grass has more nutritional value that help developing forage or pastures ideal for domestic animals. The common Bermuda grass is mostly used in roadsides or reclamation sites, or in lawns, but not much in play grounds. Common or Seeded Bermuda Grass varieties Here are information about some of the common or seeded Bermuda grass that are popular worldwide: - Blackjack is a deep green warm season grass available in seed form. It has super fine texture with carpet like density. The growth is vigorous and has excellent cold tolerance capacity even in cold winter areas. The color of the grass remains same all through the summer providing dense green lawn. Among the others Bermuda grass seeded variety, it is one of the best in quality. - Ormond Bermuda grass is blue-green in color. The grass has a medium texture and density. It can tolerate a number of leaf diseases but can’t survive in cold. The grass is mainly used in golf courses, playground and sports fields. - Jackpot Bermuda Grass is good for Baseball Fields. It needs some good maintenance for proper growth. The quality of Jackpot depends on the sourcing locations. For example, in Georgia, it is quite poor in quality when you compare it with average turf grass. - Yuma is a dark green grass capable of forming dense turf. It is developed from the basic forage grasses. These days it finds its applications even in most exclusive golf greens. It has fair salt tolerance and drought resistant capacity. It requires sun and is a low growing species. It remains dormant below 60 degree temperature but recovers quickly when temperature rises. Though it generally grows from sod, it’s also available as seed in both common and improved varieties. - Oasis Blend is popular for its rapid growth and easy maintenance. It is green in color and commonly use for golf course fairways, sports fields, home lawns, parks etc. Improved common Bermuda seeded varieties The improved common varieties are generally darker green, deeper-rooted, medium-textured, and moderately denser than common Bermuda grass. They are used in golf course roughs and fairways, lawns, parks, roadsides and sports turf. However, their maintenance cost is lower than the hybrid varieties. The new improved seeded Bermuda varieties include Princess-77, Riviera, Sahara, Savannah, Sultan, Sundance, Sundevil I & II, Sydney, Mohawk, Triangle Blend, Yukon, La Prima etc. - La Prima is the 2-way blend of improved turf type of La Paloma and SR-9554. They have some characteristics quite similar to the hybrid varieties. It is dark green in color and forms genetically stable turf having medium to fine texture with pest and disease resistant quality. It is mostly used for fast germination and rapid growth in short time. It has low maintenance requirements and is relatively less expensive. This is one of the best choices out of improved turf-type seeded Bermuda grass having excellent quality. - Sahara (SR-9554) is a dense turf with beautiful green color. It is wear and drought tolerant. Sahara is economical, easily seeded good choices for use in lawns and excellent for athletic fields, parks areas and such. It needs very low amount of fertilizer to grow well. - Princess 77 is a special variety of improved common Bermuda and has very fine leaves. It is world’s first dense, finest textured seeded Bermuda grass and available in seed form. Recommended mowing height of Princess 77 can vary between 3/16 inch to 1 inch. - Triangle Blend is a dark green improved turf type seeded variety with medium fine texture. It is a fast growing turf grass with excellent drought and cold tolerance capacity. Due to genetic diversity it can adapt to a wide range of conditions. It may not be as good in quality as other varieties, but considering price and performance, it can be very attractive. Recommended mowing height is between ½ inch to 2 inches. - Mohawk is an advanced synthetic turf-type Bermuda grass variety. The name of the variety Mohawk has come from the Mohawk Valley in Arizona from where it was produced. It is lush green with fine textures and a cold tolerant variety. It can survive in low winter temperatures in the Northern transition zone area. During winter, it can be in dormant stage for a much longer period than the other cold tolerant varieties of Bermuda. It is also a great choice for saline condition. - Yukon or OKS91-11 is a seeded variety created by the Oklahoma State University. It is one of the best varieties among the seeded Bermuda grass when it comes to cold tolerance ability. It has uniform, dark green color and ultra fine texture. Arizona, Oklahoma are the most popular zones in US for growing this Bermuda grass seed. Related: 10 Grasses for Your Yard There are different types of Bermuda grass that are available and planted in tropical and subtropical regions all over the world. And there are also some cold tolerant varieties such as Yukon, Riviera or Mohawk that are often planted in Northern areas in US. It is always a good idea to discuss with a lawn specialist to find out which Bermuda grass type will be the right one for your location and soil conditions. You can also get such information from Agriculture University and departments of horticulture. Or alternatively, refer to the website of National Turf Grass Evaluation Program. Advantages and Disadvantages of Bermuda Grass There are many impressive advantages to Bermuda grass versus other grass variants. Among them are its tendencies towards aggressive growth, a minimum level of maintenance, and tolerance for extreme heat, sun, and drought. The disadvantages of this family of varieties lies in the brown shade that it turns during the months of winter, as well as its lack of ability to thrive in shady places. Bermuda grass is commonly thought to be the most challenging family of grasses to mow. This is actually because in many cases, the incorrect lawn mower is being utilized. Optimally, Bermuda grass should be reduced to a height of only one to one-and-a-half inches. The vast majority of lawn mowers simply are not able to mow so low to the ground without butchering the whole lawn. This sort of scalping is the result of a wheel in the lawn mower rotary dropping down into a small rut, which forces the blade to dip down, scalping the grass in the process. Should a homeowner’s Bermuda grass become scalped, a half moon shape shows up in the place where the grass was injured by the blade. Not only is this ugly to look at, but it is very hard on the health and well-being of the lawn. Preventing a Bermuda grass lawn from becoming scalped is really only accomplished effectively in utilizing a reel mower. Otherwise, with a traditional lawn mower to work with, the level of the cutting blade will likely need to be raised. While this will prevent the lawn from being scalped, it will not allow the owner to achieve that wonderful looking, even, low to the ground cut typically enjoyed on golf courses. It is true that Reel mowers might cost more money than traditional mowers might, but they will offer a far more even cut to the lawn, which is closer to the ground, and on top of this, they never, ever scalp the person’s grass. Ultimately, early in the grass-growing season, you should focus on achieving a cutting height of only one inch. Once the summer begins to finish, raise the blade height on up to two inches. In order not to stress-out Bermuda grass, do not ever take off more than a third of the total height of the blades of grass, or the lawn will become stressed. Fall is the point of the year to allow a Bermuda grass lawn to be dormant, mowing it only on rare occasions. Finally, a word should be offered about whether or not to bag Bermuda grass while mowing. Studies have demonstrated that in allowing the clippings from the grass to stay on the lawn, lost nitrogen will return to the soil, eliminating the need for fertilizing the lawn. The clippings should naturally decompose and not increase the odds of thatching problems or disease arising. All lawns need water in order to remain green and healthy. This can come from two different sources, either natural rain fall or man-made irrigation. Everyone prefers to allow nature to take its course and water the lawn, but this cannot be counted on. So watering a Bermuda lawn will become a necessity. Ascertaining whether or not a Bermuda grass lawn is in need of water is possible, if you know what to look for. When a yard with Bermuda grass is thirsty, its blades will actually bow down a little. Because Bermuda grass proves to be among the most drought resistant kinds of grass, it only really needs to be watered once to twice per week. The advantage to only watering a Bermuda lawn one time every week is in forcing the roots of the grass to dig down farther towards the available water, once its own supply becomes exhausted towards the end of the week. As the roots go down deeper, the lawn will stay both healthier and greener in the next area drought. So long as you put down a good amount of water on that one day every week, it will be sufficient for the grass. Typically, the proper watering depth is approximately a good six inches. This will promote that deeper root growth necessary to protect a lawn from the cold, heat, and future droughts. To test the level of watering just completed, simply push a screw driver into the ground. If it sinks down without difficulty a good six inches into the ground, then the watering is enough. If not, apply more water to ensure that the Bermuda grass has been sufficiently saturated. Aeration involves literally poking thousands of holes down into the soil. This is helpful once a year, since the lawn takes a good deal of abuse in that amount of time. In aerating a Bermuda grass lawn, the nutrients will be more capable of getting down to the roots. Also, punching holes in the soil permits oxygen, water, and various other nutrients to reach to the lawn’s roots. Although there are two types of aerators available, one containing spikes and the other containing plugs, most people should rent a core aerator.This machine contains hollow spoons that pull up soil plugs when the machine is moving around the yard. Aerating turns out to be similar to mowing the lawn, but doing it two times. The lawn should be properly aerated first in one direction, then in another one which is at a ninety degree angle to the first one. In such a criss-crossing pattern, the lawn should attain the proper twelve individual holes for every square foot of lawn. Bermuda lawns ought to be aerated early in the summer. This is the point at which the lawn grows the fastest. Following the aerating procedure, apply a good serving of fertilizer and a thorough watering, so that the yard will swiftly recoup. Related: 10 Grasses for Your Yard

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Do you have a child who is addicted to Iphone, Ipad, games or screens? I’ve been working with parents on this challenge lately. Sometimes children (notably, teenagers) actually threaten violence when their devices are taken away or limited. What seems to be most effective is to help the parents first recognize their own sense of helplessness, weakness or fear of the child’s response when screen time is limited. After all, if a parent depends on their devices (screens, emotional repression, emotional avoidance, emotional outburst) to cope with emotions, then this is teaching the child that emotions (frustration, boredom, anxiety, restlessness, emptiness,) are “threats” that must be managed or controlled. Hence, the child’s addiction to finding some type of relief from the imagined threat: the relief of screens. Imagine, if you are the parent, that you could learn to identify, and then look into your own sense of threat from emotions such as fear, frustration anger, boredom or anxiety. Start by becoming aware of your own activity with your Iphone or other screens. Notice if you feel commanded to read or answer an incoming message, the moment you hear the “ping.” Notice if you instantly grab for the phone when it rings. Notice how often, in a moment of emptiness, you go to the Internet for something to fill you. Be aware that your child is absorbing all the nuances of your behavior, like a little sponge. If you feel even slightly uneasy by quietness, emptiness, or you dread lack of stimulation, then your child will absorb this and out of hard-wired love for you, imitate you. Therefore, imagine becoming free of “threats” from emotions such as boredom, restlessness, unease; free from fear, anxiety and frustration; and being able to model this freedom to your child; to model (not preach.) So that he would absorb from you, “Boredom is not a threat–it’s just an energy. And even if this energy arises, what is already present, ever-aware, un-change-ably alive, never bored and naturally at rest?” Below is a transcribed segment from a recent session with a friend on the issue of addiction to screens. Diana fears her son’s reaction when she limits his screen time. Follow along and see what she realizes is true for her. Diana: My son is addicted to screens, and I feel it’s my responsibility to limit his experience. EJ: Okay, and why don’t you? Diana: I try, and it’s just argument and argument. EJ: Who wins the argument? Diana: He does. I don’t know. Yes, he does. Diana: I feel I try to talk with him, talk rationally with him; what my worries are, the effect of all that time he spends on screens. And he doesn’t want to hear about it. He says it’s all rubbish. EJ: And does your son actually have the authority to win an argument with you? If you sat down and inquire, “Am I the parent here or am I not the parent?” Diana: Well, I feel in the screen thing that we have lost our parental position. EJ: Yes, you feel. You feel that. But in truth, if you disregard your feelings, or you did not believe you were commanded by them, what is the truth? Do you have the authority to limit his screen time? Diana: Yes, in theory. In practicality it feels impossible. EJ: Do you see how you’re defending? EJ: It’s not right or wrong. Just do you see it; it’s all about the feelings. In truth, and correct me if this is not accurate, is as simple as saying, “I’m taking your phone away after 6 p.m. every day.” EJ: Just as an example. That’s the practical possibility you have as a parent. EJ: But we don’t do that, because we believe, “If I do that, I will feel____.” Fill in the blank. So what is the feeling you’re afraid to feel? Diana: I’m afraid if I do that, that he will hate me even more. He’s already so angry with me so often. I feel really hurt and rejected and scared. I feel scared. EJ: I’m guessing it’s mostly about feeling rejected. Unloved, separated. Diana: Separated, yes, like I’ve lost my son. I’ve lost his love. As well, I’m actually afraid of his rage. I mean, he gets furious. EJ: So you’re afraid of his rage and that fear is what keeps you from being a parent in the situation. EJ: See that image of him raging. Is that him raging, or is that an image? Diana: That’s an image. EJ: And the sound of that is a sound. Is the sound a threat? Diana: It’s more the image that’s a threat; like he looks at me as if he hates me. EJ: What feeling does that image of his look trigger? Something like powerlessness or diminished? Diana: Powerlessness. It feels unbearable. EJ: So let’s go to a situation. Can you find a situation where you triggered rage in him—where you felt this powerless energy before? Diana: Oh, gosh yes. I went to his room yesterday and said, “I want you to get off that play-station.” And he give me the look and says “Why, why?” And he just pretty much ignored me actually. EJ: You feel it now? The energy of powerlessness? Diana: I feel it, yes. EJ: So pause that image of him. The movie of him so it’s a frozen image and you’re feeling the impact of that image. Where do you feel it? Diana: In the chest. It’s like a blow, like he punches me in the chest. EJ: Place your hand on your chest and in your mind’s eyes lie down… give yourself permission to just go down from that energy of punch, like, zero resistance. Just imagine lying there, powerless, and let the energy do whatever it will do. And tune in to it. Be the presence that is aware of it. [pause] There’s just your awareness, the silence and the energy. Breathe. Let the energy be here, story-free. Drop any images of the body, and experience just the open, unshaped emptiness and the energy vibrating in it. [pause] Letting that energy be here in the openness, doing whatever it does, without any focus on a story. Instead, keep your attention on the empty, silent, openness [long pause] What happens when you allow it like this? Diana: For a few moments, I was able to just let it be there almost like watching it, and not making this mine; then I felt suddenly really nauseated. I still feel that slightly. EJ: That can happen when the old energy starts to digests. It’s free from being trapped in your awareness. And when you feel that energy, are you able to be with it–without any story? As if it’s the first time you’re feeling it. What is the quality of that? Diana: Yes, there’s an agitation, movement. EJ: As you allow that, sense what is so relaxed around that movement. Diana: [long pause] It’s very spacious. Diana: If feels like whatever it is, that energy, that it’s decompressing. It’s kind of…. disappearing. EJ: Is it a threat? EJ: [pause] Now imagine yourself walking into your son’s room, in that same situation. And if there’s no threat from a feeling, is the situation a threat? Diana: No. And what I’m realizing is I’m walking around with that feeling anyway, that he’s so angry with me. It’s already there and I’m coping with it. EJ: Coping with it, or feeling controlled by it? See if that’s truer. EJ: You were modeling for him, without even knowing it, that when you have an uncomfortable feeling, you’re controlled by it. “I’m controlled by this energy, the feeling of powerlessness, I don’t want this feeling to arise so that’s why I can’t do my job as a parent.” Then he assumes, “I’m afraid of this feeling of emptiness, I’m controlled by it, I don’t want it to arise and that’s why I can’t do my job as a son. I can’t bear the emptiness, the boredom. That’s why I have to have the screens.” [End of segment] Dear Reader, If you find yourself in a similar situation—whether it’s feeling controlled by your child’s emotional reaction when you parent, or in any situation at where you feel stuck, frozen or paralyzed—ask yourself these questions: - What is it in this situation that I don’t want to feel? - What stories is my mind telling? “This feeling is ______,”(unbearable, a threat, too much to endure, etc.) - What actually controls me and keeps me stuck—the situation or the feeling and my story about it? - Could I be free of being controlled by this feeling / energy if I really wanted to? Take time to contemplate. It’s so natural to want our children to be happy, healthy and intelligent, including emotional intelligence. And they want to please us; yet they can only do what they see us doing and see us being. This is good news. Because if and when we make it our priority to increase our awareness, on behalf of making happy, healthy and intelligent choices, they will, too! There is no better choice in life than to choose increased awareness; the choice to be consciously aware of our thoughts, emotions and perceptions, rather than being identified as them.

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Nutritional and metabolic diseases As the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency rises, the popularity of self-medicating with vitamin D supplements is growing. However, there is potential for overdosing and harm. How to reduce the risks associated with vitamin D self-supplementation Living in the UK affects the health of almost all of us in one respect: a shortage of sunshine, which is required in order for our skin to produce vitamin D. In 2015, the ODIN study group (an EU-funded project comprising a multidisciplinary team of 31 partners from 19 countries in Europe and the United States) found that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiencies among 55,844 European people was just over 40%. It is no surprise, then, that many people supplement their diet by purchasing vitamin D either on its own or as part of a multivitamin. Many healthcare professionals recommend taking vitamin D supplements to address inadequate vitamin D levels. As part of this process they will assess each individual and their needs to ascertain whether the supplement is safe and which dose is appropriate. These measures are important to avoid inadvertently harming the patient. For example, kidney damage can be caused by inappropriate or overconsumption. The risk of inappropriate use and harm increases as more people buy vitamin D supplements over the counter without professional advice. Ideal intake: not so simple The importance of vitamin D, which is a member of the steroid family of molecules, has never been underestimated. Cod liver oil, a rich source of vitamin D, has been used to prevent rickets in the UK and was given to starving children in European hospitals before 1920. By 1931, vitamin D was incorporated into milk and margarine. During the 1940s, fish oils were a component of British rations, provided according to need, with pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers and children at the top of the list. This classification was challenged at the time because certain groups of adults, including pilots and those working in munitions factories, claimed they too deserved these supplements on the grounds that they required optimal eyesight. The empirical approach of recommending foods rich in certain vitamins has developed alongside the idea that different individuals require different levels of vitamins. In the 1990s dietary reference intake or value (DRI or DRV) were introduced internationally to facilitate the labelling of foods so consumers could estimate how to meet their needs for a range of micronutrients, including vitamin D, but such estimates have wide error margins. Minimal or sufficient levels are easily established, but levels for excessive intake – especially for vitamin D – are not so easy to identify because individuals vary significantly in their metabolism and sensitivity to particular vitamins. The quality of data used to estimate these figures has also been questioned because there are relatively few high quality trials in this area. The recommended daily intake (RDI) for vitamin D has tended to increase since its first publication. Moreover, recommending a vitamin D supplement is not easy because it is manufactured in the skin in response to sunshine. The effectiveness of this photosynthesis — a process some 500 million years old in evolutionary terms — depends on time spent outdoors, age, skin colour and the use of various skin products. The process is regulated by the body so that one cannot synthesise toxic levels of vitamin D in the skin. Studies of many populations have shown that there are significant genetic and ethnic variations in human metabolism of vitamin D, and the extent of these is still being investigated. For example, people with darker skin normally require longer time exposure to sunshine to produce vitamin D in their skin. Overall, it is clear that some people are more sensitive to vitamin D than others. National guidelines for vitamin intakes have striking differences. For infants up to six months old in the United States and Canada, for example, the RDI is 400 IU (10μg). In Australia, the RDI is 200 IU (5μg) and, in recent recommendations from the European Food Safety Agency, the RDI is 600 IU (15μg). In the UK, expert recommendations on nutrition are given by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN), whose recommendation for this age group is 400 IU (10μg). Its most recent recommendations on vitamin D were published in 2015, and the consultation inputs are currently being evaluated. The outcome of this appraisal will be used to revise the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines. Too much of a good thing? Taking too much vitamin D raises blood calcium, causing hypercalcaemia, which, in the short term, causes muscle weakness, fatigue, headache, nausea and bone pain. Over time, a loss of appetite and irritability with polydipsia and polyuria, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias can develop. Hypercalcaemia leads to calcification of the kidneys (nephrocalcinosis) and a long-term risk of kidney stones. It is likely to have other effects, but genetic variations make generalisations on long-term health effects difficult to quantify. For this reason, many governments have recommended a ‘tolerable upper limit’ for vitamin D. Overdosing and toxicity with vitamin D is clearly documented among those taking supplements. In some situations, the supplements were incorrectly labelled and, in some instances, the consumers may have taken too much or given high doses to their children,,,. The National Poison Data System in the United States has provided data of poisoning by vitamin D. Annual reports of toxicity from vitamin D recorded 4,728 cases in 2015 from individuals taking just a vitamin D supplement. There were other cases related to taking multivitamins containing vitamin D. There were no deaths in the cohort but 19 people required hospital treatment. In these statistics a retrospective analysis from 2000 to 2014 showed 196 cases a year of vitamin D poisoning before 2005 and since then the numbers have increased progressively to 4,535 in 2014. This increase parallels the growth in self supplementation and appears to document that too much of a good thing can have measurable consequences. Supplements: help or hindrance? The marketing of health supplements has evolved, with new terms such as ‘neutraceuticals’, ‘phood’ and tropes linking food with medicines. Manufacturers attempt to persuade consumers that supplements, such as vitamin D, may function as pharmacological agents or prescribed treatments. Under European legislation, products containing vitamin D are permitted to make health claims relating to bones, muscle, teeth, the immune system and cellular health. According to research by the UK Food Standards Agency, in 2008, nearly one third of people in the UK take some sort of vitamin, mineral or dietary supplement on most days, with 15% reporting that they have taken a “high dose” supplement in the past 12 months. A study of 4,000 volunteers in Denmark showed that six out of ten participants took at least one mineral or vitamin supplement. In all cases there were sufficient levels of this mineral or vitamin in their diet. However, even well labelled supplements, together with recognised and regulated health claims, are unlikely to help people resolve their vitamin D deficiency. As the self-supplement market has grown in the past five years, hospitals have reported rising problems with food poverty, including admissions of children with malnutrition. Impoverished groups in many countries have been found to have compromised nutrition because they could not afford healthy food. In the UK, the Healthy Start initiative replaced the Welfare Food Scheme in 2006 in an attempt to tackle malnutrition by providing vitamins and food supplements to pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers and their infants. In the United States, the Women’s Initiative Committee initiatives, which started in the 1970s, have been more successful in improving diet quality in the same groups. Neither initiatives has demonstrated success so far in solving the problem of vitamin D deficiency. If supplements do not work well for sectors of the population, fortification may be a valuable strategy. Added vitamin D to commonly consumed foods, such as milk and flour, has been shown to be partially effective for populations in Scandinavia and Canada by reducing the worst effects of vitamin D deficiency in those who cannot afford supplements. So perhaps in the ideal world of precision public health, this approach will assist many who cannot afford supplements, while supplements themselves need to be taken carefully rather than recklessly. Risks and benefits In order to reduce the risk associated with self-supplementation of vitamin D, we need more robust systems and intelligence to advise people on whether they need to purchase a supplement or not. Pharmacists are well positioned to help people choose which supplements would be safe and beneficial for them, while computer systems or apps could also assist with this. This could be a rich area for biotechnology developments within the NHS, given the sizes of these markets. Specific apps could be developed to allow individuals to choose their supplements when they visit a pharmacy or supermarket. These could interrogate a customer, collecting dietary and health data then providing advice on selections of appropriate and safe doses of the various vitamins available. This approach should, in theory, prevent overdosing while ensuring wiser selection and therefore be appealing to public health doctors, pharmacists and the vitamins and supplements industry. Perhaps there is a role for governments to develop such informed supplementation systems to enhance health. There is sufficient high quality data to permit healthcare professionals to provide recommendations on how much supplemental vitamin D an individual requires. People need to assess other elements of added vitamin D that can be consumed as part of a healthy diet, such as through fortified foods, and then take the remainder of their recommended daily intake as an oral supplement. If there is any doubt that intakes of other micronutrients or perhaps calcium may be a problem, it would be worthwhile to consult a pharmacist, doctor or dietician. Although vitamin D supplementation may benefit some, getting the right amount to the right individual is more challenging. Optimum intakes of micronutrients, particularly vitamin D, will surely improve public health. Colin Michie is a paediatrician with a special interest in nutrition working at Ealing Hospital, London. He is a former chair of the Nutrition Committee of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Citation: Clinical Pharmacist DOI: 10.1211/CP.2016.20201085 Recommended from Pharmaceutical Press

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I’m Eileen Wray-McCann, for Circle of Blue, and here’s What’s Up with Water, your “need-to-know news” of the world’s water. We begin with a quick survey of water stories around the globe. In drought-stricken Pakistan, the Red Cross reports “alarmingly high” levels of hunger and disease. The organization says a lack of safe drinking water is the main cause of illness, as citizens are forced to drink salty or contaminated water. In Thailand, water levels in dams and waterways across the country are dropping, prompting the prime minister to seek drought management plans. The government asked farmers to reduce water use, and it is analyzing water needs in the non-irrigation zones. Cloud-seeding operations are under way in hopes of promoting rainfall. Over eight million Ethiopians are in need of food aid due to drought and violence. Ethiopia’s commissioner of national disaster risk management blamed climate change for the dry conditions and said that violence in many parts of the country has added to the stress. The government appealed for $1.3 billion to help with food shortages. Turkish President, Tayyip Erdogan announced that the country will begin filling the Ilisu dam in June. Turkey began temporarily filling the $1.6 billion dam last summer, but stopped amid protests from Iraq, which says the dam will create water shortages downstream. A suicide bombing in Kashmir caused another setback in India-Pakistan water relations. The attack came just weeks after a Pakistani delegation inspected two Indian hydropower projects during a cross-border visit that was deemed a breakthrough. Last month’s attack in the disputed region killed more than 40 Indian paramilitary troops. A Pakistani-linked militant group claimed responsibility for the bombing, and India threatened retaliation against Pakistan. Officials in Pakistan, however, say the country was not involved in the attack. The Indian transport minister responded that his government has decided to stop its share of water that used to flow to Pakistan. India is granted control of these waters by a treaty with Pakistan. Elsewhere in India, the Rajasthan State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) is demanding information from the state government about reports of food adulteration. State media has reported a variety of unsafe food practices, including the use of sewage water to clean produce. The Human Rights Commission set a deadline of April 9th for the government to respond. In Afghanistan, flooding has killed dozens and displaced thousands, according to aid groups. Officials say the current devastation is “just an early warning” of what could come in April and May, when more heavy rains are predicted. The United Arab Emirates is allocating $1.6 billion to new water and energy projects, according to a tweet by the vice president and prime minister. The funds will go toward new dams, a water network between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, a desalination plant, and other projects. In Brazil, the chief executive of the Vale mining company and eight other top executives have agreed to temporarily step down during an investigation of a waste dam collapse that killed hundreds in January. Federal and state prosecutors say they are building a case of criminal negligence. They say evidence is emerging that Vale ignored warnings about the dam’s safety, and fired an inspection team that would not certify the dam as safe several months before the collapse. In the United States, 91 percent of the nation’s coal plants have reported dangerous levels of toxic metals in the groundwater near their coal ash dumps. That’s according to a study led by the Environmental Integrity Project and Earthjustice. Sixty percent of the sites reported elevated lithium levels in surrounding groundwater, and 52 percent noted unsafe arsenic contamination. Citing possible threats to drinking water, the groups called for stricter coal ash regulations. In California, agriculture is sapping aquifers in rural parts of the state, leading to water shortages and increasing concentrations of naturally-occurring elements, such as arsenic, in groundwater. Many small towns have been without steady or safe water sources for years, and the problem is set to worsen as big agriculture expands. Also involving California, a second federal deadline has passed for the seven Colorado Basin states to complete drought contingency plans. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation originally requested that all states submit plans by January 31, or else face federal intervention in the allocation of the Colorado River. Arizona and California failed to meet the deadline, which was then moved to March 4th, and then missed again. The Bureau is moving forward with its own contingency plan, but says it can call off the process if all seven states finalize their plans. Across the U.S., population growth and climate change are threatening the long-term sustainability of water basins. That’s according to preliminary government-backed research. A study estimates that nearly half the water basins in the United States could fail to meet demand by 2071. In Michigan, Governor Gretchen Whitmer proposed $120 million for improvements to state drinking water infrastructure in the 2019 fiscal year. If approved, the funding would be used for projects such as replacing lead water lines, addressing PFAS contamination, and improving watershed management. Lead contamination continues to pollute drinking water in schools across the United States. A recent Harvard University study looked at lead testing data from nearly 11 thousand schools, and found that nearly half had at least one water sample showing lead. At thousands of other U.S. schools, the drinking water remains untested. The World Health Organization warns that “there is no known level of lead exposure that is considered safe” and even low levels have been linked to learning problems in children because of how it affects brain and nervous system development. In New Zealand’s, the Environment Ministry says that two-thirds of the country’s rivers are now unfit for swimming due to contamination, and it warns that three-quarters of its native freshwater fish species are threatened with extinction. New Zealand is the world’s largest dairy exporter, and as the industry has grown, water quality has declined. Farm fertilizers and livestock sewage are leading contributors to inland waterway pollution. Other major factors include widespread deforestation and intense clearing of wetlands. New Zealanders named water pollution as a top concern in a recent poll. Serbia is rethinking wastewater processing in a bid to join the European Union. Currently, Serbia treats less than 10 percent of its wastewater. Many cities, including the country’s two largest, deposit raw sewage directly into waterways. Serbia hopes to join the European Union by 2025, but first, it must meet EU environmental and emissions standards, which could cost upwards of 15 billion euros. Improving wastewater treatment will be a large part of that process. And that’s the world water roundup. We turn to more news on the European Union and water quality with a look at Greece, which is under pressure from the European Commission to stop delaying and address the nitrate pollution in its waters. Last week, the Commission asked the European Union’s highest court to fine Greece for its continued failure to protect its waters from agricultural nitrate contamination. EU law requires member states to monitor their waters and identify those at risk of nitrate contamination from agricultural runoff. They must also designate land areas that drain into these waters as Nitrate Vulnerable Zones, and set up ways to reduce or prevent pollution. By 2011, Greece had not designated some Nitrate Vulnerable Zones and had not created the mandated “action programs” for these areas. The European Commission formally notified the Greek Authorities, and began infringement proceedings. In 2015, the EU Court of Justice ruled that Greece had violated EU law. Since then, Greece has designated 12 new Nitrate Vulnerable Zones, but has not established action programs for them, nor provided any indication of when it will. As the Commission put it, “Four years later, the problem is still not fully resolved.” Now the Commission has referred the case back to the Court of Justice. It asks the court to impose financial sanctions on Greece, in accordance with EU policy. It asks for a fine of roughly 2,600 Euros a day for each day since the 2015 ruling that Greece has failed to honor it, provided Greece does comply before the court rules again on the case. Should Greece not comply before the next Court of Justice ruling, the Commission wants the fine raised nearly tenfold, to roughly 23,700 thousand Euros a day. From Circle of Blue this week, the brutal Camp Fire in California has caused severe drinking water contamination in the town of Paradise, where residents face poisons in their water pipes. Last November 86 people died and more than 90 percent of the town’s buildings burned down in California’s most destructive fire. Today the central tension for Paradise is how to rid the water distribution system of benzene and other volatile organic chemicals that were unleashed by the flames. And they must do this with a decimated staff and little revenue. In this way the Camp Fire breaks new ground. Never before has a town water system lost nearly all of its customers, which are its source of revenue, and attempted such a feat of investigation, outreach, and rehabilitation from fire…with so few resources. It is a new chapter in the history of disaster recovery in America. It’s one that could be easily repeated as fire seasons lengthen in the West, more acres are consumed, and communities expand into wildland areas that are susceptible to burning. Dan Newton of the State Water Board’s Division of Drinking Water told Circle of Blue. “What they’re facing is, it’s hard to put into words, frankly…It is a tremendous effort that is going to be needed to get that town back up on its feet.” The next step for Paradise Irrigation District, the town’s water provider, is to identify contaminated pipes. That will require as many as 50,000 water samples. So far the district has taken just over 200. After pinpointing the chemicals, the district will need to isolate contaminated pipes and then either flush them or remove and replace them. The entire process will resemble a military operation in its scale and logistical complexity, says Andrew Whelton, a Purdue University engineer who is assisting the district. Residents are frustrated by more than four months of exile. Slowly they are starting to return to Paradise. Some are buying in-home treatment units to remove benzene. But returning residents pose a number of risks, according to Whelton. Home water treatment systems may not perform as advertised or may not be designed to remove the levels of contaminants that are in the town’s system. Residents also may not know how to properly sample and test their water when checking for contaminants. A third risk is to the Paradise water system itself. The more demands that are placed on the system from returning residents, the harder it is to isolate the chemicals and mend the pipes. District manager Kevin Phillips said “This is going to be a long, long process for people to come back up… It’s going to take a lot of patience and a lot of time and a lot of understanding that this is not going to happen tomorrow or the next day or the next year, that it’s going to be a long, long process.” And that’s What’s Up With Water…we’d like to know what’s up where you are – Tweet us with your water news @circleofblue hash tag whatsupwithwater. Eileen Wray-McCann is a writer, director and narrator who co-founded Circle of Blue. During her 13 years at Interlochen Public Radio, a National Public Radio affiliate in Northern Michigan, Eileen produced and hosted regional and national programming. She’s won Telly Awards for her scriptwriting and documentary work, and her work with Circle of Blue follows many years of independent multimedia journalistic projects and a life-long love of the Great Lakes. She holds a BA and MA radio and television from the University of Detroit. Eileen is currently moonlighting as an audio archivist and enjoys traveling through time via sound.

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During the development of international-style organised crime in Australia throughout the two decades from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s, a legal loophole was exploited to make Australia a haven for counterfeiters of foreign currency. It was not until the end of 1985 that special legislation was enacted to make counterfeiting of foreign currency illegal along with forgery of Australian currency. The absence of any Federal law in the past had been exploited by foreign currency counterfeiters, especially in making millions of dollars worth of fake American banknotes. It meant that, when counterfeiters of foreign currency had been caught, they had to be proceeded against under common law provisions of State laws. Proclamation of a new Commonwealth Crimes (Currency) Act at last provided for the same penalty for counterfeiting either foreign or domestic currency — 14 years’ jail or a fine of $75,000. At the time of Federation in 1901, the Australian States ceded to the Commonwealth the exclusive right to legislate in regard to currency. It did so for Australian currency but overlooked to include foreign currency. The oversight was first highlighted with the establishment in 1929 of an international convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency. The principal objective of the convention has been to encourage all countries to avoid having lesser penalties for counterfeiting foreign currency than for their own domestic currencies. Though a participant nation, sending delegates when convention countries have met every eight years, Australia had been in the embarrassing position of being forced to apologise for not having any national law against either making, passing or exporting counterfeit foreign currency. A police authority on counterfeiting, Vic Anderson, who headed a Federal police currency squad before becoming director of the Australian Bureau of Criminal Intelligence and later an Assistant Commissioner of the Federal police, took up the issue after representing Australia at a convention. He noted that even though Australian banks had suffered greatly at the hands of counterfeiters in Europe and Asia where Australian currency had been forged and distributed, Australian authorities had failed to act. His point: ‘Public confidence in the nation’s currency is of paramount importance, as is the confidence of overseas governments in the currency of Australia.’ Legislation to ratify convention requirements was finally put through parliament in 1981 but not proclaimed until October 1985. The delay had been despite the fact that the flaw in Australian law had attracted international media attention 18 years earlier during Australia’s most celebrated foreign currency counterfeiting case. An American citizen, Robert Baudin, who had spent eight months in a US prison for counterfeiting millions of dollars worth of petrol coupons, came to Australia in 1948 ostensibly to set up an aerial photography business. During the 1950s, he printed fake American banknotes on an offset press in a room of a home in the Sydney suburb of Balmain. In one recorded excursion, he sold counterfeits with a face value of more than $50,000 to agents in Spain and Italy. In 1968, notes from a batch of $US100,000 he had left in a metal box with a friend who had accompanied him to Australia, Richard Pratt, began surfacing in America and Germany. In all, Baudin was alleged to have printed up to $US10 million worth. Among batches of various denominations of American notes and printing plates seized when Baudin was arrested were experimental plates of an Australian 10 pound note, superseded by the introduction of decimal currency. In a bizarre episode after his arrest, Baudin buzzed Sydney in a light aircraft, threatening to crash the plane while he bargained by radio with the then NSW Commissioner of Police, Norman Allan, over what charges he would face. The commissioner agreed, with a memorable radio message: ‘Romeo Charlie Alpha — your conditions are agreed to and you are cleared to land.’ It meant that Baudin was only charged with forging an Australian 10 pound note — and not in connection with any of the foreign currency. Baudin was jailed for 14 months. In a book called Fake, published overseas in 1977, Baudin disclosed that he knew his ground because ‘somewhere I’d read that owing to a weakness in Australian law little could be done about the manufacture of foreign bills — provided none had been circulated in Australia’. It was Baudin’s book that inspired Australia’s biggest counterfeit operating involving domestic currency. Melbourne solicitor Blair Forsyth, sentenced to jail in November 1985 with two other men over a scheme to manufacture counterfeit $50 notes at a Bendigo factory, was said in court to have used Baudin’s book as a guide. Since the original Baudin case, there have numerous other examples of counterfeit syndicates exploiting the delay in bringing down Federal legislation. When the world’s biggest seizure of counterfeit American dollars occurred in Melbourne in 1974, investigators had to resort to State common law charges. Forged American $20 notes totalling nearly $US12 million were seized. In the absence of Federal law, ringleaders of the counterfeit syndicate were charged under the Victorian Crimes Act. The charge boiled down to ‘conspiracy to make and distribute counterfeit United States of America banknotes, thereby effecting a public mischief. No doubt exploiting the lack of Federal law, counterfeiters in Australian until now have tended to concentrate more on foreign rather than domestic currency. In the 1974 case, a counterfeiting syndicate used Melbourne as a base to make the forged American banknotes for distribution not in Australia but in Europe and Asia. The scheme came unstuck when two distributors, Roger Gilbert and Alan Wray, were arrested in Zurich, Switzerland, in January 1974, trying to pass some of the counterfeit $US20 notes. A search of their hotel room disclosed 5000 of the notes. When police interviewed associates of Gilbert, it was found that Gilbert had confided that he was going overseas on an undisclosed mission for a syndicate but had been assured it was not illegal. Inquiries led to John Maxwell Singer, a Melbourne identity since scrutinised by the Costigan Royal Commission over involvement in international arms deals. Police recovered counterfeit notes with a face value of $US11,842,360, including $US140,000 handed over by Singer in Thailand. Most of the fakes were seized from a bank vault, a transport company and a house in Melbourne. Although nominated as a ‘foundation’ member of the syndicate, Singer gained indemnity to testify against other syndicate members. A wealthy Toorak company director, Charles Zuker, financier of the counterfeit operation, was sentenced to five years’ jail. A painter, Nick Kypraios, the printer, received three years. An architect, Stephen Kyriakidis, the alleged organiser, absconded on bail. Printing plates used in the counterfeiting were later found embedded in two concrete blocks dumped in the Yarra River, near Abbotsford Bridge. Of the $US12 million known to have been printed, fakes with a face value of $157,640 were never traced. Counterfeit American $20 notes (as well as $100 notes) were also seized in Queensland in 1976 after a police diving team came across dumped printing plates while searching for stolen motor vehicle number plates. Manufactured in Victoria, the plate material was traced to the Brisbane office of a company called Offshore Research and Development. In the printing process, a thumb print was left on one of the plates. It matched that of the company’s managing director, Charles Hope. At his office, police found a Gestetner offset lithographic printing press, along with batches of counterfeit notes. Another suitcase full was handed over to police by the Queensland manager of Gestetner, George Blacklock. A friend of Hope, Blacklock told police that Hope had asked him to take care of the locked case until he sorted out his affairs. Hope was charged with forgery under the Queensland Criminal Code. But he then had himself admitted as a voluntary psychiatric patient, thus preventing police interviewing him further. A backyard printing operation raided in the Sydney suburb of Peakhurst in 1980 was found to be the hub of a sophisticated international counterfeit network involving both $100 and $20 US notes. Federal police smashed the Australian end of the network after receiving a tip-off while investigating links between Australian and American organised crime identities. Fake notes with a face value of nearly one million dollars American were located in Australia. But by the time police had arrested Australian members of the syndicate, and confiscated a printing press, large numbers of the fakes had been laundered through banks in Honolulu, Manila, Hong Kong and Sydney. Counterfeit English pound notes have been used by criminals associated with international shoplifting gangs trained in Australia. In one episode, in 1976, two men were arrested after using counterfeit 10 pound Sterling notes to shout rounds of drinks for a restaurant full of strangers at Kings Cross. Since they had passed some of the money, they were charged under NSW law with ‘uttering a forged document’. One of the men, John Cunningham, from Britain, had previously also used two counterfeit bank cheques to buy jewellery in Melbourne. Neither Cunningham nor his associate, William Mair, from Sydney, would disclose the whereabouts of the printing set-up. A new type of counterfeit West German 100 deutschmark note was first detected in Sydney. Later, similar fakes were found in Melbourne and in West Germany. The printing operation was traced to Sydney and the NSW north coast town of Coffs Harbour. Four Australians were arrested. American banknotes have proved to be the most fre-quently counterfeited currency in the world, mainly because the American dollar is accepted anywhere, making it perhaps the world’s only truly international currency. American dollar notes are also vulnerable because all denominations are the same size, with only two colors — black and green. In contrast, Australian notes vary in size for each denomination, and feature a variety of colors. They also incorporate a high quality three dimensional watermark and a security thread. This means that fakes can be more easily spotted. A note can be checked simply by placing a thin sheet of paper over it, then gently rubbing over it with a pencil. With a genuine note, this will bring up the outline of the watermark and security thread. from Connections 2 by Bob Bottom

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Thursday, June 28, 2018 Saturday, June 16, 2018 When Human Factors Snaps Post by CatalinaNJB Quality assurance is a vital part of production in the manufacturing industry. There are several data collection points during the processes with the end result that the product is reliable. Whatever the manufacturing is, products are tested over and over again to ensure the quality delivered equals quality promised. These tests could be NDT (Non Destructive Testing) tests, destructive tests, endurance tests, or any other tests that are applicable to establish a confidence level of quality above the bar, or above promised quality. If the quality level is below the bar, there are two available options; 1) lower expectations of the product or promises; 2) improve the quality to a desired and acceptable quality level. The simplest solution is to lower the expectations of the product, which some manufacturer decide to do when coming to a fork in the road. There is some truth to the saying that “you get what you pay for”. Quality assurance is decided at the fork in the road. When a product is manufactured as a larger piece of a system, it is tested prior to entry onto the assembly line. It becomes obvious that not all products, or all 100% of a sample, can be tested for quality by destructive testing, since there then would not be any parts left to assemble. The quality of parts within a system where a destructive testing is required is therefore based on random sampling of these pieces and applied to the remaining sample. Turbine blades and vanes in a jet engine cannot all be tested for material stress. Random samples are tested to establish a confidence level of product warranty. Should the sample “fail”, and the test is performed according to standard, it’s not the failure of the sample itself, but the process that lead up to the finished sample. Service industries also perform sampling of services for quality assurance. A service industry may sample how personnel perform in customer service relations, and they may sample the product they are servicing. A gas station may find that one supplier of gas often deliver poor quality, or they may find that one vendor often delivers poor quality dairy products. When a customer is complaining about the product, they are actually complaining about the service delivered. A customer expects that a service provider (E.g. gas station or general store) have a quality assurance system in place to ensure that each product they service is delivered to expected quality. This type of quality control is more difficult than strictly product quality, since the service provider must have confidence in, not only the manufacturer, but also in the vendor. The service provider must establish a confidence level of a manufacturer and the vendor that is at or above the bar of what a customer expects, and do this for each product they sell. Both manufacturer quality assurance and service provider quality assurance can be tested and evaluated based on known data that affects products or services. Sampling of what the vendor delivers can be evaluated based on known data that affects products or services. Sampling of what the vendor delivers can be taken at each delivery. Yes, they would lose the sale of that one item, but by sampling they can apply this data in their quality assurance system. Some years ago, a small produce wholesaler conducted their product quality assurance by asking each employee to pack themselves a bag of randomly selected fruits and vegetables every weekend. This competitive edge of testing the product weekly blew the larger and established competitors away. Eventually this small organization purchased the well established large produce wholesale companies. Not only did this improve their edge of product quality, but it improved their edge in customer service by having live and current testimonies of their quality. It could be that the manufacturer delivered a good product, while the quality deteriorated while in the possession of the vendor. By sampling the vendor, the quality of the product itself cannot be sampled. However, this is often the only practical solution to collect samples for quality assurance. This solution points the blame at the vendor and may not address the actual root cause. This approach is often applied, since it’s a simple and a justifiable action, to blame the nearest source when the failure happened. In addition, this type of root cause assessment does not have any cost incurred and it doesn’t require any special skills, knowledge or training. Data is collected to analyze why the selected process didn’t win. An effective Safety Management System operates the same way as a manufacturing system and service system by collecting data for quality assurance. Except that the SMS collects data of human factors, or human errors for lack of better words, of how much pressure it takes for human factors to snap, break or to malfunction in job performance. Personnel may be required to perform conflicting tasks in job performance, work with incomplete systems and must have resilience to change or divert a process when things go wrong, as they sometimes will. When applying this concept to an airport or airline, the airport makes an effort to maintain safe customer service, while regulatory requirements may demand that the airport temporary closes. A pilot may be tasked with flying in hazardous weather conditions, while simultaneously being tasked with unacceptable ATC clearances due to the closed airport. The question becomes how many combine tasks does it take before the performance of human factors snaps. Human factors system was the forgotten system until the concept of SMS was introduced. After an aircraft accident the blame was immediately assign to the pilot. The pilot became the root cause, and it was named pilot error. Simple, closed and no questions allowed to be asked. This was safety in the old days. Nobody had the right to argue with safety. When the safety-card was played, the discussion ended. SMS is different. In a healthy safety system, there are discussions about safety issues and the root cause does not paint a person into a corner. However, there are few options to test human factors and test a person for acceptable pressure level. The task is not as simple as in a manufacturing process. Often the acceptable pressure level is not identified until after an accident. Now it’s time to investigate the underlying systems, organizational processes, environmental factors, supervision and the human factors concept itself to establish a root cause that can be further discussed and mitigated. When human factors become the subject of testing for quality assurance there are different processes than testing for material quality or product quality. However, the principles remain the same, that testing is required to establish to what level of quality systems are performing. First, it becomes a factor to establish the expected performance level of human factors and second, establishing training programs to ensure that pilots always perform above the established expectation, or their breaking point of performance. Everybody has a breaking point at witch time they are not capable of performing expected tasks. E.g. Air France 447: “…completely surprised by technical problems experienced at high altitude and engaged in increasingly de-structured actions until suffering the total loss of cognitive control of the situation.”-BEA Report The point of no return back to safe operations is the point when human factors snaps. The beauty of an effective Safety Management System is not only to assess for accidents, but to lead personnel on a path where they will never fly beyond a point of no return. In other words, SMS is not just about preventing accidents, it’s to establish a confidence level of air service safety warranty. Remember, without an SMS there is a safety confidence level of zero. Friday, June 1, 2018 There Is No SMS Without A Just Culture Post by CatalinaNJB A safety management system cannot exist without a just culture since a non-just culture in itself is an opposition to forward looking accountability. Not only does a non-just culture oppose forward looking accountability, but it also opposes the principles of continuous safety improvements. In a traditional safety culture, safety is a mandate established by senior management and demanded that all personnel strictly follow these mandates. Aviation accidents are still classified as a failure to comply with regulations, policies or procedures. The conclusions are often that If only those pilots had complied with regulations, policies and processes there would not be a single aviation accident anymore. Well, we know that’s not true. In 1956 and the Grand Canyon disaster both Captains of both airlines were following regulations, policies and procedures and they ended up in a mid-air collision. On the other hand, if KLM 4805 had continued their first takeoff roll without a clearance, is there a possibility they could have cleared Pan Am 1736? There are times when following the rule could have avoided an accident, but there also are times when not following the rule prevents an accident. Regulatory requirement serves a different purpose, or role, than operational safety. A finding that following regulations, policies and processes would have prevented an accident is not a fact of the true root cause. A true root cause analysis identifies what was done rather what was not done. Just culture is to line elements for comprehension and continuous safety improvements. An enterprise may conduct a self analysis of their own just culture. There are several variations of valuable just culture assessments tools available for an enterprise to conduct evaluation. A just culture self-evaluation is more than tick the correct boxes. It is to find the true culture in the organization. With a fully operational safety management system an operator is expected to operate within a just culture. It becomes a failure to the SMS unless the culture is present. An operator could believe that they are operating within a just culture while there is no data to support their opinion. A just culture is not the same as a non-punitive culture, but a culture that is just in the assessment of root causes. A non-punitive culture is in itself a hazard to aviation safety when it is not incorporated in a just culture. The four parameters of a just culture are trust, learning, accountability and information sharing. When the system of just culture is effective the outcome is comprehension of SMS and continuous safety improvements. Visualizing a just culture is to line up six dices in a row where all dices are displaying equal numbers. SMS process implemented needs one process to generate trust, one process to instill learning, one process to accept accountability and one process to share information. When these four processes are established, the effectiveness is shown in the output of system comprehension and continuous safety improvements. A great safety change today could be obsolete over time. In a non-just culture there is only one dice; the pilot. When things go wrong the pilot is blamed. By improving the process, a second dice was added; the nav-aids. Eventually other processes are put in place and with the third dice; the air traffic controller. In this example of a just culture, these are the three first elements of the culture, where the pilot is trusted the authority, the nav-aids provide guidance and support, the third is to place accountability on ATC, in that ATC has the authority to maintain safe air to air and air to ground separation. The fourth element of a just culture is to share this information by reporting of hazards, incidents accidents and safety concerns. Sharing this information improve individual comprehension of the SMS systems and how implemented improvements equals continuous safety improvements. A just culture is expected to eliminate accidents. Some might say that it’s not possible to eliminate all, but if one flight can be safe, what are the reason for the next flight not to be safe. In a true story the safety process did not include all four elements with a fatal outcome. A person had sat down in front of a fire-trucks door and dozed off. The fire department was called out, opened the doors and run over the person sitting there. The fire department process had placed the role of safety on the person at the door, without considerations of the other elements. This is also the old-way in aviation safety. There is only one safeguard and that is the pilot. This safeguard is placing unreasonable expectations on one person to be perfect in all tasks, to always be vigilant and to never let person or mind leave the post. The new way of SMS and just culture is to implement support systems for continuous safety improvements for the flying customers and aviation services. Selecting SMS Software Programs By Catalina 9 W hen selecting an SMS software program, the task becomes to select a program that gi... Concierge SMS: Contracted out Safety Management Systems S o you are required to have a Safety Management System, SMS, by regul... Safety through Control An Event A true event from the Civil Aviation Daily Occurrence Reporting System, (CADORS), in Cana... Why SMS? By CatalinaMJB A Blog Analysis Of Aviation SMS This same q uestion is being asked by o...

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In the last post, we took a close look at some of the interesting islands of the Strait of Hormuz – specifically, the islands of Abu Musa, Qeshm, and Hormuz. In this post, I am picking up the alignment in Bandar-e-Abbas, Iran and following it to the city of Mazar-e-Sharif in Afghanistan. I am following an alignment that originates from, and ends on, Amsterdam Island, one of the French Subantarctic Islands. In this series, I am sharing what I found, by connecting the cities and places that form a circle. Amsterdam Island is a tiny dot in the South Indian Ocean. Bandar-e-Abbas is a port city, and the capital of Hormozgan Province. It is modern Iran’s most important port, with 75% of Iran’s sea-trade passing through here. It’s previous name, with different pronounciations and spellings in different languages, was Gombroon. The most important port in Ancient Iran was the nearby Hormuz City. In 1497, five years after the new false historical timeline was superimposed onto the original positive timeline in 1492 (for what I am talking about, see my post “An Explanation for What Happened to the Positive Timeline of Humanity & Associated Historical Events & Anomalies”), Europeans landed in the region for the first time, in the form of the Portuguese explorer Vasco de Gama. Nine years later, in 1508, the European invasion began, with the Portuguese sending seven warships to protect their interests there. This is an etching showing what Hormuz City looked like in 1522. Old Hormuz, or Ormus, was located where the city of Minab is today. I remember reading somewhere that there is occult or esoteric significance to the name of Ormus, but it is not the scope of this post to delve into it. It is yet another point of information in the piecing together of this puzzle that has many missing pieces. Here are some photos of ancient infrastructure in and around Minab. Contrary to what we have been taught by historical omission, these are not natural features. My blog is filled with examples of why I say this, however, I would recommend reading my post “Natural Features…or Intelligently Designed Ancient Infrastructure?” – my dedicated post for why I say this. Hormozgan Province, of which Bandar-e-Abbas is a part, has 13 major cities, and 13 counties. The people of this region are called Bandari. This province is also known as Iran’s Black South. The flavor of the traditional ceremonies and music in this part of Iran is considered African, but the people are called descendants of African slaves and merchants. I would like to point out the other explanation, which is that these people are indigenous to this land. There are a lot of really big secrets out there that have not been told to Humanity. I think this is the biggest because everything happening in our world today is related to this Truth being withheld and distorted. There is a Hindu Temple in Bandar-e-Abbas, that was said to have been built in 1892. Notice anything unusual in this picture? At the very least, the dome of this building, and perhaps more, has monolithic characteristics – that is, it looks like it was carved from a single block of stone. I see cracks in the foreground, but not sections. Even if it is made from another building material, how did they do it, according to the history we have been taught? What technology did they have to accomplish that in 1892? There is so much we haven’t been told about the True History of the planet, including how Hinduism, and Buddhism for that matter, connects back into the Advanced Ancient Civilization, and that all of this is not mutually exclusive as we have been taught to believe. More on this later in the post. Moving along the circle alignment from Bandar-e-Abbas, we find the city of Kerman, the capital of Iran’s Kerman Province. It is one of Iran’s oldest cities. This is the Arg-e-bam Castle, or Bam Citadel, in Kerman Province. It is called the largest adobe building in the world, and is a UNESCO World Heritage site believed to go back to the 6th-century BC. An earthquake in 2003 destroyed much of it. Compare it in style to the Grand Mosque of Djenne, in Mali, also an example of adobe architecture. Djenne is not far from the home of the Dogon, Bandiagara Escarpment, with its adobe dwellings… …which just happens to look a lot like Mesa Verde in Colorado. This is Itchan Kala, the inner walled town of Khiva in Uzbekistan. It has been a World Heritage Site since 1990. And before I move on from adobe structures, I just want to share the astonishing similarity in appearance between the adobe buildings of Ait Ben Haddou in Morocco’s Ouarzazate province… …and this view of what would be considered more modern constructions in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife in the Canary Islands. This is the Bazaar-e-Sartasari in the city of Kerman, one of the oldest trading centers in Iran… …compared with Fort Pulaski in the U.S. State of Georgia, on Tybee Island near Savannah, Georgia… …and Fort Jefferson on Dry Tortuga State Park, west of Key West, Florida, and not accessible by land. I think these so-called civil war era forts in the United States were re-purposed from their original uses. In other words, they were pre-existing buildings that were converted for military use. Next in Kerman is the Hammam-e-Ganjali, an historic bathhouse said to have been built in 1631. It is now a museum. Note the monolithic stone columns, and the stylized vaulting in the roof design. Same idea with the Hammam-e-Vakil, a bath in the same complex, that has been converted into a teahouse. Leaving Kerman, next on the alignment we come to the Lakes of Hamun (Helmand), which is on the border of Iran and Afghanistan. Hamun is a group of reservoirs. In my post “On Chimney Rocks and Man-Made Lakes” I give a detailed opinion on what that is all about – creating reservoirs is how ancient infrastructure is covered up. In Iran, Lake Hamun is a UNESCO-protected biopshere reserve. Mount Khajen is described as a flat-topped basalt mountain (like it’s natural) that turns into a seasonal island during the rainy season in the middle of Lake Hamun in Iran. Rostam Castle is located on Mount Khajen, the ruins of a citadel complex. It is an important archeological site. This area was also part of a southern branch of the Great Silk Road, part of a ancient network of trade routes that connected East and West. Within the remains of the complex, there is a Zoroastrian fire temple. Not only that, in legend Lake Hamun is considered to be the “Keeper of Zoroaster’s seed.” This means Zoroastrians believe that when the final renovation of the world is near, maidens will enter the lake, and give birth to the Saoshyans, the saviors of mankind. Next on the alignment we come to Farah in Afghanistan. It is part of the sparsely populated Farah Province, which is mostly comprised of rural tribal groups. This region is heavily affected by the on-going hot conflicts in Afghanistan. I will be focusing mostly on past history, not present, for the purposes of this blog post. This is the Citadel at Farah, said to have been built as part of a network of fortresses by Alexander the Great when the history books tell us he took possession of the land in 330 B.C. To be clear, I am not saying that I believe this is when it was actually built. The city of Farah is believed to be over 3,000 years old, and one of the ancient places of the Persian Kings. This is called the Farah Mubarak – Mahdavia on the outskirts of Farah City. It is a major pilgrimage site for Muslims. The population of Farah province is predominantly Pashtun, also known as Pathan. The Pashtun are a tribal nation of millions of Afghani and Pakistani Muslims who have a strong oral tradition that they are descendants of lost Tribes of Israel, and they refer to themselves as Bani Israel. Here is an example of a Pashtun textile piece. Here are examples of traditional Afghani clothing for men and women: Farah also belongs culturally and historically to Sistan Province in Iran, and the Greater Khorasan, which is a region lying in the northeast part of the historical Persian Empire. Next on the alignment is Mazar-e-Sharif, Afghanistan. It is the third largest city in Afghanistan, and the capital of the Balkh Province. This region is also part of the Greater Khorasan of the historical Persian Empire. The city has been spared the devastation of war that has occurred in other parts of Afghanistan, and is considered one of the safest cities in the country. This is the Blue Mosque in the center of the city. The Blue Mosque is also notable for the white pigeons that congregate in its courtyard…. This is the Citadel in the ancient city of Balkh. Balkh was a center of Zoroastrianism in northern Afghanistan. It is a short distance northwest of Mazar-e-Sharif. It was known as Bactra, the capital of ancient Bactria. Our history books convey to us that Alexander the Great captured the city in 330 BC, and the hordes of Genghis Khan completely destroyed it in 1220 AD. Hmmmm. Something about this particular place attracts major attention! The Hindu Kush is just south of Balkh. There are many who believe that there is a connection between Balkh, the Hindu Kush, and Shambhala. Zoroastrians, for example, identified the Hindu Kush as the High Hara, or the geographic center of the universe around which the stars and the planets revolve, and the home of the “Masters of the Heart.” There is a strong history of Buddhism in this part of the world as well. In Balkh, there are stupas over the remains of the first lay disciples of the Buddha – Trapusa and Bahalika. The city is said to have derived its name from Bahalika. This Buddhist stupa near Balkh sits on top of the Takht-e-Rustam, the throne of the hero of the world. I am going to end this post in the Bamiyan Valley of Afghanistan, which is not directly on this alignment – it is south of Mazar-e-Sharif in Central Afghanistan, not far from Kabul, the country’s capital. There were two colossal statues of Buddha there, carved into the sandstone there. Both statues were destroyed by the Taliban in 2001. I firmly believe there would be no mysteries in history if we had been taught the true history, about an ancient advanced civilization that was all about Harmony, Balance, Beauty, Sacred Geometry and Unity with each other and the Universe, and connecting with One’s Higher Self. This is a poignant example of how dark forces are hell-bent on physically destroying this civilization, and its memory and legacy. Actually, they have been hell-bent on destroying all civilization, but this particular one was the fullest expression of human potential that there ever was on earth. I will pick up the alignment in Dushanbe, Tajikistan in my next post.

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Figure 4. Diagram depicting the laws of wane formation in a simplified fashion. Figure 5. Microerosion analysis of petroglyphs on Rupe Magna, Valtellina, Italy. The rationale of microerosion analysis is that, after a new rock surface has been created, by either natural or anthropic agents, it is subjected to chemical weathering processes. This applies especially in unsheltered locations, and it results in cumulative effects that are a function of time, among other factors. While this is a fairly self-evident principle, the difficulty in using the results of such processes to estimate the age of a rock surface is that our understanding of them, of their effectiveness on different rock types, and of their susceptibility to environmental factors remains limited. We know that rock surfaces retreat with time, be it by solution (Acker and Bricker 1992; Busenberg and Clemency 1976; Lin and Clemency 1981; Oxburgh et al. 1994; Rimstidt and Barnes 1980; Williamson and Rimstidt 1994), physical wear, or a combination of the two. Empirical engineering data for natural building stone tells us that the amount of retreat differs greatly according to rock type (Schwegler 1995). Macroscopic rock erosion ranges up to fifty millimetres each one thousand years for poorly cemented sandstone, but can be as little as fifty microns on the non-quartz components of granite. This process of weathering is surface retreat (e.g. by granular exfoliation) and has sometimes been called ‘micro erosion’ (two words), although its products are certainly visible at the macroscopic level (Smith 1978) (see below under ‘pitfalls’). The term ‘microerosion’ (one word, unhyphenated) refers exclusively to solution processes whose effects can be seen only at the microscopic level. Hence, for the timespans we are concerned with in dating petroglyphs, only comparatively erosion-resistant rock types are of interest. In most cases this excludes especially sedimentary rocks. It must also be emphasised that microerosion analysis is not one specific method, but a cluster of possible methods around a basic concept. Two have so far been applied practically: the measurement of micro-wanes on fractured crystals (Bednarik 1992, 1993), and the selective, often alveolar retreat in certain rock types of components that weather at vastly different rates (Bednarik 1995a). The effectiveness of the second approach has been confirmed by Pope (2000) when he tried to negate it. Pope effectively failed to appreciate the difference between these two approaches, perceiving microerosion analysis as a muddled combination of the two. There is no doubt that various alternative indices of micro-erosion may also prove to be useful, but, so far, their potential remains unexplored. Macro-wanes on rock are the results of progressive rounding of freshly broken rock edges. Cernohouz and Solc (1966) claimed to be able to estimate the ages of such wanes to within 10-20% accuracy on two rock types. After observing similar rounding at the microscopic scale, on individual mineral crystals that had been fractured, it occurred to me that these phenomena were likely to obey the same physical laws. I explained these fundamental laws geometrically and mathematically (Bednarik 1992, 1993), which made it possible to attempt dating by measuring wane sizes. These formulae explained how, under ideal conditions, wane development is related to time. (They explain also many other things in nature, for instance the geometry determining the course of temperature transfer within a solid object, the geometry explaining how a solid body melts, or how a liquid penetrates a porous body.) The ‘radius’ of rock wanes (strictly speaking, wanes are not equicircular in section, but hyperbolic), at whatever magnitude of size, increases as a function of age. In wane formation (Figure 4), the ratio h : r is constant for any angle alpha, irrespective of distance of retreat of the faces and the edge. Ratio x : z is a function of alpha, and at alpha = 60 degrees, x = 2z. Dimension x can be expressed in algebraic fashion as per Formula 1 above. This leads to the prediction of beta, the angle expressing the rate of wane development relative to surface retreat (Formula 2 above). The relationship wane width A with age, irrespective of actual retreat, is ultimately determined by the ratio alpha : beta, which must be established empirically. It follows that the dimensions A, r, z, and angles alpha and beta are all related geometrically and algebraically, and that the variables A, r, x, z and h are all proportionally equivalent, and increase linearly with age. Of these, A is most easily measured physically. It is therefore the variable used in micro-wane measurement. The analyst scans the rock surface microscopically to locate crystals that have been truncated (either fractured by impact or truncated by abrasion) by the event to be dated (e.g. the petroglyph production). A statistically significant sample of micro-wane widths along the edges of such truncation surfaces is recorded for a selected angle, and placed in a calibration curve. Age estimates are prefixed with a capital E, indicating that the result is erosion derived. Until we know much more about solution rates of common and suitable component minerals, we need to establish these rates regionally with calibration curves. In microerosion analysis, the use of two (or more) curves for two (or more) different component minerals is recommended. Since it is unlikely that different minerals would all react similarly to past environmental changes, one would expect to detect irregularities because the corresponding values of a sample would appear displaced in the calibration graph’s ordinates. If solution of one component mineral had slowed down or accelerated sufficiently to render the distortion detectable by such a comparatively coarse method, it would be reflected in the misalignment of the corresponding points on the curve. No other dating method currently used in archaeology offers such a self-checking mechanism. The precision of the method is probably poor at this early stage, because it depends entirely on the number and precision of calibration points. The principal potential variables in microerosion are temperature, pH and moisture availability. The first two are regarded as unimportant: variations in mean temperatures were probably minor, even as far back as glacial peaks of the Pleistocene; they would not have affected solution rates appreciably. Variations in pH would certainly apply back through time, but in the case of both amorphous silica and quartz, there is almost no change in solubility below pH 9. For alumina it is negligible in the central region of the pH scale, which coincides with most natural conditions. Quartz, then, can serve as a control against which to check the effects of pH changes on other minerals (Rimstidt and Barnes 1980). There is no doubt that precipitation would have varied at any site in the past, and it varies between different sites today. However, it is expected that significant changes in moisture availability would affect component minerals differently, and should thus be detectable by calibration. In this respect, the unknown sample – the surface to be dated – provides one of the points one can use to check reliability of the calibration curves, because its multi-mineral values, too, must lie on the same ordinate in the diagram. The microerosion method by micro-wane measurement has been used on petroglyphs in six blind tests now, in Russia, Portugal, Italy and Bolivia (Bednarik 1992, 1993, 1995a, 1997b, 2000b, 2002). Archaeological expectations were matched in all cases except one, where, however, results matched those of other scientific analyses (Bednarik 1995b; Watchman 1995). Calibration curves are now available from Lake Onega (Russia), Vila Real (Portugal), Grosio (Italy), Um Sanaman (Saudi Arabia) and the eastern Pilbara (Australia), and the technique has also been applied in India, China (Tang 2000) and South Africa. The method has a practical time range from the present to perhaps 50 000 years BP, which renders it particularly suitable for rock art. Results ranging from a few hundred years to thirty millennia have so far been obtained (Figure 5). While microerosion analysis is not thought to provide great accuracy, it is probably more reliable than most alternative methods of dating petroglyphs, and it is certainly cheaper and simpler than most. It requires no laboratory backing; the results can be determined in the field. It provides not a single result, but clusters of age-related values (the micro-wane widths) that can be converted into various statistical expressions – a luxury that nearly all other dating methods have to do without (OSL on individual mineral grains and multiple targeted applications of AMS 14C to the same lamination might be broadly comparable). Importantly, it does not attempt to determine the age of some accretion or other feature somehow relatable to the rock art, it focuses on the age of the actual petroglyph, the ‘target event’ of Dunnell and Redhead (1988). No other method currently available does this. Microerosion analysis does satisfy the demand of Dunnell and Readhead for methods that are applicable directly to the feature about which chronological information is sought. Moreover, it is the only dating method that offers a means of internal checking, that is, of checking the validity of the result without recourse to another method (although again luminescence dating has a limited feature of this type, i.e. the possibility of checking whether the uranium and thorium decay chains are in equilibrium). Finally, microerosion analysis involves no removal of samples, or even contact with the rock art, being a purely optical method. The valid arguments against microerosion analysis are that we have inadequate calibration curves for it, that its accuracy is inherently limited, that it can only be applied to certain rock types (principally those comprising crystalline quartz, until quartz-free rock types are calibrated), and that it is unsuitable where the rock surface may not have been continuously exposed to precipitation (i.e. where it may have been concealed in the past by sediment, mineral accretion etc.). An objection raised by (Dorn 2001: 171) is that there are different types of crystalline quartz, and only the weathering of alpha-quartz is well understood. However, until significant differences in solution rates are demonstrated, this should not detract from the method’s utility in providing broad estimates of age. Dorn also fears that pre-existing weathering might be present in samples, which is a valid objection only where deep fractures truncated crystalline quartz veins and exposed them to water flow. I have described such an instance from one of the Penascosa panels in Portugal, which suggests that his fear is unfounded because such prior exposure is identifiable. Nevertheless, it is correct that there are significant inherent limitations in microerosion analysis, which have been emphasised in all publications about it, but these limitations are out-weighed by the benefits of this method. Perhaps the most telling example of its versatility is its recent use to date not petroglyphs, but the tools used in their production. This is an alternative application with indirect implications for rock art dating, but one of great promise. Quartz was frequently used as the material of petroglyph hammers, and in such cases where these tools remained on the surface, exposed to weathering, their fractured edges (or those on tiny spalls detached during their use) certainly lend themselves to microerosion analysis. This method has so far been used at only two sites, Kalatrancani 3 and Toro Muerto, both in central Bolivia (Bednarik 1998b: 32). Rock art dating – back to main page References list for rock art dating

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Two rationales have been offered for parental involvement in treatment. The first emphasizes the hypothesized role of parental dynamics and psychopathology in the genesis or maintenance of the disorder. From this perspective, individual therapy with the child will probably proceed more smoothly and quickly if the parents are able to gain some insight into their own contribution to their child’s difficulties. Many clinicians who have worked extensively with gender-disturbed children subscribe to this rationale (Coates and Wolfe 1997; Green et al. 1972; Newman 1976; Stoller 1978). In this context, it is important to note that a treatment plan requires as much an assessment of the parents as it does of the child, as is the case with many child psychiatric disorders. Assessment of psychopathology and the marital relationship in the parents of children with GID reveals great variability in adaptive functioning, which may well prove to be a prognostic factor. The second rationale is that parents will benefit from regular, formalized contact with the therapist to discuss day-to-day management issues that arise in carrying out the overall therapeutic plan. Work with parents can focus on the setting of limits with regard to cross-gender behavior, such as cross-dressing, cross-gender role and fantasy play, and cross-gender toy play and, at the same time, attempting to provide alternative activities (e.g., encouragement of same-sex peer relations and involvement in more gender-typical and neutral activities). In addition, parents can work on conveying to their child that they are trying to help him or her feel better about being a boy or a girl and that they want their child to be happier in this regard. Some parents, especially the well-functioning and intellectually sophisticated ones, are able to carry out these recommendations relatively easily and without ambivalence. Many parents, however, require ongoing support in implementing the recommendations, perhaps because of their own ambivalence and reservations about gender identity issues. Case Example 10 Harry was a 4-year-old boy with an IQ of 121. He had an older brother and lived with his parents, who were of a lower-middle-class background. At the time of assessment, his parents were about to separate. During Harry’s life, his parents’ relationship had deteriorated as a result of many issues, including an affair on his father’s part, multiple disagreements about lifestyle and parenting issues, and his mother’s deteriorating psychiatric state, which had required inpatient treatment after a suicide attempt when Harry was around 18 months old. Harry had displayed signs of cross-gender behavior since the age of 2 years, including compulsive and frantic cross-dressing and the verbalized desire to become a girl. His mother expressed marked ambivalence about treating Harry’s GID: “This is who he is…if I tell him not to, I will destroy his basic essence.” Exploration of the mother’s life history revealed many reasons for her ambivalence about men and masculinity. She had grown up in a family in which her father was largely absent, she had been gang-raped at the age of 13 years (following which she had developed a severe eating disorder), and, in her relationship with her husband, she had found sexual intimacy increasingly aversive. For Harry’s mother, fantasy aggression (e.g., sword play, squirt-gun play) was equated with real aggression, and she worried that if such behavior was encouraged in Harry that he would develop into a rapist. Apart from the mother’s ambivalence about masculinity, she also enjoyed Harry’s “feminine side”: he would often brush her hair and bring her tea when she was depressed and bedridden. Thus, there was suggestive evidence that Harry took care of his mother and that, in her mind, there was the risk of losing Harry if he became more autonomous from her, which was equated with him becoming more masculine. Technical Aspects of Limit Setting In my experience, there are some technical aspects of limit setting that are often misunderstood. Thus, the role of limit setting in treatment requires some consideration of conceptual and contextual issues. A common error committed by some clinicians is to simply recommend to parents that they impose limits on their child’s cross-gender behavior without attention to context. This kind of authoritarian approach is likely to fail, just like it will with regard to any behavior, because it does not take into account systemic factors, both in the parents and in the child, that fuel the symptom. At the very least, a psychoeducational approach is required, but, in many cases, limit setting needs to occur within the context of a more global treatment plan. From a psychoeducational point of view, one rationale for limit setting is that if parents allow their child to continue to engage in cross-gender behavior, the GID is, in effect, being tolerated, if not reinforced. Thus, such an approach would contribute to the perpetuation of the condition. Another rationale for limit setting is that it is, in effect, an effort to alter the GID from the “outside in,” while individual therapy for the child can explore the factors that have contributed to the GID from the “inside out.” At the same time that they attempt to set limits, parents also need to help their child with alternative activities that might help consolidate a more comfortable same-gender identification. As noted earlier, encouragement of same-sex peer group relations can be an important part of such alternatives. Some boys with GID develop an avoidance of male playmates because they are anxious about rough-and-tumble play and fantasy aggression. Such anxiety may be fueled by parent factors (e.g., where mothers conflate real aggression with fantasy aggression), but may also be fueled by temperamental characteristics of the child. Efforts on the part of parents to be more sensitive to their child’s temperamental characteristics may be quite helpful in planning peer group encounters that are not experienced by the child as threatening and overwhelming. It is not unusual to encounter boys with GID who have a genuine longing to interact with other boys but, because of their shy and avoidant temperament, do not know how to integrate themselves with other boys, particularly if they experience the contextual situation as threatening. Over time, with the appropriate therapeutic support, such boys are able to develop same-sex peer group relationships and begin to identify more with other boys as a result. Another important contextual aspect of limit setting is to explore with parents their initial encouragement or tolerance of the cross-gender behavior. Some parents will tolerate the behavior initially because they have been told, or believe themselves, that the behavior is “only a phase” that their child will grow out of or that “all children” engage in such behavior. For such parents, they become concerned about their child once they begin to recognize that the behavior is not merely a phase. For other parents, the tolerance or encouragement of cross-gender behavior can be linked to some of the systemic and dynamic factors described earlier. In these more complex clinical situations, one must attend to the underlying issues and work them through. Otherwise, it is quite likely that parents will not be comfortable in shifting their position. Case Example 11 Shawn was a 7-year-old boy with an IQ of 115. He lived with his middle-class parents and an older sibling. Since the age of 3, Shawn had engaged in all of the behaviors that comprise the GID diagnosis. Shawn’s mother spoke on a regular basis with her pediatrician, who reassured her that the behaviors were “normal” for a boy “until” the ages of 6 or 7 years. Prior to the referral, Shawn was cross-dressing; when his mother spoke to him about it, he became tearful and said “Mom, I just can’t let go of wanting to be a girl.” Apart from the GID, Shawn was emotionally labile and prone to temper tantrums when he did not get his own way. Shawn’s parents had a close marital relationship and generally functioned well. The one clear area of disagreement in their relationship concerned Shawn’s cross-gender behavior. In general, the father deferred to the mother with regard to parenting issues. Shawn’s mother did not know if limit setting was an appropriate approach to take with her son and the advice of the pediatrician reassured her that his behavior was “only a phase.” During the assessment, it became apparent that Shawn’s father had been “boiling” for many years with regard to his wife’s tolerance and encouragement of the cross-gender behavior. The parents were stalemated on this issue and the mother would covertly buy Shawn Barbie dolls. The increase in Shawn’s felt distress about being a boy and the recent increase in social ostracism led the mother to rethink her position. Clinical observation indicated that Shawn was very attuned to his mother’s position on various matters. Once she began to verbalize to Shawn that she wanted him to feel happier about being a boy, he rather easily stopped cross-dressing in her clothes, stopped playing with Barbie dolls, and, with parental support, began to develop close friendships with other boys. With the shift in the family system, Shawn and his father were able to develop mutual interests and began to spend much more shared time together, which they both immensely enjoyed. Although many contemporary clinicians have stressed the important role of working with the parents of children with GID, one can ask if there is any empirical evidence that this is effective. Again, systematic information on the question is scanty. The most relevant study (Zucker et al. 1985) found some evidence that parental involvement in therapy was significantly correlated with a greater degree of behavioral change in the child at a 1-year follow-up, but this study did not make random assignment to different treatment protocols, so one has to interpret the findings with caution. Revision date: June 18, 2011 Last revised: by David A. Scott, M.D.

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How did the judges on the retention ballot become judges? How do voters evaluate the judges? How does the Commission conduct performance reviews of judges? Who receives the surveys? How are survey comments used? What are the performance standards for judges? What information does the Commission provide to voters? How can citizens participate in selecting and reviewing judges? What is "merit selection" of judges? What are the benefits of merit selection? How can I get more information? HOW DID THE JUDGES ON THE RETENTION BALLOT BECOME JUDGES? For more than 30 years Arizona has benefited from a judicial merit selection and retention process. Merit selection is a way of choosing judges that uses a nonpartisan commission to investigate and evaluate applicants for judgeships. The commission then submits the names of at least three highly qualified applicants to the Governor. The Governor appoints appellate court judges statewide and trial court judges in Coconino, Maricopa and Pima counties from lists of nominees submitted by a judicial nominating commission. Public members make up the majority of every judicial nominating commission. There are four nominating commissions - one for appellate court appointments, and three local commissions on trial court appointments in Coconino, Maricopa, Pima and Pinal counties. Each commission is composed of ten public members and five attorney members, and is chaired by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Merit selection is not a system that grants lifetime judgeships. In Arizona, after an initial two-year term of office and every few years thereafter, judges appointed under merit selection are evaluated by the voters in an uncontested retention election. Voters have the power to remove or retain judges during the retention elections. HOW DO VOTERS EVALUATE THE JUDGES? In 1992 Arizona voters amended the state constitution to create a process for evaluating the performance of judges appointed through merit selection. The constitution requires that the performance evaluation process include input from the public and that judicial performance reports be given to the voters before the state's general election. The Commission on Judicial Performance Review ("JPR") was created to conduct the periodic performance reviews of appointed judges required by the constitution. The public has the key role in the performance review process. Jurors, witnesses, litigants, people who represent themselves in court, attorneys and court staff who have observed the judge at work are surveyed about the judge's performance. The JPR Commission sets standards for judicial performance and works under procedures adopted by the Supreme Court. Like the judicial nominating commissions, public members form the majority of the JPR Commission. The Commission is currently composed of 34 members: 21 public members, six attorneys and seven judges. The JPR Commission uses the public input to decide whether each judge subject to retention election "Meets" or "Does Not Meet" judicial performance standards. The Commission reports its decision and the information collected from the surveys in the Secretary of State Voter Information Pamphlet and on this website. Voters can use the JPR Commission's findings and data reports to decide how they will vote on each judge on the retention ballot. HOW ARE REVIEWS CONDUCTED? Judicial performance reviews are conducted twice during a judge's term - once at midterm and once at the end of the term just before the general election. The review is a two-part process: (1) Data Collection and Reporting, and (2) Self-Evaluation and Improvement: Data Collection and Reporting: Survey forms are distributed to people who have contact with the judges during a prescribed period of time. Survey recipients include attorneys, jurors, litigants, witnesses, people who represent themselves in court, court staff, other judges, and parties who have contact with presiding judges. The Commission also holds public hearings every election year and accepts written comments from the public at any time. Self-Evaluation and Improvement: Judges complete self-evaluations to rate their own performance. The categories on the self-evaluation form are identical to the categories on the various survey forms to give the judge the opportunity to compare their perspective of their performance with the survey responses. Each judge is then assigned to a Conference Team composed of one public volunteer, one attorney volunteer, and one judge volunteer. The Conference Team meets with the judge to review the Data Report, survey comments and public comments, and helps the judge set performance goals. The Conference Team reports its work with a judge in a Conference Team Report. The report is confidential and is not distributed to the Commission for use in its decisions. A copy of the Conference Team report, with identifying information removed, is used by the Judicial College of Arizona to assist in developing more effective judicial education programs. WHO RECEIVES THE SURVEYS? To maintain the integrity of the performance review process and ensure confidentiality, the Commission contracts with an independent data center to collect survey responses and compile the data. Respondents mail completed surveys directly to the data center. Survey forms are never collected by court staff or JPR Commission staff. Only data from surveys returned directly to the data center is used. The data center assigns each judge a code number. All survey responses are entered into a database under the code number. When the survey period ends, a compiled data report is generated for each code number. When reviewing data reports and public input to make its decision about whether a judge has met judicial performance standards, the Commission works only with code numbers, not the names of the judges. This system is intended to reduce potential bias on the part of Commission members when voting on whether a judge "Meets" or "Does Not Meet" judicial performance standards. HOW ARE SURVEY COMMENTS USED? Confidential comments on survey forms are retyped at the data center to omit names or other identifying information. The retyped comments are grouped and reported by respondent type in a separate document. Neither the JPR Commission nor the public has access to the survey comments. They are used only to assist in preparing the judge's self-improvement plan. WHAT ARE THE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR JUDGES? - administer justice fairly, ethically, uniformly, promptly and efficiently; - be free from personal bias when making decisions and decide cases based on the proper application of law; - issue prompt rulings that can be understood and make decisions that demonstrate competent legal analysis; - act with dignity, courtesy and patience; and - effectively manage their courtrooms and the administrative responsibilities of their office. To decide whether a judge or justice "Meets" or "Does Not Meet" judicial performance standards, Commission members compare the survey data of a judge or justice against two threshold standards. For each category of judicial performance, judges are rated and scored as "Superior" 4 points, "Very Good" 3 points, "Satisfactory" 2 points, "Poor" 1 point, and "Unacceptable" 0 points. First, if a judge or justice has an average score of 2.0 or less for any category from any group of respondents, the judge does not meet the threshold standard. Second, if 25 percent or more of any group of respondents rate the judge or justice as "unacceptable" or "poor" in any category, the threshold standard has not been met. The categories of legal ability, integrity, communication skills, judicial temperament, administrative performance and administrative skills are subject to the threshold standard settlement activities is not because it is very difficult to evaluate. For any judge or justice who does not meet the standard, or even if the standard is met, by a majority vote, the Commission may ask the Commission Chair to invite the judge to respond in confidence, by letter or in person, regarding questions about scores, public comments, letters, or other performance-related questions. All information, including the letter to the judge and the response from the judge, is coded by judge number to maintain the integrity and confidentiality of the process. The only instance in which a judge's identity is revealed before the Commission vote is if a judge appears in person to address the Commission. WHAT INFORMATION DOES THE COMMISSION PROVIDE TO VOTERS? Data Reports: In April of each election year the compiled Data Reports (including the retyped confidential comments), together with any public comments, are distributed to the judge, his or her presiding judge or chief judge, the Chief Justice, and the Conference Team, for all judges undergoing review. Encoded data reports (excluding the confidential comments), together with any public comments encoded by judge number, are distributed to the JPR Commission members for those judges who are undergoing retention reviews. Written Notice: The Commission sends written notice to any judge who has a score in any category of judicial standard that falls below the Threshold Standards adopted by the JPR Commission. The judge may respond in writing or by personally appearing before the JPR Commission before the Public Vote Meeting. Public Vote Meeting: In July of each election year the Commission votes in a public meeting on whether a judge who is standing for retention "Meets" or "Does Not Meet" judicial performance standards. The vote is recorded as the "finding" of the Commission. Report of the Commission: After the Public Vote Meeting, the Commission makes its findings available to the public in the Secretary of State Voter Information Pamphlet and on the Commission's website. HOW CAN CITIZENS PARTICIPATE IN SELECTING AND REVIEWING JUDGES? WHAT IS "MERIT SELECTION" OF JUDGES? Merit selection is a way of choosing judges through a non-partisan commission of lawyers and non lawyers that investigates and evaluates applicants. The commission submits the names of the most highly qualified applicants to the Governor, who makes the final selection. Two-thirds of the states and the District of Columbia use some form of merit selection to choose their judges. Unlike the federal system, merit selection in Arizona is not a system that grants lifetime judgeships. Once Arizona judges are appointed, they must periodically stand for retention election, when voters decide whether to keep or remove them. Performance review is a way of evaluating the judges who seek to remain on the bench. A commission reviews the judges' job performances to determine if they are meeting judicial performance standards. The public uses the information provided from the performance reviews at the retention election to decide if the judges should remain in office. While a number of states use some form of performance review to evaluate their judges, Arizona also requires its judges to undergo a self-evaluation process. Arizona voters approved merit selection in 1974. At that time, Arizonans voted to discontinue the popular election of appellate judges, Supreme Court justices, and trial court judges in the most populous counties. Four judicial nominating commissions have since been created to screen judicial candidates for nomination to the Governor for appointment (currently the Commission on Appellate Court Appointments, and the Maricopa, Pima and Pinal County Commissions on Trial Court Appointments). A constitutional amendment passed by Arizona voters in 1992 increased the number of non lawyer members on the nominating commissions, created the Commission on Judicial Performance Review to give the public information on the performance of judges, and opened all aspects of the process to the public, The amendment broadened public participation in selecting and reviewing judges. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF MERIT SELECTION? -REPLACES POLITICS WITH PROFESSIONALISM- The merit selection process promotes judicial impartiality and integrity because judges are not forced to solicit campaign contributions from, among others, attorneys who practice before them and people who might someday appear before them in court. In other states, judicial candidates have been forced to spend thousands, sometimes millions of dollars, to run an election campaign in heavily populated areas. -PROMOTES PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY- Retention elections held under merit selection systems are an effective and appropriate means of holding judges accountable to the people. In addition to being subject to removal and other sanctions available for misbehavior by the Commission on Judicial Conduct, all merit system judges are regularly subject to removal from office by popular vote. By contrast, elected judges in other states can be removed by popular vote only if they are opposed in the general election. Since judges are frequently unopposed, the people often have less "control" over elected judges. Retention elections also allow the general public, bar associations and the media to focus on problems with a particular judge's performance, rather than on campaign rhetoric and hyperbole often heard in contested election campaigns. The Judicial Performance Review Commission assesses whether or not judges meet judicial performance standards through the collection of data and reports its findings to voters in the Secretary of State's Voter Information Pamphlet. The voters decide whether to retain the judges in office. - PRODUCES A HIGHLY-QUALIFIED JUDICIARY- Merit selection judges are chosen from a large pool of applicants on the basis of their qualifications rather than on political signs and slogans. Qualified attorneys are often unwilling to risk their practices on the expensive effort that is required for election to office. Candidates who are unable to raise sufficient campaign contributions have less likelihood of winning office - no matter their qualifications. This results in a reduced field from which qualified candidates can be selected. Merit selection removes these barriers and also prevents qualified applicants from being screened out by political parties because of their lack of political credentials. Furthermore, it has the advantage of assuring that only qualified and competent applicants reach the bench. Sometimes judges are required to make unpopular decisions in order to uphold the law. It is the job of the courts to make sure that the limits of power placed on each branch of government are observed. Judges who must depend on winning re-election to keep their jobs may be unable to remain impartial as they could be penalized by the voters for making one or two unpopular decisions. -ENCOURAGES DIVERSITY ON THE BENCH- An increased number of minorities and women have been appointed to the bench because merit selection encourages a larger pool of qualified candidates. -INCORPORATES REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY- Merit selection compensates for limited voter knowledge about, or interest in, even contested judicial elections. Under merit selection, a nominating commission, rather than the Governor alone, makes the initial determination of the applicants' qualifications. The majority of the commission members are non lawyers appointed by the Governor with the approval of the Senate. -PROVIDES CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT OF THE JUDICIARY- Arizona's retention process includes a second important component, self evaluation. Midway through a judge's term in office, and again before a retention election, a judge meets with a team composed of one public volunteer, one attorney, and one judge appointed to assist the judge in setting performance goals. This makes self-evaluation and continuous improvement an integral component of the judiciary. HOW CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION? Contact us at: Commission on Judicial Performance Review 1501 West Washington, Suite 221 Phoenix, Arizona 85007-3231 Telephone: (602) 452-3098 Fax: (602) 452-3652

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The eighteenth century has bequeathed to us one work which embodies in itself the spirit of the century,—that is the Encyclopédie. There are, of course, other works of that epoch more perfect, or nearer that perfection which was always the aim of its great authors. These are, however, the works of individual authors, and they give us only the labors of each author separately, while the Encyclopédie gives us the picture of an age which was one of the most important in the history of the world. With the subsidence of the bitter quarrels that characterized the publication of the Encyclopédie, not a little of the popular interest in the work has ceased. It remains, however, the intellectual fortress of its epoch, and although its defenders and its besiegers have lost much of their heat and ardor, it is not because the world of letters is grown more just or more peaceful, but because there are new fields of battle on which the warlike intellects of our own day find plenty to try their mettle. The Encyclopédie may well be read to-day, not for the interest of novelty which it once possessed, but for its importance in the history of literature and philosophy. There is no recent summary of the lives of the Encyclopédistes; for the most part they are obscure men; and without going as far as Lebas (Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de la France, forming part of Didot's Univers Pittoresque) in depreciating them, or as far as Lord Brougham in extolling them, it is doubtful whether there is any-where an exact account of all of them. Indeed, many of the numerous contributors wrote only an article or two; the Biographie Universelle probably contains all that is worth knowing of the principal writers, and Grimm's corre-spondence tells a thousand stories and anecdotes about these. D'Alembert and Voltaire are treated especially by Brougham in his "Men of Letters and Science," but it is in a merely popular way. It is not easy anywhere to obtain satisfactory and direct reference to authorities on the subject; but perhaps the lives of the three great chiefs, Voltaire, D'Alembert, and Diderot, cover all the necessary grounds of knowledge with regard to their followers. Two new works of interest, if not of authority, have appeared within this year, and each in its way is worth attention, and is sure to command it, as showing the hold which the Encyclopédistes still have on art and letters. Fichel, the cleverest painter in the newest school of French genre, has lately given us a capital picture, Les Encyclopédistes,—a group of the famous men of that large family,—in a library with the furniture, dress, and appointments of the period. Some of the faces are familiar to us even here,—Voltaire, Diderot, D'Alembert, Rousseau, Buffon,—and the others have also the sharp lines and speaking features of truthful portraits. A desire to find out the unnamed persons in the painting first caused the inquiry into the subject, which now takes this shape. Almost at the same time that Fichel's picture was given to the world, the Librairie Internationale in Paris published Les Encyclopédistes, leurs Travaux, leurs Doctrines, et leur Influence, par Pascal Duprat,—a readable and attractive volume of nearly two hundred pages. It tells the story of the Encyclopédie, the political and moral state of France when it began, the incidents of its publication, and, sketching the authors who took part in its composition, explains its object and plan, its general spirit, its philosophical doctrine, its politics, its political economy, its influence on the eighteenth century, and the French Revolution, its opponents then and its value now. All this is done briefly, clearly, and well by one of the lesser lights of French letters, who, however, reflects fairly enough the influence, good and bad, which the Encyclopedists continue to exert. It is of course generally known that the Encyclopédie was not a proles sine matre, as Montesquieu vaunted, but a translation and expansion of Chambers's "Cyclopaedia," which was noteworthy simply because the title, borrowed from the Greek, was then for the first time applied to modern literature. It had been used, for the first time in the sixteenth century, by Ringelberg, in his " Cyclopaedia," printed at Basle in 1541 ; then by Paul Scalich, in his "Encyclopaedia," Basle, 1599; by Martinuss, in his Idea methodica et brevis Encyclopaediae, sive adumbratio Universitatis, Herborn, 1606; and by Alsted, in his "Encyclop-aedia," Herborn, 1620. These were all written in Latin, each by its own single author, and with a limited, field. Chambers, a century later, at Dublin, 1728, produced a work vastly beyond all his predecessors in merit; but it was perhaps the greatest triumph of his work, that it gained such favor as to command the labor of men like Diderot and his brethren in the task of reproducing it in French. It was in 1750 that the Prospectus, written by Diderot, announced the publication of the first volume of the Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers, par une Société des Gens de Lettres. D'Alembert wrote the Preliminary Discourse, and these papers give the key-note of the work itself. But, after all, the Encyclopedists were not the discoverers of a new world of letters and philosophy, in spite of their fond belief and loud proclamation of that fact. They were the last product of a long intellectual cultivation, of a gradual development of principles which culminated in the great French Revolution, and which included Church and State, politics, religion, letters, in France, in Europe, and in almost the whole modern and civilized world. It was a revolution which began at least with Bacon, was advanced by Hobbes, was furthered by Locke, and was brought to its social and scientific results in France. In that country the philosophy of Descartes was taught by the Jansenists, by Arnauld, Pascal, and Nicole; yet, the Church, which by its oppression limited their power, was one of the first institutions to suffer by its gradual decline. The interweaving of English and French philosophy runs through a long course of years and events. France sought in England what it wanted, what of its own strength it could never attain,—-first, philosophical culture, next, political principles. England received from France the influence of some of the greatest minds of modern philosophy, but each drew from the other much of the doctrine which characterized the nation for over a century. Toland, Tindal, Collins, Shaftesbury, Wollaston, and, last and greatest of all, Bolingbroke, reflected the tone and temper of French philosophy, with its grace of style, and charm of clearness,—next best to truth. It was in his exile at Touraine, after the death of Queen Anne, that Bolingbroke met Voltaire, found in him intelligence and inclination, and inspired him to become the apostle of a new philosophy of pure reason. It was Voltaire's journey to and residence in England that brought him in close intimacy with the Freethinkers there. About the same time, Montesquieu made his studies in England of the English Constitution, as a preparation for his greater work. It was the reverence which Voltaire saw exhibited in England for Newton at the time of his almost royal funeral in 1727, that led him to study Newton's physical theories and to translate them into French. He felt all the more strongly from the contrast of English liberty the weight imposed in his own country by heavy despotism, official corruption, the censorship, and all the burdens put on intellectual freedom. He worked courageously and steadily, for a long time alone, to produce some change in the philosophical atmosphere of France. The weakening influence and the gradual decline of political and religious power favored the emancipation of the spirits hitherto held in check. New ideas began to show themselves, and literature spread them throughout France. Authors became a power, and showed it by adopting the name of gens de lettres; they were almost a fourth estate. Literature ceased to be a pompous luxury of the great; it gave up its solemn, measured steps; it threw off the elegance and perfection at which it had hitherto always striven as essentials; but in becoming light and even frivolous in form, it became popular in itself and powerful in forming public opinion, and then it was that the Encyclopédie was announced. A year's advertisement of Diderot's circular produced four thousand subscriptions of two hundred dollars each,—a prodigious price for the time. The first and second volume followed in rapid succession, and the world of letters and philosophy was fired with the quarrels that grew out of them. The Jesuits and the Jansenists suspended their own quarrels and joined forces to attack a common enemy, for as such they looked on the authors of the Encyclopédie. And yet the two volumes were written with great moderation; and the articles on religious questions carefully avoided all theological discussions. Nevertheless, they were bitterly attacked, and finally the publication was suspended by the government. Diderot and his associates, however, knew where to look far help, and they found it in the right quarter. Mme. de Châteauxroux belonged to that honest and virtuous family of Nesle which had already furnished Louis XV. with two mistresses,—Mme. de Mailly and Mme. de Vintimille. For four years her protection proved sufficient, and in that time five volumes appeared in which Voltaire and the Encyclopédie lent each other strength. New success brought new attacks, and the Jesuits and the Jansenists repeated their assaults,—the one column led by the Archbishop of Paris, the other by the Advocate-General Joly de Fleury and the Parliament. The Encyclopédie was again suspended, and with it the privilege of publication. It was made the target for unnumbered pamphlets, and the subject of a comedy, Les Philosophes, by Palissot. Then came the loss of D'Alembert, and with him of many of the contributors. Diderot, however, found in Voltaire an ally worth all that had abandoned him. For eight years they worked together, first to prepare material for future volumes, and next to gain the privilege of publishing them. At last, and again by help of a woman, and that woman the king's mistress, —this time Mme. de Pompadour, —the privilege was renewed, but still with a loss of some of its earlier and exclusive rights. However, in 1765 the work again began, and in 1771 it was completed, making seventeen volumes of text, and eleven of plates; and in 1776 and 1777 five volumes of supplement were printed, nominally, at least, in Amsterdam, and the great work was then peacefully concluded. In looking over this great work, and its army of authors,—not much short of a hundred,—two names are specially distinguishable,—Diderot in all that relates to philosophy, D'Alembert in all that relates to science. D'Alembert, too, has the credit of having gained Voltaire to their aid, and from the fifth volume on he furnished nearly all the articles on literature, beginning with the word "esprit,"—tout à propos pour se définir lui-même! But his labor did not nearly end with that which was printed in the successive volumes his correspondence shows untiring zeal, in-terest, and activity on behalf of the work which in his eyes was big with the fate of the eighteenth century. Rousseau, on the other hand, wrote only two articles,—one on Music, the other on Political Economy, and shone in neither. Montesquieu, too, appeared but once; but his works preceded and inlpecl to make the Encyclopédie, while the Encydopédie helped to make the success of those writings of Rousseau which succeeded it. Buffon, too, was one of those we may call the group of the first rank, who lent little but a name to the new enterprise. Of those of less importance in the eyes of the world then, but of more use in the work, who stand together on another level, there were Duclos, Dofresnoy, Marmontel, Holbach, Turgot, Condorcet, and some others of mark in their own way and time. A third group is made up of the theologians whose names and writings appear in the Encyclopaedia: put there, it has been suggested, as the conquerors of Egypt, in moving towards the Nile, put in front of their army the sacred animals of Egypt,—with the hope of allaying the prejudices which they could not conquer. Morellet, Yvon, De Prades, and Mallet were the Abbés of the Encyclopaedia; and later Polier, a neighbor and recruit of Voltaire's, who claimed the merit of softening his theological fury and bringing his liberty of thought within the reasonable limits of his own. But the individual contributors, who furnished articles on their own special subjects, were among those who gave much of its value to the work. The art of war was discussed by a professor of strategy seamanship, by a sailor; salt-works, by a manufacturer; sugar, by a planter; silks, by a Lyons merchant; and so in succession through every class of articles. There was, therefore, a concert of action on the part of the intellect of France, an alliance of literature and science in the war for the truth, realizing Bacon's anticipation of the time when the world would profit by just such men and just such measures. This was, however, carried on with very irregular steps. The two first volumes were wisely restrained in tone, then five volumes were published under a permission which exacted a somewhat similar limitation; still the spirit of the book improved, although its most marked, features were traced rather in subsidiary articles than in those of prime importance; and the boldest proposals for political and moral reform were conveyed in articles on grammar or philology. With the eighth volume there was almost entire liberty of speech; but the editor then in charge has his own fears awakened, and did not hesitate to lay a sacrilegious hand on the articles sent in. A letter of Diderot, dated November 12, 1764, berates his subordinate roundly for his treachery. In spite, however, of the mutilation, the concluding volumes show a hearty hatred of existing abuses and a zeal for reform, strong protests against prejudice, error, and injustice, and warm encouragement to every movement looking to social, moral, or political progress. The writers speak with greater elevation, the work takes a loftier position, and in its pages can be heard the rustling of the storm that was then gathering, and was soon to break over the devoted head of France. It is this that gives it to this day an importance that no literary or scientific merit alone could have perpetuated. The persecutions that environed the Encyclopédie gave it its first success the influences brought to bear upon the king, to secure its continued publication, gave it value in his eyes and in those of the court; it was addressed to the nobility and to the better classes, because there were no readers in a public which could not read. Its readers were confined necessarily to the ruling classes, and its conquests were the more effective on that account. Its influence can be traced out step by step; the liberty in trade which it advocated in 1750 was granted in 1764; between 1761 and 1774 Turgot carried out in the administration of Limoges the reforms which the Encyclopédie had demanded,—new and better roads, the abolition of internal tariffs, military requisitions, etc., etc. In 1774, when he became minister of Louis XIV., he applied to the kingdom those reforms which he had tried in a province. The same resistance which the ideas of the Encyclopédie had met and overcome met and overcome Turgot, but the final result was the same. Necker, Calonne, and Brienne in vain sought to govern the nation by other principles. The government appealed to the nation by convoking the Tiers état, and the three orders met and told their wishes. It was again the plan, the principle, almost the text of the Encyclopédie. In the midst of the Revolution the same voice could be heard, and it was that voice which triumphed over the storm, and brought France once more to peace, to industry, and progress, material, intellectual, political. Those who made and the pilot who rode the storm safely are all graduates of the school and indoctrinated with the lessons of the Encyclopédie. Its opponents and their attacks are long since forgotten, and the weapons with which they were overcome are obsolete, but still the fact remains that the Encyclopédie was a powerful lever with which its authors overturned the past and raised the standard of reform for the future; and this it is that gives it value even in our own day. We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to email@example.com.

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© Liv Friis-larsen | Dreamstime.com An astonishing 40 percent of U.S. adults will develop diabetes in their lifetime. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that results primarily from abdominal obesity, which leads to resistance to the hormone insulin. Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes is associated with a shockingly wide range of life-threatening complications, including blindness, kidney failure, amputations, heart attacks, and dementia. Obviously, managing type 2 diabetes is a critical challenge. Top-Researched Natural Treatments for Managing Type 2 Diabetes Diet and lifestyle interventions are the cornerstone of diabetes care. No conventional drug therapies or dietary supplements can overcome the toll that poor diet and lifestyle choices take on diabetes. There are many therapeutic ways of eating that effectively treat diabetes, including vegetarian, vegan, low-carb, Paleo, and low-glycemic-load diets.[4-7] Some of most satiating diabetes eating plans, however, are relatively low in carbohydrates and have a low glycemic load—that is, they don’t spike blood sugar and insulin levels. The SweetLife Diabetes Health Center’s low-carb diet, which was created by functional medicine practitioners, limits carbs to 50 to 100 grams per day, or about 15 to 20 percent of daily caloric intake. Fiber has a negligible impact on blood sugar and can be counted as half (6 g of fiber = 3 g of carbs). Contrary to popular belief, the best low-carb diets for diabetes are not high in protein. Too much protein is easily converted to sugar and stored as fat, especially in people with insulin resistance. Excess protein also raises insulin levels, which further aggravates insulin resistance. Optimal daily protein intake depends on fitness level and blood sugar control, but should typically account for 15 to 25 percent of daily caloric intake. A Word on Fats in Our Diet Fat makes up 55 to 70 percent of daily caloric intake in this type of low-carb diet. Don’t let that scare you. Eating healthy fats will not make you fat if they are not combined with refined carbohydrates or overeating. Unlike protein and carbs, fat has almost no impact on blood sugar and insulin release, and it slows sugar and protein absorption to help regulate blood sugar levels. Focus on monounsaturated fats from olive oil; omega-3 fats from fish, nuts, seeds, and grass-fed meat; and medium-chain fatty acids from coconut oil, which actually stimulates fat burning. Dr. Loren Cordain’s Paleo diet is another effective option. The Paleo diet focuses on lean or grass-fed meats, lots of non-starchy veggies, moderate amounts of healthy fats, and some fresh fruit and starchy roots and tubers. Paleo-type diets generally eliminate all grains, legumes, dairy, refined sugars, refined oils, and processed food. In a small study, the Paleo diet was more satiating and superior to a standard diabetes diet for lowering average blood sugar (hemoglobin A1c), triglycerides, diastolic blood pressure, weight, and waist circumference.[8,9] Both these dietary approaches focus on meals cooked from scratch using real, whole, fresh foods. Even conservative medical journals such as the Lancet confirm that the quality of foods is more crucial than is the quantity for type 2 diabetes treatment. That means that calories don’t matter as much as what you’re eating. Managing Type 2 Diabetes: Do Supplements Help? Berberine has long been used by the Chinese to treat type 2 diabetes and is increasingly being used in Western natural and integrative medicine. A review of 27 trials found that berberine plus diet and exercise has many benefits:10 - It lowers blood sugar levels (fasting glucose, glucose after meals, and average glucose as measured by hemoglobin A1c) just as much as prescription medications. - It is as effective as lipid-lowering drugs for decreasing total and LDL cholesterol. - It lowers triglycerides and increases HDL cholesterol. - It lowers blood pressure better than medication alone. Notably, no serious adverse reactions were reported in the 27 trials. Take 500 to 1,000 mg of berberine HCl twice daily. PGX (or polyglycoplex), taken before meals, lowers blood sugar and insulin, and reduces sugar and fat absorption into the bloodstream, helping to control appetite, weight, blood sugar, and cholesterol.[11,12] When sprinkled on foods, it lowers the glycemic index. Take 5 grams before meals with a glass of water, or sprinkle 5 grams on food before eating. L-carnitine improves insulin sensitivity and cholesterol in type 2 diabetics. It lowers fasting glucose levels by an average of 14 mg/dl and LDL cholesterol by 9 mg/dl in people with type 2 diabetes. In people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which is very common in diabetics, L-carnitine plus diet reduces blood sugar and lipids and improves insulin sensitivity, inflammatory biomarkers, and liver structure and function more than diet alone.16 It’s also been shown to lower blood pressure in addition to treating blood sugar and insulin regulation in people at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Take 1 gram of acetyl-L-carnitine twice a day. Alpha lipoic acid is a naturally occurring potent antioxidant compound that improves blood sugar and insulin regulation when taken at a dose of 1,200 mg daily. It helps prevent the damage that leads to diabetic peripheral neuropathy, decreases neuropathy pain, and helps prevent it from progressing.[20,21] The supplement also helps improve erectile function in men with type 2 diabetes. Alpha lipoic acid is considered safe and well-tolerated. Take 600 mg alpha lipoic acid twice a day. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) contains compounds that improve glucose tolerance and insulin action and lower inflammation and blood lipids. Take 10 grams of powdered fenugreek seeds per day soaked in hot water or encapsulated, or take 1 to 2 grams a day of a fenugreek seed extract.[26 Smaller doses of fenugreek powder and extract may also be therapeutic when combined with other botanical medicines. Gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre) interferes with the ability to taste sweetness. In animal studies, gymnema leaf extract consistently lowers blood sugar, increases insulin secretion from the pancreas, and prevents glucose absorption through the intestines. Human studies are still fairly limited, but preliminary (uncontrolled) human studies in type 2 diabetics reported that gymnema leaf extracts decrease blood glucose levels and allow a reduction of diabetic medications.[28-30] Choose an extract that is standardized to contain 25 percent gymnemic acids and take 400 mg twice daily. Lower amounts may also be beneficial if the gymnema is standardized to a higher percentage of gymnemic acids or if it is taken in combination with other botanical medicines, such as fenugreek and bitter melon. To curb sugar cravings by temporarily blocking the ability to perceive sweetness, open a capsule and put a small amount of the powder on your tongue, or place a few drops of gymnema tincture on your tongue. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is one of the most popular herbs for treating diabetes in Asia and studies confirming the safety and efficacy of bitter melon fruit juice, powders, and extracts for diabetes treatment are accumulating. Bitter melon juice powder effectively reduced hemoglobin A1c in a recent study, although not as effectively as the drug glyburide. It also had favorable effects on cholesterol, triglycerides, and biomarkers for atherosclerosis, whereas glyburide did not. While no serious side effects during clinical study period have been reported, in some patients, headache, dizziness, stomach pain, and bloating have occurred. Take 2 to 4 grams of bitter melon fruit juice powder per day, in divided doses. Lower doses of bitter melon fruit extracts may also be beneficial, especially when used in combination with other botanical extracts, such as Gymnema and fenugreek. Cinnamon improves insulin sensitivity. Taking just one or two grams (one-quarter to one-half teaspoon) of cinnamon daily lowers hemoglobin A1C in type 2 diabetics.[33,34] Other Nutrients Important in Managing Type 2 Diabetes Vitamins and minerals, especially chromium35 and biotin, play essential roles in carbohydrate metabolism and are crucial for optimal blood sugar management and diabetes control. Many type 2 diabetics are low in a number of micronutrients because of the metabolic dysfunctions associated with the disease and the fact that many common diabetes drugs induce micronutrient deficiencies, such as metformin-induced folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiencies.[37-39] Many high-potency multivitamin and mineral supplements, especially those formulated specifically for those with diabetes, contain therapeutic doses of chromium, biotin, and other key nutrients for proper blood sugar metabolism. They also contain antioxidant vitamins and minerals to help protect the tissues from excess blood sugar and oxidative stress. Regular use of such a multivitamin/mineral formula is recommended. What to Try First Begin with your food. Choose one of the diets discussed above—a low-carb or Paleo diet—or any other low-glycemic load diet, such as The Blood Sugar Solution diet by functional medicine practitioner Dr. Mark Hyman. What matters most is eating real, whole foods and avoiding refined and processed foods. The best approach is to learn as much as possible about nutrition and cooking, and to remember to take things day by day, meal by meal, continually re-committing to making food choices that support health. Next, add the following three supplements: - A multivitamin/mineral, preferably high potency (such as those requiring multiple tablets or capsules per day) - A combination formula that contains some of the botanical extracts listed above, such as berberine, fenugreek, gymnema, and bitter melon. The amounts of each ingredient may be different than those recommended here, but such a formula is a good place to start, especially if you are new to supplements or your budget doesn’t allow for more. - PGX. Take before meals, as described above. Natural therapies and lifestyle changes are the most powerful ways to treat the root causes of diabetes and achieve safe, lasting results. Working with a practitioner trained in naturopathic, integrative, or functional medicine is highly recommended, especially if you take diabetes medications, since your dose may need to be adjusted to prevent hypoglycemia. (You can find a practitioner in our online directory.) Do not decrease or discontinue any prescription medications unless you’re working in conjunction with your doctor. The latest science shows you can heal from this modern plague. Get started today. 1. U.S. Dept Health Human Serv. CDC. National diabetes fact sheet. 2011. 2. JAMA. 2014 May 7; 311(17): 1778–1786. 3. Clin Interv Aging. 2015; 10: 549–560. 4. Lancet. 2014 Jun 7;383(9933):1999-2007. 5. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Mar;97(3):505-16. 6. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2014 Mar;30 Suppl 1:24-33. 7. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 9;9(7):e100652. 8. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009 Jul 16;8:35. 9. Nutr J. 2013 Jul 29;12:105. 10. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 Feb 23;161:69-81. 11. Appetite. 2014 Jun;77:72-6. 12. Diabetes Care. 2000 Jan;23(1):9-14. 13. Nutr J. 2010 Nov 22;9:58. 14. Arch Med Sci. 2014 May 12; 10(2): 336–344. 15. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2013 Apr;121(4):234-8. 16. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:1338–45. 17. Hypertension. 2009 Sep;54(3):567-74. 18. Arch Med Sci. 2014 May 12; 10(2): 336–344. 19. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):12-21. 20. Med Arch. 2013;67(1):7-9. 21. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:456279. 22. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2013 Jan-Mar;55(1):55-63. 23. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):2054-60. 24. Adv Nutr. 2015 Mar 13;6(2):189-197. 25. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2009 Jan;79(1):34-9. 26. J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 Nov;49:1057-61. 27. J Sci Food Agric. 2014 Mar 30;94(5):834-40. 28. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300. 29. Phytother Res. 2010 Sep;24(9):1370-6. 30. Diabet in Control Newsltr. 2001 Oct 30;76. 31. Nutr J. 2015 Jan 26;14(1):13. 32. J Lipids. 2015; 2015: 496169. 33. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009;22(5):507-512. 34. Diabet Med. 2010 Oct;27(10):1159-67. 35. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2014 Jun;39(3):292-306. 36. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 Jan-Feb;24(1):41-51. 37. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2015;15(1):54-63. 38. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2014;71:55-100. 39. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 24;9(6):e100379. Originally published in 2016, this post is regularly updated.

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History of Photography The More Things Change… A Tale of Two Photographers Yesterday I heard two things that amused me a lot. First was a full-time pro photographer who referred to one of the new multi-megapixel cameras as a “Doctor’s camera”, meaning it was a toy for rich hobbyists, not a tool for a professional like himself. He at least had the decency to blush when I pointed out that a certain landscape photographer whose work he admired greatly was a physician who photographed in his spare time. The next was comment was from a photographer friend of mine who criticized a print I have because it was “all postprocessing, a real photographer does it in the camera”. I was amused because both of the speakers felt that these two phenomenon—the serious hobbyist photographer and altering photos by postprocessing—are new things invented in the digital age. Both believed these new things were ruining photography. I’m kind of a history buff and wanted to tell them that these “new” phenomena of hobbyist photographers and postprocessing images were both about 150 years old. They could have made those exact same comments in 1860, and many photographers of the day did. Unfortunately, they fled before I could tell them my tale. So I’ll see if maybe one or two of you are interested. Photography in the 1850s While there were some prior crude attempts at photography, the the work of Niepce and Daguerre that resulted in the Dagguereotype (which allowed what we would consider real photographs to be taken) wasn’t completed until the 1840s. The process had its limits, however, because each photograph was a positive (not a negative) and couldn’t be reproduced. One picture, one print, that was it. In the late 1840s the Albumen Process was introduced, which used egg whites to coat photosensitive chemicals on glass plates, creating negative images which could then be printed multiple times. Photography exploded after this invention. So many photographs were taken that it is estimated that 1,000,000 eggs a year were used for photographic purposes in England alone. In the 1850s, the Collodion process, which eliminated the need for egg whites but didn’t simplify the process much, began to replace the albumen process although both methods were used extensively through the 1860s. To make a photograph in those days required the photographer to be a chemist, mechanic, and artist. Photographers often made their own cameras (although usually not lenses). The photographer had to mix the chemicals to prepare the glass-plate negatives immediately before the photograph was taken. (The plates had to be used wet.) Exposure times were generally at least several seconds, if not minutes, and then the plate had to be developed as soon as the image was captured. Although the process of preparing plates and printing photographs was extremely time consuming, the number of full-time professional photographers in London, for example, skyrocketed from perhaps a dozen in the 1840s to 147 in 1857. (I can imagine Dauggere now, complaining about how mass produced prints were ruining photography.) In this heady time, the Royal Photographic Society was formed, and began publishing the first journal of photographs in 1853. There were a number of “fathers of photography” active during this period. The two who are my personal favorites happen to illustrate that the points made by my professional photographer colleagues recently aren’t new ideas at all. The superb hobbyist photographer and the postprocessing “photograph alterer” were active even in the 1850s, and irritating the other photographers even then. In 1856 and 1857, a large photograph might measure 5×7 inches and consist of a landscape scene, or perhaps a family or individual portrait. In 1857, a photograph by Oscar Rejlander, a Swedish born professional photographer working in England and Scotland, was first exhibited in Manchester. The huge 30 by 16 inch print, titled “Two Ways Toward Life”, was a complex scene with multiple figures reminiscent of a Raphael painting— a wide angle scene showing detail no camera of the day could possibly have captured. Rejlander had painstakingly created it from over 30 different negatives, printing them one at a time, from foreground to background, on two large sheets to make the final image. The process of creating this first photomontage took over 6 weeks to produce the final print. When Rejlander applied to have the picture exhibited at the Photographic Society of Scotland, it was rejected. The judges didn’t consider the picture a true photograph, because it was a modified image, not “as seen by the camera”. (The risque subject matter and the fact that Rejlander, careful of his finances, used local prostitutes for his nude models probably didn’t help his case, either.) The decision prompted a huge battle among the society’s membership. The picture was eventually exhibited, but the Photographic Society of Scotland became so divided that many members eventually formed a separate society. The critiques of the day were equally divided between those in awe of the remarkable image, and those who scorned it as “a viscous and illegitimate application of the photographic art”. Rejlander’s photographic career was remarkable. It wasn’t possible to practice “street photography” in those days, so Rejlander would use models to recreate scenes he observed of the poor in Britain at that time, producing haunting photographs that are collected in museums around the world today. He was also the first to use a light meter— sort of, anyway. He would bring his cat into the studio: if the cat’s eye’s were like slits he used a short exposure, if more open a long exposure, and if the cat’s pupils were wide open he knew there wasn’t enough light to photograph! His photographs of facial expressions were so superb that Charles Darwin used them to illustrate “The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals”. Prince Albert collected his works extensively. Rejlander unfortunately died a pauper and a collection was taken up by the Royal Photographic Society on his death to provide for his widow. The Hobbyist Photographer Charles Dodgson was something of a Renaissance man. Born in 1832 in Chesire, England he was an Anglican Deacon, received a doctoral degree from Oxford where he was a professor of mathematics for 26 years, published numerous books and poems, and was a patented inventor (including devising a game which we now know as Scrabble and inventing double-sided adhesive tape). He also took up photography in 1856 and while it was never his occupation, he excelled at it. He was probably the first photographer to specialize in photographs of children, definitely the first to pose them in natural settings (rather than the stilted ‘sitting room’ portraits of the day), and one of the first to consider photographing pets. Many consider Dodson the first “Naturalistic” photographer. In addition to natural poses, his photographs were known for what we would call a wide dynamic range today, and for the shine and luster of his prints — probably because his mathematical background led him to tinker with the chemistry of his “albumen preparations”. He produced the enormous number (for those days) of 3,000 images over his 25 year photographic career. He could have made many more as his photographic talents were in endless demand. But Dodgson never considered leaving his work as teacher, author, and inventor to become a full-time photographer. He felt that photography was his hobby and his pleasure, not something he wished to do for a living. In 1880, interestingly, he stopped photography suddenly and entirely. Some claim he felt the advent of factory produced “dry plate” photography around that time was ruining the photographic art, allowing people to take photographs without requiring the skills needed to make their own wet plates. Among the images Dodson took are some of the few surviving photographs of Alfred, Lord Tennyson and a number of images of Alice Liddell, the daughter of a friend. You probably will recognize Charles Dodson better by his pen name: Lewis Carroll. And you probably by now realize Alice Liddell became the main character in his most famous book, Alice in Wonderland. Carroll, who had an excellent sense of humor, even penned a poem, Hiawatha’s Photographing as an entertaining description of being a photographer in his day, a few verses of which are printed below. From his shoulder Hiawatha Took the camera made of rosewood, Made of sliding, folding rosewood; Neatly put it all together. Till it looked all squares and oblongs, Like a complicated figure In the Second Book of Euclid. First, a piece of glass he coated With collodion, and plunged it In a bath of lunar caustic Carefully dissolved in water – There he left it certain minutes. Secondly, my Hiawatha Made with cunning hand a mixture Of the acid pyrro-gallic, And of glacial-acetic, And of alcohol and water This developed all the picture. Think about this the next time you feel like complaining that your camera only shoots 5 frames per second, and it takes 3 minutes to download 200 images from your memory card 🙂 More Lensrentals Articles Author: Roger Cicala I’m Roger and I am the founder of Lensrentals.com. Hailed as one of the optic nerds here, I enjoy shooting collimated light through 30X microscope objectives in my spare time. When I do take real pictures I like using something different: a Medium format, or Pentax K1, or a Sony RX1R.

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NASA is sure enough that Boeing and SpaceX can safely launch astronauts to the International Space Station by early 2019 to hold off paying Russia to keep flying U.S. crews to the research complex, and one official says a deadline to order parts for new Russian Soyuz crew capsules may have already passed. Boeing and SpaceX are working on new commercial capsules designed to transport at least four astronauts to and from the orbiting outpost, but their schedules appear to be slipping, this time due to technical woes, not the lack of funding that caused previous delays in the program. Until the U.S.-built spaceships are certified by NASA, all space station crews will launch and land aboard Russian Soyuz spacecraft. NASA last year signed a $490 million agreement with the Russian government for six round-trip seats on Soyuz missions, with launches in 2018 and landings extending into early 2019. The space agency is sending nearly $82 million to Russia for each ticket. Even as the commercial crew schedules move later into 2018, NASA officials say they are not considering extending the contract with Roscosmos — the Russian space agency — for more launches in 2019. The last Soyuz launch seats reserved for U.S. astronauts are at the end of 2018. It takes more than two years to procure components and assemble new Soyuz capsules, so Russia needed to receive new Soyuz orders from NASA by some time this fall to ensure the spacecraft would be ready for liftoff in early 2019. Four Soyuz spacecraft currently launch each year, and without NASA’s reliance on the Russian ferry craft, that production and launch rate will be cut in half. NASA has recently signed new contracts for Soyuz seats by May of each year. The last contract extension with Roscosmos was announced in August 2015, just in time for Russian engineers to start work on the spaceships for launches in 2018. While NASA and Roscosmos have not publicly identified a deadline for a fresh Soyuz agreement, the U.S. space agency’s top human spaceflight official recently told Spaceflight Now the date may have already passed. “We may have actually crossed the deadline, so we’re not really looking at that,” said Bill Gerstenmaier, head of NASA’s human exploration and operations directorate. “There is still sufficient overlap, and we could still do things during the overlap period.” Asked if he is comfortable not buying more Soyuz seats, Gerstenmaier replied: “I don’t have much choice.” “A Soyuz is a complicated vehicle, and a complicated vehicle doesn’t come into existence in a matter of days,” said Kirk Shireman, NASA’s space station program manager, in an interview last month, before Gerstenmaier’s comments. “It takes over two years to build a Soyuz, so yes, at some point in time, building a new Soyuz vehicle is not an option. We’re working with our Russian counterparts on exactly when that is. We have not crossed that date yet, but I believe the date is in sight. “It will be this calendar year when we will cross the point where we won’t be able to build a Soyuz in time for when our last seats that we’ve already procured expire,” Shireman said. Any decision to send more money to the Russian government — a new Soyuz contract for a year’s worth of seats is likely to cost more than $500 million — would be politically unpopular in the United States after the Obama administration pushed Congress and secured full funding for the commercial crew program last year, an appropriation NASA said would reduce chances of further delays. Holding off on more Soyuz seat purchases is also likely to put more pressure on Boeing and SpaceX. Commercial crew missions were originally scheduled to begin in 2015, but lawmakers in Congress for several years did not approve the funding NASA said the program needed. The CST-100 Starliner spaceship developed by Boeing will be ready for its first crewed test flight, with a Boeing test pilot and NASA astronaut on-board, in August 2018, the company confirmed this week. That is six months later than Boeing’s previous target date for the piloted mission announced in May. Assuming the test flight goes well, Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner could be certified for its first operational crew rotation mission to the space station in December 2018, Boeing officials said in a report first published by Aviation Week. SpaceX claims its Crew Dragon spacecraft could fly with test pilots by the end of 2017, but the company is working through its second failure investigation in a year after a Falcon 9 rocket — the same type of booster that will launch crews — exploded on the launch pad in Florida last month. While SpaceX has not announced any delays on the Crew Dragon program, the final impacts of last month’s explosion on the company’s manifest remain to be seen. SpaceX officials admit the schedule leading up to a trio of key milestones next year — an orbital mission without astronauts, an in-flight checkout of the Crew Dragon’s abort system, and a crewed demo mission to the space station — is optimistic, requiring near perfect execution and assuming engineers find no problems on the multitude of ground and flight tests planned over the next 12 months. If SpaceX can keep that schedule, the first operational Crew Dragon rotation flight is expected in early 2018. “We have a lot of work to do to get there, but that’s the schedule we’re working to,” said Garrett Reisman, SpaceX’s director of crew operations and a former astronaut. NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden told reporters last month that the agency own internal schedule projects the first SpaceX and Boeing crewed test flights, each with two astronauts, in 2018. “We’re relatively confident that we’re going to make that,” Bolden said in a press conference at the International Astronautical Congress in Guadalajara, Mexico. “This is a development program, and everyone needs to keep that in mind. With that said, we are not presently looking at any additional (Soyuz) seats beyond those that we have already purchased.” A report by NASA’s Office of Inspector General released last month echoed the worries of some NASA managers that neither commercial crew program will be certified for regular flights until late 2018. The latest slip in Boeing’s schedule stems from challenges moving from development into production of the CST-100 Starliner spacecraft, which the company says have stabilized, minor component qualification test issues, and the scrapping of a spacecraft dome structure damaged during construction. “Based on those challenges, we stopped and took a hard look at our schedule moving forward and made the adjustment,” said Kelly Kaplan, a Boeing spokesperson. “As we learn these hard lessons, we’ll continue to incorporate them throughout the build and test campaigns. And we will remain focused on our first and most important priority — providing astronauts with safe crew transportation to and from the ISS.” Boeing’s first crewed test flight to the space station has moved six months from February to August 2018, Kaplan said, with the first two crew rotation flights in December 2018 and January 2019 — delayed from June 2018 and August 2018, respectively. A CST-100 pad abort test has been delayed from October 2017 to January 2018, and the capsule’s first unpiloted test flight has slid from December 2017 to June 2018, Kaplan said. Including a ground unit not intended to fly, four CST-100 Starliner vehicles are in various stages of construction and assembly. Each flight-worthy crew module is designed for 10 missions. Boeing is preparing to ship the first flight-like CST-100 crew module, a structural test article, from the company’s spaceship factory at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida to a test facility in Huntington Beach, California, in the coming weeks. Engineers there will put the crew module and a service module through a series of structural loads tests to ensure the design is up to the perils of spaceflight. A full-up drop test of a CST-100 mass simulator is also on tap from an altitude of 40,000 feet in the coming months to verify the capsule’s parachute deployment sequence works as expected. That test comes after a series of water and land landing tests that are nearing completion to measure the spacecraft’s response to the touchdown. CST-100 missions will end under parachutes with airbag-cushioned landings in the Western United States, with the initial test flights likely to touch down in New Mexico or Utah. Boeing officials believe they have resolved a potential aerodynamic issue discovered during wind tunnel tests. Data indicated the capsule’s shape on top of its rocket — the United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 booster — could make the launcher’s Centaur upper stage susceptible to higher-than-acceptable aerodynamic loads as the vehicle accelerates through the speed of sound. The spaceship will launch exposed, without the nose fairing typically flown on the Atlas 5 rocket. Engineers plan to add an aft skirt extending downward from the base of the CST-100 service module to resolve the problem. ULA released an updated artist’s rendering Thursday of the Atlas 5 rocket and CST-100 Starliner capsule in launch configuration. “Through incredible coordination and continued innovative thinking, the collective team of NASA, Boeing and United Launch Alliance completed three wind tunnel tests in six months to investigate the aerodynamic stability of various configurations and to anchor our analytical predictions,” said Gary Wentz, ULA’s vice president of human and commercial services. “Based on that information, we updated the configuration for the Atlas 5 Starliner integrated vehicle stack. This configuration is unique because it combines the Atlas 5 launch vehicle without a payload fairing with Boeing’s Starliner capsule, resulting in different aerodynamic interactions.” The metallic orthogrid aeroskirt will jettison from the rocket after it is no longer needed, and the structure will have “venting provisions” to prevent over-pressurization and allow the the CST-100’s pusher abort engines to safely ignite in the event of a launch mishap, according to ULA. Fabrication of the aeroskirt is due to begin this month at ULA’s factory in Decatur, Alabama, the company said. “Our testing indicates the solution we chose will sufficiently smooth the air flow around the vehicle during ascent, ensuring crew safety and mission success,” said John Mulholland, vice president and program manager of Boeing’s commercial crew program. Speaking at last month’s International Astronautical Congress in Mexico, SpaceX’s Reisman said the Crew Dragon recently passed its final design milestone. “That’s all behind us,” Reisman said. “We’re moving on with production, test and certification. That’s where all the focus is right now.” Reisman said the Crew Dragon has completed its primary structure qualification tests, and much of SpaceX’s attention on the commercial crew program is now centered on parachute testing — the human-rated version of Dragon will have four chutes, not the three currently flying on the cargo configuration — and validation of the performance of the spaceship’s life support system. One of the final tests of SpaceX’s spacesuit, which the company has kept secret, is scheduled around the end of this year, when the manager of the spacesuit design team will don the gear for a test inside a vacuum chamber, Reisman said last month. He said the spacesuit incorporates lessons learned from the bright orange launch and entry suits flown on the space shuttle, and is primarily composed of soft goods except for the helmet. “We’ve learned our lessons from the Columbia accident investigation report, and one of the things that was really featured in that report was the the deleterious effect of body-worn mass,” Reisman said. “One of the things we were very careful to try to eliminate as much as possible is that body-worn mass, so it’s mostly all soft goods with the exception of the helmet, and it’s got a bunch of other advances that make it really usable from an operational perspective.” He said SpaceX plans to release imagery of the spacesuit design soon. Around 80 percent of the Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon spaceships that will fly with astronauts is designed and built in-house at SpaceX, Reisman said, with the exception of a few items like the parachutes, which come from an outside vendor. Reisman said SpaceX still intends for crews to board the Dragon capsule on the launch pad before fueling of the Falcon 9 rocket, a decision that concerned senior NASA officials even before last month’s explosion on the launch pad. “The baseline for crew ingress is for the crew to be ingressed and for the strap-in crew to be completely out of the blast danger area before we fuel the rocket,” Reisman said. “However, during that entire time, the launch abort system is armed and ready should anything untoward occur.” SpaceX plans to introduce the Crew Dragon’s propulsive landing capability, using the capsule’s SuperDraco abort engines to softly touch down without the need for parachutes, before the end of the decade. The first few Crew Dragon missions will splash down in the ocean, and Reisman said SpaceX expects to test the rocket-assisted landing scheme on a real space mission on the first automated logistics flight of the company’s next-generation Dragon cargo capsule. That flight, part of a follow-on cargo contract awarded by NASA in January, is scheduled in 2019. When Boeing and SpaceX begin flying astronauts, NASA will expand its crew complement on the space station from three to four people, a number that will include some representatives from Japan, Europe and Canada. That will give astronauts more time for scientific research. Russia is cutting the number of cosmonauts needed to maintain its segment of the space station from three to two next year, but Roscosmos aims to return to current staffing levels as soon as 2018, once a new Russian laboratory module arrives at the complex. Starting in 2019, when residents fly to the space station on Boeing, SpaceX and Russian vehicles, NASA and Roscosmos have agreed to launch mixed crews, where a Russian cosmonaut will always be part of a four-person crew on a CST-100 or Crew Dragon, and a U.S. astronaut will be one of the three fliers on each Soyuz. The in-kind agreement does not involve any exchange of funds, but it ensures there will always be at least one U.S. astronaut and one Russian cosmonaut on the space station in case an illness necessitates the homecoming of part of the research lab’s crew in a Crew Dragon, CST-100 or Soyuz capsule. “There are a number of things that could go wrong that would cause us, for instance, not to have a Soyuz vehicle up there,” Shireman said. “They could have a launch abort, or a problem in the factory, or the most likely scenario, according to our probabilistic risk assessment, is a cosmonaut or astronaut gets sick. If they get sick, everybody in that vehicle has to come home. If that was to occur, we wouldn’t want the Russian segment to be without a Russian segment expert, nor would we want the U.S. segment to be without a U.S. segment expert.” Email the author. Follow Stephen Clark on Twitter: @StephenClark1.

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BY MATTHEW LYNCH -APRIL 3, 2017 Once upon a time, enthusiasts designed a formal education system to meet the economic demands of the industrial revolution. Fast forward to today and, with the current global economic climate, it seems apparent that the now established education system is unable to meet the needs of our hyper-connected society – a society that is in a constant state of evolution. Let’s examine 18 problems that prevent the US education system from regaining its former preeminence. - Parents are not involved enough. Of all the things out of the control of teachers, this one is perhaps the most frustrating. Time spent in the classroom is simply not enough for teachers to instruct every student, to teach them what they need to know. There must, inevitably, be some interaction outside school hours. Of course, students at a socio-economic disadvantage often struggle in school, particularly if parents lack higher levels of education. But students from middle and upper class families aren’t off the hook, either. The demands of careers and an over-dependence on schools put higher-class kids at risk too when it comes to the lack of parental involvement in academics. - Schools are closing left and right. It’s been a rough year for public schools. Many have found themselves on the chopping block. Parents, students and communities as a whole feel targeted, even if school board members are quick to cite unbiased numbers. There is no concrete way to declare a winner in these cases, either. Sometimes, a school closing is simply inevitable but communities should first look for other solutions. Instead of shutting down underutilized public schools – icons of the community – districts should consider other neighborhood uses, such as a community center or adult education classes. Closing public schools should not be a short-sighted procedure. The decision should focus on the only investment that really matters: a quality public education for all our nation’s children. - Our schools are overcrowded. The smaller the class, the better the individual student experience. A study by the National Center for Education Statistics found that 14 percent of U.S. schools exceed capacity. At a time where children need more attention than ever to succeed, overcrowded classrooms are making it even tougher to learn and tougher still for teachers to be effective. - Technology comes with its downsides. I am an advocate for technology in the classroom. I think that ignoring the educational opportunities that technology has afforded us puts kids at a disadvantage. being said, screen culture overall has made the jobs of teachers much more difficult. Education has become synonymous with entertainment in many ways. Parents are quick to download educational games as soon as kids have the dexterity to operate a touch screen, and with the best of intentions. The quick-hit way that children are learning academics before and during their K-12 careers makes it even more difficult for teachers to keep up in the classroom setting, particularly since each student’s knowledge base and technological savvy varies. - There is a lack of diversity in gifted education. The “talented and gifted” label is one bestowed upon the brightest and most advanced students. Beginning in early elementary grades, TAG programs separate student peers for the sake of individualized learning initiatives. Though the ideology is sound, the practice of it is often a monotone, unattractive look at contemporary American public schools. District schools need to find ways to better recognize different types of learning talent and look beyond the typical “gifted” student model. The national push to make talented and gifted programs better mirror the contemporary and ever-evolving student body is a step in the right direction. Real change happens on a smaller scale though – in individual districts, schools and TAG programs. That progress must start with understanding of the makeup of a particular student body and include innovative ways to include all students in TAG learning initiatives. - School spending is stagnant, even in our improving economy. As the U.S. economy continues to improve, according to news headlines, one area is still feeling the squeeze from the recession years: K-12 public school spending. A report this month from the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities found that 34 states are contributing less funding on a per student basis than they did prior to the recession years. Since states are responsible for 44 percent of total education funding in the U.S., these dismal numbers mean a continued crack down on school budgets despite an improving economy. If we cannot find the funding for our public schools, how can we expect things like the achievement gap to close or high school graduation rates to rise? It was understandable that budgets had to be slashed when the bottom dropped out of the economy. Now we are in a more stable place, though, it is time to get back to funding what matters most: the education of our K-12 students. - We are still using the teacher training methods of yesterday. With respect to the students of the past, modern classrooms are full of sophisticated youngsters that show up with a detailed view of the world formed from more than home life experiences. Instant access to information from instant a child can press a touchscreen on a Smartphone and widespread socialization from as young as six weeks old in the form of childcare atmospheres – kids arrive at Kindergarten with less naivety than previous generations. Teachers don’t, in other words, get a clean slate. Instead, they get young minds cluttered with random information and ideas, all of which need fostering or remediating. - There is a lack of teacher education innovation. It stands to reason that if students are changing, teachers must change too. More specifically, it is time to modify teacher education to reflect the demands of the modern K – 12 classrooms. There are policy and practice changes taking place all over the world – many driven by teachers – that address the cultural shifts in the classroom. Public education in America needs teachers who are better trained to meet the needs of specific student populations, understand the necessary role of distance learning, and are willing to speak up to facilitate classroom change. Without these teachers, effective reform to meet global demand is not possible. - Some students are lost to the school-to-prison pipeline. Sadly, over half of black young men who attend urban high schools do not earn a diploma. Of these dropouts, too, nearly 60 percent will go to prison at some point. Perhaps there is no real connection between these two statistics, or the eerily similar ones associated with young Latino men. Are these young people bad apples, destined to fail academically and then to live a life of crime? If some of the theories of genetic predisposition are true, perhaps these young men never stood a chance at success and have simply accepted their lots in life. But what if those answers, all of them, are just cop-outs? What if scoffing at a connection between a strong education and a life lived on the straight and narrow is an easy way to bypass the real issues in K-12 learning? Students who are at risk of dropping out of high school or turning to crime need more than a good report card. They need alternative suggestions on living a life that rises above their current circumstances. For a young person to truly have a shot at an honest life, he or she has to believe in the value of an education and its impact on good citizenship. That belief system has to come from direct conversations about making smart choices with trusted adults and peers. - There is a nationwide college-gender gap, and surprisingly, we are not focusing on it. If you have been following education hot button issues for any length of time, you’ve likely read about the nationwide push to better encourage girls in areas like science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). The thought is that by showing young women that these topics are just as appropriate for them as their male peers, more women will find lasting careers in these traditionally male-dominated fields. I’m all for more women in the STEM workplace but with all this focus in one area, are educators neglecting an even larger gender gap issue? I wonder how much of this trend is based on practicality and how much is based on a lingering social convention that women need to “prove” themselves when it comes to the workforce. Do women simply need a degree to land a job in any field? If so, the opposite is certainly not true for men – at least not yet. Will the young men in our classrooms today have a worse quality of life if they do not attend college – or will it be about the same? - We still do not know how to handle high school dropouts. It seems that every time the issue of high school dropouts is discussed, it all centers on money. U.S. Census Statistics tell us that 38 percent of high school dropouts fall below the poverty line, compared with 18 percent of total households in every demographic. Dropouts are also 40 percent more likely to rent their residences and spend $450 less per month on housing costs than the overall population. Only around 60 percent of dropouts own vehicles and they spend over $300 less on entertainment annually than average Americans. It’s clear that a high school diploma is in fact the ticket to higher earnings, at least on a collective level. The negative financial ramifications of dropping out of high school cannot be denied, but the way they are over-emphasized seems like a worn-out tactic to me. Instead of focusing on students as earners, we really need to value them as learners so that we can encourage them to finish their high school education. - We have not achieved education equity. Equity in education has long been an ideal. It’s an ideal celebrated in a variety of contexts, too. Even the Founding Fathers celebrated education as an ideal – something to which every citizen ought to be entitled. Unfortunately, though, the practice of equity in education has been less than effective. Equity, in the end, is a difficult ideal to maintain and many strategies attempting to maintain it have fallen far short in the implementation. To achieve equity, school systems need to have an approach for analyzing findings about recommended shifts in learning approaches and objectives. These approaches should also help teachers and administrators understand not what they have to avoid but what it is that they can do to achieve optimal equity moving forward. - Technology brings a whole new dimension to cheating. Academic dishonesty is nothing new. As long as there have been homework assignments and tests, there have been cheaters. The way that cheating looks has changed over time, though. Technology has made it easier than ever. Perhaps the most interesting caveat of modern-day cheating in U.S. classrooms is that students often do not think they have done anything wrong. Schools must develop anti-cheating policies that include technology and those policies must be updated consistently. Teachers must stay vigilant, too, when it comes to what their students are doing in classrooms and how technology could be playing a negative role in the learning process. Parents must also talk to their kids about the appropriate ways to find academic answers and alert them to unethical behaviors that may seem innocent in their own eyes. - We still struggle with making teacher tenure benefit both students and teachers. One of the most contested points of teacher contracts is the issue of tenure. Hardline education reformers argue that tenure protects underperforming teachers, which ends up punishing the students. Teachers unions challenge (among other reasons) that with the ever-changing landscape of K-12 education, including evaluation systems, tenure is necessary to protect the jobs of excellent teachers who could otherwise be ousted unfairly. It can often be a sticking point – and one that can lead to costly time out of classrooms, as recently seen in large school systems like New York City and Chicago. Now, I’m not suggesting that teachers just “give up” but I would support adjusting the expectations for tenure. It seems an appropriate step in the right direction for teachers in all types of schools. That energy then can be redirected towards realistic and helpful stipulations in teachers’ contracts that benefit the entire industry. - More of our schools need to consider year-round schooling. Does it work? The traditional school year, with roughly three months of vacation days every summer, was first implemented when America was an agricultural society. The time off was not implemented to accommodate contemporary concerns, like children needing “down time” to decompress and “be kids.” The system was born out of economic necessity. In fact, the first schools that went against the summers-off version of the academic calendar were in urban areas that did not revolve around the agricultural calendar, like Chicago and New York, as early as the mid-1800s. It was much later, however, that the idea as a whole gained momentum. Overall, year-round schooling seems to show a slight advantage academically to students enrolled, but the numbers of students are not high enough to really get a good read on it at this point. What does seem clear, however, is that at-risk students do far better without a long summer break, and other students are not harmed by the year-round schedule. - We are still wrestling the achievement gap. Earlier this month, the U.S. Department of Education released student performance data in its National Assessment for Educational Progress report. The data is compiled every two years and it assesses reading and math achievements for fourth and eighth graders. This particular report also outlines differences between students based on racial and socioeconomic demographics. The data points to the places in the U.S. that still struggle with inequality in student opportunity and performance, otherwise known as the achievement gap. The achievement gap will likely always exist in some capacity, in much the same way that the U.S. high school dropout rate will likely never make it down to zero. This doesn’t mean it is a lost cause, of course. Every student who succeeds, from any demographic, is another victory in K-12 education and it benefits society as a whole. Better recognition by every educator, parent and citizen of the true problem that exists is a start; actionable programs are the next step. - We need to consider how school security measures affect students. In theory, parents and educators would do anything to keep students safe, whether those students are pre-Kindergartners or wrapping up a college career. Nothing is too outlandish or over-the-top when it comes to protecting our kids and young adults. Metal detectors, security cameras, more police presence in school hallways, gated campuses – they all work toward the end goal of sheltering students and their educators, protecting some of the most vulnerable of our citizens. Emotions aside, though, how much does school security really increase actual safety? Do school security efforts actually hinder the learning experience? It sounds good to taut the virtues of tighter policies on school campuses but is it all just empty rhetoric? Given the fact that state spending per student is lower than at the start of the recession, how much should schools shell out on security costs? Perhaps the best investment we can make to safeguard our students and educators is in personal vigilance. Perhaps less reliance on so-called safety measures would lead to higher alertness. - We need to make assistive technology more available for students with disabilities. A key to improving the educational experience for students with disabilities is better accommodations in schools and continued improvements in assistive technology. Assistive technology in K-12 classrooms, by definition, is designed to “improve the functional capabilities of a child with a disability.” While the word “technology” automatically conjures up images of cutting-edge electronics, some assistive technology is possible with just simple accommodations. Whether high-tech or simple in design, assistive technology has the ability to transform the learning experiences for the children who benefit. Assistive technology is important for providing a sound education for K-12 students with disabilities but benefits the greater good of the country, too. Nearly one-fourth of a specific student population is not being properly served and with so many technological advances, that is a number I believe can drop. Assistive technology in simple and complex platforms has the ability to lift the entire educational experience and provide a better life foundation for K-12 students with disabilities. Some of these reasons are well-known and long-standing issues. However, others—such as the emergence of a screen culture—are new and even somewhat unexpected challenges. However, the nature of each issue does not matter. All of them are standing in the way of our becoming globally competitive. Can you think of any reasons the U.S. educational systems are failing? Join The Movement! #iBelieve

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Howdy again! Today we’re going to talk about the world’s largest, flightless parrot. I’m sure many of you didn’t even know there was such a thing, because I sure as hell didn’t. The kakapo or the Strigops habroptila is also known as the Owl parrot and is indigenous to New Zealand. Currently, this fancy parrot is on the IUCN’s red list, which means it is “Critically Endangered”. This is an improvement from before, as in 1996 the bird was officially labeled as “Extinct in the Wild”. The Kakapo – which is oddly also nocturnal – is primarily a vegetarian who breeds every 2-5 years. The mating season lasts for 3 months from January to March, with male birds calling to the females each night. Interestingly, the male’s call is a low frequency boom, that can travel several kilometers! (If you’d like the hear it: you can do so here ). Once the eggs are laid, in batches of 1-4 eggs, the female attends to the eggs and eventually chicks. Shockingly, though the females take 6-11 years to mature, the birds can live up to 90 years! There is some speculation that the Owl Parrot is the longest-living species of bird, and originally used to be the size of a present day parrot (and used to be able to fly). However, New Zealand, the bird’s natural habitat – did not have mammals for thousands of years and thus the bird evolved to gain significant weight, lose its ability to fly, and actually became and avid hiker! The Kakapo thus, used to be abundant throughout all of New Zealand without any real predators around, but after human colonization in the area, the population dropped to 18 male birds in 1976. By some small miracle, 150 additional birds were found in 1977 on a different island, which by 1988 had dropped to 61 birds. These remaining birds were transferred to different islands and in 1999, a recovery breeding program began with 50 individuals out of a population of 26 females and 36 males. From 2005 to 2009, the population increased from 86 to 114. Population numbers have been on a slow rise since then under heavy micromanagement. If you’d like to get involved and help out this (not-so) little guy, or just learn more about him, you can go to the Kakapo Recovery Program here . Remember, if you haven comments or questions, you can reach us at OpinionsOfANewAgeStudent@gmail.com, or at our twitter and tumblr @newagestudent. Otherwise, I hope everyone enjoyed this adorable article and look forward to more! - http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/kakapo ALL PHOTOS ARE FROM HERE As aforementioned, I’ve currently become deeply invested in podcasts. One such podcast is “Science Friday” hosted by Ira Flatow on Public Radio International. On a recent jam-packed episode, an exciting topic came up – Elephant Seals ! These (not-so) little guys have been causing lots of problems for the last couple of decades; and we’re only finding out now! First, a little bit about Elephant Seals. There are two breeds of Elephant Seals – Northern and Southern . In this study, we focused on the Northern breed or Mirounga angustirostris. The Southern species is not only significantly larger, but also lives longer than its Northern counterpart. The Northern species lives only along the Pacific coast of Northern America. In terms of IUCN status, the Mirounga angustirostris is a success story! Once thought to be extinct due to over-hunting, this guy has made a comeback and is back up at around 120,000+ . For several decades, scientists have been noticing severe mercury spikes in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California. The case was unknown for years until an exciting development came along in science – using DNA mapping technology to map the DNA of the ocean! What was the result? This mercury was coming from the coast? Lo and behold, we find shedding Elephant Seals on the shoreline! During a recent study (which can be found here ) at UC Santa Cruz, it was discovered that during the molting season, levels of methyl-mercury – one of the most toxic forms of mercury – was 17 times higher than normal (as if it wasn’t dangerous enough in the body already). And it’s in fact precisely because of the mercury’s poisonous levels that Elephant Seals try to shed their hair. The Seals will cumulate the mercury in the hair on their bodies, and then shed the hair to rid the body of the toxin , in a process called Catastrophic Molting ! One might ask how we know that the mercury is coming from the Elephant Seals fur and not from their feces or other fauna altogether. The answer lies in newborn Seals. Because mercury is so easily absorbed into the system of living creatures, it stands to reason that pregnant mothers would “infect” their unborn children as well. In fact, pups born to contaminated mothers showed high levels of methyl-mercury in their “natal coal” or the hair that they are born with . So, we can extrapolate that the seals coat is to blame for increased ocean methyl-mercury levels. Now you might not think that this is a problem, but the mercury in the hair gets washed up back into the oceans, digested by microbes in the water, and moves its way back up the food chain, until it may have serious consequences for humans, Elephant Seals, and the ecosystem overall. The levels found around Seal molting grounds are higher than those found in highly urbanized, contaminated coastal towns. This problem is further accentuated by the fact that industrial pollutants in the water have already significantly increased mercury levels in the oceans. What makes the situation worse is that mercury doesn’t degrade either, which means that overtime, it’s going to concentrate itself more heavily at the top of the food chain, with unknown consequences. This process is known as biomagnification. So, do we know anything? Well, yes. We know the harmful effects that methyl-mercury has on the human body. According to the EPA, methyl-mercury has significant effects on humans, including but not limited to: neurological development in infants, “impairment of the peripheral vision; disturbances in sensations (“pins and needles” feelings, usually in the hands, feet, and around the mouth); lack of coordination of movements; impairment of speech, hearing, walking; and muscle weakness” and even potentially death. One such extreme case of mercury poisoning was in Japan, from 1932 to 1968 . A factory that produced acetic acid discharged its waste into Minamata Bay, where nearby residents consumed contaminated shellfish for years. What was eventually known as Minamata disease caused “brain damage, paralysis, incoherent speech and delirium” in over 50,000 local residents. So, how do we stop all of this? Scientists aren’t quite sure, but one thing is for sure: we need to reduce our pollutant footprint if we want to keep these cute guys around, and other apex predators; especially if we want a chance of surviving a healthy human life, for us and generations to come. Hi everyone! I know its been a long time since i’ve posted anything at all, but theres exciting news! First I’d like to give a tribute to our favorite tortoise, Lonesome George, who passed away last year from old age. With his death in June of 2012, the species was thought to be extinct. BUT THERES SOME GOOD NEWS! Just a few months later, a Yale researcher found 17 hybrid tortoises that may share several parts of George’s DNA. Through a serious conservation efforts and a potential captive breeding program, conservationists hope to bring back the now twice thought extinct amphibian. Here’s the best part. When researchers found these tortoises (named Pinta tortoises), they would these 17 (in a population of 1,667) with high levels of comparative DNA to George. Although 12 where adults, 5 were just babies, which means that although they are hybrids, their parents could still be alive AND purebreds!! Here’s the catch though. These tortoises where found 30 miles away from the island where they should originate from! So although the original species on the Galapagos Islands are gone, these new found tortoises on Volcano Wolf (cool name, right?) could revive the species for the second time around! Here’s a National Geographic article that explains further!: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/11/121116-lonesome-george-not-extinct-galapagos-tortoise-science/ Hi everyone! Its been a while since I’ve written anything, sorry about that. Busy with college and what not. But I’m on break now, and i’d like to take a moment to discuss something no one most likely thought i would discuss – Seals. Specifically, animals that ARE NOT endangered! I know! Crazy stuff!! At any rate, the specific category of seal i’ll be discussing is the California Sea Lion, or Zalophus californianus. So to clear up the confusion, what’s the difference between a seal and a sea lion? A sea lion is a seal but a seal is not a sea lion. Yup, nice and simple haha. These little guys are rated as “Least Concern” by the IUCN, and if anything, theres actually an overpopulation problem. They live along the Western coast of North America, most abundantly found in – you guessed it – California! Although they are considered a tourist attraction by some cities, they’re generally considered pests, which breaks my heart considering the new found obsession i have with them. Recently, seal hunting has actually started up again. A huge reason for this, other than their inconvenience to fisherman and what not, is that part of their diet is actually an endangered salmon. And because their population levels are so high, there is a serious threat to these salmon. An interesting fact though: this breed of seal is one of the only few mammals whose milk does not contain lactose! Isn’t that fascinating?! Probably the bio-major in me coming out again. Furthermore, this species of sea lion is what is typically associated with “circus” seals. So, i really just wanted to rant about my love of seals and there really isn’t a final message here. Obviously, they’re not endangered…but don’t go around shooting them either, ok? 🙂 Ok, so not as many articles as i thought there might be, but here’s another one before i start school tomorrow!!! This one is a THREE-FOR-ONE special! We have an article on the Seychelles Giant Tortoise, the Amazon River Dolphin AND the Red Panda! First of is the Seychelles Giant Turquoise! This not-so-little critter has been extinct in the wild since 1840. Originally, they were thought to be completely extinct until 12 individuals were accidentally found! Almost every single other species of Giant Tortoise is now extinct except the Aldabra giant tortoise, due to its isolated location. The Seychelles Giant Tortoise is actually unique in its shape compared to other giant tortoises! Today, the oldest living tortoise is a 181-year-old Seychelles Giant Tortoise who lives on Saint Helena named Jonathan!!! Next is the Amazon River Dolphin. This species is the largest species of river dolphins and due to an unfused vertebrae are amazingly able to turn their necks 180 degrees!!!! These dolphins are the last left in their lineage and are mainly found in the floodplains of the Amazon river, but due to overfishing and pollution are seriously endangered today. Due to these dolphins influence on the native populations of humans in the area, there are some very interesting legends about them! One of them is very similar to the white woman of Mexico. In the Brazilian version, however, there is a dolphin who turns into a young man and seduces women in the area, impregnates them, and leaves to return to the river again. This creature is called an encantado, which roughly means enchanted in English. They apparently, will even kidnap people who get too close to the water and take them to the land of the Encantado. Finally, we have the amazing Red Panda! Sadly, this animal is also the last of its lineage. Interestingly enough, however, the Red Panda is more closely related to raccoons than it is to any kind of bear. Due to its low numbers, even though it is illegal to kill these creatures now, the population continues to decrease due to deforestation and inbreeding depression, or in other words, Red Pandas that participate in inbreeding due to the unavailability of other mates, produce defective offspring, that either do not live to maturation or are sterile. These little guys are found today in China, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan, all of which have claimed the Red Panda a protected species. Conservation efforts today seem to be going quite well as over 300 red pandas have been born in captivity, increasing their population substantially. You’ve all heard of the browser Mozilla Firefox right? Well interestingly enough, the Firefox logo is actually based on the red panda! That’s right!! In China, the Red Panda is called “火狐” or “fire-fox”. Even Master Shifu, in Kung-Fu Panda is a Red Panda! At any rate, I hope to write more articles soon, but i hope this article tides you over until then!! Soooo…i lied. My next post isn’t history related! I thought i would give you guys a break and give you another Bio article! This time we are talking about Lonesome George! “What?! Lonesome George? What kind of a genus is that??” WRONG! Lonesome George is the sole survivor of an entire sub-species of turtles! Lonesome George is actually part of Geochelone nigra abingdoni, and the rest of his species is extinct in the wild! In fact, in another few years, the entire species might be extinct. Because of this, George is considered the symbol for conservation efforts worldwide. Interestingly enough, scientists seem to have found a partial solution. Since George’s entire species isn’t extinct yet, scientists are hoping to breed the 90-year-old turtle with a female of a different sub-species. Although efforts are so far unsuccessful, IF you by some miracle of God happen to find ANOTHER Geochelone nigra abingdoni, there is a REWARD! If you can find a female to mate George with, there is a $10,000 reward!!! Of course, you would have to go down to the Galapagos Islands…but hey! It’s $10,000!!! Either ways, George is a reminder to us all that we need to care for our environment and make sure that no species anywhere reaches this point! If you want to help poor species like George, be sure to visit http://iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/donate_now_and_help_us_save_species/ and donate today! Thanks everyone!!! Hey guys! Sorry i haven’t written anything in a while; the life of a bio major is very overwhelming. But, just to get an article to you guys, i’m procrastinating on studying for my midterms and giving you another animals article! On a side note, by the way, I’d like to thank everyone who have sent our site counter rocketing upwards, even while we were inactive! Somehow, we have over 1,300 hits! So thank you! 😀 So I’m sure everyone remembers the Tasmanian Devil character on Looney Tunes from out childhood. What i bet you didn’t know was that this guy was based on the real life Tasmanian Devil and that is relative is the Tasmanian Wolf, that unfortunately became extinct in 1936. You would think that the term “wolf” implies that this not-so-little guy is a mammal right? This guy is actually a marsupial (yes, like kangaroos), and the largest carnivorous marsupial in its time. Also known as the Tasmanian Tiger, this animal was the last surviving member of its genus, Thylacinus. You might be wondering, “Australia is such a removed place, why would it even be extinct?” Well let me tell you, everything wrong in this world can be blamed on humans, and this issue is no exception. However, unlike most extinction cases, this extinction was not caused in major part by modern humans. That’s right, our ancestors from 2,000 years ago, when they first traveled to Australia spiraled the Tasmanian Wolf into near extinction. However, these creatures survived until the early 1900s, when handsome bounties were placed on these creatures heads. The last record of a native Tasmanian tiger was killed in 1930 by a farmer. The Australian government (in it’s infinite wisdom) placed an official protection on the species, 59 days before the last of the species died in 1936. What the point is in declaring a protection on a species when there is only ONE left, can never make sense to me, but none-the-less, the species no longer exists. Interestingly enough, random sightings have been recorded in Tasmania over the last few decades of the Tasmanian Tiger. However, no definitive proof has been brought forward, though several handsome rewards going up to a million dollars have been brought forward for proof of its existence. Although officially declared extinct by every major conservation group, we can only hope that in some remote area of Tasmania, this creature lives in secrecy, protecting the last of its species. For your viewing pleasure, i have put up the last surviving footage of the Tasmanian Wolf as well as some images of this creature.

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Peter Brown’s “Remembering the Poor and the Aesthetic of Society” (Journal of Interdisciplinary History) presents a wonderful analysis of charity through a lens of history and society: Looking at the medieval and (largely) early modern societies described herein with more ancient eyes reveals patterns of expectations that are familiar from the longer history of the three major religions studied in this collection. First and foremost, those who founded and administered the charitable institutions of early modern Europe and the Middle East plainly carried in the back of their minds what might be called a particular “aesthetic of society,” the outlines of which might be blurred by the quotidien routines of administration. This “aesthetic of society” amounted to a sharp sense of what constituted a good society and what constituted an ugly society, namely, one that neglected the poor or treated them inappropriately. Europeans and Ottomans alike instantly noticed when charitable institutions were absent. Of the great imarets of the Ottoman empire, Evliya the seventeenth-century traveler, wrote, “I, this poor one, have traveled 51 years and in the territories of 18 rulers, and there was nothing like our enviable institution.” The article delves into comparisons of social norms of charity—of which I have quoted before: Divided as European Protestants and Catholics were in their ideas about the good society, the differences between Christian Europe and the Ottoman Empire were even more decisive, subtle though they sometimes could be. Christian Europe concentrated on a quality of mercy that was essentially asymmetrical. It strove to integrate those who, otherwise, would have no place in society. As the founder of Christ’s Hospital wrote in the sixteenth century, “Christ has lain too long abroad . . . in the streets of London.” To him, those deserving of mercy were “lesser folk,” and those who “raised them up” were “like a God.” In Catholic countries, much charity was “redemptive,” directed to tainted groups who might yet come to be absorbed more fully into the Christian fold—including Jews, some of whom might yet be converted, and prostitutes, some of whom might yet be reformed. In the more bracing air of Protestant Hadleigh, however, “reform” meant making sure that those who were “badly governed in their bodies” (delinquent male beggars) were brought back to the labor force from which they had lapsed. For both Catholics and Protestants, the “reform” of errant groups was a dominant concern. By contrast, in Ottoman society, receiving charity brought no shame. To go to an imaret was not to be “brought in from the cold.” Rich and poor were sustained by the carefully graded bounty of the sultan: “Hand in hand with the imperial generosity is that of a strictly run establishment, carefully regulating the movements of its clients and the sustenance each received.” The meals at the Ottoman imaret are reminiscent of the Roman convivium, great public banquets of the Roman emperors, in their judicious combination of hierarchy and outreach to all citizens. Nothing like it existed in Christian Europe. So who cares? (This is always a good question to throw at the dewey-eyed young-ins): One issue concerning the “aesthetic of society” that deserves to be stressed is often taken for granted in studies of poverty: Why should the poor matter in the first place? The heirs to centuries of concerted charitable effort by conscientious Jews, Christians, and Muslims are liable to forget that concern for the poor is, in many ways, a relatively recent development in the history of Europe and the Middle East, not necessarily shared by many non-European and non-Middle Eastern societies. The Greco-Roman world had no place whatsoever for the poor in its “aesthetic of society.” But ancient Greeks and Romans were not thereby hardhearted or ungenerous. They were aware of the misery that surrounded them and often prepared to spend large sums on their fellows. But the beneficiaries of their acts of kindness were never deaned as “the poor,” largely because the city stood at the center of the social imagination. The misery that touched them most acutely was the potential misery of their city. If Leland Stanford had lived in ancient Greece or in ancient Rome, his philanthropic activities would not have been directed toward “humanity,” even less toward “the poor,” but toward im- proving the amenities of San Francisco and the aesthetics of the citizen body as a whole. It would not have gone to the homeless or to the reform of prostitutes. Those who happened, economically, to be poor might have benefited from such philanthropy, but only insofar as they were members of the city, the great man’s “fellow-citizens.” The emergence of the poor as a separate category and object of concern within the general population involved a slow and hesitant revolution in the entire “aesthetic” of ancient society, which was connected primarily with the rise of Christianity in the Roman world. But it also coincided with profound modiacations in the image of the city itself. The self-image of a classical, city-bound society had to change before the “poor” became visible as a separate group within it. Similarly, in the context of the Chinese empire’s governmental tradition, the victims of famine were not so much “the poor” as they were “subjects” who happened to need food, the better to be controlled and educated like everyone else. This state-centered image had to weaken considerably before Buddhist notions of “compassion” to “the poor” could spread in China. Until at least the eleventh century, acts of charity to the poor ranked low in the hierarchy of official values, dismissed as “little acts” and endowed with little public resonance. They were overshadowed by a robust state ideology of responsibility for famine relief, which put its trust, not on anything as frail as “compassion,” but on great state warehouses controlled (it was hoped) by public-spirited provincial governors. If the phrase “aesthetic of society” connotes a view of the poor deemed fitting for a society, one implicit aspect of it notably absent from the ancient world and China was the intense feeling—shared by Jews, Christians, and Muslims—that outright neglect of the poor was ugly, and that charity was not only prudent but also beautiful. Despite the traditional limitations of charitable institu- tions—their perpetual shortfall in meeting widespread misery, their inward-looking quality, and the overbearing manner in which they frequently operated—they were undeniably worthwhile ventures. The officials who ran them and the rich who funded them could think of themselves as engaged in “a pro- foundly integrative activity.” This widespread feeling of contributing to a “beautiful” rather than an “ugly” society still needs to be explained. Why remember the poor? There are many obvious answers to this question, most of which have been fully spelled out in recent scholarship. Jews, Christians, and Muslims were guardians of sacred scriptures that enjoined compassion for the poor and promised future rewards for it. Furthermore, in early modern Europe, in particular, charity to the poor came to mean more than merely pleasing God; it represented the solution to a pressing social problem. To provide for the poor and to police their movements was a prudent reaction to what scholars have revealed as an objective crisis caused by headlong demographic growth and a decline in the real value of wages. Yet even this “objective” crisis had its “subjective” side. Contemporaries perceived the extent of the crisis in, say, Britain as amplified, subjectively, by a subtle change in the “aesthetic of society.” The poor had not only become more dangerous; their poverty had become, in itself, more shocking. As Wrightson recently showed, forms of poverty that had once been accepted as part of the human condition, about which little could be done, became much more challenging wherever larger sections of a community became accustomed to higher levels of comfort. When poverty could no longer be taken for granted, to overlook the poor appeared, increasingly, to be the mark of an “ugly” society. Moreover, that the potentially “forgettable” segments of society were usually articulate and well educated, able to plead their cause to their more hardhearted contemporaries, had something to do with how indecorous, if not cruel, forgetting them would be. Paul’s injunction to “remember the poor” (Galatians 2:10) and its equivalents in Jewish and Muslim societies warned about far more than a lapse of memory. It pointed to a brutal act of social excision the reverberations of which would not be confined to the narrow corridor where rich and poor met through the working of charitable institutions. The charitable institutions of the time present the poor, primarily, as persons in search of elemental needs— food, clothing, and work. But hunger and exposure were only the “presenting symptoms” of a deeper misery. Put bluntly, the heart of the problem was that the poor were eminently forgettable persons. In many different ways, they lost access to the networks that had lodged them in the memory of their fellows. Lacking the support of family and neighbors, the poor were on their own, floating into the vast world of the unremembered. This slippage into oblivion is strikingly evident in Jewish Midrash of the book of Proverbs, in which statements on the need to respect the poor are attached to the need to respect the dead. Ultimately helpless, the dead also depended entirely on the capacity of others to remember them. The dead represented the furthest pole of oblivion toward which the poor already drifted. Fortunately for the poor, however, Jews, Christians, and Muslims not only had the example of their own dead—whom it was both shameful and inhuman to forget—but also that of God Himself, who was invisible, at least for the time being. Of all the eminently forgettable persons who ringed the fringes of a medieval and early modern society, God was the one most liable to be for- gotten by comfortable and conadent worldlings. The Qur’an equated those who denied the Day of Judgment with those who rejected orphans and neglected the feeding of the poor (Ma’un 107:1–3). The pious person, by contrast, forgot neither relatives nor strangers who were impoverished. Even though he might have had every reason to wish that they had never existed, he went out of his way to “feed them . . . and to speak kindly to them” (Nisa’ 4.36, 86). The poor challenged the memory like God. They were scarcely visible creatures who, nonetheless, should not be forgotten. As Michael Bonner shows, the poor, the masakin of the Qur’an and of its early medieval interpreters, are “unsettling, ambiguous [persons] . . . . whom we may or may not know.” In all three religions, charity to the easily forgotten poor was locked into an entire social pedagogy that supported the memory of a God who, also, was all-too-easily forgotten. The poor were not the only persons in a medieval or an early modern society who might become victims of forgetfulness. Many other members of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic societies—and often the most vocal members—found themselves in a position strangely homologous to, or overlapping, that of the poor, and they often proved to be most articulate in pressing the claims of the poor. They also demanded to be remembered even if, by the normal standards of society, they did nothing particularly memorable. Seen with the hard eyes of those who exercised real power in their societies, the religious leaders of all three religions were eminently “forgettable” persons. They contributed nothing of obvious importance to society. And of course, I respect any scholar who manages to connect their paper to their ability to continue drawing a salary: The manner in which a society remembers its forgettable persons and characterizes the failure to do so is a sensitive indicator of its tolerance for a certain amount of apparently unnecessary, even irrelevant, cultural and religious activity. What is at stake is more than generosity and compassion. It is the necessary heedlessness by which any complex society can and a place for the less conspicuous elements of its cultural differentiation and social health. Scholars owe much to the ancient injunction to “remember the poor.”

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Wikipedia picture of the day on February 1, 2018: Facade of ARD-Hauptstadtstudio in Berlin-Mitte. ARD-Hauptstadtstudio is a television studio in Berlin operated jointly by the members of the federal broadcasting network ARD. Wikipedia" Wednesday, January 31, 2018 Sixty years ago, on January 31, 1958, the First Explorer was successfully launched by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency on a Jupiter-C rocket. Inaugurating the era of space exploration for the United States, Explorer I was a thirty pound satellite that carried instruments to measure temperatures, and micrometeorite impacts, along with an experiment designed by James A. Van Allen to measure the density of electrons and ions in space. The measurements made by Van Allen's experiment led to an unexpected and then startling discovery of two earth-encircling belts of high energy electrons and ions trapped in the magnetosphere. Now known as the Van Allen Radiation belts, the regions are located in the inner magnetosphere, beyond low Earth orbit. Explorer I ceased transmitting on February 28, 1958, but remained in orbit until March of 1970. via NASA Tuesday, January 30, 2018 Why is Venus so different from Earth? To help find out, Japan launched the robotic Akatsuki spacecraft which entered orbit around Venus late in 2015 after an unplanned five-year adventure around the inner Solar System. Even though Akatsuki was past its original planned lifetime, the spacecraft and instruments were operating so well that much of its original mission was reinstated. Also known as the Venus Climate Orbiter, Akatsuki's instruments investigated unknowns about Earth's sister planet, including whether volcanoes are still active, whether lightning occurs in the dense atmosphere, and why wind speeds greatly exceed the planet's rotation speed. In the featured image taken by Akatsuki's IR2 camera, Venus's night side shows a jagged-edged equatorial band of high dark clouds absorbing infrared light from hotter layers deeper in Venus' atmosphere. The bright orange and black stripe on the upper right is a false digital artifact that covers part of the much brighter day side of Venus. Analyses of Akatsuki images and data has shown that Venus has equatorial jet similar to Earth's jet stream. via NASA Monday, January 29, 2018 Sunday, January 28, 2018 Will the spider ever catch the fly? Not if both are large emission nebulas toward the constellation of the Charioteer (Auriga). The spider-shaped gas cloud on the left is actually an emission nebula labelled IC 417, while the smaller fly-shaped cloud on the right is dubbed NGC 1931 and is both an emission nebula and a reflection nebula. About 10,000 light-years distant, both nebulas harbor young, open star clusters. For scale, the more compact NGC 1931 (Fly) is about 10 light-years across. via NASA Wikipedia picture of the day on January 29, 2018: A local train to Tirano, hauled by a RhB ABe 8/12 "Allegra" EMU, pushes a plow (Xk 9144) to clear the snow that has accumulated between the rails, just after Ospizio Bernina, Switzerland. Wikipedia" Saturday, January 27, 2018 Staring toward the heavens, one of the many lagunas in the Atacama Desert salt flat calmly reflects a starry night sky near San Pedro de Atacama, Chile, planet Earth. Cosmic rifts of dust, star clouds, and nebulae of the central Milky Way galaxy are rising in the east, beyond a volcanic horizon. Caught in the six frame panorama serenely recorded in the early morning hours of January 15, planets Jupiter and Mars are close. Near the ecliptic, the bright planets are immersed in the Solar System's visible band of Zodiacal light extending up and left from the galactic center. Above the horizon to the south (right) are the Large and Small clouds of Magellan, satellite galaxies of the Milky Way. via NASA Friday, January 26, 2018 On sol 1943 of its journey of exploration across the surface of Mars, the Curiosity Rover recorded this selfie at the south rim of Vera Rubin Ridge. Of course a sol is a Martian solar day, about 40 minutes longer than an Earth day. Curiosity's sol 1943 corresponds to Earth date January 23, 2018. Also composed as an interactive 360 degree VR, the mosaicked panorama combines 61 exposures taken by the car-sized rover's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI). Frames containing the imager's arm have been edited out while the extended background used was taken by the rover's Mastcam on sol 1903. At the top of the rover's mast, sitting above the Mastcam, the laser-firing ChemCam housing blocks out the distant peak of Mount Sharp. via NASA Thursday, January 25, 2018 By chance, a collision of two galaxies has created a surprisingly recognizable shape on a cosmic scale, The Cartwheel Galaxy. The Cartwheel is part of a group of galaxies about 500 million light years away in the constellation Sculptor. Two smaller galaxies in the group are visible on the right. The Cartwheel Galaxy's rim is an immense ring-like structure 150,000 light years in diameter composed of newly formed, extremely bright, massive stars. When galaxies collide they pass through each other, their individual stars rarely coming into contact. Still, the galaxies' gravitational fields are seriously distorted by the collision. In fact, the ring-like shape is the result of the gravitational disruption caused by a small intruder galaxy passing through a large one, compressing the interstellar gas and dust and causing a a star formation wave to move out from the impact point like a ripple across the surface of a pond. In this case the large galaxy may have originally been a spiral, not unlike our own Milky Way, transformed into the wheel shape by the collision. But ... what happened to the small intruder galaxy? via NASA Wednesday, January 24, 2018 Tuesday, January 23, 2018 Why do some spiral galaxies have a ring around the center? Spiral galaxy NGC 1398 not only has a ring of pearly stars, gas and dust around its center, but a bar of stars and gas across its center, and spiral arms that appear like ribbons farther out. The featured image was taken with ESO's Very Large Telescope at the Paranal Observatory in Chile and resolves this grand spiral in impressive detail. NGC 1398 lies about 65 million light years distant, meaning the light we see today left this galaxy when dinosaurs were disappearing from the Earth. The photogenic galaxy is visible with a small telescope toward the constellation of the Furnace (Fornax). The ring near the center is likely an expanding density wave of star formation, caused either by a gravitational encounter with another galaxy, or by the galaxy's own gravitational asymmetries. via NASA Monday, January 22, 2018 Sunday, January 21, 2018 What if you could look out from the center of our Galaxy -- what might you see? Two scientifically-determined possibilities are shown in the featured video, an immersive 360-degree view which allows you to look around in every direction. The pictured computer simulation is based on infrared data from ESO's Very Large Telescope in Chile and X-ray data from NASA's orbiting Chandra X-ray Observatory. As the video starts, you quickly approach Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole in the Galactic center. Then looking out, this 500-year time-lapse simulation shows glowing gas and many points of light orbiting all around you. Many of these points are young Wolf-Rayet stars that have visible hot winds blowing out into surrounding nebulas. Clouds approaching close become elongated, while objects approaching too close fall in. Toward the video's end the simulation repeats, but this time with the dynamic region surrounding Sgr A* expelling hot gas that pushes back against approaching material. via NASA Saturday, January 20, 2018 Yes, but can your blizzard do this? In Upper Michigan's Storm of the Century in 1938, some snow drifts reached the level of utility poles. Nearly a meter of new and unexpected snow fell over two days in a storm that started 80 years ago this week. As snow fell and gale-force winds piled snow to surreal heights; many roads became not only impassable but unplowable; people became stranded; cars, school buses and a train became mired; and even a dangerous fire raged. Fortunately only two people were killed, although some students were forced to spend several consecutive days at school. The featured image was taken by a local resident soon after the storm. Although all of this snow eventually melted, repeated snow storms like this help build lasting glaciers in snowy regions of our planet Earth. via NASA Wikipedia picture of the day on January 21, 2018: Engineers successfully tested the parachutes for NASA's Orion spacecraft at the U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona Wednesday, March 8, 2017. This was the second test in a series of eight that will certify Orion's parachutes for human spaceflight. The test, which dropped an Orion engineering model from a C-17 aircraft at 25,000 feet, simulated the descent astronauts might experience if they have to abort a mission after liftoff. Wikipedia" Friday, January 19, 2018 Wikipedia picture of the day on January 20, 2018: True color image of Mars taken by the OSIRIS instrument on the European Space Agency (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft during its February 2007 flyby of the planet. Wikipedia" An alluring sight in southern skies, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is seen in this deep and detailed telescopic mosaic. Recorded with broadband and narrowband filters, the scene spans some 5 degrees or 10 full moons. The narrowband filters are designed to transmit only light emitted by hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Ionized by energetic starlight, the atoms emit their characteristic light as electrons are recaptured and the atoms transition to a lower energy state. As a result, in this image the LMC seems covered with its own clouds of ionized gas surrounding its massive, young stars. Sculpted by the strong stellar winds and ultraviolet radiation, the glowing clouds, dominated by emission from hydrogen, are known as H II (ionized hydrogen) regions. Itself composed of many overlapping H II regions, the Tarantula Nebula is the large star forming region at the left. The largest satellite of our Milky Way Galaxy, the LMC is about 15,000 light-years across and lies a mere 160,000 light-years away toward the constellation Dorado. via NASA Thursday, January 18, 2018 Wikipedia picture of the day on January 19, 2018: Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), east part of Utö, Haninge Municipality, Stockholm archipelago, Sweden. In the background the Baltic Sea, with some sea smoke. Wikipedia" Wednesday, January 17, 2018 Wikipedia picture of the day on January 18, 2018: Young European bison (Bison bonasus) in the Wisentgehege Springe game park near Springe, Hanover, Germany. The European bison or wisent is the heaviest of the surviving land animals in Europe, with males growing to around 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). European bison were hunted to extinction in the wild, but have since been reintroduced from captivity into several countries. Wikipedia" This exciting and unfamiliar view of the Orion Nebula is a visualization based on astronomical data and movie rendering techniques. Up close and personal with a famous stellar nursery normally seen from 1,500 light-years away, the digitally modeled frame transitions from a visible light representation based on Hubble data on the left to infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope on the right. The perspective at the center looks along a valley over a light-year wide, in the wall of the region's giant molecular cloud. Orion's valley ends in a cavity carved by the energetic winds and radiation of the massive central stars of the Trapezium star cluster. The single frame is part of a multiwavelength, three-dimensional video that lets the viewer experience an immersive, three minute flight through the Great Nebula of Orion. via NASA Tuesday, January 16, 2018 With image data from telescopes large and small, this close-up features the dusty Elephant's Trunk Nebula. It winds through the emission nebula and young star cluster complex IC 1396, in the high and far off constellation of Cepheus. Also known as vdB 142, the cosmic elephant's trunk is over 20 light-years long. The colorful view highlights bright, swept-back ridges that outline the region's pockets of cool interstellar dust and gas. Such embedded, dark, tendril-shaped clouds contain the raw material for star formation and hide protostars within. Nearly 3,000 light-years distant, the relatively faint IC 1396 complex covers a large region on the sky, spanning over 5 degrees. This dramatic scene spans a 1 degree wide field, about the size of 2 Full Moons. via NASA Monday, January 15, 2018 Sunday, January 14, 2018 By starlight this eerie visage shines in the dark, a crooked profile evoking its popular name, the Witch Head Nebula. In fact, this entrancing telescopic portrait gives the impression that the witch has fixed her gaze on Orion's bright supergiant star Rigel. More formally known as IC 2118, the Witch Head Nebula spans about 50 light-years and is composed of interstellar dust grains reflecting Rigel's starlight. The blue color of the Witch Head Nebula and of the dust surrounding Rigel is caused not only by Rigel's intense blue starlight but because the dust grains scatter blue light more efficiently than red. The same physical process causes Earth's daytime sky to appear blue, although the scatterers in Earth's atmosphere are molecules of nitrogen and oxygen. Rigel, the Witch Head Nebula, and gas and dust that surrounds them lie about 800 light-years away. via NASA Saturday, January 13, 2018 Friday, January 12, 2018 Wikipedia picture of the day on January 13, 2018: Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus). Face portrait of an 8-meter individual filter-feeding plankton at night. His eye is clearly visible. His upper lip shows recent scars – whale sharks steal food from fishermen nets and the fishermen hit them in the mouth to try to discourage them. Thaa Atoll, Maldives Wikipedia" Thursday, January 11, 2018 Discovered with the PanSTARRS telescope on September 7, 2016, this Comet PanSTARRS, C/2016 R2, is presently about 24 light minutes (3 AU) from the Sun, sweeping through planet Earth's skies across the background of stars in the constellation Taurus. An inbound visitor from our Solar System's distant Oort Cloud, its beautiful and complex ion tail is a remarkable shade of blue. Still relatively far from the Sun, the comet's already well-developed ion tail is very impressive. Emission from unusually abundant ionized carbon monoxide (CO+) atoms fluorescing in the increasing sunlight is largely responsible for the pretty blue tint. This color image of the blue comet is a combination of data taken from two different telescopes during the night of January 7. Located at the apex of the V-shaped Hyades star cluster in Taurus, bright star Gamma Tauri is responsible for the glow at the bottom left corner of the frame. via NASA Wednesday, January 10, 2018 Large and dramatically shaped, this cosmic cloud spans nearly 7 degrees or 14 full moons across planet Earth's sky toward the southern constellation Ara. Difficult to image, the filamentary apparition is cataloged as RCW 114 and traced in this telescopic mosaic by the telltale reddish emission of ionized hydrogen atoms. In fact, RCW 114 has been recognized as a supernova remnant. Its extensive filaments of emission are produced as the still expanding shockwave from the death explosion of a massive star sweeps up the surrounding interstellar medium. Consistent estimates place its distance at over 600 light-years, indicating a diameter of about 100 light-years or so. Light from the supernova explosion that created RCW 114 would have reached Earth around 20,000 years ago. A neutron star or pulsar has recently been identified as the collapsed remains of the stellar core. via NASA Where do stars form when galaxies collide? To help find out, astronomers imaged the nearby galaxy merger NGC 2623 in high resolution with the Hubble Space Telescope. Analysis of this and other Hubble images as well as images of NGC 2623 in infrared light by the Spitzer Space Telescope, in X-ray light by XMM-Newton, and in ultraviolet light by GALEX, indicate that two originally spiral galaxies appear now to be greatly convolved and that their cores have unified into one active galactic nucleus (AGN). Star formation continues around this core near the featured image center, along the stretched out tidal tails visible on either side, and perhaps surprisingly, in an off-nuclear region on the upper left where clusters of bright blue stars appear. Galaxy collisions can take hundreds of millions of years and take several gravitationally destructive passes. NGC 2623, also known as Arp 243, spans about 50,000 light years and lies about 250 million light years away toward the constellation of the Crab (Cancer). Reconstructing the original galaxies and how galaxy mergers happen is often challenging, sometimes impossible, but generally important to understanding how our universe evolved. via NASA

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The IAF had initially deployed 10 squadrons in the East; four squadrons for air defence and six squadrons in strike role capacity. This against one squadron of F-86 of the PAF, although some inputs from defecting Bengali officers of the PAF pointed to a larger deployment by the PAF.1 But this lone squadron could operate from a number of airfields, the most likely being Kurmitolla and Tezgaon in Dhaka area and others being Chittagong, and Jessore. In addition, air strips at Barisal and Rangpur were also bombed to prevent operation by Pak transport aircraft. Sabres could relocate between these bases in the event of their mother bases being bombed. So the IAF’s task in gaining control of the air by neutralizing this one Squadron of F-86 was not so straight forward as it would seem at first glance. The Sabres had been attacking the Mukti-Bahini and often violated Indian air space. The planners expected to achieve air supremacy by D+2. However, on 22nd November, the IAF managed to intercept a formation of three Sabres in Boyra salient near Calcutta. The Sabres had been attacking the Mukti-Bahini and often violated Indian air space. On this day four Gnats engaged the three Sabres and shot down all of them. Two Pakistani pilots ejected over Indian territory and were captured. They were Flt Lt Parvez Mehdi Quereshi and Fg Offr Khalil Ahmed.2 This opening round of air combat was akin to what had transpired on 1st September 1965 at Chhamb, except this time the fortunes were reversed. This was an excellent start to air operations, though the formal start of the air war was much later. The IAF pilots shooting down these Sabres were Flt Lt MA Ganapathy, Fg Offr D Lazarus and Flt Lt R Massey. This action reduced the PAF’s frequent attacks on the Mukti-Bahini and curbed their tendency of air violations. In response to PAF’s pre-emptive on 3rd December the IAF started the air war in the East by Canberras of 16 Squadron night bombing the airfields of Chittagong, Jessore, Tezgaon and Kurmitola on the night of 3rd–4th December, flying 5 raids.3 However, the honor of initiating the air war was given to the Mukti-Bahini Air Force. Their lone Otter and Alloutte attacked the oil installations at Narayanganj and Chittagong and set them on fire. From 4th morning onwards airfield attacks were launched by Hunters and Sukhoi-7s with MiG-21s providing escorts. On 4th a total of 109 sorties were flown for counter-air. In the night, once again the Canberras bombed the airfields in five raids. Yet, on 5th morning IAF pressed into service eight MiG-21s with 500 kg bombs on Tezgaon and Kurmitola airfields. These strikes were highly successful in cratering the runways and, thereby grounding the PAF. This also enabled 18 Hawker Sea Hawks and four Briguet Alize turbo prop anti-submarine warfare aircraft aboard the Indian Navy aircraft carrier Vikrant full freedom to attack targets along the coastal areas and ports of Cox Bazar and Chittagong.4 Total control of air had been attained. But all the PAF Sabres were not yet destroyed. Therefore, to sustain this control of air, airfield strikes would continue till the 12th December. …on 5th morning IAF pressed into service eight MiG-21s with 500 kg bombs on Tezgaon and Kurmitola airfields. These strikes were highly successful in cratering the runways and, thereby grounding the PAF. Indeed the IAF had total control of air, as per its planned objectives and this enabled the subsequent blitzkrieg type operations resulting in the fall of Dhaka on 15th December. With twenty by twenty hindsight, while giving full credit and acknowledging all the good work, let us now review this counter air campaign critically. First let us examine the Canberra strikes. Official history states that the Canberra strikes on the nights of 3–4 December and 4–5 December over Tezgaon, Kurmitola and Chittagong were ineffective. So the MiG-21s had to be tasked on 5th December with 500 kg bombs. The MiGs did an excellent job of cratering these two runways, which suggests that even the strikes by the Hunters and Sukhois on 4 December did not match expectations. The reasons were two-fold: one was the attack inaccuracy; the PAF was active on 4th December over these airfields, thus diminishing attack accuracy and foiling the attacks;5 the second was the losses suffered by strike aircraft on the 4th. The IAF lost four Hunters, one SU-7 and one Canberra. Both these points need further scrutiny, the first being the attack inaccuracy. Runways are usually of a large area which can be disabled even with fairly large errors in bombing. What about the bombing accuracy of the Hunters and the Sukhois? Their bombing accuracy must have been good, but they were tasked with rockets for counter air mission! So one wonders as to what were the aim points (DMPI — Desired Mean Point of Impact) assigned to them? In fact, Air Chief Marshal Lal admits poor intelligence about Pak air fields: “Intelligence gave no information regarding the actual location of dispersal area and aircraft pens… the pens were discovered with just nets on top, only after the surrender.”6 It is reasonable to presume that in the absence of detailed intelligence regarding airfield layout one would automatically choose the runway for attacks. Is the rocket a proper weapon to bombard a runway? Obviously not as admitted by PC Lal in his memoirs. At this point let us co-relate another statement of PC Lal: “Air HQ took care to leave enough leeway for the commanders in the field to use their initiative and imagination tactically.” On the face of it the above idea appears to be an excellent one. But it needs to be understood that air warfare is quite different from other forms of warfare. What may be a sound principle in other warfare may not necessarily be so for the air war. Weapon to target matching is an exact science. There can only be so many best combinations of weapons to target for a desired effect. And once arrived at after theoretical study and practical trials, it has to be applicable throughout the Air Force. In this no leeway should be permitted to field commanders. So the question — Why did the IAF task airfield strikes with rockets if the objective was to make the runway surface unusable? And why the trial of MiG-21s in a bombing role on 5th December? If IAF, during the seven months of preparation time available had done proper weapon to target matching and learnt to saturate enemy defences by launching large strike packages embedded with air defence escorts, it could have achieved Air Supremacy in a matter of hours with probably lesser attrition. The answer to the latter question is given by PC Lal indirectly: “….They (MiG-21s) could, if necessary, fight their way out again if they encountered any Pakistani aircraft.”7 Which is an admission that Hunters and Sukhois could not fight their way out — this impression is probably a result of the loss of four Hunters and one SU-7 on 4 December in these missions. This belief is also reinforced by the PAF claims of disrupting Hunter strikes. The PAF claims to have flown 32 sorties on 4 December and 20 sorties on 5 before being fully grounded. After this PAF fighter pilots were flown out to West Pakistan via Burma on 8–9 December.8 The losses need further investigation. Wg Cdr Chatrat, Commanding Officer No 17 Squadron flying Hunters was of the firm conviction that the Hunter was a very capable aircraft and did not need any air defence escorts.9 So he led a 3 aircraft mission (one aircraft having become unserviceable) against Dhaka and got bounced by four Sabres. He claimed shooting down one Sabre. Chatrat was lucky in that his No 2 and 3 barely managed to get away, executing a last-ditch manoeuvre. Other Hunter formations were not so lucky, even though they were escorted by MiG-21s. The argument of a Hunter in strike configuration versus a Sabre in air defence configuration was long over in the 1965 War when the IAF had lost 5 Hunters to Sabres. The PAF had claimed much more. Therefore, the more important question was why not use Gnats and MiG-21s as air defence escorts properly integrated, particularly when they were available? It is easy to suggest a better way of doing things in hind sight — however, we still need to ask questions. If IAF, during the seven months of preparation time available had done proper weapon to target matching and learnt to saturate enemy defences by launching large strike packages embedded with air defence escorts, it could have achieved Air Supremacy in a matter of hours with probably lesser attrition. The Israeli Air Force, also with the similar acronym IAF, had demonstrated this very idea on 5 June 1967 when it attacked 24 enemy airfields, some of them 3–4 times, plus 16 radar sites and destroyed close to 271 Arab aircraft in a matter of just four hours.10 That is why one gets perplexed when one reads, “On 5 December Station Commander M Wollen suggested replacing rockets by bombs for runway attacks,”11 and “Photographs taken with a hand held camera by one of the MiG pilots showed the bombs exploding on the runway. This pilot also brought back photographs of Tezgaon airfield clearly indicating the layout, and it was most useful for briefing pilots detailed for subsequent missions.”12 With the refugee population being 10 million, which included personnel defected from the PAF, and the forays of the Mukti-Bahini into Pakistan, was detailed intelligence on airfield layout so difficult to come by? After all the IAF had done extensive photo work from 24 October onwards for the Army. Why didn’t it do a few photo recce sorties of these airfields before the war started? And what about the concept of battlefield damage assessment after these crucial strikes? In summary, therefore, it wasn’t smart planning, but the overwhelming strike force that dominated the air battle in the East. …IAF had done extensive photo work from 24 October onwards for the Army. Counter Surface Force Operations (CSFO) “Due to fast moving battles and our by-passing tactics, we used air support mainly for interdiction, isolation of battlefield, and prevention of movement along the river bank of Dhaka. Close air support for ground targets was almost negligible. However, the interdiction effort was very credible… Our major problem was full utilization of unexpended sorties due to the fast moving nature of operations. However, we were able to get maximum results by switching sorties from one sector to another.” This is exactly the way IAF advocates CSFO. —Maj Gen JFR Jacob, Chief of Staff—Eastern Command for 1971 War East Pakistan fell in a matter of 12 days. When General Niazi surrendered on 16 December, he still had 93000 personnel who became POW.13 Terrain wise, the countryside was full of riverine obstacles, a tremendous help for any defender to slow down the attacker and inflict severe casualties, no matter how much superior the attacker was in numbers. Major General Fazal Muqeem Khan of the Pakistan Army had estimated that this excellent defence potential would force the war to last 6–9 weeks.14 Yet this did not happen. This most successful campaign for the Indian Armed forces, comparable to the best in the world anywhere, merits serious study to learn how such lightning success was achieved. And it definitely is a good template to fashion the future structure of services to counter any conventional spectrum of threat. PC Lal summed it up succinctly by stating, “It was the complete command of air, without any danger of interference by the PAF, that enabled our Army to move as freely as it did.”15 We have already seen how the command of air was won and, thereafter, sustained. But what is remarkable is that our ground war and air war commenced simultaneously because of the time factor. The ground war did not wait for the IAF to first achieve command of air. The IAF was confident about attaining quick control of air because of its overwhelming numerical and qualitative superiority. And also simultaneously providing the Army as much offensive air support as it needed. Simultaneous campaigns were also the fundamental philosophy of the Luftwaffe in World War II, which when combined with bold armored manoeuvres created the Blitzkrieg.16 Once the IAF attained command of air in 36 hours, it released additional squadrons, both from air defence role and counter air role, in support of the Army. Over and above this re-tasking, the IAF relocated two squadrons to the West on 5 and 7 December itself — one Hunter and one MiG-21. A few days later it again moved a SU-7 Squadron to the West. No 30 Squadron on MiGs moved on 5th December; No 7 Squadron on Hunters moved on 7th December and No 221 Squadron flying SU-7 moved West on 14th December. Nearly all air defence squadrons of MiG-21s and Gnats were now given the role of offensive air support of the Army. In fact, they continued with the multi-role tasking between sorties. That is what the flexibility of air power is all about. Thus, 60 per cent of air effort was allotted for the support of the Army.17

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Raspberry Pi computers are famously cheap and cheerful. Great for playing around with and the odd little project, right? Well, sometimes. However, our little friend is a surprisingly powerful computer and when you get lots of them working together, amazing things can happen. The concept of computer ‘clusters’ (many computers working together as one) is nothing new, but when you have a device as affordable as Raspberry Pi, you can start to rival much more expensive systems by using several in parallel. Here, we’ll learn how to make a cluster computer from a lot of little computers. A cluster of Raspberry Pi computers can start with as little as two and grow into hundreds. For our project, we’re starting with a modest four. Each one, known as a ‘node’, will carry out part of our task for us and they all work in parallel to produce the result a lot quicker than a single node ever could. Some nice ‘cluster cases’ are available, and we start here by assembling our Raspberry Pi 4B computers into a four-berth chassis. Many different configurations are available, including fan cooling. Consider the power requirements for your cluster. With our four nodes it’s not going to be ideal to have four PSUs driving them. As well as being ugly, it’s inefficient. Instead, track down a good-quality, powerful multi-port USB charger that is capable of powering your chosen number of computers. Then all you need are the cables to link them and you’re using a single mains socket. USB units are available that can handle eight Raspberry Pi computers without breaking a sweat. Do be careful of the higher demands of Raspberry Pi 4. A cluster works by communication. A ‘master’ node is in charge of the cluster and the ‘workers’ are told what to do and to report back the results on demand. To achieve this we’re using wired Ethernet on a dedicated network. It’s not essential to do it this way, but for data-intensive applications it’s advisable for the cluster to have its own private link-up so it can exchange instructions without being hampered by wireless LAN or other network traffic. So, in addition to wireless LAN, we’re linking each node to an isolated Gigabit Ethernet switch. We’re going to access each node using wireless LAN so the Ethernet port is available for cluster work. For each ‘node’, burn Raspbian Buster Lite to a microSD card, boot it up, and make sure it’s up to date with sudo apt -y update && sudo apt -y upgrade. Then run sudo raspi-config and perform the following steps: • Change the ‘pi’ user password. • Under ‘Networking’, change the hostname to nodeX, replacing X with a unique number (node1, node2 etc.). Node1 will be our ‘master’. • Enable WiFi if desired. • Exit and reboot when prompted. Get a backbone The wired Ethernet link is known as the cluster’s ‘backbone’. You need to manually enable the backbone, as there is no DHCP server to help. We’re going to use the 10.0.0.0 subnet. If your regular network uses this, choose something different like 192.168.10.0. For each node, from the command line, edit the network configuration: sudo nano /etc/dhcpcd.conf Go to the end of file and add the following: For each node, replace the last digit of ’10.0.0.1’ with a new unique value: 10.0.0.2, 10.0.0.3, and so on. Reboot each node as you go. You should be able to ping each node – for example, from 10.0.0.1: Brand new key For the cluster to work, each worker node needs to be able to talk to the master node without needing a password to log in. To do this, we use SSH keys. This can be a little laborious, but only needs to be done once. On each node, run the following: ssh-keygen -t rsa This creates a unique digital ‘identity’ (and key pairs) for the computer. You’ll be asked a few questions; just press RETURN for each one and do not create a passphrase when asked. Next, tell the master (node1, 10.0.0.1 in our setup) about the keys by running the following on every other node: Finally, do the same on the master node (node1, 10.0.0.1) and copy its key to every other node in the cluster. The magic that makes our cluster work is MPI (Message Passing Interface). This protocol allows multiple computers to delegate tasks amongst themselves and respond with results. We’ll install MPI on each node of our cluster and, at the same time, install the Python bindings that allow us to take advantage of its magical powers. On each node, run the following: sudo apt install mpich python3-mpi4py Once complete, test MPI is working on each node mpiexec -n 1 hostname You should just get the name of the node echoed back at you. The -n means ‘how many nodes to run this on’. If you say one, it’s always the local machine. Let’s get together Time for our first cluster operation. From node1 (10.0.0.1), issue the following command: mpiexec -n 4 --hosts 10.0.0.1,10.0.0.2,10.0.0.2,10.0.0.4 hostname We’re asking the master supervisor process, mpiexec, to start four processes (-n 4), one on each host. If you’re not using four hosts, or are using different IP addresses, you’ll need to change this as needed. The command hostname just echoes the node’s name, so if all is well, you’ll get a list of the four members of the cluster. You’ve just done a bit of parallel computing! Is a cluster of one still a cluster? Now we’ve confirmed the cluster is operational, let’s put it to work. The prime.py program is a simple script that identifies prime numbers. Enter the code shown in the listing (or download it from magpi.cc/EWASJx) and save it on node1 (10.0.0.1). The code takes a single argument, the maximum number to reach before stopping, and will return how many prime numbers were identified during the run. Start by testing it on the master node: mpiexec -n 1 python3 prime.py 1000 Translation: ‘Run a single instance on the local node that runs prime.py testing for prime numbers up to 1000.’ This should run pretty quickly, probably well under a second, and find 168 primes. In order for the cluster to work, each node needs to have an identical copy of the script we need to run, and in the same place. So, copy the same script to each node. Assuming the file is in your home directory, the quick way to do this is (from node1): scp ~/prime.py 10.0.0.x: Replace x with the number of the node required: scp (secure copy) will copy the script to each node. You can check this has worked by going to each node and running the same command we did on node1. Once you are finished, we are ready to start some real cluster computing. To start the supercomputer, run this command from the master (node1): mpiexec -n 4 --host 10.0.0.1,10.0.0.2,10.0.0.3,10.0.0.4 python3 prime.py 100000 Each node gets a ‘rank’: a unique ID. The master is always 0. This is used in the script to allocate which range of numbers each node processes, so no node checks the same number for ‘primeness’. When complete, each node reports back to the master detailing the primes found. This is known as ‘gathering’. Once complete, the master pulls all the data together and reports the result. In more advanced applications, different data sets can be allocated to the nodes by the master (‘scattering’). You may have noticed we asked for all the primes up to 1000 in the previous example. This isn’t a great test as it is so quick to complete. 100,000 takes a little longer. In our tests, we saw that a single node took 238.35 seconds, but a four-node cluster managed it in 49.58 seconds – nearly five times faster! Cluster computing isn’t just about crunching numbers. Fault-tolerance and load-balancing are other concepts well worth investigating. Some cluster types act as single web servers and keep working, even if you unplug all the Raspberry Pi computers in the cluster bar one. Top tip: Load balancing Clusters are also useful for acting as a single web server and sharing traffic, such as Mythic Beast’s Raspberry Pi web servers. Top tip: Fault tolerance Certain cluster types, such as Docker Swarm or Kubernetes, allow individual nodes to fail without disrupting service.

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Articles of agreement and convention made this twenty-fourth day of September, A. D. 1857, at Table Creek, Nebraska Territory, between James W. Denver, commissioner on behalf of the United States, and the chiefs and head-men of the four confederate bands of Pawnee Indians, viz: Grand Pawnees, Pawnee Loups, Pawnee Republicans, and Pawnee Tappahs, and generally known as the Pawnee tribe. Article 1. The confederate bands of the Pawnees aforesaid, hereby cede and relinquish to the United States all their right, title, and interest in and to all the lands now owned or claimed by them, except as hereinafter reserved, and which are bounded as follows. viz: On the east by the lands lately purchased by the United States from the Omahas; on the south by the lands heretofore ceded by the Pawnees to the United States; on the west by a line running due north from the junction of the North with the South Fork of the Platte River, to the Keha-Paha River; and on the north by the Keha-Paha River, to its junction with the Niobrara, L’eauqi Court, or Running-Water River, and thence, by that river, to the western boundary of the late Omaha cession. Out of this cession the Pawnees reserve a tract of country, thirty miles long from east to west, by fifteen miles wide from north to south, including both banks of the Loup Fork of the Platte River; the east line of which shall be at a point not further east than the mouth of Beaver Creek. If, however, the Pawnees, in conjunction with the United States agent, shall be able to find a more suitable locality for their future homes, within said cession, then, they are to have the privilege of selecting an equal quantity of land there, in lieu of the reservation herein designated, all of which shall be done as soon as practicable; and the Pawnees agree to remove to their new homes, thus reserved for them, without cost to the United States, within one year from the date of the ratification of this treaty by the Senate of the United States, and, until that time, they shall be permitted to remain where they are now residing, without molestation. Article 2. In consideration of the foregoing cession, the United States agree to pay to the Pawnees the sum of forty thousand dollars per annum, for five years, commencing on the first day of January, A. D. eighteen hundred and fifty-eight; and, after the end of five years, thirty thousand dollars per annum, as a perpetual annuity, at least one-half of which annual payments shall be made in goods, and such articles as may be deemed necessary for them. And it is further agreed that the President may, at any time, in his discretion, discontinue said perpetuity, by causing the value of a fair commutation thereof to be paid to, or expended for the benefit of, said Indians, in such manner as to him shall seem proper. Article 3. In order to improve the condition of the Pawnees, and teach them the arts of civilized life, the United States agree to establish among them, and for their use and benefit, two manual-labor schools, to be governed by such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the President of the United States, who shall also appoint the teachers, and, if he deems it necessary, may increase the number of schools to four. In these schools, there shall be taught the various branches of a common-school education, and, in addition, the arts of agriculture, the most useful mechanical arts. and whatever else the President may direct. The Pawnees, on their part, agree that each and every one of their children, between the ages of seven and eighteen years, shall be kept constantly at these schools for, at least, nine months in each year; and if any parent or guardian shall fail, neglect, or refuse to so keep the child or children under his or her control at such school, then, and in that case, there shall be deducted from the annuities to which such parent or guardian would be entitled, either individually or as parent or guardian, an amount equal to the value, in time, of the tuition thus lost; but the President may at any time change or modify this clause as he may think proper. The chiefs shall be held responsible for the attendance of orphans who have no other guardians; and the United States agree to furnish suitable houses and farms for said schools, and whatever else may be necessary to put them in successful operation; and a sum not less than five thousand dollars per annum shall be applied to the support of each school, so long as the Pawnees shall, in good faith, comply with the provisions of this article; but if, at any time, the President is satisfied they are not doing so, he may, at his discretion, discontinue the schools in whole or in part. Article 4. The United States agree to protect the Pawnees in the possession of their new homes. The United States also agree to furnish the Pawnees: First, with two complete sets of blacksmith, gunsmith, and tinsmith tools, not to exceed in cost seven hundred and fifty dollars; and erect shops at a cost not to exceed five hundred dollars; also five hundred dollars annually, during the pleasure of the President, for the purchase of iron, steel, and other necessaries for the same. The United States are also to furnish two blacksmiths, one of whom shall be a gunsmith and tinsmith; but the Pawnees agree to furnish one or two young men of their tribe to work constantly in each shop as strikers or apprentices, who shall be paid a fair compensation for their labor. Second. The United States agree to furnish farming utensils and stock, worth twelve hundred dollars per annum, for ten years, or during the pleasure of the President, and for the first year’s purchase of stock, and for erecting shelters for the same, an amount not exceeding three thousand dollars, and also to employ a farmer to teach the Indians the arts of agriculture. Third. The United States agree to have erected on said reservation a steam-mill, suitable to grind grain and saw lumber, which shall not exceed in cost six thousand dollars, and to keep the same in repair for ten years; also, to employ a miller and engineer for the same length of time, or longer, at the discretion of the President; the Pawnees agreeing to furnish apprentices, to assist in working the mill, who shall be paid a fair compensation for their services. Fourth. The United States agree to erect dwelling-houses for the interpreter, blacksmiths, farmer, miller and engineer, which shall not exceed in cost five hundred dollars each; and the Pawnees agree to prevent the members of their tribe from injuring or destroying the houses, shops, machinery, stock farming utensils, and all other things furnished by the Government, and if any such shall be carried away, injured, or destroyed, by any of the members of their tribe, the value of the same shall be deducted from the tribal annuities. Whenever the President shall become satisfied that the Pawnees have sufficiently advanced in the acquirement of a practical knowledge of the arts and pursuits to which this article relates, then, and in that case, he may turn over the property to the tribe, and dispense with the services of any or all of the employees herein named. Article 5. The Pawnees acknowledge their dependence on the Government of the United States, and promise to be friendly with all the citizens thereof, and pledge themselves to commit no depredations on the property of such citizens, nor on that of any other person belonging to any tribe or nation at peace with the United States. And should any one or more of them violate this pledge, and the fact be satisfactorily proven before the agent, the property taken shall be returned, or in default thereof, or if injured or destroyed, compensation may be made by the Government out of their annuities. Nor will they make war on any other tribe, except in self-defence, but will submit all matters of difference between them and other Indians to the Government of the United States, or its agent, for decision, and abide thereby. Article 6. The United States agent may reside on or near the Pawnee reservation; and the Pawnees agree to permit the United States to build forts and occupy military posts on their lands, and to allow the whites the right to open roads through their territories; but no white person shall be allowed to reside on any part of said reservation unless he or she be in the employ of the United States, or be licensed to trade with said tribe, or be a member of the family of such employé or licensed trader; nor shall the said tribe, or any of them, alienate any part of said reservation, except to the United States; but, if they think proper to do so, they may divide said lands among themselves, giving to each person, or each head of a family, a farm, subject to their tribal regulations, but in no instance to be sold or disposed of to persons outside, or not themselves of the Pawnee tribe. Article 7. The United States agree to furnish, in addition to the persons heretofore mentioned, six laborers for three years, but it is expressly understood that while these laborers are to be under the control, and subject to the orders, of the United States agent, they are employed more to teach the Pawnees how to manage stock and use the implements furnished, than as merely laboring for their benefit; and for every laborer thus furnished by the United States, the Pawnees engage to furnish at least three of their tribe to work with them, who shall also be subject to the orders of the agent, and for whom the chiefs shall be responsible. Article 8. The Pawnees agree to deliver up to the officers of the United States all offenders against the treaties, laws, or regulations of the United States, whenever they may be found within the limits of their reservation; and they further agree to assist such officers in discovering, pursuing, and capturing any such offender or offenders, anywhere, whenever called on so to do; and they agree, also. that, if they violate any of the stipulations contained in this treaty, the President may, at his discretion, withhold a part, or the whole, of the annuities herein provided for. Article 9. The Pawnees desire to have some provision made for the half-breeds of their tribe. Those of them who have preferred to reside, and are now residing, in the nation, are to be entitled to equal rights and privileges with other members of the tribes, but those who have chosen to follow the pursuits of civilized life, and to reside among the whites, viz: Baptiste Bayhylle, William Bayhylle, Julia Bayhylle, Frank Tatahyee, William Nealis, Julia Nealis, Catharine Papan, Politte Papan, Rousseau Papan, Charles Papan, Peter Papan, Emily Papan, Henry Geta, Stephen Geta, James Cleghorn, Eliza Deroine, are to be entitled to scrip for one hundred and sixty acres, or one quarter section, of land for each, provided application shall be made for the same within five years from this time, which scrip shall be receivable at the United States land-offices, the same as military bountyland warrants, and be subject to the same rules and regulations. Article 10. Samuel Allis has long been the firm friend of the Pawnees, and in years gone by has administered to their wants and necessities. When in distress, and in a state of starvation, they took his property and used it for themselves, and when the small pox was destroying them, he vaccinated more than two thousand of them; for all these things, the Pawnees desire that he shall be paid, but they think that the Government should pay a part. It is, therefore, agreed that the Pawnees will pay to said Allis one thousand dollars, and the United States agree to pay him a similar sum of one thousand dollars, as a full remuneration for his services and losses. Article 11. Ta-ra-da-ka-wa, head-chief of the Tappahs band, and four other Pawnees, having been out as guides for the United States troops, in their late expedition against the Cheyennes, and having to return by themselves, were overtaken and plundered of everything given them by the officers of the expedition, as well as their own property, barely escaping with their lives; and the value of their services being fully acknowledged, the United States agree to pay to each of them one hundred dollars, or, in lieu thereof, to give to each a horse worth one hundred dollars in value. Article 12. To enable the Pawnees to settle any just claims at present existing against them, there is hereby set apart, by the United States, ten thousand dollars, out of which the same may be paid, when presented, and proven to the satisfaction of the proper department; and the Pawnees hereby relinquish all claims they may have against the United States under former treaty stipulations. In testimony whereof, the said James W. Denver, Commissioner, as aforesaid, and the undersigned, chiefs and head-men of the four confederate bands of Pawnee Indians, have hereunto set their hands and seals, at the place and on the day and year hereinbefore written. James W. Denver, U. S. Commissioner. Pe-ta-na-sharo, or the Man and the Chief, his x mark Sa-ra-cherish, the Cross Chief, his x mark Te-ra-ta-puts, he who Steals Horses, his x mark Le-ra-kuts-a-nasharo, the Grey Eagle Chief, his x mark La-le-ta-ra-nasharo, the Comanche Chief, his x mark Te-ste-de-da-we-tel, the Man who Distributes the Goods, his x mark Le-ta-kuts-nasharo, the Grey Eagle Chief, his x mark A-sa-na-sharo, the Horse Chief, his x mark Na-sharo-se-de-ta-ra-ko, the one the Great Spirit smiles on, his x mark Na-sharo-cha-hicko, a Man, but a Chief, his x mark Da-lo-le-kit-ta-to-kah, the Man the Enemy steals from, his x mark Da-lo-de-na-sharo, the Chief like an Eagle, his x mark Ke-we-ko-na-sharo, the Buffalo Bull Chief, his x mark Na-sharo-la-da-hoo, the Big Chief, his x mark Na-sharo, the Chief, his x mark Da-ka-to-wa-kuts-o-ra-na-sharo, the Hawk Chief, his x mark Signed and sealed in presence of: Wm. W. Dennison, United States Indian Agent. A. S. H. White, secretary to commissioner. N. W. Tucker, Will. E. Harvey, O. H. Irish, Samuel Allis, interpreter J. Sterling Morton

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While Ma Rainey was the Mother of the Blues, the greatest of them all was the Empress, Bessie Smith […] Bessie’s empire extended throughout the black community, from the rural South to the urban North, from the roughest sharecroppers’ phonograph to the sophisticated New York theatres. – Giles Oakley To tell the story of Bessie Smith (April 15, 1894 – September 26, 1937) is to the tell the story of a resilient, fiercely independent woman who was not content to conform to the cultural norms nor expectations of a male dominated society. Instead, Smith and her contemporary Ma Rainey became role models for countless women, challenging gender politics and romanticized representations of marriage and heterosexual relationships. At their emergence, blues was a male phenomenon but they brought it to mainstream audiences and demanded respect on their own terms. Bessie Smith was not an American, though the experience she relates could hardly have existed outside America; she was a Negro. Her music still remained outside the mainstream of American thought, but it was much closer than any Negro music before it. – LeRoi Jones Smith was the most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. Other early jazz singers were greatly influenced by her sound. Originally nicknamed “Queen of the Blues” by her label, it was the press that upgraded her title to “Empress of the Blues”. Her mesmerizing vocal style was only reinforced by her acting and comedic skills. At the height of her popularity, near riots broke out as those outside theatres clamoured to get in and those inside refused to leave without hearing more. There are conflicting records surrounding the date of Smith’s birth but it is known that by the time she turned nine, her parents and a brother had died and her sister Viola was caring for the family. To help out, a young Smith began singing and dancing in the streets of Chattanooga, accompanied by her bother Andrew on his guitar. Preferring a spot right in front of the saloon, Smith quickly became a ‘seasoned performer’ and when her eldest brother Clarence left home in 1904 to join a small traveling troupe, Smith would have joined him had she been old enough. That’s why he left without telling her, but Clarence told me she was ready, even then. Of course, she was only a child. – Clarence’s Widow Maud Clarence returned with the troupe which now included the well-known singer Ma Rainey eight years later and, following an audition, Smith was hired as a dancer. While Rainey is sometimes credited with teaching Smith to sing, this would likely be overstating the truth. Their contemporaries tell of a relationship that if not downright adversarial, was highly competitive, but the two remained friends after Smith moved on to form her own act in 1913. By 1920, her reputation was established. During that decade, she became the Theater Owners Booking Association circuit’s biggest star and the highest-paid black entertainer of the time. She maintained a packed theatre schedule during the winter months and performed tent shows when the weather was warmer. Her earlier dancing days would do her well as her career progressed. […] Bessie Smith, who’s every stage gesture, by the way, was also as much dance movement as anything else. – Albert Murray Smith was signed by Columbia Records in 1923. Columbia had been looking for female blues singers following the surprising success of “Crazy Blues” recorded for rival Okeh Records by the singer Mamie Smith (no relation) in 1920. With a new market of music directed to African-Americans, “Downhearted Blues” and “Gulf Coast Blues”, the two sides of Smith’s first record, were both hits. (“Downhearted Blues” was first recorded a year earlier by Alberta Hunter for Paramount Records.) Smith’s earliest recordings were issued on Columbia’s regular A-series until the company established a “race records” series with Smith’s “Cemetery Blues” (September 26, 1923) as the first issue. Over her recording career, Smith made 160 recordings for Columbia. Notable artists including Louis Armstrong, Coleman Hawkins, and Fletcher Henderson to name a few, can be heard on some of these records. Her voice, a strong contralto (the lowest of the female vocal ranges), translated well to recordings, even in the early days of the technology when recordings were made acoustically. Once electrical recording was introduced, the immense power of Smith’s voice became even more apparent. Smith’s voice also translated well to radio and Smith took advantage of the emerging technology to reach wider audiences, even in the segregated South. She used to thrill me at all times, the way she could phrase a note with a certain something in her voice no other blues singer could get. She had music in her soul and feel everything she did. Her sincerity with her music was an inspiration – Louis Armstrong The majority of Smith’s songs cover topics including rejection, abuse, desertion, and unfaithful lovers, but Smith’s position is one of independence, assertiveness, defiance, and sometimes even violence as she threatens to fight back against her fickle lovers, abusive partners, and oppressors. And Smith wasn’t just talk. Though well known for her big-heartedness and generosity, man or woman, she never apologized for her colour and she would never walk away from a fight. Bessie wasn’t fooled by those Southern crackers smiling at her. She wasn’t scared of those white people down there. Not Bessie – she would tell anybody to kiss her ass. Nobody messed with Bessie, black or white, it didn’t make no difference – Ruby Walker During one of her tent shows on a July evening in 1927, robed and hooded Ku Klux Klansmen attempted to disrupt her performance by collapsing the tent. Being informed of what was happening, Smith ordered her prop boys to follow her and ran within 10 feet of the intruders, placed one hand on her hip, and shook a clenched fist at the Klansmen. What the fuck you think you’re doing’,” she shouted above the sound of the band. “I’ll get the whole damn tent out here if I have to. You just pick up them sheets and run!” The stunned Klansmen just stood there while Smith continued to hurl obscenitiies at them until the finally faded into the darkness and left. Smith walked back to her prop boys, muttering one of her favourite expressions I ain’t never heard of such shit.” And, directed at her boys, “And as for you, you ain’t nothing but a bunch of sissies.” And then Smith continued the show as if nothing had ever happened. This incident and the aftermath was featured in HBO’s film Bessie starring Queen Latifah. Queen Latifah – Preachin’ the Blues, Bessie (2015) Only 4 of Smith’s 160 recordings refer to marriage in a neutral way or as an expected condition. Though married herself, her protagonists are rarely wives and almost never mothers. Smith refused to sentementalize relationships as this was not the experience of the black social realities in the era following emancipation. Smith sang what she knew and what she experienced was a husband who was impressed by her money but who never adjusted to show business life or to Smith’s bisexuality and numerous female lovers. Both of them took on partners outside their marriage but it was Smith’s discovery of her husband’s affair and financial support of another singer that ultimately led to the demise of their marriage. …girls, take this tip from me Get a working’ man when you marry, and let all these sweet men be Smith’s work explicitly challenges women’s roles and marriage. There is an honesty in her music about her needs and desires. I’m a young woman and ain’t done runnin’ ‘round ~Young Woman’s Blues I wanna be somebody’s baby doll to ease my mind He can be ugly, he can be black, so long as he can eagle rock and ball the jack Such affirmations of sexual autonomy and open expressions of female desire give historical voice to the possibilities of equality not articulated elsewhere. – Angela Y. Davis Bessie Smith – Young Woman’s Blues, 1926 And, just like she wouldn’t back down from a fight, she wasn’t afraid to give a voice to violence against women in a time when secrecy and silence was the norm. Her criticisms were sometimes implied and sometimes explicit, but always giving voice to resistance. In the Dogon, Yoruba, and other West African cultural traditions, the process of nommo – naming things, forces, and modes – is a means of establishing magical (or in the case of the blues, aesthetic) control over the object of the naming process. Through the blues, menacing problems are ferreted out from the isolated individual experience and restructured as problems shared by the community. As shared problems, threats can be met and addressed within a public and collective context. – Angela Y. Davis The Great Depression took a great toll on Smith’s career but she never stopped performing, albeit in smaller shows and clubs as the advent of “talkies” ended the days of elaborate vaudeville shows. In 1929, Smith appeared on Broadway in the musical Pansy, singing and performing sundry dance steps, and in the film St. Louis Blues based on W.C. Handy’s song of the same name. Though her performances were acclaimed, the Broadway play was a flop and Smith was said to be its only asset. Unfortunately, the movie which is the only known film of Smith and the only recording not under the control of Columbia, is not an accurate representation of her typical musical accompaniment. Bessie Smith – St. Louis Blues, 1929 Smith died in 1937, the result of a car crash while traveling between Memphis, Tennessee, and Clarksdale, Mississippi. Her death is often misattributed to a refused admission to a whites-only hospital. Dr. Hugh Smith (no relation), a Memphis surgeon, was among the first people on the scene and has provided the most reliable account of the following events. The Bessie Smith ambulance would not have gone to a white hospital, you can forget that. Down in the Deep South cotton country, no ambulance driver, or white driver, would even have thought of putting a colored person off in a hospital for white folks. Dr. Hugh Smith Dr. Smith would later attribute her death to extensive and severe crush injuries to the entire right side of her body, consistent with a sideswipe collision. She never regained consciousness and died the following morning. Her body was returned to Philadelphia where more than 10,000 mourners turned out to pay their respects. Smith […] didn’t just sing the blues – she made you believe the music was the blood running through her veins. A tall, hefty woman, she delivered full-bodied stories of despair and vivid lyrical descriptions of a world where misery was no stranger to the downtrodden. Sung with a voice as big as she was, her blues was profound […] Without question, she was the best and and most influential female blues artist of the 1920s, a decade that would become know as the “classic blues era” – Robert Santinelli As part of the Blues Bump weekend (June 8-10, 2018), our friends in Montreal are producing a full cabaret blues dance show entitled “The Blues of Bessie Smith”. Inspired by the music of the Empress of the Blues, they’re presenting the beauty, history, and humanities of blues dance culture and music. The show is created in partnership with choreographers Randy Panté and Maryse Lebeau, performers from the “Hip Thrust to Victory” dance company, and costume designer Ariane Proteau. “The Blues of Bessie Smith”, through a singular narrative, pays homage to the idea that the Blues, no matter how hard and personal, was meant to be shared and told to an audience. Within the intersection of despair and hope, love gained and love lost, fortuitous times and bad luck, join us in our journey through the story of the Blues. We highly recommend you consider checking out both the Show and the remainder of the weekend! Albertson, Chris. 2005. Bessie. New Haven: Yale University Press. Davis, Angela Yvonne. 1999. Blues Legacies And Black Feminism. New York: Vintage Books. Guralnick, Peter, Holly George-Warren, and Robert Santelli. 2014. Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues. HarperCollins e-Books. Hazzard Gordon, Katrina. 1990. Jookin’. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Jones, LeRoi. 1974. Blues People. Stockholm: Raben & Sjögren. Malone, Jacqui. 2006. Steppin’ On The Blues. Urbana [u.a.]: Univ. of Ill. Press. Oakley, Giles. 1997. The Devil’s Music. New York: Da Capo Press.

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Extrinsic motivation is any behavior that is driven by an external reward. If you are motivated by a good paycheck, fame, praise from family or friends, or even the grades you earn at school, then this process applies to you. It is any type of motivation which arises from the external aspects of life for an individual. That is the opposite of intrinsic motivation, which originates from inside each person. Every action that we take in life has either extrinsic or intrinsic motivation to it. Even the act of reading this content right now comes from a motivational factor in either category. Are you trying to learn the advantages and disadvantages of extrinsic motivation so that you can get a better grade in your class? Or are you studying this resource because of your interest in learning more about how humans behave? When there is extrinsic motivation involved in an action, then people will stay motivated to continue performing it even though the task itself may offer no reward. List of the Advantages of Extrinsic Motivation 1. This motivation can influence individuals or groups and their productivity levels. When there are extrinsic incentives in place for individuals or teams, then everyone can receive motivation through the same process to increase their productivity. Any element of existence can improve when there are rewards in place for specific behaviors. You can create a better learning environment for the classroom, improve skill-based vocations, and instill a need for consistency in the completed tasks. “Extrinsic motivation can exert a powerful influence on human behavior,” writes Kendra Cherry for Verywell Mind, “but as research on the overjustification effect shows, it has its limits. [It] is not a bad thing. External rewards can be [a] useful and effective tool for getting people to stay motivated and on task.” 2. Extrinsic motivation can lead to individual benefits. When there are specific motivational factors that apply at the individual level, then it can inspire people to behave in specific ways. This change or improvement in specific processes would not occur if the presence of an external reward were not available. Someone might not want to find employment, but the external factor of earning a paycheck to have a home, vehicle, and food on the table can motivate that person to work harder to ensure that their needs can continue to be met. “Extrinsic value is the value objects, empirical things, have to the measure that they meet the demands of belonging to a case as determined by the intension of an analytic concept,” wrote John William Davis. 3. It creates a desire to chase after goals or dreams. Having goals is a healthy part of the human experience. When there is something you can work toward, then your efforts have meaning. Life is ultimately a series of choices that we make every day, even if we don’t consciously ask ourselves specific questions that guide our lives all of the time. If you wake up in the morning and decide not to file for divorce, then your decision offers extrinsic rewards which outweigh what would happen otherwise. When you make it into work each morning even if you hate your job, then the value of what you earn outweighs the contempt you feel. Following a path that leads you to a final goal or dream creates a journey through life that is meaningful, even if there are a few regrets that you might experience along the way. 4. Extrinsic motivation creates the foundation for survival. We are always working for extrinsic rewards in our own way each day. We need to have these external benefits for our very survival. There are three core needs that people must have in life: food, water, and shelter. Clothing is nice to have as well. The reasons why we pursue them and how we do it might vary, but the desire to survive is the core driving factor in the choices that we make. Even if you decide to stay away from formal employment, tending a garden every day creates an extrinsic reward that provides food. You can build a shelter out in the woods through your labor because of extrinsic motivation. We often look at this concept for the small rewards in life, like feeling great about our job or being more productive, but it also applies to the very basics of life. 5. The rewards can be tangible or psychological and still be beneficial. Extrinsic motivation is defined as our choice to engage in a specific activity so that a gain is experienced somehow in life. Money and trophies are important tangible rewards that can serve as motivation factors, but praise and public acclaim can serve as a reward too. Parents aren’t going to give a child a trophy every time they decide to clean their room, might they might offer positive praise that could create motivation. Even an actor might take on a role not because it pays a lot, but because it could help them to receive more attention to the work that they’re doing. Even if the rewards only provide a short burst of activity, they feelings they provide can turn an external reward into an internal one. When someone offers praise for a job well done, the pride that this can inspire can lead to similar outcomes in the future for similar tasks. 6. It is a highly effective method of increasing motivation. This type of motivation is highly effective at producing results. We often use multiple layers of extrinsic motivation every day, whether that means shopping at a specific store to collect loyalty points or a credit card to collect miles so that you can take a vacation later in the year. Any time we choose a specific behavior to collect an external reward, then this is the process that we follow. As long as the individual or group continues to see value in the work, then this motivation will continue to be present. If there are different rewards available after each project, there can be ongoing interest in the processes because different needs are being met at each conclusion point. 7. Extrinsic rewards can help people to save money. Saving money is just as motivational for people to consider as earning it when making choices throughout the day. If you clip coupons or search for promo codes online before making a purchase, then you are taking advantage of this specific benefit. You are also using extrinsic value when you shop the clearance rack at a store, complete tasks to avoid judgment, or earn a degree so that you can have a bigger paycheck to stash some cash in the bank. Whenever your motivation comes from the outside to complete a task, then you are experiencing this process in some way. List of the Disadvantages of Extrinsic Motivation 1. External rewards are the ones that typically don’t last for a lifetime. When people start reflecting on the choices that they made in life, those who spent their time chasing after external rewards often regret many of the decisions they made. If you are striving for things that involve money or possessions, then these items are fleeting. It is the memories that you make with your families and friends that become the most-prized elements of life as the years go by, which is something that you can’t always find when pursuing the next great opportunity. If you experience this disadvantage of extrinsic rewards, then it could interfere with your happiness in the future – even if you are satisfied with where you are currently at in life right now. As W. Edwards Deming, author of The New Economics for Industry, Government, and Education once said, “Monetary rewards are not a substitute for intrinsic motivation.” 2. It can work to repress the intrinsic motivations people have in life. There are some extrinsic rewards that can reduce or remove the internal motivations that people have for doing what they do each day. If your focus is on earning a paycheck, then you might report each day to a job that you hate because you feel like the ongoing rewards are worth the sacrifice. When you compare that perspective with one where an individual gets to work in a field in which they are consistently passionate and they get a paycheck, then both sets of rewards become possible in their life. “Intrinsic motivation is conducive to creativity,” writes Daniel H. Pink, author of Drive. “Controlling extrinsic motivation is detrimental to creativity. For artists, inventors, scientists, and children, intrinsic motivation (the drive to do something) because it is interesting, challenging, or absorbing is essential for high levels of creativity.” 3. Extrinsic motivation is often a finite process. If someone knows that they will receive a reward no matter what they do, then there is zero motivation to work harder. Knowing that benefits are present can make it so that some individuals stop caring about what they do. Even taking a reward away may not be enough motivation to continue pressing forward if the value of it is less than the benefits of not working in the first place. That’s why extrinsic motivation is rarely sustainable over long periods of time. Although you always need food and water access and will work for it, there are some jobs where no one could pay you enough money to take on that responsibility. Those who provide this motivational factor must ensure that the value proposition can increase to continue encouraging productivity. That’s one of the reasons why raises are offered by companies. 4. It follows a course of diminishing returns. If you continue to receive the same reward without variation, then the extrinsic motivational factors will begin to lose their influence in a person’s life. People will only start to work harder, with better quality, or more consistency when they continue to see increases in the rewards which are available. When there are larger rewards available for people to enjoy, then there is more motivation to work harder for it. How much of a difference would it make if your boss decided to give you a $1 million raise to meet a specific quota instead of a $1,000 increase to your salary? You must keep scaling the extrinsic rewards upward to continue having the same levels of success. If you continue to offer the same benefit each time, then every repetition of the cycle will create a lesser outcome. Teresa Amabile, who is a Baker Foundation Professor at Harvard Business School, puts it this way. “Most people aren’t anywhere near to realizing their creative potential, in part because they’re laboring in environments that impede intrinsic motivation.” 5. Rewards can make the activities less enjoyable for some individuals. When there are no internal motivations that can provide rewards for the work being done, then the extrinsic motivational factors will eventually lose their influence in a person’s life. People will lose their desire to keep working when the continuous provision of a reward occurs. The only exception to this disadvantage occurs when the activities help to supply survival needs. If a person’s perspectives, desires, or intrinsic rewards change, then anything that could come from the external world will no longer hold the same amount of value. 6. There is no passion created through extrinsic value. When you must rely on extrinsic value to ensure that workers are being productive consistently, then you are not creating passion. You’re guaranteeing that the individuals or teams involved are going to do the bare minimum to succeed so that the reward will appear. That is why this process becomes ineffective over time. The work will become boring over time, which means people will start to abandon the process because the intrinsic rewards of leaving to a different task outweigh the current external benefits being offered. Alfie Kohn, author of Punished by Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A’s, Praise, and Other Bribes, describes this disadvantage in a unique way. “Rewards usually improve performance only at extremely simple – indeed, mindless – tasks, and even then, they improve only quantitative performance.” 7. It can cause people and teams to have unrealistic expectations of the future. When you must begin to rely on extrinsic motivation as a way to get people or teams to work for you, then you’re setting a dangerous precedent with your efforts. If someone starts expecting to receive a reward for everything that they do, then they will refuse to be involved with a project until you promise something of value to them. It is a process which causes people to actively avoid tasks, even if it could help them to develop their career or personal life, because they do not see an immediate benefit to the possible sacrifices they would make. 8. You can offer someone too much extrinsic value at times. There are times when offering a reward can increase a person’s motivation. Researchers have also discovered that providing an excessive reward can decrease a person’s passion or desire to be active. It creates an environment of suspicion because the offer seems too good to be true. The person or team will then look for reasons why others might not want to take on the task instead of getting to work on what needs to get done. The rewards must apply directly to the performance of a specific behavior for them to be effective. This process can then introduce internal motivators to be active, especially if it works to establish essential skills. It is even possible to remove extrinsic rewards over time if intrinsic ones can take over. That’s why the best offers tend to be smaller benefits that create an immediate and positive impact. Verdict on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Extrinsic Value The external rewards that happen in life make us feel good, especially if they come from an unexpected source. You can motivate people to achieve excellence with encouraging words, money, celebrity status, and much more. Even something as small as a trophy for personal recognition can inspire someone to continue moving on to bigger and better things. “Motivation is a fire from within,” Stephen R. Covey once advised. “If someone tries to light that fire for you, the chances are it will burn very briefly.” Extrinsic value can only provide consistency or increases in productivity when people experience a desire to have those rewards. If that passion for “compensation” disappears, then it no longer becomes a motivational tool. That is why the providers of these rewards must always be adapting to perspective changes to continue support those who enjoy the presence of this tool. The advantages and disadvantages of extrinsic value can motivate people to new heights, but they can also miss the mark and stop individuals from performing at all. That is why it is essential to personalize this process to each person or group so that they can receive rewards that are reflective of the work that they are doing. Natalie Regoli is a child of God, devoted wife, and mother of two boys. She has a Masters Degree in Law from The University of Texas. Natalie has been published in several national journals and has been practicing law for 17 years. If you would like to reach out to contact Natalie, then go here to send her a message.

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Back To Top The poet describes the helmet Beowulf’s given in more detail. And we see Hrothgar hand over eight horses — one of which is quite special. Back To Top “Around the helmet’s protective top there was a wire-wound ridge to keep the blows out, so that its wearer would not be imperilled by the battle-hardened sword’s bite, when the wicked craving comes over the blade. The lord then ordered a man to draw eight mares with gold-pleated bridles into the hall, within Heorot’s bounds; among them one stood with a saddle skilfully coloured, a worthy treasure. That was the very battle seat of the high king, the place in which the son of Halfdane rode forth in to make the battle even; never was he in wide-known wars laid low, when the ridge was overthrown.” Back To Top Back To Top Protection and Aggression The poet must’ve gotten excited about the mention of the four treasures Beowulf’s given or for the opportunity to weave more words about war, because this passage is particularly rich. Despite that, I’m just going to focus on one word. In line 1031 “walu” appears in reference to the helmet that Beowulf was given. As part of the description of this wondrous bit of headgear, the “walu” is understood as a kind of ridge which sounds like it gives a little bit of extra protection from blows. That it’s wound about with wire suggests that maybe part of this protection comes from the tightness of the bunched up wound wire in much the same way that a properly wrapped turban is supposed to protect from the downward slice of a sword. Though the wire and the ridge must be working with the basic metal hat-ness of the helmet to begin with. Anyway, the point is that this first use of “walu” is used to refer to the helmet’s extra protective properties. It’s not just any old helmet, but one that’s specially designed to protect your head in the heat of battle (beautifully expressed as “when the wicked/craving comes over the blade” (“þonne scyldfreca/ongean gramum gangan scolde” (l.1033-1034))). This instance of “walu” also alliterates with line 1031’s “wirum” and “bewunden.” In fact, as the first word after the caesura, “walu” bridges the two half lines, making (at least to my ear) for a faster paced line when it’s spoken. The second instance of “walu” comes in on line 1042. Here the word takes on two meanings. First is the geographic sense that Clark Hall and Meritt provide with their definitions of the word as “ridge,” or “bank.” I understand that this definition fits the line’s meaning because a ridge or bank could easily be the strongest part of an enemy’s (or your own) line in battle, and so the spot likely to have the most intense fighting. Even if it wasn’t the strongest, a ridge would certainly be a spot that a military force primarily made of infantry would want to capture. After all, fighting uphill is much more difficult than downhill when you’re mostly engaging in mêlée combat on foot. So, again, a ridge would likely be among the most intense sites during a battle. The other possible meaning of “walu” (both Clark Hall and Meritt and C.L. Wrenn consider a secondary meaning, referring to the word “wael”) is “slaughter” or “carnage.” I think that this interpretation has a similar meaning, it’s just much more direct about it and there’s no subtext of why there’s slaughter or carnage. But whatever the precise meaning of “walu” in line 1042, it’s possible that it’s also here for the purpose of alliteration. The line starts with “wid-cuþes wig” and then “walu” is the second word after the caesura, so it bridges the two parts of the line a little less strongly than in line 1031, but does so all the same. But even though both instances of the word alliterate, and the second “walu” is possibly just a scribal error or variation for “wael,” I find its double duty in this passage interesting because of what the echoing of “walu” with its very disparate uses suggests. The first appearance of “walu” refers to protection — specifically protection on the battle field. There’s the sense that the helmet that it’s describing provides extra protection, but hidden in there is also the sense that a ridge is a fairly safe place in a medieval battle (or so I’d guess — being higher ground and all that — arrows not withstanding). But then, on line 1042 the same word is used to denote a place that lacks safety both because it’s a hot spot during battle (definitely a place where the “wicked/craving comes over the blade” (ll.1033-1034)) and because in the context of the poem it refers to the spot where the celebrated Hrothgar is rampaging. So “walu” is used in practically opposite ways within the same passage — within 12 lines even, and I think that this is at least the scribe trying to throw in a micro-commentary about war. Namely that war is only ever safe for the victors, but that those victors imperil themselves in the process of winning both physically (usually having to fight through the toughest spot) and also spiritually since they gain a fearful reputation for cruelty on the battlefield. It’s not as heavy handed as you might expect from a medieval Christian scribe writing out a pseudo-pagan poem, but I think it’s there. But what’s your take on this? Is “walu” used twice just because it sounds good or is easy to alliterate with a lot of words? Or is there something about war being said here? Back To Top The Wicked Cravings and the Names of Swords I haven’t been formally recording or watching the instances of compound words since wondering if there’s any sort of pattern a few posts ago, but I think it’s safe to say that war equals compounds. Something about the heat of combat or the rhythm that the poet felt was needed in verses about fighting just seems to require compound words. This passage is full of them. They range from the simple like heafod-beorge (a mix of heafod, meaning “head,” “source,” “origin,” “chief,” “leader,” or “capital”; and “beorge” meaning “protection,” “defence,” “refuge,” or “mountain,” “hill,” “mound,” “barrow,” or “burial place” that means “prominent hill”) to “faeted-hleore” (mixing faeted “ornamented with gold” and hleore’s “cheek,” “face,” or “countenance” to mean “with cheek ornaments”) which describes the horses to things like “hilde-setl” (“war, combat” and “seat,” “stall,” “sitting,” “place,” “residence,” “throne,” “see,” “siege,” meaning “saddle”). There’s also “heah-cyninges” (meaning “high king,” or “God” — a mix of “heah,” meaning ” high” “tall,” “lofty,” “high-class,” “exalted,” “sublime,” “illustrious,” “important,” “proud,” “haughty,” “deep,” “right (hand)” and “cyning” meaning “king,” “ruler,” “God,” “Christ,” or “Satan”) and wid-cuþes (simply “widely known,” or “celebrated” from “wid” (“wide,” “vast,” “broad,” or “long”) and “cuþ” (“known,” “plain,” “manifest,” “certain,” “well-known,” “usual,” “noted,” “excellent,” “famous,” “intimate,” “familiar,” “friendly,” or “related”)). But two of the compounds encountered in this passage stand out — even from the usual crowd of compounds I’ve been coming across lately. The first of these is “scyld-frecu” from line 1033. This word takes “scyld,” (which means “offence,” “fault,” “crime,” “guilt,” “sin,” “obligation,” “liability,” “due,” “debt”; or as “scield”: “shield,” “protector,” “protection,” “defence,” “part of a bird’s plumage(?)”) and combines it with “frecu” (meaning “greedy,” “eager,” “bold,” “daring” or “dangerous”; or as “freca”: “warrior” or “hero”) to come out with “wicked craving.” At first glance this looks like a logical combination, a word for “sin” and a word for “greedy” — you’ve got all the necessary parts. But then “frecu” could mean “warrior” or “hero” if it’s read as “freca.” A stretch perhaps, but synonyms and puns are wordplay staples in Modern English, so there must’ve at last been some awareness of these uses of language in Old English. Take the name “Heorot” itself for instance. It sounds like the Old English term for a stag (“heort”) and also the term for the centre of human feeling (and thought as well, according to some classical natural philosophers), the “heorte.” This three way meeting of meanings can’t just be coincidental. That’s why I see something curious in the “freca” connection to “scyld-frecu.” (Not to mention it sounds an awful lot like this compound could simply mean “shield man”…and maybe it does — but that’s the beauty of poetry!) So perhaps there’s a connection between the “greedy craving” which you could simplify to “bloodlust,” and being a warrior or hero. This could be acknowledgement of the cost of working in either of these roles. But as a compound word “scyld-frecu” is completely overshadowed by “scur-heard.” This compound is completely new to me, and possibly of a type that’s rare even in Beowulf. As Clark Hall and Meritt explain in the entry, this word means “made hard by blows (an epithet for a sword).” So this compound word doesn’t just bring two terms together to create some other word, it’s an epithet for a sword. The Anglo-Saxons were so into swords that it wasn’t enough to have almost as many words for them as the Inuit have for snow, they had to also have words that were recognized as names for swords — not just words to refer to them (like “hildebill” or “gramum”). But I digress, the parts of “scur-heard” are “scur” (“shower,” “storm,” “tempest,” “trouble,” “commotion,” “breeze,” or “shower of blows or missiles”) and “heard” (“hard,” “harsh,” “severe,” “stern,” “cruel,” “strong,” “intense,” “vigorous,” “violent,” “hardy,” “bold,” “resistant,” or “hard object”). So literally read, you could take this one to mean something like “hardened in the shower of blows” or even “violent amidst the many blows.” On the one hand, maybe this is just referring to swords in general. Or. Maybe it’s referring to things a little more broadly. Maybe this is even evidence that the Anglo-Saxons attributed actions or personalities to swords. Calling a sword (or swords in general) “hardened in the shower of blows” definitely makes me think that some of the power and agency of the sword in question are taken away from the wielder and given to the sword itself. Perhaps this denotes the Anglo-Saxons foisting something like “luck,” or even the intense violence of battle, off on the sword itself. Or, maybe “scur-heard” contains the sense that the sword is so keen (being modified by that “wicked craving,” remember) that it’s just doing the work of slashing and parrying and drawing away attacks on its own. Perhaps the name’s a hint at an early longing for an inanimate object with a mind of its own. Sounds crazy, perhaps. But legends and stories of magicians and mystics bringing statues to life (Jewish stories of the golem, the Greek myth of Pygmalion) go back quite a ways into recorded history. If you could give an inanimate object life, or foist some characteristic of yours off on one (and not be thought crazy) what object would you choose? Back To Top In the next post’s passage, Hrothgar formally bestows these gifts and horses on Beowulf. And the poet comments. You can find the next part of Beowulf here.

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Professor Genevieve Dion, Director of Drexel University's (Philadelphia, PA) Center for Functional Fabrics, is collaborating with other experts to coat yarn with the highly conductive, two-dimensional material MXene. They demonstrated that the yarn could be used with standard textile manufacturing techniques to create wearable conductive fabric. Tech Briefs: What got you interested in wearable technology? Professor Genevieve Dion: Doing research and creating new materials that could really change an industry is what I find really fascinating. I don’t just think about wearable technology these days, I think about textiles as devices. The idea that the textiles that surround us can potentially be transformed into smart devices is an incredible opportunity for the future. Before coming to Drexel University, I was a designer and created different textiles, experimenting with material processes, chemical changes, and so on. In many ways, functional fabrics is a continuum of this theme in my career with just a slight change in direction. Tech Briefs: Do you have any ideas about the first applications for this? Professor Dion: One of the things we have discovered is that although a lot of people talk about wearable technology or smart textiles, we don’t see that many on the market. At Drexel’s Center for Functional Fabrics, we think about the challenges that have to be overcome to make these products a reality. We’re thinking about how they’re going to scale and how they’re going to be meaningful. It’s difficult to give you a particular application because we have to first find out what customers want. A few of the smart textile products that have come out were too early and underdeveloped, while others were too gadgety and did not spark interest. I want our first applications to be in a place where we can make a meaningful contribution. The medical field is a great one: new devices that are not cumbersome can really make a difference in the medical world — I think those will be first on the market. Tech Briefs: What sorts of medical applications do you foresee? Professor Dion: It could be for monitoring vitals or for gradual dispensing of medication. Functional fabrics can be active or passive, if you were to design a new yarn with medicine embedded into it, you could incorporate a slow-release function that offers amazing benefits without being too intrusive. Tech Briefs: Could you tell me about your work with MXene yarn? Professor Dion: Yarns that incorporate MXene, a highly conductive two-dimensional material, are interesting and what we’ve done with them is important. Our PhD students do basic research with scalability in mind. While we are demonstrating the potential of the material, we want to also show that it will be mass manufacturable, something that is often overlooked. If you create a material that has all the right properties, but it can’t be scaled to tens of thousands of meters, you have to go back to the drawing board and redesign your entire process. For example, it takes about one mile of yarn to knit a shirt or a sweater. MXene yarns have great potential for use in functional fabrics due to their high electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance and the durability of their performance at lab scale. Tech Briefs: Have you had any success in making it scalable? Professor Dion: While Drexel is producing large quantities of MXene, we only have small quantities in the lab. Our PhD students designed a MXene ink to coat the fiber by using something similar to a dye vat, mimicking a process commonly used in the textile industry. We used a natural fiber—cotton—that we were able to successfully wash without losing any of MXene’s properties. Even though we only had 10 meters of the material, we were still able to demonstrate its durability. We were also able to knit the yarn on an industrial machine made for rapid fabric production. Although we haven’t made it at scale yet, we have used processes that can be scaled up. Tech Briefs: If these fibers are all conductive, what prevents them from short circuiting? Professor Dion: That goes into the design of the device you’re making; you leave enough space so they don’t short circuit, an inter-digitated supercapacitor. It’s one thing to have the material and another to design for the end application. For example, we have a capacitive touch sensor — when we touch it, we disrupt the current, which translates to a reading. Smart textiles are very complex systems and a large transdisciplinary team is essential to achieving our goals. You need someone who understands materials, someone who understands electricity, and someone who understands design and human factors to create these textile systems. Tech Briefs: What is your specialty? Professor Dion: I’m an industrial designer — we specialize in form factor and manufacturability. The MXene yarn you referred to was done in collaboration with a materials scientist here at Drexel University, Dr. Yury Gogotsi. We co-advise a PhD student, who invented the yarn and the coating, using the MXene from Dr. Gogotsi’s lab. Once she made the yarn, we worked together at our lab to create these future textiles. Tech Briefs: How do you make the different circuits, touch sensors or circuits that convert Wi-Fi radiation to DC? How do you get these active functions? Professor Dion: For the capacitive touch sensor, we knit carbon-infused nylon yarn into a specific pattern in the fabric. We then connect the fabric to a device using only two connectors. A microprocessor measures the signal, and once that’s done, you are able to read what is happening: a touch on the right button, on the left button, and so on. Even for a simple capacitive touch sensor, we’ve worked with computer scientists, electrical engineers, and mechanical engineers. Tech Briefs: Is the microprocessor knit into the yarn? Professor Dion: No, although there are people trying to create a microprocessor in the fiber itself, we normally put it outside of the textile or keep it well-hidden within it. When we make our textiles, we think about the grand challenges we have in order to create reliable devices of the future. One of the main concerns in the development of the capacitive touch sensor had to do with the fabric being woven, as opposed to knit. Because a woven textile needs hundreds of connection threads to the microprocessor, it would be a fabrication nightmare — the product is very difficult to assemble since yarn and threads don’t like glue or soldering. It also creates a very fragile and expensive textile. What we did to address that challenge was to translate to a knitted fabric, which allowed us to reduce the number of connections to two. Tech Briefs: How do you connect? Professor Dion: For now, we have little metal snaps. We are starting to address how we will connect in a scalable manner, depending on the end application. If you put it inside furniture, you don’t need to worry about the connectorization because it can be covered up. If you put it on the body, you need much stronger, more robust, and subtle connectors because of wear and tear and the movement of the body. Tech Briefs: I’m curious about creating supercapacitors and converting Wi-Fi radiation to electricity — it’s seems a little far out. Professor Dion: It is a little far out, but we’re making slow progress. One of the great challenges for any wearable device is power. We are now able to make very small fabric supercapacitor devices that can provide a certain amount of power. As our devices are becoming increasingly capable of generating more power, the power requirements for microprocessors are also diminishing, so we will meet somewhere in the middle. It’s always important to try to raise the bar on multiple fronts, while collaborating and understanding what everyone is doing. In the case of Wi-Fi energy harvesting, we worked with Dr. Gogotsi, an expert on supercapacitors, and Dr. Kapil Dandekar from Electrical and Computer Engineering, an expert on antennas. Since ambient Wi-Fi is energy that’s lost, the thinking was: “Could we have an antenna to harvest power from all the signals that are floating out there and transfer it to a supercapacitor?” Tech Briefs: It seems to me that you’d need active circuitry in between the antenna and the capacitor. Professor Dion: Yes, you do need something that could transfer it from one to the other, so we were looking into a microprocessor to create a matching network that could send the harvested power to the capacitor. The concept is doable, but we’re not there yet. Tech Briefs: What excites you most about this project? Professor Dion: There are several things I’m really excited about. Now that we have the new Center for Functional Fabrics in Philadelphia, it’s really exciting to think about bringing manufacturing back to this country and also seeing my young employees and students get so excited about innovation. At the Center, we have the opportunity to train and bring together people from all different disciplines. Watching them work in teams to address complex systems in a very transdisciplinary way has become the most exciting part for me. The potential to create meaningful products that could really help people is also extremely exciting. One of our ongoing projects is an exoskin wearable that could help with stroke rehabilitation, while being unobtrusive. Tech Briefs: I like the idea of the different disciplines working together — I’ve always thought that’s the best way to achieve progress. Professor Dion: I agree. When I started this 12 years ago, I instinctively knew it, but it’s since become even more apparent. As this is a new industry, there are not so many smart textile products out there. Being at the university has allowed me to ask, “why not?” Every time we solve a problem, we encounter a thousand new ones, so one discipline alone cannot do it. If you want to be good at something, you need to have focus and discipline. Some people are generalists and that’s okay too, but if you understand that your knowledge is limited to the boundaries of a certain discipline, you know you need to have someone who has a solid foundation in other relevant disciplines. Learning to work together and speak a similar language, to communicate and innovate, is really exciting. An edited version of this interview appeared in the February Issue of Tech Briefs.

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- Reyes Legacy - Rancho Living - Graff House, 1916 - McKenzie Legacy, 1935 - 1945 - Dodson Legacy, 1945 - 1978 - 1978 - Present Reyes Legacy / Land Ownership Many generations of the Reyes family were important to California history. Juan Francisco Reyes was a Mexican soldier on the famous Portola expedition; the first group of non-natives to encounter life in pre-historic California in 1769. The goal of the expedition was to find an overland route to the Spanish outpost at Monterey. Reyes later moved to the region and became alcalde, or mayor of the Pueblo of Los Angeles from 1793-1795. The property on which Juan Francisco Reyes had his ranch was in the San Fernando Valley and was an official land grant. He requested a new land grant and received land in central California in 1802, between Mission San Luis Obispo and Mission La Purisima Concepcion. Reyes did not reside there. He was recorded in the census of the Pueblo of Los Angeles of 1804 with his wife Maria del Carmen Dominguez and their children Antonio, Juana and Jose Jacinto. Reyes’s brother-in-law, Jose Maria Dominguez, was appointed to manage the rancho in northern California. In 1837, Dominguez also became a grantee of the Rancho Las Virgenes, a land grant encompassing 26,000 acres which now includes Agoura Hills, Oak Park, Westlake Village and other surrounding communities. Jose Jacinto Reyes, the second son of Juan Francisco Reyes, married Maria Antonia Machado and they had 14 children before his early death. In March of 1845, Jose Maria Dominguez sold Rancho Las Virgenes to Maria Antonia Machado. Jose Paulino Reyes, the son of Jose Jacinto Reyes, built the adobe home in about 1850. On September 9, 1850, California became the 31st state in the Union. The new political leadership challenged the land titles in southern California, most of which were Spanish-Mexican in legal definition. Although property in California was claimed by the United States, people who believed they held property prior to statehood in 1850 were legally entitled to submit applications for their land. A date map detailing the different surveys of the Rancho Las Virgenes shows three houses bounded by the "Road from Ventura" to the south, the Santa Susana Mountains to the north, the Cruz de Tapia to the east and the Canada del Lindero to the west. More specifically, the house identified as belonging to Jose Reyes is bound to the north by the Santa Susanas, to the south by the Road from Ventura, from the east by the Arroyo de la Media, and to the west by the Canada del Lindero. These same boundaries exist today on the contemporary Thomas Brothers Map. The Reyes Adobe in Agoura Hills corresponds geographically with the Jose Reyes house. Maria Antonia Machado filed for a petition for confirmation of title on September 15, 1852 and her claim was confirmed on November 7, 1854. The case was not fully resolved until 1883 due in part to the desire of the Machado’s grantees (heirs) to include two leagues of land on the Rancho Las Virgenes not claimed by Carrillo or his grantees. Dominguez Carrillo and Nemecio Dominguez had possession of Rancho Las Virgenes in the amount of 2 leagues each prior to 1837. With one square league being equal to approximately 5,760 acres, this translates into less than 2 square leagues of land confirmed. The Las Virgenes Historical Society obtained documents from the County of Los Angeles, which specifies how the interest in the Rancho land was divided in January 1886; Reyes’ heirs received a total of 572.88 acres or 10 percent of the Rancho Las Virgenes grant. The Reyes Adobe Historical Site Museum has a copy of the document and how the Los Angeles County commissioners divided the property. The porch of the Reyes Adobe was a place where people greeted one another and relaxed after a hard day’s work. Weather permitting, in the evenings there was laughter, talk of the day’s business, singing and music, which were popular pastimes in the Hispanic culture. From this porch, one was able to oversee the wonderful valley, including Ladyface Mountain and a beautiful stream, believed to have run along Reyes Adobe Road. As the homes were dark even during daylight hours, families spent most of their time outdoors, usually in the courtyard. In the evenings, they would use candles or lamps. The Reyes adobe home was modest compared to its wealthier neighbors. The floors in the rancho home were of packed earth. On occasion, water was sprinkled on the floor to keep down the dust. The roof was either thatch or tile. A thatched roof was made of bundles of tule reeds covered with mud. Tiled roofs were made on molds similar to the adobe bricks and then fired in a hot oven. Adobe bricks were made from compressed sand, clay and (usually) straw shaped into bricks by wooden frames. Adobe walls helped maintain stable temperatures inside a dwelling--ideal for hot, dry climates. Their sala, the main or great room, generally served as the place to entertain guests and hold receptions or parties. It no doubt also served as the food preparation area, family living area and a sleeping area. As the Reyes home was one of the last watering holes between Santa Barbara and Los Angeles, it was known to occasionally accommodate travelers’ from the El Camino Real, including mission padres. Rumor has it that even "bad man" Jacquin Murietta stayed at the rancho. In the spring each year, when green lush grass was two fingers in height, the Reyes family hosted the annual El Rodeo, a highlight of the Hispanic-Californian culture, which lasted eight days. As furniture had to be imported and therefore very expensive, rancho families like the Reyes’ had sparse furnishings, unless they were made or handed down. Rancho homes typically had a wooden table used for food preparation, usually under strings of garlic, chili, peppers, onions and other herbs hung from the rafters. Typically, the food would be prepared inside the home then taken outside for cooking. Much of the cooking was done outdoors in large kettles over open fires or baked in beehive-shaped ovens called hornos. Large containers of water were brought in from the stream and stood at the door. Rancho era settlers learned to live off the land and use available supplies. Their main diet was beef, beans and a tortilla made into a cone and used to scoop up the beans. The beans that were eaten by the rancheros and vaqueros/cowboys were called frijoles. They were cooked with peppers and onions and were considered by the Californios to be the best food in the world. Frijoles refrios were mashed beans fried in oil. There was always plenty of beef on the rancho - although sheep and wild game were also eaten. Large pieces were roasted on a spit over a pit with an open fire. Sometimes the meat was coated with chili powder to help preserve it. These strips of beef got hard and the vaqueros/cowboys took the dried beef sticks with them when they rode out on round up or on trips by horseback. Graff Legacy 1916 At only one other time does the Reyes Adobe appear under another name. It is on a painting of the south side of the Reyes Adobe dated July 26, 1916, by Pasadena watercolor artist Eva Scott Fenye. A caption below the painting reads, "The Graff House on the road to Ventura, said to have been built by Jose Paulino Reyes probably in the early years of the 19th century." A color photo reproduction of the painting was archived by the Las Virgenes Historical Society, and a copy is displayed on the museum timeline. According to a newspaper article from the Thousand Oaks Chronicle, a couple by the name of John and Myrtle Beyer lived in the Reyes Adobe in the early years of the 20th century. John Beyer was a German immigrant who moved into the Adobe with a distant cousin, George Graff in 1922 and again in 1930 - the second time with his wife Myrtle. Documents are archived with detailed legal descriptions of land parcels relating to the estate of Jacinta P. Graf, who had died in 1925. Although the spelling of the surname is slightly different, it is possible that Jacinta was a relative of Jose Jacinto Reyes and was married to George J. Graff, which indicates that the Reyes family were connected to the property into the 20th century. McKenzie Legacy 1935 - 1945 Malcolm McKenzie purchased the Reyes Adobe property for $3,500 in 1935. Although his personal records do not indicate the seller, it is important to the property history as it marks the beginning of a clear chain of title for the house and the surrounding property. The first Anglo owner of the property, McKenzie was an orthodontist whose hobbies included local history, particularly adobe architecture. He was a member of the Historical Society of Southern California. Also a member of the Society was Ana Begue de Packman who is identified as Jacinto Reyes’ great-great-granddaughter in the Historic American Building Survey (HABS) conducted in 1936/ 1937 and archived in the Library of Congress. Malcolm McKenzie might have found out about the Reyes Adobe through the Society. He renovated the Reyes Adobe by repairing walls with adobe bricks from the Dominguez house located in Chatsworth, brought to the site in a pickup truck. He removed the home’s batten siding and exposed the adobe walls on all sides, installed new windows and removed the trellises, which were documented in the HABS survey. Dr. McKenzie brought his family out with him on weekends to the rural region while he renovated the house. His renovation efforts were documented with photographs. The photos show the west San Fernando Valley before the post WWII urban expansion, and this historically valuable collection can be viewed at the museum. The photographs also document the cultural merge of the Hispanic and Anglo cultures in the region. Malcolm’s preservation efforts in the 1930’s are in large measure why the adobe can be enjoyed today. Architectural changes that Malcolm made to the house were captured in detail. Scott, Malcolm’s son has donated many artifacts to the site including books, a hitching post, pictures and other documentation on display. Dodson Family 1945 - 1978 In 1945, Malcolm McKenzie sold the house and 35 surrounding acres to performers Jon and Myrtis Dodson. Myrtis was singer on Broadway and Jon sang tenor in a vocal group called the Kings Men. They learned about the property through actors Jim and Marion Jordon who owned property adjacent to the Reyes Adobe. The Dodsons were the first owners in at least a decade to live in the house fulltime. They modernized it to make it habitable. In an article that appeared in the Thousand Oaks News Chronicle in March 1972, Myrtis explains to a reporter that they spent $60,000 to upgrade the adobe, as it was still at 19th century standards, lacking both a bathroom and running water. Myrtis’ son, who studied architecture, redesigned the structure to include French doors, flagstone paving and a carport. After the death of Jon Dodson in 1963, Myrtis moved out of the adobe and leased it to tenants until the late 1970s. The last of three tenants Mrs. Michael Windler christened the site Hunter Haven Farms and lived there with her daughter. Myrtis Dodson sold the Reyes Adobe in 1978 to a developer with the understanding that the home would remain intact. 1978 - 2004 Opening The adobe survived a 90.8 acre development surrounding it, as the region went from agricultural/single dwelling zoning to commercial/ multi-family zoning. It is believed that Ms. Dodson’s stipulation of sale along with the vigilance of local citizens played a significant role in the site’s preservation. The Las Virgenes Historical Society focused its efforts on the Adobe project and in 1980 began a restoration fund. Over the next few years the group became increasingly involved in fundraising as well as local political action to nominate the Reyes Adobe for eligibility to be on the National Register of Historic Places. An engineering firm known for its expertise in adobe structures, Mel Green and Associates, was hired to make recommendations on the Adobe restoration project. The City of Agoura Hills incorporated in 1982, and in 1983 it acquired the Reyes Adobe site as part of the park land from Los Angeles County. On March 14, 1984, Mayor Fran Pavley designated the Reyes home as a local historical landmark. On April 20, 1988, under Mayor Jack W. Koenig, designated the Reyes barn a local historical structure. Efforts continued on the Adobe preservation project with continued research and discussions on how best to proceed with preservation efforts. The Historic American Buildings Survey or HABS, developed under Franklin Delano Roosevelt, documented America’s architecturally significant structures that included the Reyes Adobe. The program (which helped employ architects during the depression) secured and preserved drawings, plans, photographs and other data relating to archeological sites, buildings and objects across the nation. All documentation produced during that era, as well as more recent decades, is archived in the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. The documentation of HABS occurred prior to the McKenzie renovation. The architectural drawings detailed board and batten siding on the adobe, a porch off of the kitchen and trellises off the south side of the house. It was the HABS drawings that determined how the Reyes Adobe Historical Site would showcase the home and property through the official documented drawings and photos. The exciting renovation plans had found the beginning for the historical site but not the resources to fund the project. The lack of funds compounded by damage in the 1994 Northridge earthquake setback the hopes of completing the project. Then in 2002, the City of Agoura Hills once again turned its focus on the Reyes Adobe and sought funding for the rehabilitation of the valuable cultural resource and the source of community pride. In May, 2002, the Reyes Adobe Citizen’s Advisory Committee was formed to assist with the design of the site, construction plans, furnishings of the house, as well as educational programs, general public tours, etc. In 2003, the generous support from the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy, the Getty Grant Program, and State Park Propositions 12 & 40, made possible the City of Agoura Hills’ vision of developing the Reyes Adobe Historical Site and interpretive center. On November 15, 2003, a groundbreaking ceremony was held to begin the official construction and renovation of the site. On October 16, 2004, the Reyes Adobe Historical Site officially opened to the public for the first time with educational programs displaying early California heritage through furnished rooms, hands-on exhibits and artifacts. From the Reyes Adobe’s front porch, students, residents and visitors will be able to capture a glimpse of the past while admiring the same beautiful view of the Santa Monica Mountains enjoyed by generations through the centuries. Showcasing the history of Southern California, the 153-year-old Reyes Adobe is a valuable resource within the State and national landscape, surviving the rapidly changing economic and social structure of the past two centuries, and if properly cared, for will continue to be a source of pride and inspiration for years to come.

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Fresh air through indoor climate control Modern man spends about two thirds of his life indoors. It is clear that the quality of the indoor air has a great influence on our well-being. To ensure good air quality and a pleasant indoor climate at all times, buildings are increasingly being equipped with intelligent indoor climate control systems – for greater comfort and better energy efficiency. Good indoor air and thermal comfort Since we all perceive our environment differently, there can be no one measure and definition of well-being’. However, it is possible to create room conditions in which most people feel good. Air quality and thermal comfort must be taken into account when planning buildings. Meaning: the CO2 content, the temperature, the humidity and the air movement in the room. The technology here is already well advanced: The indoor climate can be monitored and optimised with sensors and individually selectable settings. The objectives are both the well-being of the room users and the minimisation of the energy used for this purpose. So well-being and energy saving in automated form: when the room is occupied, the comfort of its users drives how the climate is controlled; when it is not in use, energy efficiency is at the forefront. Further advantages are the protection of the building stock and the fabric of the building because damage caused by penetrating rainwater or mould caused by excessive humidity is avoided. Touch panels enable operation via a display. Control via sensors for greater air comfort Sensors measure indoor air quality on the inside and solar radiation, precipitation, wind speed and temperature on the outside. Heating, cooling, solar protection equipment and automated windows are then controlled on the basis of this sensor data, The CO2 concentration is the most important indicator for the quality of indoor air. The CO2 content of the indoor air increases with the number of people and duration of their stay as well as the intensity of their physical activities. The higher the CO2 load in the room, the more fresh air the controller demands. Room controllers, often also with touch displays, serve as operating units in the individual rooms. They are the user interface to the building, i.e. the users can select the room temperature themselves. Cooling through the air-conditioning system and the fresh air supply through automated windows are coordinated. Indoor climate control in a gymnasium with natural ventilation © GEZE GmbH Time-controlled room ventilation and scenarios selectable The indoor climate control also enables time-controlled comfort functions such as the automatic opening and closing of windows, shutters or blinds at certain times of the day. For example, intensive ventilation, the so-called fresh air flushing, can take place before the first employees arrive. In summer, the ‘night-time back cooling’ function uses cool night-time and early morning air to cool the rooms naturally and thus save energy costs for cooling. In addition, different scenarios or different energy levels can be selected for each room, such as comfort, standby, economy (night reduction) or building protection. The scenarios can be switched via time programs, presence detection or manual operating buttons. Further possible scenarios with optimum values for lighting, ventilation and sun protection can be selected in addition, e.g. meetings, presentations or office work. Communication via building buses or radio Different bus systems (e.g. KNX or BACnet) are available to enable reliable communication between actuators and sensors. Wireless extensions (including ZigBee, Z-Wave, EnOcean or KNX-RF) are also used. These enable buildings to be automated retrospectively, without the need for complex cabling. Characteristics of an indoor climate control system - Depending on solar radiation, precipitation, temperature, CO2 content, humidity and presence, the control system for each individual room determines how the various components (window drives, blinds, heating, air conditioning, etc.) are controlled. - Use of solar energy or avoidance of heat loads through solar inputs - Bundling in an intelligent control system increases the efficiency of the individual components. For example, the air conditioning system is put into operation only if natural ventilation is not effective enough and if all windows are closed – fully automatically. - Protection of stock against climatic influences: as soon as rain or critical wind conditions are detected, windows close automatically. - Thanks to the intelligent control system, windows, for example, are open only when external influences permit – and when desired. This means the days of windows being forgotten and left open all night are a thing of the past. - Weather modules report wind, precipitation or ice formation promptly and ensure that the solar protection is retracted in good time to prevent damage. - Automatic ventilation prevents mould from forming when the humidity is too high. - Well-being, thermal comfort and performance thanks to pleasant lighting conditions, air quality and temperature - Unnecessarily strong ventilation is avoided. - Tolerance for user intervention: users have the possibility to change e.g. temperature, light and ventilation. The system will subsequently ensure that everything is restored to its original state if the user forgets. GEZE ventilation and indoor climate control The GEZE indoor climate control system for controlled natural and energy-saving ventilation complements the GEZE window drive and RWA programme. The RWA systems can also be extended by sensors and control elements and can be integrated into building management systems. Via the IQ box KNX interface module, GEZE enables the simple integration of automated window drives in KNX environments – for intelligent interaction of window drives and sensors. Other KNX-capable systems and drives or building technology components, such as solar protection systems, heating controls or air conditioning, can also be linked to the GEZE indoor climate control. GEZE offers numerous possibilities for the automation of indoor climate components. Our fully automatic control is project-specific, extremely flexible and easy to expand.Sven Kuntschmann, window technology segment manager With the IO 420 interface module, all GEZE system components become ‘networkers’. Automatic door systems, ventilation technology and smoke and heat extraction systems (RWA) as well as safety systems can be integrated into the higher-ranking building management system via BACnet in order to automate their functions. GEZE thus makes a contribution to the Smart Building through intelligent building networking. Since the demands on indoor climate control and sophisticated ventilation controls are very different, these solutions are individually planned depending on the building project. The GEZE Customer Solution Team is happy to help with concept and planning. The GEZE range of services and products for indoor climate control - Drive systems for aeration and ventilation - Ventilation solutions: simple open/closed control of individual windows or groups of windows through to comprehensive central controls - Comfort solutions for automatic ventilation depending on weather, temperature and air quality - Simple radio-based solutions for individual rooms up to comfortable room/building control systems controllable via a modern touch display - Intelligent RWA control units also enable ventilation functions System example: gymnasium with RWA and indoor climate control Diagram of indoor climate control in a sports hall © Elsner Elektronik GmbH / GEZE GmbH A building with various rooms serves as an example: gymnasium, entrance area, technology room, locker rooms and shower rooms. Indoor climate control - Optimum indoor climate in the sports hall for the hall users, since ’fresh’ air is supplied depending on the air quality (mist), humidity (sweat) and temperature. - Manual intervention is possible if the automatic functions do not meet the needs. - In rain and strong winds, a rain/wind sensor on the roof closes all the windows automatically, thus protecting the building stock. - Automated ventilation offers comfort for users, prevents mould and its effects on health, and avoids premature renovation being required. - The automatic closing of the windows outside operating hours protects against burglary and needs no additional intervention by the caretaker. The smoke and heat extraction (RWA) guarantees - personal protection (keeps escape routes free from smoke) - environmental protection (reduction of environmental damage by minimising the use of extinguishing agents) - protection of property (maintains the building structure by minimising thermal loads and ventilation of the fire) - Motorised fanlight windows opening outward are integrated into the gymnasium façade. - During normal operation, the hall is automatically ventilated via the fanlight windows depending on the indoor and outdoor temperature, humidity and air quality (CO2). - The fanlight windows can also be opened or closed manually in separate groups via vent switches. - The façade is equipped with blinds for shading, which automatically extend depending on the brightness and position of the sun, but do not collide with the fanlights. - Motor-driven roof windows are installed in the gymnasium’s roof of the hall, which open when smoke develops and conduct the smoke out of the hall (RWA). - An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) ensures that 230 V devices (blinds) are safely opened in the event of a fire (RWA). - The building entrance door, the connecting door to the corridor and the door to the gymnasium serve as an exhaust air opening (RWA). - There are motor-driven façade windows in the entrance area. - Windows are operated manually via push buttons and close automatically at the latest outside the operating hours. - There is a motor-driven façade window in the technology room. - The window is operated manually via a push button and closes automatically after a preset time (e.g. 30 minutes). - There are two motor-driven fanlights in each shower room. - Fanlights are controlled as a function of humidity and indoor and outdoor temperature. - Windows can also be operated manually via push buttons. - Mould infestation can be avoided. - There are two motor-driven fanlights in each of the locker rooms. - Fanlights are controlled according to air quality, humidity and indoor and outdoor temperature. - Windows can also be operated manually via push buttons. GEZE Powerchain chain drive for automatic room ventilation Sophisticated solutions from a single source GEZE indoor climate controls are customer-specific applications consisting of combined RWA and ventilation systems. With Customer Solutions from GEZE, you benefit from sophisticated, individual solutions that offer the best possible safety and convenience. And all this from a single source. Your contact person will answer all your questions, from the initial idea right up to the commissioning. - Natural automatic ventilation has a very high acceptance among end users, especially if they can intervene manually (e.g. by local ventilation buttons). - A ventilation concept based on natural ventilation minimises or avoids the planning of ventilation shafts in the building. Compared to mechanical ventilation, no additional ventilation openings are necessary in the façade and thus do not influence the architectural design of the façade. - low-noise operation (no fan noises) - lower investment, installation and maintenance costs than mechanical ventilation systems - Consultation-friendly, reliable planning, scalable: with the compact drive control modules, various ventilation concepts (individual, group, central controls) can be easily planned and scaled. Installation, commissioning and operation made easy We offer simple assembly and commissioning, e.g. by circuit diagram and description on individual drive controls. This reduces sources of error and ensures speedy connection. The scalability of the control allows maximum flexibility and the spare parts can be stored in the service vehicle as only a few control types are in use. Comfort and freedom GEZE is your partner at every stage of your planning. From the first consultation, through to installation and after-sales service. Thanks to our industry know-how, we are able to recommend individual property solutions quickly, as the approaches here are usually very similar. GEZE indoor climate control systems promise: - automatic ventilation and manual intervention possible - intuitive central control via a modern touch display or simply via local push buttons (depending on the solution) - ‘real’ fresh air - manual intervention via push button

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Inventory control systems are technology solutions that integrate all aspects of an organization’s inventory tasks, including shipping, purchasing, receiving, warehouse storage, turnover, tracking, and reordering. While there is some debate about the differences between inventory management and inventory control, the truth is that a good inventory control system does it all by taking a holistic approach to inventory and empowering organizations to utilize lean practices to optimize productivity and efficiency along the supply chain while having the right inventory at the right locations to meet customer expectations. That being said, there are two different types of inventory control systems available today: perpetual inventory systems and periodic inventory systems. Within those systems, two main types of inventory management systems – barcode systems and radio frequency identification (RFID) systems – used to support the overall inventory control process: - Main Inventory Control System Types: - Types of Inventory Management Systems within Inventory Control Systems: Inventory control systems help you track inventory and provide you with the data you need to control and manage it. No matter which type of inventory control system you choose, make sure that it includes a system for identifying inventory items and their information including barcode labels or asset tags; hardware tools for scanning barcode labels or RFID tags; a central database for all inventory in addition to the ability to analyze data, generate reports, and forecast demand; and processes for labeling, documenting, and reporting inventory along with a proven inventory methodology like just-in-time, ABC analysis, first-in, or first out (FIFO), or last-in-first-out (LIFO). Read on to learn more about the types of inventory and the types of inventory control systems and inventory management apps that can help companies more efficiently manage their inventory. What Are the 4 Types of Inventory? Before getting into details about the types of inventory control systems, it’s important to understand the different types of inventory. Generally, inventory can be grouped into four primary classifications: - Raw materials – Raw materials are inventory items used in the manufacturing process to create finished goods. What is considered a raw material to one company may be considered finished goods to another. For example, a company that creates parts or components for machinery or equipment would consider those components finished goods. A manufacturer that purchases those components for use in their manufacturing process would consider the same components raw materials. Raw materials may consist of things like paper or steel, nuts and bolts, chemicals, wheels, and other items. - Work-in-progress – Work-in-progress (WIP) inventory includes items that are currently being processed. WIP inventory can include raw materials and components that are going through the manufacturing process to produce finished goods as well as finished items that are waiting for final inspection or quality control. After those final steps are complete, these finished items would be considered finished goods. - Finished goods – Finished goods are comprised of all completed items that are ready for sale to the final customer. - MRO goods – MRO stands for maintenance, repair, and operating supplies. MRO inventory consists of items necessary to operate, such as equipment and machinery, and the items needed for maintaining equipment and infrastructure. That means MRO inventory can also include items that are sometimes considered raw materials but in this case are essentially spare parts. Nuts and bolts are a good example. When nuts and bolts are on hand to assemble finished products, they’d be classified as raw materials. Extra nuts and bolts a company keeps in storage to repair equipment, on the other hand, are classified as MRO. Other examples of MRO inventory include janitorial supplies such as cleaning solutions, mops, and brooms, tools, packaging materials, uniforms and gloves, and office supplies such as paper, pens, calculators, printer ink, and other items. Inventory can be further classified in several ways depending on the industry, the company’s operations, and the types of inventory the company manages. Companies that purchase finished goods and sell them to customers at a markup have just one type of inventory called merchandising inventory. Some companies, such as manufacturers, need to manage a variety of inventory in different classifications, making efficient inventory tracking a must. To effectively manage inventory, an inventory tracking solution is paired with an inventory control app or inventory management app. How Do Inventory Control Systems Work? Inventory control systems, such as inventory control apps, offer a variety of functions that help companies manage various types of inventory. Inventory control systems typically consist of inventory management apps paired with barcode tagging to identify inventory assets, and information about each item is stored in a central database. Barcode labels serve as inventory trackers, allowing users to bring up information about the item on a computer system, such as the item’s price, the number of items in stock, the location of an item within a warehouse, and more. The best inventory control apps are mobile-compatible, with companion apps that allow users to track and manage inventory while they move throughout a facility or from site to site. There are many inventory tracking apps for smartphones, some of which are mobile-exclusive, while others have desktop applications to allow users to track inventory from any device. There are also many inventory tracking apps designed specifically to meet the needs of warehouse managers. When looking for an inventory management app, look for features that accommodate your company’s needs, such as trigger alerts when inventory levels reach pre-defined thresholds, re-ordering capabilities, and analysis and reporting to support functions such as forecasting. The 2 Types of Inventory Control Systems Perpetual Inventory System When you use a perpetual inventory system, it continually updates inventory records and accounts for additions and subtractions when inventory items are received, sold from stock, moved from one location to another, picked from inventory, and scrapped. Some organizations prefer perpetual inventory systems because they deliver up-to-date inventory information and better handle minimal physical inventory counts. Perpetual inventory systems also are preferred for inventory tracking because they deliver accurate results on a continual basis when managed properly. This type of inventory control system works best when used in conjunction with a database of inventory quantities and bin locations updated in real time by warehouse workers using barcode scanners. Inventory management apps are perpetual inventory systems. There are some challenges associated with perpetual inventory systems. First, these systems cannot be maintained manually and require specialized equipment and software that results in a higher cost of implementation, especially for businesses with multiple locations or warehouses. Periodic maintenance and upgrades are necessary for perpetual inventory systems, which also can become costly. Another challenge of using a perpetual inventory system is that recorded inventory may not reflect actual inventory as time goes by because they do not conduct periodic physical inventory counts, a necessary activity even when inventory trackers are used. The result is that errors, stolen items, and improperly scanned items impact the recorded inventory records and cause them not to match actual inventory counts. Periodic Inventory System Periodic inventory systems do not track inventory on a daily basis; rather, they allow organizations to know the beginning and ending inventory levels during a certain period of time. These types of inventory control systems track inventory using physical inventory counts. When physical inventory is complete, the balance in the purchases account shifts into the inventory account and is adjusted to match the cost of the ending inventory. Organizations may choose whether to calculate the cost of ending inventory using LIFO or FIFO inventory accounting methods or another method; keep in mind that beginning inventory is the previous period’s ending inventory. There are a few disadvantages of using a periodic inventory system. First, when physical inventory counts are being completed, normal business activities nearly become suspended. As a result, workers may hurry through their physical counts because of time constraints. Periodic inventory systems typically don’t use inventory trackers, so errors and fraud may be more prevalent because there is no continuous control over inventory. It also becomes more difficult to identify where discrepancies in inventory counts occur when using a periodic inventory control system because so much time passes between counts. The amount of labor that is required for periodic inventory control systems make them better suited to smaller businesses. Barcode Inventory Systems Inventory management systems using barcode technology are more accurate and efficient than those using manual processes. When used as part of an overall inventory control system, barcode systems update inventory levels automatically when workers scan them with a barcode scanner or mobile device. The benefits of using barcoding in your inventory management processes are numerous and include: - Accurate records of all inventory transactions - Eliminating time-consuming data errors that occur frequently with manual or paper systems - Eliminating manual data entry mistakes - Ease and speed of scanning - Updates on-hand inventory automatically - Record transaction histories and easily determine minimum levels and reorder quantities - Streamline documentation and reporting - Rapid return on investment (ROI) - Facilitate the movement of inventory within warehouses and between multiple locations and from receiving to picking, packing, and shipping Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Inventory Systems Radio frequency identification (RFID) inventory systems use active and passive technology to manage inventory movements. Active RFID technology uses fixed tag readers throughout the warehouse; RFID tags pass the reader, and the movement is recorded in the inventory management software. For this reason, active systems work best for organizations that require real-time inventory tracking or where inventory security has been an issue. Passive RFID technology, on the other hand, requires the use of handheld readers to monitor inventory movement. When a tag is read, the data is recorded by the inventory management software. RFID technology has a reading range of approximately 40 feet with passive technology and 300 feet with active technology. RFID inventory management systems have some associated challenges. First, RFID tags are far more expensive than barcode labels; thus, they typically are used for higher value goods. RFID tags also have been known to have interference issues, especially when tags are used in environments with a lot of metal or liquids. It also costs a great deal to transition to RFID equipment, and your suppliers, customers, and transportation companies need to have the required equipment as well. Additionally, RFID tags carry more data than barcode labels, which means your system and servers can become bogged down with too much information. When choosing an inventory control system for your organization, you first should decide whether a perpetual inventory system or periodic inventory system is best suited to your needs. Then, choose a barcode system or RFID system to use in conjunction with your inventory control system for a complete solution that will enable you to have visibility into your inventory for improved accuracy in scanning, tracking, recording, and reporting inventory movement.

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Updated: Jan 6, 2019 With so much emphasis and development on the physical aspects of the game of baseball today (and really sports in general), it begs the question: How far can physical training alone take an athlete? High-tech tools like Rapsodo Baseball (that track pitch flight metrics such as spin rate, spin axis, and horizontal/vertical movement), Zepp Baseball (which can track bat speed, time to contact, and attack angle), along with Driveline Baseball (a comprehensive weighted ball throwing development program), and Ax Bat (designed a new handle to increase biomechanical efficiency of your swing) all certainly contribute wonders to physical athletic development in the game of baseball. We even have specialized coaches in abundance these days teaching hitting, pitching, fielding, and sprinting to name a few. But there seems to be a disparity of work done on the mental and emotional development of baseball athletes as compared to the physical developments. Yet, an athlete still needs to somehow take their training and translate it to consistent execution in "high-pressure" situations on the field. Without this skill set, many athletes fall short of their goals and athletic potential. Whether as coaches, scouts, or athletes, we all talk about mental toughness. Ask ten coaches or athletes about what makes up mental toughness and you will get ten different responses much like: Mental toughness is... working hard to be prepared, maintaining composure throughout games, not getting upset with yourself, learning and getting better from your mistakes, being in the present moment, having confidence that no one will beat you, demonstrating a willingness to be coachable. All of these answers sound great, yet you can go to any game or practice and see these same athletes and coaches, who gave the above answers, not implementing this at all. Whether it is as simple as a sigh or a drop of the head to a blatant behavior like throwing a helmet or cursing in anger, these destructive behaviors do not represent mental toughness. It would seem more that there is a big difference between identifying traits of mental toughness and the actual execution of being mentally tough. I am sure we can all agree that it is easy to recognize what mental toughness is, but it is far more difficult to implement this skill set without the proper training. So, how does one train mental toughness? Before we can fully answer this question, we need to take a look at our brain. Mental toughness comes from your brain and this organ can be trained like any other muscle in the body for performance. Your brain houses the Reticular Activation System (RAS) which is essentially a toggle switch between the limbic system and cerebral cortex. The limbic system is reaction-based (think flight or fight) while the cerebral cortex operates using logic. The RAS activates the limbic system when we become emotionally charged, like when we make an error or strike out with runners in scoring position. In these scenarios, we fail our own personal or team expectations (which in all likelihood have been set up for us to fail, but that's a discussion for another day), triggering defense neurotransmitters and hormones, such as norepinephrine, as our self-worth and value are being challenged on either a conscious or subconscious level. This past learned behavior to react in such a way results in a continuous cycle of negative behavior and reactions, as seen in the following examples below: You make an error. You become upset. You are not mentally prepared for the next play. The ball gets hit to you and you make another error. You walk a batter on a debatable ball. You are upset with the umpire. You are not focused on the next batter in executing your location. You leave a ball over the middle of the plate that gets hit for a double off the wall. You strike out in the first inning. You are frustrated with yourself. During your next at-bat all you can think about is how you struck out and how you want to get a hit. You lose focus on having plate discipline and you strike out again, swinging at a ball out of the zone. There are countless other scenarios of negative, reaction-based behaviors that we have all seen at every level, fairly frequently. The goal is to limit such reactions as much as possible and if we do experience these negative emotions, to be able to shift our perspective and behavior quickly. This is accomplished by activating the cerebral cortex in which reward neurons are triggered, resulting in the strengthening of our rationality and emotional resilience. In order to activate our cerebral cortex, there are several methods we can use, but one of the easiest and quickest is a psychological practice called Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT). Don't let the term "therapy" scare you as a long and complicated approach. CBT simply implements different strategies that targets solving current problems as we learn to change unhelpful negative patterns of thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, and actions. It all begins with awareness as we need to be able to immediately recognize the result and understand why that result has occurred. From there, we need to be conscious of our immediate reaction/behavior towards that result. Finally, we need to be aware of what our adjustment is to execute our task. The following example easily demonstrates this ability: Recognized result: As a right-handed pitcher, my change-up was left high and was flat Recognize why this happened: Before I threw this pitch, I was focused on making the ball travel slower than my fastball, so I slowed down my body and arm action. Recognizing reaction: After throwing a poor and flat change-up: I sighed briefly and snapped my fingers in slight frustration as I knew I could do better. (negative response) I got back on the mound to try again. (neutral response) I accepted the fact that I missed my spot and went on to addressing my correction to fix the problem immediately, knowing that I am capable of executing this. (positive response) Recognizing correction: To execute correctly, I need to throw the change-up with just as much intensity with my arm and body as my fastball. I also need to have just as much confidence in this pitch as any other, and know that I can execute this pitch well. This does not need to be a long, drawn out process. Instead, it usually takes under 15 seconds of contemplative thinking. As you continue to practice this method more and more, you will find that you will be able to go through CBT in all of 5 seconds. The more you practice this, the more you will find that a majority of you corrections stem from a quick mental adjustment as your mental well-being has a huge influence on your ability to physically perform. A major part of being aware of our reactions and behaviors is simply the recognition of the cause and effect of energy. Generally speaking, when we respond to any event with positive energy, good things happen, or we at least give ourselves the best chance to have a positive result. On the flip side, when our behavior, perspective, or energy is negative, just the opposite tends to happen. Let me be perfectly clear, we as human beings will never be positive all of the time. This is an unrealistic goal. In fact, negative reactions are usually moments that give us the opportunity to learn and grow. Without them, our growth as athletes and coaches, mentally and emotionally, would be drastically stunted. However, when you are aware that your reaction is negative, you can rationally address and adjust this behavior by asking yourself two easy questions: one, does reacting this way help execute my next task? and two, does reacting this way make me feel good? When we are negatively emotionally reacting to any result, the answer to these questions are normally both no. By understanding these simple concepts, we can decide whether or not we are willing to create a different result and feeling. The important concept here is to know you are capable, to know you have the answer, to know that execution is simply a choice and not magic or luck. Unfortunately, the National Science Foundation published research in 2005 that has found that our brain functions in a negative space as much as 80% of the time, so we are subconsciously programmed to react this way most of the time without even realizing it. Even worse, 95% of these negative thoughts are the same ones as the day before, so we are constantly training our brain to operate in this negative field. Even when we succeed at something, we tend to leave room for doubt when we attempt that same feat again. But why? We know that if you are physically capable to doing something once, then you are capable of repeating the same thing time and time again. Herein, lie mental blocks; the time where it just seems easier to go back to what we are used to, operating in a space of fear, uncertainty, and wishful hope, instead of letting rational thoughts dictate your physical execution. When we are willing to implement positive change (or even a more neutral stance as opposed to a negative), we see immediate growth and improvement. Each time we do this, no matter how big or small, we are training our brain to be more emotionally resilient and rational, changing our subconscious behavior and allowing ourselves to reach our true potential.Although all of this information is valuable, it does us no help if we don't know how to implement it. Outlined below are a few tips for both athletes and coaches in how to readjust our mindset time and time again with consistency to achieve the result that we want and for which we work so hard. Practice the CBT strategy during batting practice, bullpens, or while waiting in line for your next ground ball at practice. After each round of batting practice, each bullpen pitch, or after each ground ball, briefly recap: The result of your batting practice, pitch, or ground ball What was your immediate reaction to your performance? If negative, does it help fix the problem and does it make you feel good? What is your adjustment, either physically or mentally? Remember, this could be as simple as being more positive in your approach. Decide if you are willing to execute. Studies have also shown that when we refer to ourselves in the third person through self-talk (i.e. "Brian's got this" as opposed to "I got this") results in an improvement of self-confidence and ability to perform under stressful situations. This is due to a psychological strategy called "self-distancing" which allows us to separate from anxiety-producing or stressful events, lessening the likelihood of falling victim to any preconceived fear or doubt. Through this distance, we can take a more analytical and objective perspective. Use self-talk in the third person whenever you are about to perform any athletic task. Don't underestimate the power of visualization. High-level athletes across all sports use visualization as a tool to get focused on the task at hand. Visualization also helps boost confidence of successful execution. Spend a few moments right before whatever it is you are going to attempt to see yourself executing the skill perfectly in as much detail as possible. Then, simply copy your visualization to make your attempt become reality. Ask yourself questions. If you know you are reacting negatively, ask yourself how it is helping solve the problem and if it is making you feel good. Ask yourself what the correction is. Ask yourself if you are capable of executing and if you have done it before. If the answer to the last question is yes, then you know you can do it. Now you just have to go out and be willing to perform. When making corrections, for your athletes, highlight the positive first then move to the correction. Starting in reverse with the negative or the desired correction will most likely lead the athlete to go into a "defense mode" and will not process your correction fully, resulting in another mistake and more frustration. Stay emotionally level and limit emotional-reactivity throughout games and practice. Understand that an athlete isn't trying to mess up and more times than not, they are perfectly aware of their mistakes. Perpetually highlighting mistakes without offering productive resolutions helps no one. For those athletes who continue to make mistakes due to a lack of effort or focus, implement player accountability. Whether that means extra conditioning work due to lack of effort or a decrease in playing time, communicate your standards of effort and explain how you plan to hold them accountable. "I don't know" is not an acceptable answer when asking why or why not an athlete did or did not do something. By the time a child is five-years-old, the brain has been developed proficiently enough to have the skill set of self-awareness and cognition. Having said that, any time after this age, an athlete has the ability to consciously control actions and also reflect on any action or inaction. "I don't know" becomes an easy and lazy answer as opposed to using critical thinking skills to actively recognize behaviors and productively solve problems. Each day, we are provided with countless opportunities to work on our mental resolve and emotional resilience. By simply being aware of how we react, we are already taking steps to improve. No matter how grand of seemingly minimal our reactions are to any given situation, it is an opportunity to be aware and to analyze the cause and effect of our mindset. Just remember, don't compound a negative situation by berating yourself for reacting negatively. Patience, understanding, and practice are key principles to self-improvement, whether physically, mentally, or emotionally.

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- Blue Room (White House) The Blue Room is one of three state parlors on the first floor in the White House, the home of the President of the United States. It is distinct for its oval shape. The room is used for receptions, receiving lines, and is occasionally set for small dinners. It is traditionally decorated in shades of blue. With the Yellow Oval Roomabove it and the Diplomatic Reception Roombelow it, the Blue Room is one of three ovalrooms in James Hoban's original design for the White House. The Blue Room is furnished in the French Empire style, similar to how it appeared shortly after the rebuilding of the White House following its burning by the British on August 25, 1814 during the War of 1812. A series of redecorating through the 19th century caused most of the original pieces to be sold or lost. Today much of the furniture is original to the room. Eight pieces of gilded European beechfurniture purchased during the administration of James Monroefurnish the room, including a bergère(an armchairwith enclosed sides) and several fauteuils (an open wood-frame armchair). The suite of furniture was produced in Paris around 1812 by the cabinetmaker Pierre-Antoine Bellangé, and reproduction side chairs and armchairs was made by Maison Jansenin 1961 during the Kennedy restoration. A marble-top center table has been in the White House since it was purchased by Monroe in 1817. A c. 1817 gilded bronze clockwith a figure of Hannibal, by Deniére et Matelinsits on the mantel. The early-19th-century French chandelieris made of gilded-wood and cut glass, encircled with acanthus leaves. Acquired during the Kennedy Administration, it previously hung in the President's Dining Roomon the Second Floor. George Peter Alexander Healy's 1859 portrait of John Tylerhangs on the west wall above the Monroe sofa. The sapphire blue fabric used for the draperies and furniture upholstery was chosen by Mrs. Clinton. The silkupholstery fabric retains the gold eagle medallionon the chair backs which was adapted from the depiction of one of the Monroe-era chairs in a portrait of James Monroe. The painting however depicts the chair upholstered in crimson, not blue, showing the original color used for the room. Design of the blue satin draperies is derived from early-19th-century French patterns. The present drapery design is similar to those installed during the administration of Richard Nixon. Clement Conger, White House Curator at that time, used archive materials from the Society for the Protection of New England Antiquities and the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Department of Decorative Arts as patterns for the drapery. The walls are hung with a chamois-colored wallpaperimprinted with medallions of burnished gold. It is adapted from an early-19th-century American Empire wallpaper having French influences. The upper border is a faux printed blue fabric drapery swag. The faux fabric border is similar in effect to an actual fabric border installed during the administration of John F. Kennedy. The printed dado border along the chair railis blue and gold with rosettes. Installation of a new oval carpet, based on early-19th-century designs, completed the renovation project. The design was adapted from an original design for a neoclassical English carpet of about 1815, the period of the furnishings acquired by Monroe for the Blue Room. The elliptical salon During the administration of John Adams, the Blue Room served as the south entrance hall, though it has always functioned as the principal reception room of the White House. During the administration of James Madison, architect Benjamin Latrobedesigned a suite of classical-revival furniture for the room, but the furnishings were destroyed in the fire of 1814 (see War of 1812). When the White House was rebuilt, President James Monroe redecorated the room in the French Empire style. Martin Van Burenhad the room decorated in blue in 1837, and it has remained the tradition ever since, although many administrations have made changes to the decoration. During the administration of James Buchanan the room was refurnished in a Victorian style called Rococo Revival, and a series of increasingly complex highly patterned styles followed until 1902 when the room was returned to an Empire style by Charles Follen McKimduring the administration of Theodore Roosevelt. The Blue Room was completely disassembled and rebuilt during the renovations of the Harry Trumanadministration. The addition of the Truman Balcony provided shade to the oval porticooutside the Blue Room. The Kennedy administration restoration brought the return of several original Monroe-era chairs designed by Pierre-Antoine Bellangé as well as a pier table, also a part of the Bellangé French Empire suite of furniture. Reproductions of the Monroe armchairs and side chairs were made by Maison Jansen. A French Empire crystal chandelier and four black and gilded bronze wall sconces of the same period were added, as were a pair of gilded bronze winged torcheres. The walls were hung in a striped cream-colored silk satin. A swagged festoonvalance of blue silk, woven at the New York workshop of Franco Scalamandré, was hung just below the room's cove moulding. The valance was trimmed in a woven decorative tape in a pattern of medallions reproduced from an early 19th century design and silk bobbin fringe. The same blue silk was used for the drapery fabric. The simple panel drapery was trimmed in galloonand the woven tape used in the valance. Drapery trim and tasseltie-backs were also manufactured by Scalamandre. Upholstery fabric was woven in France by Tassinari et Chatel under the direction of Stephane Boudin of Maison Jansen. A rectangular antique French Empire carpet manufactured at Savonnerie in shades of blue, gold and pink covered the center of the floor. Portraits of early presidents, including one of Thomas Jeffersonby Rembrandt Pealewere hung on the south wall between the windows. The room's ceiling moulding, door frames, dado and wainscot panels were highlighted in gold leaf, a treatment popular during the Empire period, that helped unify the gilded seating pieces with the room itself. Nixon and Clinton refurbishment The current appearance of the Blue Room is the result of a renovation and refurbishing completed in 1995 by the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, the White House Office of the Curator, and funded by the White House Endowment Trust. It followed a complete redecoration by Mrs. Nixon in 1971 which retained the Bellange pieces of Monroe but saw the walls covered with wallpaper for the first time since the early 19th century. References and further reading * Abbott, James A. "A Frenchman in Camelot: The Decoration of the Kennedy White House by Stéphane Boudin." Boscobel Restoration Inc.: 1995. ISBN 0-9646659-0-5. * Abbott James A., and Elaine M. Rice. "Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration." Van Nostrand Reinhold: 1998. ISBN 0-442-02532-7. * Abbott, James A. "Jansen." Acanthus Press: 2006. ISBN 0-926494-33-3. * Clinton, Hillary Rodham. "An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History." Simon & Schuster: 2000. ISBN 0-684-85799-5. * Garrett, Wendell. "Our Changing White House." Northeastern University Press: 1995. ISBN 1-55553-222-5. * Kenny, Peter M., Frances F. Bretter and Ulrich Leben. "Honoré Lannuier Cabinetmaker from Paris: The Life and Work of French" Ébiniste "in Federal New York." The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and Harry Abrams: 1998. ISBN 0-87099-836-6. * Leish, Kenneth. "The White House." Newsweek Book Division: 1972. ISBN 0-88225-020-5. * Monkman, Betty C. "The White House: The Historic Furnishing & First Families." Abbeville Press: 2000. ISBN 0-7892-0624-2. * Seale, William. "The President's House." White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 1986. ISBN 0-912308-28-1. * Seale, William, "The White House: The History of an American Idea." White House Historical Association: 1992, 2001. ISBN 0-912308-85-0. * West, J.B. with Mary Lynn Kotz. "Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies." Coward, McCann & Geoghegan: 1973. SBN 698-10546-X. * Wolff, Perry. "A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy." Doubleday & Company: 1962. * "Exhibition Catalogue, Sale 6834: The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23-26, 1996." Sothebys, Inc.: 1996. * "The White House: An Historic Guide." White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. ISBN 0-912308-79-6. * [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/whtour/blue.html White House Web site for the Blue Room] * [http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/floor1/blue-room.htm White House Museum's Blue Room page] , with many historical pictures Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Look at other dictionaries: Map Room (White House) — The Map Room looking southwest during the administration of Bill Clinton … Wikipedia Red Room (White House) — The Red Room is one of three state parlors on the first floor in the White House, the home of the President of the United States. The room has served as a parlor and music room, and recent presidents have held small dinner parties in it. It has… … Wikipedia Green Room (White House) — The Green Room is one of three state parlors on the first floor in the White House, the home of the President of the United States. It is used for small receptions and teas. During a state dinner guests are served cocktails in the three state… … Wikipedia Diplomatic Reception Room (White House) — West side of the Diplomatic Reception Room showing the panoramic Zuber et Cie wallpaper Scenes of North America … Wikipedia Blue Room — may refer to: In music: * Blue Room (song), a popular 1926 song written by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, featured in The Girl Friend and Words and Music , also recorded by Perry Como * Blue Room (The Orb), a 1994 ambient house single by the… … Wikipedia White House Office of the Curator — A marble bust of George Washington by sculptor Giuseppe Ceracchi (1751–1801) receives conservation work in the China Room … Wikipedia Blue Room — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Blue Room (homonymie). La Blue Room, remeublée en 1995 sous le mandat de Bill Clinton … Wikipédia en Français Blue Room (Maison Blanche) — Blue Room Pour les articles homonymes, voir Blue Room (homonymie). La Blue Room, remeublée en 1995 sous le mandat de Bill Clinton … Wikipédia en Français White House Chief Floral Designer — White House Chief Florist Nancy Clarke completes an arrangement of white lilies, white roses, hydrangea, and limes before a dinner in the State Dining Room … Wikipedia White House Chief Usher — is the title of the head of household staff and operations at the White House, the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. The Chief Usher is, by description, charged with the responsibility for the… … Wikipedia

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10 Ridiculously Dangerous Chemicals Although they make up almost everything around and inside us, chemicals suffer from a bad reputation. While it’s true that some chemicals can be beneficial, all chemicals can be hazardous under the right conditions. The chemicals on this list, however, are risky to be around even under ideal conditions. 10 Ethidium Bromide To be a biologist today, you have to learn the tricks of working with DNA. The problem is that DNA is stubbornly invisible at the concentrations in which most people use it. If you want to isolate fragments of DNA, you have to dye it. Ethidium bromide is an ideal dye for DNA. It fluoresces beautifully and binds tightly to DNA. What more could you want? How about a compound that does not cause cancer? Ethidium bromide dyes DNA by slotting between the base pairs. This causes breaks in the DNA as the presence of ethidium bromide causes strains in the structure. These breaks become sites for mutation. Mutations tend to be undesirable. You also have to use UV light, another cancer-causing agent, to visualize the dye, which does not make ethidium bromide any safer. Now many researchers who work with DNA prefer to use safer compounds to stain DNA. Lead, mercury, and all their elemental friends cause a variety of health problems when introduced into the human body. In some forms, the heavy metals can pass through the body without being absorbed. In others, they are readily taken up. Once inside, the troubles begin. Dimethylcadmium causes severe skin burns and eye damage. It is also an environmental poison which builds up in tissues. If the physiological effects were not already bad enough, the chemical is flammable in liquid and gaseous forms. Exposure to air is enough to ignite it, and water makes it generate more flammable compounds. Burning dimethylcadmium generates cadmium oxide—another chemical with fearsome risks. As well as causing cancer, cadmium oxide exposure can cause a flu-like illness known as “metal fume fever.” VX, the common name for Venomous Agent X, is a chemical that has no uses outside of chemical weaponry. Developed by the British at the weapon research station at Porton Down, the chemical is an odorless, tasteless compound that is deadly in amounts as small as 10 milligrams. The British government traded knowledge of VX with the US for information on making thermonuclear weapons. VX is easily taken up by skin exposure. It does not readily break down in the environment, so an attack with VX could lead to long-term exposure risks. Clothes worn during exposure could be enough to cause toxicity in those who come into contact with them. Exposure to VX kills by constantly activating glands and muscles. Death comes when the respiratory system fails. 7 Sulfur Trioxide Sulfur trioxide is a precursor to sulfuric acid and is required for some sulfonation reactions. If sulfur trioxide was not useful, then no sane scientist would keep it around. As can be seen in the video above, sulphur trioxide is caustic in the extreme when it comes into contact with organic matter. When sulfur trioxide reacts with water (which makes up most of the human body), it creates sulfuric acid and heat. Even if sulfur trioxide does not hit your flesh, just being near the reaction is dangerous. Sulfuric acid fumes do bad things to the lungs. Spilling sulfur trioxide on organic material like paper or wood creates a toxic fire. Batrachotoxin is a complex-looking molecule which is so lethal that 136 millionths of a gram would be deadly to a 68-kilogram (150 lb) human. To put this in perspective, that is about two grains of salt. This puts batrachotoxin among the most toxic of all chemicals. Batrachotoxin binds to the sodium channels in nerve cells. The role of these channels is vital in muscle and nerve functions. By forcing these channels open, this chemical removes all muscle control from the organism. Batrachotoxin is found in the skin of tiny poison arrow frogs. Some Native American tribes hunt by dipping their darts in the poison secreted by the frogs. Hitting their prey with these darts incapacitates the prey and lets the hunters gather up their prey at their leisure. 5 Dioxygen Difluoride Dioxygen difluoride is a terrifying chemical which also goes by the charming nickname FOOF because it is two fluorine atoms joined by two oxygen atoms. In 1962, chemist A.G. Streng published a paper called “The Chemical Properties of Dioxygen Difluoride.” Although the title may not be thrilling, Streng’s experiments certainly were. FOOF must be made at a very low temperature as it breaks down when it boils at around -57 degrees Celsius (-71 °F). During his experiments, Streng found that FOOF reacted explosively with organic compounds, even at -183 degrees Celsius (-297 °F). With chlorine, FOOF caused a violent explosion, and contact with platinum caused a similar effect. In fact, the results section of Streng’s paper is filled with the words “flash,” “spark,” “explosion,” “violent,” and “flame” in various combinations. Remember, all this is taking place at temperatures in which most chemicals sit happily inert. 4 Potassium Cyanide Cyanide is a simple molecule—just a carbon atom triple bonded to a nitrogen atom. Being small, cyanide can slip into many places in proteins, and almost none of them turn out well for us. Cyanide particularly likes to bond with the iron atoms at the center of hemeproteins. One hemeprotein is very useful to us: hemoglobin, the protein that carries the oxygen in our blood. Cyanide knocks out hemoglobin’s ability to transport oxygen. When potassium cyanide comes into contact with water, it breaks down to hydrogen cyanide, which is easily absorbed by the body. This gas smells like bitter almonds, although not everyone is able to smell it. Due to its quick action, potassium cyanide has been the chemical of choice for suicide for many people. British agents in World War II carried pills of potassium cyanide in case of capture, and many high-ranking Nazis used potassium cyanide to escape justice. Two drops of dimethylmercury can—and have—proved fatal. In 1996, Karen Wetterhahn was studying the effects of heavy metals in organisms. Heavy metals in their metallic form are quite hard for living things to take up. Although it is not recommended, you could dip your hand in liquid mercury with few ill effects. So to introduce mercury to DNA, Wetterhahn used dimethylmercury, a mercury atom with two organic groups attached. During her work, Wetterhahn spilled one drop, possibly two, on her latex glove. Within six months, she was dead. Wetterhahn was an experienced professor who had taken all the recommended precautions. But the dimethylmercury seeped through her gloves in fewer than five seconds and through her skin in 15 seconds. The chemical left no obvious marks, and Wetterhahn only noticed side effects months later when it was already too late to treat. A colleague who saw Wetterhahn on her deathbed described the scene: “She was thrashing about. Her husband saw tears rolling down her face. I asked if she was in pain. The doctors said it didn’t appear that her brain could even register pain.” 2 Chlorine Trifluoride Chlorine and fluorine individually are nasty elements. It turns out that combining them into chlorine trifluoride makes them much worse. Chlorine trifluoride is a chemical so corrosive that it cannot be stored in glass. It is such a strong oxidizing agent that it will burn things that will not ignite with oxygen. Even the ashes of things already burned in oxygen will catch fire when exposed to chorine trifluoride. It does not even need a source of ignition. When 900 kilograms (2,000 lb) of chlorine trifluoride were spilled in an industrial accident, the chemical dissolved 0.3 meters (1 ft) of concrete and 1 meter (3 ft) of gravel beneath that. The only (relatively) safe way to store this chemical is in a metal container which has already been treated with fluorine. This creates a fluoride barrier with which the chlorine trifluoride cannot react. When chlorine trifluoride meets water, the chemical reacts explosively. It generates heat and hydrofluoric acid. 1 Hydrofluoric Acid Everyone who works in chemistry hears the horror stories about hydrofluoric acid. In the technical sense, hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid that does not give up its hydrogen ion readily. As a result, it will not give you a chemical burn rapidly. This makes hydrofluoric acid that much more insidious. Being relatively neutral, it will pass through the skin without your immediate notice and enter the body. Once there, the hydrofluoric acid will get to work. When the acid does give up its proton, it leaves the fluorine to react with other chemicals. These reactions are generally transient, so the fluorine swoops in, causes damage, and is then released to wreak more havoc. One of fluorine’s favorite targets is calcium. Therefore, hydrofluoric acid causes bone death. It also removes the calcium necessary for cardiac function. When a victim is left untreated, death is likely to be brutal and long.

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How vulnerable is the water in each watershed to localized pollution sources? Why is this important for water quality? Known locations with the potential to produce and disperse contaminants are a threat to surface water and groundwater quality. A wide variety of chemical, nutrient and temperature impairments occur from these sources. Pollutants may move directly into streams as contaminanted runoff, infiltrate into groundwater, or discharge from wastewater or industrial processing. Note: For this index, the term 'localized source' refers to a known contaminant risk location. Some of these sources do not discharge to surface water and do not meet the statutory section 502(14) 'point source' definition of the Clean Water Act. Examples of localized pollution potential: • Wastewater treatment plants may serve populations that exceed their design capacity and become a major contributor of phosphorus to streams, which may cause excessive plant growth (Johnes et al. 1996). • Open-pit mines that remove sulfur-bearing waste rock contribute acid mine drainage, which may result in the death of fish and insects in receiving streams. Nitrous oxides, sulfides, and mercury may be released during processing of ore. • Feedlots present a risk to water quality because of potential contamination from excess nutrients, microbial pathogens and pharmaceuticals present in the animal waste (Burkholder et al. 2007). Localized Pollution Source Index Creating the Index - Calculating the index This index quantifies the density of localized potential pollution sources at the catchment and watershed scale. This density identifies the relative potential for impacts to water quality. Six localized potential sources are quantified as inputs for this index: - registered animal feedlots (feedlots with 50+ animal units; or 10+ animal units in shoreland areas) - potential contaminant sites (MPCA database, site type detail below) - superfund sites (federal and state listed; active and inactive sites) - wastewater treatment plants (phosphorus, nitrogen and CBOD discharge loads) - open pit mines (Mesabi range) - septic systems (estimate based on domestic wells in the County Well Inventory) This metric totals the number of animal units (AU) in registered feedlots in each catchment (September, 2014 data). The animal unit count is divided by catchment land area to calculate AU/acre. (1 AU = 1000 lb dairy cow equivalent.) Scores are scaled from 0 to 100, with a density of .75 AU/acre or greater = 0; no registered feedlots = 100. Potential Contaminant Metric: Potential contaminants are identified from a database managed by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (October, 2014 data). Sites that are included vary in the severity of the risk but are all deemed to be a threat to water quality. The contaminant types included in the index are: - air pollution sources, - hazardous waste producers and disposal sites, - petroleum tanks and tank leak sites, - solid waste dumps and landfills, - contaminated sites that are under remediation - industrial and construction storm water permit sites. The total number of sites is divided by catchment land area. Scores range from 0 to 100; with the 95th percentile density (1.87 points/km2) or greater = 0; no sites present = 100. Superfund Site Metric: This metric uses a combination of federal and state listed superfund sites, including both active and inactive locations. Total number of sites is divided by catchment land area. Scores range from 0 to 90; with the 95th percentile density or greater = 0 and a maximum score of 90 indicating some level of risk when one superfund site is present. Wastewater Treatment Plant Metric: This metric measures phosphorus, nitrogen and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) discharge loads for WWTPs based on NPDES permit reports. The quantity of the three effluents is summed for each catchment and the relative quantity of effluent discharged within the catchment boundary is calculated. Where WWTPs are present, but no quantity was measured for that particular effluent, the catchment receives no score. The score for each effluent type is based on 0 = the 95th percentile of the load totals; remaining values are scaled from 0-100. Septic Systems Metric: The domestic wells listed in the County Well Index (CWI) are used to approximate septic system location. Given these data assumptions and lack of historic records, this metric provides a conservative estimate of actual septic system density. The metric score is based on well density per km of land area in a catchment. Scores range from 0 to 100, with a the 95th percentile density (15.587 wells/km2 ) or greater = 0; no wells present = 100. Open Pit Mines Metric: The extent of disturbed land from open pit mining activity is compared to the total land area for each catchment that contains mining activity. Open pit mining data is available for the Mesabi iron range area of Minnesota, the only area in Minnesota with open pit mining for metals. Gravel, aggregate and sand mines have different environmental impacts and are not included in this localized source metric. Scores range from 0 to 100, with 15% disturbed land area = 0; no land disturbed by mining = 100. Localized Pollution Source Index: The six catchment values are combined and averaged for a catchment scale Localized Pollution Source Index score. Major Watershed Scale The major watershed scale Localized Pollution Source Index uses an area weighted average of the catchment scores. Each catchment score is multiplied by the catchment area. The product for all catchment metrics within a watershed are summed and divided by the area of that major watershed. - Ranking and scoring There is significant scientific literature to support a qualitative relationship between contaminant sources and water quality within a watershed. However, there is little scientific literature to define quantitative relationships or thresholds between the density of sources and impacts to watershed water quality. Thus, in most cases the density of each localized source type is used to scale from 0 (less desirable condition) to 100 (no point source present or most desirable condition). The zero value is set at the 95th percentile to avoid high density outliers from skewing the remaining range of results. A literature-based threshold of .75 Animal Units per acre was used as the zero value for the feedlot metrc. The ability to recycle manure on agricultural lands reduces the risk of contamination to surface waters. Research suggests that when cow manure is spread at rates exceeding .75 AU, excess phosphorous is being applied and there is a heightened risk for contaminating surface waters (Saam, Mark Powell, Jackson-Smith, Bland, & Posner, 2005). This value is considered a conservative threshold for the feedlot metric as the density is scaled to total catchment land area, not only cropland. The combined Localized Pollution Source Index at the catchment scale is the average of the catchment scores for all metrics combined. The combined index has a range of scores from from 0 to 100. - Overview of results Open pit and taconite mines are found in northeast Minnesota. The land area of each pit and associated land disturbance is used to calculate the percent disturbed land area per catchment. A threshold of 15% disturbance is used as a '0' score. The scores show a range of disturbance to catchments with mining activity. Wastewater discharge sites include municipal and industrial discharge and are most concentrated near the metropolitan areas of the Twin Cities, Rochester and Duluth, as well as the mineral processing areas in the northern Iron Range. Feedlots are heavily concentrated in the southern half of Minnesota, as well as in a corridor toward the northwest, particularly in the Sauk River watershed. The highest density of potential contaminant sites and superfund sites are clustered around metropolitan areas and are primarily manufacturing and industrial facilities. The more dispersed contaminant sites found throughout Minnesota include un-permitted dumps, city landfills, industrial and manufacturing sites. The septic system metric uses the presence of a domestic well as a surrogate for the presence of an individual septic system; based on the assumption that these dwellings to not have access to public sewer and water services. The pattern shows housing expanding north of the Twin Cities and into the St. Croix River basin, cabins and lake homes in north central Minnesota, and wide-spread pockets of rural subdivisions. - Interpretation of results The combined Localized Pollution Source Index at the catchment scale shows the distribution and density of a wide variety of pollution sources. Water quality impairments from nutrients, chemicals, temperature, and other by-products of human activities are most likely to occur in those areas with the highest density of contaminant generation. The highest density condition occurs in the Twin Cities Metropolitan area. The lowest density of localized pollutions sources is found across northern Minnesota outside of the mining areas. Some forest products industries also show potential for localized impacts. Looking at each catchment scale metric individually shows different statewide patterns of vulnerability. Water quality is vulnerable in the northeast due to mineral extraction and processing; water in the southern two-thirds is vulnerable to the high density of animal feedlots. The southeast corner of the state faces additional risk due to the karst landscape, steep topography and valley streams, which increases the likelihood for both ground water contamination and overland runoff into surface waters. - Relationship to other health components Stormwater and wastewater permits for discharging water into streams and other surface water can change flow patterns and impact the timing and duration of high and low flows. Open pit mining activity can alter the direction of surface water flow, create large water storage features and remove permanent vegetation. Water quality degradation due to chemical or pharmaceutical contaminants can result in populations of aquatic organisms that are unable to reproduce. These contaminants effectively disconnect aquatic systems by creating chemical “barriers” or locations within which some organisms cannot survive and disconnects the remaining populations. Pollutants interact in different ways based on the pH, temperature, sediment load, available sunlight and other characteristics. The soil type and slope of the landscape have a large influence on the sediment load in streams and the way in which contaminated sediment moves and deposits within surface waters. The presence of karst geologic features such as sinkholes, springs and seeps increases the transport speed of contaminants to surface and groundwater. Thus, the geomorphic setting influences the impact of different pollutants on the health of the system. Pollution can impact biological communities by directly affecting the health of plants and animals. Chemicals and hormone disruptors can reduce fertility and feminize male fish. Toxins in the air, water and soil that bioaccumulate through the food chain have broad unforeseen consequences. Heavy metals, e.g., cadmium or nickel, released in industrial or mining discharges can result in mortality of aquatic organisms at very low concentrations. - Scientific literature support The influence of point source pollutants on water quality were well known when the Clean Water Act was authorized (Karr 1981). Although the number of point sources has been reduced, a number of contaminants are still discharged and pose a threat to surface water and groundwater quality. Aquatic life (class 2) standards for water quality are often more stringent than drinking water standards (class 1) for many pollutants, so class 2 standards help protect drinking water as well. A wide variety of chemical, nutrient and temperature impairments occur from point sources including wastewater treatment plants, feedlots, landfills, and mines. Moreover, many older sewage treatment plants may now serve much larger populations than their design capacity with consequent reduction in treatment efficiency, which are a major contributor of phosphorus to streams (Johnes et al. 1996). Pollutants, sources and impacts: Excess phosphorus increases algal blooms and productivity (Moore 2007), which ultimately leads to reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations when plants die and decompose. Low dissolved oxygen can affect fish growth and give competitive advantage to tolerant species (Annear et al. 2004). The threshold for impairment in Minnesota for warmwater streams (Class 2Bd, B, C, D) is 5 mg/L (Moore 2007). The effluent limit where point sources discharge directly into the water is 1 mg/L. Elevated levels of ammonia, such as from wastewater can deplete the dissolved oxygen in the water and cause fish kills. Un-ionized ammonia (NH3) is toxic to aquatic biota at elevated levels where sensitive species and early life stages of fish are affected first (Moore 2007). The chronic standard for coldwater streams in Minnesota (Class 2 A) is 0.016 mg/L unionized ammonia and 0.04 mg/L for warmwater streams (Class 2Bd, B, C, D). In rural streams, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen comes from leaky septic tanks and effluent from wastewater treatment plants (Gary et al. 1983). Chloride enters waters from industrial and wastewater treatment plant effluents (Moore 2007). Chloride may interfere with the osmoregulatory capacity of organisms and is considered a pollutant. The Class 2 chronic standard for chloride is 230 mg/L. Heavy metals, such as mercury, aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, selenium, chromium or cadmium, may be found in waterways and at elevated concentrations they can bioaccumulate in fish. Copper, lead and zinc are the most common metals found in the water and mortality of aquatic organisms may occur at very low concentrations. Sources for these metals include industrial wastewater, discharge from old landfills, or mining discharges, while aluminum is associated with industrial discharges (Welch et al. 1998). Metal concentrations increase in storm water flow in urbanized areas from corrosion of car parts and pipes. Feedlots present a risk to water quality because of potential contamination from excess nutrients (primarily nitrogen and phosphorus), microbial pathogens, endocrine disruptors, and pharmaceuticals present in the animal waste (Burkholder et al. 2007). A threshold of .75 animal unit per acre of land was used as the "0" threshold value for scoring the feedlot metric at the catchment scale. This threshold is a conservative interpretation of a study estimating manure recycling ability of Wisconsin dairy farms. (Saam et al. 2005) Thermal pollution from heated water discharge without regard to other pollutants can reduce growth in trout and other coldwater species. Fleming and Quilty (2007) found an increase from 15.2 to 15.9°C in daily mean stream temperature doubled the risk to aquatic biota and this risk grew exponentially with increasing stream temperatures. - Confidence in index There is a well documented relationship between potential pollution sources and impacts to water quality from Minnesota and multiple locations around the world. The contaminant sources that are found in the effluent from point sources can be measured directly in receiving waters and many studies have quantified these inputs. The ranking and scoring of pollution sources that reach surface waters in other ways is based on a count of sites by type to create a density per watershed land area. There is no attempt to weigh the relative risk associated with different types of pollutants or different size sites. The score from each type of potential pollution source was ranked from 0 to 100 prior to combining into an overall score. This approach allowed the different input types to have equal weight in the final score despite greatly different range in site numbers. In reality, the risk from each localized source varies greatly. Much more information about specific site characteristics, as well as location relative to surface and ground water, would be needed to quantify the variability of risk. - Future enhancements This index contains a very wide variety of potential contaminant sites and weights them equally. Points could be ranked based on site type, location, remediation actions, proximity to water, volume of discharge, and type of contaminant. Additional contaminant sources that are currently not scored could be included. This index quantifies the density of a variety of potential pollution sources for each catchment (subwatershed). This information could be improved further by quantifying all potential localized sources that are in catchments upstream of any given site in the watershed.

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Let’s talk about exposure. It’s a concept that can be difficult to get your head around, particularly if you’ve already been confused by the numbers and jargon associated with photography! Basically, the idea behind exposure is easy – it relates to the amount of light that reaches your camera’s sensor in order to create an image. If you can master the ins and outs of this, then you will find yourself in complete creative control over what is illuminated in your photograph and what isn’t, giving you the power to convey mood in your photos with the simplicity of lighting. In this beginner’s guide to exposure, we will make it easy for you to understand how to use your camera’s settings to properly expose a photograph of the landscape, allowing you to create truly amazing images that will effectively tell the story of your unique experience in Iceland. There are three main things for you to know about exposure, which work together to provide enough light for your camera’s sensor to record an image. These are the aperture, shutter speed and ISO. When grouped together, we refer to these settings as the “exposure triangle”. Aperture refers to how wide you open up the diaphragm within your lens, which in turn affects how much light is allowed in to your camera’s sensor. The aperture is expressed as a series of “f stops”, ranging from large to small. A large or open aperture such as f/1.4 will let in a lot of light to the sensor, whereas a smaller or closed aperture such as f/22 won’t let in very much light at all. However, when you adjust your camera’s aperture, you aren’t just adjusting the amount of light that reaches your camera’s sensor. You are also selecting how much of the landscape will be in focus in your shot. An open aperture will mean that only a small area is in focus, whereas a closed aperture will mean that more of the landscape will be in focus from the foreground to the background of your photograph. A closed aperture will mean nearly everything is in focus. Photo by: 'Iurie Belegurschi'. The shutter is a mechanism within your camera that allows you to let light pass through the sensor for a certain period of time. When you press the shutter button on your camera, the shutter opens, light hits the sensor and then the shutter closes. Slower shutter speeds can create dreamy effects. Photo by: 'Iurie Belegurschi'. When we talk about shutter speed, we are referring to how long you leave the shutter open for. This in turn affects how much light is allowed into your camera’s sensor. The longer the time, the more light that is allowed in. A fast shutter speed like 1/1000th of a second will not let in very much light at all. On the other hand, a slow shutter speed like 2 seconds will let in a lot more light. The ISO on your camera measures the sensitivity of your image sensor. The lower the ISO, the less sensitive it is to light. The higher the ISO, the more sensitive it is, meaning that your resulting image will be brighter. As you increase the sensitivity of your image sensor, you may notice an accompanying increase in the level of noise and grain in your photographs. As such, it is always best to use the lowest ISO that you can when exposing your images. A higher ISO is required for darker environments. Photo by: 'Iurie Belegurschi'. The combination of aperture, shutter speed and ISO in the exposure triangle produces an exposure value (EV) that indicates how much light reaches your camera’s sensor. It is important to have a balance of these three settings within the exposure triangle for a well exposed picture. Changing the values of each parameter will in turn affect the stops of light that reach your camera’s sensor. This unlocks the potential for you to influence the resulting mood of your photographs to suit the story that you want to tell. You can create a moody scene with a darker exposure. Photo by: 'Edwin Martinez'. If you don’t let in enough light to your sensor, then your image may be underexposed and dark. The opposite occurs when you let in too much light, with your image becoming overexposed, or bright. Having said that, there is no real ‘correct’ exposure to dial in to your camera. Whether your photo is bright or dark, if you are able to achieve the effect that you want to convey with your photograph, then the exposure is correct for you. However, for the purpose of discussing exposure, let’s talk about a zero-centred light meter or exposure value (±0EV). A light meter is a device that is used to measure the amount of light in a scene. It can be a standalone device, though these days, it is often built in to your camera. The light meter allows your camera to determine the correct combination of aperture, shutter speed and ISO that will result in a balanced exposure for your picture. When the light meter is zero-centred at ±0EV, it means that the exposure triangle settings reflect an exposure that the light meter considers to be correct. When the light meter moves to the right (e.g. +1EV, +2EV, etc.), it means that you are overexposing the scene. On the other hand, when the light meter moves to the left (e.g. -1EV, -2EV, etc.), it means that you are underexposing the scene. A well-exposed shot of the Northern Lights. Photo by: 'Iurie Belegurschi'. How you choose to meter the light will depend on what you are trying to achieve creatively, in order to calculate the exposure that is most appropriate for the scene. There are generally four different metering modes available on your camera. These are matrix (evaluative) metering, centre-weighted average metering, spot metering and partial metering. When you are spot metering, only a small portion of the image in the centre of the viewfinder or a selected focus point is used in the final calculation of exposure. This method is most useful for high-contrast scenes, where your subject is much darker or brighter than the rest of the frame. Partial metering is similar to spot metering, but with a larger area involved. With centre weighted metering, the camera uses a larger circular area in the centre of your viewfinder to measure the light intensity. This metering method is best used for photographing a subject with high contrast in relation to the background. Evaluative or matrix metering takes into account the entire frame of your image when measuring light intensity and calculating the exposure. This method is most appropriate for scenes with very little contrast. There are a number of different exposure modes on your camera – Automatic, Program, Av, Tv, Manual and Bulb – that tell your camera how to choose the settings within the exposure triangle in order to produce a well exposed scene. When you set your camera to Automatic, it will determine the aperture, shutter speed and ISO settings for you in order to achieve a balanced exposure. The Program mode is very similar, in that it determines the aperture and shutter speed but not the ISO. Aperture priority is like a good friend on a sunny day. Photo by: 'Iurie Belegurschi'. In landscape photography, the Aperture Priority (Av) mode is like a good friend on a sunny or well-lit day. It allows you to choose the aperture, while the camera helps you to achieve your desired exposure by automatically adjusting the shutter speed so that the light meter is centred at ±0EV. You can set your ISO manually if you want, or you can leave it up to the Av mode to select it for you. The brilliant thing about shooting in Av mode is that you can set a particular value for depth of field to control which parts of the landscape you want to be in focus, thereby helping you to tell the story behind the location that you are photographing. On the other hand, Shutter Priority (Tv) mode allows you to choose the shutter speed, while the camera automatically selects an aperture that will result in a well-exposed photo. As with the Av mode, you can set your ISO manually, or leave it up to the camera to select it automatically for you. The Tv mode is most useful for freezing motion or action, such as when an object washes ashore. Diamonds washing ashore. Photo by: 'Iurie Belegurschi'. With Manual mode, you will have complete control over the entire exposure triangle. This mode is best used at night time, when the camera is unable to automatically help you with exposure because there is not enough light. While in Manual mode, you will be able to select the aperture, shutter speed and ISO yourself, in order to achieve a well-balanced exposure. The only limitation of this is that the Manual mode will only allow you to achieve an exposure of 30 seconds or less. If you would like a longer exposure time, then you will need to switch your exposure mode to Bulb, which will allow you to keep the shutter open for as long as you’d like. Manual mode is best for shooting the Northern Lights. Photo by: 'Iurie Belegurschi'. Now that you’ve got an understanding of the exposure triangle, light metering and exposure modes, you can combine them to achieve the exposure that you want. However, keep in mind that each situation will require a different method in order to achieve a well-balanced exposure. For example, capturing a well-exposed photograph of the stars is very different to taking a well-exposed photograph of the landscape during the daytime. Before you begin, make sure to analyse the lighting conditions and the limitations of the scene. Are there areas of dark shadows or bright highlights? This will assist you in choosing a light metering method and to set the parameters of your exposure triangle. Examine the scene for any shadows or bright highlights. Photo by: 'Iurie Belegurschi'. Next, choose the exposure mode that suits the scene best. You will then be able to set the aperture, shutter speed and ISO so that the light meter is centred at ±0EV. After that, take a picture and check the result on your LCD and histogram to see if it matches your creative vision. If your histogram is touching the right side, then it means you are losing data on some of the brighter tones, whereas if it is touching the left side, then you are losing information in the darker tones or shadows. If either your highlights or shadows are touching the sides (we refer to this as “clipping”), then it means that you won’t be able to recover the information, meaning that your highlights or shadows will be too blown-out to retain any detail. When there is clipping, experiment with the shutter speed or ISO until your image is well-exposed. Choose the exposure mode that suits the scene best. Photo by: 'Iurie Belegurschi'. In some situations, you will be able to skip a few of these steps to achieve a well-balanced exposure. For example, when you are photographing at night time, you won’t have to meter the light. This means that you won’t need to worry about selecting a metering mode. All you’ll need to do is to set your camera to Manual and to select your exposure triangle values yourself to achieve your desired exposure. The aim at night time is to capture the stars at the brightest possible exposure, so just remember to set the aperture as wide as it will go (f/2.8 or whatever your lens allows) in order to capture the maximum amount of light within the set shutter speed. To capture more stars, increase your ISO as much as you can without creating too much noise. Take a photo to test your settings and then check your histogram, adjusting the exposure triangle accordingly to achieve a well-exposed shot. Now that you’ve got a basic understanding of exposure, you are well on your way to capturing amazing photos of the landscape in Iceland! It’s as easy as controlling the amount of light that reaches your camera’s sensor in order to create the image that you have in mind. By following this guide, you will be able to use the available light in a scene and to manipulate it in ways that will allow you to convey a sense of mood in your photos. Doing so will enhance the story of your unique experience in Iceland and improve your photography. With ongoing practice, you will learn how to gain complete creative control over your photographs in no time! Are you ready to unleash your photography skills in-field? Check out our 11-Day Northern Lights Photo Workshop Around Iceland!

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While there was European settlement in the area in the mid 1800s, the town of Murgon wasn’t established until the early 1900s. It began as a railway town, enabling a timber industry to develop, with dairying not far behind. Today it services the surrounding farming community, which includes beef production, olive groves and vineyards. Murgon has also kept a connection with its Indigenous history, with the settlement of Cherbourg not far away and a strong Indigenous presence among the town’s population. Murgon is close to one of the most significant fossil sites in Australia. The area has yielded many specimens of vertebrate fauna from around 55 million years ago. - Population – 2,378 - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander percentage of population – 18.8% - Closest major town/city – Kingaroy (45 km) - Distance from airport – 169 km (Sunshine Coast); 257 km (Brisbane) - Cinemas – 0 - Cafes/restaurants – 9 - Pubs/bars – 2 - Primary schools – 2 - Secondary schools – 1 - Tertiary education providers – 0 - Annual average maximum temperature – 25.8°C - Annual average minimum temperature – 11.3°C Sitting in a hilly, forested area north of Kingaroy in the South Burnett region, Murgon is located on the Bunya Highway (Route 49). Lake Barambah, a man-made lake to the town’s south, is a popular recreation area and supplies the town’s water. Overall, Murgon’s population is relatively old, with almost a quarter aged 65 and over. This is almost 10 percent more than the statewide figure, and there is also a high number of widowed in the population. While the number of children in the town is similar to other parts of Queensland, there are fewer young adults. Almost 81 percent of the townspeople were born in Australia, including close to 19 percent who are of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander heritage. Many of these are from a wide variety of communities that were forcibly settled in nearby Cherbourg in the early 1900s. The healthcare needs of Murgon’s residents are provided by Murgon Family Medical Practice. While it is the town’s only medical clinic, it has around 10 doctors with skills in many areas of medicine and also hosts a range of visiting services including podiatry, psychology and sleep health. The Murgon Hospital provides general and emergency care, and there is also an ambulance station in the town. Residential aged care is provided by Southern Cross Care, while Blue Care provides in-home community care. Murgon’s health profile is significantly disadvantaged. Low median income correlates strongly with health issues. Smoking and poor diet are prevalent and almost two-thirds of residents are at an unhealthy weight. The high number of people aged 65 and over also means there are substantial rates of chronic illness. Murgon is in the Darling Downs and West Moreton PHN and is rated RA3. Despite its small size, Murgon provides education options for children of all ages. There are four day care centres and kindergartens, while for primary students there is the public Murgon State School and St Joseph’s School, a private Catholic primary school. Secondary education is available at Murgon State High School, or parents can choose to send their children to state or private schools in Kingaroy. For education beyond high school, the nearest university campus is the University of the Sunshine Coast (USC) at Gympie, about 90 km away, or students could study online or move away to study. TAFE is another option, with campuses at nearby Cherbourg, as well as Kingaroy and Gympie. Career options for partners The biggest industries of employment for Murgon locals are education, health and grocery stores. While the unemployment rate is around 2 percent higher than for the rest of Queensland, rates of full-time work are only a few percent lower, with part-time work slightly more common. The number of people in Murgon employed as labourers is significantly higher than state and national levels, but this isn’t unusual for a farming region. At the time of the 2016 census, more than one in five residents reported having worked in voluntary positions in the 12 months prior. Options for anyone wishing to undertake voluntary work include Graham House Community Centre, the Lifeline shop, the visitor information centre or the museum. Arts and culture Murgon’s major heritage site is the Queensland Dairy & Heritage Museum, which showcases the region’s dairying history, including displays of milking equipment, historical buildings and a glimpse of how the area’s early European settlers lived. To find out about the area’s Indigenous history, head to Cherbourg, just 7 km south of Murgon. This now vibrant Aboriginal community is where Indigenous people from many different Queensland and New South Wales tribes were forced to move early in the 20th century under the Queensland Government’s segregation policy. Today, the Ration Shed Museum (the same shed from which residents were once allotted rations) provides an insight into life in Cherbourg, both past and present. The Cherbourg historical precinct also has a shop selling art and craft by the town’s residents. For dance enthusiasts in Murgon, there are weekly line dancing classes available at the South Burnett Police-Citizens Youth Club (PCYC), and the RBS Dance Academy offers classes in a variety of dance styles. When it comes to art and craft groups, however, the town doesn’t have a huge amount to offer. For these and other cultural activities, Kingaroy is probably the best bet. This is also where the nearest cinema is located. There is plenty to do in the Murgon area to keep outdoor enthusiasts entertained. Among the more unusual activities are fossil and gem fossicking in the nearby area. The Kilkivan-Kingaroy Rail Trail passes through the town and is great for walking and cycling. The Murgon to Kilkivan section is also suitable for horse riding, however, as the trail from Murgon to Kingaroy is sealed, horses are not allowed there. This latter section is also known as the South Burnett Rail Trail. Places to head to for a bushwalk include Jack Smith Scrub Regional Park and Boat Mountain Conservation Park, both not far from town to the north. These parks are ideal for birdwatching too, and Boat Mountain also has a couple of lookouts from which to view the surrounding area. Another place with views of the South Burnett valley is Kapernick Lookout in the Tableland district. This one can be driven to, so is a better option for those who don’t want to make the walk up Boat Mountain. To Murgon’s south is Lake Barambah (also known as Bjelke-Petersen Dam), which is perfect for water sports and fishing. There are even fishing competitions held there. Murgon Weir, not far from the lake, is also suitable for swimming and canoeing, but can be a little hard to find. For those who enjoy camping, there is a tourist park on the shore of Lake Barambah, near the dam wall, as well as a bush caravan and camping park a few kilometres from Murgon. If you’re looking for free or low cost camping, however, you’ll need to go quite a way from town, with Bunya Mountains National Park and Jimna State Forest among the possibilities. Outdoor sports on offer in Murgon include cricket, tennis, rugby league, swimming, golf and bowls. There is also a skate park for the kids. The local PCYC offers a number of indoor sports as well, and there is also a judo club in town. Food and drink Perhaps surprisingly for a town of its size, Murgon has a good range of places for eating out. There are eight cafes, restaurants and takeaway stores, including Chinese and pizza restaurants. If you are looking for a nice piece of cake to go with that afternoon coffee or tea, there are several spots to choose from. In addition, the town has two pubs – The Australian Hotel and Royal Hotel – that serve both meals and drinks. The local RSL also has a bistro. The Murgon area has become popular for grape growing in recent years, and there are several wineries close to the town that have cellar door tastings and sales, with some also offering meals and events. While Murgon is growing, it is a slow growth and the housing stock reflects this. This means you will find plenty of older homes in town, and the low demand means you can get them for a great price. While there are some flats in town, most of the housing is in separate houses on good-sized blocks. The median price for a three-bedroom home in Murgon is around $145,000, though newer homes can cost considerably more. The same size house can be rented for around $220 per week. The best way to get to and from Murgon is to travel by car. With the Bunya Highway (Route 49) passing through the town and other major roads nearby, it is easy to travel to other parts of the state. The only public transport is provided by Pursers Coaches, which runs a weekday bus service to Caboolture that leaves Murgon early in the morning and returns in the evening. Broadband – The outskirts of Murgon and the surrounding area have been connected to the National Broadband Network, however, most of the town is not expected to have access to NBN until early 2019. Until then, ADSL2+ is available. Notable residents – Rugby league players Gavin Cooper and Steve Renouf and actress Leah Purcell were all born in Murgon.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) features a pattern of unwanted thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead you to do repetitive behaviors (compulsions). These obsessions and compulsions interfere with daily activities and cause significant distress. You may try to ignore or stop your obsessions, but that only increases your distress and anxiety. Ultimately, you feel driven to perform compulsive acts to try to ease your stress. Despite efforts to ignore or get rid of bothersome thoughts or urges, they keep coming back. This leads to more ritualistic behavior — the vicious cycle of OCD. OCD often centers around certain themes — for example, an excessive fear of getting contaminated by germs. To ease your contamination fears, you may compulsively wash your hands until they're sore and chapped. If you have OCD, you may be ashamed and embarrassed about the condition, but treatment can be effective. Obsessive-compulsive disorder usually includes both obsessions and compulsions. But it's also possible to have only obsession symptoms or only compulsion symptoms. You may or may not realize that your obsessions and compulsions are excessive or unreasonable, but they take up a great deal of time and interfere with your daily routine and social, school or work functioning. OCD obsessions are repeated, persistent and unwanted thoughts, urges or images that are intrusive and cause distress or anxiety. You might try to ignore them or get rid of them by performing a compulsive behavior or ritual. These obsessions typically intrude when you're trying to think of or do other things. Obsessions often have themes to them, such as: - Fear of contamination or dirt - Doubting and having difficulty tolerating uncertainty - Needing things orderly and symmetrical - Aggressive or horrific thoughts about losing control and harming yourself or others - Unwanted thoughts, including aggression, or sexual or religious subjects Examples of obsession signs and symptoms include: - Fear of being contaminated by touching objects others have touched - Doubts that you've locked the door or turned off the stove - Intense stress when objects aren't orderly or facing a certain way - Images of driving your car into a crowd of people - Thoughts about shouting obscenities or acting inappropriately in public - Unpleasant sexual images - Avoidance of situations that can trigger obsessions, such as shaking hands OCD compulsions are repetitive behaviors that you feel driven to perform. These repetitive behaviors or mental acts are meant to reduce anxiety related to your obsessions or prevent something bad from happening. However, engaging in the compulsions brings no pleasure and may offer only a temporary relief from anxiety. You may make up rules or rituals to follow that help control your anxiety when you're having obsessive thoughts. These compulsions are excessive and often are not realistically related to the problem they're intended to fix. As with obsessions, compulsions typically have themes, such as: - Washing and cleaning - Following a strict routine - Demanding reassurance Examples of compulsion signs and symptoms include: - Hand-washing until your skin becomes raw - Checking doors repeatedly to make sure they're locked - Checking the stove repeatedly to make sure it's off - Counting in certain patterns - Silently repeating a prayer, word or phrase - Arranging your canned goods to face the same way OCD usually begins in the teen or young adult years, but it can start in childhood. Symptoms usually begin gradually and tend to vary in severity throughout life. The types of obsessions and compulsions you experience can also change over time. Symptoms generally worsen when you experience greater stress. OCD, usually considered a lifelong disorder, can have mild to moderate symptoms or be so severe and time-consuming that it becomes disabling. When to see a doctor There's a difference between being a perfectionist — someone who requires flawless results or performance, for example — and having OCD. OCD thoughts aren't simply excessive worries about real problems in your life or liking to have things clean or arranged in a specific way. If your obsessions and compulsions are affecting your quality of life, see your doctor or mental health professional. The cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder isn't fully understood. Main theories include: - Biology. OCD may be a result of changes in your body's own natural chemistry or brain functions. - Genetics. OCD may have a genetic component, but specific genes have yet to be identified. - Learning. Obsessive fears and compulsive behaviors can be learned from watching family members or gradually learned over time. Factors that may increase the risk of developing or triggering obsessive-compulsive disorder include: - Family history. Having parents or other family members with the disorder can increase your risk of developing OCD. - Stressful life events. If you've experienced traumatic or stressful events, your risk may increase. This reaction may, for some reason, trigger the intrusive thoughts, rituals and emotional distress characteristic of OCD. - Other mental health disorders. OCD may be related to other mental health disorders, such as anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse or tic disorders. Problems resulting from obsessive-compulsive disorder may include, among others: - Excessive time spent engaging in ritualistic behaviors - Health issues, such as contact dermatitis from frequent hand-washing - Difficulty attending work, school or social activities - Troubled relationships - Overall poor quality of life - Suicidal thoughts and behavior There's no sure way to prevent obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, getting treatment as soon as possible may help prevent OCD from worsening and disrupting activities and your daily routine. Steps to help diagnose obsessive-compulsive disorder may include: - Psychological evaluation. This includes discussing your thoughts, feelings, symptoms and behavior patterns to determine if you have obsessions or compulsive behaviors that interfere with your quality of life. With your permission, this may include talking to your family or friends. - Diagnostic criteria for OCD. Your doctor may use criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association. - Physical exam. This may be done to help rule out other problems that could be causing your symptoms and to check for any related complications. It's sometimes difficult to diagnose OCD because symptoms can be similar to those of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, anxiety disorders, depression, schizophrenia or other mental health disorders. And it's possible to have both OCD and another mental health disorder. Work with your doctor so that you can get the appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment may not result in a cure, but it can help bring symptoms under control so that they don't rule your daily life. Depending on the severity of OCD, some people may need long-term, ongoing or more intensive treatment. The two main treatments for OCD are psychotherapy and medications. Often, treatment is most effective with a combination of these. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a type of psychotherapy, is effective for many people with OCD. Exposure and response prevention (ERP), a component of CBT therapy, involves gradually exposing you to a feared object or obsession, such as dirt, and having you learn ways to resist the urge to do your compulsive rituals. ERP takes effort and practice, but you may enjoy a better quality of life once you learn to manage your obsessions and compulsions. Certain psychiatric medications can help control the obsessions and compulsions of OCD. Most commonly, antidepressants are tried first. Antidepressants approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat OCD include: - Clomipramine (Anafranil) for adults and children 10 years and older - Fluoxetine (Prozac) for adults and children 7 years and older - Fluvoxamine for adults and children 8 years and older - Paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva) for adults only - Sertraline (Zoloft) for adults and children 6 years and older However, your doctor may prescribe other antidepressants and psychiatric medications. Medications: What to consider Here are some issues to discuss with your doctor about medications for OCD: - Choosing a medication. In general, the goal is to effectively control symptoms at the lowest possible dosage. It's not unusual to try several drugs before finding one that works well. Your doctor might recommend more than one medication to effectively manage your symptoms. It can take weeks to months after starting a medication to notice an improvement in symptoms. - Side effects. All psychiatric medications have potential side effects. Talk to your doctor about possible side effects and about any health monitoring needed while taking psychiatric drugs. And let your doctor know if you experience troubling side effects. - Suicide risk. Most antidepressants are generally safe, but the FDA requires that all antidepressants carry black box warnings, the strictest warnings for prescriptions. In some cases, children, teenagers and young adults under 25 may have an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants, especially in the first few weeks after starting or when the dose is changed. If suicidal thoughts occur, immediately contact your doctor or get emergency help. Keep in mind that antidepressants are more likely to reduce suicide risk in the long run by improving mood. - Interactions with other substances. When taking an antidepressant, tell your doctor about any other prescription or over-the-counter medications, herbs or other supplements you take. Some antidepressants can make some other medications less effective and cause dangerous reactions when combined with certain medications or herbal supplements. - Stopping antidepressants. Antidepressants aren't considered addictive, but sometimes physical dependence (which is different from addiction) can occur. So stopping treatment abruptly or missing several doses can cause withdrawal-like symptoms, sometimes called discontinuation syndrome. Don't stop taking your medication without talking to your doctor, even if you're feeling better — you may have a relapse of OCD symptoms. Work with your doctor to gradually and safely decrease your dose. Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of using specific medications. Sometimes, psychotherapy and medications aren't effective enough to control OCD symptoms. In treatment-resistant cases, other options may be offered: - Intensive outpatient and residential treatment programs. Comprehensive treatment programs that emphasize ERP therapy principles may be helpful for people with OCD who struggle with being able to function because of the severity of their symptoms. These programs typically last several weeks. - Deep brain stimulation (DBS). DBS is approved by the FDA to treat OCD in adults age 18 years and older who don't respond to traditional treatment approaches. DBS involves implanting electrodes within certain areas of your brain. These electrodes produce electrical impulses that may help regulate abnormal impulses. - Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The FDA approved a specific device (BrainsWay Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) to treat OCD in adults ages 22 to 68 years, when traditional treatment approaches have not been effective. TMS is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of OCD. During a TMS session, an electromagnetic coil is placed against your scalp near your forehead. The electromagnet delivers a magnetic pulse that stimulates nerve cells in your brain. Talk with your doctor to make sure you understand all the pros and cons and possible health risks of DBS and TMS if you're considering one of these procedures. Lifestyle and home remedies Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic condition, which means it may always be part of your life. While OCD warrants treatment by a professional, you can do some things for yourself to build on your treatment plan: - Practice what you learn. Work with your mental health professional to identify techniques and skills that help manage symptoms, and practice these regularly. - Take your medications as directed. Even if you're feeling well, resist any temptation to skip your medications. If you stop, OCD symptoms are likely to return. - Pay attention to warning signs. You and your doctor may have identified issues that can trigger your OCD symptoms. Make a plan so that you know what to do if symptoms return. Contact your doctor or therapist if you notice any changes in symptoms or how you feel. - Check first before taking other medications. Contact the doctor who's treating you for OCD before you take medications prescribed by another doctor or before taking any over-the-counter medications, vitamins, herbal remedies or other supplements to avoid possible interactions. Coping and support Coping with obsessive-compulsive disorder can be challenging. Medications can have unwanted side effects, and you may feel embarrassed or angry about having a condition that requires long-term treatment. Here are some ways to help cope with OCD: - Learn about OCD. Learning about your condition can empower you and motivate you to stick to your treatment plan. - Stay focused on your goals. Keep your recovery goals in mind and remember that recovery from OCD is an ongoing process. - Join a support group. Reaching out to others facing similar challenges can provide you with support and help you cope with challenges. - Find healthy outlets. Explore healthy ways to channel your energy, such as hobbies and recreational activities. Exercise regularly, eat a healthy diet and get adequate sleep. - Learn relaxation and stress management. In addition to professional treatment, stress management techniques such as meditation, visualization, muscle relaxation, massage, deep breathing, yoga or tai chi may help ease stress and anxiety. - Stick with your regular activities. Try not to avoid meaningful activities. Go to work or school as you usually would. Spend time with family and friends. Don't let OCD get in the way of your life. Preparing for an appointment You may start by seeing your primary doctor. Because obsessive-compulsive disorder often requires specialized care, you may be referred to a mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, for evaluation and treatment. What you can do To prepare for your appointment, think about your needs and goals for treatment. Make a list of: - Any symptoms you've noticed, including the types of obsessions and compulsions you?ve experienced and things that you may be avoiding because of your distress - Key personal information, including any major stresses, recent life changes and family members with similar symptoms - All medications, vitamins, herbal remedies or other supplements, as well as the dosages - Questions to ask your doctor or therapist Questions to ask might include: - Do you think I have OCD? - How do you treat OCD? - How can treatment help me? - Are there medications that might help? - Will exposure and response prevention therapy help? - How long will treatment take? - What can I do to help myself? - Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can have? - Can you recommend any websites? Don't hesitate to ask any other questions during your appointment. What to expect from your doctor Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as: - Do certain thoughts go through your mind over and over despite your attempts to ignore them? - Do you have to have things arranged in a certain way? - Do you have to wash your hands, count things or check things over and over? - When did your symptoms start? - Have symptoms been continuous or occasional? - What, if anything, seems to improve the symptoms? - What, if anything, appears to worsen the symptoms? - How do the symptoms affect your daily life? Do you avoid anything because of your symptoms? - In a typical day, how much time do you spend on obsessive thoughts and compulsive behavior? - Have any of your relatives had a mental health disorder? - Have you experienced any trauma or major stress? Your doctor or mental health professional will ask additional questions based on your responses, symptoms and needs. Preparing and anticipating questions will help you make the most of your appointment time.

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The Polish Government were therefore determined to build a new seaport at the top of the ‘corridor’ and the place they settled on was the small fishing village of Gdynia. The development of Gdynia into a major port was seen as critical for the economic independence of the new country and the story of this development was to reflect, not just one of the most incredible building projects of all time, but also the determination of a nation and its people to survive and to flourish in a new era of European history. The development of GdyniaAlthough Gdynia had first appeared in records in 1253 as a small Kashubian fishing village by 1789 it had only increased in size to a settlement of a mere 20 houses. About 80 years later, as the West Prussian village of Gdingen, it had developed slightly, with a recorded population of around 1200, some restaurants and accommodation for holidaymakers. But it was as part of the new Poland that a plan was put in train in 1920 to transform it utterly, a plan which was accelerated by the passing in the Polish parliament (Sejm) of the Gdynia Seaport Construction Act in 1923. The new port to be carved out of the Baltic coast was to be located in this former fishing village: the Hel Peninsula provided protection from strong winds, the sea in the area was deep and usually free of ice in winter, and an existing railway was just 2 kilometres distant. Under chief port designer Tadeusz Wenda, building of the port began in 1921, but financial problems caused delays and, in 1922, the Polish Parliament decided to light a fire under proceedings. By 1923, Gdynia had a small harbour, a 550-metre long pier and a wooden breakwater, and the port was visited by its first major ocean-going vessel and its first foreign ship, the French Kentucky. In late 1924, the Polish government engaged a French-Polish consortium to build a harbour with a depth of seven metres, and by the following year Gdynia had gained further piers, a railway and cargo-handling equipment. However, work continued at quite a slow pace until 1926 when Polish exports increased during a German-Polish trade war and as a result of a British miners’ strike. By late 1930, docks and industrial facilities had been built, and the port was finally connected to the Upper Silesian industrial and coal-producing centres by the newly constructed Polish Coal Trunk Line railway. Poland’s first passenger shipping line, from Gdynia to New York, also started up and over subsequent years famous ships like the MS Batory and MS Chrobry were to link Gdynia with transatlantic locations. While the port was being constructed, so too was the city. City rights were granted on February 10, 1926, at which time Gdynia had around 6,000 inhabitants and the city started to expand quickly with the Polish government alone bringing about 50,000 citizens to the city. By 1939 the population had risen to over 120,000. While the port was built by the state, essentially the city was built by private investors. Small single-storey buildings were initially constructed, then these were demolished by the owners to make way for multi-storey buildings as the city grew and the inhabitants became more prosperous. The project attracted all parts of Polish society to the coast with engineers, construction workers and administrators all relocating from other Polish cities, in particular Warsaw, to take part in this vital national project. The construction of the basic harbour was completed in 1935 and by 1938 the former fishing village had become the biggest and most modern port and shipyard on the Baltic with almost half of Poland’s trade passing through it. Yet, disaster was soon to follow. The war yearsFollowing the shelling of Westerplatte on 1st September 1939 and the start of World War Two, German troops captured Gdynia less than two weeks later. As part of the Nazi's policy of 'Germanisation', the city was renamed Gotenhafen (literaly 'Goth Port') after the ancient Germannic tribe that had inhabited the area. Among name changes to streets and other landmarks, Skwer Kosciuszki was renamed Adolf Hitler Platz. The Poles brought by their government to the city of Gdynia were expelled and worse, around 12,000, especially the more educated, were executed. The port was turned into a German naval base and the city was also used as a sub-camp of the Stutthof concentration camp near Danzig. Other German troops and civilian refugees retreated to the headland at Oxhöft (now the suburb of Oksywie), from where they were evacuated to the Hel Peninsula. The city was finally taken by the Russians on 26 March 1945, begining the Communist era of Gdynia and Poland. Post-war historyHaving built this port and city from scratch, the post-war Polish state reverted the name Gotenhafen back to Gdynia and started the process of making the port once again a major location for importing and exporting. The shipyard produced a large number of ships, many of them for the Soviet Union, but is perhaps best known internationally for the role the shipyard workers played in the formation of the Solidarity trade union. An earlier event, in 1970, which left much bitterness, had seen demonstrating Polish shipyard workers fired on by the police, leaving at least 20 people dead (see our articles on Janek Wiśniewski and Monument to the Victims of December 1970). To this day this is one of the more tragic events of the fight against the communist authorities and its memory has been somewhat overlooked by the events of 1980 which saw Gdańsk recognised as the spiritual home of the anti-communist fight. This is something which still rankles to this day with the local population who feel that the major contribution and the price paid in human life by the people of Gdynia has been forgotten. The momentum of Solidarity would ultimately carry over to its neighbouring countries and, in 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed. Like the rest of the country, Gdynia has enjoyed an increase in the standard of living and the economic prosperity brought in from the European Union. The city's population, however, has tapered off in growth. It sits just shy of 250,000 souls and has barely increased in the last 10 years. The observation of many expats is that the residents of Gdynia don't want to see the city become dense and overcrowded like others in Poland. There is also a push to prevent the forest areas in Redłowo and the Tri-city Landscape Park from being developed. For this reason, many districts of Gdynia are perfectly integrated with natural surrounds. If you choose to visit the city, take a moment to remember that had it not been for the Treaty of Versailles and the Poles’ determination to show the world, and in particular their bullying neighbours that they were worth their salt, this place might be something quite different altogether today. What to see The city centre is considered to be very well planned, with ul. 10 Lutego/Skwer Kosciuszki and ul. Starowiejska forming the primary west-east axis and ul. Swietojanska and ul. Abrahama the north-south one. For obvious reasons, don’t expect to find an old town here, though there are still some buildings from its days as a small resort. Most notably, Domek Abrahama is a cottage built in 1904, where Kashubian activist Antoni Abraham lived and is now a restaurant. If it's history that you're interested in, the City of Gdynia Museum will give you a good grounding. The Naval Museum next door, featuring a garden full of weaponry including a rusting MiG fighter, is also worth a visit if you have children in tow. Finally, one of the Gdynia's biggest attractions is the Emigration Museum residing in the rennovated Dworzec Morski (Marine Station) in the shipyards. The exhibition is a fascinating look at how, why and to where millions of Poles have emigrated over the centuries and, in the last century, many of those individuals departed Poland from the port of Gdynia. Young travelling families should note that there are a number of places in this demographically-young city worth visiting that your children will love! Down on the waterfront is the Aquarium, which has a collection of marine life from all over the world and features residents from the Baltic as well! Catch a train to Gdynia Redłowo and visit the Centrum Nauki Experyment, an interactive science centre which is fun for all ages. Just across the from the afore-mentioned Naval Museum is the city's the main beach, which also has an awesome kids playground right next to a cafe/restaurant. We again emphasise that this is a young city and that means the music, arts and cultural communities are very active! The Gdynia Film Festival is the Cannes of Poland and is highly regarded internationally. The city always hosts many events during the Gdańsk Shakespeare Festival. Annual music events like Open'er Festival and Globaltica draws a crowd from all over Poland and further afield. The Red Bull Air Race World Championship, which started in 2014, packs out the waterfront every year. Keep an eye on our Events Page. While the port today is no longer the biggest in the Baltic it is, along with the neighbouring port of Gdańsk, still of vital economic importance to Poland. There are a few different ways to view it. Most picturesque is to take a walk up to one of the viewing points either at the top of Kamienna Góra or in the Pogórze Górne district. The latter is about 15 minutes bus ride from the centre. Take bus 194 from outside the Hala Targowa to the last stop to enjoy majestic views over the entire city and the port. It is also recommended to take the local commuter train (SKM) to the Gdynia Stocznia stop to see the poignant memorial to workers murdered during the 1970 strikes. Finally on the port and Solidarity theme keep an eye out for another memorial to the victims of 1970 outside the City Hall building. Do look a little deeper as well, for as much of the development of Gdynia took place during the heyday of the modernist architecture movement, there are numerous stylish buildings from that era. The short walk from the main train station to the sea along ul. 10 Lutego and Skwer Kosciuszki will provide the visitor with several examples of modernist architecture which reflect the city’s maritime role, including buildings with portholes, quarterdecks and curved facades to resemble ships. A few quick examples include the Tourist Information office (formerly the Polish Ocean Lines building) on ul. 10 Lutego (at the junction with ul. 3 Maja), the Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego residential building around the corner on ul. 3 Maja and the Gdynia Aquarium building down near the water.

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Creative Spirits is a website built by and for the Aboriginal people of Australia. This website introduces all things Aboriginal in Australia including art and culture to health and history. Related to this unit I found the section on land to be an especially good introduction and noted how closely linked the struggle of Aboriginals in Australia is to Aboriginals in North America. The section titled the “Meaning of Land to Aboriginal People” discussed the role the land played to Aboriginal people in the past and their vision for land going forward. The site is largely self contained and I found few external links of note. Indigenous cultures view of themselves IS heavily influenced by the perceptions of the dominant culture – the Western mainstream capitalistic culture – paving the way and deciding which interpretation is considered “true” in their eyes – and indigenous people follow suit and end up becoming / behaving the way they are viewed! What a cycle of perpetual mayhem! At least there is hope as Smith (1999) reminds us – hope in different ways! In my Module 3 blog post searches I found a couple different videos and websites from different parts of the world about Indigenous rights and the role of media and community reality and how Indigenous peoples are still fighting to be acknowledged and have their basic rights acknowledged. I found a couple short videos of a news clips reporting on the UN accusing Australia of the embedded and entrenched racism of the past remaining in their current daily lives and the dominant culture, again Western mainstream capitalism, of the north of Australia (specifically noted in this clip) continues to perpetuate this racism and discrimination towards Indigenous communities. They discuss the fact that Indigenous peoples are still fighting for their basic human rights including becoming part of the health system, justice system, etc. These clips showcase exactly how common these issues are to appear in the news and that these issues of the past are still alive today! Since we’ve had lengthy discussions lately about the World bank and it’s destructive efforts (behind the scenes), I thought I would include some positive examples that I found! The National Australian Bank is making efforts to acknowledge Aboriginal rights! Check out the two videos – two very different focuses – but both seem to be very uniquely positive! NAB’s Indigenous Affairs Master Class – Terri Janke Terri Janke deals with artwork Copyright. Where are you taking my art – beyond its cultural settings? Lots depends on whether or not they will allow their Indigenous Knowledge to become public knowledge, make it available and then it exists that breach of copyright happens and Indigenous art and Knowledge needs to be protected from the commercialization of culture – so this poses challenges. She speaks of copyright to protect Indigenous artists and talks about communal artwork and cultural expression – what is the artwork representing and who does it belong to?! However, Copyright tends to be more focused on individual rights vs communal, tribal, historical cultural expression and rights –Indigenous artists connect their works to their cultural stories and these connections are essential for Indigenous artists / peoples. NAB’s Indigenous Affairs Master Class – Dr Chris Sarra Dr. Chris Sarra talks about the role of the NAB institute in Australia, their work and how they are making strides in the education system to improve education for Aboriginal children. He talks about perceptions of the public and teachers of Aboriginal children and talks about the struggles Aboriginal students face regarding the typical stereotypes they are related to and they sometimes end up becoming unless teachers prevent this so that schooling can be a positive experience for Aboriginal and Indigenous children. Another awesome video (Ted Talks) about Chris Sarra’s efforts: TEDxBrisbane Chris Sarra – All you need is…. TO DREAM This is a very inspiring and uplifting video! From the two videos, I’ve come to believe that Chris Sarra is an excellent mentor and example of what can be accomplished by an Aboriginal if they believe in themselves and go for their dreams – sending a huge message of hope for Aboriginal children! He talks about the crucial role of the teacher furnishing or stifling dreams! These videos and others like them that I’ve uncovered will make excellent additions to the research I’ve collected about my topic on Elders & Technology & the many dimensions that encompasses including how Elders relate to the youth today. SOCIAL JUSTICE & HUMAN RIGHTS: MICHAEL ECKFORD aka ANDERSON In my searches I found a great little video about the need for improved social justice and human rights in Australia. Michael Eckford, an Aboriginal, aka Anderson, describes Australia as a country that has merged in to a culturally diverse country but this could be seen as actually returning to its former multicultural state prior to European & British invasion. Cultural and ritual tolerance as with multiculturalism, there are many different cultural groups that have different ceremonies, traditions and rituals and there are protocols set in place. Talks about how there needs to be new laws created to address the multiculturalism in Australia since many other ethnic and Indigenous groups from Asia, Europe, Africa, etc. have immigrated to Australia and now call it home. He stresses the need for greater tolerance and no acknowledgement of racism via the radio, newspapers or other media. Another interesting video caught my eye on this topic. A Maasai Elder, Ole Suya from Simanjiro, speaks on IPR’s. Maasai Elder on Intellectual Property Rights (English) These videos and others like them that I’ve uncovered will make excellent additions to the research I’ve collected about my topic on Elders & Technology & the many dimensions that encompasses. This research paper written for the National Network for Aboriginal Mental Health Research in 2005. It addresses the question of whether or not the internet is a useful tool for indigenous women living in remote areas in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to access health resource. This article discusses the digital divide and how it affects indigenous communities. Based on the statistics presented, there is an apparent digital divide between on-reserve Aboriginal population versus the rest of Canada. There is also a divide between the Canadian population and Northern Aboriginal communities in terms of access to the internet. The article explains how the internet is beneficial to the health of aboriginal women and their families. The author also mentions the challenges of having internet technology implemented into aboriginal communities as there are concerns such as language barriers, cultural bias, and fears of assimilation. This website provides information on aboriginal art, artists and social issues in Australia. My main research goal is to explore urban indigenous issues, particularly as they relate to land, identity and use of technology, so my principle interest in this page was the section on urban aboriginal art (http://www.aboriginalartonline.com/regions/urban.php) where there is an overview of the development of contemporary indigenous art, which has become a unique style blending traditional indigenous forms and non-indigenous influences. It is interesting to read how many of these urban artists view themselves as part of the mainstream artistic community and resist being marginalized as “indigenous” artists. They have also had to deal with stereotypes from both indigenous and non-indigenous communities as they have forged their own styles. I think the content of this website aligns best with module 2 although I think it could also fit into the other modules as well. I didn’t have a specific research topic in mind when I started by weblog research. However, I kept finding myself being attracted to documents and information pertaining to Aborginal children and technology. The five sites that I have visited come from Canadian as well as Australian sources. The first article I found discusses improving educational experiences for Aboriginal children in Australia. With technology being so widely used by many teachers around the world, I think that educators should invest time into examing how technologies could enhance the learning experience of aboriginal children. At the same time, educators can evaluate these technologies to ensure that they are culturally sensitive, and respectful of aboriginal pedagogy and ways of learning. I find the second piece of information to be the most interesting. I have heard about the One Laptop Per Child policy before and learned that the Belinda Stronach Foundation was implementing it with Aboriginal children across Canada. However, I didn’t know that there is software included into theses computers that aboriginal children and youth can directly relate to. I want to see the outcome of the laptop distribution. I would like to find out what worked well for the aboriginal children, and what could be improved for the future. Closely linked to the distribution of laptops is the Belinda Stronach Foundation. I looked further into this organization and found that they work to deal with global challenges and innovative solutions. They provide a presentation on their website that discusses the creation of a better future for aboriginal children using technolgy. Another organization called KTA works closely with Aboriginal peoples. On their site I found a document about aboriginal culture in the digital age. Both the Belinda Stronach Foundation and the KTA made me think further about the use of technology and how it benefits aboriginal children. The last document I found talks about a software for educating aboriginal students about place. TAMI is a program that elders can use with children. My weblog research seems to be linked by the idea that technology is being used by and for aboriginal children. I would like further research how technology worked (or did not work) for aboriginal children. I am interested in possibly narrowing down my topic a little more. Written by an author from The University of Melbourne, this paper discusses how a software can contribute to learning about being in-place by Australian Aboriginal Children. The author identifies a software called TAMI which stands for texts, audio, movies, and images. TAMI was design with and for Aboriginal Australian teachers, parents and grandparents so that they have the opportunity to work with the children of their communities inducting them into the collective life the various places to which they belong and from which they derive their identities. The TAMI software sounds very unique and I would be interested in researching more about its applications and success in Australia. I also wonder if a similar software exists or has been used in North America. This document addressed education for the Aboriginal children of Western Australia. It claims that education providers have failed, for the last 30 years, to improve the educational outcomes of Aboriginal school children. The author mentions that the purpose of this document is to enable educators and leaders to work together to bring about the necessary changes to improve educational outcomes for Aboriginal students. Zubrick SR, Silburn SR, De Maio JA, Shepherd C, Griffin JA, Dalby RB, Mitrou FG, Lawrence DM, Hayward C, Pearson G, Milroy H, Milroy J, Cox A. The Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey: Improving the Educational Experiences of Aboriginal Children and Young People. Perth: Curtin University of Technology and Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, 2006.

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Starting With ggplot2 in R Introducing ggplot2 package One of the most important aspects of data analytics is visualization of the data. Visualization is probably the most powerful aspect that allows you view your data from different angles. It also allows you to put your conclusions across the board very powerfully. An image is worth a thousand words. R has thousands of different packages that can do variety of tasks. ggplot2 is one such package which is designed for creating and displaying plots. So in this article, I am going to show how we can construct a plot using ggplot2 in R from scratch. I am going to start with a blank plot and then add elements to it to build some basic plots. Note that the package is named ggplot2. The actual function that we will use for creating plots is named ggplot. This can be confusing but I am afraid that's how they are named. So the package is ggplot2 and function that we use from that package is named ggplot. The objective of this article is not to build a fancy and amazing plot. The objective is to introduce the reader to the process of building a plot bit by bit from scratch. Using this article you should be able to understand different elements of ggplot2 plotting system and how to use them. However please note that this is just a basic introduction of ggplot2 plotting system. In reality ggplot2 is very powerful but extremely vast plotting system and you can easily write a book on it. However, this post will cover some basic building blocks of a ggplot graph and build 3 graphs using those basic building blocks. Building blocks of ggplot Before we do that, we need to understand the basic building blocks of a ggplot graph. - Plot – This is the plotting area on which we will build the plot. - Data – This is the data that will be used in the plot. - Aesthetic mapping –This is the organization of your data on the plot. This tells ggplot which data points go on which axis, what color they should be, that shape they should be etc. Aesthetic mapping basically controls the visual aspect of the geometric objects that we plot. - Geom – These are the different geometric objects that we will place on the plot area. They can be shapes like a dot for a scatter plot, lines, curves etc. These objects represent your data on the plot. Each of these blocks is represented by functions in R. So basically for each of these blocks, we will write a function. There is a lot more to ggplot than this, but for the time being we will start with actually seeing how these 4 elements work. Let's get started So without any further ado, let’s fire up R and start building a ggplot graph. But before you can start exploring ggplot2, you need to install it if you already haven’t done so. Install ggplot2 package Once this installation completed successfully, let’s load this package. Create a blank plot Now that we have installed and loaded ggplot2 package, let’s build a plot from scratch. So first we need to build the first element we introduced earlier. Plot – This is the plotting area on which we will build the plot. That’s it. Note that the function name that we used is ggplot. It is not ggplot2. ggplot2 is the package name which contains this function. This will create an empty plot. You should be able to see this in plots window of R Studio. Feed data to plot Now, let’s move to the second point. Data – This is the data that will be used in the plot. Let’s give some data to ggplot. This will not be plotted. But we are just making some data accessible to the plot. Also please note that ggplot only accepts data frame object as the data. It will not accept a matrix, vector, list or any other data type. I don’t understand this limitation but that’s how it is. For this demonstration I am going to use an inbuilt data set in R named iris. This is part of the base R and you don’t need to install any additional package for this. You can see what this data is by running the following command in R. As you can see, it has 5 fields. 4 of these fields are numeric and the last one is categorical. This data set is measurements of 150 flowers of 3 different species of IRIS flower. This data set has 4 numeric measurements and one field identifying the species of the flower. Now, we will use this data set and see how we can plot this data using ggplot2. Now, let’s feed this data to the ggplot. You do this by passing a parameter named data to ggplot function as shown below. The data that we fed to ggplot is a data frame named iris. ggplot(data = iris). Your plot will still be blank. By this command, we have just passed the data frame iris to ggplot. Now let’s get to the third point. Aesthetic mapping –This is the organization of your data on the plot. Now we will define the aesthetic mapping for the data. In its simplest form, we just define what data needs to go on X axis and what needs to go on Y axis. You do this by passing another function named aes to ggplot function. ggplot(data = iris , mapping = aes(x = Sepal.Length , y = Sepal.Width)) By this command, we have told ggplot to put Sepal Length on X axis and Sepal Width on Y axis. Now, let’s take a look at our plot. It looks like this. Earlier the plot was blank. Now we can see two axes. On X axis we see Sepal Length and on Y axis we can see Sepal Width. It has also plotted a nice little grid based on values of Sepal Length and Sepal Width. But we still don’t see any data points on the plot. All that our command has done is to format the plot. That’s exactly what ggplot function will do. Now we will get to the fourth point. The actual plotting of data on the plot will be done by geometric objects i.e. geom. Now, let’s add the geom to our plot. For this we add geom._* functions to ggplot function as shown below. Note that this command is not complete. But when you type up to this point, you will see a list of geom options that are available to you. ggplot(data = iris , mapping = aes(x = Sepal.Length , y = Sepal.Width)) + geom_ You can see the options in the screen shot below. Which geom you choose depends on what kind of plot you want. Now, let’s complete the command. For this demonstration, I will plot a scatter plot which is just points. ggplot(data = iris , mapping = aes(x = Sepal.Length , y = Sepal.Width)) + geom_point() Now, let’s take a look at our plot. Our first plot with ggplot And there you are. Your first plot with ggplot is ready. But it’s a bit dull, isn’t it? Let’s add some color to it. ggplot(data = iris , mapping = aes(x = Sepal.Length , y = Sepal.Width)) + geom_point(color = “red”) Can you spot the difference between this command and the earlier one? I added a parameter called color to geom point and passed it a value of red. This tells ggplot to color all the points red. This is how our plot looks now. Well, let’s say I am bored of dots in my scatter plot and I want to change the shape of my points. I add one more parameter named shape and pass it value of 4. As you can see in the screen shot below this command, ggplot has changed shape of the points in the scatter plot. ggplot(data = iris , mapping = aes(x = Sepal.Length , y = Sepal.Width)) + geom_point(color = "red" , shape = 4) Well, I suppose you get the picture, don’t you? To change the points, you add more parameters to the geom function. What parameters you can pass depends on the geom you are using. This is just the tip of the iceberg and if you start digging deeper in ggplot, you would find the opportunities almost endless. Now, let’s change the geom from point to a line. This will generate a line plot instead of scatter plot. ggplot(data = iris , mapping = aes(x = Sepal.Length , y = Sepal.Width)) + geom_line(color = "red" , shape = 4) As you can see it changed the points to line. How about plotting one numeric variable and other categorical one? In our data iris, species is a categorical data. It is not numeric like length or width but a class. Let’s plot another scatter plot but instead of Sepal Length on X axis, let’s plot Species on X axis. You can see that for this, I have to change ggplot function aes. Instead of Sepal Length I have passed Species to x axis. ggplot(data = iris , mapping = aes(x = Species , y = Sepal.Width)) + geom_point(color = "red") And this is the output we get. But generally, if you want to plot one categorical variable against a numeric variable, you might want to plot a box plot instead of scatter plot. Box plot shows median, minimum, maximum values and it also shows outliers. So now let’s plot box plot instead of scatter plot. So now we change the geom from point to box plot. ggplot(data = iris , mapping = aes(x = Species , y = Sepal.Width)) + geom_boxplot(color = "red") Are you bored of red yet? Let’s change the color of these boxes and also add a fill color inside the boxes. ggplot(data = iris , mapping = aes(x = Species , y = Sepal.Width)) + geom_boxplot(color = "purple" , fill = "black") So till now, we have created a scatter plot, line plot and a box plot. We have added some color to it. You can do a lot more than these 3 plots that I illustrated till now. Realistically speaking the power of ggplot is almost amazing. This is one handy tool to have in your toolbox. But just like any tool, it also has its limitations. It certainly can’t do some stuff that lattice can do. It’s not very good with 3D plots and you may need to use rgl for that. It can’t handle graph theory type graphs that have nodes or decision tree structures. So that’s it for this time folks. Please let me know what you think in the comments section below. If you want any improvements in this post please let me know and I would be glad to implement our suggestions. This article is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge. Content is for informational or entertainment purposes only and does not substitute for personal counsel or professional advice in business, financial, legal, or technical matters.

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So far, the two most exciting things that happened during Neil Gorsuch’s nomination hearings for the Supreme Court was him admitting he had no clue how to keep that trucker from freezing to death other than, “It would suck to be that guy.” and a wonderful Marshal Mcluhan moment when the Supreme Court struck down one of Gorsuch’s rulings during his second day of testimony. If you want a detailed analysis of how Gorsuch has ruled in key cases, there are places you can do that. I want to focus on Gorsuch’s judicial philosophy. He’s an advocate of a doctrine called “originalism.” There are different forms “originalism” can take, but the idea is that judges should base their decisions on the “original meaning” of the Constitutional provision in dispute. Is there a question about what “equal protection” of the Fourteenth Amendment means? The answer lies in the past: what did the phrase mean when the Amendment was passed? For those of you scoring at home, that’s 1868. Gorsuch is quite explicit about how judges should make decisions: Judges should instead strive (if humanly and so imperfectly) to apply the law as it is, focusing backward, not forward, and looking to text, structure, and history to decide what a reasonable reader at the time of the events in question would have understood the law to be—not to decide cases based on their own moral convictions or the policy consequences they believe might serve society best. (p. 906) The motivation for this view is rather noble, at least on the surface. Judges are very powerful figures in government. Often appointed, not elected and often for life. They do not answer to the people as legislators or executive branch members do. Supreme Court Justices are the ultimate authorities, US Supreme Court decisions are binding on us all and can only be overturned by the Supreme Court itself, or perhaps through the difficult process of amending the Constitution. By grounding judicial decisions firmly in the past meaning of the statute or Constitution, originalism, purports to be a principled way to settle disputes. The alternative, Gorsuch claims above is a judge’s “moral convictions” (read: “personal whim”) or “policy consequences they believe might serve society best” (read, “best guess”). Originalism purports to be a method of reining in the power of judges, what is often called “judicial restraint.” The legislature, because it is more directly reflective of the democratic will of the people, originalists argue, are better suited to make policy. Defer to the people (legislature or Congress) unless the “text, structure, and history” clearly direct you to overrule them. That’s the theory, anyway. In reality, originalism operates nothing like this. There is no reason to think that originalists are any less activist in turning over legislative decisions than adherents of other forms of jurisprudence. More worrying is that orginalism is merely a convenient way for judges to enact their conservative and reactionary policy preferences. It seems to me, given the backward-facing nature of originalism, it is designed to promote reactionary politics. A look at the history of Brown v. Board of Education is a good example of this. In 1954, the US Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) which held that racial segregation was constitutional as long as the facilities for each race were equal. In other words: “separate but equal. In Brown v. Board of Education the Court ruled that legalized segregation was unconstitutional: We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. White southerners, in a poetic phrase of my mother’s, went “banana factory.” They brought every possible resource against desegregation: violence, closing public schools, endless stalling. We have just passed the sixty-first anniversary of the “Southern Manifesto” which Strom Thurmond introduced to Congress on 12 March 1956. The manifesto read, in part: The original Constitution does not mention education. Neither does the 14th Amendment nor any other amendment. The debates preceding the submission of the 14th Amendment clearly show that there was no intent that it should affect the system of education maintained by the States. The very Congress which proposed the amendment subsequently provided for segregated schools in the District of Columbia. The objection here is that Brown violated the original intent of the framers of the Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment. What followed Brown were innumerable writings decrying the Supreme Court’s decision because (it was claimed) the Court substituted their own judgment for the intent of the framers. Some of these articles were respectable, some less so, but all agreed that Brown violated good legal reasoning by abandoning the clear historical record on segregation. White southerners, and conservative legal scholars maintained this position in the face of the Civil Rights movement, the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In other words, they dug themselves a deep, deep hole by maintaining that originalism required allowing continued racial segregation. In the opening of the 1970s, however, they realized they had to start climbing out of that hole. By 1971, things had changed. No one could argue for legalized racial segregation and be taken seriously anymore. Even George Wallace‘s notoriously racist Presidential run in 1968 did not call for “segregation forever” as he had a decade earlier. Segregationists, if they wanted to remain viable public figures, had to backtrack, ask for repentance, or somehow explain away their earlier support for segregation. Unfortunately for William Rehnquist, when Nixon nominated him for the Supreme Court he was faced with a 1952 memo he wrote when he was a clerk for Justice Robert Jackson during the Brown litigation wherein he declared that, “I think that Plessy v. Ferguson was right and should be reaffirmed.” Rehnquist testified under oath, and repeated it in 1986 when Reagan elevated him to be the Chief Justice, that those were not his views, but merely an argument he prepared for Justice Jackson. (For what it is worth, he was probably lying). Nonetheless, it was clear that conservative judges must defend Brown even though they’d been attacking it for seventeen years. The other signal event of 1971 was the first published originalist defense of Brown. Yale law professor Robert Bork (who would later be denied a seat on the Supreme Court for his reactionary views) published an article that held that Congress and legislatures were constitutionally permitted to pass laws banning all artistic expression, things like books and plays and movies, etc, because the First Amendment should only apply to pure political speech. Sure, it was a crazy thing to say and Bork later changed his mind, but the notable thing about the article for our purposes is that it defended Brown on originalist grounds. The details are important, because there were no details. Bork did not come to his conclusion by an examination of what Gorsuch calls the”text, structure, and history” of the Fourteenth Amendment, but a thought experiment about what the framers of the Amendment might or might not have thought. No historical research at all, no evidence to back up any of his claims, just Bork spinning a nice yarn for us. In the comic book trade we would call this “retconning” or the attempt to rewrite the canon so it makes sense in line with new developments (“No, that was the Earth Two Green Lantern, not the Earth One Green Lantern!”). In other words, Bork started the trend among originalists to “Us too!” the Brown decision to show that it can be justified on originalist grounds. There are several problems with this move, however. First, how dare you? It is the ultimate arrogance for the originalists to show up to the civil rights party for the first time, almost 20 years after the struggle first began and announce that they are now cool with it. They stood in opposition to Brown for decades and now they want to see if they can make it fit into their worldview? Sixty years later, they are still writing articles trying to justify Brown only because of victories of their opposition exposed them as the defenders of the racist national order they were all along. Instead of humility and a reexamination of the premises of their jurisprudience, they storm in and attempt to claim our victory as their own? Thanks, guys, we’ve gotten this far without your “help” so maybe you should just sit over there and rethink your life choices. Too little and for damn sure too late. Second, originalists claim that their doctrine means judges are restrained by the original meaning of the Constitution. Gorsuch tells us, “judges should be in the business of declaring what the law is using the traditional tools of interpretation, rather than pronouncing the law as they might wish it to be in light of their own political views (p. 909). But that is exactly what they are doing when they try to find an originalist account that justifies Brown. They accept the Brown decision as correct and then go back and try to find a historical justification for it; precisely the opposite thing they claim originalism prevents them from doing. Their political views, that legal segregation is wrong, are exactly what is guiding their interpretation rather than their interpretation guiding their legal views. Some originalists recognize this problem but say, it “does not seem like a big deal. Judges are human, and if they are going to deviate from their preferred interpretive method, erring in favor of a desirable and popular precedent is better than the opposite.” Admitting your doctrine doesn’t do what it is designed to do seems like a very big deal indeed and is precisely what the critics of originalism point out all the time. The very attempt to fit Brown into an originalist jurisprudence proves the failure of their method. And betrays the truth that originalism is simply a lie conservatives tell to justify their reactionary policy choices. Robert Bork, the original originalist, always claimed that his judicial decisions were the result of his strict judicial philosophy. And then, once he retired from the bench he wrote a terrible book, Slouching Toward Gomorrah in which he blames all the ills of modern society on nasty liberals who are destroying America. Yet we were supposed to believe that his judicial philosophy just coincidentally mirrored his political opinions. I didn’t buy it with Bork and I’m not buying it with Gorsuch, despite all his purported folksy charm. He’ll be a reactionary disaster for the country if he’s appointed. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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About MY World 2030 MY World 2030 is a global citizen survey that brings people’s voices into political debates about Sustainable Development Goals. It asks citizens whether they are aware of the Sustainable Development Goals, which six of the 17 goals are of immediate concern to them and if the situation of these has got better, stayed the same or got worse over the past 12. The survey makes people’s voices heard and shows which goals they consider more relevant to their lives. The survey is led by the United Nations SDG Action Campaign and shared by global, national and local partners around the world. The project continues from the highly successful MY World 2015 project which gathered and channeled the voices of almost ten million people into the global process to define the Sustainable Development Goals. Read more about MY World 2015 here. Between 2013-205 the MY World 2015 survey reached nearly 10 million people with a single question about which six of sixteen development issues were of greatest relevance to their lives. The response was used as part of the post-2015 process to define a new development agenda as the Millennium Development Goals period was coming to an end. The process resulted in the Sustainable Development Goals we have today, which were adopted by world leaders in 2015. MY World 2030 version of the survey continues this citizen engagement of ensuring people’s voices are a part of the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. It asks 3 questions. First, it asks whether the respondent is aware of the SDGs. Secondly, the respondent is asked to identify which six of the 17 SDGs are of greatest concern to them and their family and finally, to indicate whether the situation on their chosen goals is improving or worsening. The purpose is to track these indicators from now until 2030 to see impacts of awareness raising efforts and to provide an ongoing indication to governments and the UN of people’s priorities and of how progress on SDGs is being perceived. MY World 2030 also improves upon the 2015 version in that it collects demographic information to help strengthen the disaggregation of the analysis of the data, namely on third gendered respondents, disabilities, and city information. The objective of the MY World 2030 initiative is to empower people to share their voices and to inform governments and the UN on perceptions of priorities and progress on SDGs from now until 2030. - is a tool to hold governments and institutions accountable making sure every person has their say on SDG achievements - identifies priorities of different groups by capturing responses across all countries, disaggregating demographic groups by country, city, gender, age, education and HDI - engages the general public in issues of immediate concern to them - The results are used at the local, national and regional level to support governments to make decisions informed by this collective voice and to maintain ongoing dialogue with the public regarding progress MY World is build upon the three cornerstones: - Awareness: increase ownership of the SDGs among citizens and all stakeholders, especially in the communities that are left behind. - Accountability: empower citizens, especially those from the most disadvantaged communities to be able to hold their governments to account. - Action: take stock of the data collected/produced so far, generate citizens’ actions to present public statements and calls for action from their public representatives on the SDGs. We want to encourage people to share how the SDGs are linked to their lives and whether they feel that progress has been made in achieving them. Together with our partners, we aim to mobilise millions of citizens, institutions and organisations across the globe to raise their voices. From now until 2030, we want as many people in as many countries as possible to be involved: citizens of all ages, genders and backgrounds, including but not limited to the world’s poor and marginalized communities. A partner may start collecting responses at any time. It is advisable to repeat the survey on a periodic basis to collect results that can be compared from one year to the next. Some suggested key dates such as the Global Day of Action for the SDGs on 25 September, or other key International Days may be a good time to launch your campaign. You can start by registering as our partner at our website here: https://myworld2030.org/register/. By being our partner, you can help us to promote and distribute the MY World 2030 survey while raising awareness of the SDGs. As a Partner, you will share the survey and collect responses from your community, networks, friends, school, church, etc. You can do this through the online survey platform or paper ballots. Partner identification and registration Anyone can register to be a MY World partner in any country under their own partner identification. The registration process is simple and all partners, individuals and organizations, both large and small, are welcome! You can reach out to your online networks, professional networks, your friends or you can create a space at events to promote the survey. Every response matters. You can also try to build your own team of volunteers to promote MY World more broadly. With the support of our partners, the MY World 2030 survey can reach millions of people, including the digitally disconnected, poorest and most marginalized communities. The survey aims to help build a dialogue between decision makers and citizens in order to contribute a ‘’people’s perspective’’ on how to implement the 2030 Agenda at the local, national and international levels. Registering is quick and easy. - Register at: https://myworld2030.org/register/ - Fill out the registration form - Wait for the confirmation email - Start collecting answers with your unique Partener ID See the toolkits to help you get started as a MY World partner at: http://about.myworld2030.org/toolkits-sub-page/ As a part of registration each partner will choose their unique Partner Identification name (ID). This name should be a few characters long and it should reflect the name of your organization. The Partner ID will be linked to each response you collect, as a way to keep track of how many responses you have collected and how your respondents responded. Once you have collected at least 50 responses under your partner ID, these will be visible in the global results platform. (see data.myworld2030.org – partner tab). When you share the survey online, you must provide the link to your unique partner link -ex. myworld2030.org/partner/yourparnterID, for responses to be associated with your organization. If you send us responses collected on paper, be sure to indicate your Partner ID. Please do not register partner ID only using the name of your country because this would exclude others from your country. The name of the country is reserved for a national level campaign with the support of the government and/or UN. In addition, if you are representing an organization, make sure the name does not exclude other teams of the same organization in other regions. The partner names are normally approved by the SDG Action Campaign and you would be informed if for any reason there is a possible problem with the partner name you have chosen. If you are working together with others in the same organization or company it is best if you can all register under a primary partner ID. This will allow you to compile and view a larger number of responses associated with your organization. If you are not working together with others but you see there is an active MY World partner in your country, you could approach them and ask to become part of their team. This can help provide you with access to more information, tips and tools from others in your country who are supporting MY World. You can still have the individual contributions tracked using the partner ID/username as outlined below. Yes. MY World partners have the greatest success when they build a team of motivated people to help share the survey. To help build incentives and encourage the volunteers it is also possible to give each person their own unique link so that their results can also be tracked and rewarded individually. You can create individual IDs for each person on your team or each chapter of your organization. - Add a username for each person or chapter to the end of your partner id as follows: for instance: https://myworld2030.org/partner/youth4SDGs/maria1 - Ensure that each team member/chapter collects votes under their unique link to keep track of the results generated from each person. - You can offer prizes or recognition to the people/chapter who collect the most votes. Tip: Since this user-specific url creates a rather long link for sharing, it is a good idea to also embed the link in hyperlinked text. -ie- vote here rather than vote here: https://myworld2030.org/partner/youth4SDGs/maria1 Yes! We look for MY World partnerships across all sectors of society, and universities have played a very important role in the MY World project. Students offer a ready source of enthusiasm and skills to support rolling out the survey and faculty members can offer guidance to support the organization of mobilization activities and the analysis of responses. University campus can be an easy place to distribute surveys in classrooms or to set up a MY World voting booth or event and to capture the voices of youth which are so critical to the 2030 agenda. Yes! All sectors have a role to play in the SDGs. Companies have played an important role in helping to share the survey to the public over their marketing and social media channels. Capturing citizen voices can also start in the workplace, where the survey can be easily shared over internal email channels. Interested in hearing how your employees feel about the SDGs? Contact us and we can help you to customize the survey. Survey results are compiled in the people’s voices data visualization platform at data.myworld2030.org. The goal is to continue to collect data from now until 2030 so that the results can be compared over the years to track changes in public awareness and perceptions of progress on the goal. These results are to be fed into national and international events and meetings to ensure that decision-makers are aware of the survey and of the public perceptions around the SDGs. They can be compiled and shared easily from the data platform to showcase in social media, news articles and formal reports. The collected responses are presented to world leaders and decision makers at key moments such as the UN General Assembly or High Level Political Forum. They should also be used at the local, national and regional level to ensure representatives make decisions informed by this collective voice and to create pressure and accountability regarding their commitments to deliver. What we want is to empower people to share their voices, for which the data provides the tool. However, it is not tool just for us. It is for you. The data can be used as a tool to build bridges within your own community. With sufficient numbers of responses, go meet your local decision makers and share the findings with them. The global data can be analysed and sorted along demographic and geographic lines, to help identify local, national and global level trends. Yes. The data will be presented to world leaders and decision makers at multiple key moments until 2030, both formally through political processes such as the UN General Assembly or the High Level Political Forum and informally through frequent creative ‘People’s Voices’ exhibitions at the UN and other international meetings. In order for your data to appear under the partner tab in the Global Data webpage , a minimum of 50 responses must be collected under the same partner ID. The Global data site is updated weekly, so if you have just reached to 50 votes, it might take few working days to have them visible on our site. You can also find all the answers collected in .cvs format at our website under the link “MYWORLD DATA”. The easiest way to find your votes is to use Ctrl+F command by typing your partner ID in the search field. MY World 2030 methodology Participants will be asked their gender, age and country, to allow for disaggregation of data and to present decision makers with an accurate global picture of what citizens think. Responses are anonymous and cannot be linked back to individuals. Even if the respondent chooses to leave an email address for the newsletter, this address is not linked to the survey responses and it is stored in a separate database. The survey aims to capture the perceptions and status of the goals in the country where the respondent is living. This is to provide feedback to governments on the services they are providing and on the priorities of their people. For respondents who are living away from home it is best to be consistent. If the respondent chooses to provide feedback about his/her home country, then he or she should indicate the home country rather than the new host country in the demographic questions. MY World services in other languages MY World is available in more than 20 languages. The updated list of available languages can be found always on the right top corner of the MY World 2030 survey website. If your language is not available please see below. (for ASEAN region see also asean.myworld2030.org for additional languages from the region). Yes! We want to have the survey available as many languages as possible so your help in doing this is much appreciated. Translating the survey is easy and quick. You can download the template from our MY World Resources page. The translator can create a new tab by copying for example the English tab, and do the editing by translating the column B. As many of the terms to be translated are the official names of countries, google translate can be helpful. Also please do a little research to see if material on Sustainable Development Goals is already available in your language through UN or government sources. Tools to promote MY World The easiest way to get started is to register as our partner at our website. After registration, read carefully through our Toolkits under the Partner tab. The toolkits will explain you the purpose of MY World 2030 initiative and provides you with guidance and ideas for building your own campaign. The MY World logo shown below is open source and can be used by any partner that is sharing the survey. You can use it alongside your own organization logo to indicate the partnership. Please be clear in your communications. As a MY World partner you do not represent the UN. The UN logo or that of the SDG Action Campaign may not be used without express permission. MY World around the world There are many countries where MY World is already underway or where national implementation is planned. The best way to see this is to look at the results submitted so far on the global data page at: data.myworld2030.org. You can let us know if you are trying to find other registered partners from you country at email@example.com. Yes, there are a wide range of tools and approaches that the SDG Action Campaign supports for getting involved in spreading the word about the SDGs and capturing people’s voices. The Humans of MY World photo series captures people’s personal stories and links these to the SDGs and we have a toolkit to help partners create their own series. We offer virtual reality film screenings at international and national events around the world. These photos and the VR films are showcased along with the MY World data in exhibitions. The SDG Action Campaign provides these tools for others to replicate in their SDG advocacy efforts. You can learn more about our complete set of actions in our SDG Action Toolkit. The SDG Action Campaign provides online tools, incentives and advice for implementing MY World, however we are not able to provide direct assist with operational costs of implementing MY World such as printing. It may be helpful to look for support from potential partners in your local area who might also have an interest in supporting the SDGs. These could be private businesses, church groups, government programmes, universities, etc. You can offer to co-brand the survey, such as by putting the logo of supporting partners on the ballot form or online voting promotions. Write to firstname.lastname@example.org where you can reach the full team of the SDG Action Campaign and your question or request will be channeled to the best person to respond.

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In my discussions you will frequently hear me use the term “regulation,” so let me take a moment to discuss the meaning of “regulation” relative to child development and the brain. The brain has a variety of regulatory systems, with the attachment system being one of the primary systems for regulating emotions, behavior, and particularly relationships. A useful analogy for understanding the concept of “regulation” is the thermostat. When the temperature gets too warm in a room, the thermostat registers this and turns on the air conditioner to bring the temperature back down into a comfortable range. Similarly, if the temperature in the room gets too cold, then the thermostat turns on the heater to return the temperature to a comfortable range. The thermostat “regulates” the temperature of the room so that the temperature remains in a comfortable mid-range. The brain works in the same way, acting to regulate emotions, behavior, and social relationships so that the person’s state remains organized and integrated with the environment and social field, a comfortable mid-range of emotions, behavior, and social cooperation. Emotions that are too intense or conflicted, or demands that are too frustrating can lead to dysregulated emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal displays. Meanwhile, the brain’s regulatory networks seek to maintain the organism in an organized and well-regulated mid-range comfort zone, and there are a variety of brain systems that act to maintain the integrated regulation of our emotions, behavior, and social relationships. The Development of Regulatory Systems We build what we use: Brain cells and brain systems develop based on the principle of “we build what we use.” Every time we use a brain cell or a particular brain network the connections within that network become stronger, more sensitive, and more efficient through “use-dependent” neural processes. We build what we use. If you want to learn to hit a baseball, you go to the batting cage and hit baseballs over-and-over again. If you want to memorize a phone number, you repeat it back to yourself over and-over again. We build what we use. The renowned neuroscientist, Donald Hebb, referred to this use-dependent development as, “neurons that fire together, wire together.” Based on the requirements of this use-dependent approach to neural development, the brain employs a dual-system of “experience expectant” and “experience dependent” maturation in which the brain expects certain categories and types of experience and is already “pre-wired” in certain brain areas to receive these experiences (i.e., brain development is “experience-expectant”), and meanwhile the exact nature of the specific patterns that are laid down in these “pre-wired” areas is dependent on the specific nature of the experiences the person has (i.e., brain development is “experience-dependent”). This integrated dual-process of experience-expectant and experience-dependent brain development is most clearly illustrated in our acquisition of language. The Example of Language Acquisition One of the primary regulatory systems of the brain is language, and the development and functioning of the language system can shed light on how other regulatory systems develop and function. The brain expects that it will be exposed to language and already has certain areas pre-wired to acquire the rich complexity of language (experience-expectant). However, the specific language that is learned, Chinese, French, Russian, is dependent upon which specific language the child is exposed to during sensitive periods of development (experience-dependent). Language is also a primary regulatory network, serving to regulate emotions, behavior, and social relationships in order to keep them in an organized and comfortable mid-range of effective functioning. When we use language to express our emotions there are inhibitory networks from language and communication channels back to the emotion system that help quiet the intensity of the emotion (Greenspan & Shanker, 2004). Language also helps us regulate our emotions and behavior through internalized self-talk (thinking) in which we can organize and direct our actions in planning and execution. One of the primary regulatory functions of language is with our social relationships, in which language allows us to cooperatively organize our interpersonal relationships. Language is a primary regulatory system that develops through an integrated combination of experience-expectant and experience-dependent developmental processes. The primary organizational patterns that are laid down in the language system by experience-dependent development occur during a sensitive period of early childhood development, primarily between the ages of one to five years old. This is the period when the basic structure of grammar is acquired. The brain expects that it will acquire grammar and already has dedicated brain systems and structures ready to acquire the grammar of language, but each specific language will have its own unique grammatical structure. The grammatical structure of Chinese is vastly different from that of French, yet the developing brain is equally adept at acquiring the underlying grammatical structure of either language. The exact patterns laid down in the language system are experience-dependent. And while the specific underlying patterns of language are acquired during a time-limited sensitive period of early childhood, we nevertheless use these underlying patterns of language throughout our lifespans to regulate our emotions, behavior, and social interactions. Language isn’t something that’s just relevant to early childhood because that’s the period when we acquire the patterns of language. We use the patterns of language we developed in childhood throughout our lives, from childhood to old age. The Attachment System In the 1970s a seminal psychological theorist, John Bowlby, identified another primary regulatory system in the brain, the attachment system. The attachment system likewise acts to regulate our emotions, behavior, and social relationships throughout our lifespans, with a particular focus on regulating our emotionally close and intimate relationship bonds. The attachment system developed across millions of years of evolution, just like the language system did, because of the survival advantage that children’s attachment bonding to parents confers, and the attachment system likewise develops through a combination of experience-expectant and experience-dependent developmental processes. The brain expects certain attachment-related experiences of close emotional bonding with the parental caregivers, and the brain has pre-dedicated networks already in place to acquire the “grammar” of these relationships, what are called the “internal working models” of attachment relationships (Bowlby, 1969; Bretherton & Munholland, 2008). The actual specific patterns imprinted onto the attachment networks, however, depend on the specific features of the parent-child relationship. The “grammar” of attachment, the “internal working models” of the attachment system, is primarily acquired during a sensitive period of early childhood based on the child’s relationship interactions with parental caregivers. Yet these internal working models of attachment continue to change and develop throughout childhood and adolescence (just like we continue to modify and change our language development throughout childhood), and we use the internal patterns of the attachment system throughout our lifespan to regulate both the formation of emotionally close and bonded relationships, as well as the loss of these emotionally close relationships. The attachment system is a neuro-biologically embedded primary motivational system analogous to other primary motivational systems for food and reproduction (unlike the language system, which is not a motivational system). Because we all live in a brain, we are all familiar with the experience of the attachment system. When we love our mother, our father, our siblings, our grandparents, that’s the attachment system glowing warm within us. Who we choose for a spouse, why we choose this person, and how we relate to this person, that’s the attachment system operating within us (Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Roisman, et al., 2001; Simpson, 1990) When we argue and fight with our spouse, trying to improve our relationship and restore our affectional bonding, that’s the attachment system motivating us. When we grieve the death of our parent, the divorce from our spouse, or the loss of our child leaving home for college, that’s the attachment system. How we do each of these things, our style of love and loss, represents the manifestation of the internal working models of our attachment system, the “grammar” of our attachment networks (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980). One of the primary experts in attachment theory, Mary Ainsworth, describes the functioning of the attachment system, I define an “affectional bond” as a relatively long-enduring tie in which the partner is important as a unique individual and is interchangeable with none other. In an affectional bond, there is a desire to maintain closeness to the partner. In older children and adults, that closeness may to some extent be sustained over time and distance and during absences, but nevertheless there is at least an intermittent desire to reestablish proximity and interaction, and pleasure – often joy – upon reunion. Inexplicable separation tends to cause distress, and permanent loss would cause grief… An ”attachment” is an affectional bond, and hence an attachment figure is never wholly interchangeable with or replaceable by another, even though there may be others to whom one is also attached. In attachments, as in other affectional bonds, there is a need to maintain proximity, distress upon inexplicable separation, pleasure and joy upon reunion, and grief at loss. (Ainsworth, 1989, p. 711, emphasis added) Transmission of Attachment Patterns Just like we acquired the patterns of the language system from the language our parents spoke, i.e., the patterns in their language system were transferred to our language system, we acquire much of our attachment patterns, the internal working models of our own attachment networks, from the patterns contained in our parents’ attachment systems (Benoit & Parker, 1994; Bretherton, 1990; Fonagy, Steele, & Steele, 1991; Fonagy & Target 2005; Fraiberg, Adelson, & Shapiro, 1975; Jacobvitz, Morgan, Kretchmar & Morgan, 1991; van Ijzendoorn, 1992). Just like we acquire the grammar of language from the grammar “files” in the language networks of our parents, we similarly acquire the “grammar” of the attachment system, our internal working models of attachment expectations, from the “files” of our parents’ attachment networks. The patterns of attachment contained within the parents’ attachment networks are transferred to the children’s attachment networks. This is called the “trans-generational transmission of attachment patterns.” And here is what is important for understanding the distortions to the child’s attachment bonding motivations in “parental alienation” — any corrupt “files” in the attachment system of the parent will be transferred to the child’s attachment system, just like a regional dialect or accent is transferred in the language system, so that the child’s attachment networks will contain the same corrupt “files” as the parent’s. The child-initiated cut-off in the child’s relationship with a normal-range, affectionate and available parent represents the manifestation of a set of corrupt “files” in the attachment system of the narcissistic/(borderline) parent that are being transferred to the child’s attachment networks, and these corrupt “files” are crashing the normal-range functioning of the child’s attachment system relative to the child’s attachment bonding motivations toward the targeted parent. What will be interesting is when, in later blog posts, I open these corrupt files and we read the actual source code that is contained in these files. We will find that it is a very specific and characteristic code that speaks to the trans-generational origins of the “parental alienation” process. Craig Childress, Psy.D. Licensed Clinical Psychologist, CA PSY 18857 Regulatory Function of Language Greenspan, S.I. and Shanker, S.G. (2004) The first idea: How symbols, language and intelligence evolved from our primate ancestors to modern humans. New York: Da Capo Press. Internal Working Models Bretherton, I., & Munholland, K. (2008). Internal working models in attachment relationships: Elaborating a central construct in attachment theory. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment (pp. 102-130). New York: Guilford Press. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Attachment, vol. 1. (pp. )NY: Basic Books. Attachment System and Spousal Relationships Feeney, J.A. & Noller, P. (1990). Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 281-291. Hazan, C, & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524. Roisman, G.I., Madsen, K.H., Hennighousen, L. Sroufe, L.A., and Collins, W.A. (2001). The coherence of dyadic behavior across parent-child and romantic relationships as mediated by the internalized representation of experience. Attachment and Human Behavior, 3, 156-172. Simpson, J.A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 971-980. Trans-Generational Transmission of Attachment Patterns Benoit, D. and Parker, K.C.H. (1994). Stability and transmission of attachment across three generations. Child Development, 65, 1444-1456 Bretherton, I. (1990). Communication patterns, internal working models, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships. Infant Mental Health Journal, 11, 237-252. Fonagy, P., Steele, M. & Steele, H. (1991). Intergenerational patterns of attachment: Maternal representations during pregnancy and subsequent infant-mother attachments. Child Development, 62, 891-905. Fonagy P. & Target M. (2005). Bridging the transmission gap: An end to an important mystery in attachment research? Attachment and Human Development, 7, 333-343. Fraiberg, S., Adelson, E., & Shapiro, V. (1975). Ghosts in the nursery. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 14, 387–421. Jacobvitz, D.B., Morgan, E., Kretchmar, M.D., and Morgan, Y. (1991). The transmission of mother-child boundary disturbances across three generations. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 513-527. van Ijzendoorn, M.H. (1992) Intergenerational transmission of parenting: A review of studies in nonclinical populations. Developmental Review, 12, 76-99 The Attachment System Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709-716. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Attachment, vol. 1. (pp. )NY: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. NY: Basic. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. NY: Basic.

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"Knowledge Never Learned of Schools." Edited by Miss Armitt. Volume 10, 1899, pg. 797 by Mrs. Dorman. It may seem a trite saying that by the invention of the microscope, worlds not only unrealized but even unimagined before, have been brought within our view, and yet one cannot look into a drop of pond or bog water, teeming as it is with vegetable life in its minutest developments, without being impressed by something akin to awe, so great are the variety and beauty of the forms that are revealed by the magic glass. Through that glass we see, darkly indeed, but yet unmistakably, how the same creative energy that framed the universe, has delighted to expend itself in bringing all this varied life into being, and in tracing lines of exquisite beauty forms that are all but invisible to the unassisted eye, so that the infinitely small seems as marvelous as the infinitely great. All these finely sculptured lines are, moreover, traced upon a material so fragile as to have earned for the tiny Diatoms the name of Brittleworts, and yet so indestructible that myriads of them have been preserved in a fossil state for countless ages in the so-called Diatom earths, or Tripoli powder. It is calculated that forty millions of these delicate forms are contained in one cubic inch of Bilin slate; and a marine deposit, forty feet in depth and of unknown extend, composed for the most part of the siliceous skeletons of indestructible Diatoms, underlies the city of Richmond, U.S.A. We may find them in a living state in any pool, or ditch, or horse-trough, no less than in the surface layers of the deep sea, and even amongst the organic dust of the snowfield. Dr. Hooker found Diatoms discolouring the Antarctic seas, and also in the lava of a volcanic mountain. There is a whitish powdery substance known in Norway and Sweden as "mountain meal," and used by the peasants to mix with flour for bread, which is composed entirely of fossil Diatoms, and great tracts both in the arctic and Antarctic regions are covered with these infinitesimal relics of a former vegetation. What, then, are Diatoms? To what class of the vegetable kingdom do they belong? What is their nature, and what is known of their life history? How may they be recognized, and how distinguished from other microscopic plants, and especially from their kindred forms the Desmids, and why, when their short lives are ended, does not their memorial perish with them? To the first question, the answer is that Diatoms are "unicellular plants which grow both in salt and fresh water and upon moist soil." To the second question, the Diatomaceae used to be placed with the Algae, that is, when they had ceased to be considered forms of animal life, but they are now regarded as occupying an intermediate position between animals and plants, and form an isolated group called Bacillariales or rod-like plants; we may therefore expect their characteristics to be such as to warrant this exclusive treatment. First, as to the limits of these minute plants, for we have seen that our Diatom is confined within a single cell, and we find that its cell-wall, instead of consisting of purely vegetable matter, is formed into a veritable coat of mail by a silicious or flinty deposit, perfectly transparent indeed, but at the same time hard enough for innumerable dots and lines to be fretted or engraved upon its surface, and notwithstanding its fragility, indestructible alike by fire or acids. Under certain aspects of the cell wall may be said to answer to the shell of a bivalve, under others to a skeleton, and it is made up of two narrow symmetrical plates, or valves, which exactly fit into each other, the living plant being enclosed in the box or shell formed by the two halves. Whether the derivation of the name Diatom from diatomos--cut through--refers to this division of the cell-wall or to the manner of propagation by division, I am not clear. The Diatomaceae may be at once distinguished from the Desmids, to which they bear a superficial resemblance, by their colour, as only the large Diatom--Pinnularia viridis--approaches in any degree to the brilliant green of the Desmids; and they are usually of a bright golden brown, as the protoplasm and chlorophyll are stained and masked by a pigment called diatomin. In a drop of bog water, several common species will be found, some resting, some slowly moving, for Diatoms are by no means stationary. One little voyager, shaped like a miniature boat, pushes gently along through a seemingly impenetrable mass of debris, passes it, reaches some object too difficult for him, slowly retires, returns again, again is baffled, once more returns undaunted to the charge, and, perhaps by some fortuitous change in the concourse of atoms, finds the passage he seeks for, and at last reaches a clear space in the luminous drop. Here, side by side, is a row of Fragillaria virescens or Diatoma vulgare in a ribbon-like band, and here again we find the band is broken and the tiny plants attached to each other in zigzag fashion by their corners. Now we catch sight of a detached frustule of Gimphonema capitatum and begin to look eagerly for the branching filaments from which it has become detached, or a wandering Navicula of another species than the first arrests our attention, crossing a bright space in which seem to float a dozen or more dark-green crescents of the lovely Desmid--Closterium lunula--and surely, now we have a specimen of Pinnularia viridis, the largest of British fresh water Diatoms, for it shows as a giant amongst the other species, and one can easily see the box-like form of the plant case, and the striae lying at right angles to its long axis, while near it is another very long and slender Navicula, with a clearly-defined line down the centre, but no visible striae; they are there, doubtless, but cannot be seen with a quarter-inch objective. A long and rod-like Diatom, perhaps an individual of Synedra splendens, has a rim of finest markings along the sides, but my drawing is from an old sketch-book, and was made some years ago when I was studying Duckweeds, and before I knew anything of Diatoms, but I think I was right in naming it Synedra ulva, as that species is frequently found attached to some aquatic plant; and this is the last of my acquaintance with living Diatoms. We will take Pinnularia viridis for further study, as its comparatively large size permits us to see clearly the markings on the frustules, and the structure is more easily made out than in the smaller Diatoms. If we get an individual under observation for more than a very short period, we shall find that it has a wonderful faculty for movement, both backward and forwards, and that it frequently changes its aspect, so as at one moment to have the appearance of a long oval, and the next of a rectangle with somewhat rounded corners. These two aspects are called respectively the valve, and the girdle sides. On the valve side, furrows are seen running towards the central line, but not quite reaching it; these furrows are considered to indicate thin places on the surface of the cell-wall; on the girdle side they reappear, but only as a narrow border to the cell. With careful focusing and management of light, the box-like form of the cell, one half of which fits into the other half, may be seen, and in dead specimens still more clearly. The contents of the cell have also a different aspect as seen from the valve, or girdle side. The sort of bridge in the girdle view, is said to be the central collection of protoplasm. We noticed that the cells of Pinnularia were mobile, but they do not swim freely, and are supposed rather to creep along the substratum by means of a delicate protoplasmic edge like a foot, which is protruded through the cleft between the valves. If a living Diatom be heated over a flame, the result is that the cell contents are destroyed, and the cell itself remains perfect, as a skeleton. In this state, the very fine markings on the cell wall are better studied than when the plant is living. The variously sculptured, dotted and ribbed surfaces of Diatoms are favourite microscopic objects on account of their beauty and delicacy. Under a high power, the striae of the Pleurosigma resolve them-selves into hexagonal dots, and their number may be imagined from the fact that they are calculated to be 40,000 to the square inch. This is a comparatively large Diatom. Aulacodiscus formosus is wonderful for the beauty of its skeleton, and is so minute that it only shows as a dot on the microscopic slide. The structure appears to be cellular, and there are four exquisitely-formed tubercles set like a Maltese cross. On my slide, one disc is smaller than the other, and I take it to be the second of the two halves. Diatoms multiply themselves by sub-division lengthwise. The frustules, as the shell-like cells are technically called, separate, and two plants are thus formed out of one; each half keeps one parent valve, and develops a new and smaller one on the opposite side. By this process of multiplication it is evident that these already minute organisms must get smaller by degrees, and finally reach the vanishing point! In point of fact, this condition of things does not go on indefinitely, for when a certain size is reached, a different course is followed. Either the cell contents free themselves altogether from the cell wall, enlarge, and put on new valves exactly like the parent, but much larger; or two individuals unite to form what is known as an auxopore. Sometimes the two individuals become imbedded in mucilage previous to the formation of an auxopore. Proofread July 2011, LNL |Top||Copyright © 2002-2020 AmblesideOnline. All rights reserved. Use of these resources subject to the terms of our License Agreement.||Home|

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The Russian language is spoken by more than 280 million people worldwide and for many is an intriguing language that mystifies and fascinates. It’s a relatively unpopular language among Americans, at least since the end of the cold war, and most students in high school today often choose to study Spanish, French, Latin - even Chinese - instead! However, if you want to travel to Russia, learning at least some Russian is a must. And people certainly are - in 2013, this Slavic country was the 9th most visited country worldwide! So if you want to be one of Russia’s many tourists sometime in the near future, here are our top tips for dipping your toes in this Cyrillic language. Learn the Cyrillic alphabet What’s the Russian alphabet? One of the main challenges for anyone just starting to learn Russian is mastering the Cyrillic alphabet, which often seems entirely incomprehensible for an English reader. However, it is totally possible to learn the Russian alphabet in just a few lessons. With it’s different writing, confusing pronunciation, and unknown symbols, the Cyrillic alphabet is necessary for anyone trying to learn a Slavic, Turkish, or Uralic language. Learning all the new letters of the Russian alphabet will also be helpful if you decide to go on and learn many of the varied Eastern European languages. The Cyrillic alphabet in numbers: - It’s an official alphabet of the European Union - Has had 33 letters since it’s modification in 1917 (before it had 37 letters!) - Is a bicameral alphabet, made up of consonants and vowels - Has two written forms: upper case and lower case. - Places an emphasis on individual words, just like english (think of the way you would say CLEver or HAPpy, enJOY or compLAIN) - Each letter has its own unique phonetic pronunciation. Overall, the alphabet isn’t all that different than what we use for English, despite the different writing! How should you go about learning the Russian alphabet? In order to make sure you’re pronouncing the Russian letters properly, you’ll need to learn about the signs for soft ь and hard ъ, which, respectively, indicate whether the previous consent is palletized or not. We’d recommend learning the Russian alphabet in this order: - Latin letters - Greek letters - Russian letters This way the challenge will be gradual. For latin letters, the main thing is to be careful not to confuse the English and Russian pronunciations. Greek letters will be easy to learn for anyone who’s joined Greek life or once studied ancient Greek. And finally, you’ll move on to the final challenge of the Russian letters, where you’ll need to learn an entirely new system of writing. The best thing to do is to study the alphabet a bit every day and after a few weeks you’ll have mastered it! One last piece of advice - it is better to study the alphabet on paper instead of via the computer, so that you can also work one your handwriting and engage your muscle memory. Whether you’re learning with the help of a Russian tutor or on your own, learning the Cyrillic alphabet will make it easier for you to travel to Russia without a language barrier! How to learn the basic Russian vocabulary Basic greetings and niceties in Russian If you’re planning to go and live in Russia, it’s essential to learn a few basic greetings and formula for conversations in Russian! In Russia, it isn’t really necessary to use too many niceties and generic phrases - for example, it would be considered really unusual to smile at someone you don’t know. Smiling is something you only do to close friends and family in Russia. Therefore, instead of a general friendly attitude, it’s much better to arm yourself with a Russian vocabulary that c an be deployed in a range of situations. Like many other European languages, in Russian there’s a formal and informal version of personal pronoun ‘you.’ - “Вы” is the Russian formal ‘you’ and is used when speaking with strangers, elders, or you superiors in a hierarchical work structure. Once you’ve gotten to know them, the native Russian speaker can suggest that you move to the informal ‘you’ - “Ты” in the informal ‘you’ for Russian speakers. It’s used when speaking to a friend, a child, or someone of a similar age. Your elders may also use ‘Ты’ to speak to you, but you cannot do the same for them. When you want to be as formal as possible, for example in a letter of motivation or a job interview, you can use “господи´н” (Sir) or “госпожа” (Madam) followed by the person’s last name. Finally, if this is someone with whom you’re especially close, you could also use the last name of the person with whom you’re speaking (for example, ‘Masha’ instead of ‘Maria’). Calling people by their last name is something that’s only done for people of a similar age. Your elders would not appreciate being called by their surname. Creating a crib sheet for Russian vocabulary Before you create a list of your key Russian vocabulary, you’ll need to define your goals and needs! For example, students who are interested in learning about Russian history will need to study the formal range of the language, while students who are planning to go live in Russia for a while will probably be more interested in colloquial Russian. Some Russophones prefer to organise their vocabulary studies by theme - travel, work, animals - with some standard phrases to memorize, but in order to become truly bilingual, it’s much better to study the Russian language and its vocabulary in all of its depth until basic Russian vocabulary just trips straight off the tip of your tongue. A good order for studying Russian vocabulary might be: - Personal pronouns in Russian - Common Russian greetings and salutations - Russian verbs - Russian adjectives - Russian prepositions - Russian adverbs - Russian particles - Common Russian expressions - Telling the time and talking about the weather in Russian… After you’ve mastered the basics, it’s a good idea to focus on different spelling and writing skills that would be useful while you’re traveling in Moscow or St Petersburg. A crib sheet with basic vocabulary and grammar will be your best asset while trying to learn the Russian language! Learning to write in Russian How can you improve your Cyrillic handwriting? It’s difficult, but totally possible to learn a Slavic language without signing yourself up for night classes in Russian! In order to become an expert on Dostoïevski in the native language or Russian culture, you’ll need plenty of patience and motivation. The hardest step is to completely block out the Latin alphabet and your native language to resist the temptation to simply translate from Russian to English - you need to really assimilate Russian writing into your repertoire, and will need to study daily. In order to write in Russian like a native speaker, you’ll of course need to learn all of the Cyrillic alphabet by heart, but that’s not all! In fact, you’ll also need to work on your handwriting so that it reaches a readable standard for a native Russian speaker. Start by downloading a Cyrillic alphabet keyboard for your computer so you’ll be confronted by all of the letters every day. In order to check your handwriting, it might be a good idea to sign up for a few private tutoring sessions for Russian with a native speaker. In addition to working on your handwriting, a Russian student will need to work on: - Russian grammar - Russian conjugations - A perfect Russian accent to improve your verbal skills - Russian spelling - the phonetic alphabet - Speaking freely in Russian… In addition to language classes, it is also possible to learn Russian online thanks to a number of interactive learning sites which often offer a virtual keyboard to work on your writing online. To your pens! The different kinds of Russian writing Learn how to write Russian, but which one?? In order to become truly fluent in Russian, studettes of the language will need to learn how to write Russian in all of its forms. There are many different styles of writing in the language of Pouchkine: - Typed writing, used on computers, or visible in scholarly articles. - Russian cursive, which you’ll see in Russian calligraphy - Uppercase letters - lowercase letters Watch out for the common mistakes! The lowercase letters of the cyrillic alphabet are not the same as in the latin alphabet. Many Russian students run into a stumbling block here and get confused about the lowercase versions of the new letters they’ve learned. With regular work, you can become a true polyglot and learn how to write and rewrite texts in Russian just as well as native speakers! Our advice for reading Russian Talking to a native speaker about reading in Russian Taking a free Russian class with a native speaker sounds like a great option, doesn’t it? Whether you’re trying to work on your Russian reading skills, or to learn some colloquial Russian and a bit more about modern culture, signing up for a pen pal is a great idea. Thanks to a language partner an English speaker can benefit from getting to know a native Russian speaker and their language as they learn. You can find language partner options that are both electronic, or via the mail. Students can choose the method that works best for them, perhaps based on whether they want to improve their skills reading typed or handwritten Russian. In order to speak to a Russian native, students can sign up via: - My Language Exchange - Global Pen Friends - Students of the World - Master Russian - Pen Pal Party - Truly Russian - Conversation Exchange - A Pen Pals Having a friend abroad can also be a great help when you start trying to organise a study abroad in the Russian capital to improve your language skills! Search for "russian classes london" online, and find a native teacher to help you learn Russian. Learn to read in Russian and have fun at the same time You don’t need to make yourself miserable in order to become bilingual in Tolstoy’s language! Many studies have shown that your brain learns best in a laid back fashion - hence why your language teachers in high school were always trying to help you study a language through its culture. By discovering new things about the Slavic culture, games and other ways to have fun during a Russian language course can also help you become more familiar with the Cyrillic alphabet. If you've decided to move, check out our expat guide to Russia. And there’s a pretty easy way to start - just put on the subtitles when you’re watching a movie in order to help improve your reading in Russian. For other fun and easy ways to read in Russian, you could consider: - Russian films - Russian tv series - Russian newspapers - Phone apps in Russian - Learning Russian song lyrics - Russian literature… Free language classes will also help students to learn new Russian words and memorize idiomatic expressions in Russian. And now it’s time to dive in!

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Diabetes is one of the main health problems in our society mostly in obese or overweight patients. It may be due to very high or very low glycemic in the body. There are two types of diabetes: Diabetes Insipidus (Type 1) and Diabetes Melllitus (Type 2). Diabetes Mellitus is the most common type because it affects mostly the adults. Three common symptoms are seen in a diabetic person these are polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia. Diabetes is a very common disease and you will carry this disease for the rest of your life. It is treated with insulin. Insulin helps in lowering the blood sugar level of a diabetic person. The rapidly increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus is becoming a serious threat to mankind health in all parts of the world. However, because of low income status or inaccessibility to health care facilities, many Filipinos favor the use of traditional herbal medications because of its cheap cost and easy accessibility. Annona muricata L. (guyabano) is a tropical plant species known for its edible fruit which has some medicinal merits. A. muricata were shown to possess anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, contraceptive, anti-tumoral, anti-ulceric, wound healing, hepato-protective, anti-icteric and hypoglycemic activities. In addition, clinical studies support the hypoglycemic activity of the ethanolic extracts of A. muricata leaves. Previous research showed that bark of plants soursop has a most excellent efficacy compared with the roots and leaves of the Annona muricata in lowering blood glucose levels in male rats induced streptozozin (Rahmawati, 2014). The researchers are going to use ICR mice as experimental models as mice are most widely used to establish models in research. The soursop fruit is known to reduce blood sugar level in ICR mice but this study aims to lower the blood sugar level of the diabetic ICR mice by using Annona muricata leaves extract. 1.2 Objectives of the Study To determine the significant change in the blood sugar level of the diabetes-induced ICR mice before and after administration of the Annona muricata supercritical fluid leaf extract. To determine the notable change in the blood sugar level of diabetes-induced ICR mice when administered with different levels of concentration of the Annona muricata supercritical fluid leaf extract. To lower the blood sugar of diabetes-induced ISR mice with the use of Annona muricata supercritical fluid leaf extract. 1.3 Statement of the Problem In every research study there are problems that needed to be solved by the researchers. These are the following questions that the researchers wished to answer. Is there a significant change in the blood sugar level of diabetes-induced ICR mice before and after administration of Annona muricata supercritical fluid leaf extract? Is there a notable change in the blood sugar of diabetes-induced ICR mice when administered with different levels of concentration of the Annona muricata supercritical fluid leaf extract? There is no significant change in the blood sugar level of diabetes-induced ICR mice before and after administration of Annona muricata supercritical fluid leaf extract. There is no notable change in the blood sugar level of diabetes-induced ICR mice when administered with different levels of concentration of the Annona muricata supercritical fluid leaf extract. There is a significant change in the blood sugar level of diabetes-induced ICR mice before and after administration of Annona muricata leaf supercritical fluid extract. There is a notable change in the blood sugar level of diabetes-induced ICR mice when administered with different levels of concentration of the Annona muricata leaf extract. 1.5 Significance of the Study The primary aim of this study is to determine if there is a significant change in the blood glucose level of ICR mice using Annona muricata supercritical leaf extract. The result of this study will significantly help the following: To diabetic patients, the result of this study will supplement the knowledge regarding the benefits of Annona muricata leaves as a natural hypoglycemic agent. To pharmaceutical field, the study may also contribute to obtaining a sustainable and efficient alternative hypoglycemic agent to synthetic hypoglycemic agent. 1.6 Scope and Limitations The study will be conducted for the purpose of determining the hypoglycemic activity of the Anonna muricata supercritical fluid leaf extract in diabetic induced ICR mice. - The method of extraction of Anonna muricata leaves will be through supercritical fluid extraction. - Alloxan will be used as diabetogenic drugs in ICR mice. - Fasting blood glucose will be performed using glucometer. The study will only use sixty live mice. No other species of rats shall be used. The glucose level of the mice will be the only measured blood component. The study will only use Annona muricata leaves. No other portions of Annona muricata shall be used. 1.7 Locale of the Study The researchers will be collecting Anonna muricata leaves at Pinagdanglayan, Dolores, Quezon. The Supercritical fluid extraction will be at University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna and the medical examination of the ICR mice will be held at Department of Science and Technology Taguig City. Review of Related Literature The oxidation of complex organic compounds is relied by the organisms to obtain energy. Carbohydrates are the major food source and energy supply for the body and are stored primarily as liver and muscle glycogen. Disease states involving carbohydrates are split into two groups: hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Carbohydrates are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (Bishop, et al., 2013). Glucose is one of the simplest forms of carbohydrate; classified as a monosaccharide. Glucose is a primary source of energy for humans. The nervous system, including the brain, totally depends on glucose from the surrounding extracellular fluid (ECF) for energy. Nervous tissue cannot concentrate or store carbohydrates; therefore, it is critical to maintain a steady supply of glucose to the tissue. For this reason, the concentration of glucose in the ECF must be maintained in a narrow range. When the concentration falls below a certain level, the nervous tissue loses the primary energy source and is incapable of maintaining normal function. (Stoker, 2016) The liver, pancreas, and other endocrine glands are all involved in controlling the blood glucose concentrations within a narrow range. During a brief fast, glucose is supplied to the ECF from the liver through glycogenolysis. When the fasting period is longer than 1 day, glucose is synthesized from other sources through gluconeogenesis. Control of blood glucose is under two major hormones: insulin and glucagon both produced by the pancreas. Their actions oppose each other. (Bishop, et al., 2013) Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell. It is synthesized by the b-cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. When these cells detect an increase in body glucose, they release insulin. The release of insulin causes an increased movement of glucose into the cells and increased glucose metabolism. Insulin is normally released when glucose levels are high and is not released when glucose levels are decreased. It decreases plasma glucose levels by increasing the transport entry of glucose in muscle and adipose tissue by way of nonspecific receptors. It also regulates glucose by increasing glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis and inhibiting glycogenolysis. Insulin is the only hormone that decreases glucose levels and can be referred to as a hypoglycemic agent (Bishop, et al., 2013) Glucagon is the primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose levels. It is synthesized by the a-cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and released during stress and fasting states. When these cells detect a decrease in body glucose, they release glucagon. Glucagon acts by increasing plasma glucose levels by glycogenolysis in the liver and an increase in gluconeogenesis. It can be referred to as a hyperglycemic agent (Bishop, et al., 2013). 2.1.3 Carbohydrate metabolism Carbohydrate metabolism begins with digestion in the small intestine where monosaccharides are absorbed into the blood stream. Blood sugar concentrations are controlled by three hormones: insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine. If the concentration of glucose in the blood is too high, insulin is secreted by the pancreas. Insulin stimulates the transfer of glucose into the cells, especially in the liver and muscles, although other organs are also able to metabolize glucose. In the liver and muscles, most of the glucose is changed into glycogen by the process of glycogenesis (anabolism). Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles until needed at some later time when glucose levels are low. If blood glucose levels are low, then epinephrine and glucagon hormones are secreted to stimulate the conversion of glycogen to glucose. This process is called glycogenolysis (catabolism). If glucose is needed immediately upon entering the cells to supply energy, it begins the metabolic process called glycolysis (catabolism). The end products of glycolysis are pyruvic acid and ATP. Since glycolysis releases relatively little ATP, further reactions continue to convert pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA and then citric acid in the citric acid cycle. The majority of the ATP is made from oxidations in the citric acid cycle in connection with the electron transport chain. During strenuous muscular activity, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid rather than acetyl CoA. During the resting period, the lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid in turn is converted back to glucose by the process called gluconeogenesis (anabolism). If the glucose is not needed at that moment, it is converted into glycogen by glycogenesis. You can remember those terms if you think of \"genesis\" as the formation-beginning (Ophardt, 2003). According to International Diabetes Federation, in the year 2017, there are 425 million people who have diabetes around the world while there were more than 3,721,900 diabetic patients in the Philippines. Diabetes is degenerative disease characterized by elevated glucose levels in the blood. The classical symptoms of an uncontrolled diabetic condition are polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (excessive hunger), and polydipsia (excessive thirst). There are several complications including microvascular problems such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. From the Greek words, “diabetes” meaning “siphon” and “mellitus” means “sweet”. Way back second century A.D., a Greek physician named Aretus the Cappadocian discovered diabetes from his observation in some people was in a state which their body acts like a siphon, taking water in at one end and discharging it at the other, and the urine has a sweet taste. Diabetes plays an essential role in oxidative stress and abnormal lipid metabolism that results in dyslipidemia. (Stoker, 2016) 2.2.1 Types of Diabetes Mellitus 184.108.40.206 Type I Diabetes Type I is also called as Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM). It constitutes about 10% of all diabetic cases, and common to children and adolescents. It resulted to an inadequate insulin production caused by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of the pancreas. When the hyperglycemia develops in the body, mostly the beta cells are destroyed. The antibody markers, islet cell autoantibodies, insulin autoantibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies, and tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 and IA-2B autoantibodies, for the destruction of beta cells are present before and during onset of diabetes. There should be at least 2 autoantibodies to be detected for it will have a greater risk of having type 1 diabetes. The levels of C-peptide and endogenous insulin are either low or undetectable. Patients with untreated IDDM for long periods of time may develop diabetic ketoacidosis. The therapy for this type 1 involves injecting insulin and special dietary programs. Too much insulin injections lead to severe hypoglycemia or insulin shoc

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|Term of office||November, 1917 – November, 1917| |Preceded by||Alexander Kerensky Head of State as a President of the Russian Provisional Government |Succeeded by||Yakov Sverdlov| |Date of birth||July 18, 1883| |Place of birth||Moscow, then Russian Empire, now Russian Federation| |Date of death||August 25, 1936| |Place of death||Moscow, then Soviet Union, now Russian Federation| Lev Borisovich Kamenev ▶ (Russian: Лев Борисович Каменев, born Rosenfeld, Розенфельд) (July 18 [O.S. July 6] 1883 – August 25, 1936) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet politician. He was briefly the nominal head of the Soviet state in 1917 and a founding member (1919) and later chairman (1923-1924) of the ruling Politburo. The Bolsheviks were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903 and ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks seized power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Soviet Union. Bolsheviks (or "the Majority") were an organization of professional revolutionaries under a strict internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism and quasi-military discipline, who considered themselves as a vanguard of the revolutionary proletariat. Their beliefs and practices were often referred to as Bolshevism. Kamenev, like many of this colleagues, would ultimately perish during the Great Purges, a victim of Stalin's manipulation of the Party to secure his own power. Kamenev was born in Moscow, the son of a Jewish railway worker and a Russian Orthodox housewife. He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) in 1901 and its Bolshevik faction when the party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in August 1903. He went to school in Tiflis, Georgia (now Tbilisi) and attended Moscow University, but his education was interrupted by an arrest in 1902. From that point on, he was a professional revolutionary, working in Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Tiflis. Kamenev married a fellow-Marxist (and Leon Trotsky's sister), Olga Kameneva, nee Bronstein, in the early 1900s and the couple had two sons, both of whom were executed by the Soviet government in 1928 and 1929. A brief trip abroad in 1902 introduced Kamenev to the Russian social democratic leaders living in exile, including Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin, whose adherent and close associate he became. He also visited Paris and met the Искра (Iskra or The Spark–Lenin's revolutionary newspaper) group. After attending the 3rd RSDLP Party Congress in London in March 1905, Kamenev went back to Russia to participate in the Russian Revolution of 1905 in Saint Petersburg in October-December. He went back to London to attend the 5th RSDLP Party Congress, where he was elected to the party's Central Committee and the Bolshevik Center, in May 1907, but was arrested upon his return to Russia. Kamenev was released from prison in 1908 and the Kamenevs went abroad later in the year to help Lenin edit the Bolshevik magazine Proletariy (The Proletariat. After Lenin's split with another senior Bolshevik leader, Alexander Bogdanov, in mid-1908, Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev became Lenin's main assistants abroad. They helped him expel Bogdanov and his Otzovist (Recallist) followers from the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP in mid-1909. In January 1910, Leninists, followers of Bogdanov and various Menshevik factions held a meeting of the party's Central Committee in Paris and tried to re-unite the party. Kamenev and Zinoviev were dubious about the idea, but were willing to give it a try under pressure from "conciliator" Bolsheviks like Victor Nogin. Lenin was adamantly opposed to any re-unification, but was outvoted within the Bolshevik leadership. The meeting reached a tentative agreement and one of its provisions made Trotsky's Vienna-based Pravda a party-financed "central organ." Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to the editorial board from the Bolsheviks, but the unification attempts failed in August 1910 when Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations. After the failure of the reunification attempt, Kamenev continued working in Proletariy and taught at the Bolshevik party school at Longjumeau near Paris that was created as a Leninist alternative to Bogdanov's Capri-based party school. In January 1912, Kamenev helped Lenin and Zinoviev to convince the Prague Conference of Bolshevik delegates to split from the Mensheviks and Otzovists. In January 1914, he was sent to Saint Petersburg to direct the work of the Bolshevik version of Pravda and the Bolshevik faction of the Duma. Kamenev was arrested after the outbreak of World War I and put on trial, where he distanced himself from Lenin's anti-war stance. Kamenev was exiled to Siberia in early 1915 and spent two years there until he was freed by the February Revolution of 1917. After returning to Saint Petersburg (the name was changed to Petrograd in 1914) from Siberian exile in mid-March 1917, Kamenev and Central Committee members Joseph Stalin and Matvei Muranov took control of the revived Bolshevik Pravda and moved it to the Right, with Kamenev formulating a policy of conditional support of the newly formed Russian Provisional Government and a reconciliation with the Mensheviks. After Lenin's return to Russia on April 3, 1917, Kamenev briefly resisted Lenin's anti-government April Theses, but soon fell in line and supported Lenin until September. Kamenev and Zinoviev had a falling out with Lenin over their opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in October 1917 On October 10, 1917 (Old Style), Kamenev and Zinoviev were the only two Central Committee members to vote against an armed revolt. Their publication of an open letter opposed to the use of force enraged Lenin, who demanded their expulsion from the party. However, when the Bolshevik-led Military Revolutionary Committee headed by Adolph Joffe and the Petrograd Soviet, led by Trotsky, staged an uprising, Kamenev and Zinoviev went along. At the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets that formalized the Bolsheviks' coup on October 25-26 (Old Style), Kamenev was elected Congress Chairman and Chairman of the permanent All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The latter position was equivalent to the head of state under the Soviet system, although at the time real power was in the hands of the Bolshevik Central Committee. On October 29, 1917 (Old Style), three days after the Bolshevik seizure of power during the October Revolution, the executive committee of the national railroad labor union, Vikzhel, threatened a national strike unless the Bolsheviks shared power with other socialist parties and dropped the uprising's leaders, Lenin and Trotsky, from the government. Zinoviev, Kamenev and their allies in the Bolshevik Central Committee argued that the Bolsheviks had no choice but to start negotiations since a railroad strike would cripple their government's ability to fight the forces that were still loyal to the overthrown Provisional Government . Although Zinoviev and Kamenev briefly had the support of a Central Committee majority and negotiations were started, a quick collapse of the anti-Bolshevik forces outside Petrograd allowed Lenin and Trotsky to convince the Central Committee to abandon the negotiating process. In response, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin and Victor Nogin resigned from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Old Style) and Kamenev resigned from his Central Executive Committee post. The following day Lenin wrote a proclamation calling Zinoviev and Kamenev "deserters" and never forgot their behavior, eventually making an ambiguous reference to their "October episode" in his Testament. In 1918, Kamenev became chairman of the Moscow Soviet and soon thereafter Lenin's deputy at the Sovnarkom (government) and the Council of Labor and Defense. In March 1919, Kamenev was elected a full member of the first Politburo. His personal relationship with his brother-in-law Trotsky, which was good in the aftermath of the 1917 revolution and during the Russian Civil War, soured after 1920 and for the next 15 years he was a friend and close ally of Grigory Zinoviev, a more ambitious man than Kamenev. During Lenin's illness, Kamenev was the acting Sovnarkom and Politburo chairman. Together with Zinoviev and Joseph Stalin, he formed a ruling 'triumvirate' (or 'troika') in the Communist Party, and played a key role in the marginalization of Trotsky. The triumvirate carefully managed the intra-party debate and delegate selection process in the fall of 1923 during the runup to the XIIIth Party Conference and secured a vast majority of the seats. The Conference, held in January 1924 immediately prior to Lenin's death, denounced Trotsky and "Trotskyism." After Trotsky's defeat at the XIIIth Conference, tensions between Zinoviev and Kamenev on the one hand and Stalin on the other hand became more pronounced and threatened to end their fragile alliance. Nevertheless, Zinoviev and especially Kamenev helped Stalin retain his position as General Secretary of the Central Committee at the XIIIth Party Congress in May-June 1924 during the first Lenin's Testament controversy (in which Lenin criticized Stalin as "too rude" and suggested his removal as General Secretary of the Party.) After the Congress, Stalin began making veiled public remarks apparently aimed at Kamenev and Zinoviev, which all but destroyed the troika. However, in October 1924, Trotsky published The Lessons of October., an extensive summary of the events of 1917. In the article, Trotsky described Zinoviev's and Kamenev's opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, something that the two would have preferred left unmentioned. This started a new round of intra-party struggle with Zinoviev and Kamenev once again allied with Stalin against Trotsky. They and their supporters accused Trotsky of various mistakes and worse during the Russian Civil War and damaged his military reputation so much that he was forced to resign as People's Commissar of Army and Fleet Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council in January 1925. Zinoviev demanded Trotsky's expulsion from the Communist Party, but Stalin refused to go along and skillfully played the role of a moderate. With Trotsky on the sidelines, the Zinoviev-Kamenev-Stalin triumvirate finally began to crumble in early 1925 as Stalin turned on his erstwhile supporters. The two sides spent most of the year lining up support behind the scenes. Stalin struck an alliance with the Communist Party theoretician and Pravda editor Nikolai Bukharin and the Soviet prime minister Alexei Rykov. Zinoviev and Kamenev allied with Lenin's widow, Nadezhda Krupskaya, and Grigory Sokolnikov, the Soviet Commissar of Finance and non-voting Politburo member. Their alliance became known as the New Opposition. The struggle became open at the September 1925 meeting of the Central Committee and came to a head at the XIVth Party Congress in December 1925, when Kamenev publicly demanded removal of Stalin from the position of the General Secretary. With only the Leningrad delegation (controlled by Zinoviev) behind them, Zinoviev and Kamenev found themselves in a tiny minority and were soundly defeated while Trotsky remained silent during the Congress. Zinoviev was re-elected to the Politburo, but Kamenev was demoted from a full member to a non-voting member and Sokolnikov was dropped altogether, while Stalin had more of his allies elected to the Politburo. Kamenev's first marriage began to disintegrate starting with Kamenev's reputed affair with the British sculptor Clare Frewen Sheridan in 1920. In the late 1920s he left Olga Kameneva for Tatiana Glebova , with whom he had a son, Vladimir Glebov (1929-1994). During a lull in the intra-party fighting in the spring of 1926, Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters gravitated closer to Trotsky's supporters and the two groups soon formed an alliance, which also incorporated some smaller opposition groups within the Communist Party. The alliance became known as the United Opposition. During a new period of intra-Party fighting between the July 1926 meeting of the Central Committee and the XVth Party Conference in October 1926, the Opposition was defeated and Kamenev lost his Politburo seat at the Conference. Kamenev remained in opposition to Stalin throughout 1926 and 1927, resulting in his expulsion from the Central Committee in October 1927. After the expulsion of Zinoviev and Trotsky from the Communist Party on November 12, 1927, Kamenev remained the Opposition's chief spokesman within the Party and represented its position at the XVth Party Congress in December 1927. The Congress declared Opposition views incompatible with membership in the Communist Party and expelled Kamenev and dozens of leading oppositionists from the Party, which paved the way for mass expulsions of rank and file oppositionists as well as internal exile of opposition leaders in early 1928. While Trotsky remained firm in his opposition to Stalin after his expulsion from the Party and subsequent exile, Zinoviev and Kamenev capitulated almost immediately and called on their supporters to follow suit. They wrote open letters acknowledging their mistakes and were readmitted to the Communist Party after a six month cooling off period. They never regained their Central Committee seats, but they were given mid-level positions within the Soviet bureaucracy. Kamenev and, indirectly, Zinoviev, were courted by Bukharin, then at the beginning of his short and ill-fated struggle with Stalin, in the summer of 1928, something that was soon reported to Joseph Stalin and used against Bukharin as proof of his factionalism. Zinoviev and Kamenev remained politically inactive until October 1932, when they were expelled from the Communist Party for failure to inform on oppositionist party members during the Ryutin Affair. After once again admitting their supposed mistakes, they were readmitted in December 1933. They were forced to make self-flagellating speeches at the XVIIth Party Congress in January 1934 when Stalin was parading his erstwhile political opponents, now defeated and outwardly contrite. After the murder of Kirov on December 1, 1934 led to Stalin's Great Purges, Grigory Zinoviev, Kamenev and their closest associates were once again expelled from the Communist Party and arrested in December 1934. They were tried in January 1935 and were forced to admit "moral complicity" in Kirov's assassination. Zinoviev was sentenced to ten years in prison and Kamenev to five. Kamenev was charged separately in early 1935 in connection with the Kremlin Case and, although he refused to confess, was sentenced to ten years in prison. In August 1936, after months of careful preparations and rehearsals in Soviet secret police prisons, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 others, mostly Old Bolsheviks, were put on trial again. This time the charges including forming a terrorist organization that supposedly killed Kirov and tried to kill Joseph Stalin and other leaders of the Soviet government. This Trial of the Sixteen (or the trial of the "Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Center") was the first Moscow Show Trial and set the stage for subsequent show trials where Old Bolsheviks confessed to increasingly elaborate and monstrous crimes, including espionage, poisoning, sabotage, and so on. Like other defendants, Kamenev was found guilty and shot on August 25, 1936. The execution of Zinoviev, Kamenev and their associates was notable because no Old Bolsheviks, much less prominent ones, had been put to death by Stalin's government until then. Kamenev, Zinoviev and his co-defendants were formally cleared of all charges by the Soviet government in 1988 during the Gorbachev era and his policy of glasnost' (openness). Kamenev's life and legacy ended with his execution by Stalin. He had helped to created the Russian Revolution of 1917 only to fall prey to the state that he had helped to create. Kamenev died not only with fellow communists. After Kamenev's execution, his relatives suffered a similar fate. Kamenev's second son, Yu. L. Kamenev, was executed on January 30, 1938, at the age of 17. His oldest son, air force officer A.L. Kamenev, was executed on July 15, 1939 at the age of 33. His first wife Olga was shot on September 11, 1941 on Stalin's orders in the Medvedev forest outside Oryol together with Christian Rakovsky, Maria Spiridonova and 160 other prominent political prisoners. Only his youngest son, Vladimir Glebov, survived Stalin's prisons and labor camps. All links retrieved July 3, 2018. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

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It was not too long ago that taking any sort of medical test, from screening for various diseases to testing cholesterol levels, involved calling up your doctor or local clinic, making an appointment, visiting the clinic, and then waiting weeks to get your results back. Today, we are lucky to be living in the age of Amazon and Uber, where many common tests can be ordered online and you can collect the test sample yourself, in the comfort of your own home. Results are usually sent to you in days, not weeks, and you can quickly learn if a traditional doctor’s visit is warranted. According to the CDC, “If you are sexually active, getting testing for STDs is one of the most important things you can do to protect your health.” In fact, the agency goes on to advise that many at-risk groups get tested at least once a year. To make matters complicated, many STDs are asymptomatic, meaning that one can carry the harmful diseases or infections but experience no symptoms. With the proliferation of many new direct-to-consumer STD test kit providers, screening yourself or a loved one in the privacy of your own home has never been easier. You also have the choice to test for individual diseases separately, or to test for many of the most common STDs all in one test. Diabetes is a common disease in which the blood sugar (glucose) is abnormally elevated. Normally, the body obtains glucose from food, and additional glucose is made in the liver. The pancreas produces insulin, which enables glucose to enter cells and serve as fuel for the body. In patients with diabetes, glucose accumulates in the blood instead of being properly transported into cells. Excess blood sugar is a serious problem that may damage the blood vessels, heart, kidneys, and other organs. Colon cancer often shows no symptoms and can be fatal if diagnosed too late. The American Cancer Society recommends testing starting at age 45 (and even earlier if colon cancer runs in the family). Yet colonoscopies are notoriously invasive and sometimes present a significant barrier to regular testing. Recent studies, however, indicate that more convenient at-home colon cancer tests can be nearly as effective. At-home fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) detect hidden blood in the stool, an early symptom of colon cancer. It is very important to understand that these tests do not determine whether or not you have colon cancer, but rather indicate whether you may require more invasive testing (i.e., a colonoscopy). Cholesterol is necessary to make the cells in our bodies. We get cholesterol from two sources. The liver makes cholesterol, and we can also get it from eating foods from animals. Raised cholesterol levels result in serious conditions such as coronary heart disease and can lead to having a heart attack or stroke. Early detection, however, can increase the chances of better clinical outcomes and allow you to make positive lifestyle changes. Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted to humans through ticks. The symptoms of the disease include fever, fatigue, headaches, and skin rash. If left untreated, the bacterial infection can spread to the nervous system, the heart, and joints. At-home Lyme disease tests do not test for the bacteria itself, but rather the antibodies that the body produces when reacting to the disease, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG). By analyzing your DNA and looking at what genetic markers are present, DNA testing companies can tell you about your risk of developing a range of conditions. For example, 23andMe covers 12 different disease risks, including your likelihood of developing: Carrier status screening is a type of genetic test that can tell you whether you carry a genetic variant associated with certain genetic disorders. Most of the time, these variants will not affect you directly, but you may pass them on to your children. Fitness is a very popular DNA test specialty. These tests analyze different genes related to metabolism, exercise recovery, and muscle strength. Many of the tests attempt to make connections between your DNA profile and how you can optimize your workouts. Incredibly, it is now possible to learn about how well your cells are aging using DNA testing. The tests are based on telomeres, which are cap structures that protect the ends of our chromosomes from being degraded. Your telomeres naturally wear down and shorten as you age. Each time a cell divides and DNA replicates itself, telomeres get a little shorter. Food sensitivities are, for the most part, non-life-threatening food intolerances that can make you feel very uncomfortable. Symptoms of food sensitivity include things like nausea, hives, and trouble breathing. In response to some foods, the body produces IgG antibodies against the antigens. Food sensitivity tests attempt to measure and analyze the IgG antibodies in order to provide recommendations on ways to change your diet to improve overall health and well-being. The information you gain from these kinds of tests can largely be worked out by using an elimination diet, but this can take a long time to complete. Therefore, if you are anxious to pinpoint your problem foods quickly and think it’s worth the money, a food sensitivity test can be a way to jump-start the process Vitamin and mineral deficiency tests are pretty self-explanatory–they attempt to measure the amount of certain vitamins and minerals in your blood via a small, painless blood sample. The two most popular of these types of tests by far are tests for Vitamin D and B vitamins. Vitamin D deficiency is also believed to contribute to serious illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, various types of cancer, diabetes, infertility, and more. While some DNA tests specialize in analyzing a broad range of genetic traits, others attempt to dive deep into specific areas. Nutrition is one of the most popular specializations, and these tests aim to provide insights into the ways your DNA may have an effect on how your body responds to foods and nutrients. Results from these tests may help you make more informed decisions about your diet. However, some physicians worry that test takers can wrongly attribute symptoms such as bloating and fatigue to genetic factors, when they in fact warrant a trip to the doctor to rule out more serious causes. These tests can be fun if you are a little curious about how your DNA, lifestyle, and biomarkers are all interacting, but please use common sense. If you have legitimate concerns about food allergies or intolerances, you should speak to your physician first The thyroid is a small gland with two lobes connected by a bridge of tissue that sits below the larynx at the front of the neck. Although not big in size, the thyroid gland plays a major role in ensuring the proper function of the brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and skin. One of the most important hormones secreted by the thyroid is called logically called thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is responsible for controlling. TSH is considered the most sensitive marker for screening for thyroid-related diseases and conditions. Cortisol is made in our adrenal glands and is released in our bodies naturally each day. Cortisol affects energy levels by regulating the release of glucose as a main source of the body’s fuel that helps keep us going during the day. Cortisol is also the body’s main stress hormone. Metabolism is the process within your body that converts food to energy. Your metabolism influences your energy levels, weight, body composition, and even mood. The metabolism tests on the market are, in a sense, a combination of a thyroid/TSH test, a cortisol test, and a testosterone test. These three hormones, among a few others, have a strong influence on body composition, physical performance, and other related. When combined in a single metabolism test panel, the test results can yield insights into fat storage, mobilization of blood sugar, muscle production, muscle breakdown, physical performance, and body composition. There are many hormones associated with the health and well-being of women. Among the most important are: When one or more of these hormones are imbalanced in your body, this may prevent you from feeling your best. When thinking about the male hormones, testosterone is probably the first one that comes to mind. This makes sense because it is the main sex hormone for men and helps the reproductive function. Testosterone is also responsible for facial and body hair, sex drive, energy level, muscle mass, and bone density. Heavy metals exist naturally in our environment. Small quantities of some metals, such as copper, selenium, and zinc, are actually necessary for our health. Other chemicals, such as mercury, lead, and cadmium, aren’t nutritionally beneficial and can be toxic in sufficient quantities. Heavy metals are used in various industries, so they are common pollutants found in water, food, air, and soil. They can damage organs and lead to diseases such as: Glyphosate is a toxin found in hundreds of herbicide-type products, but Roundup™ is by far the primary source of this toxin. However, most people are also exposed to glyphosate through their diet and/or living choices. Glyphosate exposure can lead to anxiety, restlessness, depression, trouble digesting foods, and sleep cycle disturbances. Simple glyphosate at-home tests can attempt to measure recent exposures and help you figure out what steps you should take to limit future exposure. Your microbiome is a genetic snapshot of all the microscopic organisms in your body. Usually when people use the term, they’re referring specifically to the gut microbiome. Though scientists have yet to define what an optimally healthy microbiome looks like, if there is even such a thing, most agree that an abnormal microbiome is associated with various health problems. Most microbiome tests currently on the market attempt to identify microorganisms by sequencing something called 16S RNA, which is found in microorganisms but not in humans, animals or plants. Then, depending on which microorganisms are found to be present, the tests try to indicate how they may have various effects on your health and weight. These tests may also be able to indicate whether you are more likely than not to suffer from conditions such as IBS, bloating, diarrhea, and/or other abdominal problems. There are a number of hormones that play important roles in a woman’s ability to have normal menstrual cycles and ovulation. Imbalances in these hormones can lead to a variety of troublesome symptoms that negatively affect a woman’s fertility. Ovarian reserve tests attempt to provide insights into a woman’s egg quantity and if she has a presumed normal age-matched count. The tests work by measuring FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) levels to estimate a woman’s ovarian reserve (how many more times she is likely to ovulate/release an egg) compared to the average for her age. It is important to understand that ovarian reserve tests do not tell you how likely it is that you may achieve a successful pregnancy from one of these eggs. Perimenopause tests are primarily for women who think that changes to their menstrual cycle or symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats may be indicative of approaching menopause and want some clarity about their situation. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is transmitted through sexual contact and causes almost 100% of cervical cancer in women. It is estimated that 1 in 2 will contract the virus in their lifetime. HPV is symptomless and requires a test to detect the virus.

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Strategic R&D Management case study presented by Harry Teicher at “R&D of AgriProducts: Exploring the next generation of AgriProducts”, Amsterdam 22-23 November, 2017. The objective of this case study is to address issues commonly encountered at the interface between strategic management and expert teams involved in conventional– and biological crop protection development. In the first part of this series on Strategic Research Management, the problems encountered through the implementation of a conventional development strategy for the development of a new biological product are presented. In the second part, the learning process from Part I is applied to develop a new biological development strategy for the successful introduction of a new product line. • Case Study of experiences developing a new biological product – what did we learn? • To be successful, Strategic Management need to understand the biology involved. • Why it is key that senior management from chemical companies and chemical backgrounds need to integrate biological expertise. Background: Biologicals in Crop Protection Global human population growth is around 75 million annually, and estimates place our total population at over 9 billion by mid 2050. The logistical issues include not only the projected 9 billion people, but also the estimated hundred billion head of livestock we will need to feed to maintain our current consumption standards. In order to provide sufficient crop resources, new and innovative crop protection strategies are constantly being developed and implemented. These include formulation and application innovations for conventional pesticides (herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) as well as the development and application of economically viable agricultural Biologicals. Without crop protection strategies, we would risk losing almost half of our overall crop production to insects, weeds and disease: Figure 1: Plant Protection agents – including BioPesticides – reduce crop losses, while Crop Enhancement agents (including BioStimulants and BioFertilizers) contribute to increasing overall crop production. Agricultural Biologicals may be classified into three segments: BioPesticides, BioStimulants and BioFertilizers. BioStimulants and BioFertilizers are defined as biological substances or microorganisms capable of promoting crop health by increasing the availability of nutrients, or by acting as plant strengtheners and phytostimulants. BioPesticides are pesticides based on microorganisms or natural products. In a previous series of articles on BioPesticides, I focus on bridging the Interface between Biological and Conventional crop protection, define Agricultural Biologicals terminology, analyse their current viability and discuss drivers of BioPesticide efficacy. Biologicals in crop protection are not a new innovation My grandfather was famous for his mildew-free roses. Every spring, he would do the same as his grandfather: monitor weather conditions and – when he deemed the time to be right – sprinkle beer on his roses. While unable to provide a scientific explanation for his anti-mildew strategy, he never neglected a treatment (or beer, apparently!). Today we understand that the application of fungal yeast cells to plant leaves leads to the induction of plant defence responses, as the plants believe themselves to be under invasion by a potential fungal pathogen. Figure 2: Biologicals in crop protection. The efficacy of biologicals is – to a large extent – driven by inducible plant defence responses evolved over more than 100 million years. These defence responses have proven to be sufficiently efficacious to allow the evolution of a complex flora. Plants detect invading pathogens and induce defence responses, such as the production of toxic chemicals as well as cell destruction (hypersensitive responses), to hinder disease development. Plant defence responses are not initiated until pathogens are detected, due to the energy costs of their production and maintenance. Modern BioPesticide strategies must thus take into account the kinetics of defence response induction prior to pathogen attack. With the transition from complex natural flora to modern monoculture, the kinetics of disease and pest development exploded – outpacing the evolutionary development of natural plant defence responses and requiring the development of current conventional (chemical) crop protection products. Although natural plant defences have not yet evolved to combat modern pest and disease pressures, the evolution in our understanding of their molecular mechanisms as well as their induction has. In recent years, efficacy trials demonstrate conclusively that biology-based crop protection strategies can attain an efficiency at least on par with conventional crop protection strategies. Case study: Biology-based Product Development in the Agrochemical Industry DISCLAIMER: The following case study is fictitious and based on experiences and observations made across the crop protection industry, and does not represent the experiences of any specific company. The case study begins with the initial strategy for the development of a new biological product by AGCHEMCO, a conventional (chemical) crop protection company. It presents and analyses the problems encountered through the implementation of a conventional development strategy, and describes how this learning process was applied to develop a revised biological development strategy. In December 2013 Mary Walker, CEO of AGCHEMCO, hosted a meeting of the company’s senior management. The order of business was simple: future sales estimates for the company’s agrochemical products were in decline, and the immediate implementation of a revised business strategy was imperative. Stricter pesticide regulatory requirements in the EU and Brazil had restricted market access and increased registration costs, while an associated decline in the number of registered active substances in the EU was reducing the viability of crop protection resistance strategies. In addition to stricter pesticide regulatory requirements, consumer awareness regarding hazards caused by chemical pesticides, and the phasing-out of toxic conventional pesticides contributed to the decline in sales estimates – while at the same time driving the growth of the agricultural biopesticide market. Walker presented an ambitious strategy: the immediate implementation of drastic cost-cutting measures and the culling of low-profit product lines to create a leaner, more effective organization. In addition to optimizing its core business, AGCHEMCO would enter the rapidly growing biopesticide market by leveraging its existing agrochemical market access and development experience. Negotiations to access a promising first-stage biological fungicide candidate had been succesfully completed, with the objective of completing in-house development and registration, and attaining market access within three years. Walker’s strategic reasoning was sound. Estimates of global market sizes for crop protection products (conventional pesticides as well as biopesticides) varied, but the general consensus was that biopesticides were expected to increase from about 2% of the global pesticide market in 2003 to about 8% of the market (estimated to exceed 82 billion USD) in 2020. The prevailing opinion was that the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for biopesticides during this period was expected to exceed 12%, compared to an expected overall pesticide CAGR of about 7%. Figure 3: AGCHEMCO CEO’s case for entering the Biopesticide market. The proposed vision and strategy was received positively by Executive Management, and Jon Braun, VP of R&D for AGCHEMCO, was assigned the responsibility for its execution. Braun’s first task was to incorporate a Biologicals project group into the existing R&D structure within the company’s conventional crop protection organizational framework: Figure 4: Incorporation of the Biologicals Project group within the existing organizational framework. Braun convened a meeting of the project group and introduced the new biofungicide candidate – an unformulated microbial fermentate. The acquired data package was sparse, and the only available efficacy data was from initial lab trials. The objective of the project group was defined: the development of a viable, competitive product – successfully tested for efficacy under lab and field conditions. The final product was to be registered and in the market in three years, leaving only twelve months for development. Standard project performance parameters – comprising milestone deadlines and KPIs – were defined to ensure that outputs would be reached on time. To be successful, the biofungicide would need to compete in the cereal fungicide market, competing against conventional (chemical) products with both protective and curative activity. Due to the perceived variability of biopesticide efficacy, the biofungicide candidate would need to work at least as well – and as consistently – in the field as the commercial competitors. The meeting broke up, and over the following four months the Formulation group developed a stable formulation of the biofungicide, for which efficacy was confirmed in a series of initial agar-plate and leaf-disk assays. Following the initial round of testing, whole-plant greenhouse and field trials were carried out. After the third set of greenhouse trials, Braun met with the project group. The results were disappointing. The initial experiments had confirmed and replicated the original lab data, and had demonstrated that the formulated product was more stable than the original microbial fermentate. However, the initial trials had been scaled up to whole plants in the greenhouse, and included protective applications, with treatment 24 hours before pathogen inoculation, as well as curative applications with inoculation 24 hours after treatment. Here, the commercial references worked well – but for the biofungicide formulation, fungicidal activity was only apparent at such high application rates that the test plants suffered significant leaf damage. Data from field trials proved equally disheartening. While some of the trials had been a success, an equal number showed little or no fungicidal effect. Although the formulation had been shown to be stable, and project milestones on the formulation work and efficacy testing were met – the efficacy data was so variable that the goal of a viable competitive product had clearly not been reached. Figure 5: R&D status for AGCHEMCO’s initial Biofungicide development testing. At the October 2014 AGCHEMCO Executive meeting, results of the business optimization measures were presented. The implementation of drastic cost-cutting, the culling of low-profit portfolios and the inception of strategic alliances promised a leaner, more effective organization. For the first time in years, the commercial estimates for the company’s agrochemical products were no longer negative. Following the presentation of the core business results, the status of the Biologicals development project was the next order of business. A structured (SWOT) analysis to identify the situational viability of introducing a biological product to AGCHEMCO’s portfolio identified the weakness that gave greatest cause for concern: the variable efficacy of biological crop protection products under field conditions. Figure 5: SWOT analysis, BioPesticides (AGCHEMCO). With the decline in their core business halted, AGCHEMCO debated dropping their foray into biological crop protection in order to focus resources on the optimization of their conventional agrochemical portfolio. To make this decision it would be necessary to analyse what had been learnt, and to consider whether a revised biological development strategy could lead to the successful development of a biological portfolio. In the second part of this series, the learning process following the implementation of a conventional development strategy is applied to introduce a biological development strategy for the successful introduction of a new biological portfolio. Thanks for reading – please help make the BIOSCIENCE BLOG great and enable me to produce more content by LIKING or SHARING this article, making it visible to your network! A little about myself I am a plant scientist with a background in Molecular Plant Biology and Crop Protection. 20 years ago, I worked at Copenhagen University and the University of Adelaide on plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress in crops. At that time, biology-based crop protection strategies had not taken off commercially, so I transitioned to conventional (chemical) crop protection R&D at Cheminova, later FMC. During this period, public opinion as well as increasing regulatory requirements gradually closed the door of opportunity for conventional crop protection strategies, while the biological crop protection technology I had contributed to earlier began to reach commercial viability. From January 2018, I will consolidate 17+ years of industry experience in BioScience R&D management with my academic research background, to provide independent Strategic R&D Management as well as Scientific Development and Regulatory support to AgChem & BioScience organizations developing science-based products. For more information, visit BIOSCIENCE SOLUTIONS – Strategic R&D Management Consultancy Harry Teicher is the founder of BIOSCIENCE SOLUTIONS and an Authorpreneur, providing organizations with Strategic- and Project Management as well as Development & Communication solutions. He is the Administrator of the INSEAD Strategic R&D Management Alumni Network LinkedIn group. Follow him on Linkedin, Twitter and Facebook.

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The Good Soldier Švejk: A classic satire about World War I 14 April 2015 The centenary of World War I has been met with patriotic declarations and celebrations from the governments of the same imperialist powers—the US, Britain, Germany, France, Canada, Australia—who washed their hands in the ocean of blood in 1914-18. Forgotten—or intentionally ignored—is the fact that millions of working people who went through the experiences of the Great War at home or in battle reacted to the slaughter with an attempt to tear down the capitalist system as a whole. The one successful overturn, the Russian Revolution of 1917, was the progressive response of the working class to the insoluble contradictions of the existing social order. The social psychology of the European peoples was transformed by the war, what it unleashed and what it portended. Hatred for militarism and imperialism was widespread and absorbed not only by broad layers of workers, but also by many writers, artists and intellectuals. Among this generation of artists is a group, particularly of writers, that is closely associated with the experiences of the war itself: the poets Wilfred Owen (killed on the front in France in October 1918) and Siegfried Sassoon, and the novelists, Henri Barbusse (Under Fire, 1916) and Erich Maria Remarque (All Quiet on the Western Front, 1929). Other writers of the time contributed notable works about the war, including Ernest Hemingway (A Farewell to Arms, 1929) John Dos Passos (Three Soldiers, 1921) and Ford Madox Ford (Parade’s End, 1924-28). Of the novels that directly concern the war, only one among the first rank is a satire (unless one counts portions of Louis-Ferdinand Céline’s Journey to the End of the Night ), not only of the war itself, but of official society as a whole. That is The Good Soldier Švejk (1921-23) by the Czech writer Jaroslav Hašek. The central character in the novel, Josef Švejk, a dealer in stolen dogs in civilian life, is a Czech soldier who makes himself appear a fool to get around his superiors and fights a peculiar and often hilarious war of attrition against the difficult circumstances he finds himself in. As Cecil Parrott notes in the introduction to a 1974 edition: “Švejk speaks most of the time in double-talk. He pretends to be in agreement with anyone he is dealing with, particularly if he happens to be a superior officer. But the irony underlying his remarks is always perceptible.” Švejk appears desperate to get to the front, for example, “by protesting his patriotism and devotion to the monarchy, when it is clear that his actions only impede the achievement of his proclaimed objective.” The novel is one of the classics of 20th century literature. The German poet and playwright Bertolt Brecht praised the novel highly and adapted it into a play set during the Second World War. American author Joseph Heller is rumored to have said he would not have written his novel Catch-22 if it not for reading Švejk. The novel was so influential that variations of the word “švejk” were adapted in the Czech lexicon to indicate idiocy and military absurdity. Nationalists and right-wingers throughout Europe despised the work, and by 1925 it was already banned in the Czech military, while the Nazis later publicly burned the German translation. The novel opens in 1914 in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a semi-feudal agglomeration of disparate nationalities, including Germans, Hungarians Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenians and other Slavic peoples. It was ruled by the rotting Hapsburg monarchy, with the Emperor Franz Joseph I as its figurehead. The assassination of the heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, by a Serbian nationalist on July 28, 1914, on a state visit to a Sarajevo, was the incident that provided the immediate impulse for the outbreak of the first imperialist war. It is worth quoting from the first lines of the novel. Švejk is talking with Mrs. Mueller, a charwoman, who informs him that “Ferdinand” (i.e., the Archduke) has been killed. Švejk asks, “Which Ferdinand, Mrs. Mueller? … I only know of two Ferdinands. One of them does jobs for Prusa the chemist, and one day he drank a bottle of hair oil by mistake; and there’s Ferdinand Kokoska who goes around gathering manure. They wouldn’t be any great loss, either of ’em.” This is typical. While Švejk officially declares his devotion to the throne, his comment about “Ferdinand” on the very first page allows his (and Hašek’s) real opinion of the monarchy’s worthlessness to come through. Even after he finds out that it is the Archduke who has been shot, Švejk continues in the same apparently naïve vein: “I wouldn’t mind betting that the man who shot the Archduke put on his best clothes for the job. You know, it wants a bit of doing to shoot an archduke; it’s not like when a poacher shoots a gamekeeper. You have to find out how to get at him; you can’t reach an important man like that if you’re dressed just anyhow.” And this establishes the tone of the novel. Švejk, who was previously discharged from the army for idiocy, is subsequently arrested for his comments and redrafted into the army to serve in the war effort. The hero, despite his absurd actions and blissfully unaware demeanor, is placed within a realistically depicted Austro-Hungarian society, with its ethnic divisions, corrupt military bureaucracy and population fearful of the war. The novel is a scathing portrayal of that tottering society. Hašek drew from his personal experiences, including his time in prison, his travel and his former employment as a dog seller. First assigned as personal assistant to army chaplain Otto Katz, a convert to Catholicism for career reasons, Švejk has the job of looking after the man who is almost always drunk. Katz eventually loses Švejk in a game of cards, forcing him to be “reassigned” to Lieutenant Lukáš. Under Lukáš, a womanizer, Švejk’s attempts to help the lieutenant set off a chain of events that makes both their lives worse. An ongoing occurrence throughout the book, Švejk’s actions lead to a tipping point that exposes corruption, police repression and fragile ethnic relations within the empire. A hypothetically ideal soldier, Švejk prefaces all statements to superior officers with “Humbly reported, sir” and often states agreement with whomever he is around. Švejk, however, is the comic exception to those suffering during the war, many people around him fall victim to the police-military apparatus and young men frequently attempt to injure themselves to avoid being sent to fight in the war. Hašek occasionally breaks the comedic tone. A striking example of this is his remark about the officers at police headquarters: “With the exception of a few people who were ready to admit that they were sons of a nation which had to bleed for interests completely alien to it, police headquarters presented the finest collection of bureaucratic beasts of prey, to whom jails and gallows were the only means of defending the existence of the twisted clauses of the law.” Hašek, who was already an established writer by the time he wrote The Good Soldier Švejk, took the novel extremely seriously and considered it his masterwork. Born in 1883 in Prague, son of a high-school math teacher, Hašek’s family relocated several times in his youth. While studying in Prague, he witnessed the anti-German riot of 1897 and participated in ethnic clashes, forming a Czech gang with his classmates. He was eventually forced to drop out of school at the age of 15 because of his father’s death two years earlier. He briefly worked as an apprentice to a pharmacist and as a bank clerk, while pursuing a career as a freelance writer and journalist. In 1906, Hašek joined the anarchist movement, and the following year became editor of the anarchist journal Komuna. While he dropped out of radical politics to marry his first wife, Jarmila Mayerová, and win acceptance from her family, he maintained an outlook hostile to the Austro-Hungarian government and all of its political parties. During the war, he was captured by the Russian army and as a prisoner joined the Czech Legion, under the promise that an Allied victory would allow for the creation of an independent Czechoslovakia. Influenced by the October 1917 revolution in Russia, Hašek began arguing that only a workers’ revolution could liberate Czechoslovakia. He soon left the Legion to support the new Soviet government, one of a handful to do so. The Czech Legion later became infamous for fighting alongside the White Army against the Red Army during the Civil War of 1918-22. Hašek went on to become a commissar in Bugulma, a small town in the southwestern region of Russia. He also worked to recruit ethnic minorities and foreign prisoners of war to support the Bolsheviks by working on a variety of journals. Returning to Prague in December 1920, immediately after the new Czech government had suppressed an uprising of workers and had imprisoned leading Communists, Hašek faced a certain amount of skepticism from Czech Communists because of his questionable pre-war activities. The authorities also pursued him on charges of bigamy, since he remarried in Russia without divorcing his first wife. The defeats of the first wave of post-war revolutionary struggles, with the exception of the Russian Revolution, apparently discouraged Hašek somewhat. He would later return to his old bohemian circle of friends and to excessive drinking. In private correspondence, he claimed that a socialist revolution in Czechoslovakia was not possible because the workers there were too passive. In 1921, Hašek began work on Š vejk. Initially, publishers would not take Hašek’s work because they viewed it as Communist propaganda. Once he did get it published, however, the first volume sold so well he was pressured by the publisher and his friend František Sauer to continue writing. Hašek was slow and inconsistent as a result of his alcoholism and related health problems. Eventually encouraged to move to the rural Lipnice, he died at the age of 39 having only completed a fraction of what he intended to write and leaving his major work unfinished. Brecht noted in 1940 that Hašek’s realism consisted of a knowledge of human nature, a knowledge that “involves that clear sight of the oppressed regarding the oppressor with whom he must live, it involves that most sensitive ability to feel out his weaknesses and vices, the profound knowledge of his (the opponent’s) real needs and embarrassments, the constant and alert allowance made for the unpredictable and imponderable, etc.” The Good Soldier Švejk is a work that ought to be widely read. In it Hašek comically and ironically distilled the experience of the oppressed derived from great historical events, which led to a vehement opposition to patriotism, bureaucratic careerism and authoritarianism. Its truths are perhaps more necessary than ever.

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Last updated May 18, 2019 Have you tried out a free curation tool called Wakelet? It’s been gaining popularity in education and I can see why. In this post, I explain what Wakelet is and how you can get started using it in 4 easy steps. I’ll also share some ideas of how Wakelet could be used by teachers and students. Did I mention it’s free? 😄 I have no connection with Wakelet but just see it as a handy tool that could be useful in every classroom. What is Wakelet? The web is filled with disconnected pieces of information and it’s growing all the time. Even the most specific terms bring up thousands or even millions of results that include articles, videos, blogs, tweets, Facebook posts, documents and websites. Wakelet aims to, …bridge the gap between humans and algorithms by empowering people to curate content in a stunning, useful and more personal way. Wakelet is a curation tool that allows you to save, organize, tell stories, and share content from around the web. Using Wakelet, you build collections. I’ve embedded an example of a collection below so you can see what it looks like. You’ll get a clearer idea of what it looks like if you view my example on the Wakelet website. Who Is Wakelet For? Wakelet is popular in education but not designed solely for teachers and students. After all, curation is something everyone can benefit from, both personally and professionally. Curation is becoming an increasingly necessary 21st skill considering the amount of information we encounter online on a daily basis. Outside of the classroom, people use Wakelet every day to plan trips, learn new skills, curate interests and news stories, and much more! Working with primary aged students, one of the first things I tend to look for when investigating tools is the age restrictions (Tip: You can usually find this information by clicking on Terms of Service). Wakelet says that individual registered users should be over 13. This means, if you have students under 13, they can use a Wakelet collection that a teacher has set up (e.g. you give them the URL of your Wakelet and they access the links). Older students can create their own Wakelet collections. 4 Steps To Getting Started With Wakelet There are 4 key steps to using Wakelet. 1) Sign up Go to wakelet.com and click on ‘Sign up’. You can either create an account with your email address, or login with Office 365, Facebook, or your Google account. If you don’t want to sign up, you can click on ‘Create a quick collection’. This is a tool to turn many links into one and no registration is required. This short video is a good explanation of quick collections. 2) Start a collection From your homepage, click on ‘New collection/story’ and you’ll be prompted to enter a few details and set up your collection. If you click on ‘Add a cover image’, you can either upload your own image, or choose an image from one of my favorite sites for free photos, Unsplash. You can add a background image too. 3) Save content from the web You can save articles, videos, images, tweets, and pretty much any link you find online. When you’re inside your collection, you can add a link (copy and paste it from your browser). Alternatively, you can click on the icons to add a tweet, image, file, PDF, or text. An easy way to save content ‘on the go’ is by using the Wakelet browser extension. You can find the extensions here along with the apps for iOS and Android. This would be handy if your students use mobile devices like iPads in the classroom. Ways to use Wakelet browser extension: - Create a collection from all your open tabs in just one click - Compile Tweets into a collection (great for Twitter chats!) - Save regular browser bookmarks with context (notes and images etc.) Learn more about the Wakelet browser extensions here. Items that you save are private by default. You can change the visibility of your collection at any time by clicking on the drop-down menu next to Notify. After clicking on Change Visibility, you will have three options to choose from — private, unlisted, or public. Once you get your content together, you can reorder it however you like. Just toggle on ‘Easy reorder mode’ as the video in this tweet demonstrates. Our new ‘Easy Reorder’ mode makes organising the items in your collections easier than ever! pic.twitter.com/E1oemeNRLf — Wakelet (@wakelet) April 11, 2018 Once your Wakelet has come together, you can share it in a number of ways. Of course, some collections won’t need an audience and you can keep them private. You can share your Wakelet to social media, add it to Google Classroom, send the URL to someone via email or text, or embed your collection in a blog or website. This short video demonstrates the different options for sharing your Wakelet collections. How To Use Wakelet In The Classroom: 6 Ideas As I mentioned in my post on teaching students how to research and filter information, being information literate is a crucial skill, however, there are so many obstacles to being able to research, filter, evaluate, and curate information. While we still need to explicitly teach some important research skills, a tool like Wakelet can make the whole process a little easier. Below I elaborate on just 6 ideas. I’d love you to share any additional ideas you have in a comment! 1) Teacher curated resources We want our students to be able to research and curate for themselves, but sometimes this isn’t the main objective of the lesson. Students can end up on a wild goose chase on Google instead of focusing on the learning goals. Sometimes, presenting students with a teacher curated list of resources can be the way to go. This approach could also be useful for young students who are only just learning basic online search skills. With Wakelet, a teacher can hand-pick sites that they’d like their students to visit. This might be for researching a project, or it might be sites that students can choose to visit to practise a skill — like a collection of typing activities, or times tables games. 2) Student curated resources Being able to effectively research and filter information is a crucial skill for all age groups. ‘Googling’ sounds simple but it’s really a complex process that can involve: choosing keywords, verifying, adapting, organizing, annotating, remixing, creating, collating, and sharing. Phew! This might sound overwhelming but using a tool like Wakelet can help. I love the simplicity of Wakelet both in its function and the way it looks. Students don’t have to put much thought into using and designing their collections; they can focus on the important curation process. Students might curate collections to gather resources for a project. Or the collection might be the demonstration of learning in itself. Which leads to the next idea… 3) Digital portfolios There are many different approaches to setting up and using digital portfolios. I’ve always been a fan of using a blog as an online home or digital portfolio but if you’re looking for an approach that’s brief or simple, Wakelet could be a good solution. Students could add online and offline work samples to a Wakelet. This might include essays, podcasts, artwork, videos, Padlets, Google Docs or Slides, the list goes on. This portfolio could be used for assessment purposes, self-reflection, or it could act as a digital CV for graduating students. A Wakelet digital portfolio could be used during student-led conferences or parent-teacher interviews. For older students, a Wakelet portfolio URL could serve as a nice addition to an email signature. 4) Digital storytelling Wakelet allows you to finely curate items and add text to tell a story. I love this ‘Meet the teacher’ example that Mrs. Reams put together to introduce herself to her class. Students could create a Wakelet with their own story. A Wakelet could also be a good way to share any true or fictional story. Here are some examples: - In History, students could create a story to explain a famous historical moment in chronological order - In Reading, students could recreate a sequence of events as part of a novel study. - In Writing, students could come up with their own fictional story and present it with text and images. 5) Differentiated learning All teachers know it can be so hard to meet the wide range of student abilities in each class. A tool like Wakelet could help. For example, in Maths, the class could be divided into: at standard, above standard, and below standard. The teacher could work with one of these groups to precisely meet their needs. While this small group is running, the students in the other two groups could be working from a Wakelet that the teacher has curated for them. It could include videos to explain a concept (either screencasts that the teacher has made, or one of the many videos available on YouTube etc.). It could also include links to online activities that the teacher would like the students to work on, or instructions for offline activities. Over three days, the groups could rotate so the teacher had some valuable time with each ability group. This isn’t the sort of thing you’d have to do every day, but it could really help when covering topics that challenge students in different ways. 6) Create a class or school newsletter When I first started teaching, I used to type up a ‘pretty’ class newsletter with a whole heap of WordArt and clip art etc. How 2004! Nowadays, it makes sense to have more of a dynamic newsletter that brings together all the bits and pieces from the community that are scattered online. You could curate all sorts of things for your newsletter like: - Blogs or websites that the class/school hosts - Digital creations that the students are working on — videos, Padlets, Google Slides … the list is pretty endless. - Key resources that the students are studying in class — e.g. documents or videos - PDF files with reminders or homework expectations - Top tweets from the school community If each class had their own Wakelet page then there could be a school Wakelet page that links to each of the class pages. And this could be embedded on the school website for dynamic news that families can access anytime, anywhere. Perfecto! Check out some examples of Wakelet newsletters. Collaborate With Wakelet In early 2019, Wakelet announced a new feature where users can invite someone to collaborate on a Wakelet. This could work really well in the classroom and it’s always handy when students don’t have to sign up for accounts. 🚨 New Feature Alert! 🚨 It’s finally here! You can now invite people to collaborate on your collections without them needing to sign up! All they need is the unique code or link: pic.twitter.com/TC6WdCZWxY — Wakelet (@wakelet) January 17, 2019 The Educator’s Guide To Wakelet eBook A comprehensive eBook was released in early 2019 as a guide for teachers looking to use Wakelet in the classroom. This resource is full of handy tips and ideas. Access the eBook here. Some incredible Superhumans have teamed up to create the ultimate Wakelet eBook for Educators! 🔥 Check it out here: https://t.co/0NRAxPULvw — Wakelet (@wakelet) January 22, 2019 When it comes to edtech, some are quick to say, ‘It’s not about the tools, it’s about the pedagogy’. Well, it kind of is about the tools. I don’t think we need to downplay the fact that certain technology can improve our lives. It’s about using flexible tools in a strategic way to amplify learning in a way that pen and paper cannot. I’ve always been drawn to tools that are open-ended; where there isn’t one set way to use them. Wakelet is the sort of tool that can be used with all different age groups in a plethora of ways. There’s a lot that could be gained from using Wakelet: - It can help students develop essential research skills - It can help students achieve learning goals without wasted time looking for resources - It can showcase student learning and allow them to present their work creatively - It can assist the teacher to do the impossible job of meeting all their students’ needs - It can empower school communities with clear communication Do you have any thoughts, experiences, or ideas about using Wakelet in the classroom? Please comment! I’d love to hear from you. Scroll down to find the comment box. Let’s Stay in Touch! If you haven’t already signed up for my email newsletter, maybe you’d like to? My newsletter showcases the blog posts I’ve written and I also share other useful links, tips, or resources I’ve come across. When you sign up, you’ll also get instant access to my two eBooks. - The first one explains a straightforward 5 step process for teaching students how to research and filter information. - The second eBook simplifies the topic of free images, copyright, and Creative Commons. These are both suitable for primary and secondary teachers and include a selection of classroom posters. Fill out the form below or simply click here to find the sign up form in your browser. Of course, there is no pressure and you can unsubscribe at any time.

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March 3, 2020 the april 2020 genetic base change A 5-year report card on our genetic progress The US genetic evaluation system will have a genetic base change in April 2020. This is in accordance with global standards set by the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR). This ensures that everyone evaluates the genetics of their animals to an up-to-date average population. Every base change brings a considerable shift in PTAs even though the genetics of our breeding stock obviously don’t change overnight. The more genetic progress we make, the bigger the base changes are. Why do we do this, what does it mean exactly and what will be the changes in April? Why a base change? When we say: a bull has a PTAM of +1,000lbs, we expect the daughters of this bull to produce 1,000lbs more milk than the average cow. But what is the average cow? In order to express PTAs, we need to determine what our average is. The population of cows that we call the ‘average’ is referred to as the ‘base population’. All PTAs are expressed relative to this population. For most traits, animals with positive PTAs are population improvers and those with negative PTAs move the genetic level of the population back. Our dairy population keeps improving and its average performance keeps changing. If we would compare our bulls to the average cow population in 1950, all bulls would have extremely high positive PTA values and we wouldn’t be able to pick out the ones that bring progress. We therefore want to keep comparing the PTAs of our bulls to a current milking population. We do that by updating our base population every 5 years. All the breeding values are then re-calibrated and expressed relative to the genetic level of this new group of animals which we will call the ‘average’ for the next 5 years. What happens at a base change? Since December 2014, our base population consisted of all cows born in 2010. In April 2020 we will update that to all cows born in 2015. We do so by evaluating the average PTA of cows born in 2015 (that have completed at least one lactation) and equating that number to zero. This happens within breed and for each separate trait. All PTAs will then be expressed relative to this new genetic base for the next five years which makes it clear if a PTA is favorable in relation to the current milking population. Because we make genetic progress, the genetics of the population born in 2015 are better than the animals born in 2010. This is expressed in their performance, along with the environmental effect. U.S. Holstein cows born in 2010 produced on average 26,994 pounds of milk (mature equivalent (ME)) whereas U.S. Holsteins born in 2015 produced 28,071 pounds (ME), an improvement of 1,077 pounds. Of this 1,077-pound gain in performance, CDCB reports 984 pounds to be due to genetic improvement (Norman et al. 2020, April 2020: Genetic Base Change). The rest is caused by environmental developments. A PTA reflects what the animal passes on to the next generation, which is 50% of her genetic merit. The average PTA for milk of Holstein cows born in 2015 is thereby +492lbs (see Table 1). To make this average genetic level our new zero, we will subtract 492lbs from all the PTAs for milk of our Holstein bulls and cows in April 2020. Whereas his genetics won’t change, a bull with a current PTAM of +1000lbs for milk will therefore have a PTA of 1000-492=+508lbs (plus or minus any changes that come with a normal evaluation) after April 2020 as we will now compare the daughters of this bull to an up-to-date milking population with a much higher average genetic merit. Because the genetic base changes equally for all bulls and all traits within breed, the base change itself will not affect the rankings between bulls. All Holstein bulls will have 492lbs subtracted from their PTAM in April 2020. For Jersey, the change will be a subtraction of 524lbs and Brown Swiss animals will see a decrease of 214lbs etc. There are some traits where a lower PTA is desirable, such as SCS, or calving ease and stillbirth. We want to keep moving the genetic level of the population for these traits downwards. The base change for these traits will therefore not be a subtraction but an addition. A good example is SCS: the cow population born in 2015 had a lower average SCS than the population in 2010. To set this average to zero, we have to add (in case of Holstein) +0.08 to all PTAs for SCS. Please refer to Table 1 to see the base changes for all the breeds and traits. By setting the average PTA of cows born in 2015 to zero, we must mathematically subtract 50% of the genetic gain accumulated since the last base change in 2010. After all, for milk, the average PTA for Holstein cows born in 2015 was +492lbs while the genetic gain for the period 2010-2015 was 984 pounds. The amount of change is thereby reflective of the genetic progress that was made in the period between 2010-2015. You could say that the values of the base change make up the report card of how well we have done with moving our population forward genetically. When evaluating the genetic base change, you can see how much progress was made for each trait based on the size of the genetic base change. Some key progress points, highlighted by the Council of Dairy Cattle Breeding (CDCB), are: - Favorable gains were shown for 81 out of 102 traits (excluding type) - Genetic improvement was made in production traits for all breeds, with Holstein and Jersey showing large progress for milk lbs. - All breeds have increased their genetic capacity for a longer productive life - All breeds show genetic improvement for the lifetime merit indices. Largest gains were for Holstein, Jersey and Ayrshire The effect of genomics Because of technological developments, the genetic progress we make keeps accelerating. The more genetic progress we make in the 5-year period between base changes, the larger our base changes will be. Genomic selection was introduced in 2009 and its uptake has been remarkable. Figure 1 demonstrates that in 2009, 20% of marketed AI bulls were young genomic bulls, and 80% were still daughter proven. Hence, the population born in 2010 was likely sired by predominantly proven bulls. Fast forward four years and we have a totally different situation. In 2014, 61% of marketed bulls are young genomic bulls and only 39% are daughter proven. A much larger proportion of our new base population, born in 2015, are thereby daughters of young genomic bulls. It therefore comes as no surprise that the magnitude of change that the April 2020 changes bring is much higher than those in 2014 which is proof of how well we are improving our US dairy population. The period of 2015-2020 has added genomic selection in commercial females. A growing proportion of the female commercial cows in the United States are genotyped and genomic PTAs are playing an increasingly large role in the selection and mating decision on farm. With genetic progress increasing on both the male and female side of the equation, we can expect the base change in 2025 to be even larger. Base changes for type evaluations Production traits are intuitive where a higher number means better. Type evaluations, however, include some traits with an intermediate optimum. For these traits, it’s important to remember that the zero level is simply the base population average. This doesn’t necessarily mean that a 0 PTA represents the genetics for the ideal phenotype. We always aim to keep moving the population to a phenotype that we consider desirable whether that is healthier, more fertile or higher producing animal. For type traits, the ideal is less defined and differs between breeds. Table 2. presents the base changes for the type traits per breed. Most apparent are the adjustments in Final Score and Udder Composite for Holstein, in addition to the +0.27 adjustment for teat length. The latter makes it appear that teats have gotten considerably shorter over the last 5 years. However, if we look at the underlying phenotypic scale the +0.27 genetic change equates to only 0.019 inches phenotypically as each point in PTA for teat length represents 0.2 inches. So, between 2010 and 2015, the average teat length of our Holstein cows became 0.019 inches shorter. For reference, that is the thickness of 5 sheets of stacked normal paper and less than 1/3 the thickness of a quarter. Similarly, for udder depth, which shows a drop of 0.84 points this base change, the seemingly large change on a genetic level represents a much humbler change of 0.23 inches on a phenotypic scale. Across all breeds, most PTAs increased between 2010-2015 indicating that selection has been for the higher scores. What if a bull has a negative PTA after the base change? Because the majority of the PTAs will be lower after April 2020, it is possible that a bull that you currently use drops under the zero level for a trait and receives a negative PTA. These zero thresholds are often given more credit than they deserve. A below zero PTA does not mean that the bull will suddenly decrease the genetic average of your herd. Remember that a negative PTA simply means that the bull is lower for that particular trait than the cow population born in 2015. If the drop is minor, that could equate to tenths of an inch for traits such as udder composite and final score or tenths of a percentage point for fertility traits such as DPR or health traits such as mastitis. So, when a bull does drop under zero for one or multiple traits in April 2020, don’t kick him out of your breeding program too quickly. Keep comparing the bull to your own herd average. It would be a shame to miss out on a good bull for a tenths of an inch adjustment that will likely go unnoticed. In order to keep improving our US dairy population using PTAs as our genetic evaluation system we need to adjust the population we refer to as the ‘average’ every 5 years. In April 2020, we will therefore update our base population to cows born in 2015 that have completed one full lactation. Because we make fast genetic progress, many of our PTAs will change significantly and most will decrease in level. This doesn’t mean that the genetics of the animal change after April, but rather that we compare those genetics to a more current population of higher genetic value. Due to genomic selection, the 2020 base changes that we will observe are higher than those we had in 2015. Similarly, we can expect even greater changes at the next base change in 2025. Although those larger changes can be temporarily disruptive, they are nothing to be concerned about. In fact, they are indicative of the excellent job the US does in genetically improving its population and that should be a compliment to all involved. Table 1. Average PTAs of the new base population per breed. PTAs will decrease by these amounts at the 2020 genetic base change Source: Norman et al. 2020, April 2020: Genetic Base Change Table 2. Average PTAs of the new base population for the type traits, per breed. PTAs will decrease by these amounts at the 2020 genetic base change Source: Norman et al. 2020, April 2020: Genetic Base Change (https://www.uscdcb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Norman-et-al-Genetic-Base-Change-April-2020-FINAL_new.pdf) - Figure 1. Genomic vs Proven bull availability 2009-2019 Source: National Association of Animal Breeders (naab-css.org)

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South Korea is officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), it is a sovereign state in East Asia constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The only country with a land border to South Korea is North Korea, which lies to the north with 148 miles of border that run along the Korean Demilitarized Zone. South Korea is mostly surrounded by water and has 1,4999 miles of coastline along three seas. To the west is the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea is to the south and to the east is the Sea of Japan. Geographically, South Korea’s land mass is approximately 38,623 square miles are occupied by water. As of this year (2018), the population of South Korea is 51,164,435, this makes South Korea’s population equivalent to 0.67% of the total world population. South Korea ranks at number 27 on the list of countries by population. The population density is 1,363 people per mile, 81.6% of the population is urban (41,740,471 people in 2018). The median age in South Korea is 41.3 years. Here are some Facts and Statistics regarding the country: National anthem: Aegukga Currency: South Korean ‘won’ Population growth rate: 0.53% (2016 Est.) Climate: temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter Time Zone: Korea Standard Time UTC (UTC+09:00) Many citizens of South Korea speak English where it is widely taught in junior high and high school, especially in major cities such as Seoul. Other spoken languages include Standard Korean, Dialects of Korean, Chinese, and Japanese. Although South Korea supports religious freedom, religion in the country is defined by the fact that nearly half of the citizens have no formal affiliation with any religion. Among those citizens who are members of a religious organization are Buddhists (15.5%), Catholics (7.9%) and predominantly Protestants (19.7%). The remainder of citizens associated with a religion includes a very small percentage (0.8%) that identify as Won Buddhists, Cheondoism, Daesun Jinrihoe, Confucianism, Jeungsanism, and Daejongism. Remarkably, South Korea is one of the most ethnically homogenous countries in the world, virtually every citizen is ethnically Korean. Aside from about 20,000 Chinese and a negligible percentage of foreign immigrants. Immigrants mostly migrate from the United States of America, Vietnam, Thailand, the People’s Republic of China, and the Philippines. Here is a breakdown of ethnic minorities and immigrants in South Korea People’s Republic of China 50% United States of America 7.6% Other Countries 17.2% South Koreans are generally very proud of their country and have a nationalistic personality, especially those involved in sports. Koreans attribute their athletic successes to their country. The citizens of South Korea are also environmentally conscious; this became especially apparent during the 2018 Olympics they hosted. The PyeongChang Organizing Committee aimed to make the games as environmentally friendly as possible during all stages, before, during, and after the events in order to reduce carbon emissions. A surprising fact about the people of South Korea is that they are technology addicts. In fact, the South Korean government considers it to be a public health crisis and has employed over 1,000 counselors who have been specifically trained to treat internet addiction to combat it. A common personality trait amongst Koreans is their impatience, earning the famous saying “Ppalli Ppalli” which means “hurry up, hurry up” or “fast, fast” in English. It has been said that Korean’s cannot endure a slow, laid-back lifestyle and prefer to be quick and efficient. Quality of Workforce South Korea has one of the world’s highest-educated labor forces, but finding work in South Korea is no easy task as the labor market is hypercompetitive, this is especially true for women and foreigners. South Korea’s gender inequality continues to discourage women from working. The nation’s workforce has a significant gap regarding the participation rate. Women are at 53.1 % while men make up 74.5% of the workforce, making for a weak point in the country’s economy. While looks based discrimination is illegal, or at the very least discouraged in many countries, it is the standard practice in many workplaces in South Korea to submit a photograph with your application. Match this with the competitive job market leaves many applicants feeling pressured to change or enhance their appearance, causing some to resort to plastic surgery. Recently, the National Human Rights Commission of Korea studied 3,500 job postings and found that on average each one contained at least four discriminatory questions including questions about age, appearance, marital status, religion, and pregnancy. It’s clear that South Korea’s job market breeds inequality. The primary job market consists of large publicly owned manufacturers and firms that have government stakes. The secondary market is SMEs, which is made up workers doing labor-intensive jobs or working as subcontractors to the aforementioned chaebols. A remainder of work goes to foreigners who are given “low-skilled work” to work in sectors such as farming, manufacturing, construction, and fishing. South Korea is known for its obsession with education, earning it a spot as one of the top performing countries in reading literacy, sciences, and mathematics by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Higher education is considered to be a fundamental part of life in Korean society, this focus on education achievement leaves many high school students enduring grueling 14-hour days at times. Every year, hundreds of thousands of students in South Korea take the Suneung, an exam that determines which university they will get into. This exam, also known as the College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) tests students on Korean, English, Social Studies, Math, and Science. Unlike the SAT, the CSAT can have a serious impact on a student’s life, this includes marriage and employment. Students are not the only ones invested in the exam. Offices and shops open late on the day of in order to keep the roads clear for students. Officials work hard to ensure that the roads stay clear and redirect traffic. In the case of a traffic jam, students are given police escorts to exam centers, and air traffic is halted during the listening portion of the exam. Student’s families also partake in exam day by offering special prayers at temples and churches on exam day. Doing Business/Cultural Behavior The market in South Korea is a favorite amongst foreign investors due to the country’s flourishing economy and the vast majority of citizens are English speakers, however, there are important cultural differences to note. South Korea’s culture is heavily based on Confucian values. These values state that authority should be respected, you should conform to moral and ethical principles, work and learn hard, live reasonably and avoid extremes. Knowing these key values can help your business relationships in South Korea thrive. South Koreans believe strongly in establishing close personal relationships with business partners in order to build trust. Unlike Americans, South Koreans will delve into your personal life to try and gauge your age and relationship status. While the questions may seem probing, it’s important to answer them honestly, without bragging. While speaking English is the norm in South Korea, you should not expect everyone you encounter to speak it or speak/understand it clearly. To ensure full understanding when addressing your audience speak clearly and use basic English. Be sure to not rely solely on verbal communication and clarify in writing, this can act as a safeguard when dealing with miscommunication. It’s important to note that South Koreans are not confrontational and rather than dispute something, they will remain silent which can be misunderstood as consent. Negative questions are understood quite differently and yes or no questions may not correctly convey the message. Always request clarification to avoid any mishaps. It’s also quite common for things to move quickly in South Korea, response times are usually same day and going a week without communicating is seen as a lack of interest and often leads to a termination. Always keep a line of communication open to keep your business relationships strong and not give off the wrong impression. All meetings need to be scheduled in advance and punctuality is extremely important. During business meetings it’s expected that you remain formal but friendly, and avoid making jokes as this is a sign of disrespect. In a business meeting, the most senior team member enters the room first and therefore should be the first one you greet. When communicating it’s important to use other’s titles correctly and introduce older people to younger people, and women to men. Initial meetings are focused on getting to know one another and put business negotiations on the back burner. South Koreans always dress appropriately for their work environment. In a business setting, one would be expected to wear a suit. While tight skirts, low necklines, shorts and sleeveless tops should be avoided at all costs. Political and Legal The current political stability index in South Korea is (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong). The rating of this risk is based on the fact that China is one of South Korea’s biggest trading partners. There is a steep decline in South Korean exports which indicates economic trouble. Korean democracy is far from effective. There are serious generational problems over various issues involving economic and social policies, national defense and policies concerning North Korea and attitudes towards China and the United States. The post-democratic political system in South Korea has failed to deliver what the government has promised the citizens, making political distrust higher and the politics more unstable. Unfortunately, due to these challenges, it’s hard for any acting president to achieve important changes in society. Corruption is a serious problem in South Korea giving it an index rating of Date: 2017 Corruption Ranking: 51 Corruption Index: 54 Despite the corruption scandal that occurred in 2016 that led to president’s impeachment, the rule of law in South Korea is fairly well institutionalized. The law supports economic freedom as regulatory efficiency and market openness. Tax base of global income 0-10 millions Won 10-40 million Won 0.8 million Won + 17% of the amount exceeding 10 million Won 40-80 million Won 5.9 million Won + 26% of the amount exceeding 40 million Won over 80 million Won 16.3 million Won + 35% of the amount exceeding 80 million Won South Korea is a democratic republic with three principal branches of government, legislative, judiciary, and executive. South Korea has a centralized government that essentially operates at a national level. The head of the government is the president, who is also the highest member of the national assembly, the prime minister and then the ministers follow. The executive and judiciary branches operate at the national level and the constitution determines the structure of the government. The president is the head of the executive branch of the national assembly. The president is directly elected by the people and serves a term of five years, once his term ends he is no longer eligible for a second term in service. The president is also the only elected member of the executive, he has the power to declare a state of emergency or war as long as it is approved by the national assembly. Other roles of the president include being head of the state, the national assembly and also Commander In Chief of the armed forces in South Korea. South Korea consists of a mixed economic system which includes private freedom and is combined with centralized economic planning and government regulation. South Korea is a member of the Asia Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) and the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). The South Korean government relaxed foreign direct investment (FDI) regulations in 2014 in hopes that it would improve business conditions in the country. This ease of regulations reduces the number of steps required for foreign investors to invest and make deals in Korea as well as simplify the regulations in Free Trade Zones (FTZs) and Free Economic Zones (FEZs). Legal Environment (Import Tariffs) The U.S. – Korea FTA was implemented on March 15, 2012. Prior to this change, the average basic tariff on U.S. goods was approximately 7.9% and duty rates were on the rise on a large number of agricultural and fish products. By March 15, 2017, the FTA caused 95% of tariffs on U.S. imports to be eliminated. South Korea also maintains a tariff quota system designed to maintain a stable domestic commodity market. Korea has a flat 10% Value Added Tax on all imports and domestically manufactured goods. A special tax of 10-20% is also levied on the importation of certain luxury items and consumer goods. Tariffs and taxes must be paid within fifteen days after goods have been cleared by customs. South Korea’s economy is the fourth largest in Asia and the eleventh largest in the world. The economy is a mixed one, dominated by family-owned businesses, however, in the future, it seems unlikely that these family businesses will dominate the economy due to the transformation of the Korean economy. South Korea is famous due to its previous position as one of the poorest countries in the world to a high-income country in just one generation. This economic miracle has brought South Korea to the ranks of elite countries and still remains one of the fastest growing developed countries. Economic/Monetary and Financial 2.8% 5-year compound annual growth $37,740 per capita Exports $495.43 billion semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment, motor vehicles, computers, steel, ships, petrochemicals Main export partners United States 12.3% Hong Kong 4.8% Imports $406.19 billion machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics Main import partners United States 8.7% Saudi Arabia 7% Gross external debt $430.9 billion Human Development Index Date 2015 HDI 0.901 HDI Ranking 18º During the next 6 months, South Korea has set interest rates to a low 2.5%. This drop in interest rates is an improvement when looking at the low inflation, falling corporate profits and major household debts in South Korea. Domestic Consumption and investment have eased off while exports have shown signs of improving slowly alongside global economic recovery. South Korea has decided to keep it’s interest rates low at 2.5% during the next six months. They feel this is a good idea due to low inflation, massive household debts, and falling corporate profits. A long slump in domestic consumption and investment had eased off somewhat while exports showed signs of improving slowly in step with the global economic recovery. This is an example of expansionary due to the slow global economy. Trading with South Korea South Korea is the world’s 7th largest exporter, and 10th largest importer. Since 2003, the country has established itself a network of free trade agreements in order to boost economic ties and trade with other countries. At this time, South Korea has 5 FTAs in effect, 3 of which have concluded discussions, and 19 FTAs are currently under negotiation. The biggest FTA is the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) which was signed in 2007. KORUS FTA plans to liberate 95% of the trade tariffs between the two countries, it’s also the United States first free trade agreement with a major Asian economy and biggest deal since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). South Korea lacks natural resources so it is highly dependent on the import of capital goods, industrial supplies, and raw materials, the country is also the 5th largest importer of oil in the world. List of South Korea’s FTA’s Korea-India CEPA FTA Korea-EFTA (European Free Trade Area) South Korea’s Import and Export Indicators and Statistics Total value of exports: US$466.3 billion Primary export – commodities: semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment, motor vehicles, computers, steel ships, petrochemicals Primary export partners: China (23.2 percent of total exports), US (10.1 percent), Japan (5.8 percent), Hong Kong (5.3 percent) Total value of imports: US$ 417.9 billion Primary imports – commodities: machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics Primary import partners: China(16.8 percent of total imports), Japan (15.3 percent), US (9 percent), Saudi Arabia (6.1 percent), Australia (4.6 percent) South Korea is driven by exports, with production mainly focused on automobiles, electronics, robotics, ships, machinery, and petrochemicals. The country also has a high demand for energy resources and infrastructure. Some major opportunities in South Korea right now are financial and legal services, food and drink, pharmaceuticals, high-end fashion and textiles, construction (infrastructure) and green growth (renewable energy). Due to South Korea’s desire to turn around its energy policy and developing renewable energy industries, I decided to do a Foreign Direct Investment with an Eco-Friendly Solar Power Plant. This is the perfect business opportunity given the country’s plan to invest $36 Billion in renewable energy by 2020. “The government will lift unnecessary regulations and increase government support to foster the renewable energy sector,” Chae Hee-bong, the deputy trade minister for energy and resource policies in South Korea said recently in a press briefing about the major energy policy change. “It will also help those businesses explore overseas markets.” The government also aims to increase the country’s dependence on renewable energy sources for all their energy needs from 2.4% to a whopping 11% by 2030. South Korea currently ranks 10th in the world for energy consumption but is seriously lacking natural resources, requiring 96% of the country’s energy consumption to be reliant on imports. The country’s imports of coal and oil also add up to nearly 99% of energy imports. During the past few years, South Korea has encountered unexpected electricity shortages due to the rapidly increasing strain on the grid. This strain comes as no surprise as the economic growth the country has experienced has caused the need for electricity consumption to soar. Due to the country’s environmental concerns, the new construction of new power plants has been halted and to make matters worse some older plants are no longer operational. To me, easing the strain on the country’s electricity grid and contributing to South Korea’s efforts of going green, coupled with reducing their reliance on imported natural resources I believe entering the renewable energy industry would be very successful in South Korea.

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Alexander Epiphanes Makes Jonathan High Priest 10 1In the year 160,[Y] Alexander Epiphanes,[Z] son of Antiochus the Fourth, landed at Ptolemais and captured it. The people welcomed him as their king. 2When King Demetrius heard of it, he gathered a large army and went out to meet him in battle. 3At that time Demetrius sent Jonathan a friendly letter full of flattery, 4in the hope of winning Jonathan over to his side and making peace with the Jews before Alexander made a treaty with them against him. 5Demetrius thought that Jonathan would certainly remember all the wrongs he had done to him, his brothers, and the entire Jewish nation. 6And so Demetrius made Jonathan his ally and gave him authority to raise an army and equip it. He also ordered that the hostages held in the fort at Jerusalem should be handed over to Jonathan. 7So Jonathan went to Jerusalem and read the letter to all the people and to the men in the fort. 8These men were terrified when they learned that the king had given Jonathan authority to raise an army. 9They handed the hostages over to him, and he returned them to their parents. 10Jonathan set up headquarters in Jerusalem and began to rebuild and restore the city. 11He ordered the builders to use squared stones for the city walls and for the protecting wall around Mount Zion. This was done. 12The foreigners deserted the fortresses that Bacchides had built; 13each man left his post and returned to his own country. 14But some of the Jews who had abandoned the Law of Moses and its commands were still left in Bethzur, which served as their last place of refuge. 15King Alexander learned of the promises Demetrius had made to Jonathan and he also learned about Jonathan himself, about the battles he had fought, his courageous deeds, and the troubles he and his brothers had endured. 16He was certain that he would never find another man like Jonathan and so decided to make him his friend and ally. 17He wrote Jonathan a letter: 18“King Alexander to his friend Jonathan, greetings. 19I have heard that you are a brave man who has earned the right to be a friend of the king. 20I have this day appointed you as High Priest of your nation and conferred upon you the title of ‘Friend of the King.’ You are to be our ally and give us your support.”He also sent him a royal robe and a gold crown. 21 Jonathan put on the robes of the High Priest in the seventh month of the year 160[A] at the Festival of Shelters. He raised an army and stored up a large supply of weapons. Jonathan Supports Alexander Epiphanes 22When Demetrius heard this, he was distressed and said, 23“How did we manage to let Alexander get ahead of us? He has strengthened his position by making an alliance with the Jews. 24I also will write them a friendly letter offering high positions and gifts, so that they will support me.” 25He wrote: “King Demetrius to the nation of the Jews, greetings. 26We are delighted to learn that you have kept your obligations under our treaty, remained loyal to us, and have not gone over to the side of our enemies. 27Now if you continue to remain loyal to us, we will reward you well. 28We will grant you exemptions from many taxes and allow you other privileges. 29I hereby grant all the Jewish people release and exemption from payment of regular taxes, salt taxes, and other special taxes. 30 Furthermore, from this day I release you from your obligation to pay me one third of the grain harvest and one half of the fruit harvest. From now on I will not demand these payments from Judea or from the three districts that have been added to Judea from Samaria and Galilee. 31Jerusalem and its surrounding territory is to be recognized as a holy city and to be exempt from the payment of all taxes. 32I also give up my authority over the fort in Jerusalem and place it under the High Priest, who may station there anyone he wishes to guard it. 33I freely grant release to all Jews who are prisoners of war anywhere in my kingdom. All of them will be exempt from taxes, even on their cattle.[B] 34No taxes shall be collected from any Jew anywhere in my kingdom on Sabbaths, New Moon Festivals, and other holy days. Furthermore, no taxes shall be collected three days before or after the major holy days. 35No one has the right on any of these days to demand payment or to trouble you in any way. 36“Jews may be enlisted in the royal army up to a total of 30,000 men, and they will receive the same pay as other royal troops. 37Some of them may be stationed in the great royal fortresses, and others assigned to responsible positions in the government. They shall have Jews as their leaders and officers, and they shall be allowed to follow their own laws and customs, just as the king has permitted for the people of Judea. 38“The three districts added to Judea from the territory of Samaria will be completely incorporated into Judea and placed under the authority of the High Priest alone. 39I give to the Temple in Jerusalem for its operating expenses the revenues from the city of Ptolemais and the lands belonging to it. 40I also promise to make an annual gift of 15,000 silver coins from appropriate accounts within the royal treasury. 41The total accumulated state subsidy, which we have failed to pay in recent years, shall be paid, and the payments continued from now on for the work of the Temple. 42In addition to this, we will no longer require the 5,000 silver coins annually from the Temple income. This money belongs to the priests serving in the Temple. 43Whoever owes a debt to the king or any other debt and takes refuge in the Temple in Jerusalem or in any area that belongs to it may not be arrested nor may his property anywhere in my kingdom be confiscated. 44The expenses for rebuilding and renovating the Temple shall be provided from the royal treasury. 45Likewise, the expenses for rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem and its surrounding fortifications, as well as the walls of designated towns in Judea, shall be provided from the royal treasury.” 46When Jonathan and the people heard the proposals made by King Demetrius, they refused to believe them or accept them, because they remembered how harshly he had treated them and what terrible troubles he had caused them. 47They preferred to give their allegiance to Alexander because he had been the first to open peace negotiations, and they remained his allies as long as he lived. 48King Alexander raised a large army and took up battle positions facing Demetrius. 49But when the armies of the two kings met in battle, the army of Alexander[C] turned and ran. Demetrius[D] pursued them and won the battle. 50Alexander[E] fought bitterly until sundown, but Demetrius was killed that day. 51Then Alexander sent ambassadors to King Ptolemy the Sixth of Egypt with this message: 52“I have returned to my kingdom and taken my seat on the throne of my ancestors. I have taken over the government, and I am now in control of the country. 53I made war on Demetrius, defeated him and his army, and I have taken over his kingdom. 54Now I am ready to make an alliance. Give me your daughter in marriage, and I will give both of you such gifts as you deserve.” 55King Ptolemy replied, “It was a great day when you returned to your country and took the throne of your ancestors. 56I agree to your proposals, but first meet me at Ptolemais. We can get acquainted there, and I will give you my daughter in marriage.” 57So in the year 162[F] Ptolemy and his daughter Cleopatra[G] left Egypt and arrived at Ptolemais. 58King Alexander met them, and Ptolemy gave him his daughter in marriage. The wedding was celebrated there in Ptolemais with royal splendor. 59King Alexander wrote asking Jonathan to come to meet him. 60So Jonathan, in a show of splendor, went to Ptolemais and met the two kings. He presented them with gifts of silver and gold, and he also gave many gifts to the high officials who had accompanied them. Everyone was favorably impressed with him. 61At the same time some traitorous Jews who wanted to make trouble for Jonathan made accusations against him, but King Alexander paid no attention to them. 62He gave orders that Jonathan should be given royal robes to wear, 63and he honored him by letting him sit at his side. Alexander told his officers to take Jonathan into the center of the city and to announce that no one was to bring charges against him for any reason and no one was to cause him any kind of trouble. 64When his accusers saw the honors given to him, heard the announcement, and saw him clothed in royal robes, they all fled. 65The king further honored Jonathan by enrolling him in the First Order of the “Friends of the King” and by making him general and governor of his province. 66Jonathan returned to Jerusalem pleased and successful. Jonathan's Victory over Apollonius 67In the year 165[H] Demetrius the Second, the son of Demetrius the First, left Crete and arrived in Syria, the land of his ancestors. 68When King Alexander heard about this, he was worried and returned to Antioch, the capital of Syria. 69Demetrius reappointed Apollonius governor of Greater Syria. Apollonius raised a large army, set up camp near Jamnia, and sent the following message to Jonathan the High Priest: 70“Because of you I am being ridiculed, but why do you, there in your mountains, continue this rebellion when no one supports you? 71If you really have any confidence in your army, come down here on the plain and fight, where we can test each other's strength. Study the situation, and you will find that I have the support of the forces from the cities. 72You will learn who I am and who our allies are, and you will discover that you have no chance of standing against us. Your predecessors have already been beaten twice on their own ground; 73so how do you expect to defeat my cavalry and the kind of army I have here on the plain? Down here there is not so much as a pebble to hide behind and no way to escape.” 74When Jonathan received this message from Apollonius, he became angry. He took 10,000 elite troops from Jerusalem; his brother Simon also brought troops, and their two forces 75set up camp outside of Joppa. The men of the city refused to let them in because there was a detachment of Apollonius' troops there, but Jonathan attacked, 76and the men in the city became so frightened that they opened the gates, allowing Jonathan to capture Joppa. 77When Apollonius heard what had happened, he took 3,000 cavalry and a large army of infantry and pretended to retreat south toward Azotus. However, relying upon the strength of his cavalry, he marched into the plain with his main force, 787978-79positioning 1,000 cavalry where they could attack Jonathan's forces from the rear. Jonathan continued his pursuit as far as Azotus, where the two armies met in battle. 80Not until then did Jonathan realize that he was caught in an ambush. His army was surrounded, and enemy arrows rained down on them from morning until evening. 81But Jonathan's men stood firm, as he had ordered, and the attacking cavalry grew tired. 82Then, when the cavalry was exhausted, Simon appeared on the scene with his forces and attacked and overwhelmed the enemy infantry, who broke ranks and fled. 83The cavalry, which by now was scattered all over the battlefield, fled to Azotus, where they took refuge in the temple of Dagon, their god. 84But Jonathan set fire to the city and to the temple of Dagon, burning to death all those who had taken refuge there. Then he set fire to the surrounding towns and looted them. 85That day about 8,000 were either killed in the battle or burned to death. 86Jonathan left and set up camp at Ascalon, where the people of the city came out to welcome him with great honors. 87Jonathan and his men returned to Jerusalem with large quantities of loot. 88When King Alexander heard what Jonathan had done, he gave him even greater honors. 89He sent him a gold shoulder buckle, which is given only to those honored with the title “Relative of the King.” He also gave him the city of Ekron and its surrounding territory. Good News Translation Catholic Edition / ©1992 American Bible Society About

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A 2012 report recommended that the number of fragrance allergens subject to compulsory individual labelling when they are present in cosmetic products should be increased from the current 26 to around 130 – and that three should be banned altogether. Alex Gazzola reveals the 300-page report’s key findings, looks at how those sensitive to fragrances (5% of the population) can protect themselves against ‘parfums’, and examines the likelihood of the recommendations becoming law. In 1999, the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) (at the time known as the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products) identified 26 fragrance allergens used in cosmetics which it felt ought to be made known to consumers when present above certain concentrations – rather than remain unnamed under the guise of the catch-all terms ‘parfum’ or ‘fragrance’. The SCCS is an independent body set up by the European Commission to advise it on the impact on human health of personal / consumer products. It took some years for the SCCS’s recommendations to be acted on, but in 2005, through an amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive, it became law that the 26 fragrances identified must be individually named on all cosmetics when present in concentrations of at least 10 parts per million (leave-on products) or 100 parts per million (wash-off products). Some fragrance chemicals are added as ingredients in their own right, and some occur naturally in essential oils used in skincare products. The Directive called for the 26 to be named in either case, with the source essential oil also included as an ingredient in the latter (over half of the 26 are found naturally in essential oils). Now, in a new report published in August 2012, following a review of clinical and research studies from the last decade which the SCCS was asked to undertake, an additional 30 chemicals and 26 natural extracts have been identified as contact allergens in humans – while the original 26 have all been confirmed as allergens that should remain on the ‘warning list’. New problem fragrances This would bring the total confirmed human fragrance allergens to 82 – 54 of which are fragrance chemicals and 28 natural extracts or essential oils. Of the 54 fragrance chemicals, the Committee found 12 to be especially problematic, some of which are both naturally occurring and can be manufactured synthetically too. For most of these, between 100 and 1,000 documented cases of allergy were found in the literature and trials reviewed by the Committee. The twelve, with examples of the botanicals in which they are found, are: Cinnamal(occurring in cinnamon) Cinnamylalcohol(in cinnamon, balsam of Peru) Citral(in lemongrass, citrus, cardamom, petitgrain, ginger) Coumarin(in tonka, sweet clover, stone fruit, strawberries) Eugenol(in clove, nutmeg, cinnamon, rose, basil and bay) Farnesol(in neroli, rose, palmarosa and ylang ylang) Geraniol(in rose, citronella, palmarosa, and geranium) Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde / HICC(synthetic) Hydroxycitronellal(in citrus fruits, petitgrain, ylang ylang and sandalwood) Isoeugenol(in clove, nutmeg, ylang ylang) Limonene(oxidised) (in citrus) Linalool(oxidised) (in citrus, rose, neroli, coriander, spearmint, cypress, chamomile, ylang ylang …) The newly identified fragrance HICC was singled out, having been found responsible for an “exceptionally high” 1,500 cases of contact allergy. The SCCS stated: “Continued exposure to HICC by the consumer is not considered safe, even at concentrations as low as 200 parts per million. HICC should not be used in consumer products in order to prevent further cases of contact allergy … and to limit the consequences to those who already have become sensitized.” Of the 28 natural extracts and essential oils, 8 were found to be especially reactive: Eugeniacaryophyllus(clove leaf / flower) Myroxylonpereirae(balsam of Peru) Turpentine oil(usually from pine trees) Controversially, the Committee was of the opinion that treemoss and oakmoss extracts should no longer be permitted in consumer products “because they are extremely potent allergens” and the presence in cosmetic products of their two respective allergenic constituents “are not safe”. Allergy to the two extracts is especially prevalent in eczema sufferers, it was noted. The banning of these two extracts could have implications on the luxury perfume market, as was widely reported in the media in the second half of 2012, with perfumes such as Chanel No.5 potentially effected. Treemoss and/or oakmoss are also used by many natural and ‘free from’ skincare companies, including Bodhi, Bulldog and Mama Mio. Overall, although there is not enough data on individual fragrance ingredients to establish safe thresholds, the SCCS felt that a level of 0.01% – especially with regards to the most problematic allergens – would limit the problem significantly, and reduce the likelihood of reactions and new sensitisations. That said, even these levels may not help the most sensitive, and it recommended that the allergens should always be labelled, even below this level. The Scale of the Problem Although the numbers of allergic reactions recorded may not seem large given the timeframes of the research and number of international publications reviewed, the Committee pointed out that “Only a minority of the cases seen by clinicians is published and only a (small) proportion of those with allergic contact dermatitis seeks or has the possibility to seek medical attention.” The report writers estimate that fragrance allergy in the general population stands at 1-3%, but these figures are based on limited testing with only eight common allergens. With dozens of possible fragrance allergens in products, the real figure could be 5% or higher. Tellingly, the report stated that 1 in 6 eczema patients are sensitised to fragrances. In addition to the 82 established human contact allergens, the Committee found evidence in animal studies suggesting that additional fragrance substances can be expected to be contact allergens in humans – even though human evidence is lacking. Further, another group of fragrances may be a cause for concern, based on predictions drawn from their molecular structure and limited studies. These additional substances totalled over 40. That would bring the overall number of problematic fragrances to almost 130. It’s important to obtain a proper diagnosis, from a dermatologist via patch testing, of potential fragrance allergies, or indeed allergies to other cosmetic ingredients. (See our previous article, Cosmetic Ingredients and Dermatitis, published in the Summer 2011 newsletter.) Diagnosis is key as dermatologists will identify allergens precisely, and also advise against using others on your skin to which you may be susceptible to cross-reactions. It may also be important to avoid other fragrance allergens to prevent further sensitisations. Those diagnosed or advised to avoid fragrance allergens face an equivalent problem to those with food allergies who need to avoid food allergens: labelling can be confusing. “The expression ‘parfum’ – or ‘aroma’ for a flavouring, for instance in lipstick – must be used on ingredient labelling if perfume, aromatic compositions or their raw materials are included in the cosmetic product,” says Dr Emma Meredith of the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Perfumery Association (CTPA). “If essential oils are added for their fragrance, ‘parfum’ should be used again. But if a manufacturer is using an essential oil for its skin benefits, such as its conditioning properties, and it happens to incidentally impart some fragrance, then it is a judgement call. They may not choose to use the word ‘parfum’.” She adds: “However, irrespective of whether ‘parfum’ is used, if any of the 26 fragrance allergens are included in the formula at concentrations greater than those specified by EU legislation, then they must be listed. Even if the fragrance allergens are being used for non-fragrance reasons, this doesn’t absolve manufacturers of the requirement to label them.” Mostly, the fragrance allergens appear at the end of the ingredients listings, often asterisked and with an explanatory note reading ‘natural component of essential oils’, or similar. Problems for those with sensitive skins There are two problems to bear in mind. First, some companies may argue they are adding essential oils for ‘non-perfuming’ purposes, so do not need to include the word ‘parfum’ in the ingredients, and in this case consumers have to read the full ingredient list to identify essential oils or individual fragrance allergens. Second, and in regard to the extra 100 potential fragrance allergens identified by the SCCS, if these are included in any cosmetic for fragrance purposes, they need not yet be individually named on the label, and can be described merely as ‘parfum’. Until the new opinion is translated into legislation – and it may take several years, if it happens at all – consumers sensitive to these fragrance allergens have to make enquiries with manufacturers, though none are under any obligation to divulge their specific ‘parfum’ ingredients, which are often guarded secretively. Other terms found on packaging may not be much help, either. “The term ‘hypoallergenic’ doesn’t have any legal definition,” says Dr Meredith. “When used on a product it gives the consumer a sense that manufacturers will have worked from a palette of ingredients not traditionally known for causing allergies. But individuals can be allergic to pretty much any ingredient, so there are no guarantees.” Hypoallergenic products, however, are unlikely to contain any of the 26 current fragrance allergens. Terms such as ‘unscented’, ‘unperfumed’ and ‘fragrance free’ may mislead too, as products so described may contain a little fragrance to ‘mask’ any undesirable natural smell. You still need to look for ‘parfum’ or for essential oils in the ingredients if trying to avoid all fragrance. Is natural better? Many assume natural fragrance is better than artificial. Although most ‘free from’ cosmetics companies avoid synthetic fragrances, on other products it may not be easy to tell from a label whether natural, artificial or a mix of both have been used. Besides, says Dr Meredith: “The body responds to a fragrance allergen in the same way if it is artificial or natural – it can’t tell the difference.” There are some who believe the natural version is likely to be less allergenic in practice, however. Pat Thomas, author of Skin Deep, argues that “in the matrix of an essential oil there exist substances … which seem to reduce the potential of an allergic reaction. These co-factors are not present when a substance, such as geraniol or limonene, is extracted and used singly or when it is synthesised in the lab.” The natural cosmetic community, for its part, has already challenged the SCCS’s opinion. NaTrue – an international association promoting natural and organic cosmetics – issued a statement suggesting that the report risked creating a misleading image of natural fragrance substances and cosmetics among the consumer, and that thresholds should be based on more robust evidence. Its president, Klara Ahlers, in a separate statement suggested the report risked ‘blurring’ the value of natural and organic cosmetics. It is clear from the evidence gathered that many valued natural oils and fragrances are highly allergenic substances, and pose a potential threat to some consumers. It will be interesting to see whether the natural cosmetic community, perhaps with the unlikely ally of the perfumery industry, moves to resist or lobby against any actioning of the SCCS opinion in years to come – concerned as they may be over what they might perceive as the negative connotations any associations to allergies may bring upon them – and how this may negatively impact on consumers sympathetic to natural cosmetics, but allergic to some of its key components. Fragrance free products and ranges Ranges which are free from fragrances are hard to come by, but these are worth exploring: * Essential Care ‘essential oil’ free products (http://www.essential-care.co.uk/organic-skincare-for-problem-skin/essential-oils-free-organic-skincare.html) * Green People’s Organic No-Scent (http://www.greenpeople.co.uk/organic-no-scent-face-care-products.aspx) * JASON’s fragrance-free shampoo / conditioner (http://www.jasonnaturalcare.co.uk/fragrance-free-shampoo-conditioner- * MIR Skincare (http://www.mirskincare.com) * Rexcure Organic Goodies (http://cressuk.com/Brand/Rexcure) * Sukin’s Sensitive Skin Range (http://cressuk.com/Brand/Sukin-Sensitive-Skincare) * Healthy House’s fragrance free section (GP, Salcura and A’kin): http://www.healthy-house.co.uk/category/fragrance-free- The EC’s public consultation documents on fragrance allergens in cosmetic products can be found here (http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consultations/public_consultations/sccs_consultation_04_en.htm) The SCCS Opinion on Fragrance Allergens in Cosmetics Products (PDF) is here: http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_102.pdf The Cosmetic, Toiletry and Perfumery Association has lots of information for the consumer and dermatologists on skincare, allergies, labelling and ingredients. Visit here: www.thefactsabout.co.uk/ Alex Gazzola is a writer and author specialising in allergy and intolerance, and blogs at http://foodallergyandintolerance.blogspot.com. His website is www.alexgazzola.co.uk This article first appeared in Allergy Newsletter No. 107, Spring 2013.

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Register now and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! Major muscles of the shoulder, upper arm, forearm and hand. Hello everyone! It's Megan from Kenhub here, and welcome to our tutorial about the main muscles of the upper limb. The focus of today's tutorial will be on the function of these muscles starting with the muscles of the shoulder joint and working our way down towards the muscles of the hand. The upper limb is capable of a wide range of movement. In fact, the shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the human body. Our upper limbs also allows to grasp and manipulate objects whereas our lower limbs are built for support and locomotion. The muscles of the upper limb can be classified according to innervation, origin, function or topography and as I just mentioned, we'll discuss these muscles in relation to their function as well as the origin. So we'll begin this tutorial with the muscles of the shoulder joint where we'll focus on five muscles in particular. The name of the first muscle we'll talk about is derived from its location. It's located superior to the spine of the scapula and is therefore called the supraspinatus muscle. This muscle is located on the posterior aspect of the scapula so we're currently looking at a posterior view of the shoulder joint. The function of the supraspinatus muscle is to facilitate abduction of the shoulder joint. Abduction refers to the movement of a body part – in this case the upper limb – away from the midline of the body. As we go through this tutorial, I'll explain movement terms such as abduction but if you'd like more information on the types of movement found in the human body, we have a really useful article available on our website. The next muscle we can see is the infraspinatus muscle which as you may have guessed is located inferior to the spine of the scapula. This muscle facilitates the external or outward rotation of the shoulder joint. Moving to the anterior aspect of the scapula, we can see this muscle highlighted in green which is the subscapularis muscle. The subscapularis muscle functions to facilitate internal or inward rotation of the shoulder joint. Another muscle of the shoulder joint is the teres minor muscle. This muscle's functions include external rotation and weak adduction of the shoulder joint. Adduction is the movement of a body part such as the upper limb towards the midline of the body. The four muscles we've seen so far form a group known as the rotator cuff so let's quickly go through them again. The muscles of the rotator cuff are the supraspinatus muscle, the infraspinatus muscle, the subscapularis muscle and the teres minor muscle. The rotator cuff as the name suggests plays a major role in the internal and external rotation of the shoulder joint and upper limb, however, its main function is to stabilize the head of the humerus within the shoulder joint. The largest muscle of the shoulder joint is the deltoid muscle and we can see it here from an anterior perspective. This muscle has several functions. The anterior portion facilitates flexion and internal rotation of the shoulder joint. Flexion at the shoulder joint results in the upper limb moving anteriorly and upwards. The middle part is responsible for abduction. The deltoid is actually the most important abductor of the shoulder joint. And finally, the posterior portion of this muscle is responsible for extension and external rotation of the shoulder joint. During extension at the shoulder joint, the upper limb moves posteriorly and downwards. Now that we've covered the main muscles of the shoulder joint, let's move on to look at the muscles of the arm. I'd like to emphasize that anatomically, the arm is not a collective term for the upper limb but rather refers specifically to the region between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint. The arm can be further divided into the anterior compartment and the posterior compartment. We'll begin with the muscles of the anterior compartment using images that show the arm from an anterior perspective. The muscle we can see here highlighted in green is the coracobrachialis muscle. This muscle facilitates the flexion and adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint. Another muscle of the anterior compartment is the biceps brachii muscle. Its name comes from the Latin "bi-" meaning two and "caput" meaning head. So as its name suggests, the biceps brachii has two heads. It has a long head which we can see here and a short head which we can see here. At the shoulder joint, the long head facilitates abduction and internal rotation whereas the short head facilitates adduction. At the elbow joint, this muscle supinates the forearm and also flexes the supinated arm. Supination is the medial rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm of the hand facing anteriorly or superiorly if the elbow is flexed whereas flexion at the elbow joint involves bending the upper limb and decreasing the angle between the arm and forearm. The final muscle of the anterior comportment of the arm is the brachialis muscle. This muscle is actually the strongest flexor of the elbow joint even stronger than the biceps brachii muscle. Moving to the posterior compartment of the arm, we see this three-headed muscle here which is the triceps brachii. As we saw with the biceps brachii which is a two headed muscle, the triceps brachii is given its name because it has three heads. Here we can see the long head and the lateral head and between them we can see the medial head. This muscle functions as an extensor of the elbow which is essentially the act of increasing the angle between the arm and forearm. The long head of the triceps brachii also assists in the extension of the shoulder joint. A muscle that can be considered as both the muscle of the arm and forearm is the anconeus muscle, however, we'll not discuss it further in this tutorial as this muscle is often morphologically and functionally classed as a continuation of the triceps. So far we've covered the main muscles of the shoulder joint in the arm so we can now travel distally to look at the muscles of the forearm or the region between the elbow joint and the wrist. Again, the forearm can be divided into an anterior compartment and a posterior compartment. These muscles can then be further classified as superficial or deep muscles. Let us begin with the anterior compartment of the forearm starting with the superficial muscles. The muscles of the anterior compartment are flexors and the one we can see highlighted in green here is the pronator teres. This muscle is a weak flexor of the elbow joint and a strong pronator of the forearm. Pronation is the lateral rotation of the forearm resulting in the palms facing posteriorly or downwards if the elbow is flexed. The second of the superficial flexors of the forearm we'll look at is the flexor carpi radialis muscle. This muscle is a flexor and abductor of the wrist joint. So if you remember I said that flexion decreases the angle between two body parts and as we can see in this image, flexion of the wrist joint reduces the angle between the forearm and the hand. Also found in the anterior compartment of the forearm, we have the flexor carpi ulnaris which we can see here highlighted in green. As the name suggests, it facilitates the flexion as well as adduction of the wrist joint. The final muscle of the superficial flexors of the forearm we'll look at is the flexor digitorum superficialis. The flexor digitorum superficialis facilitates flexion at the proximal interphalangeal joints of the hand which are these joints here. Note that although the palmaris longus muscle is also one of the superficial flexors of the forearm, it's absent in about fifteen percent of the population, therefore, will not classify as one of the main muscles of the upper limb. Now that we've seen some of the superficial flexors of the forearm, let's move on to look at the deep muscles of the anterior forearm starting with this muscle here, the flexor digitorum profundus. The flexor digitorum profundus facilitates flexion at the distal interphalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and wrist joints. The deepest muscle of the anterior forearm and the one we can see here highlighted in green is the pronator quadratus muscle. This muscle functions to pronate the forearm. So flexor digitorum profundus flexes phalanges two to five but what muscle flexes the thumb? It's the flexor pollicis longus that's responsible for flexion of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints as well as opposition at the saddle joint. Opposition is essentially the act of pinching your fingers together and involves touching the pad of any one of your fingers with the thumb of the same hand. Now let's turn to the posterior aspect of the forearm again starting with the superficial muscles. The muscles of the posterior compartment are extensors and the one we can see here highlighted in green is the extensor digitorum. This muscle facilitates extension of the metacarpophalangeal joints of digits two to five as well as extension of the wrist joint. Another superficial extensor of the forearm is the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle. As you can see, this muscle has its insertion at the base of the fifth metacarpal, therefore, it only acts to extend and adduct the wrist joint and doesn't facilitate movement of the fingers. Moving laterally, we can see the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle. This muscle facilitates the extension and abduction of the wrist joint. Also located on the lateral aspect of the posterior forearm is the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle seen here. This muscle like the one we just discussed facilitates the extension and abduction of the wrist joint. Please note that brachioradialis and extensor digiti minimi are also superficial muscles of the posterior forearm, however, here we're not considering them as main muscles of the upper limb. Now let's look at the deep extensors of the forearm. The first muscle we see here is the supinator muscle. As the name suggests, this muscle facilitates supination of the forearm. Another deep extensor of the forearm is the extensor pollicis longus muscle. The extensor pollicis longus muscle facilitates the extension of the thumb at the carpometacarpal and interphalangeal joints. It also partially abducts the first metacarpal. The last of the deep extensors of the forearm we'll look at is the extensor pollicis brevis muscle. It functions to extend the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints. For the purposes of this tutorial, we'll not be discussing the abductor pollicis longus or the extensor indices which are also deep extensors of the posterior compartment of the forearm. Finally, let's talk about the muscles of the hand. These muscles can be divided into four categories – the thenar muscles, the hypothenar muscles, the interossei muscles and the lumbrical muscles. First we'll focus on the thenar muscles which are located on the radial side of the palm of the hand. There are four of these muscles, one of which is the flexor pollicis brevis muscle and we can see it here highlighted in green. This muscle has both a deep and superficial part. The collective function of the flexor pollicis brevis is the flexion and opposition of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. Next we'll take a look at the adductor pollicis muscle which we can see here highlighted in green. This muscle has two heads – an oblique head and a transverse head. Adductor pollicis facilitates the adduction and opposition of the thumb. Another thenar muscle of the hand is opponens pollicis. This muscle as the name suggests functions to oppose the thumb. The last muscle considered to be a thenar muscle is the abductor pollicis brevis. Again, the function of this muscle is pretty self-explanatory. It acts to abduct the thumb. The next group of muscles we'll talk about is the hypothenar muscles of the hand starting with the abductor digiti minimi muscle. This muscle facilitates the abduction, flexion and extension of the little finger. The muscle we can now see highlighted in green is also hypothenar muscle. It's called flexor digiti minimi. This muscle is also sometimes referred to as flexor digiti minimi brevis. Flexor digiti minimi facilitates the flexion of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint. In many cases, this muscle is very small or may even be completely absent. Another muscle found in the hypothenar group is the palmaris brevis. This muscle functions to tense the skin of the palm on the ulnar side of the hand during a grip action and it also deepens the hollow of the palm. One of the deepest and strongest type of thenar muscles is the one we can see here, the opponens digiti minimi. This muscle facilitates flexion, adduction and lateral rotation of the little finger at the carpometacarpal joint. Now let's talk about the interossei muscles. The interossei muscles of the hand are found between the metacarpal bones in both the palmar and dorsal sides of the hand. Here, we can see the palmar interossei muscles. They are comprised of three muscles which arise from the metacarpals of the index, ring and little finger. All three muscles facilitate the adduction of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joint. I'd like to note here that when we talk about adduction and abduction of the fingers, the fingers are moving towards or away from the midline of the hand rather than the midline of the body. On the dorsal aspect of the hand, we find the dorsal interossei muscles. They're comprised of four muscles and are the most superficial of the interosseus muscles. All the dorsal interosseus muscles facilitate the abduction or spreading out of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joint. You'll be relieved to hear that we've reached the last muscle group of this tutorial, the lumbrical muscles of the hand. These four muscles are crucial to finger movement in that they link the extensor tendons to the flexor tendons. The lumbrical muscles facilitate flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension at the interphalangeal joints of each finger. Before we conclude our tutorial, let's quickly summarize what we covered today. We started with the muscles of the shoulder joint then we looked at the muscles of the arm which can be divided into anterior and posterior compartments followed by the muscles of the forearm which can also be divided into anterior and posterior compartments and further classified as superficial or deep. Finally, we looked at the muscles of the hand which can be divided into four groups – the thenar, hypothenar, interossei and lumbrical muscles. Unfortunately, there are lots of muscles to remember, however, their locations and names can rather be useful in deducing their functions. For example, supinator acts to supinate the forearm, muscles on the anterior aspect of the upper limb are generally flexors and muscles on the posterior aspect are generally extensors. We also have lots of quizzes on our website that will help you remember these muscles and their functions. So that brings us to the end of our tutorial on the main muscles of the upper limb. I hope you enjoyed it and thank you for listening. This video is more fun than reading a textbook, right? If you want more videos, interactive quizzes, articles, and an atlas of human anatomy, click on the “Take me to Kenhub” button. It's time to say goodbye to your old textbooks and hello to your new anatomy learning partner, Kenhub! See you there!

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If you have seen the film, Cowboys and Aliens then the idea of spacecraft in the Wild West will not be so, well, alien to you. Although the film, as enjoyable as it is, is one-hundred percent fiction, there are numerous accounts of UFO and alien encounters in the tentative years of the United States. Although most people credit the term “flying saucer” with an account given by Kenneth Arnold in 1947 for example, in 1878 in Denison, Texas, farmer John Martin witnessed a strange object flying over his land and made a report to Denison Daily News on 25th January 1878. While out hunting, Martin noticed a dark object in the sky. The strange shape and the speed with which the object appeared to be moving captivated him. He took his eyes off it for a second in order to refocus his gaze. When he locked on it again, it was almost overhead. It was described by Martin as a “large saucer” and although now clear in his vision was still obviously at a great height. Martin could only compare the object to a (hot air) balloon but accepted that it moved much too fast for this to realistically be the case. The Denison Daily News ended their article on the sighting by John Martin by concluding that the event “deserves the attention of our scientists!” Martin’s report is just one of many that were made and documented during the 1800s in the United States. Before we look at some of the more notable encounters though, check out a quick trailer of the aforementioned film by Universal, Cowboys and Aliens – much of the fiction was inspired by elements of the genuine reports made at the time. James Lumley’s Claims Of Hieroglyphics On Downed UFO in 1865 Trapper James Lumley stated that he not only witnessed a craft crash into the ground, but he also tracked down the wreckage in 1865 – claims that were printed in several newspapers of the time, including the Missouri Democrat. Late one evening while trapping in the mountains of Cadotte Pass, Missouri, he saw an object fly across the sky before it separated like “the bursting of a sky rocket in the air!” Seconds later, Lumley heard a huge explosion that made the ground shake and was followed by a rush of air that swept through the forest around him. The following day, Lumley was witness to the carnage that the craft had left behind as it had crashed to the ground. Trees had been uprooted and a “path” had been cut through them by the object. He followed this path to a “stone” object that had embedded into the mountainside. Upon closer inspection, Lumley stated that the “stone” had broken into several compartments. Furthermore, there appeared to be shattered glass around it, as well as a dark liquid substance. Perhaps strangest of all is the claim that there were hieroglyphics on some of the compartments. The newspapers theorized that perhaps the occupants of the craft were from “Mercury or Uranus” and also stated that astronomers had “long held that it is probable the heavenly bodies are inhabited!” While many cast doubt on the story, the assertion that there were hieroglyphics sighted is of particular interest to those who feel that aliens had a hand in another great civilization – Ancient Egypt. The Silvery Serpent of Texas, 1873 In Bonham, Texas in 1873, workers in a cotton field noticed an object in the sky above them. Traveling at great speed, the shiny “silvery serpent” (as it appeared to them) caused them all to panic and run for cover from the openness of the cotton field, rushing indoors or hiding under wagons. The speed of the object was such that it was almost a blur in the broad daylight sky. The object apparently circled the small town twice before speeding off from view. 24 hours after the sighting in Bonham, residents in Fort Scott in Kansas would witness a similar craft. It caused a similar panic as it had done the previous day, causing soldiers to flee the parade ground and seek cover away from the strange machine. There were numerous sightings made by range workers and cowboys alike across America at the time. Usually involving a “silver bird” flying fast above them that when fired upon, the bullets would bounce off the “creatures” skin. Perhaps one of the more famous of these was the 1892 sighting in Tombstone, Arizona, when two cowboys claimed to have given chase to and shot at a winged reptile that was up to one hundred and sixty feet long with a wingspan that stretched to over ninety feet. Winged reptile? Or a flying machine? Check out the short video below that features a talk from Stephen Andrasko concerning UFO sightings in 1800s America! The Aurora Alien In April 1897 in Aurora, Texas, a strange craft came screaming out of the sky. It crashed into a windmill on Judge J. S. Proctor’s estate and exploded into flames upon impact. Many of the local townsfolk would witness the event. And could attest to the destruction of the craft. as well as “the pilot” – who was an extra-terrestrial. A report of the incident appeared in the Dallas Morning News on 19th April. Part of their report concerning the alien pilot reads: Papers found on his person, evidently the records of his travels, are written in some unknown hieroglyphics and can not be deciphered……….The pilot’s funeral will take place at noon tomorrow. According to reports, the funeral did indeed take place. And the pilot’s grave was marked with a simple headstone in the Aurora graveyard. It remained there for over seventy years until a journalist from the Dallas Times Herald, Bill Case, took an interest in the account and began to investigate. He claimed to have located the grave. As well as test results that showed a small coffin that was present under the earth. By the time Case began the process of exhuming the grave, however, the gravestone mysteriously vanished. He would locate the area of the marker. The grave itself, though, was no longer there. And nothing worth examining remained. Case wasted little time is laying the blame for this firmly at the feet of the United States government. The Brawley Oates Account In a further interesting twist to the incident and seemingly long-reaching effects, was the story of Brawley Oates. Oates had purchased the land where the UFO had crashed in 1935. According to locals, they would place the wreckage of the craft in a well near to the crash site. They would then cover it over. Oates would clean out this wreckage from the well. Soon after, he and his family began to suffer from an array of health problems. All of which he believes have a connection to the otherworldly wreckage. The Aurora alien encounter ran alongside numerous strange sightings over the skies of the United States in the late 1890s. Whether there is a connection or not is open to debate. As are the reasons regarding the tampering with the gravesite. You can check out the documentary below that looks at the Aurora UFO crash in a lot more detail. The Alien Encounter That Began A Religion Perhaps one of the most bizarre accounts of alien contact is one that would ultimately begin an entire religion in the relatively modern era of the early-1800s. According to the text and account in their own writings, the Mormon Church would tell of an incident that would see a strange “angel” who wore clothes of a “brilliant white” and hailed from a time “long ago” appear to Joseph Smith in the fast-growing city of New York. The incident in question took place in September 1823 when Smith was but 17 years old. The angel would introduce himself to the teenager as Moroni. He would give Smith instructions to advance into the woodlands on the outskirts of the city. There, he would find a book of “golden plates”. These plates contained ancient texts of happenings thousands and thousands of years previously. Smith did indeed retrieve these plates. And what’s more, despite it taking 15 years, he set about translating them. Following this, Moroni would visit Smith again and take the golden plates back into his possession. The information they contained, however, would become the foundation of the Mormon religion. It is an intriguing assertion by the Mormon Church that such accounts are true. And while they themselves use the word angel, Moroni’s appearance as well as claims of living on Earth thousands of years before accepted history, and of existing in another world or realm, leans heavily towards such claims as the ancient astronaut theory. Or even of connections between UFOs and aliens, and time-travel. Although the Mormon Church accepts such accounts as fact, many outside the organization simply don’t. Perhaps, though, for the sake of argument, we should examine the ancient texts of other major religions. In order to seek out similar hints of extraterrestrial origins. Early President Of The United States’ UFO Encounters It isn’t merely “everyday Joes” who would witness these bizarre shining flying machines in the early years of what would become the United States of America. Many future and even sitting presidents also had bizarre and seemingly otherworldly experiences. And what’s more, they would speak and write of them. Although he wasn’t president at the time of the sighting, in 1800, future president, Thomas Jefferson would describe in a telegram a strange object. One witnessed by a local man (William Dunbar) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. According to the correspondence, the object was “the color of the sun near the horizon”. And was approximately, “the size of a house”. Even more bizarre, wherever it was in the sky, the ground below would bathe in its glow. Jefferson would go on to describe a “violent rushing noise” which accompanied the aerial anomaly, as well as a “tremendous crash”. To the modern-day reader, he is clearly describing something moving through the sky so quickly that it would break the sound barrier, a concept that was likely, and for want of a better phrase, completely alien to him. Jefferson isn’t the only one-time president of America to write of such encounters. During his campaigns against the British in the late 1770s, George Washington would claim the assistance of several “green-skinned” entities. According to Washington, they would show him visions of the future. As well as advising him on battleplans and British troop placements. In short, it would appear that at the very least, the “settlement” of the United States would unfold under the watch of this apparent extraterrestrial presence. And not always from afar. The Star People – Legends Of The Native American Tribes We should also make note of the numerous Native American tribes that had already called America home for hundreds, if not thousands of years before the arrival of the Spanish from the southern continents and Mexico and the Pilgrims from the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe on the east coast. Many of their legends, for example, speak of “star people” who would seemingly exist in another realm. Or perhaps on another planet. These star people would teach the ancient tribes all manner of crafts. From crop growing to producing materials and storing food. They also, according to the legends of the tribes, would help their ancestors survive several cataclysmic events throughout history. Usually by leading them to the Inner Earth and teaching them how to survive in such an environment. Interestingly, and as we have noted in other articles, the details of these “star people” are remarkably similar to many of the creator gods of what we today call the South American continent. And further still, equally similar to the gods of the Mesopotamian region. Indeed, the early years of the country we know today as “America” – referred to in the history books as the “wild west” – may prove an interesting link between UFO and alien activity in the old world, and similar encounters in the new one. Check out the video below. It looks at UFO sightings during this time in the United States. The stories, accounts, and discussion in this article are not always based on proven facts and may go against currently accepted science and common beliefs. The details included in the article are based on the reports and accounts available to us as provided by witnesses and documentation. By publishing these accounts, UFO Insight does not take responsibility for the integrity of them. You should read this article with an open mind and come to a conclusion yourself. Copyright & Republishing Policy The entire article and the contents within are published by, wholly-owned and copyright of UFO Insight. The author does not own the rights to this content. You may republish short quotes from this article with a reference back to the original UFO Insight article here as the "source". You may not republish the article in its entirety.

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Life expectancy swings wildly between Michigan neighborhoods Life expectancy in Michigan ranges from almost 91 years in an East Grand Rapids neighborhood to just 62 in one Detroit area, new research shows. That's a nearly 29-year difference, according to the data from the National Center for Health Statistics that shows just how much a neighborhood can foretell length of life. The research drives home dramatic differences in anticipated lifespans of Michigan residents based on geography, even among people who sometimes live just across the street. Statewide, life expectancy is 78.2 years. The numbers are “incredibly sad … but not surprising,” said Dr. Joneigh Khaldun, director and health officer for the Detroit Health Department. “People’s life expectancies are short for many reasons." Among the starkest disparities are adjacent neighborhoods near East Grand Rapids, where there is a life expectancy gap of 17.6 years. Significant life span gaps also can be found most famously along the border between the east side of Detroit and Grosse Pointe, but also in more surprising areas, such as Oakland County's Rochester Hills. The data is the first to determine life expectancy by census tracts, smaller geographies than the ZIP code or county-level data produced in the past. Researchers used six years of death records and demographic data to create a longevity estimate for nearly every tract in the country. The Associated Press analyzed life expectancy and demographic data for 65,662 census tracts, which are geographic areas that encompass roughly 4,000 residents. The AP found that certain demographic qualities – high rates of unemployment, low household income, a concentration of black or Native American residents and low rates of high school education – affected life expectancy in most neighborhoods. INTERACTIVE MAP (for mobile and app users): Local life expectancy - VIEW MAP An increase of 10 percentage points in the unemployment rate in a neighborhood translated to a loss of roughly a year, the AP found. Income, race and whether residents had health insurance were also factors, according to the analysis. The life span difference among close neighbors could point away from some explanations, such as limited access to fresh foods, because those neighbors would likely have the same access, said Kurt Metzger, a demographer and director emeritus of Data Driven Detroit. "Income and education become quite critical," Metzger said. In Kent County, a sharp divide A thin strip of concrete marks where Wealthy Street stops being so wealthy. On one side, the red cobblestones of Grand Rapids’ eclectic Eastown neighborhood stretch west toward downtown. On the marker’s other side, Wealthy Street enters old money East Grand Rapids. “A better place to live,” the sign says. Here, like so many places, it does matter which side of the road you live on. Residents in the northern part of Eastown have a life expectancy of 73.2 years; next door in East Grand Rapids' northern portion, they can expect to reach 90.8. Eastown is a bohemian oasis. Seattle-style coffee was brewed before Starbucks arrived. Cross-cultural cuisine is popular. There are used-book stores, boutiques, a refurbished theater and a college town vibe. Eastown has been called the Greenwich Village of Grand Rapids. Residents are also younger, poorer, more diverse and less likely to have health insurance. Nine percent of residents in the northern section of Eastown are without health insurance; just 1.6 percent are without in the East Grand Rapids area, according to U.S. Census estimates for 2011-15. The median household income is $62,150 in that section of Eastown; it is $108,500 farther down Wealthy Street. One recent morning, three young women settled into the one open table at Wealthy Street Bakery. The air is warm from pastries and lattes and the people are wired -- from both the Wi-Fi and the caffeine. Esther Hansen, 23, and her new friends are apartment hunting. Hansen is a nurse technician at Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital and studying upper-elementary education at Grand Valley State University. Both her parents recently lost their jobs. She does not have health insurance. “It’s hard. I don’t make a ton,” she said. She’ll choose “the cheapest option” when her benefits begin in January. “I just know it’s a struggle for a single person to find affordable health insurance." Drive down Wealthy Street perhaps four minutes east and arrive at Gaslight Village, the heart of one of the state’s wealthiest communities. Reeds Lake is just down the road. So is the Grand Rapids Yacht Club. Spectrum Health’s Blodgett Memorial Medical Center is an anchor. The city is an old money enclave. Weldon and Karen Schwartz have lived here for 24 years. He is a former U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission lawyer. After retiring, the couple moved to East Grand Rapids on the advice of friends. They plan to move soon into a retirement community nearby. “We definitely want to stay in this area,” said Weldon Schwartz, 79. He served in the military, has always had good benefits, and worries about those who live down the road. Schwartz has been cited for his pro bono work after his first retirement to work for cases involving children in less than ideal situations. “The young people have such debt,” Schwartz said. “College tuition was high in our day. It’s obscene now.” He wonders how an economy can grow if young people cannot afford homes, if health insurance is not affordable. Shopping nearby is Marilyn Muma, who lives in the same Eastown home where she was born, a block from Aquinas College. The area was once rougher around the edges, she said. This day she leaves her 3-year-old golden retriever, Rocky, in her unlocked, open-windowed truck while she picks up groceries in Gaslight Village. “It’s amazing to see the neighborhood turning,” said Muma, 66, of the Eastown community that is becoming younger. Still, she sees lower income as a significant reason for shorter life spans. Life expectancies in her neighborhood are about 18 years less than where she shops; household incomes are nearly $50,000 less. Nearly 1 in 10 people are without health insurance. Less than 2 in 100 are uninsured the next neighborhood over, according to the census. Muma's sister died of cancer the night before. Her sibling had money and insurance, but Muma believes insurance issues contributed to her death. “If you don’t have money, if you don’t stay up on preventative care, it’s going to get you,” she said. Rochester Hills disparity Rochester Hills is among Metro Detroit’s more affluent cities, with incomes that are higher than normal and poverty well below average levels. Among its attractions is the 200-acre former state park Bloomer Park, with a cricket field, sledding hill and velodrome. The park was named after former lawyer and Dodge Motor Car Company chairman, Howard Bloomer, who donated 47 acres. Bloomer Park constitutes the northern portion of a census tract with an unusual distinction – the anticipated life expectancy is 74 years, making it an island surrounded by areas with higher-than-average expected lifespans. It marks the state's third-largest disparity between an individual census tract and its surrounding area – and the highest in Metro Detroit, according to the AP analysis. In the Rochester Hills neighborhood just across John R Road to the west, for example, the life expectancy jumps to 85 years. Just to the north, in Rochester, it is 82 years. Carl Peterson, 81, a Rochester Hills resident since 1976, has watched the area change. “When I moved into our six-acre, 1850 home, there was 45 acres east of us and I used to be able to back up from the driveway onto Avon Road," Peterson said. "Now, it’s turned into a subdivision and I have to wait at least three minutes to get out of the driveway. The whole city is like that.” Among the housing options in the census tractare Rochester Estates, a mobile home community that dominates the area between Avon Road and Bloomer Park, and Cedar Mill Village apartment complex, just to its east. The median household income in this portion of Rochester Hills is less than $51,000; across John R Road it jumps to $107,000. Diane Smith, who lives on John R, said there’s a clear difference. “I’d say you could easily see the income difference from one side to the other,” Smith said. “The east side has smaller homes and apartment buildings, while the other has private neighborhoods and more lakes.” Eighteen percent of the people living in the census tract are without health insurance, compared to 2 percent across John R. This tract is 70 percent white, a lower percentage that neighboring areas. While it stands out for the contrast between it and neighboring areas, other Oakland County neighborhoods have significantly lower life expectancies. Especially problematic is Pontiac, where in several areas lifespans are 10 years or more below the state average. Leigh-Anne Stafford, Oakland County’s Health Officer, said the data helps to create improvement plans. “It’s exciting for us," she said, "because now we can focus more on specific cities versus townships or ZIP codes, but this is just one data point,” she said. “We like to layer the data with additional information to create a complete picture of health.” Oakland County’s Health Department conducted a community health assessment four years ago and created ECHO, Energizing Connections for Healthier Oakland, bringing together 30 organizations to create a community improvement plan. “One thing we look at is does everyone have access to health care, transportation, access to healthy foods, are they in a food desert or within walking distance of a store and that can cause a big difference in a community,” Stafford said. Stafford said the data has been “eye-opening” for the department and how it differs from areas in Detroit. “It varies up to (a) 21-year difference when they’re less than 10 miles apart,” she said. “We really need to look at the disparities that are occurring in those census tracts." The lowest in Michigan Of the 10 census tracts with the lowest life expectancy in Michigan, six are located in Detroit. The lowest in the state is west of M-10 (Lodge Freeway) and south of the Davison freeway, an intersection traversed by an average of more than 200,000 commuters each day. Abutting the freeways is an area with streets named for Americans with lofty ideals – Rosa Parks, Woodrow Wilson – but where a child today can expect to live only to an age of 62 years. That’s 16 years lower than the present state average and an number the U.S. population first surpassed in 1932, when the nation's collective lifespan was 62.1 years, according to CDC records. The area has large duplex-style homes, many boarded up or burned out. Few streets have been well kept. An outlier among them is Glendale Street, which has brick and wood-sided homes with Christmas decorations, a New Wave Christian Church, Cass Community Social Services and a community funeral home. Terrance D. Andrews, executive director of Andrews Funeral Home in the Dexter-Linwood neighborhood, said the majority of the 200 clients a year are between 60 and 80 years old. “I expected the life expectancy around 90 if we take care of ourselves,” said Andrews, 55, who grew up in the neighborhood. “We don’t often see a lot of kids, just a lot of natural causes.” The median income of the area was $21,806, well less than half that of the state of Michigan. Andrews said the area started declining after drugs infiltrated the area in the 1980s. “Drugs peaked off in 1988, and you can see where that went. It deteriorated the neighborhood. I rebuilt the funeral home in 1999 and hoped for a resurrection and it never came,” Andrews said. “We need rec centers, things for people to do and more education.” In February, Barbara Burns will have lived in her 1922 home on Glendale for 50 years. Burns, 86, already has outlived her neighborhood’s life expectancy and many of her neighbors are seniors. Burns said the city recently opened a nearby park on Clairmount in the city’s Boston Edison neighborhood, but often ignores her area, where she’s seen no improvement in the past decade. “Nobody ever comes over here,” Burns said. “It’s a good neighborhood, but not a lot close by. Many just use the area to cut through to Lodge or Davison.” “There are neighbors here that are older than I am,” said Burns, who lives down the street from the funeral home. “I haven’t had any problems, just the occasional gunshots in the night. “This was all a Jewish neighborhood when I moved here, with schools all around. Now, they’re all closed. I’ll never leave because this is where I raised my three daughters, who are very successful.” Burns relies on her daughter to pick her up to grocery shop in Highland Park and take her to church, The House of Prayer, on the city’s west side. Burns was born and raised on the Detroit’s east side with her father, who worked at the Packard Plant and died of a heart attack at age 72. Burns’ mother died of congestive heart failure at age 82, and while she wishes she could reunite with them, she said she’s blessed to have lived long enough to see her four great grandchildren. Intergenerational poverty has taken a toll on the health of Detroit residents for decades, exacerbated by everything from the city’s history of redlining in housing to a lack of quality education and jobs, said Khaldun, of the city health department. Detroit remained the nation's poorest big city last year, according to U.S. Census estimates released this fall. “But a lot of this is fixable,” she said. “We have to get upstream … we can’t wait until someone has a chronic disease diagnosis to do something.” Khaldun said the health department is working on many fronts to change the numbers. One example is launching iDecide Detroit, a network of teen health providers that provide contraception and STD testing. It includes an information hotline, transportation services and after-hour access to health providers. Preventing teen pregnancy increases the chances kids will graduate from high school, Khaldun said. Nearly 28 percent of the residents in this neighborhood did not complete high school, a factor in life expectancy. Sixteen percent do not have insurance. Black residents make up 67 percent of the population, according to census data. “I’ve been near death twice in my life… but you can’t worry about it,” Burns said. “Everything has already been planned out for all of us. “I don’t think where I lived doesn’t matter how I turned out and how I live. My daughter graduated with a Ph.D., didn’t pay a dime and was the only black woman in her graduating class… that’s not because we lived here and we were poor.” “My parents weren’t rich and I’m financially a poor person, but rich in so many other ways… rich by blessings."

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There is a back story to the oil spill catastrophe in the Gulf of Mexico. It is the revelation of the extraordinary failure and triumph of engineering. In a world of computers, materials sciences and nanotechnology, big engineering remains awesome but often overlooked. Everything to do with the Gulf disaster is part of the big engineering story. Hugely sophisticated drilling platforms, drills and drill bits make it possible to drill at a mile under the sea, and to go on another 3 miles into the earth beneath the ocean floor. That is awesome. The fact that at depth these drills can then drive horizontal is awesome-plus. The blowout preventer–the fail-safe device–is amazing. It stands five stories high and is as sophisticated as a space rocket. It is a stunning piece of engineering design, which the world only knows about because it failed to operate on April 20 when the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded. No one knows for sure why the blowout preventer failed. Feeble human hands may have been a factor; the best engineering is no better than its operators. When it came to the Deepwater Horizon, the makings of failure were in place; not on the sea bed, but on the deck of the drilling rig. Fatigue, greed, hubris and divided responsibility all drove toward disaster. As in aviation, great industrial disasters are usually not isolated phenomena but the result of a sequence of failures and misjudgments. The Gulf tragedy will be compounded if we turn away from big projects and big engineering because we fear failure. In the 19th century, big engineering thrived. The British built the Indian railways. Cecil John Rhodes dreamed of building a railway from Cape Town to Cairo. The idea of a tunnel under the English Channel was considered (an abortive start was made in 1911), while the Suez and Panama canals were being dug. Like the Romans in their day, the British were committed to big engineering in their colonies and possessions. Big engineering carried the enterprise forward, opened markets and, in the case of canals and railroads, carried troops to the battle. The American railroads united the country and laid the groundwork for the greatest commercial expansion the world had yet seen. Electricity brought forth more engineering creativity with power plants, dams, transmission lines, and finally nuclear power plants. But big engineering took a drubbing in the 1960s: It was suddenly the problem, not the solution. We continued to fly in Boeing 747s, but we did not celebrate their engineering. We used more electricity and held our noses as we did so. The miracles of engineering-based comfort and prosperity were to be eschewed. We indulged but fretted, like a smoker who knows he should not do it. No longer did politicians urge the young into the exciting world of big engineering, whether it was civil, electrical or mechanical. Instead, they talked blandly about “math” and “science,” as though these were disciplines that could operate without engineering support. “Technology” was in and engineering–big engineering, which built big things like dams, nuclear power plants, oil refineries and ships–was out, relegated to the category of “last resort.” Incredibly, the tunnel between England and France was opened and the French pioneered high-speed trains. But America’s engineering schools played with their curricula, adding socially relevant courses and hybrids that include, and sometimes emphasize, ideas that are far from the world of leverage, logarithm and tensile strength. Engineering management and social impacts of engineering are among the new courses that have tainted the brawny world of big engineering. Political correctness met engineering, and it has not been a happy marriage. One would hope that the events in the Gulf would excite a new generation of engineering students to the romance of engineering, the thrill of creation and the duty of problem-solving. For engineering romantics like myself, a giant crane is nearly as wondrous as a cathedral. There is unbelievable horror in what we have wrought in the Gulf. But also is wonder that we can build machines so remarkable that they can lift the lid off the underworld. When it comes to energy, there is an incoherence to President Barack Obama’s policies. This incoherence is embedded in his administration in the person of Carol Browner. She is largely regarded as the agent of a kind of reactionary environmentalism that once haunted the Democratic Party. Browner, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under President Bill Clinton, is a special assistant to Obama for energy and environment. To a wide variety of industries, though, she is the agent of regressive, just-say-no environmentalism. Browner’s background–from environmental jobs in Florida to working with Al Gore–dooms her to suspicion of zealotry, which is probably unjustified. Her defenders (just about all in the environmental movement), see her as a great public servant and standard-bearer. But she is largely out of sight these days; her writ and her influence unknown. To the energy industries, from the ever-embattled nuclear sector to the euphoric-for-now natural gas producers and the mostly happy wind farmers, Browner and her role remains a mystery. Why is she there? How much does she influence Obama? Or, for that matter, does he care more about the politics of energy and the environment than he does about the issues? The answer, like so much that can be said of Obama, is some of this and some of that. The administration is opening up the Atlantic coast and part of the Alaskan coast to oil drilling. But it is keeping the California shoreline free of new exploration. (There are a lot of environmental voters in California). As for nuclear power, the actions of the administration are the most confusing. Obama looks like a host who having welcomed a guest to dine, snatches the guest’s chair away when the meal is brought in. He has advocated nuclear power and has endorsed loan guarantees for new nuclear reactors. But in a piece of blatant political opportunism Obama has canceled all work, and even licensing, on the Yucca Mountain waste repository site in Nevada. Yet, Yucca Mountain was the cornerstone of the civilian nuclear revival. To understand why Yucca Mountain has been abandoned, together with $10 billion of taxpayers money, look no further than the senior senator from Nevada, Harry Reid. And to understand Reid’s stubborn rejection of a national patriotic role for Nevada, look no further than the gaming tables and slot machines of Las Vegas. At least part of Obama’s energy policy is influenced by fruit machines. Obama first declared against Yucca Mountain during the campaign. Many thought that his opposition would, in the way of campaign promises, melt in the sunshine of reality. But the politics of the Senate triumphed. Obama’s need for Reid, the majority leader in the Senate, became utter dependence in the health-care debate. So the will of previous Congresses for a sophisticated and vital nuclear industry, was trumped by Reid. The Joker came out of the pack face up. Good thing for energy policy that Nevada has no other big energy issues. Part of its previous attraction for nuclear was its small population and remote location. But the wheel of fortune spins in politics as well as roulette, and unpredictably Reid rose to be the most important Democrat in the Senate. The offhand way the administration has junked Yucca Mountain should worry all in energy supply. White House press secretary Robert Gibbs dismissed the abandonment of Yucca Mountain as being done on “scientific grounds.” If you believe that, the tooth fairy is your sister. So the administration has pushed nuclear in the full knowledge that California and other states by law cannot approve new plants without a viable repository for their spent fuel. In a stroke, the administration has converted certainty to limbo. The squeezing of coal is similar. EPA is moving ahead with classifying carbon dioxide as a pollutant, presumably in order to pressure Congress to pass the highly criticized cap-and-trade legislation. This giving and taking away should give pause to those who think oil and natural gas drilling will proceed apace in the Atlantic and off Alaska. Browner and the president himself must know that a slew of lawsuits will be filed and will tie up action for years, if not decades. One foot forward, 12 inches backward. That is the Obama energy quick-step. –For the Hearst-New York Times Syndicate Memo To Sen. Barack Obama: Beware of your friends and their opinions. For example, Rep. Edward Markey was on a Sunday talk show allegedly defending your position on offshore drilling. But, in fact, the Massachusetts Democrat was defending his own long-held and irrelevant views. You just had an epiphany on campaign finance. Now, you need to have one on energy. At this point, the world needs oil and will need it for many decades. True, the United States will not get any new oil from the outer continental shelf for 10 years, and it will only account for about 4 percent of our needs as long as it lasts. But even that is essential. Memo To The Friends Of Sen. John McCain: Just when you thought your candidate had settled down to be George W. Bush Lite, he up and proved that old mavericks cannot change their ways. McCain split the difference on oil by reversing himself on outer continental shelf drilling and remaining adamant on not drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). This put Tom Ridge, the former homeland security chief, on the spot on a Sunday talk show. Ridge simply could not explain the inconsistency of McCain, whose presidential bid he supports. No matter what you believe should be done, the irrefutable fact is that the world is in a terrible energy bind–and all the indications are that the world energy situation may get worse. Politicians of the left want to believe that there are technologies ready to come on line, and they are being squeezed out by old-line energy companies. They place their faith in what are referred loosely as “alternatives,” which include solar, wind and geothermal power. These they see as being the equivalent of low-impact aerobics. Painless and environmentally neutral. These politicians oppose the burning of coal and have no coherent policy on oil and gas. They choose to believe that the current high price of oil is a combination of oil company greed, Wall Street speculation, and the Bush administration’s appeasement of the Saudi royal family. Conservative politicians have as much problem facing reality as their liberal colleagues. They have an inordinate faith that current off-limits drilling areas, both in the ocean and on land, will produce untold quantities of energy for the United States. They have considerable faith in new technologies that will clean up coal, find oil at ever-greater depths, and exploit gas hydrates on the ocean floor. They also believe that oil shale in the West, abandoned in the 1970s because of the environmental consequences of mining and the shortage of water, will replace Saudi Arabia. One thing the left and the right do agree on is that plug-in hybrid vehicles are going to help a lot. The theory is that they will make a big dent in the 20 million barrels of oil that the United States gulps down every day; that is 10,000 gallons of gasoline every second, according to John Hofmeister, president of Shell Oil Company. There is an energy establishment, and it is of one mind on energy challenges. This is the thrust of its thinking: l Energy conservation is essential l The outer continental shelf should be explored aggressively, along with federal lands l ANWR should be drilled immediately, and a natural gas pipeline from Alaska should have priority l Nuclear power is the best substitute for the coal now being burned and to replace geriatric plant l Coal gasification is the best way to burn coal l Wind power works and should be encouraged; in particular, storing wind energy as compressed air needs research l Liquefied natural gas imports need to be boosted l The search for new technologies needs to be relentless l Energy producers, from oil companies to wind farms to electric utilities, need consistency in public policy The unsaid addendum to the establishment thinking is that Obama needs to get some energy advisers who have a solid purchase on the Earth, and that McCain needs to listen to his advisers. In 1974, governments fell like ninepins as the global economy was battered by high energy prices. The battering next time may be much worse.

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Preparing Eggs and Detritus - My Method by Chip Hannum. Updates by Stuart Halliday. This is a brief outline of my particular methods for isolating eggs and preparing them for hatching. It has worked reliably for several generations and will presumably continue to work for many, many more. The technique is simple but it is a technique - how well it works for you is going to depend on your understanding of the instructions. Hence, I provide this as is with no guarantee as to your results.Why do all this? There is no overwhelmingly compelling reason for separating out pure eggs and mixing them with a measured amounts of specialised detritus. A small amount of dried gravel or sand containing eggs will usually work just fine. I do it for a number of reasons: - It is extremely reliable, more so even than commercial preparations because I'm not being cheap and trying to stretch my eggs as far as they can go. - The detritus recipe that I use both inhibits bacterial growth and provides a source of nutrition for the larval triops. - It is far more convenient, in my mind, to have a single jar of egg mixture where I can scoop out a single teaspoon and start a new generation at any time than it is to have a large amount of dried sand or gravel for the same purpose. - It takes a lot longer to dry a tank of gravel or sand than it does isolated eggs. - I like doing things the complicated way :) I raise my triops in a 5 gallon (19 litres) aquarium with about 5 - 6cm of small/medium grade river gravel (from the pet store). I use an undergravel filter which keeps the water clear and does not disturb the triops or harm the eggs in the slightest. After a couple of generations have done their thing in the tank (about eight to twelve adults total) I break down the tank completely. I start by siphoning/scooping all the water out of the tank until it is a few centimeters above the gravel and then I pull the plants, undergravel filter, decorations, etc. out of the tank. I then tilt the tank at a slight angle and stir the gravel up with my hands, moving it towards the higher end. As quickly as I can, before things can settle, I scoop out some of the rather filthy water. I use wide mouth half-pint jars, but any shallow glass or bowl should work. Then, I head for the sink. This next part of the instructions takes advantage of a few properties of the eggs: - They're lighter than the gravel but heavier than silt - In their hydrated diapause state, they are nigh impervious to chemicals short of harsh alkalis and acids I let each container of triops filth settle for about ten to fifteen seconds and pour off about half of the water in the container. I then refill each container with cold tap water and let that settle for ten to fifteen seconds. I pour half of that off and refill with cold tapwater, letting it settle for a bit, pouring half of it off, refilling, you get the idea. What you are doing is analogous to gold panning - the heavier triops eggs keep settling to the bottom of the container after a short while but the silt remains suspended in the water to be poured down the sink. After about four to six of these partial water exchanges the water in the container will be clear and there will be some stuff on the bottom: this is the triops eggs and small bits of gravel and woody detritus. I pour off the water one last time, still leaving enough that I'm not pouring out eggs, and swirl that and let it sit for a bit. The swirling causes the eggs to collect in the center of the container where I siphon them up with a small syringe and transfer them to a shallow dish for drying. I can repeat this process as many times as I want just by stirring up the gravel again. Ordinary tap water can be added to the gravel if you run out of water in the tank. In the space of a half hour or so I can easily collect several hundred to a few thousand eggs this way. Once I'm satisfied with the haul I gently siphon off most of the water covering the isolated eggs and allow them to dry at room temperature for a few weeks before dislodging them from drying dish with a soft paint brush. I then perform a rough and dirty count and mix them with my homemade detritus (next section) at a ratio of roughly 50 eggs per teaspoon of detritus. I use one teaspoon of my egg mixture in approximately one liter of distilled water for hatching. Note: First, once you've collected the eggs you can wash the gravel clean in a bucket like you would if you were setting up a brand new tank This allows you to keep a cleaner triops tank while reusing gravel. Second, the transfer of the eggs to the relatively pure tapwater will trigger a small number of hatchings. You can either let nature take its course or transfer the larval triops into another container of water treated with homemade detritus. The problem of hatching triops is that the water must closely mimic conditions found in their natural habitat. Without a suitable source of detritus or other water conditioning, larval triops usually die after a few days, often due to sharp increases in bacterial numbers or lack of food. The most common way commercial kits provide a proper environment is through mixing the eggs with dried pond detritus which contains algal and protozoan cysts, provides disolved organic compounds in the water, etc. Now, most of us don't have a pond in our backyard for harvesting natural detritus but we do have a pet store in town. What I use for making homemade detritus is ground coconut shell (usually marketed as bark) which is sold in compressed bricks for reptile bedding. This stuff is great, a single $6 brick will let you make enough detritus to hatch triops for the next decade (at least). I mix the coconut bark with tank water from an established triops or other fish tank until it forms a thick mud. I then dry it in a food dehydrator, but it could just as easily be spread thinly in a baking pan and allowed to thoroughly airdry. That's it. The tank water provides the protozoan and algal cysts. The coco-bark leaches tannins into the water which both simulates the natural pool environment and inhibits bacterial growth. It's also edible for triops which is a bonus. Another method for creating detritus is to take some fallen dry leaves from a tree or strands of hay and soak them in old pond or rain water or existing aquarium tank water for an few hours and then dry them out again. This allows the infusoria which has grown onto your material to go into a 'hibernation' state ready to hatch out the next time you place the Detritus in water. Break up the plant material into small pieces around 1cm in size as this makes it easy for the pieces to float to the sides of the tank and not take up too much surface area. Tip: To make it easier to remove the detritus from your tank. Place it in a perforated bag. Herbal tea makers sell these types of bags or you could use muslin cloth or dish cloth stitched into a small bag. I bought a pack of the cheapest dish cloths from Tesco supermarket and a pack of three costed me a grand total of £0.29 (€0.41 $0.54)! These are loose weave, double layered stitched cloth, so I simply cut one corner up 4cm x 15cm and stiched up one side leaving the top open. I then added a piece of lead weight to help one end sink and after adding my leaves I closed one end by using one of those food bag closure clips you get from the supermarket. Very handy your local supermarket. I then placed the bag into a old 750ml 'baby beetroot' jar, added some rain water, shook the jar, removed the lid and left the jar exposed to sunlight. After an hour or so you'll see the water turn brown if you used old leaves, this is simply a non-toxic and natural Tannin plant compound leaking into the water. After one or two days look closely at the jar and you should see tiny, tiny things moving about. Add this 'soup' (including the bag) to your hatching tank containing 0.5Litres of pure distilled/ionised water. Then add the eggs. This way the newly hatched Triops will have plenty of creatures to feed upon. Obviously the bag is no longer required after 3 or 4 days as the Triops have hatched out and have grown so big that the tiny Infusoria food source is no longer enough to feed them. But don't throw it out. Simply dry it off and you can use it again to hatch out your next batch! Detritus is the name given to organic waste material from decomposing parts of dead plants. This material when dried out after being soaked in pond or mature aquarium water will contain on it the eggs of tiny Protozoa creatures and algal cysts (tiny plant seeds) (these forms of life are collectively known as Infusoria). These creatures hatch out once it becomes wet and along with particles of decaying plant material settle near the surface of the water. Triops larvae being so small at birth, need an even smaller food source and move upwards towards a light source to find something to eat at the surface and in the wild they would easily find this natural source of food. So in a bowl or tank environment we need to add our own. If they don't find Infusoria or there isn't enough of it per squared centimeter of water then the Triops quickly die due to starvation. Hopefully this section explains why you need to add Detritus to the water and why you don't use a large amount of water as otherwise you'd need to add a lot more Detritus to compensate. A small teabag sized amount of Detritus, as supplied by Triops kits, is ample enough for 0.5 litres of water.

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For many old ages. the issues of Tibet have remained controversial. The on-going business of China had brought the state into international focal point. which has finally made the Tibetan issue planetary. Now more than of all time. the issues of Tibet had received much attending. This is due to the fact that many famous persons have participated in contending for the Tibetan cause. every bit good as the climb force per unit area on China as the 2008 Olympics host. Tibet is soon recognized for its association with China. but how is Tibet on its ain? What are the Tibetan spiritual traditions? What is civilization and individuality of Tibetans? What function does religion play in the struggles that the state is presently confronting? This essay seeks to reply all of the aforesaid inquiries. Before Tibetan civilization and individuality could be discussed. it is best if one should first dig into faith. which is Tibetan Buddhism. It is because if there was one thing that identified Tibet as a state and Tibetans as a people. it was faith ( “Executive. ” 1996 ) . The first Tibetan faith was really Bon ( “Executive. ” 1996 ; “Tibetan. ” 2008 ) . Buddhism merely reached Tibet through the religion’s prevalence in India ( “Tibetan. ” 2008 ) . It was during the 7Thursdaycentury when King Songtsen Gampo ruled Tibet. He married two princesses. one from Nepal and one from China. Both princesses practiced Buddhism ; as a consequence. they brought with them statues and Bibles of Buddhism as doweries. This finally led to Buddhism going a portion of the civilization of Tibet. replacing the Bon faith in the procedure ( “Tibetan. ” 2008 ) . Tibetan Buddhism is influenced by many other factors. The faith. while grounded on Yogacara and Madhyamika. really is portion of the school of Mahayana ( “Tibetan. ” 2008 ) . Tibetan Buddhism besides derives from other faiths. While keeping some facets of Bon faith. it besides features ritual traditions of Tantric Buddhism. Both influences rendered the mystical nature of Tibetan Buddhism. which can non be found in others. Tibetan Buddhism is characterized by “ritual postures” called mudras. sacred chants called mantras and spiritual art called yantras ( “Tibetan. ” 2008. parity. 2 ) . There are two persons who occupy the highest places in the Tibetan hierarchy. These are the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama ( “Tibetan. ” 2008 ) . They are non merely revered as spiritual work forces. but besides as leaders of the province. Dalai Lama means “Ocean of Wisdom. ” while Panchen Lama means “Great Scholar” ( “Tibetan. ” 2008. parity. 14 & A ; 15 ) . The Tibetan people believe that the Dalai Lama is the embodiment of Tibet’s “patron divinity. ” which is Chenrezi. Bodhisattva of Compassion ( “Tibetan. ” 2008. parity. 14 ) . The Panchen Lama. on the other manus. is believed to be the embodiment of Amitayus. Buddha of Infinite Light ( “Tibetan. ” 2008 ) . Tibetan Buddhism has many spiritual traditions. One of which is the recitation of the Om Mani Padme Hum ( “Tibetan. ” 2008 ) . It is the most well-known Tibetan mantra. This mantra is known to relieve agony and negative karma. while deriving adequate virtue to make Buddhahood. The mantra can be softly or aloud recited ; it can besides be carved on objects such as the rocks and supplication wheels ( “Tibetan. ” 2008 ) . One of the rocks in which the Om Mani Padme Hum is carved is called the mani rocks ( “Tibetan. ” 2008 ) . These rocks. which besides normally contain images of divinities. are found in assorted topographic points. The tradition of doing these rocks is rooted in the Tibetans’ devotedness to the divinities. and most particularly to Buddha. There is yet another tradition affecting the said rocks. When a Tibetan sees a hill of mani rocks. he or she walks around it in a clockwise way ; this act is an offering to inquire for good wellness and protection. every bit good as peace. Other spiritual traditions involve the creative activity of assorted spiritual plants of art. These include the butter sculpture. mandalas and tsa-tsas ( “Tibetan. ” 2008 ) . Tibetan civilization is really much rooted in Buddhism. In fact. Tibetan individuality is associated to the said faith. This is because the Tibetan manner of life is greatly influenced by the Buddhism. One of the facets of Tibetan civilization and history that is touched by Buddhism is the Tibetan jurisprudence system ( Thurman. 2007 ) . The original Torahs in Tibet were based on the Indian moral Torahs of Buddhism. In about the full span of Tibetan history. the Torahs upheld by tribunals and authoritiess had Buddhism as footing ( Thurman. 2007 ) . Another Buddhist-influenced facet of Tibetan civilization is literature ( Thurman. 2007 ) . Tibetans are really much connected to India. since this is where Buddhism came from. As a consequence. Buddhist works from India were finally translated to the Tibetan linguistic communication from Sanskrit. The huge influence of Buddhism is besides reflected in Tibetan poesy and other signifiers of literature ( Thurman. 2007 ) . Though Tibetan Buddhism dominates Tibetan civilization and defines Tibetan individuality. there are facets which are separate from faith. One of those facets is linguistic communication ( Thurman. 2007 ) . There is a Tibetan alphabet which composes the written linguistic communication ; it has several syllables. and features some elements derived from Sanskrit. Tibetan linguistic communication besides borrows words from other linguistic communications. such as Indian and Chinese ( Thurman. 2007 ) . It is no inquiry that it is Buddhism which defines Tibetan individuality. To get down with. Tibetans dedicate their lives to their faith ( Thurman. 2007 ) . Throughout their history. their civilization has drastically changed from combatant to a more religious civilization because of Buddhism. In add-on. the province has prioritized religious growing over industrial development. For illustration. the Tibetan national budget is allotted for the constitution of monasteries ; besides. fiscal support is given to the academic and religious enterprises of monastics and nuns ( Thurman. 2007 ) . Hence. the self-identity of the Tibetan people is tied to their spiritualty. Since Tibetan Buddhism plays a important portion in the life of Tibetans. it is hence no surprise that the faith besides assumes a relevant function in the jobs that the state is confronting at present. It was in 1949 when the Chinese invaded Tibet ( “Executive. ” 1996 ) . Since so. the Chinese have illicitly occupied the state to work and declare ownership of it. The Tibetans tried to contend the subjugation but to no help. Thousands of Tibetans were killed. and the Dalai Lama had to go forth the state for his ain safety ( “Executive. ” 1996 ) . The function of Tibetan Buddhism in the independency motion is best demonstrated through the attempts of the Dalai Lama. He is the august spiritual leader of the Tibetan people. and he has been working difficult to liberate his people from Chinese subjugation. It is his attempts that give hope to the Tibetans that someday they will once more be an independent state. After he left Tibet. the Dalai Lama proceeded to India and established the Tibetan Government-in-Exile ( “Executive. ” 1996 ) . This authorities established the Assembly of Tibetan People’s Deputies. an elective group of people which would stand for the Tibetans. A bill of exchange of Tibet’s future fundamental law was besides made. Later on. the Assembly included an elected council of curates. Finally. the Tibetan Supreme Justice Commission was besides created as the state’s bench. The Dalai Lama has fierily made attempts to negociate the independency of Tibet. but China remains distant ( “Executive. ” 1996 ) . Religion besides plays a critical function in the on-going Sino-Tibetan struggles. The relationship between the said struggles and Tibetan Buddhism and its traditions is founded on China’s aim to extinguish the present spiritual tradition of Tibet. Because the individuality of Tibet is based on their faith. the purpose of China causes struggle. In its business in Tibet. the purpose of China has been to render obsolete the faith and civilization ( “Executive. ” 1996 ) . Religion was viewed as the enemy of Chinese political orientation. so it had to be eliminated. Since the mid-50s. topographic points of worship and other spiritual constructions were desecrated and destroyed. Religious people were besides ridiculed and humiliated. In add-on. the instructions of Buddha and other spiritual patterns were controlled ( “Executive. ” 1996 ) . Tibet had been faced with so much adversity in their given state of affairs. The state is oppressed by China. and their individuality is threatened as their faith is invariably being monitored and suppressed. However. the Tibetan people continue to contend for their freedom as they keep keeping on to their religion. The Government of Tibet in Exile. ( 1996 ) .Executive Summary. Retrieved June 16. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Tibet. com/WhitePaper/exesum. hypertext markup language Thurman. R. A. F. ( 2007 ) . An lineation of Tibetan civilization.Cultural Survival Quarterly. 12.Retrieved June 16. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. savetibet. org/tibet/culture. php TravelChinaGuide. com. ( 2008 ) .Tibetan Buddhism. Retrieved June 16. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. travelchinaguide. com/cityguides/tibet/tibetan-buddhism. htm

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With all of the bush fires around the East Coast, it is important to understand what is happening in our lungs and what the potential short and long term damage may be and what you can do about it. With all of the bush fires around the East Coast lately, many people have experienced the effects of smoke inhalation. So, to help people to understand what to do and what effect it has on the lungs. To do this, it is essential to understand what is happening in our lungs, how they defend against this type of invasion and what we need to do to reduce the change of any potential short and long term damage may be. The way in which the lungs defend themselves is the part where differences between asthma attack symptoms and respiratory attack symptoms become apparent (even though they may feel the same). As explained in a previous article “Mystery of How Eating Causes Asthma Attacks”, the way the body reacts to different types of foreign particles is, and is explained further in the section “What is the Difference Between Normal Defense and Asthmatic Defense?”. In the article below, I will explain what the respiratory response is to excessive smoke , the different phases and what the effects are. Respiratory Response to Excess Smoke and Foreign Particles The airways have an efficient mechanism called the Mucociliary Escalatory. This includes a combination of hairs on the airway walls called cilia, which captures up to 90% of foreign particles. When a large number of particles enter the lungs, initially the mucociliary escalator works as normal and is able to clear these particles efficiently. But as the number of particles increases and become more consistent, which is the case with medium to long term exposure to bush fire smoke, the following steps occurs. Step 1 - Mucus becomes contaminated – The smoke starts building up in the mucus, changing colour. Over time, some of these particles may reach the airway walls, also known as the epithelium (i.e. skin cells), causing the lungs to triggers Step 2. Step 2 – Cough - When the airway walls are agitated by the foreign particles, we have a more explosive defence mechanism called a cough. This can be either instigated manually by ourselves or as a reflex by our body. The cough is usually employed to assist in the following: - Assist in clearing an excess amount of airborne foreign particles comping into the lungs, - Cause wind sheering of the top layers of the mucus, assisting in mobilising and removing new particle which have settled in the mucus, - Assist to mobilise the mainstream of mucus - If the mucus has built and is no longer moving in an efficient manner, then the airways can become restricted and the mucociliary escalator becomes heavy and weighed down. A cough can assist to give the mucus a push start and help it to start moving more efficiently. If the agitation of the airway walls continues and aren’t cleared, then Step 3 is triggered. Step 3 – Immune System Response – The consistent agitation and invasion of the particles onto and into the airway walls (epithelium), causes the following 2 processes to occur: - Hypersecretion of mucus – This is a medical term of simply saying that the mucus becomes thicker when changing its properties and the amount of mucus is increased, thus providing a thicker barrier against the foreign particles. This is an attempt to stop any further particles from reaching the airway walls and reduce agitation and/or infection, - Inflammation of the Airway Walls – This is the way in which the airway walls help to clear the foreign particles, bacteria, etc… which have already made it through the mucus. The blood vessels of airway walls release blood into the tissue called inflammation (which causes expansion of the tissue). This allows the white blood cells, from the immune system, to attack and digest the particles, helping to clear them from the area as quickly as possible. So what does this mean? This means that where a healthy fire fighter may be able to have a break for at least 3 hours to assist with removal of up to 49% of the smoke particles, a fire fighter with a respiratory condition should have a break of at least 17 hours to assist with the removal of up to 42% of the smoke particles. Issues with Long Term Exposure If you have a long term exposure to smoke, then your lungs become filled with smoke particles and may lead to smoke particles going into the alveoli (air sacs where gas transfer occurs). This may lead to inflammation of the alveoli, which includes an immune defense of inflammation of the air sacs. This is where the blood vessels of the air sacs open up and bleeding into the alveoli, helping the white blood cells to fight and digest the smoke particles. The other issue which may be faced in the airways is that the lungs may develop structural defects of the cilia and epithelium (skin cells). This may lead to an extended length of time for which deposited particles stay in the airways. This may cause a longer period of exposure to harmful airborne particulate matter, occupational dusts, traffic exhaust and smoke. This creates a vicious cycle of events where the particles are deposited in the airways, they may cause further infection, inflammation and excess mucus to become released. This in turn may lead to further mucus build up, causing further infection, inflammation and excess mucus to become released, and the cycle goes on. This may lead to medium to long term damage of the lungs. What Can Be Done to Help Stop Further Damage? Like everything, the first step is to stop the source of the problem which is causing the damage in the first place. This will help the cleaning and healing process to start by allowing the lungs to do what they need to do, i.e. to maintain optimal hygiene and repair the damage. So to help the body to start the cleaning process, then you need to do the following: - Give yourself a break away from the smoke of at least 3 hours health people (49% of particle matter) and over 17 hours for people with respiratory conditions (42% of particle matter), - Drink plenty of water and electrolytes – This will help to hydrate your mucus, helping the contaminated mucus to flow easier and be cleared more efficiently, - Use Mucus Clearance techniques and/or devices – This way you can assist the body to expel the contaminated mucus more effectively. There are many techniques and mucus clearance devices which you can use, ranging from forced coughs to pursed lip breathing techniques, through to PEP and OPEP devices which assist with mucus clearance. - Seek medical assistance and/or advice (if required) and/or take prescription medication (if required) to assist in reducing the inflammation. The body is amazing and can cope with a number of extreme conditions, but it is important to not overexpose the lungs to an excess amount of smoke as it may lead to medium to long term damage. The above mentioned points will assist in helping your body to cope better with the excess smoke, while helping your lungs to expel these foreign particles, excess contaminated mucus and maintain optimal lung capacity. - Scheuch, G., Kohlhaufl, M., Moller, W., Brand, P., Meyer, T., Haussinger, K.,… Heyder, J. (2008). Particle clearance from the airways of subjects with bronchial hyperresponsiveness and with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Experimental Lung Research, 34, 531-549. doi:10.1080/01902140802341710 - Möller, W., Häußinger, K., Ziegler-Heitbrock, L., & Heyder, J. (2006). Mucociliary and long-term particle clearance in airways of patients with immotile cilia. Respiratory Research, 7(10), 1-8. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-7-10 - Brown, J. S., Zeman, K. L. & Bennett, W. D. (2002). Ultrafine particle deposition and clearance in the healthy and obstructed lung. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 166, 1240–1247. doi:10.1164/rccm.200205-399OC - Osadnik, C.R., C.F. McDonald, B.R. Miller, C.J. Hill, B. Tarrant, R. Steward, C. Chao, N. Stodden, C.C. Oliveira, N. Gagliardi, and A.E. Holland, The effect of positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy on symptoms, quality of life and incidence of re-exacerbation in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Thorax, 2014. 69(2): p. 137-43. - Forbes, L., Kapetanakis, V., Rudnicka, A., Cook, D., Bush, T., Stedman, J.,… Anderson, J. (2009). Chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung function in adults. Thorax, 64, 657-663. doi:10.1136/thx.2008.109389 - Downs, S., Schindler, C., Liu, S., Keidel, D., Bayer-Oglesby, L., Brutsche, M.,… SAPALDIA Team (2007). Reduced exposure to PM10 and attenuated age-related decline in lung function. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357(23), 2338-2347. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa073625 - Morsch, A.L., Amorim, M. M., Barbieri, A., Santoro, L. L., & Fernandes, A.L. (2008). Influence of oscillating positive expiratory pressure and the forced expiratory technique on sputum cell counts and quantity of induced sputum in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Jornal Brasileiro De Pneumologia : Publicacao Oficial Da Sociedade Brasileira De Pneumologia E Tisilogia, 34 (12), 1026-32.

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Contents of this Article Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder in women of reproductive age and is associated with a number of long and short term health consequences (1). Women with PCOS can suffer from a number of symptoms, including multiple metabolic aberrations, such as: - insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia - high incidence of impaired glucose tolerance - visceral obesity - inflammation and endothelial dysfunction - hypertension and dyslipidemia. Although the condition is relatively common, it is not well understood and thus treating it can be challenging and often a multifaceted therapeutic approach is required. Treatment for the condition involves four primary aspects: Although there is no known cure for PCOS, there are a variety of supplements that can be used to manage the symptoms of the condition, alongside taking prescribed medications. There are also a number of lifestyle changes that may be helpful, including engaging in regular exercise and eating a diet where a significant amount of total carbohydrates are obtained from fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. 10 Natural Supplements That Help PCOS Vitamin D is a fat-soluble nutrient and is one of the 24 micronutrients that is essential for human survival. Although sunlight provides the main natural source of the nutrient, it is also found in fish and eggs. Vitamin D is also frequently added to foods as a supplement. The body produces vitamin D from cholesterol as long as there is an adequate amount of UV light from sun exposure. This only occurs when the UV index is 3 or higher, which only occurs year-round near the equator, between the 37th parallels. How Does Vitamin D Help PCOS? In women with PCOS, low levels of vitamin D are associated with insulin resistance, impaired β-cell function, IGT and metabolic syndrome, which suggests a potential role of vitamin D in contributing to the symptoms of PCOS (9, 10). How do I take vitamin D for PCOS? The recommended daily allowance for Vitamin D is currently between 400 and 800IU/day, but improvements for PCOS have been seen at doses as low as 40IU per day (11). In order to determine the best dose, it is advisable to check existing levels of vitamin D by visiting a health care professional. If levels are low, much higher doses may be needed to see a benefit for PCOS. Vitamin D3 supplementation (cholecalciferol) is preferable to D2 supplementation (ergocalciferol) because D3 is used more effectively in the body. Vitamin D should be taken daily, ideally with a source of fat to improve absorption. Vitamin B12 (also known as cobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin required for a number of different functions in the body, such as producing red blood and DNA. It is also heavily involved in the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is naturally found in animal foods, such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy. However, it can also be found in products fortified with vitamin B12, such as certain varieties of bread, cereals, and plant-based milk. Vitamin B12 deficiency is common, especially in the elderly. This can occur either through not getting enough through the diet or not absorbing it properly from food. How does vitamin B12 help PCOS? In PCOS, those with low serum vitamin B12 levels are more likely to have poor insulin sensitivity and higher levels of homocysteine, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (13). A study found that supplementation of once-daily 250 mg of vitamin B1, 250 mg of vitamin B6 and twice-daily supplementation 1000 μg of vitamin B12 over 12 weeks was able to reduce homocysteine levels in women with PCOS (14). This is particularly beneficial because one of the common treatments for PCOS, a medication called metformin, is known to increase homocysteine levels. How do I take vitamin B12 for PCOS? It is recommended to take 1000 μg of vitamin B12 twice per day to obtain the benefits for PCOS, ideally alongside other B vitamins (14). Intake can also be boosted by consuming fortified foods mentioned above. Inositol is a small molecule, which is structurally similar to glucose and that is involved in cellular signaling. Inositol refers to molecules with a similar structure, a collection of nine stereoisomers. Although the term ‘inositol’ is used commonly with dietary supplements, this tends to refer to a specific stereoisomer called myoinositol. Inositols are pseudo vitamin compounds that are found in a number of foods but are particularly high in whole grains and citrus fruits. How does inositol help PCOS? 6-8 weeks of supplementation with 600mg inositol daily has been shown to be effective in reducing androgens, increasing ovulation and improving other health markers, such as blood pressure and triglycerides (15). Supplementation of inositol in young women with PCOS, where acne is a common side effect, found benefits when 2000mg of inositol was taken daily for six months (16). Acne at baseline was moderate (68%) or severe (32%). Following supplementation, it was reduced to 34% and 13% respectively with more than half the sample (53%) reporting elimination of acne. Supplementation of 4,000mg inositol daily for between 12 and 16 weeks in women with PCOS was able to improve tolerance to glucose and glucose handling as well as improve cardiovascular health (17). How to take inositol for PCOS To obtain the benefits for PCOS, it is recommended to take between 200 and 4,000mg once daily before breakfast. Higher doses are more likely to be effective. If using a soft gel rather than powdered formulation, only 30% of the same dose is required. There are two kinds of omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These omega-3 fats are found in fish, animal products, and phytoplankton (algae). EPA and DHA are involved in regulating a number of different biological processes such as inflammation, metabolic signaling pathways, and brain function. These fatty acids can be synthesized in the body from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which is found in nuts and seeds. Although ALA can be converted into EPA and DHA, it is not in itself a fish oil fatty acid. How does omega 3 help PCOS? A 6-week, prospective, double-blinded, placebo (soybean oil)-controlled study found that 3.5g of omega-3 daily was able to reduce triglycerides in women with PCOS and improved insulin sensitivity (18). Improvements were also seen in terms of reducing blood glucose levels. Another double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial gave 64 women with PCOS omega- 3 fatty acids capsules (each one contained 180 mg EPA and 120 mg DHA) or placebo daily for 8 weeks (19). Omega-3 fatty acids had beneficial effects on serum adiponectin levels, insulin resistance and lipid profile in participants. It was found that levels of triglyceride significantly decreased HDL cholesterol (often known as ‘good cholesterol’) in the omega-3 fatty acids group compared. Improvements were also seen in terms of increased serum levels of adiponectin as well as decreased glucose and insulin levels. How to take omega 3 for PCOS It can be taken throughout the day but it is best taken with meals to avoid the potential for a “fish burp” taste. Zinc is an essential mineral involved in a number of enzymes. It plays a key role in antioxidant enzymes, brain function, and the immune system, as well as having several other biological functions. Meat, egg, and legume products are common sources of zinc in the diet. Zinc is lost through sweat, which means that it is particularly important to ensure that intake is sufficient through both food and supplements. How does zinc help PCOS? Both anxiety and depression are common in people with PCOS (20, 21) although the mechanisms are unknown. There have not been studies conducted in those with PCOS but zinc has consistently shown to be helpful in reducing symptoms compared to placebo (22). A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of zinc supplementation was conducted in patients with major depression. 44 patients aged 18-55 years received either 25mg zinc sulfate per day or a placebo, alongside taking their antidepressant medication. It was found that zinc significantly reduced depression after 12 weeks (22). Research has also demonstrated zinc to be effective for treatment-resistant patients when compared to placebo (23). How to take zinc for PCOS Zinc comes in a number of different forms, including citrate, gluconate, monomethionine and sulfate. Studies have tended to use sulfate and thus taking this form is advisable. Intake can also be boosted by increasing the intake of legumes, such as beans and lentils. Chromium is an essential mineral that regulates glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. It is found in trace amounts in plant-based foods, particularly grains. Chromium’s main mechanism is linked to chromodulin, a protein that augments the signaling of insulin receptors. If this protein is impaired, insulin’s ability to work in the body is impaired. This negatively affects blood glucose levels. How does chromium help PCOS? In women with PCOS, 200 mcg (0.2 mg) daily of chromium picolinate has been shown to improve glucose tolerance compared with placebo after 16 weeks (24). Six patients were randomized to treatment with chromium, and four patients, to treatment with placebo. The number of participants was small because this was a pilot study. Authors have suggested that further studies should investigate whether higher doses might be even more beneficial. How to take chromium for PCOS Although 200mcg (0.2mg) per day of chromium has been shown to improve glucose tolerance in women with PCOS (24), several studies of people without PCOS have shown 1000mcg daily to provide greater benefits (25, 26). This should come from chromium picolinate and be taken in at least 2 doses throughout the day, ideally with carbohydrate-containing meals. Cimicifuga Racemosa (Black cohosh) Cimicifuga Racemosa, also known as black cohosh, is a herb native to North America that has traditionally been used for cognitive and inflammatory conditions. Its mechanism of action is not well understood but it is thought to act centrally (in the brain) via serotonin, dopamine or opioids. How does black cohosh help PCOS? 194 women with PCOS who also were struggling with fertility were randomized to receive either clomiphene citrate (a fertility medication) alone or clomiphene citrate with cimicifuga racemose (27). Significant effects in the combined group were found for the reduced number of days to ovulation, pregnancy rates, and reduced miscarriage. How to take black cohosh for PCOS If using an isopropanolic extract, 20-40mg daily in doses of 20mg is recommended to obtain the benefits for PCOS. Alternatively, if using an aqueous: ethanolic extract then doses range from 64-128mg daily, usually taken in two divided doses. L-Carnitine is a compound produced by the body from lysine and methionine, which can be acetylated to produce Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR). Both are similar but ALCAR can cross the blood-brain barrier more efficiently. L-Carnitine has a number of functions in the body, including playing a role in glucose tolerance, insulin function, and fatty acid metabolism. How does L-carnitine help PCOS? In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 60 women with PCOS were randomized to receive either 250 mg carnitine supplements or placebo for 12 weeks (28). The results showed that L-carnitine led to a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin levels compared to placebo. How to take L-carnitine for PCOS To obtain the benefits for PCOS, it is recommended to take 250mg of L-carnitine per day. There are a number of alternative forms of carnitine supplementation available, including Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) and L-Carnitine L-Tartrate (LCLT). If either of these forms is used, higher doses will be required. The equivalent dose is 315mg for ALCAR and 5000mg for GPLC. Berberine is an alkaloid extracted from a range of different herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is primarily used to improve blood glucose control, although its exact mechanism of action is not well understood. Berberine activates an enzyme called Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) while inhibiting Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which increases insulin sensitivity. Other potential mechanisms of action include protecting β-cells, regulating hepatic gluconeogenesis, and reducing inflammatory cytokine signaling. How does berberine help PCOS? Berberine has been shown to have positive metabolic and hormonal effects in women with PCOS (29). A clinical study in 89 women with PCOS and insulin resistance randomized participants to receive berberine or a placebo for 12 weeks. Berberine was effective in reducing both fasting plasma glucose and fasting insulin levels. It also significantly reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. How to take berberine for PCOS To obtain the benefits of berberine for PCOS, it is recommended to take 1500mg of berberine daily, in three doses of 500mg each. This helps prevent the potential for stomach upset, cramping, and diarrhea, which can occur if too much is taken at once. Berberine ideally should be taken with a meal, or just after, to take advantage of the blood glucose and lipid increase associated with eating. Cinnamon is a blend of nutrients and is commonly used as a spice. It contains a number of bioactive agents that can help to regulate glucose metabolism. These include MethylHydroxyChalcone polymers (MHCPs), tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and anthraquinones (30). Some variants of cinnamon also contain coumarin, which is a hepatotoxic and carcinogenic phytochemical. Coumarin does not affect blood sugar but exists alongside the active ingredients that do have this effect. How does cinnamon help PCOS? 15 PCOS sufferers were randomized to receive 333 mg of cinnamon extract, three times per day, or a placebo daily for 8 weeks. Cinnamon was found to have significant effects on improving insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance compared to placebo (31). How to take cinnamon for PCOS To obtain the benefits for PCOS, it is recommended to take 1000mg cinnamon per day. It is best to take Ceylon cinnamon to avoid the high level of coumarin, Ceylon cinnamon has the lowest levels of coumarin, with levels below 190 mg/kg, whereas Cassia contains between 700 mg/kg to 12,230 mg/kg (32). The Bottom Line There is no known cure for PCOS but there is a range of supplements that can help to reduce the symptoms of PCOS, both for those taking prescribed medications and those who are not. However, if taking prescription medication for PCOS, it is important to check with a doctor before using any dietary supplements as there could be interactions. Lifestyle changes may also be helpful to manage the condition, including engaging in regular exercise and eating more foods which are lower on the glycaemic index, such as fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. As for your general health, reducing your stress levels is always a welcome lifestyle change as well. Keep Reading: 11 Best Supplements for Women’s Health ⓘ Any specific supplement products & brands featured on this website are not necessarily endorsed by Emma. Stock Photos from Panchenko Vladimir / Torrenta Y / switzergirl / Shutterstock Was this post helpful? About the Author Emma Green has a PhD, MSc and BSc in Psychology and is a certified personal trainer. She currently works as a freelance writer, producing on content on science, health and fitness for a number of online platforms. She also coaches clients online on a one-to-one basis to help them achieve their health and fitness goals. Contact Emma.

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A fine art developed in the 1830s, ending up openly perceived ten years after the fact. Today, photography is the biggest developing side interest on the planet with the equipment alone making a multi-billion dollar industry. Current era, nineteenth-century photography can show up rather crude. While the distinct high contrast scenes and unsmiling persons have their very own severe magnificence, these pictures likewise challenge our ideas of what characterizes a gem. It is hard to categorize—is it science or an art? Today we make a stride back and investigate how this intriguing method was made and created, in light of the fact that gladly realizing the past is the essential method to make an incredible future. The Origination of Photography The word photograph came two Greek words phos meaning ‘’light’’ and graphe meaning ‘’drawing or writing’’, the word photography means drawing with light. The innovation which prompted the creation of photography consolidates two particular sciences: optics and chemistry. Optics are used for the assembling of light beams to frame a picture inside a camera. Secondly, it involves physics and chemistry principles; to empower that picture to be caught and recorded for all time onto a photosensitive surface. Not every person recognizes what Camera Obscure or considerably Shutter Speed is. In spite of the fact that the rule of the camera was known in classical times, the genuine science expected to enlist a picture was not accessible until the nineteenth century. Principle of Photography – Camera Obscura Before photography was made, artists knew the standards of how it, in the end, got the opportunity to work. They could process the picture on the divider or bit of paper, anyway, no printing was conceivable at the time as saving light ended up being much harder errand than anticipating it. The instrument that individuals utilized for handling pictures were known as the Camera Obscura; a Latin word for the Dark Room. It was around for a couple of hundreds of years before photography went along. It is known that Camera Obscura was designed around 13-14 hundreds of years, It follows the manuscript of an Arabian researcher Ibn al-Haytham dated the tenth century that depicts the standards on which camera obscura works and on which simple photography is based today. This principle states that, when a brilliantly lit scene, object or article is set inverse to an opening cut into the side of a dark-obscured space ,the beams of light reflected off that object, going through the gap, unite and converge into a upside-down picture which can be believed to be “anticipated” onto the surface inside the holder. Yet, a picture could be the only view in real-time. For permanent storing of the picture, there was a still need for artists to draw it by hand. The Invention of the World First Camera The principal camera was structured by Johann Zahn, a German scientist, in 1685. Very little advancement was made in the improvement for up to around 130 years after the fact. The vast majority of the endeavors to make cameras in the middle were pointless. It was not until the year 1814 when Joseph Nicephore Niepce tapped the primary photo. Johann Zahn and Joseph Nicephore Niepce co-shared the creation of the main camera. The photograph taken by Nicephore was not lasting. It was taken utilizing a camera he made individually, on a paper covered with silver chloride. The districts that were not presented to light on the paper ended up dull. A French artist and photographer, Louis Daguerre is given the credits for imagining the principal ever down to earth photography in 1829. It took him over 10 years endeavoring to think of a viable strategy for photography. All the advancements made were in the organization with the Nicephore. In 1839, Alexander Walcott and john Johnson started working on Daguerre’s camera and improved it by using a mirror instead. They developed the main camera that does not give blur images rapidly. They were the pioneers American to accomplish patent in the field of photography and opened a portrait studio. Starting here onwards, a few people were associated with building up the strategies and camera for predominant quality pictures. The advancement made included innovation of less obscured and shaded photography, negatives, and littler cameras. Criticism of new Technology Like any other technology, photography faced criticism, it was particularly from those artists who may believe that photographers would make them bankrupt! The manner in which it was creating, was constantly accepted to be the enemy of the artistic work. In any case, it is accepted that the photograph standards were broadly utilized by Big Three of High Renaissance specialists; Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti and Raphael. In the mid sixteenth century, Giovanni Battista Della Portacentury, an Italian researcher, composed a paper on the best way to utilize camera obscura in the help of making the drawing procedure simpler. He anticipated the picture of individuals outside the camera obscura on the canvas within it and after that drew over the picture or attempted to duplicate it. Be that as it may, a few specialists, seeing the new medium’s potential for imagination, really went to photography themselves. However, the new medium was not constrained to the worthwhile action of the picture. Photography was soon sought after for recording a wide range of subjects for logical purposes. Napoleon III himself started a few of these commissions, for example, making exact narrative pictures of notable structures and buildings all over France. Modern Day Photography Modern photographers began utilizing the camera as an immediate device as opposed to controlling pictures to fit in with customary ideas of imaginative magnificence. Their major concern was pictorialism of artistic beauty. Albeit Modern Photography does not begin until the start of the twentieth century, sooner photographic advancements give a mechanical and logical structure for later improvements and are significant in understanding the elaborate changes of the period. A portion of the key methodologies of Modern Photography is interesting to the medium while others line up with more extensive artistic developments. As opposed to before connections among photography and masterful gatherings, which would, in general, be imitative, Modern Photography turned out to be completely implanted in these developments and gave another and amazing vehicle for experimentation and articulation. The photograph camera turned into an instrument that transmits a rough reality and its subjects, two basics in doing straight photography precisely. Present day photography turned into the foundation of what we know today as photojournalism, despite the fact that its dedication towards retention the fact of the matter is winding up increasingly faulty. Photography as a career Photography offers inventive open doors that produce mixing pictures, wellsprings of correspondence and recollections. Numerous schools and colleges offer photography programs in which students may upgrade their aptitudes, adapt new computerized and logical systems, build up their imaginative style and produce innovative photos. This calling covers a wide range of fields going from crime scene investigation and news coverage photography to representations and creative undertakings. Here is a list for you: - Fashion photographer: The most glamorous class of photography which is committed to showing apparel and other style things. Style photography is regularly led to commercials or design magazines. After some time, this genre of photography has developed its one of a kind up-to-date in which the pieces of clothing and structures are improved by the closeness of uncommon regions or other concepts like location, mood, lighting, styling, hair, makeup or theme The most significant piece of fashion photography is the means by which you interpret a story outwardly, and how you apply your innovative style to a specific thought. After some time you will discover precisely what kind of stories you like to shoot, and you will create the most loved lighting situations and topics. Your photographs will begin to take on their very own actual existence! - Per Hour: $17.69 - Annual Salary: $42,148 - Wild-Life and Nature Photography: In the event that you have an enthusiasm for untamed life or nature photography, there is a decent shot you have seen a picture sooner or later that has blown your mind. All things considered, most of those inconceivable photos occurred through a decent arrangement of physical hardship, rehearsed persistence, and a solid measure of independent karma. All the arranging on the planet isn’t worth much except if you can serenely convey your basic devices with you. Discover a camera pack that can convey the rigging you need effectively, and is similarly agreeable on your body. - Per Event: $19.37 - Annual Salary: $40,280 Utilizing pictures to convey the news, photojournalism has molded the manner in which we see the world since the mid-nineteenth century. You see their photographs each day in the news. Photojournalists present to us the visual pictures of a story that back up an author’s words. They are there to cover significant occasions, exhibit the appearances behind the features, and they frequently constrain us to feel like we are a piece of the scene. It was initialized as war photography and gradually spread to other newsworthy occasions, including sports, and to narrating photograph articles. News media enables the world to see through the eyes of the picture taker for one minute. - Per Hour: $15.94 - Annual Salary: $30k-60k - Forensic Photographers: Let’s admit after watching the Crime Investigating series we all wanted to be a part of a forensic team. They are experts who worked within the police divisions and different organizations to catch visual proof. Their photographs are utilized to break down and get ready reports about a murder or any other wrongdoing and might be submitted as proof in court cases. The activity includes coming into close contact with regularly savage scenes, which might exasperate for certain people. It requires skills like critical thinking, knowledge of photo editors, lightning, filters and lens knowledge and strong command on verbal and communication skills. - Per Hour: $27.29 - Annual Salary: $56,320 - Portrait and Wedding Photographers: In the early days of photography, they were also known as ‘Family Photographers’. They are proficient people who have practical experience in memorializing the absolute most significant snapshots of their customers’ lives—big days, Weddings, Childbirth, Graduation, Religious events Formal and birthday parties. Prevailing in this field requires a picture taker to have broad learning of both indoor and outside photography, just as a capacity to extemporize under an assortment of evolving conditions. - Per Event: $2500-$3000 - Annual Salary: $62,135 Photography and social media Social Media is an irremovable part of 21st Century life, and for photography lovers, they offer a stage for showing their work more effectively. Thanks to social Media, Photography become common as Facebook has 1.59 billion users while Instagram has 1 billion active users are posting and sharing pictures all over the world. Overall crowds can be both a gift and a revile, so here are some key interesting points to enable you to benefit as much as possible from photograph sharing choices. - Newbies can connect with all over the world - Digital marketing of work - Support your work from all over the world - Connect with like-Mind people - Attract potential customers - Helps in identifying trends - Can share revolting messages with your photographs - You can find your inspirational photography in just one search - Risk of content plagiarism - Misuse of photographs - Causes Depression, anxiety and stress among people - Invasion of privacy - Content Manipulation Some say it’s not social networking that enables these disservices to occur; periodically, they’re an aftereffect of how we utilize it. Internet based life’s essential objective is to associate individuals and help set up great correspondence joins. It’s dependent upon its clients to utilize this accurately – for the benefit of all. Besides these disadvantages, you can discover various talented and super creative photographers you generally would have never have seen. The unlimited floods of incredible photography one can discover through online networking is a decent method to remain motivated and help with your very own innovativeness. No one can tell whom you may meet and interface with this global media. Then again, you ought to likewise figure out how to exploit the open doors that are given to you through online life – regardless of whether it is a strong system, positive surveys, or great advertising choices.

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