Datasets:

Lambent

/

100k-finewebedu-samples4096t

like 0

Caries can affect any surface of the teeth. The most commonly seen caries are found on the crown of a tooth, above the cemento-enamel junction, it is also possible for caries to form on the root surface, below the cemento-enamel junction. Dental root caries has received a great deal of attention in the past few decades. A variety of different patients are at risk for root surface caries. Dentists use several methods of treatment. Root surface caries are also called cemental caries, cervical caries, or radicular caries. (Wilkins) Root surface caries only involves the roots of teeth. The cementum and dentin located just below the crown of the tooth is involved. No involvement of enamel is seen with root surface caries. Bone loss and corresponding gingival recession are the first symptoms to be seen in the caries process. These result in exposed root surfaces, which are more prone to forming caries because caries does not form in the root surface while periodontal fibers are still attached. Clinically, the lesion starts on the root surface. It has been found that root caries spreads in a lateral or circumferential manner, and over time can extend completely around the tooth, undermining the enamel. (Wilkins) In general, root caries have the same etiology as coronal cavities. S. mutans, Lactobacilli, and sometimes, Actinomyces are involved and are found in high numbers in root caries, but there are two main differences between enamel and root surface caries. (Flaitz) These differences cause the lesion on a root surface to be more destructive than that in enamel. First, because the pH at which demineralization will occur is higher for root cementum (approx. pH 6.0) than for enamel (approx. pH 5.0).(Wilkins) Therefore, root cementum has potential for demineralization at an earlier point in time than enamel does. Secondly, once the cementum is demineralized, the dentin contains dentinal tubules which, if present, are potential methods of entry for the pathogenic microbes as mentioned previously, such as S. mutans, Lactobacilli, and sometimes Actinomyces; whereas, enamel consists of tightly-arranged crystal prisms, which have a much lower chance for bacterial entry. The process of caries formation begins with colonization by acid-producing bacteria plaque. In the next step, Gram-positive bacteria invade the dentinal tubules, which leads to the ... ... middle of paper ... ...at more tentatively, with fluoride gels and varnishes or a chlorhexidine varnish. Some dentists may restore root caries with amalgam restorations. Another treatment option used by some dentists to restore root caries is Glass Ionomer Cements. Glass ionomer cements were first introduced in the early 1970s. They have good adherence to mineralized tooth tissue, which keeps the removal of tooth structure to a minimum. Glass ionomer cements also have the ability to leak and absorb fluoride into the tooth, which decreases the rate of secondary caries. These factors have increased the potential for glass ionomer cements to replace amalgam as a restorative material. (Hammel) Although the most common caries seen are coronal, root surface caries present just as much of a problem. Once root caries are detected, the bacteria have already begun to demineralize the cementum or dentin and create a great deal of damage. There are several different ways that root caries may appear clinically. A variety of different patients are at risk for root surface caries. Different measures can be taken to prevent root surface caries. Methods of treatment differ among dentists, but there are several choices. Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper » - The tooth is the hardest structure in the body, with the strength of enamel exceeding that of bone. If teeth are so tough that they can grind through wood then that begs the question why we keep losing them. It’s nearly inevitable that at some point in life you will lose some of this super tissue just by having a sip on your fizzy. Although it seems that there is a large number of ways for you to lose dental hard tissue, they can be boiled down into to broad mechanisms: Mechanical destruction e.g.... [tags: Tooth enamel, Dental caries, Carbon dioxide] 1184 words (3.4 pages) - Collection and Identification of Plant Parts and Dental Caries Pathogens. Plant Materials Collection The small branches of locally available Z. zanthoxyloides and T. glaucescens were collected from local Ogbete main market Enugu and were authenticated by Prof. Okigbo R.N of the department of Botany of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. These plant materials were dried under the sun for two weeks and also cut into pieces of approximately 15cms and transferred to the oven set at 45°C for 20-30mins before it was reduced to fine powder with the aid of mechanical grinder.... [tags: caries sample, patients, tooth] 1073 words (3.1 pages) - Dental Caries Disease Humans only get one set of adult teeth after losing all of their primary teeth therefore, it is important to take care of them. “Dental caries: Strategies to control this preventable disease” is an article written by Rugg-Gunn, Andrew presents several reasons why dental decay is a widespread disease. Rugg-Gunn cites that the main cause of dental decay is lack of fluoride, poor diet, bacteria from plaque, and sugars. Based on this evidence, Rugg-Gunn concludes that “dental caries can be prevented” (Rugg-Gunn128), but there is no evidence of stopping the disease from happening.... [tags: Dental caries, Oral hygiene, Sucrose, Halitosis] 821 words (2.3 pages) - A plant with opposite leaves, white to dark gold flowers in the spring, and tiny red berries in the fall, emerge to be the Amur Bush Honeysuckle. The root of the Honeysuckle is from birds planting the seeds. Amur Bush Honeysuckle is an extremely invasive plant species that was brought over from Asia, to southern Ohio in the late 1950s, however, it is a non-native species (harvard.edu, 1997). This plant grows at rapid speeds with a large ability to reseed. When Honeysuckle is planted it tends to take over uncontrollably and decrease the growth of other species around it.... [tags: Water, Water pollution, Eutrophication] 1229 words (3.5 pages) - The Endodontics procedures of a Therapy Root Canal Dreyonna Carroll Anthem Institute The endodontics procedures of rotary canal therapy or root canal is a procedure that is performed by a specialized general dentist, and or a endodontist. The patient develops consistent ,severe pain, discoloration, or sensitivity from food and even to touch in , or around a certain area of a tooth, and is diagnosed by a specialist to receive rotary therapy. This is if the tooth can be saved, meaning it is not to harsh of damage or decay in the root, it will then be prepared.... [tags: Health, Edodontics] 1249 words (3.6 pages) - Theodore Roethke's "Root Cellar" Theodore Roethke was raised in Michigan, where cities and towns are woven with lakes, streams, and rivers. This atmosphere gave Roethke a “mystical reverence for nature,” (McMichael, 1615) and allowed him to take a grotesque image and transform it into natural magnificence. A great example of this is Roethke’s poem “Root Cellar.” The poem describes a cellar, which most people would consider to be a death-baring, cold place. Instead, Roethke gives the dungeon life and enchantment.... [tags: Root Cellar Theodore Roethke Essays] 710 words (2 pages) - Dramaturgy: The Root of Representation Race has consistently been a major component of our society’s structure. Although the 13th amendment abolished slavery, the attitudes held by the majority of white Europeans towards African Americans did not change—and the effects can still be seen in our society today. During the civil rights era, many African American artists and writers began emphasizing the importance of art and how it held the power to dissolve the stereotypes and stigma that surrounded African Americans; to them, this was necessary to actually create change.... [tags: African American, Black people] 1276 words (3.6 pages) - Beneath the Surface Review I think the key message that the play was trying to convey was that mistakes happen all the time. In this case, the purpose of the main character’s “dig” through Earth was to help him learn how to forgive himself and be able to move on with his life. The opening act of the play started with the main character, Andy, digging his way from Hawaii to Botswana. Over the course of his journey, the audience is introduced to an array of characters that are responsible in helping Andy find his inner peace.... [tags: Beneath Surface Play Review Analysis] 925 words (2.6 pages) - In the novel, “Freakonomics,” by Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner, many topics and their hidden sides are brought up that not many people think twice about. This book has no one theme. Instead, it is about “stripping a layer or two from the surface of modern life and seeing what is happening underneath.”(Levitt and Dubner, 2005, pg. 11) They are not looking at the surface of common occurrences or issues, but passed what most people see. They explain the hidden side to everything. This ranges from topics about choosing your child’s name to how guns affect the crime rate.... [tags: Freakonomics by Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner] 816 words (2.3 pages) - Title: Association Between Calcium Levels and Phosphoric Concentration on the Development of Early Childhood Caries Among Kindergarten-aged Children in Gainesville, Florida Background and significance----- Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) greatly influences the overall health and well-being of young children. Quality of life is reduced amid those diagnosed with S-ECC. This may involve pain, sleep disturbances, as well as changes in behavior. Young children with severe decay can also have alterations in their eating habits in addition to preferences for particular foods.... [tags: calcium levels, phosphoric concentration] 732 words (2.1 pages)

<urn:uuid:4e8d8346-53ab-434b-b7ca-a08101735b11>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.123helpme.com/preview.asp?id=84463

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506673.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402045741-20200402075741-00034.warc.gz

en

If there were such a thing as a triangle contained by absolutely straight lines, its three angles would no doubt measure what Euclid says; but straight lines and true triangles nowhere exist in reruns natura. (The senses are so far from truth that we must be content with reaching probability.) In Cicero's De Natura Deorum the burden of theism rests mainly on the Stoic interlocutor. c. r5; Fitzherbert, Natura brevium, 269; 2 Hen. Fitzherbert, Natura brcvium (1534); Sir T. His most important work was 11Epi cuo ew (De natura), of which considerable fragments are extant (chiefly in Simplicius); it is possible that he wrote also Against the Sophists and On the Nature of Man, to which the well-known fragment about the veins would belong; possibly these discussions were subdivisions of his great work. 2 Meanwhile the study received a great impulse from the appearance, at Zurich in 1555, of the third book of Conrad Gesner's Historia Animalium " qvi est de Auium natura," and at Paris in the same year of Pierre Belon's (Bellonius) Histoire de la nature des Oyseaux. A passage in De rerum natura (vi. The universals, therefore, have no existence, as universals, in rerum natura; and Thomas endorses, in this sense, the polemic of Aristotle against Plato's hypostatized abstractions. In the De Natura Deorum (i. A single mention of his poem, the De rerum natura (which from the condition in which it has reached us may be assumed to have been published posthumously) in a letter of Cicero's to his brother Quintus, written early in S4 B.C., confirms the date given by Donatus as that of the poet's death. The prosaic title De Rerum Natura, a translation of the Gr. All phenomena, moral as well as material, are contemplated by him in their relation to one great organic whole, which he acknowledges under the name of "Natura daedala rerum," and the most beneficent manifestations of which he seems to symbolize and almost to deify in the "Alma Venus," whom, in apparent contradiction to his denial of a divine interference with human affairs, he invokes with prayer in the opening lines of the poem. Cicero, who submitted to his criticism the memoirs which he had written in Greek of his consulship, made use of writings of Posidonius in De natura deorum, bk. Some of the following are still published: Annali di matematica (1867); Annuario di giurisprudenza (1883); Archivio di statistica (1876); Archivio storico lombardo (1874); Archivio veneto (1871); Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari; Archivio per la zoologia; Il Bibliofilo; Il Filangieri (1876); La Natura (1884); Nuovo giornale botanico (1869); Giornale degli eruditi (1883); Giornale di filologia romanza; Nuova rivista Internazionale (1879); La Rassegna italiana (1881); Revue internationale (1883). While we recognize in the De Rerum Natura some of the most powerful poetry in any language and feel that few poets have penetrated with such passionate sincerity and courage into the secret of nature and some of the deeper truths of human life, we must acknowledge that, as compared with the great didactic poem of Virgil, it is crude and unformed in artistic design, and often rough and unequal in artistic execution. Not without reason did the medal struck to commemorate "the glorious transit of the Baltic Sea" bear the haughty inscription: Natura hoc debuit uni. His other works are Istoria critica e filosofica del suicidio (1761); Delle conquiste celebri esaminate col naturale diritto delle genti (1763); Storia critica del moderno diritto di natura e delle genti (1789); and a few poems and philosophic comedies. De rerum natura, i. Glauber (De natura salium, 1658), who prepared it by the action of oil of vitriol or sulphuric acid on common salt, and, ascribing to it many medicinal virtues, termed it sal mirabile Glauberi. Patru, Wilhelmi Campellensis de natura et de origine reruns piacita (1847) E. Natura non facit saltus. The chief gardens in Holland are at Amsterdam, owned by the society "Natura Artis Magistra." Lucretius Carus de Rerum Natura. He is introduced by Cicero as an interlocutor in the De oratore and De natura deorum (iii.), as a supporter of the principles of the New Academy. His treatise De natura novi orbis libri duo (Salamanca, 1588-1589) may be regarded as the preliminary draft of his celebrated Historia natural y moral de las Indias (Seville, 1590) which was speedily translated into Italian (1596), French (1597), Dutch (1598), German (1601), Latin (1602) and English (1604). They are as follow: HEpi Tov KatvKovTos (On Duty), in three books, the original of the first two books of Cicero's De oficiis; HEpi lrpovoias (On Providence), used by Cicero in his De divinatione (ii.) and probably in part of the second book of the De Deorum natura; a political treatise (perhaps called HEpi 1roXCTG6S), used by Cicero in his De republica; HEpi €bOvµias (On Cheerfulness); Hcpi aipEVECwv (On Philosophical Schools); a letter to Q. Ferrum occulta quadam natura ad se trahit. To him God is the immanent principle of the universe - "Deus sive Natura." His chief philosophical works were an edition of the The'odicee of Leibnitz (1874), a monograph on Locke (1878), Devoirs et droits de l'homme (1880), Glissonius utrum Leibnitio de natura substantiae cogitanti quidquam tribuerit (1880)-, De La solidarite morale (4th ed., 1893). Natural history is covered by various periodical publications of the Royal Zoological Society " Natura Artis Magistra " at Amsterdam, and the Natuurlijke Historie van Nederland (Haarlem, 1856-1863) written by specialists, and including ethnology and flora. This was the Dialogus physicus, sive De natura aaris (L.W. But the greatest of its Roman names was Lucretius, whose De rerum natura embodies the main teaching of Epicurus with great exactness, and with a beauty which the subject seemed scarcely to allow. In 1563, or perhaps two years later, appeared his great work De Rerum Natura, which was followed by a large number of scientific and philosophical works of subsidiary importance. A collection, consisting of de Natura deorum, de Divinatione, Timaeus, de Fato, Paradoxa, Lucullus (=Acad. Natura is the name for the universal, the totality of all things, containing in itself being and non-being. The germ of the idea is to be found in Cicero, De natura deorum, ii. Deserving of attention are also the Cogitationes de Natura Rerum, probably written early, perhaps in 1605, and the treatise on the theory of the tides, De Fluxu et Refluxu Maris, written probably about 1616. There is extant a short preface to this division of the work, and according to Spedding, some of the miscellaneous treatises, such as Cogitationes de Natura may probably have been intended to be included under this head. Of a given nature to discover the form or true specific difference, or natureengendering nature (natura naturans) or source of emanation (for these are the terms which are nearest to a description of the thing), is the work and aim of human knowledge."' The questions, then, whose answers give the key to the whole Baconian philosophy, may be put briefly thus - What are N. It should be observed that many writers maintain that the phrase should be notiora natura; others, notiora naturae. God is used throughout as equivalent to Nature (Deus sive natura). Discontented with this narrow course of study, he happened to read the De Rerum Natura of Bernardino Telesio, and was delighted with its freedom of speech and its appeal to nature s rather than to authority. Cicero, De divinatione, perhaps De natura deorum, i. One of his works, of great importance for the history of economic conceptions in the middle ages, was the De origine, natura, jure et mutationibus monetarum, of which there is also a French edition. They belong to a private society called Natura Artis Magistra, and came into existence in 1838. Schwartz, De antiquissima Apollinis Natura (Berlin, 1843); J. He wrote also another chemical paper De Natura Acidorum, which has been published by Dr Horsley. One of the most extraordinary and persistent myths of medieval natura history, dating back to the 12th century at least, was the cause of transferring to these organisms the name of the barnack or bernacle goose (Bernicla branta). Claus, De Dianae antiquissima apud Graecos natura (Breslau, 1880). In the following year he published at Vienna his famous work, Theoria philosophiae naturalis redacta ad unicam legem virium in natura existentium, containing his atomic theory (see MOLECULE). Especially interesting is the De natura rerum ad Sisebutum 1 With Isidore of Alexandria has been confused an Isidore of Gaza, mentioned by Photius. (Oxford, 1824 and 1861); Mayor on Cicero's De Natura deorum (1871). For those seeking an all-over tan there is the beach at Costa Natura. The Roman poet Lucretius (De Rerum Natura) was an eloquent exponent of this theory, but throughout the middle ages, indeed until the 17th century, it was eclipsed by the prestige of Aristotle. Napier deliberately set himself to abbreviate multiplications and divisions - operations of so fundamental a character that it might well have been thought that they were in rerum natura incapable of abbreviation; and he succeeded in devising, by the help of arithmetic and geometry alone, the one 1 The title runs as follows: Arithmetica Logarithmica, sive Logarithmorum chiliades triginta.... - Two sets of writers have been considered: - first, the greater philosophers, who have incidentally furthered theism (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, Descartes, Locke, Kant, Hegel, Mill, Lotze), or opposed it (Epicurus, Spinoza, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Mill, Spencer); and, secondly, the deliberate champions of theism - Cicero (especially in the De Natura Deorum), Philo, Raymond of Sabunde (in a sense), Wolff, Butler (in a sense), Paley, and a host of English and German 18th-century authors, who chiefly handle the Design argument; then recent writers like R. Classification Of Birds Fiirbringer's great work, published in the year 1888 by the Natura Artis Magistra Society of Amsterdam, enabled Gadow not only to continue for the next five years the same lines of morphological research, but also further to investigate those questions which were still left in abeyance or seemed to require renewed study. 24 § 5: animae autem eorum solam esse salutem, corpus enim natura corruptibile existit). The formal unity, however, is not an arbitrary creation of the mind, but exists "in natura rei ante omnem operationem intellectus." Moreover, Erigena again and again declares that dialectic has to do with the stadia of a real or divine classification: " Intelligitur quod ars ilia, quae dividit genera in species et species in genera resolvit, quae X dicitur, non ab humanis machinationibus sit facta, sed in natura rerum ab auctore omnium artium, quae verae artes sunt, condita et a sapientibus inventa " (De divisione naturae, iv. There is a real change in the elements - we allow ut panis iam consecratus non sit panis quem natura formavit; sed, quem benedictio consecravit, et consecrando etiam immutavit" (Responsio, p. 263). Sir Matthew Hale (1609-1676) tells us that if anything is done to "a woman quick or great with child, to make an abortion, or whereby the child within her is killed, it is not murder or manslaughter by the law of England, because it is not yet in rerum natura." The preface treats of Greek sciences, geometry, the discovery of specific gravity by Archimedes, and other discoveries of the Greeks, and of Romans of his time who have vied with the Greeks -- Lucretius in his poem De Rerum Natura, Cicero in rhetoric, and Varro in philology, as shown by his De Lingua Latina. Beside the De Rerum Natura, he wrote De Somno, De his quae in aere fiunt, De Mari, De Conietis et Circulo Lacteo, De usu respirationis, &c. When it became apparent that the conspirators had only removed the despot and left the despotism, he again devoted himself to philosophy, and in an incredibly short space of time produced the de Natura Deorum, de Divinatione, de Fato, Cato maior (or de Senectute), Laelius (or de Amicitia), and began his treatise de Officiis. 2 For since the natura seminalis from which all men were to arise already existed in Adam, in his voluntary preference of self to God, humanity chose evil once for all; for which ante-natal guilt all men are justly condemned to perpetual absolute sinful ' To show the crudity of the notion of redemption in early Christianity, it is sufficient to mention that many fathers represent Christ's ransom as having been paid to the devil; sometimes adding that by the concealment of Christ's divinity under the veil of humanity a certain deceit was (fairly) practised on the great deceiver. The Evo brand is produced by Natura Pet Products, Inc. Natura builds their product line on a philosophy of including wholesome ingredients while avoiding artificial preservatives or ingredients. Natura believes that pet foods should contain only high-quality ingredients which are unaltered. Natura foods represents the latest in cat care research. A proper feeding schedule falls in line with the wellness philosophy of Natura pet foods. North Shore Bedding - Locally owned and operated, the company offers a broad selection of organic and all natural latex mattresses from Land and Sky, Natura, and WJ Southward brands. The word usage examples above have been gathered from various sources to reflect current and historial usage. They do not represent the opinions of YourDictionary.com.

<urn:uuid:767960d7-9efc-475f-b651-cd39bcffba20>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://sentence.yourdictionary.com/natura

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505730.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401100029-20200401130029-00395.warc.gz

en

Besieged And Aided Planet Besiegement, the better known of the two, occurs when a planet is in aspect between two malefics. It is one of the traditional accidental debilities, often mentioned in the ancient astrological texts and interpreted as a strong sign of problems and difficulties. Aid, the opposite condition, refers to a planet aspecting both benefics simultaneously. Although it is equally important, and one of the accidental dignities, aid is not so frequently mentioned, especially in later works. Most traditional astrologers apply these conditions in horary chart interpretation, but only a few extend its usage to nativities. However, its interpretation adds important information, not only to natal chart delineation but also to predictive techniques. This article will present some examples of the practical application of besiegement and aid to nativities. A planet is besieged when it separates from one of the malefics and applies to the other. In besiegement only the conjunction, square and opposition are considered. Just like a besieged city, the planet in this condition is in serious trouble which will be difficult to escape. We can say it is “between a rock and a hard place”. All that is related to, and signified by, the besieged planet will encounter difficulty and impediment. Besiegement is particularly significant when it afflicts one of the major significators of the chart, for example, the ruler of the Ascendant, ruler of the MC, the Moon or the ruler of the year². When one of these points is afflicted by besiegement, the problems implied by this condition become more exaggerated. Examples of besiegement In this page we will examine three examples of besiegement which produced extreme results. Needless to say, besiegement cannot by itself lead to these extremes, and these example charts present other signs of difficulties which reinforce the afflictions signified by besiegement. Marie Antoinette (November 2nd 1755, Vienna, Austria) Daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria, she married Prince Louis, heir to the throne of France and four years later became Queen of France. After the French Revolution (14th August 1789) the royal family moved to Paris, where they lived as virtual prisoners for three years. Marie Antoinette was brought to trial on a charge of treason and on 16 th October 1793, shortly after noon, she was beheaded. In Marie Antoinette’s nativity the besieged planet is the Moon, which is also the ruler of the Ascendant. It is in Libra in the 5th house, separating from a square of Mars and applying to a square of Saturn. Its location in the 5th house is also relevant when we consider the Queen’s taste for amusement and flirtation – in fact, after the revolution, this formed the major accusation against her. The Moon is also in Via Combusta³ , which adds still more debility. The planets besieging the Moon remind us that throughout her life – although joyful and carefree on the surface – she was surrounded by intrigue, jealousy and court gossip. Some of her enemies were powerful people described by Saturn, ruler of the 7th, essentially dignified and squaring the Moon, ruler of the Ascendant. The other planet afflicting the Moon is Mars, ruler of the 6th and of the 11th, suggesting harm coming from her servants and bad friends (bad because Mars is debilitated). The Queen, who was already held in low esteem by the public, did nothing to enhance her standing by surrounding herself with those whose behaviour was regarded as scandalous. This contributed largely to her eventual execution. Marie Antoinette’s unpopularity with the French people was due partly to her Austrian descent, and partly to her apparent lightheartedness in the face of widespread suffering. Confronted by public rejection on several occasions, she was literally “besieged” by intrigue and concealed jealousy. However, it was only after the Revolution that the danger of this situation began to unfold. By the time of the Reign of Terror4, she was already the main focus for public resentment and hatred. The besiegement finally overcame her in October 1793: abandoned by all her friends, slandered and accused of all sorts of crimes from treason to incest, the Queen was executed in Paris. By that time she was under a firdaria of the two besieging planets, the ruler of the year5, Mercury, also being afflicted by combustion and by an opposition to Saturn, a malefic and ruler of the natal 8th . Benito Mussolini (July 29 th 1883, Dovia Il Predappio) In this example both malefics aspect the Moon by conjunction in the 7th house of open enemies. The Moon rules the 9th house in this chart, so we ought to expect situations related with religion; Mussolini was indeed devoted, not to religion but to his political beliefs, especially socialism 6. He took this interest from his father, a militant socialist, and carried it to further extremes. Note that the Moon, the 9th ruler, is in one of Mercury’s signs with the two malefics, which inclines to a more “rational” mindset, adverse to religion. In the course of his life he made many enemies, politically and personally, because of his aggressive behaviour. He supported his political beliefs with violence which motivated his opponents to respond with equal violence. The three aforementioned planets (Moon, Mars and Saturn) are disposited by Mercury, which is combust in the 9th house, reinforcing the affliction. Furthermore, Mars rules the Ascendant, suggesting that he was the main cause of his own problems. Mars and Saturn are also significators of manners in this chart, suggesting harshness and cruelty. This triple conjunction falls close to the fixed star Aldebaran (08ºGem10′ in 1883), of the nature of Mars. This confers eloquence, honours and popularity, but also ferocity, aggression and the danger of a violent death, further increasing the signification of the besiegement. Giovanni Falcone (May 18th 1939, Palermo, Italy) Judge Falcone was well known for his anti-mafia stance. He began dealing with organised crime in the 70s and soon developed a plan to dispel the mystique surrounding the Mafia. Working as a “lone crusader”, he became a popular hero. His incorruptibility gained him powerful enemies both among the Mafiosi and corrupt politicians. He managed to escape several assassination attempts, but on May 23rd 1992 he met his death: his car activated a high-explosive bomb set in the highway. The explosion killed Falcone, his wife and his three security escorts. In this case the besieged planet is Venus, again ruler of the Ascendant. Venus is essentially debilitated in Aries, separating from a weak Saturn (in fall) and applying to a very strong Mars (in exaltation). As all three planets are angular, his struggle against the Mafia and his murder received great publicity. Venus is also disposited by an exalted Mars, ruler of the 7th signifying that his enemies eventually overcame him, the weak Venus ruling the Ascendant. Besiegement in prediction: The effects of besiegement are much easier to identify when applied to the solar return, for they usually indicate a drastic turn of events for the native in that year. This is particularly true if in the solar return the besieged planet is the ruler of the year, the Moon or the ruler of the natal Ascendant. The matters signified by the besieged planet will describe the areas of life affected by these problems. So for example if the besieged planet rules or is placed in the 6th house of illness and health problems, they will become the main feature of that year, if it is connected to the 2nd house, the difficulties will arise in matters of finance. Besiegement has its benefic counterpart in a configuration called aid (or sometimes “besiegement by benefics”). A planet is aided when it separates from one benefic, either Jupiter or Venus, and applies to the other. In this case only trines, sextiles and conjunctions are taken into account. All that is represented by the aided planet will have some kind of help or relief. Again, some planets can benefit more from aid than others; the major beneficiaries are again the fast planets: Moon and Mercury. The other planets, which are slower than Venus, can only be aided when there are mutual applications, which is not as frequent. As a besieged planet implies difficulty and hard work, an aided planet signifies ease and assistance in its significations. Example of “besiegement by benefics” George Sand (July 1st 1804, Paris) Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin, Baroness Dudevant (aka George Sand) was a highly regarded French novelist, well known for the social and emotional acuteness of her writings. Being of noble descent she was expected to behave in a conventional way, but instead she revealed herself as a freethinker. She became a political activist with very definite socialist ideas. As a novelist, she adopted a masculine name – George Sand – and sometimes she appeared in public wearing men’s clothes and smoking a pipe, however her subjects were always concerned with romantic and social matters. She died on June 8th 1876. Unsurprisingly, the aided planet in George’s chart is Mercury, the planet of writing skills and communication. The aid from the benefics is enhancing an already favourable situation, for Mercury is strengthened by essential dignity in its own sign, and by its angularity (closely conjunct to the IC). With such a strong Mercury, and some help from the benefic planets, she had the chance to express her literary talents by writing several books and plays. Notice that Mercury is translating the light from Venus, ruler of the 3rd, to Jupiter, ruler of the Ascendant and MC, thus bringing these facets of her life into public view and bestowing success on her career. The ruler of the 4th, Mercury, can be related to her nobility, as her father was a French aristocrat. Her privileged social position allowed her to expand her horizons and granted some degree of tolerance for her eccentricities. Mercury also rules the 7th house of marriage; George not only had a good marriage to a nobleman (Baron M. Casimir Dudevant), but also had relationships with several influential and famous men, Alfred de Musset, Franz Lizt and Frederic Chopin, among others. On some rare occasions we find these two conditions together. They do not cancel each other out, but express themselves in different areas of life according to their context in the chart. Example Of Besiegement And Aid Together In The Same Chart The film actress Natalie Wood is a good example of this. Natalie Wood (July 20th 1938, San Francisco, California) In Natalie’s chart, we have an aided Moon, separating from a sextile to Jupiter and applying to a trine with Venus. As the Moon rules the MC, it is easy to understand that this configuration helped to boost her career and public life, giving even more prominence to a Moon exalted and angular. Indeed, she became a movie star at a very young age, and had an incredibly successful career. She is considered by many as one of the most popular actresses of her generation. But this aid is a double-edged sword because Venus, to which the Moon applies (and which disposits the Moon), although a benefic, is debilitated by being in fall and in the cadent 12th house. Venus is the ruler of the Ascendant and its debilitated position suggests a certain degree of self-undoing towards which the Moon, her career, moves and by which the Moon is disposited. So the promise of success indicated by the strong positions of the Moon and Jupiter (a significator through its exaltation in the MC) is dissipated by the weaker Venus. Natalie could never enjoy a “normal” lifestyle. During her childhood and early teens she lived secluded in her parent’s house and was never left alone because her parents feared she might be kidnapped. It was only in her late teenage years that she began to go out regularly and started a more normal social life. Even so, many of her dates were arranged and controlled by the studios. Therefore, her glamorous life was in fact more apparent than real, her luxurious Venus lifestyle was, in some respects, a gilded cage. This is further aggravated by the presence of a besieged planet in the MC, the Sun. A strong luminary in the 10th house is usually a good sign of fame, but in this particular case the Sun separates from a square of Saturn and applies to conjoin Mars (both debilitated by fall). Her fame also extended to the rather strange relationships that she made, for example, Raymond Burr and James Dean. Note that the besiegers are both related to the 7th house: Mars rules the 7th and Saturn is placed there. Although these are difficult configurations, the Sun-Mars conjunction in Cancer is disposited and received by the exalted Moon. This ameliorated some of the difficulties and allowed a notable degree of success. However it did not cancel the negative effects which ultimately led to her premature and somewhat mysterious death at the age of 43. Natalie’s nativity is a good example of how the wider context of the chart is crucial to the interpretation of besiegement and aid. The dignity or debility of the planets involved, as well as their positions in the chart, can modify the beneficial effects of aid and the harsher effects of besiegement. When correctly interpreted, besiegement and aid can add usefully to chart delineation as they reveal important patterns of difficulty or ease in the native’s life. They don’t necessarily produce such dramatic effects as those presented in this article, but their action is nevertheless present and identifiable in any chart where they occur. It is vital that these configurations are always observed in the chart and never interpreted as isolated indicators. 4 The Reign of Terror (5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794) or simply The Terror was a period of about ten months during the French Revolution when struggles between rival factions led to mutual radicalisation which took on a violent character with mass executions by guillotine. Last updated on February 15, 2017 at 10:05 pm. Word Count: 2533

<urn:uuid:b2361ea7-9c4b-4d68-9a81-03ff102d5e69>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://astrologyclub.org/besieged-aided-planet/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370503664.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331181930-20200331211930-00194.warc.gz

en

Science and technology in fiction Most literature frequently ignores the essential role that science and modern technology play in shaping current societies and how we live in them. Around 150 years ago, Jules Verne started to become aware of the need to actively include science and technology in modern narratives. He named it «the science novel». Later, the literary genre of science fiction seemed to reach the point which Jules Verne’s science novel had pioneered. In this regard, science fiction posits itself as a suitable narrative to learn about the future, as it describes worlds which are possible due to science and technology. Keywords: Jules Verne, science fiction, literature, science novel. The science novel The year 2005 witnessed the first centenary of the death of Jules Verne. This author has been almost entirely forgotten, yet for many years Verne was a reference point in literature for children and adolescents, as was the case midway through the twentieth century. Those were different times: the market potential of stories with children and young people playing the main characters had not yet been discovered and books were not essentially written for these age groups. The Famous Five, or The Secret Seven, by Enid Blyton (1897-1968), were a weak precursor to today’s adventures of Harry Potter, Geronimo Stilton and many others. Broadly speaking, at that time, reading for children and adolescents followed three main threads: the endless adventures of Emilio Salgari (Sandokan, The Tigers of Mompracem and The Pirates of Malaysian), Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women and the innovative narratives of Jules Verne, which dealt with scientific and technical themes. «Verne’s aim was not to teach science but, rather, he wanted to include it in man’s adventures» Indeed, halfway through the nineteenth century, it was Jules Verne who realised that science and technology occupied a noteworthy role in people’s lives and he attempted to write and even theorise about what he himself called «the science novel». In this type of novel, science and technological activity would no longer be absent from the narrative as they had been previously. It was not simply a matter of creating narratives to be exclusively read and enjoyed by children, although that is how the stories were to be presented by Verne’s editor, Pierre-Jules Hetzel, creator of the label «Extraordinary Voyages» given to Verne’s first works (Navarro, 2005). In Verne’s imaginary adventures the protagonists travel from one end of the earth to the other and even visit unchartered territories such as the bottom of the ocean, the depths of the Earth or the path to the Moon. It must not be forgotten that the great science of the nineteenth century was geography, with the exploration of the earth and relevant discoveries. Aside from the journey and the extraordinary adventures which took place, the narrative was also an excuse to educate readers (initially children as we have already seen) about the realities and wonders of science. Indeed, Jules Verne has gone down in history as one of the great founding fathers of a new literary genre, science fiction, which was pioneered by him in France and by the Fabian socialist Herbert G. Wells in Great Britain some decades later (Aldiss and Wingrove, 1986). The question we must ask is: why do science and technology not appear regularly in prevalent narratives 150 years later? Verne was the pioneer, but following on from him and his «science novel», narratives incorporating science and technology have been relegated to the ghetto of genre baptised as science fiction. Science in the work of Jules Verne Verne was not a scientist; however, he was very well-informed about the scientific and technological developments of his period. It seems that he frequented various specialised libraries and made abundant notes and index cards which greatly helped him to become almost an expert on the topics dealt with in his novels. Perhaps because of this, there are mistaken rumours which suggest that he himself was the inventor of the contraptions which appear in his books, despite the fact that they are simple fabrications and novelistic depictions of things that already existed at that time, and which Verne knew about thanks to his work in libraries and his contact with various friends who were scientists or explorers. The typical example is the submarine Nautilus which Verne describes in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1868). Despite appearances, this was neither Verne’s prediction nor invention: the idea of subaquatic navigation was already known about and had been serious analysed in a study by William Bourne dating all the way back to 1578. In May 1801, under the financial patronage of Napoleon, Robert Fulton built a prototype submarine with a four-person capacity and, indeed, it was named Nautilus. Even the Ictíneo by Narcís Monturiol, built in 1858, was successfully tested in Barcelona’s harbour in 1859, almost ten years before the publication of Verne’s novel. Moreover, on the 17th February 1864 in the port of Charleston (South Carolina), the prototype submarine H. L. Hunley, was used by the Confederacy in a civil-war manoeuvre to torpedo a Union boat, the Housatonic. Verne did not devise the submarine, he simply used it in his novel, albeit in the service of a solitary, somewhat antisocial and slightly misogynistic hero (Barceló, 2000). «Aside from the journey and the extraordinary adventures which took place, the narrative was also an excuse to educate readers about the realities of science» However, it is true to say that in other cases, Verne was ahead of his time due to his imagination linked with a good knowledge of science at that time. It must also be acknowledged that many of the technological contraptions thought up by Verne have subsequently been swept away by reality as techno-scientific knowledge has developed and grown. However, the visions conveyed by Verne of the oceanic abyss, of Earth’s depths, of a possible journey to the Moon, or of possible subaquatic ships such as the Nautilus or flying vessels such as the Albatross (a predecessor of the autogyro or helicopter), do indeed have a firm and intelligent grounding in scientific knowledge of the time, one and a half centuries ago. Verne’s objective was not to teach science but, rather, he wanted to include it in man’s adventures, almost always from a positive and favourable perspective. For example, the castaways in The Mysterious Island would not have been able to survive without the help of Cyrus Smith, and his almost encyclopaedic scientific knowledge (especially of chemistry) and spectacular practical sense. Thanks to this techno-scientific knowledge, he became the indisputable leader of the prodigious adventure. Science in fiction Can intelligent life exist on a neutron star? Can we reach stars which are many light years away from our solar system? Does the magnetic monopole exist? Is it possible to send a message back in time by modulating a tachyon beam? Is it possible to develop artificial intelligence with the personality of Sigmund Freud or Albert Einstein? Because of what we now know, all of these questions have the same answer: a categorical no. However, the fact that science denies us these opportunities does not mean that we cannot speculate. This is one of the primary functions and greatest attractions of science fiction. One of science fiction’s many objectives is to speculate in an amenable way about «the human response to changes in scientific knowledge and technology» according to Isaac Asimov, a well-known propagator of science and famous science-fiction author (Asimov, 1977). Science fiction began to gain popularity in the nineteen forties and fifties precisely because of authors, now classics, who possessed good scientific knowledge: Isaac Asimov held a doctorate in chemistry, and was a university professor; Arthur C. Clarke was one of the pioneers of astronautical research and was the first person to propose using geostationary satellites as communications hubs; Robert A. Heinlein was a naval engineer, etc. The list could be extended and include names of people who singlehandedly fulfilled the roles of scientist, propagator, and science-fiction novelist, as is the case with Asimov and Clarke, already mentioned, or also Carl Sagan, Gregory Benford, and a long list of others. In reality, many science-fiction authors use their solid scientific knowledge as a basis for narrations full of scientific reference. This is the case with specialists such as Gregory Benford, David Brin, Robert L. Forward, Vernor Vinge, Charles Sheffield and many others who, owing to their knowledge, justify the serious speculation espoused by the strand of science fiction (typically named hard), which centres on science and technology. The accessibility of their stories and the intelligence of their speculations ensured that science fiction became the defining narrative genre of the twentieth century, and the one which has best helped us to imagine some of the possible futures which lie in wait (Nicholls, 1983). The science fiction genre Aside from spreading scientific knowledge or popularising science, it must be made clear that science fiction is basically a genre. Or, better phrased, it is a series of themes which find their best expression in mediums such as literature, cinema, television, comics, or different narrative arts. Above all, literary science fiction (the source of all science fiction), is art, and as such, it would seem to belong to a world which we consider different to that of science. However, as narrative subject matter, science fiction enjoys its own characteristics which are what make it special and are well worth remembering. «Change looms over our civilisation in an obsessive way, as it never had done with our predecessors» On one hand, science fiction is a genre that offers risky speculations, which frankly are often deliberate and made to make us reflect about our world and social organisation or about the effects and consequences of science and technology in the societies which use them. This is the reflective side of science fiction, which has often served to define science fiction writing as a real literature of ideas. It serves the purpose of the so called «counterfactual conditional», which consists in asking: «What would happen if…?» about hypothetical ideas which are considered too unbelievable or which are too premature to occur in real, daily life. However, on the other hand, science fiction offers almost inexhaustible possibilities to marvel and admire. New worlds and beings, new cultures and civilisations, new scientific and technological achievements, all these elements open our mind’s eye to an unknown universe to be viewed with surprise as we move deeper into new and unsuspected territories. This leads specialists to talk of an important «sense of wonder» as being one of most attractive elements of science fiction and one that most clearly defines it (an element which it should be remembered is shared with other successful current genres: the historical novel, travel novels, etc.) (Barceló, 1990). The scientific adventure Perhaps, the first important literary reference to science and what it represents for societies which practice and adopt it, is to be found in Mary Shelley’s 1818 work Frankenstein. Unfortunately, cinema has distorted the popular image of what was then a serious reflection about the power of science and its ultimate responsibility. Mary Shelley subtitled her novel «the modern Prometheus», in order to highlight the fact that the scientist, doctor Frankenstein, as Prometheus, takes the risk of doing what is «forbidden», precisely because he wants to offer humanity new opportunities which have thus far been denied. Thus, science fiction historians such as the Briton Brian W. Aldiss, tend to consider Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein to be the first science fiction novel (Aldiss and Wingrove, 1986) in accordance with Isaac Asimov’s previously mentioned definition: a speculation «about the human response to changes in scientific knowledge and technology». Logically, within the context of British society during this period at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the novelty of doctor Frankenstein’s intentions served as a warning about the dangers which certain forms of science could entail. Perhaps because of this, the cinematic version of Frankenstein made by James Whale in 1931, largely forgets the scientific section (and the tale of undertaking science) which has such a presence in Mary Shelley’s novel. Instead, the story becomes a basic reference point for horror films, and it could be argued that it makes a warning statement against science and its dangers. Unfortunately, the classic first work of literary science fiction is changed irremediably when made into a film. Incidentally, quite recently in 1995, Kenneth Branagh was able to recover the spirit of exploration and adventure which Mary Shelley glimpsed in science, and was fortunately able to contribute this to his cinematic version of poor doctor Frankenstein’s misfortunes. Shelley wanted to open the novel with the meeting between doctor Frankenstein and Captain Robert Walton, who is trying to reach the North Pole. Branagh also retains this element. The meeting between Walton and Frankenstein helps to convey the idea that science is an adventure similar to that which motivates people such as Walton to seek out unchartered lands in search of something new. This is precisely what scientists do. Science fiction as a method of learning about the future At the outset of the sixties, a book was published which enjoyed considerable success amongst the public and media. It warned about the «premature onset of the future». This book was Future Shock, by the North American essayist Alvin Toffler, who pondered the rapidity of change within a culture such as our own, controlled by the effects of science and technology and subject to its exceptional transformative power. Toffler’s central idea can be expounded in an almost intuitive and familiar way with a simple example: only 200 or 300 years ago, our predecessors were born and learnt to live in a world which, generally, remained the same until their deaths. Human lives were affected by very few changes. However, we no longer enjoy this luxury: the future collapses in on us at a frenetic rate, and a large proportion of this increased rate of change is due to the perspective of novelty offered by modern techno-science (Toffler, 1970). «To omit science from literature is akin to forgetting essential elements of our world» Having moved into the new millennium, the pace of change has quickened so much that we now know that the world where we have learned to live and to relate with others will not remain the same for any substantial part of our lives. Change looms over our civilisation in an obsessive manner, as it never had done with our predecessors. We are required to coexist with the future and the changes it brings. Yet we know little of the future, other than the fact it will be different from the past and the present moment we live in. We must train ourselves to live in a future which will invariably be «different» because of science and technology. Science fiction can help us to do this. It helps us to confront, even if only intellectually, different possible futures. It shows the changeability of the present and the numerous changes which can modify life and the social organisation of humanity. Science fiction may be a useful tool in helping us to comprehend a future we know so little about. It also permits us to imagine alternative ways of living and organising society. This is no small achievement. Despite C. P. Snow’s warning about the two cultures (humanities and science, to be precise), the fact is that literature, the science novel, science fiction, whatever we may call it, can indeed be linked to science. Moreover, it can lead us towards a better understanding of the current world which is controlled by the effects of science and technology. In an ever-more complex world, wherein science and technology play a determining role, it is absolutely imperative that we include science and technology and their effects in narratives which speak to us about humanity. To do otherwise, as is the case with much current literature, is to ignore essential aspects of the world we live in, aspects we would also like to reflect upon through storytelling. Aldiss, B. W. and D. Wingrove, 1986. Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction. Victor Gollancz. London. Asimov, I., 1977. Asimov on Science Fiction. New Doubleday. New York. Barceló, M., 1990. Ciencia Ficción: guía de lectura. Ediciones B. Barcelona. Barceló, M., 2000. Paradojas: ciencia en la ciencia ficción. Equipo Sirius. Madrid. Navarro, J., 2005. Somnis de ciència: un viatge al centre de Jules Verne. Bromera/PUV. Alzira/Valencia. Nicholls, P. (ed.), 1983. The Science in Science Fiction. Alfred A. Knopf. New York. Toffler, A., 1970. El shock del futuro. Plaza y Janés. Barcelona.

<urn:uuid:3b78ae6f-3b6b-4e5e-91a4-135de1c5a175>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://metode.org/issues/monographs/science-novels.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505366.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401034127-20200401064127-00514.warc.gz

en

Colonial Religion and the Enlightenment The Church of England The use of the American colonies as a pressure valve for Great Britain meant that the official faith was poorly represented there, despite the presence of The Book of Common Prayer. The Church of England had prelates: the Church of England in America had none. Even in colonies such as Virginia, which were officially Anglican, the churches were what later ages would call "low," without incense or great pomp. No Bishops reminded them of Church authority. The weak religious ties of England and America were like one more mile added to the miles of ocean between them. The Great Awakening was a period of religious revivalism in America. Historians view the Great Awakening in four distinct stages. The first stage started in New England in the 1730s and lasted roughly thirty years. There were two parts of the movement, the Puritan and the Methodist. One of the major figures of colonial America, a scientist, a humanist, and a divine, was the Puritan minister Johnathan Edwards. Like his peers, he was upset about what was seen as a drifting away from the faith of the Pilgrims. More English immigrants were bringing more lukewarm observance, and a greater adherence to form, rather than feeling. Unlike many of those contemporaries, he embraced evangelism, an attempt to convert others to his own faith. Some of his sermons sent people to their knees in tears, or to their feet, cheering for joy. One of his most notable sermons is titled "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," where he used his scientific knowledge (he had written a treatise on spiders) and his spectacular gift for delivery to woo his audience. The Methodist side of this Awakening was ignited by John Wesley, and his former schoolmate, George Whitefield. Wesley came to Georgia in 1735, and first met with disappointment. However, Whitefield, friend to both Edwards and Wesley, was able to hazard seven trips to America. He also preached to African-American slaves, unlike many of his contemporaries. At the invitation of William Penn, some Mennonites came in 1683 to settle in Pennsylvania. This group was another attempt to get to the truth of the Bible. They angered their contemporaries in German-speaking countries by not baptizing infants, but only confessing adults. They also practiced a radical form of pacifism, not paying taxes, bearing arms, or serving in any army. Later groups of Mennonites came to the U.S. and Canada from Switzerland, Prussia, the Ukraine, and Russia, with their own hymns and Psalters. Among the branches of the Mennonites are the Amish, who like their coreligionists use shunning as a form of discipline. John and Charles Wesley are credited with creating Methodism in the 18th century. John Wesley was a cleric for the Church of England. He and his brother led groups of Christians throughout England, Ireland, and Scotland. These groups were part of what is called the Wesleyan Movement. These small groups came to form what is known as Methodism. It began as a society of the Church of England, not a church in itself. It was resented and feared because it put its emphasis on the laity, rather than a church hierarchy, and because it saw emotional conviction as a confirmation of conversion. "Who is a Methodist[ . . .]?" John Wesley asked in a sermon. "I answer: A Methodist is one who has 'the love of God shed abroad in his heart by the Holy Ghost given unto him' [. . .]" Methodists focused on bible study and living a life free of frivolity and luxury. They were called Methodists because of their methodical approach to religious study. Methodism in Colonial America Methodism spread to America in the late 1760's. Richard Boardman and Joseph Pilmore were both preachers appointed by John Wesley, that traveled to the new world in 1769 to start American Methodist societies. Pilmore started working in Philadelphia, while Boardman worked in New York to spread Methodism. Pilmore was more effective spreading the cause in Philadelphia and even traveled into the south to preach and promote the society. Others traveled across the Atlantic as well; Robert Williams and John King came to America without being appointed by Wesley. Francis Asbury and Richard Wright arrived in 1771. Francis Asbury went onto become a very prominent leader in American Methodism. George Shadford and Thomas Rankin came to America in 1773. Unlike their Church of England contemporaries, Methodists were willing to preach in fields, especially in areas where no church had yet been built. Also unlike them, most of the missionaries named above were lay ministers, men ordained after a period of heartfelt conviction, rather than years of seminary training. These helped spread Methodism along the east coast leading up to the American Revolution. The Moravians arrived with John and Charles Wesley in America in 1735. The group left Moravia and Bohemia due to harsh persecution for their religious beliefs and practices. The Moravians wished to serve as Christian Missionaries for the different ethnic groups in America. They first settled in Georgia, then moved to Pennsylvania, and also North Carolina. The Moravians were deeply involved with music. They practiced hymn singing daily, and some even wrote instrumental music. John Antes was the first American born Moravian composer. Antes was born in 1740 in Pennsylvania. He composed several religious anthems. The anthems were more complex than hymns, with the intentions of a trained choir or soloist performing them, rather than the congregation. The first group of non-Christians to enter the American colonies were Sephardic Jews. This group of emigrants from Spain and Portugal had first settled in Recife, Brazil, then landing in New Amsterdam (the Dutch colony which later became New York City) in 1654. Though Holland had a well-regarded Jewish minority, the governor of New Amsterdam, Peter Stuyvesant, did not want these Jews on his land. He wrote a letter to the Dutch West India Company stated that the Jews threatened to "infect and trouble this new colony." In response, the Jews wrote a letter to the company explaining that Jews respected the Dutch and were long-established citizens of their homeland. Indeed, some of the Company were Dutch Jews. The Company ruled that the Jews could stay, as long as they took care of their own poor and did not expect Christians to give them charity. During the colonial period, Jews settled along the East Coast and in several southern colonies. There were established communities of Jews in Savannah, Georgia; Charleston, South Carolina; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Newport, Rhode Island. The oldest synagogue to this day was built by the Sephardi Jews from the community in Newport. This Touro Synagogue, sanctified in 1763, is still extant today. This building houses the Jeshuat Israel congregation. The Jewish people found it hard to maintain education, worship, and dietary practices with so few people. A woman by the name of Rebecca Samuel even wrote to her parents explaining that "Jewishness is pushed aside here. There are here [in Petersburg, Virgina] ten or twelve Jews, and they are not worthy of being called Jews. . . . You can believe me that I crave to see a synagogue to which I can go." More Jews did come to America, and all of them learned English and found their places in American society. Yet they found it hard to go to Sabbath on Saturday when their neighbors were going to church on Sunday. In some colonies, they could not vote, hold public office, or own property. They stood out, and they were afraid of persecution as in Europe. But here they could earn some money. There was no knock at the door at midnight, no torture or forced conversion by the Christian authorities Catholicism first came to the colonies in the Maryland Experiment. After the British civil war, King Charles I issued a generous charter to Lord Cecil Calvert, a prominent Catholic convert from Anglicanism, for the colony of Maryland. That colony's tolerance of Catholics was preserved by Calvert until 1654, when Puritans from Virginia overthrew Calvert's rule. However, he regained control of the colony four years later. In Great Britain in 1689, the Glorious Revolution overturned Charles's successor, bringing in the reign of William and Mary. A new anti-Catholic revolt was ignited in Maryland, and the rule of the Calverts was ended. In 1692 the Religious Toleration Act officially ended, and the assembly of Maryland established the Church of England as the official state religion, supported by tax levies. Though no Catholic was known to have lived in the Massachusetts Bay in the first twenty years of the colony's existence, this did not deter the Puritan government from passing an anti-clerical law in May of 1647. This threatened with death "all and every Jesuit, seminary priest, missionary, or other spiritual or ecclesiastical person made or ordained by any authority, power or jurisdiction, derived, challenged or pretended, from the Pope or See of Rome.” When Georgia, the 13th colony, was established in 1732 by a charter granted by King George II, it's guarantee of religious freedom was promised to all future settlers of the colony, "except papists." Restrictions were immediately restrictions were imposed on Catholics for public worship. and it was a punishable offense for a priest to say Mass. Catholics were denied the right to vote or otherwise participate in the government of the colony that their ancestors had founded.. Neither the Dutch nor English were pleased when, in 1672, the Duke of York converted to Catholicism. The Duke's appointment of Irish-born Catholic Colonel Thomas Dongan as governor of the colony of New York was followed by the passage of a charter of liberties and privileges for Catholics. Proceeding the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, Jacob Leisler, a staunch anti-Catholic, began to spread rumors of "Papist" plots and false stories of impending French and Native American attacks upon the English colonies. By the end of 1688 Leisler had overthrown Dongan and taken the post of lieutenant governor for himself. He then ordered the arrest of all "papists", abolished the franchise for Catholics, and suspended all Catholic public office holders. There was another faith which was influential, despite being hard to see by its contemporaries. Many of the institutions of American society were influenced by the English belief of Deism. Yet, "In fact, most early deists opposed attempts to disseminate their views[ . . . ], because they felt that only the intellectually qualified could understand religion rationally." Some of the tenets of Deism were also held by many Christian churches, including the belief in a well-ordered nature which revealed its Creator, and belief in human reason. But unlike Christians, Deists did not believe the Bible had any relationship to the Divine. They believed that God did not speak to anyone; that nature was set up like a watch, and set to run without further intervention; and that belief in miracles was madness. The list of known American Deists is short. Benjamin Franklin was one for a brief time. Others include James Madison, Ethan Allen, and Thomas Paine. (A notable writing of this last-named is The Age of Reason, which said that it was idiotic to believe in miracles.) Thomas Jefferson was influenced by Deism, as we can see from the Declaration of Independence's referral to "Nature and Nature's God." During the 1700s, the Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that began in Europe, and the Great Awakening, a colonial religious movement, influenced peo- ple’s thinking throughout the thirteen colonies. Enlightenment ideas spread from Europe to the colonies, where people such as Benjamin Franklin embraced the notion of obtaining truth through experimentation and reason. For example, Franklin’s most famous experiment—flying a kite in a thunderstorm—demonstrated that lightning is a form of electrical power. Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through the colonies by means of books and pamphlets. Literacy was particularly high in New England because the Puritans had long supported public education, partly to make it possible for every- one to read the Bible. However, Enlightenment views were disturbing to some peo- ple. The Enlightenment suggested that people could use science and logic—rather than the pronouncements of church authorities—to arrive at truths. As the English poet John Donne had written, “[The] new philosophy calls all in doubt.” Questions For Review: 1. Link each of these individuals to his faith: John Wesley, Jonathan Edwards, Cecil Calvert. 2. Name a minority Christian faith from German-speaking countries. Name a minority Christian faith from Great Britain. Name a minority Christian faith from the modern-day Czech Republic. - Jump up↑ Norwood, Frederick A. The Story of American Methodism - Jump up↑ "Character of A Methodist" (title assigned by the anthology), extract from a sermon by John Wesley. Kerr, Hugh E., Editor, Readings In Christian Thought. Second Edition. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1990(1966). - Jump up↑ Norwood, Fredrick A. The Story of American Methodism - Jump up↑ Judaism- Stone, Amy. Jewish Americans. Milwaukee: World Almanac Library, 2007. - Jump up↑ Greeley, Andrew M. An Ugly Little Secret. 1928 - Jump up↑ Horvat, Marian T. Let None Dare Call it Liberty. - Jump up↑ Horvat. - Jump up↑ Horvat. - Jump up↑ Bedell, George C., Leo Sandon, Jr., Charles T. Wellborn. Religion in America. Second edition. New York: Macmillan, 1982 (1975). P. 231. Wikibooks contributors, "US History/Colonial Religion," Wikibooks, The Free Textbook Project, http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=US_History/Colonial_Religion&oldid=2720285 (accessed November 14, 2014).

<urn:uuid:3149fe1a-29fa-4b02-a72f-6a89c2418a51>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.skennedyushistory.com/colonony-religions

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500482.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331115844-20200331145844-00314.warc.gz

en

Section 1: Epidemiology and aetiology Cellulitis and erysipelas are infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Now widely regarded as variants of the same condition, elements of both often coexist within an affected area. Such superficial soft tissue infections are usually caused by beta-haemolytic streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. Gram-negative organisms should be suspected following animal bites, in the immunocompromised, the elderly and following hospital admission. Difficulty of diagnosis Despite being common these conditions often prove difficult to diagnose and manage. This is well illustrated by a recent Cochrane review from 2010 that struggled to give decisive systematic advice on how to manage these conditions.1 Data from 2009 and 2010 show that within the English NHS 60,146 patients were admitted for cellulitis and erysipelas for an average of 7.1 and 3.8 days respectively.2 Figures from 1998 to 1999 revealed 34,326 admissions for these conditions (cellulitis 33,903 and erysipelas 423) showing an increasing strain on costs and resources over time.2 There is growing evidence that lower limb cellulitis is caused by local risk factors rather than systemic ones, such as diabetes mellitus. A case-control study published in 2008 identified risk factors for the development of lower limb cellulitis as toe web disease, dermatomycosis, local injury, oedema, previous surgery and dermatosis of the leg.3 Animal bites and ulcers can also provide portals of entry for bacteria.4 Once an episode of cellulitis has occurred, patients are at risk of recurrent disease. Recurrence rates of 17-37 per cent are reported thus making cellulitis a persistent problem for a significant proportion of those affected.3 Section 2: Making the diagnosis Erysipelas, an infection of the dermis and superficial subcutis, often presents on the face (unilaterally) or lower limb but can occur at any site. Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common culprit. Symptoms include pain, increased temperature and erythematous oedema which give erysipelas its most distinctive feature of a well-defined bright red, raised border. Skin on the face may take on an 'orange peel' appearance and a 'butterfly' distribution can develop. Bullae, ecchymoses and necrosis may form within affected areas. Obese patients are especially at risk of these complications.5 Cellulitis affects deeper structures than erysipelas, including the subcutaneous tissues. Many of the features of erysipelas will be present in cellulitis, such as increased temperature, pain, spreading erythema and swelling, but the margins of infected and unaffected skin are less easily definable. Abscesses or even ulcers can develop. Features of both cellulitis and erysipelas may be seen at the same site of infection. Local and/or regional lymphadenopathy may be present. Cellulitis on the hand of a 65-year-old woman following a cat bite (Author image) Often no specific investigations are needed or useful. However, the presence of raised inflammatory markers, such as CRP, ESR and neutrophils, may help if the diagnosis is in doubt, along with other basic investigations, such as renal function, in those who are systemically unwell. Any weepy or purulent areas should be swabbed and samples sent for microscopy, culture and sensitivities. |Differential diagnoses to consider| Section 3: Managing the condition Initial management is aimed at prompt initiation of appropriate antibiotics. However, a 2010 Cochrane review was unable to define which antibiotics, route or duration were superior.1 Local antibiotics guidelines should be followed but penicillin V with or without flucloxacillin or amoxicillin with clavulanic acid are often used. Clarithromycin or erythromycin should be used in those with penicillin allergy. If a limb is affected, elevation should be advised. Any underlying dermatoses must be treated aggressively. Usually 10 to 14 days of antibiotics are needed but treatment should be continued until signs of infection have resolved, which may be much longer. This can be difficult to judge when underlying dermatosis has not been adequately treated thus masking any improvements. Bilateral leg cellulitis Bilateral leg cellulitis is a rare condition. Compression therapy should be considered in venous/stasis dermatitis along with leg elevation. Active dermatitis should be treated with topical steroids and emollients. Recurrent infections can occur in lymphoedema. 'Decongestive lymphatic therapy', which consists of an exercise plan, general skin care, multilayered compression bandages and manual lymphatic drainage, may reduce the frequency of recurrent cellulitis.6 Antibiotic prophylaxis (penicillin or erythromycin) can be considered in patients who have two or more episodes per year. This is mostly seen in children and a low threshold for admission to hospital for parenteral antibiotics and imaging is advised. Warning signs for deep involvement (intraorbital infection or cavernous sinus thrombosis) include failure to improve with antibiotics, pain, proptosis, ophthalmoplegia or oedema preventing full evaluation of eye movements and altered vision. Obesity alters the skin barrier function, predisposes to poor wound healing and impedes lymphatic flow resulting in lymphoedema.7,8 Obesity also aggravates venous insufficiency, which will exacerbate or initiate venous/stasis dermatitis. Elephantiasis nostras verruciformis may develop following chronic lymphoedema (see image below). Elephantiasis nostras verruciformis may develop following chronic lymphoedema (Author image) Obesity also increases the incidence of other infections, such as candidiasis, folliculitis, tinea cruris and intertrigo, which can be difficult to eradicate due to poor mobility and poor hygiene.7,8 Recurrent purulent infections Panton-Valentine-Leucocidin toxin is produced by strains of Staph aureus and should be suspected in any purulent skin and soft tissue infection.9 Once isolated, specific antibiotic treatments are advised along with decolonisation which may involve close contacts. Although rare, this life-threatening condition of the deep fascia necessitates prompt admission to hospital for parenteral antibiotics and surgical debridement.10 The early signs can be very non-specific but features include severe local pain and tenderness over areas of erythematous, mottled or blistering necrotic skin. Signs may rapidly develop with gas demonstrable in the tissues (crepitus) and systemic upset. Referral is required in those who are systemically unwell with signs of septicaemia or septic shock. Failure to improve with oral antibiotics, the presence of comorbidities and complications are also indications for admission. Each case is different and management strategies must reflect this. Referral to a lymphoedema clinic, vascular clinic, podiatrist, diabetic foot clinic or dermatologist may be appropriate depending on the underlying problems. Section 4: Prognosis Prognosis depends on many factors, such as severity of initial infection and any complications and comorbidities which may hinder recovery. Cellulitis and erysipelas can become a recurrent, chronic problem and identifying underlying risk factors is essential. If recurrence at the same site is a problem despite prevention strategies, long-term low-dose penicillin can be tried for a couple of years. Early patient-initiated treatment can also be tried to assess if this impacts on frequency and severity of infections. After starting antibiotics and managing in primary care, review should be arranged within 48 hours to assess response. Once the infection has cleared, no matter where the patient was managed, a review should be arranged to assess and address risk factors to prevent the development of further episodes. Section 5: Case study Our dermatology team reviewed a 65-year-old woman who had seen her GP 14 days previously with fever and vomiting and had failed to respond to a course of antibiotics. On admission she had been diagnosed with bilateral lower leg cellulitis and initial blood tests revealed a raised WCC of 18 (4-11x109/L), neutrophils 12 (1.9-7.5x109/L), CRP of 157 (0-10mg/L) and ESR of 80mm/hr. After 14 days of IV antibiotics (benzylpenicillin and flucloxacillin) she felt systemically much better and her inflammatory markers were settling; however, her legs remained red, sore and swollen. On examination there was bilateral, dry, scaly, blanching and tender erythema extending up to the knees with bilateral pitting oedema, haemosiderin deposition and venous flare. Some blistering and haemorrhage had occurred around the ankles and was now crusting over. She admitted to having had varicose vein surgery 10 years before. Multiple courses of oral antibiotics had failed to resolve the problem. Venous/stasis dermatitis complicated by cellulitis and erysipelas was diagnosed. The patient was advised to continue treatment with oral antibiotics as an outpatient. The patient was advised to keep the legs elevated, to apply topical moderate potency steroids twice a day to red areas and to use regular emollients containing antimicrobials (benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine), which can also be used as soap substitutes. Two weeks later at review, the antibiotics were stopped because the erythema and pain had improved. Topical treatments were continued. One month later, topical steroids were being used just twice a week and the lower legs remained free of active dermatitis or cellulitis. We advised lower leg compression therapy and ongoing skin care with topical steroids as required and regular emollients to prevent further flares. Section 6: Evidence base - Kilburn SA, Featherstone P, Higgins B et al. Interventions for cellulitis and erysipelas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (6): CD004299. This review was unable to identify the best treatment for cellulitis and erysipelas. - CREST. Guidelines on the management of cellulitis in adults. 2005. - The British Lymphology Society. Consensus document on the management of cellulitis in lymphoedema. 2010. Available from: www.thebls.com/docs/consensus.pdf - Wolff K, Katz SI, Goldsmith LA et al. Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine (seventh edition). McGraw-Hill Medical, 2007. Chapter 179 covers cellulitis, erysipelas and other soft tissue infections. This topic is covered in the GP curriculum in statement 15.10 Skin problems - The British Lymphology Society - www.thebls.com - The Lymphoedema Support Network - www.lymphoedema.org Both of these websites provide advice for patients and doctors on managing lymphoedema, with specific guidelines on cellulitis in lymphoedema. |CPD IMPACT: EARN more credits| These further action points may allow you to earn more credits by increasing the time spent and the impact achieved. 1. Kilburn SA, Featherstone P, Higgins B et al. Interventions for cellulitis and erysipelas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (6): CD004299. 2. NHS. Hospital Episode Statistics. www.hesonline.nhs.uk 3. Halpern J, Holder R, Langford NJ. Ethnicity and other risk factors for acute lower limb cellulitis: a UK-based prospective case-control study. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158: 1288-92. 4. Wolff K, Katz SI, Goldsmith LA et al. Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine (seventh edition) McGraw-Hill Medical, 2007. 5. Krasagakis K, Samonis G, Valachis A et al. Local complications of erysipelas: a study of associated risk factors. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 36: 351-4. 6. The British Lymphology Society. Consensus document on the management of cellulitis in lymphoedema. 2010. 7. Shipman AR, Millington GWM. Obesity and the skin. Br J Dermatol 2011: 165; 743-50. 8. Yosipovitch G, DeVore A, Dawn A. Obesity and the skin: skin physiology and skin manifestations of obesity. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56; 901-16. 9. Ellington MJ, Ganner M, Smith IM et al. Panton-Valentine Leucocidin-related disease in England and Wales. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 86-8. 10. Health Protection Agency. General information - necrotising fasciitis. www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/NecrotisingFasciit is/GeneralInformationNecrotising Fasciitis/

<urn:uuid:754ca770-9f91-4137-be8b-971fd4e56f16>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.gponline.com/clinical-review-cellulitis-erysipelas/allergic-disorders/allergic-disorders/article/1106149

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370508367.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402204908-20200402234908-00234.warc.gz

en

Since Nicolaus Copernicus first described Mars’ rotation around the sun in his heliocentrism theory in 1543, the Red Planet has been an object of fascination. From Eugene Antoniadi‘s first production of the most accurate maps of Mars in the pre-Space Age era, to the InSight lander, our gaze has always reached skyward toward the planet which the Romans named after the God of War. In his 1990 book, “Mars Beckons,” John Noble Wilford stated “Mars tugs at the human imagination like no other planet. With a force mightier than gravity, it attracts the eye to the shimmering red presence in the clear night sky.” It has been with that outlook that mankind has pursued exploration. The latest vehicle to touch down is InSight probe, with the Mars 2020 Rover next on the planet’s dance card, and a manned landing is supposedly 20 years down the road (although to be fair, boots on Mars have always been 20 years down the road since the 1960s). With new discoveries seemingly happening on a regular basis, we should all remember some of exploits Mars exploration’s past which is helping shape its future. The arms race to Mars When robotic exploration first began, the Soviet Union looked to have the early lead. Only three years after a successful Sputnik launch, they decided to bypass any moon exploration and head straight for our nearest planet. Their first two tries with the romantically named 1M No.1 and 1M No.2 in October 1960 were both destroyed before even reaching orbit. Attempt number three on October 24, 1962 with 2MV-4 No.1 — more tongue-pleasingly known as Sputnik 22 — made it only slightly farther, arriving in Earths low-orbit before it too was destroyed. Their fourth attempt with the orbiter Mars 1 made it beyond Earth’s gravity for almost five months before contact was lost. Two years later in 1964, the United States tried their luck with mixed results. An hour into Mariner 3‘s mission, problems were found with the solar panels. Ground crews were unable to fix the issue before the batteries died and the mission was considered a failure. However, Mariner 4, launched 23 days later, was officially the first successful craft to reach Mars in its July 14, 1965 flyby. Two days after Mariner 4 made it out of Earth’s orbit, the USSR sent off Zond 2, which actually reached Mars, but experienced radio failure and no data was received. After several more failures, the Soviets finally hit paydirt (sort of) when Mars 2 entered Martian orbit on November 27, 1971 where it made 362 trips around the planet. The lander which accompanied Mars 2 officially became the first human-made object to land on Mars. Although “land” would be a relative term, as it actually “landed” with all of the grace of a demolition derby, pancaking itself onto the surface after the parachute failed to deploy. With Mars 3 though, the Soviet Union could say they became the first country to successfully place a craft on Mars. The orbiter made its first trip around the Red Planet on December 3, 1971 while the lander successfully touched down and began transmissions to its sister craft…for 20 seconds. After that, the transmission was lost and never recovered. The failure is thought to have been due to a dust storm, and sadly, that was the last major success for the Soviets. A later flight, Mars 5, returned 180 frames back to Earth before the spacecraft’s pressurized instrument compartment began to leak. Only 43 of those pictures were of usable quality. The U.S. scored another victory when Mariner 9 became the first craft to return a large number of usable photos. Orbiting Mars for nearly a year, it sent back 7,329 photos and discovered the tops of dormant volcanoes and a huge rift across the planet later coined Valles Marineris. Fast forward to Viking 1 whose images became iconic as the first ever taken from Mars, revealing an awe-inspiring desert landscape. Data from Viking 1 returned its first data on July 20, 1976, seven years to the day of the first Moon landing. The Viking 1 orbiter rounded the planet 1,385 times while the lander operated for 2,245 sols and revealed that the composition of Mars was almost identical to meteorites which had been found on Earth. Its sister craft, Viking 2‘s orbiter circled Mars 700 times with its lander operating for 1,281 sols. One of the more famous losses in the Mars saga came with the Mars Observer. In an era of “Better, Faster, Cheaper”, the project was estimated to have cost NASA $813 million, four times the original budget. NASA lost radio communications with the craft and never regained it. The mission was considered lost just before it was supposed to achieve Mars orbit on August 21, 1993. “That was a really, really horrible feeling to have worked on something for five or six years, and then suddenly it’s all gone,” said InSight science lead Bruce Banerdt, who worked on the Mars Observer, on NASA’s On a Mission podcast. “Later on, they found a design flaw in the propulsion system, which likely allowed the fuel to mix with the oxidizer in the wrong place, and probably blow a hole in the side of the spacecraft.” Touching down on Martian soil When the skateboard-sized Sojourner rover touched the Martian surface in July of 1997, everything changed. Aside from becoming the first wheeled explorer of Mars, its mother lander, Pathfinder, used the novel idea of airbags to land instead of the conventional rockets, a technological first. Shortly after the arrival of Pathfinder and Sojourner, the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) made its appearance at the Red Planet. Leaving Earth on November 7, 1996, MGS arrived on September 12 the next year and mapped Mars from pole to pole. While it was not made official until Spirit and Opportunity studied the planet seven years later, MGS discovered gullies and a shiny grey mineral called hematite, groundbreaking finds because they are general signs that water once existed. MGS’s mission was extended several times until contact was eventually lost in 2006. NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Mission (MER) brought about the birth of the rovers Spirit and Opportunity. After seven months in route, the pair landed in January of 2004. It was from Oppy that MGS’s discovery was confirmed — the discovery of jarosite and hematite, two minerals that need water and acidic conditions to be formed. While the two were expected to survive only three months, they long outlived that lifespan. Spirit operated for five years while Oppy finally gave up the ghost in 2018. Scott Maxwell was a rover driver for Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity, and author of the blog Mars and Me. “(Spirit) was the first rover I ever drove, and — well, it’s like your first car, or your first crush. Or like both of those things at the same time,” he said in an email. “Spirit was definitely the underdog, because she landed in a part of Mars that turned out to have buried the water evidence she went all the way there to find. She had to survive longer than she was designed to survive, and push herself farther than she was ever meant to go, and even climb a Martian mountain, to find what she went there for. A lot of people gave up on her along the way, but I and a few others never did. And she proved us right, in the end.” The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) was launched on August 12, 2005, for its seven-month voyage to Mars. MRO arrived on March 10, 2006, and began its scientific mission in November 2006. It also just recently made its 60,000th loop around the planet. Upon its creation, MRO carried the most powerful telescopic camera ever flown to another planet. This enabled the satellite to show Martian landscape features as small as a kitchen table from the spacecraft’s low orbital altitude. MRO also plays a critical role in future landing craft. “We are counting on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter remaining in service for many more years,” said Michael Meyer, lead scientist of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program at the agency’s Washington headquarters. “It’s not just the communications relay that MRO provides, as important as that is. It’s also the science-instrument observations. Those help us understand potential landing sites before they are visited, and interpret how the findings on the surface relate to the planet as a whole.” The Phoenix Mars Lander took off for its journey on August 4, 2007, and landed on Mars on May 25, 2008. Phoenix was the first in NASA’s Scout Program and was designed to study the history of water and habitability potential in the Martian arctic’s ice-rich soil. A solar-powered lander, it completed its three-month mission and kept working until sunlight waned two months later. The mission was officially ended in May 2010. The Mars Scout Program involved low-cost spacecraft (less than $450 million) but was canceled in 2010 after approval of MAVEN (Mars Atmospheric and Volatile EvolutioN). Curiosity, part of NASA’s $2.5 billion Mars Science Laboratory mission, has one primary goal — to find life, or signs of it at least. It is tasked with characterizing the climate and geography on Mars to see if life had once graced the planet and if it might be suitable to once again sustain life. Humans on Mars — the ultimate goal The car-sized rover landed on August 6, 2012, in Gale Crater (or if you’re a detractor…Canada) after a daring sequence that NASA dubbed “Seven Minutes of Terror” due to its novel landing. The spacecraft descended on a parachute, then during the final seconds before landing, the landing system fired rockets to allow it to hover while a tether lowered Curiosity to the surface. The rover then landed on its wheels, the tether was cut, and the landing system flew off to crash-land a safe distance away. To make its search, Curiosity was armed with an instrument from the Russian Federal Space Agency. The Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons experiment blasts 10 million neutrons into the surface with every pulse. Each of these searches for one atom: hydrogen, one of the primary ingredients in water. Curiosity didn’t have to travel far to find its evidence. Research from the rover found that it’s landing crater could have been habitable for 700 million years. Maxwell said that driving Curiosity and the two MER rovers was one of the best experiences of his life. “Being a Mars rover driver was like stepping into the fantasy world I had when I was a kid and having it become my reality. And the best part was that I got to take all of humanity along for the ride.” MAVEN was the second mission selected for the Mars Scout program. It launched on November 18, 2013, and entered orbit around Mars on September 21, 2014. MAVEN’s ongoing mission is to obtain measurements of the Martian atmosphere to further understanding the dramatic climate change that has occurred over the course of its history. In early 2019, the satellite was shifted to a lower orbit to prepare it to take on additional responsibility as a data-relay satellite for NASA’s Mars 2020 Rover. While previous missions have only studied Mars skin deep, InSight, or the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport for those who like lots of words and have too much time, is investigating Mars’ deep interior with thermal probes and seismometry, an approach scientists believe will address questions about the Mars’ formation and composition. The lander hit the Martian surface in November 2018 and is undergoing a two-year mission to study the deep interior of Mars to learn how all celestial bodies with rocky surfaces, including Earth and the Moon, formed. “Earth and Mars were molded out of very similar stuff,” said Bruce Banerdt, InSight’s principal investigator at JPL, which leads the mission. “Why did the finished planets turn out so differently? Our measurements will help us turn back the clock and understand what produced a verdant Earth but a desolate Mars.” There have truly been abundant research and time geared toward discovering more about our nearest celestial neighbor. All of this will hopefully one day pave the way for humans to land on the planet in what would be the greatest feat humans have ever performed outside of Earth’s orbit. “Someday people will travel to Mars,” said seventh-grader J. Stephen Hartsfield in 1984. “It will be a long trip, but fun. This will be a big step for mankind.”

<urn:uuid:2ac4ddba-9ee2-4fcd-a719-fc673747ec68>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.zmescience.com/science/history-mars-spacecraft-0423532/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371624083.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406102322-20200406132822-00114.warc.gz

en

When people think about hand safety they often think about gloves. And rightly so: gloves help prevent cuts and scrapes, keep out chemicals and protect against extreme temperatures. Hand safety doesn’t just involve hazards related to the skin, though. Ergonomics play a significant role in hand safety over time, and those kinds of injuries don’t happen in one day. Health problems like tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndrome and other muscle strains are the result of repetitive motions. These injuries can be prevented at industrial and construction worksites, though, by selecting appropriate hand tools. Not having the right tools, organized with a good piece of tool foam, close to hand, often causes excessive motion. Bad layout of the work area, also can result in excess small motions. While each movement may not seem like much, these extra motions repeated day after day, can lead to injuries. Hand Tools and Ergonomics According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), workers should select tools that can be used with the least amount of force, repeated movement and awkward positioning possible to perform a task. Over time, things like using a tool at the wrong angle or lifting a heavy tool repeatedly can get employees into trouble and lead to what are called musculoskeletal disorders. Free PPE Guide: Get To Know The Gear That Keeps You Safe Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is paramount to proper safety techniques in manufacturing, construction, or industrial facilities. This PPE guide illustrates PPE symbols and requirements. Make sure all employees are familiar with required PPE in their areas. Symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders in the hands and arms include decreased movement, decreased grip strength, muscle fatigue, tingling, joint swelling, soreness, numbness, changes in skin color and pain, and any workers experiencing these symptoms should discuss their current work behaviors with a doctor. To prevent these types of problems, it’s essential to select the right tools for the job. So which tool is the right tool? An ergonomic one. An ergonomic tool, NIOSH explains, is one that fits both your hand and the task you are performing. You shouldn’t use a tool for a task it’s not designed for, nor should you use a tool too big or too small for your hand. Either can cause you to strain muscles in unhealthy ways. Before you run to the store and start picking up tools to see which feels best in your hand, there are a few key things to consider. How Will the Tool Be Used? Tools serve many purposes in the workplace, and specific tools are designed to accomplish specific tasks. Just because you have a heavy wrench on hand and can’t find a hammer doesn’t mean you should use the wrench to pound something. That may be an obvious example, but consider a more common problem: sometimes you may have the incorrect size tool available, and using it could require you to hold your arm at an odd angle. The point is you should know what tools a job requires and obtain those tools to get the job done. Common tools include striking tools (like hammers or mallets), driving tools (like screwdrivers or wrenches), cutting/pinching tools (like pliers) and hammered tools (like chisels). Another consideration when choosing a tool for a task is how that tool will be held. Certain tasks require more force than others, which means tool users will employ different hand positions. A power grip, which is when a person wraps all fingers around the handle of a tool, provides the most force. Think of the way someone grips a hammer to strike a nail. A pinch grip (sometimes called a precision grip), on the other hand, is used when a task requires small, accurate movements. The tool user holds the tool between the thumb and fingertips. Think of the way someone grips a screwdriver to remove a screw from a small space. The type of grip a person will use with a tool helps determine what size tool is necessary for a job, which we will return to in a bit. A tool must fit the job and it also must fit your hand. To achieve the best fit possible for your hand, one option is to learn your actual hand size. ChooseHandSafety.org, an informational website run by the Center for Construction Research and Training (CPWR), provides information about how to measure the size of your hand, your grip and your palm. (The size of your grip is probably the least obvious here; put simply, if you make the okay sign with your hand, your grip size is the diameter of the circle made by your thumb and index finger.) CPWR also suggests workers can experiment with tools by using them for a while, then adding tape to a tool’s handle to see if the larger size is more comfortable and removing tape if necessary. What to Look for in a Tool Non-electric tools like hammers, trowels and brushes may seem simple, but you should consider a number of factors before selecting a tool for a job. The diameter of a tool’s handle is one of the most important characteristics of a tool because a proper diameter will give you the best grip. For single-handle tools (most tools), NIOSH recommends a handle diameter of 1-¼ inches to 2 inches for tools that will require a power grip and ¼ to ½ inch for tools that will require precision grips. (For even more precise information about the measurements needed for your hand size, visit Choose Hand Safety). Some tools like pliers, cutters or tweezers have two handles so they are referred to as double-handle tools. If you will use a power grip to complete a task with a double-handle tool, the tool should have an open grip span of 3-½ inches or less and a closed grip span of 2 inches of greater. For tasks that will use the pinch grip, the grip span should be slightly smaller: 3 inches or less when open and 1 inch or more when closed. Take a look at NIOSH’s Guide to Selecting Hand Tools to see more detailed information about these measurements. As a general rule, you will always want to select a tool whose handle is long enough that its end won’t press into your palm. This typically means the handle must be at least four to six inches long. A bent wrist can over time become an injured wrist, so always choose tools that allow you to keep your wrist straight while you use them. Sometimes this means the handle will be straight, but other times this might mean the handle is at an angle. For example, if you want to apply force in the same direction as your straight forearm, a bent handle would work better than a straight one. Also consider whether you will need to use the tool in a small space. If you were using a screwdriver to work inside of a machine, for example, a long handle could get in the way and require you to bend your arm at an angle that is not ergonomic. When it comes to a tool’s weight, lighter is usually better. At first glance, it might seem like a heavy tool could get the job done faster, but oftentimes a heavy tool will cause worker fatigue sooner and can place extra strain on muscles. Consequently, it’s important to select the lightest tool possible that can still effectively accomplish the task at hand. Keep in mind that the listed weight of a tool may not include the weight of a handle. Tool handles are made from a variety of materials including metal, wood and fiberglass. Each material has benefits, but as a user you should think about how the material could impact your safety. When using a heavier tool like a hammer, the handle will vibrate each time you strike something. Over time, this can cause nerve damage in the hands and wrist. Wood and fiberglass tend to vibrate less than metal, so those materials will likely keep your hands safer when using striking tools. Additionally, some materials provide a better grip than others, which prevents a tool from slipping out of your hand. Some handles also have anti-slip materials added to them, so look for those features when dealing with tools like hammers or mallets. Adjusting Tools to Fit Your Hand Choose Hand Safety suggests tools can be adjusted to make them more ergonomic. Tool sleeves can be added when handles are too small. If a handle is too big, it’s sometimes possible to replace the handle. Wood handles can also be sanded down to make them smaller (although if you go this route, make sure your adjustments to the tool won’t make it more likely to break during use). Gloves can also help make a tool that’s too small for your hand fit better, but you should assess whether the gloves limit your ability to perform required tasks. Some tasks also require PPE like gloves, and in those cases users should always select tools based on the size their gloved hands. Need somewhere to store your new tools? Try using foam tool organizers to keep your workspace safe and organized. - How Much Does an Ergonomic Injury Cost? - Prevent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Observing Posture to Improve Ergonomics - How to Clean Contaminated Work Clothing - How to Use Safety Posters Effectively - 6 Reasons to Invest in a Visual Workplace - Unknown Workplace Hazards – How Should We Deal with Them? - Workplace Lighting Can Increase Safety and Productivity - Tool Storage Ideas– creativesafetysupply.com - Does the Weight of a Hammer Matter?– realsafety.org - Use Tools Safely– babelplex.com - Hand Safety – How to Keep All Ten Fingers– blog.creativesafetysupply.com - How to Select a Good Six Sigma Project– iecieeechallenge.org - A Dozen Ways to Improve Workplace Safety…with Apps– safetyblognews.com - The Tools of 5S– 5svideos.com - Floor Marking in Warehouses and How to Get the Best Tapes– heavydutyfloortape.com

<urn:uuid:31ce4f20-c75b-4c1c-85cf-7a7ea4a840e6>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.creativesafetypublishing.com/how-to-select-ergonomic-hand-tools/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371618784.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406035448-20200406065948-00233.warc.gz

en

A guiding light for decision makers The Natural Step (TNS), an international charity promoting sustainable development through the use of science, has produced a guide helping decision-makers link the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of products, processes and activities to the broader context of sustainable development. In this article, Dr Mark Everard, director of science at The Natural Step, outlines some of the principles covered by the guide.Sustainable development is an ever more urgent issue that society must address, and there is a need to use good science to guide decision-making. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely-established tool for exploring the environmental impacts of defined life cycles of products, processes and activities. It is undoubtedly helpful in informing decision-making by quantifying these impacts. However, whilst a useful management tool for closely-defined purposes, LCA does not automatically guide more sustainable decision-making. The guide, entitled Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability: Adding Value with The Natural Step Framework, aims to help those grappling with sustainability issues across product or process life cycles, and to inform decision-making by connecting the analytical power of LCA with the broader context of sustainable development. The pace of change in our fast-moving world is accelerating, and nowhere faster than in business. Although the pressures that enforce these changes are diverse, many stem from the squeeze between diminishing resources, rising global population and material expectations. The Natural Step (TNS) uses the metaphor of the ‘funnel’ to describe how these pressures impinge increasingly upon the ‘license-to-operate’ granted to businesses by society. As one approaches the funnel’s walls, sustainability-related pressures manifest in ways as diverse as economic signals (recent examples include the UK’s Aggregates and Landfill Taxes), reputation issues heightened by media interest, more stringent emission regulations, health and safety liabilities, increasing difficulties obtaining capital or planning permission, etc. There is no reliable method for determining by which route these pressures will impinge upon the activities of a business or other organisation. Indeed, sustainability pressures have a habit of manifesting in unpredictable ways. For example, the PR furore over PVC in recent years, the discovery of the endocrine-disrupting properties of a range of compounds, and impacts on resource availability arising from conflicts in productive areas of the world, were all largely unforeseeable. Over-emphasis of just some facets of the environmental impacts of products and processes may therefore prepare one poorly for the inevitably changing world in which we live. Social and economic factors are obviously of major significance, but so too are environmental implications connected with all parts of the ‘life cycle’, including sources of raw materials and fate of substances post-disposal. For this, TNS believes that the only sensible context for exploring the sustainability challenges of a product or process is the sustainability principles governing the workings of the natural world and human interactions with it. The key strength that LCA offers is the assessment in quantitative terms of the relative environmental impacts of materials, processes, technologies or products, and their alternatives, in specific applications. It achieves this by using a science-based systems approach to addressing inputs and outputs. This quantification is helpful in providing hard guidance on options, based upon fact rather than perception or guesswork. Within the selected ‘life cycle’ boundaries, LCA provides a valuable mechanism for quantitative options appraisal, and for screening. There is however a lack of prescription about those ‘life cycle’ boundaries within LCA, which are instead left for the user to define. To believe that the impacts of a process or product stop at a largely arbitrary point of ‘disposal’ is naive. The very term ‘cradle to grave’, which features in the ISO14040 standard definition of LCA, implies a linear process from source to waste, at odds with the sustainable supportive cycles of this planet. The term ‘cradle to cradle’ would fit better with this cyclic concept of sustainability, as nothing simply ‘disappears’ in nature. All resources, be they natural products or wastes, remain subject to the natural cycles operating on this planet. Sustainability considerations must apply to the complete natural cycle of materials and not merely the human-defined segment of their journey through the economy. There is no automatic ‘navigation’ with respect to sustainability principles within LCA applied in isolation, and neither is the intent of LCA to cover the full ‘triple bottom line’ of environmental, economic and social issues that constitute sustainability thinking. Numerous attempts have been made to expand the application of LCA to take account of these wider dimensions of sustainable development (for example, the 2001 DETR report Life Cycle Assessment of Polyvinyl Chloride and Alternatives). However, all seem to demonstrate the shortcomings of ‘bolting on’ social and economic elements to a tool not implicitly attuned to strategic sustainable development assessment. The focus of LCA is tight and environmental, and it is therefore best deployed for discrete purposes within an overall framework of sustainability. Since both the principles of sustainability of TNS and the LCA tool utilise an objective basis in science, and both are based on systems analysis, there is a logical fit between the strategic overview provided by TNS principles and the specific quantification provided by LCA. The former provide qualitative ‘navigation’ with respect to the journey of sustainable development – the latter provides quantified metrics with respect to specific environmental issues. This linkage of context and tool is indeed implicit in the intent of LCA as the ISO 14040 standard notes that, in interpreting LCA outputs: “Generally, the information developed in an LCA study should be used as part of a much more comprehensive decision process…” The environmental focus of LCA is not therefore a weakness. But we need to be aware that the environmental elements addressed by LCA are only a part of the sustainability story, and that this story has to be addressed within a cohesive framework of understanding of sustainability. The user is free to determine the system boundaries in an LCA, and for a true sustainability assessment the biosphere of this planet (the basis for TNS principles) defines the finite limits of ‘carrying capacity’. This must necessarily force us to consider the life cycle beyond ‘end-of-life’ of products or after disposal. After all, burying or burning does not make things ‘disappear’ from the earth system, and the capacity for harmful effects upon life-support systems is not inhibited over anything other than the most parochial of human time scales. Furthermore, linear use is wasteful, as no further beneficial use of the resource occurs post-disposal. This can reinforce existing inequities in the way that resources are shared across society. Reframing the ‘life cycle’ within the broader context of the cyclic life-support systems of this planet, which make life and economic activities possible, is the logical context for sustainability. As a related TNS study (Towards the Sustainable Use of Material Resources) demonstrates, this creates different perspectives on sustainable use of materials, and an associated set of new economic opportunities arising from more cyclic use and a decreasing dependence on linear use. If it is true that a well-quantified LCA without a broader sustainability context will not lead to more sustainable decision-making, it is also true that a vision of sustainability without the tools to make objective evaluation of options is lacking in pragmatism. There is therefore a close fit between the distinct roles of sustainability assessment (for example using TNS principles) and LCA. The TNS guide Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainable Development: Adding Value with The Natural Step Framework provides practical guidance to help managers and practitioners address that linkage. Though laid out in more detail in the report, the steps identified are summarised below. It is firstly recommended that a full qualitative sustainability evaluation be conducted prior to the expensive and data-heavy quantitative evaluation of LCA. This sets the broader context of environmental, social and economic factors germane to sustainable decision-making. It ensures that LCA can be focused on key questions relative to the flows of resources that are critical to sustainability, provides a common framework for comparison of other products and processes subject to LCA, and also helps ensure that LCAs are conducted in a more targeted, cost-effective and efficient way. An example of one such influential sustainability evaluation is PVC: An Evaluation Using The Natural Step Framework. Having identified the key environmental questions that the LCA should be addressing, and the context within which outputs should be interpreted, the LCA itself can then proceed along largely traditional lines, consistent with the ISO standards. The choice of metrics can then be tailored to the desired goal of the LCA, and the need for comparison between LCAs. A word of caution though. Whilst a number of ‘off-the-shelf’ tools for LCA are available from proprietary sources, but it should not be assumed that the settings and parameters within these tools are automatically appropriate for a sustainability-based LCA. Interpretation of outcomes from LCA studies must then be within the sustainability context identified through the qualitative sustainability evaluation. Appraisal of strategic choices or options is thereby automatically more closely related to incremental steps towards the end-goal of sustainability. Without that context, remember, ‘eco-efficient unsustainability’ remains a real risk! All of this is consistent with ISO14040 which specifies that, “There is no single method for conducting LCA studies. Organisations should have flexibility to implement LCA practically as established in this International Standard, based upon the specific application and the requirements of the user.” Making decisions about trade-offs can be done with greater rigour by setting the LCA within the context of sustainability. For example, to use a now-historic example, are the ozone-depleting effects of CFCs refrigerants worse than the global-warming effects of HCFCs? In the absence of a broader sustainability evaluation, the tendency will be to explore trade-offs across the life cycle (with or without LCA) of these two fundamentally unsustainable refrigerants. By contrast, a longer-term perspective may help resolve difficulties by helping identify innovations that result in no trade-off. For example, pioneering work by Electrolux in Sweden in 1994, using TNS principles, helped the company get themselves out of the CFC/HCFC dilemma by identifying butane/pentane refrigerants as a safer and ultimately more sustainable alternative that could be processed by natural cycles without adverse effects. The science-based approach to sustainable development advanced by TNS provides an invaluable and robust context in which to plan for sustainability. Without such a framework, there is a real risk that LCA will inform about eco-efficiency without addressing fundamental principles of sustainability. As a rule: ‘LCA may help explore the life cycle of a product, but only a full sustainability evaluation will help develop a cyclic life’. The LCA tool and the ‘navigation’ provided by sustainability evaluation add substantial value to each other, and can represent an efficient use of resources since LCA can be an expensive exercise. You need to be confident that you are assessing the right things.

<urn:uuid:7b67b2a2-1652-4a78-b735-6d3c7c29b4f5>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.edie.net/library/A-guiding-light-for-decision-makers/1142

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371896913.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410110538-20200410141038-00314.warc.gz

en

Single-gender education, the teaching of male or female students in separate classes or schools, was common in the United States until the twentieth century. But while the separation of students by gender has grown increasingly uncommon, educators, administrators and parents in the District and across the country are taking another look at the potential benefits of single-gender education. Many of the single-gender schools in the District are private schools established many years ago by religious institutions. Founded in 1789 and located in Bethesda, Georgetown Preparatory, which serves grades 9 to 12, is the nation’s oldest Catholic boys school. Located in Bladensburg, Maryland, Elizabeth Seton High School is a private Catholic all-girls high school established in 1959. And the Washington School for Girls (WSG), a Catholic school in Anacostia for girls in grades 3-8, was founded in 1998. But in the last ten years or so, the concept has gained traction. The District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) opened Ron Brown Preparatory College in the fall of 2016 to serve young men of color in grades 9 to 12, and North Star Preparatory, a new Public Charter School for boys in grades 4 to 8, is slated to open in the summer of 2018. Experts argue that boys and girls simply learn differently, and that each gender absorbs information better in differing environments. WSG President Beth Reaves points out that one advantage of single-gender schools is that educators are able to better focus on and respond to behavior and learning skills that experts say are associated with each gender. “Research shows that there is a difference in how boys and girls learn,” said Reaves. “We’re still learning so much. There’s a wide range of learning skills, and there are so many ways of segmenting children into learning groups.” The difference between gendered learning styles among elementary school aged boys and girls of the same age can be larger than differences in age groups, says research from the National Association for Single Sex Public Education (NASSPE). MRI scans show that boys have more areas of the brain dedicated on spatial-mechanical strengths, and girls have better verbal and emotional processing. The hippocampus, an area of the brain dealing with language and memory, develops faster and gets larger in girls than boys. Due to higher levels of serotonin and oxytocin, girls are also better able to focus, enabling them to sit still, read and write at an earlier age whereas boys often find it difficult to sit still and paying attention. Because of this, boys often require more periods of rest between lessons and are sometimes misdiagnosed with learning or attention-deficit problems. Studies show that certain teaching styles work best for each gender. For instance, lessons incorporating movement energize boys and help them stay focused, such as digging for earthworms during science classes. NASSPE says that it is easier to teach boys math by focusing on the properties of numbers themselves, but lessons about pure math work best for girls when tied into real-world applications of number theory, such as the way the numbers in the Fibonacci series show when you count the bracts on a pinecone.” Educational psychologists also say that girls evaluate their work more critically than boys, often reporting low confidence despite excellent performance, meaning girls need to build their confidence together with their knowledge and abilities. Distraction of the Sexes Experts also say single-gender environments can remove distraction, allowing students to better focus on their instructors and the subject matter. Reaves feels that one of the most important benefits of single-gender education is also the most obvious. “I think one of the biggest advantages is that girls, especially as they come into middle school, they don’t feel there’s the distraction that might be presented by boys.” Shawn Hardnett agrees. In the summer of 2018 he will be opening a new all-boys public charter school, the North Star College Preparatory Academy for Boys, for boys in grades 4 through 8. “Boys are very clearly distracted, by technology, by any number of things,” said Hardnett, who is CEO and Founder of North Star. “And they have very clearly seen girls as one of those distractions.” “Boys need something different,” Hardnett added, “that’s what parents and students have said to us, over and over again. And so we want to take the opportunity to provide that.” Hardnett and his team have spent time at private, parochial and public boys’ schools learning what is effective in boys-only environments. They have focused on pedagogy – or how to get students from not knowing to knowing – and the different tools that can be used to engage boys, such as humor or the use of grotesquery. “In a single-gender environment we can play with this in a way that you couldn’t in a coeducational environment,” he said. Hardnett added that, when separated from girls, boys are more willing to try things that are socially considered less masculine, such as arts and music, than they might be in a coeducational environment. Many of the single-gender schools see the focus on gender as the starting point for a targeted approach to education designed to help specific groups of students succeed. Ben Williams, Principal of Ron Brown College Preparatory High School, the District’s only public single-gender school, said that single-gender education is innovative and something that has rarely been tried in public schools. “We wanted to be very intentional,” he said, “and tailor experiences to young African-American men. It allows us to target a sub-group of students traditionally shown to struggle in our conventional high school systems.” Administrators and educators of single-gender schools believe that they are able to better empower their students so that they can enter new environments and situations surer of themselves. Alyssa Doherty, Enrollment and Marketing Strategist at Elizabeth Seton High School, says that her institution is uniquely able to strengthen and prepare young women for college and careers. “Our classroom settings foster and encourage self-advocacy, collaboration, and confidence,” she said. “As faculty and staff, we are always looking to be at the leading edge of learning opportunities and initiatives that enhance girls’ learning and open doors for them in traditionally underrepresented fields.” Seton’s curriculum has expanded to include programs that offer students exposure to a variety of career fields, including a STEM program in engineering, a pre-law program and a pharmacy technician program. Each of these academic tracks offer professional mentorship and internship programs. But Is Single-Gender the Real World? Critics of single-sex education say that many of the successes are a result of these types of programs and extracurricular activities rather than the absence of the opposite sex. A 2011 article published in the American Psychological Association (APA) Monitor on Psychology noted research showing that gender segregation can reinforce some of society’s gender-based expectations. Single-gender school educators disagree. “They can understand the value of learning to be solid in who you are and finding your voice at a young age. They don’t really know anything different,” said Reaves of the female students at WSG. “They’re not taking a back seat to anyone.” She emphasized that in an all-girls school, the roles of best student, best athlete, student body president and class clown are all filled by prominent students, all of them female. Seton’s Doherty agreed. “Our faculty and staff believe in the mission and recognize that nurturing and encouragement go a long way to helping girls achieve their goals.” “Our leadership roles are all filled by girls, the athletic facilities are intended for our girls, and our classroom lessons are all geared towards the learning styles of young women in today’s world.” Another criticism of single-gender schools is that they do not prepare students for the reality of a workplace in which men and women are expected to work together side by side. Educators acknowledge this concern, but say that interactions at school are not as important to the development of student understanding of gender roles as interactions in other contexts, such as at home or in the community. “School is just a snapshot of their day,” said Reaves of her students. “These girls are involved in activities, go home to their families and interact in a world that is co-ed. A lot of our girls go on to co-ed high schools, and they say that they feel grateful that they had a good opportunity to build their confidence.” Reaves added that girls who go on from the 130-student WSG campus to coeducational high schools feel the size of the school is often a bigger adjustment than the social, coeducational aspects. Hardnett agrees. “There is no research to suggest that school is where boys learn about gender roles,” he said. “But we know from observation and experience that boys in single-gender environments have opportunities to discuss relationships in a healthier way.” Administrators of single-gender school teachers acknowledge the wide variety of quality choices available to parents in the District, and encourage parents to look at all their options when considering a single-gender school. Ultimately, it is up to the parent to investigate the options available for their child and determine if a single-gender school is right for them. “Parents know their own child or children best, so taking a close look at the child and her particular style of learning is the first step to making that decision,” said Dougherty. “Given the particular learning style, decide what school purports to have a learning environment that supports that style.”

<urn:uuid:4a31eeea-2bab-48af-8e2a-1737678a52a7>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://eastoftheriverdcnews.com/2018/01/20/advantages-single-gender-schools/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00554.warc.gz

en

My child’s pediatrician (therapist, psychiatrist, early intervention team, school educational team) referred my child to have a neuropsychological evaluation. What exactly is a neuropsychological evaluation? And what can I learn about my child from this procedure: A neuropsychological evaluation is a formal assessment of brain functioning including, but not limited to understanding your child’s cognitive capacity, language skills, attention, memory and executive functioning, fine and gross motor and writing skills, achievement potential and adaptive functioning and social, emotional and behavioral functioning. Your child may have been referred for this in-depth assessment after discussing concerns with your child’s doctor or therapist or a sub specialist about his or her learning problems, or regression in scholastic functioning as school demands have increased or after experiencing an acquired injury, such as a traumatic brain injury. You may have discussed concerns with your child’s physician about her attentional capacity, or ability to manage planning and organizational demands of school and homework, as demands, such as in response to the transition to middle school, have increased. You may have raised concern about your child’s development of literacy or language based learning, or have seen early signs of a language based learning disorder, such as dyslexia that needs to be addressed. You may have raised concern that your child appears to be “falling through the cracks,” or showing limited response to targeted educational intervention. Your child may have a diagnosed learning disability, but a poor response to intervention, such that you are still missing a level of detail about how exactly your child does learn best. Your child might be eligible for special education support, and yet you still need to better pinpoint his strengths and limits. You might be satisfied with the services your child receives at school, but need more information to guide recommendations for supporting your child at home. Your child might be graduating from early intervention and you are seeking a professional opinion on what type of early education services will best meet your child’s individual developmental needs. There are thus many reasons why a professional that knows your child or hears your concerns would recommend this type of testing. The 1-hour parent/guardian/caregiver interview that occurs before testing takes place is used to fully understand your unique reasons for the referral and questions that need to be answered through this assessment as essential to tailoring an assessment battery that is individualized to your child. While all testing is standardized, there is no “one size fits all” approach. The evaluation is scheduled from 10am to 3pm. What can I expect my child to be doing for a full day? What will I be doing/where will I be waiting while my child is in testing? Typically, the evaluation will start with an assessment of your child’s cognitive functioning, or general intelligence. This interactive, problem solving, question/answer, sometimes paper and pencil format is guided by a series of tests that are non invasive and engaging, and enjoyable to most children. Your child might be asked to complete block designs, or geometric patterns or solve problems using analogical or verbal reasoning. The IQ test is typically administered in about an hour. Following a general assessment of cognitive functioning, testing might progress to include tests of attention, and new learning and memory and/or tests of higher level reasoning or cognitive executive functions. Some tests that are administered will feel “academic” or similar to a task that he or she might perform at school, such as an essay composition or a math worksheet. For some tests, your child will be asked to write or draw something, while other tests are administered in a listening paradigm, and others in a question and answer format. Some tests, such as self-report inventories that might be given to an older child or adolescent, are computer administered. For very young children, such as children under the age of 5, testing will feel like preschool, while for children under the age of 3, the test situation will be set up like a play time, with parents typically present. When testing is scheduled over the course of a full day, the morning evaluation session tends to last 2-hours before a lunch break is given (typically noon to 1pm), with testing resuming in the afternoon, from about 1pm to 3pm. Short breaks are administered through the day as needed. And in some cases, a child might demonstrate more optimal performance when testing is administered over 2 to 3 brief, 1 to 1 ½ hour sessions. Parents are invited to bring a book or laptop or work from home and to make themselves comfortable in our waiting room while their child is in testing. We have secure Wi-Fi if needed. There is also a coffee shop that serves homemade breakfast and lunch sandwiches and healthy fresh baked goods in the office complex that is open to 3pm daily. Parents of more independent children are invited to leave once their child is settled in testing and return to pick him up for the scheduled lunch break. How should I verbally prepare my child for the evaluation? It is advised that you speak to your child about the evaluation in developmentally appropriate terms, using language that they understand and can relate to, and an explanation that makes sense to them. For instance, if your middle schooler had a rough 6th grade year, you might explain that you are taking her to visit with a learning specialist, whose job is to figure out how she thinks and learns and solves problems and processes information. You might explain that she will be asked to participate in a number of tasks and activities that will guide a better understanding of why she struggled at school last year, and how she learns best, so that we can guide a more thoughtful approach to her 7th grade curriculum. Alternately, you might explain to your 6-year-old that is struggling socially or emotionally and/or at school that he is going to see a learning specialist that will have educational games and learning tasks and questions to ask and games to play in the spirit of understanding how we can help with friends and make school more interesting and fun. It might make sense to a child that has had a number of school transitions to be meeting with a learning specialist to gain insight into his or her unique style of learning, so that teachers that don’t know him well can start the year off with an understanding of which aspects of curriculum he is predicted to thrive, and where he might need some support. At the end of the 1- hour caregiver interview, your child’s neuropsychologist will review the best way to talk to your child about what to expect, based on an understanding of your child’s developmental level, comprehension capacity, and emotional factors and temperament. How should I physically prepare my child for the evaluation and what should I bring? You should plan for your child to get a good night’s sleep and come well rested to the evaluation. Have your child eat a nutritious breakfast, and bring your child’s preferred healthy snacks if grazing can help your child make it to the noon lunch break. Bring your child’s glasses or hearing aids or other regularly used assistive devices. Have your child take his prescription medication as he typically does. You should bring initial paperwork, such as the completed Neurodevelopmental History Form and signed consents to the initial 1-hour parent/caregiver interview, or send them to the office in advance if you live out of state and your initial meeting is to take place via phone consultation. Subsequently gathered medical or educational records or completed teacher/caregiver rating inventories can be brought to the evaluation appointment. I have insurance that I would like to use. What can I expect my insurance to cover for services? Our providers have several panel affiliations, and are in or out of network with different national and state/local plans. We are paneled providers for both Utah Medicaid (Traditional) and Wyoming Medicaid. When you complete and return the New Patient Intake Form, which gives us expressed written consent to contact your insurance company, we can verify benefit eligibility and provide you a quote from your insurance company of what you can expect them to cover and what your estimated financial responsibility will be. We offer benefit checks as a courtesy to our clients, and because benefit quotes are not a guarantee of how claims will be processed and paid, we encourage you to also call your insurance company to be sure that we each receive the same information. As some plans also require a written pre-authorization process, we prefer to check benefits very early in the process, well before you and your child are scheduled to come in. Once we review benefits and eligibility, we contact you to communicate what we have found out, and what we estimate your financial responsibility to be, whether this is an annual deductible that has to be met, a percentage of the fees that are billed, or a copayment per session. This estimate is expected to be paid at the time of the initial caregiver interview, via credit card or check payment. Please note that If you choose to make payment by credit card, there is 2.75% credit card processing fee that will be added to your fee (3.7% if we manually process your payment). How and when will I find out the results of my child’s evaluation and who receives the written evaluation report? The feedback session is a 1-hour session that is scheduled at the conclusion of testing and is a time that is set aside to review in detail the findings of the evaluation, recommendations that are made based on these findings, and suggestions and guidelines for moving forward with services that are recommended. This is the time to review test scores with the examiner, ask detailed questions, and understand what the findings tell us about your child and how he thinks and reasons and learns. We appreciate that you are eager to have these results as soon as possible, and strive to schedule the feedback within one to two weeks following testing. An exception might occur if we are awaiting the receipt of collateral data, such as teacher rating scales, after testing is completed and it is judged as important to receive and analyze this before the feedback session takes place. However we appreciate that you have likely waited a long time to have this assessment and are ready to receive the results as soon as possible. So again, our goal is to offer a timely feedback session/disposition. The written report of findings may take up to an extra one to two weeks after the feedback session to be prepared for dissemination. This report is thorough and detailed and is often not finalized until after we have sat down with you to talk through the findings and conceptualization and finalize the recommendations. The responsible financial party, which is typically the legal guardian of the minor that received services, is the designated recipient of the written report. Reports are only disseminated to third parties with written consent.

<urn:uuid:c7e4a63a-a2ba-4dc3-9158-a6884c9b5feb>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://galeandassociates.net/faqs/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493684.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329015008-20200329045008-00394.warc.gz

en

The 1829 Torravieja earthquake occurred in Province of Alicante of southern Spain, had an estimated magnitude of 6.6 Mw with a Mercalli intensity of IX. It damaged numerous cities and it was known as the Torrevieja earthquake because this was the largest locality that suffered its effects. In the southern province of Alicante, the period between 1820 and 1830 was the most seismically active, affecting the Bajo Segura seismotectonic line which has three major faults: the Benejúzar-Benijófar, Guardamar del Segura and Torrevieja. In general, the Alicante coast sank about 10 m across the Torrevieja fault. From September 13, 1828 to March 21, 1829, there were a series of earthquakes in the area estimated at more than two hundred. At 18:10 on March 22, 1829 an earthquake occurred, 6.6 Mercalli intensity on the current seismological scale, Intensity of IX 2,965 house were destroyed and 2,396 were damaged, destruction of bridges over the Segura river in Almoradi, Benejúzar and Guardamar, which extended the most serious effects, hundred of people were killed, half of them in Almoradí. List of earthquakes in Spain 1884 Andalusian earthquake El nuevo urbanismo del Bajo Segura a consecuencia del terremoto de 1829, Gregorio Canales Martínez, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. Terremotos más importantes ocurridos en España, Instituto Geográfico Nacional de España|Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Ministerio de Fomento. Memoria de los terremotos de 21 de marzo... José Agustín de Larramendi, 1829, Biblioteca Digital Hispánica Robert MacFarlan Cole was an American chemical engineer and author. He helped develop many chemicals, including freon and its use as a refrigerant and an aerosol repellent, a substance to counteract poisonous gas in World War I, synthetic rubber and pyrethrin insecticides in World War II, ethylene oxide as a hospital germicide, his education included studies at the Armour Institute, the University of Illinois and the University of Chicago, where he received his doctorate in chemistry. He married, on October 26, 1918, Wertha Pendleton, the daughter of William Frederic Pendleton, the founding bishop of the General Church of the New Jerusalem, their children included: William P. Cole, Dandridge M. Cole, Aubrey Cole Odhner, the Rev. Robert H. P. Cole, he became the founder and first president of Hord Color Products in Sandusky, Ohio in 1920. There he helped pioneer color products. In 1928, Mr. Cole went to work for the American Dyewood Co. in Chester, Pa. where he developed recycling of the paper in telephone directories. Cole reported to the E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company that he had witnessed chlorofluorocarbon, considered a poisonous gas, being used safely in Germany. A duPont chemist, William Warren Rhodes, Mr. Cole worked on the development of the gas, to which duPont gave the trade name Freon. "I was there when the first seven cc's of Freon came out of the distilling apparatus in Sandusky, Ohio" He told a Pennsylvania newspaper. During World War II, Mr. Cole was a member of the War Chemical Board and pioneered the artificial synthesis of pyrethrin, used as an insecticide by the U. S. Navy in the South Pacific, he died on January 18, 1986. Stieglitz Theory of Color Production Chicago, 1937 Edgar Daniel Nixon, known as E. D. Nixon, was an African-American civil rights leader and union organizer in Alabama who played a crucial role in organizing the landmark Montgomery Bus Boycott there in 1955; the boycott highlighted the issues of segregation in the South, was upheld for more than a year by black residents, nearly brought the city-owned bus system to bankruptcy. It ended in December 1956, after the United States Supreme Court ruled in the related case, Browder v. Gayle, that the local and state laws were unconstitutional, ordered the state to end bus segregation. A longtime organizer and activist, Nixon was president of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Montgomery Welfare League, the Montgomery Voters League. At the time, Nixon led the Montgomery branch of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union, known as the Pullman Porters Union, which he had helped organize. Martin Luther King Jr. described Nixon as "one of the chief voices of the Negro community in the area of civil rights," and "a symbol of the hopes and aspirations of the long oppressed people of the State of Alabama." Edgar D. Nixon was born on July 12, 1899, in rural, majority-black Lowndes County, Alabama to Wesley M. Nixon and Sue Ann Chappell Nixon; as a child, Nixon received 16 months of formal education, as black students were ill-served in the segregated public school system. His mother died when he was young, he and his seven siblings were reared among extended family in Montgomery, his father was a Baptist minister. After working in a train station baggage room, Nixon rose to become a Pullman car porter, a well-respected position with good pay, he worked steadily. He worked with them until 1964. In 1928, he joined the new union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, helping organize its branch in Montgomery, he served as its president for many years. Nixon married Alease, they had a son, E. D. Nixon, Jr.. He became an actor known by the stage name of Nick La Tour. Nixon married Arlette Nixon, with him during many of the civil rights events. Years before the bus boycott, Nixon had worked for voting rights and civil rights for African Americans in Montgomery. Like other blacks in the state, they had been disenfranchised since the start of the 20th century by changes in the Alabama state constitution and electoral laws. He served as an unelected advocate for the African-American community, helping individuals negotiate with white office holders and civil servants. Nixon joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, becoming president of the Montgomery chapter and, within two years, president of the state organization. In 1940, Nixon organized 750 African Americans to march to the Montgomery County courthouse and attempt to register to vote, they were unsuccessful. In 1954, he was the first black to run for a seat on the county Democratic Executive Committee; the next year, he questioned the Democratic candidates for the Montgomery City Commission on their positions on civil rights issues. In the early 1950s, Nixon and Jo Ann Robinson, president of the Women's Political Council, decided to mount a court challenge to the discriminatory seating practices on Montgomery's municipal buses, along with a boycott of the bus company. A Montgomery ordinance reserved the front seats on these buses for white passengers only, forcing African-American riders to sit in the back. The middle section was available to blacks unless the bus became so crowded that white passengers were standing. Blacks constituted the majority of riders on the city-owned bus system. Before the activists could mount the court challenge, they needed someone to voluntarily violate the bus seating law and be arrested for it. Nixon searched for a suitable plaintiff. At the same time, some women mounted their own individual challenges. For instance, 15-year-old student Claudette Colvin was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger in March 1955, nine months before Parks' action. Nixon rejected Colvin because she became an unwed mother, another woman, arrested because he did not believe she had the fortitude to see the case through, a third woman, Mary Louise Smith, because her father was an alcoholic. See below.) The final choice was Rosa Parks, the elected secretary of the Montgomery NAACP. Nixon had been her boss, although he said, "Women don't need to be nowhere but in the kitchen." When she asked, "Well, what about me?", he replied, "I need a secretary and you are a good one."On December 1, 1955, Parks entered a Montgomery bus, refused to give up her seat for a white passenger, was arrested. After being called about Parks' arrest, Nixon went to bail her out of jail, he arranged for Clifford Durr, a sympathetic white lawyer, to represent her. After years of working with Parks, Nixon was certain that she was the ideal candidate to challenge the discriminatory seating policy. So, Nixon had to persuade Parks to lead the fight. After consulting with her mother and husband, Parks accepted the challenge. After Parks' arrest, Nixon called a number of local ministers to organize support for the boycott. King said he Ahipara is a town and locality in Northland, New Zealand at the southern end of Ninety Mile Beach, with the Tauroa Peninsula to the west and Herekino Forest to the east. Ahipara Bay is to the north west. Kaitaia is 14 km to the north east, Pukepoto is between the two; the population was 1,065 in the 2013 Census, a decrease of 57 from 2006. Ahipara is located within the rohe of Te Rarawa, has strong affiliations to the iwi. Ahipara hosts three marae affiliated with Te Rarawa hapū: Korou Kore Marae: Affiliated with the hapū Ngāti Moroki; the whare tūpuna is named Ngāti Moroki. Roma Marae: Affiliated with four hapū: Ngāti Pākahi, Ngāti Waiora, Parewhero and Te Patukirikiri; the whare tūpuna is named Te Ōhākī. Wainui Marae: Also called Ngāti Moetonga Marae, is affiliated with two hapū: Ngāti Moetonga and Te Rokeka; the whare tūpuna is named Ngāti Moetonga. The name comes from the Māori language words ahi, meaning fire, para, a large fern, can be translated as "a fire at which para was cooked". Prior to the late 18th century, the area was called Wharo, which means "stretched out". That name originated when the chief Tohe ordered a slave to measure the distance the tide had receded, by counting the number of arm-spans from the high water level. The area was popular with kauri gum-diggers during the late early 20th centuries; the Ahipara Gumfields Historic Reserve is to the south of the town. Shipwreck Bay, at the southern point of Ahipara Bay, contains a number of wrecks visible at low tide. Ahipara Bay was once well known for its toheroa shellfish, but gathering these is restricted due to their near-extinction. Ahipara and Shipwreck Bays are popular surfing spots; the area featured in the 1966 surf movie The Endless Summer. Shipwreck Bay has been reported as one of the best left hand surf breaks in the world. See also: Surfing in New Zealand. Ahipara is on the Te Araroa Trail. Ahipara School is a coeducational full primary school with a decile rating of 3 and a roll of 241, it was founded in 1872 as a mission school, moved to its present site in 1901. Ahipara Sandhoppers Early Childhood Centre has been operating on the grounds of the Ahipara School for over 20 years. Ahipara Sandhoppers has received recognition for their environmental initiatives. Ahipara has a number of coastal care groups, including the Ahipara Komiti Takutaimoana and Ahipara Community CoastCare. Official website Ahipara School school website Ahipara and Shipwreck Bay Ahipara beach at Kaka Street - recreational water quality, Land Air Water Aotearoa Ahipara - historic images and articles, National Library of New Zealand Natural areas of Ahipara Ecological District Report, New Zealand Department of Conservation A means of winter transport between the islands and shores of the Saint Lawrence River, ice canoeing is now a sport. Crews of five athletes alternately push their canoe across the ice on the frozen parts of the river, paddle in a river with currents of four knots, tides of over 15 feet, ice blocks weighing a few tonnes blown by the wind. Shoes with bolts screwed to the bottom are worn to keep their traction on the ice. Ice canoeing has been practised since the beginnings of New France in the 1600s, as the only way to cross the Saint Lawrence River when there is too much ice for ferries, but not enough to form an ice bridge. In the 1860s more than 200 canoers at Lévis provided transportation for passengers and goods. Ice canoeing was practised in Montreal from the early 1800s; the advent of steamboats capable of breaking through the ice put an end to icecanoeing as a means of transportation in the late 1800s. In 1894, the first race was organised between Lévis and the Port of Quebec at the first Quebec Winter Carnival. In Montreal races were held during the Fête des Neiges de Montréal from 1988 to 1992. In 2013, Héritage Maritime Canada relaunched the race as the Défi canot à glace Bota Bota. Since the 1990s races have been held at Toronto, Gatineau, Trois-Rivières and the Isle-aux-Coudres. Women have competed since 1987; the Association des Coureurs en Canot à Glace du Québec was formed in 1984 to organise and standardise races. Six races are accredited by the ACCGQ: La Grande Traversée Casino de Charlevoix, La Course en canot du Carnaval, La course de la banquise de Portneuf, Trois-Rivières Extrême, le Défi Canot à Glace Montréal, le Grand Défi des Glaces; the latter is the biggest event. It is run at Quebec City every February. More than 40 teams compete, struggling with the powerful current, large chunks of ice and cold water; the Quebec City area is the centre of ice canoeing activity, but there are teams elsewhere in the province of Quebec. A crew from Calgary has competed in the race for at least 41 years. The race has seen teams from Chicago and France. Athletes compete in three classes: elite men, elite women, sport, the latter comprising crews of men, crews of mixed men and women. Wooden, canoes are now made with epoxy and fibreglass with an internal metal frame; the minimum weight of a canoe is 250 pounds for the sport and elite men classes, 225 pounds for elite women. The length of the boat must be between 28 feet 2 inches. Boats must contain 100 litres of flotation material, it must be possible to float the boat with 700 litres of water on board. Canoes must be brightly-coloured and not painted white. Ice Canoe Racing Association Quebec Winter Carnival

<urn:uuid:02c0e2d0-a0b4-4c57-82c2-f17f53fc810d>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371660550.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406200320-20200406230820-00434.warc.gz

en

B.C. is running thin on students. In just nine years, by 2015, B.C.'s total public school enrolment will be down nearly 38,000 from last year, according to Education Ministry projections. Short of a huge, unexpected immigration of young families here, B.C. will need proportionately fewer teachers than today. For, while the province's population may be growing as a whole, those moving here are bringing their pets, home theatres and stainless steel appliances -- but not many school-age children. The inescapable result is fewer schools. Worse still, if everything else remains unchanged, it means fewer courses available, since a greater number of schools might no longer have sufficient students to justify teaching, say, French 12. However, the Liberals have big plans for education. 'Distributed learning' Driven at the bureaucratic end by Deputy Education Minister Emery Dosdall, the Liberal government is pouring resources into what it calls "distributed learning." It's an updated term for what used to be known as "distance learning," but with a strong technological twist. Using fancy software, students all over B.C. can now take courses online. Originally intended as a way to provide rural students with access to courses previously available only in the larger centres, distributed learning has gone well beyond that. Last year, the equivalent of around 8,000 full-time students -- equal to four large high schools -- took distributed learning courses. In all, 28,000 of B.C.'s 583,000 K-12 students were enrolled in at least one online course during the 2005-06 school year. Despite the original focus on rural students, they now form only a minority of those taking distributed learning courses, according to the executive director of BCEd Online, Barry Carbol. Formally a consortium of school districts, teacher groups, private industry and online learning organizations, BCEd Online is a non-profit society established in April 2004 to develop and provide online courses. "The majority of [the distributed learning] students are in the Lower Mainland and the Lower Island," Carbol says. More than 1,000 courses BCEd Online is very busy these days, making sure that all courses offered online meet provincial standards, developing new online material and preparing a new website -- now expected to launch in the third week of September. At present more than 1,000 courses are available online, counting duplicate offerings by competing school boards. Last year, the province turned over $1.5 million to BCEd Online. The motivation to add more online courses comes in large part from falling student numbers. Even in urban schools, for a growing number of subjects, there simply aren't enough warm bodies to offer a course in an ordinary bricks-and-mortar classroom. "Students are very, very interested and very keen on having an online option," Carbol says. "It provides them with a greater degree of choice and flexibility." For instance, students can begin a distributed learning course at any time of the year, rather than just at the beginning of a term. One reason that students need this flexibility is that many of them have busy lives. "A lot of kids work as well as go to school, particularly in secondary school," Carbol says. Taking courses online lets them do their schoolwork outside of regular school hours. It's not just students who like the added choices, he says. Without exception, the teachers involved in online teaching -- all of whom are B.C. certified -- want to keep working in that environment. BCTF has concerns Are we on the edge of a revolution in K-12 education? Carbol doesn't think so. He notes that computers aren't especially new in teaching. "Technology has been in classrooms for a long time, going back to the 1970s, with some of the initial PCs that were out at that time," he says. The impact of technology on learning is slow and incremental, Carbol adds: "It's not as dramatic as what one sees in the rest of society, in terms of the use of technology." Some are less enthusiastic about the prospect of computers' growing involvement in learning. B.C. Teachers' Federation President Jinny Sims suggests that the virtual school project is all about funding. "To me, it's the government looking for a way of cutting costs, instead of funding programs for students' needs in the rural areas," Sims says in an interview. "Technology is a great tool to assist learning, but it can't replace the classroom," she says. "School is about far more than the three Rs." As examples, Sims cites citizenship and getting along with others. She adds that some students have been told by their schools to take Physics 12 online. "That's very a difficult course to take, even in a high school, working with a teacher, and to take it online is very difficult," Sims says. "When you're online, it really limits the way you learn and what you learn." Concludes Sims: "Virtual learning is not a replacement for a classroom experience. When it's seen as that, then I think you should be taking a careful look at how it's going to benefit students." 'Bribed' to sign up A federation researcher, who spoke on condition that his name not be used, says that when the Liberals first expanded online learning, standards were sloppy. These days, online courses are required to be of the same standard as classroom-taught courses. As well, the ministry initially encouraged school districts to compete for students, paying the districts the same for an online student as for one attending a physical school. The result was some practices that bordered on the bizarre. "A lot of districts were offering incentives for parents to sign up," the researcher says. In one case, a school district bribed parents with $1,000 in cash if they signed up a child for online learning with the district. In other cases, districts offered to pay for goodies like swimming lessons. One school board even ran television ads promising parents a free digital camera in exchange for enrolling in online courses. Those practices are now banned. Thanks to the promise of added flexibility, online learning allows students, already carrying full course loads in ordinary schools, to simultaneously take additional courses online. The result is that the students will finish sooner, meaning that school enrolment will drop even further. Hastening school closures? Nor are all students suited to online learning. "It's really only a limited number of students that are going to do well in these kinds of programs," the researcher says. "They have to have self-discipline, they have to be a good reader, and they have to be able to work on their own." The researcher adds that he expects online teaching to displace more and more classroom learning: "With the financial pressures that boards are feeling, we're likely to see fewer choices of actually being in the classroom with a teacher." Could online teaching help quicken school closures? NDP education critic David Cubberley, the MLA for Saanich South, says that the Liberals' greater emphasis on online learning will likely lead to more school closures. He reasons that if a school has just enough students interested in a particular course -- such as Physics 12 -- to provide it, should a handful of the students opt to take the course online instead, it may be impossible to offer the classroom version. "The paradox is that if you have declining enrolment, you get into this downward spiral where the fixed cost of maintaining the school means that it isn't worth keeping it open," Cubberley says. He accepts that at one level, boosting online teaching reflects the power of technology to expand students' choices. "But given the government's record with education and its agenda and the way in which virtual schools are being set up, it looks as though it's another initiative to undermine classroom teaching," Cubberley says. 'Enhancement' for home schoolers However, another New Democrat, Greater Victoria school board chairman Michael McEvoy, has nothing but praise for the government's distributed learning initiative. One of the biggest benefits is that it provides parents who previously home schooled their children with a connection to the formal school system, relying on quality online courses. "It's an enhancement of the education system," McEvoy says. And from the viewpoint of the district's finances, the funding system, now based on enrolments each quarter for distributed learning students, is preferable. The old system gave school boards no funding for distributed learning students enrolling after September 30. "We think it's a lot more fair in the way it's being funded," he says. More cash coming This year, the government is spending $7.7 million on distributed learning. Compared with the total K-12 budget of $5.2 billion, it's a drop in the bucket. But far more resources for computerized teaching may be on the way. Last February 14, premier Gordon Campbell took the concept of distributed learning one step further. Noting that the Internet offers "incredible potential," in the Throne Speech, Campbell announced the creation of a "virtual school." No press release heralded the announcement, and it received little public attention. Even six months later, the details remain sketchy, though in the speech Campbell promised that the virtual school will offer a "full range of courses," as well as free, online tutoring for secondary school students. Eventually, the tutoring service will expand to include earlier grades, according to the speech. Commenting on the virtual school during debate in the house last May, Education Minister Shirley Bond rejected the suggestion made by NDP MLA Gary Coons that online teaching would replace classroom learning. "It's not a matter of replacing anything or anyone," Bond told the house. "It's matter of enhancing and expanding opportunity." According to Campbell, the coming virtual school forms part of his government's "vision for education and literacy." "It is an agenda of transformative change that looks at the new world through new eyes, with new intent to act," he said in last spring's throne speech. That vague sentence might not get by an old-fashioned English teacher, but you can't mark the premier down for lack of enthusiasm. The province's plans for the virtual classroom bear continual scrutiny. Russ Francis is a Victoria-based journalist. A version of this story appeared in Monday Magazine. Tomorrow on The Tyee, an online learning expert defends the new trend.

<urn:uuid:8c4e5a71-4d61-4f1c-bb48-93ef4a894e92>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://thetyee.ca/News/2006/09/05/Education/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493120.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328194743-20200328224743-00515.warc.gz

en

Security breaches seem to be occurring regularly and in increasing quantity, putting personal information at risk of exploits such as identity theft, financial fraud and extortion. They occur for various reasons, some being accidental publication, hacks, inside jobs, lost or stolen computers, lost or stolen media or just poor security measures. A few even take place in which the methodology is never identified… the data just suddenly appears “in the wild”, sometimes with no idea of how many records were even exposed. Various organization types are routinely targeted, as well. Academic institutions, accounting firms, energy companies, financial institutions, gaming organizations, government offices and agencies, healthcare facilities and organizations, hotels, the military, retail operations, tech, telecoms… and, of course, no surprise, web entities… are all targets of malware and hackers, whose goal is to extract sensitive information. For several reasons, the number of breaches and number of compromised records can vary greatly, depending upon the source of the information. All breaches, of course, don’t get reported to the same clearing house and the number of records is often estimated. For this article, the majority of the data I’ve used comes from Breach Level Index This isn’t a new problem… it’s been around for decades. But is it getting worse or better? The simple answer is both. Let’s take a look at what’s been happening over the last several years. - In 2003, AOL was breached, resulting in 92,000,000 user identities being sold by an AOL employee. - In 2004, a total of 46,825,00 users’ data was publicly compromised from a number of financial institutions, including Ameritrade, Card Systems Solutions, Citigroup and Bank of America. - In 2006, another financial institution, Countrywide Financial Corp., along with two telecom companies, KDDI and T-Mobile, AOL again and the US Dept. of Veteran Affairs were hit for 70,300,000 users’ data. - 2007’s victims were over twice the previous year’s, at 153,286,405 accounts being compromised, from an array of organizations. - 2008 was a bad year for government agencies, with the UK’s Home Office and the Ministry of Defence, the Norwegian Tax Administration and the Chilean Ministry of Education having a combined 11.7 million accounts exposed, while AT&T, Bank of New York Mellon, Stanford University, University of Miami and the University of Utah Hospital & Clinics racked up another 16.99 million victims. All told, 2008 had over 69 million accounts exposed. - There was a massive surge in breaches in 2009, totaling 255,812,566. These were nearly all in healthcare, financial and military circles. Most notable this year was the exposure of 130 million accounts by Heartland 76 million accounts of US military veterans. - 2010 was, by comparison, much quieter, with only a little over 15 million accounts breached. Disturbingly, however, the onslaught continued against healthcare, financial and military targets. - 2011 returned to nearly the 2009 level, with a total of nearly 228 million breaches, spread across government, financial, academic and military entities, with some additional forays into gaming and media. - Continuing the upward trend, 2012 brought us 372,558,858 breached accounts, primarily, once again, from government and financial, but adding some very substantial numbers in tech and web. Such heavy duties Adobe to Zappos contributed greatly to the number. - 2013 went big, with over 3.3 billion compromises, Yahoo being the largest single contributor. Tumblr, Living Social and Evernote, along with Facebook, were other sizeable chunks of this year’s total. - In 2014, eBay, Sony Pictures, JP Morgan Chase and Home Depot claimed the spotlight, while the year’s total of breached accounts was well over 886 million. - 2015 was only 196 million of identified breaches, although Wendy’s, Walmart, Twitch.tv, Landry’s, Hilton, Hyatt and CVS couldn’t say how many of their customers’ accounts had been breached. - 2016 once again heavily targeted healthcare, web and government, with a renewed focus on academic, political and telecom. 537,734,563 was the total. - The tally for 2017 was 228,747,877, coming from large contributors like Equifax, Uber and Taringa!, but spread across a variety of niches. - Finally, 2018 was highlighted by huge breaches at UnderArmour, Quora, Marriott Int’l. and Facebook. The year’s total was over 939 million. In total, over this fifteen-year period, there were billions of records exposed Based upon information from one of most conservative aggregators, here’s what it looks like in a chart. Even ignoring the peak in 2013, as you can see, there’s a steady increase from 2004 (92,000,000) to 2018 (939,092,588) – more than a tenfold increase over a 15-year period. Have Organizations Improved Their Ability to Mitigate the Loss of Data? There are other considerations, though. Are there more or fewer attempts over time? Has security increased sufficiently to catch breach attempts fast enough to mitigate the number of compromised accounts over that same period? Are we still as effective at locating compromised accounts in the wild? Are people being more cautious about what personal data they put out there? Let’s explore it a little. In 2005, nearly half the reported breaches were perpetrated against educational institutions. They continued to be the largest segment victimized in 2007, 2008 and 2009 (there were barely edged out by government agencies in 2006). By 2010, however, the emphasis had shifted to the medical community. Healthcare, medical providers and medical insurance services were the largest victims of breaches every year from 2010 through 2018 (in terms of number of breaches). These charts show the percentage of breaches by year experienced by these four org. types: The number of records exposed, however, was a different thing altogether. Although the medical community suffered the greatest number of attacks, they managed to keep their percentage of total records exposed in the single digits, with the exception of 2015, when 37.4% of all exposed records were in the health niche. Similarly, the EDU niche, while suffering the largest number of attacks in 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009, didn’t experience exposure of more than 3.5% of the total records exposed in any year from 2005 through 2018. Why were these two niches able to maintain their exposure count so low, in spite of increased attacks? An argument could be made that learning to comply with HIPAA (the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) had something to do with the medical community’s preparedness to repel or stop attacks. Since President Clinton signed the Act into law in 1990, the government zealously pursued entities who weren’t sufficiently aggressive in protecting patients’ personal information. With a decade and a half to get up to speed on monitoring and protecting patient data, it’s reasonable to assume that many such organizations were amply prepared to spot and stop many attempted intrusions. Health entities experienced between 40 and 72% of all breaches from 2010 to 2018, while allowing the exposure of only an average of 7.1% of all the records exposed during that same timeframe. That would seem to indicate that the health entities may have been very effective at early detection and clamping down on intrusions before many records could be compromised. But to be fair, that’s just correlation and there could be other reasons. This chart shows the number of records exposed, against the number of breaches recorded. Personally, I doubt that people are exercising more caution with their personal data. In fact, I’d guess the opposite is true. While there’s a lot of publicity surrounding breaches and risks, I see a general “ho-hum” attitude, as though people don’t believe it could ever happen to them. The primary responsibility for protecting user data seems to fall to organizations, rather than to the individual owners of that data. That’s not unreasonable, to a degree, but shouldn’t we all shoulder some of that responsibility? After all, we’re the ones at risk. Excluding flagrant irresponsibility on the part of an organization, is it realistic to put solely them on the hook? I say no. Just as stated by the old saying, “a chain is only as strong as its weakest link”, a database is sometimes only as strong as the weakest password of a single user. Once a hacker (or as is more often the case, a hacker’s bot) has a figurative foot in the door, it may be able to migrate throughout that database with relative ease. That can result in theft of sensitive personal information, embedding of key-loggers, hijacking of a website and more. Sometimes, such hacks will go unnoticed, and the website will be used for sending out spam emails, redirecting users to other sites or infecting visitors with malware. Such infections can be difficult to clean up; occasionally, the harm done is so severe as to make it preferable to simply abandon the site and the domain name. Where is this going? The communities of hackers and security consultants are inextricably linked, as organizations hire hackers to build more secure systems. The efforts of one bright soul on either side of the fence will soon be outdone by a slightly brighter soul on the other side. As long as a person can build a wall, someone else can make a bigger hammer to break through it. The circle continues, until, perhaps, the wall becomes too much trouble to build or breach… That point doesn’t seem to be likely any time soon, though. So perhaps it’s time to develop a new way of managing personal data. Will that be a GDPR-esque system, where the data collected is severely limited? Will users finally refuse to surrender their data online? Is there some other method to minimize the risks of data loss?

<urn:uuid:961b5607-e8f2-4482-a486-03d8a019be16>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://searchnewscentral.com/blog/2019/01/30/are-security-breaches-really-on-the-rise/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370511408.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410173109-20200410203609-00434.warc.gz

en

His name in hieroglyphs was Hapi, and meant "the hidden," as he had to be discovered amidst the cattle, which was done by certain diacritical marks. According to the hieroglyphic inscriptions which accompany his form, he was the second birth or living incarnation of the god Ptah, the Egyptian Hephaestos or Vulcan. Apis is first mentioned and appears in the monuments of the 4th dynasty. The two bulls Apis and Mnevis are considered to have respectively represented the moon and sun, and seem both to have been buried at Memphis. He was supposed to have been born of a virgin cow, rendered pregnant by a moonbeam or a flash of lightning. The mother of Apis, according to Strabo, had a part of the temple of the Apis reserved for her use; and the hieroglyphic inscriptions record a prophet or priest attached to her service. On the monuments she shares the honours of the bull, and is represented under the attributes of Athor as a goddess with a cows head. This cow had her especial name, these animals having each a separate appellation. According to the Greek writers Apis was the image of Osiris, and worshipped because Osiris was supposed to have passed into a bull, and to have been soon after manifested by a succession of these animals. The hieroglyphic inscriptions identify the Apis with Osiris, adorned with horns or the head of a bull, and unite the two names as Hapi-Osor, or Apis Osiris. According to this view the Apis was the incarnation of Osiris manifested in the shape of a bull. But besides this title, the monuments style Apis the son of Ptah, who was supposed to be his father by the sacred cow, or the second life of Ptah. Other monuments, indeed, declare him to have had no father, and to have been Onnophris or Osiris, but this conflict of ideas must have arisen from his material and spiritual nature, uniting the soul of Osiris or Ptah mystically with the sacred animal. Besides the mother of the Apis, a cow was annually exhibited to him decorated with the same insignia -- that is, a disk between the horns and a housing on the back, to judge from the insignia found on the bronze figures of the Apis -- and then slaughtered the same day, for no issue of the divine animal was permitted to exist. According to other authorities several cows were kept in the Apeum on the announcement of the birth of an Apis, the sacred scribes and priests proceeded to verify the characters of the calf. The marks of the Apis were a black coloured hide, with a white triangular spot on the forehead, the hair arranged in the shape of an eagle on the back, and a knot under the tongue in shape of a scarabaeus, the sacred insect and emblem of Ptah, a white spot resembling a lunar crescent at his right side. These marks have been supposed to be for the most part certain arrangements of the hairs of the hide as seen in some animals. A house was built to the calf Apis facing the east, in which for four months he was nourished with milk. When he had grown up he was conducted, at the time of the new moon, to a ship by the sacred scribes and prophets, and conducted to the Apeum at Memphis, where there were courts, places for him to walk in, and a drinking fountain. According to Diodorus, he was first led to Nilopolis, and kept there 40 days, then shipped in a boat with a gilded cabin to Memphis, and he was there allowed to be seen for 40 days only by women, who exposed themselves to him. Like all the sacred animals his actions were oracular, and he had two chambers, his passage into one of which was deemed fortunate, and into the other unlucky. Thus the licking the garments of a visitor was supposed to prognosticate a tranquil but short life, and his refusal of the food offered to him by the hand of Germanicus, the approaching death of that hero. The actions of the children who played around his shrine or accompanied his processions were also considered oracular. The day of his birth was kept as an annual festival. His life was not allowed to exceed 25 years, and should it have attained that maximum reckoned from the date of his enthronisation, the Apis was killed and thrown into a well, in which the priests asserted he had precipitated himself. This well was known to no one, and no one was allowed to reveal the place of burial. If the Apis died before the 25 years he received a splendid burial at Memphis in the Serapeum, for after death he was called the osor-hapi, or Serapis. This funeral was expensive; his body was placed in a barge, and accompanied by a procession of a Bacchanalian character, passing through the brazen doors of Memphis. As universal joy prevailed at his discovery, so his death threw all Egypt into a general mourning, and every one shaved off his beard. This mourning continued till the discovery of another Apis. His birthday was celebrated by an annual feast, the natales Apidis, of seven days duration, during which it was supposed the crocodiles were innocuous, and a silver cup was thrown on the occasion into a certain part of the Nile, which was considered a flux of Apis. This festival coincided with the rise of the Nile. On the mummy coffins an Apis is often seen on the foot-board of those of the 7th and 6th centuries B.C. bearing on the back the mummy of the deceased to the sepulcher. The discovery by M. Mariette of the Seraoeum at Memphis described by Strabo has thrown great light on the worship and history of the Apis, the mode of burial, and the sequence of the bulls. (See SERAPEUM.) The oldest Apis mentioned was one of the reign of Amenophis III., and he was followed in the 18th dynasty by bulls which had died in the reigns of Tutankhamen and Horus. There was a succession under the 19th dynasty, commencing with Seti or Sethos I., besides three which died in the 16th, 26th, and 30th years if Rameses II., and three others, the dates of whose deaths are unknown. Under the 20th dynasty there was an Apis which died in the 26th year of Rameses III., one in the reign of Rameses IX., others of the date of Rameses XI. And XIV., and four others whose dates are not determined, besides three more which died under the 21st dynasty. Of bulls deceased in the 22nd dynasty, there is one of the 23rd year of Osorkon II., another of the 14th year of Takellothis I., and a third of the 28th year of Sheshank or Shishak III. It is not till the reign of this monarch that the dates connected with the Apis become of chronological importance. On the sepulchral tablet of the Apis which was born in the reign of Shishak III., is found the formula of the date of the birth and inauguration of the bull. It was born on the 20th of the month Payni, in the 28th year of the kings reign, and enthroned on the 1st of Paophi of the same year, having died in the 2nd year of the king Pamai, and been buried on the 1st of the month Mechir of the same year. It had attained the age of 26 years. Three other bulls died in the 4th, 11th and 37th years of Shishak IV. Important statements like these show the intervals of time which elapsed between the regnal years of different kings, and check the chronology of the 22nd and subsequent dynasties, but owing to unfortunate lacunae the chronology of Egypt is conjectural, and not positive till the reign of Tirhakah. The dates of the other Apis are, one which died on the 5th of the month Thoth, in 6th year of Bekenrenf, or Bocchoris, another of the 2nd year of Shabak or Sabaco, and that buried on the 23rd Pharmouthi of the 24th year of Tirhakah, 730 B.C. The dates of the other bulls prior to the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great, 332 B.C., are: one born in the 26th year of Tirhakah, enthroned on the 9th Pharmouthi, the same year deceased, in the 20th year of Psammetichus I., and buried on ! the 25th Paophi, of the 23rd year of Psammetichus; another deceased in the 52nd year of the same king; a third born in the 53d year of Psammetichus I, enthroned on the 12th of Athor of the 54th year, deceased on the 6th of Paophi, and buried on the 10th Choiak of the 16th year of Necho, having lived 16 years 7 months and 17 days; another born on 7th Paophi of the 16th year of Necho, enthroned 9th Epiphi of the 1st year of Psammetichus I., died on the 12th Pharmouthi of the 12th year of Apries, and buried the 21st Payni of the same year, aged 17 years 6 months and 5 days; another born in the 5th year of Amasis, inaugurated on the 18th Payni of the same year, died on the 6th Phamenoth, was buried on the 15th Pashons of the 23rd year of the same king, aged 18 years and 7 months. The Apis which died after this, and of which a sarcophagus was found dated in the 4th year of Cambyses, is the one supposed to have been killed by Cambyses on his return from Aethiopia. Another born in the month Pharmouthi of the 5th year of Cambyses, died in the 4th year of Darius, and was buried on the 2nd Pashons of the 5th year of darius, and had lived upwards of 7 years. It is the Apis of Darius, alluded to by Polyaenus, for the successor of which Darius offered 100 talents as a reward to the fortunate discoverer. Another Persian king Ochus is said to have killed and eaten an Apis, 338 B.C. The death of an Apis soon after the death of Alexander the Great, 323 B.C. is also recorded. The sepulchral tablets in the demotic characters according to M. Brugsch, record the birth of an Apis in the month of Phamenoth, in the 29th year of Ptolemy Euergetes I., 231 B.C., which died in the 51st year, 179 B.C.; and another older, probably of Ptolemy Philadelphus II., 253 B.C.; another of the 14th year of Ptolemy Epiphanes IV., 211 B.C.; another in the 20th year of Ptolemy IV., 185 B.C.; another in the 17th year of Ptolemy Philometor VII., 164 B.C.; and another born in the 53d year (118-117 B.C.) of Ptolemy Euergetes II., died 15 years old, 103 B.C., in the reign of Ptolemy XI. In the Roman times the discovery of an Apis in the reign of Hadrian, 121 A.D., caused a tumult at Alexandria; and the last known Apis is that brought to the Emperor Julian II., 362-363 A.D., after which the Apis disappears from Egypt altogether. The Apis was embalmed at great cost, but the operation consisted in preparing with bitumen the skull and a few of the principal bones of the bull made up into an appropriate shape. The second genius of the Karneter, or Egyptian Hades, was also called Hapi or Apis, but he was quite distinct from the bull god and the son of Osiris. His type was that of a human mummy with the head of a Cynocephalus ape. Bronze native figures of the Apis are not uncommon, and those of stone are occasionally found, but porcelain ones are extremely rate. Lepsius, "Ueber den Apiskreis," Zeitsch. D. Morgenl. Gesellsch. vii Bd. 1853; Brugsch, Ibid.; Mariette, Le Sérapéum de Memphis, 1857; Jablonski, Pantheon, ii. (S. B.) The above article was written by Samuel Birch, D.C.L., LL.D., Keeper of the Egyptian and Oriental Antiquities, British Museum, up to 1885; Rede Lecturer at Cambridge, 1876; author of History of Ancient Pottery, The Papyrus of Nashkem, Cypriote Inscriptions, and other works on archaelogy.

<urn:uuid:33366700-95ee-4c01-b4d3-aa61dfdeef53>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/A/API/apis.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370526982.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404231315-20200405021315-00274.warc.gz

en

Three books by prominent conservative thinkers reveal good—and bad—ways to defend Western civilization. What Is American Political Theory? The following is excerpted from George W. Carey’s excellent little book A Student’s Guide to American Political Thought. What is American political theory? There is no universal agreement about what constitutes politics or the political, as the efforts to define the boundaries of political science over the decades will attest. Yet, at a minimum, “political theory” clearly is concerned with core questions relating to government and how authoritative decisions are made in a society. Among these questions are: - On what principles is the government based? - How is authority allocated within it? - What are its primary purposes? - Are there limitations to its powers? - How can it be altered? - And upon what assumptions regarding human nature does it seem to be based? Viewed from this perspective, the American experience provides a rich source of theory in many particulars. Most of the early charters left the colonists free to use their own best ideas in establishing political order, the terms of which were spelled out in written documents. Moreover, during the long period of England’s “benign neglect,” which extended into the middle of the eighteenth century, the colonists grew accustomed to refining their processes and institutions of government. Thus, we have numerous documents relating directly to core concerns of governance that reveal a good deal about the American political thought of the pre-founding period. To these, of course, must be added those ordering documents of the founding era with which we are far more familiar: the state constitutions, the Articles of Confederation, and, most importantly, the Constitution itself. Indeed, after the adoption of the Constitution, American political thought concentrates to a great extent on issues arising from its interpretation. It is frequently remarked that times of crisis or disorder produce political theory, if only because such times compel hard thinking about the failings of the old order and the goals of the new. This is certainly true with regard to American political theory. The movement toward separation from Great Britain that culminated with the Declaration of Independence provides us with insights into certain enduring principles of American political thought. Likewise, conditions during the “critical period” under the Articles of Confederation that led to the Philadelphia Convention also generated a good deal of political thinking about the requisites for effective government over an extensive territory. The records we have of the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention, the subsequent debates in the ratifying conventions, as well as the printed essays on both sides of the ratification question (particularly, The Federalist) are all core materials for students of American political theory. So too are the major speeches, debates, and works concerning our basic commitments as a people and the nature of our constitutional system that preceded and followed the Civil War. It is frequently remarked that times of crisis or disorder produce political theory, if only because such times compel hard thinking about the failings of the old order and the goals of the new. The scope of American political theory also embraces a myriad of other sources, the criterion for inclusion being a broad one, namely, to what extent they bear upon the central questions involved with governance. This would certainly include public addresses and private correspondence of presidents, major public officials, prominent citizens, and the like; public and official documents, particularly those that proclaim national ideals, goals, or commitments; debates and literature dealing with perennial problems or competing conceptions of constitutional principles; commentaries on the Constitution; pronouncements of the Supreme Court on matters of constitutional doctrine; disputes over the proper role of government; the deliberations of Congress on constitutional issues; and, inter alia, suggested reforms of the constitutional system. All this and more constitute the raw materials of the field of American political theory. Surveying the materials that fit within its parameters reveals the extent to which American political theory is tied to history. The field is by no means the exclusive domain of political scientists, though historians usually approach the same subject matter differently. In any event, what is apparent in most cases is that the materials do not speak for themselves; to appreciate their significance fully often requires an understanding of their context. Some of the most important provisions and principles of the Constitution, to take an obvious example, cannot be fully understood without an understanding of the political situation under the Articles of Confederation. Nor can one fully comprehend the Mayflower Compact without knowing about the experiences of the Puritans and their theological roots. Indeed, such contextual knowledge is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the political theory embedded in all of the primary documents, that is, those that are regarded as central to American political thought. A field so closely tied to history is, understandably, also closely tied to what is called the American political tradition. Put another way, most of the documents at the center of American political theory—and the values, concerns, and preferences they embody—emerge out of the experiences and circumstances of the American people at different times and places. As such, these documents are integral to the American political tradition; they constitute its essence. Consequently, American political theory is in many ways a study of the American political tradition; the two terms are often used interchangeably, and appropriately so. In an important sense, then, a good deal of American political theory is abstracted from the political activities and experiences of Americans. The upshot of this is that a course in American political theory will probably differ substantially from most other courses offered in the more general field of political theory that deal, chronologically or otherwise, with major theoretical works. One reason for this difference—and perhaps even for the manner in which American theory is tied to our tradition—might well be the dearth of first-rate political treatises produced by Americans. Indeed, it is generally agreed that only one such work merits being called a classic, namely, The Federalist. Some have argued that John C. Calhoun’s Disquisition on Government (1851) deserves this distinction as well. A fine course in American political theory could center almost entirely on these two works, but most courses, while not ignoring these works, will deal with a wider range of materials. Common Ground: The Founding Era The field of American political theory, as we have indicated, embraces a massive body of primary materials that has swelled enormously in recent decades. This means that courses in American political theory will vary significantly in both substance and approach, depending largely on the predilections of the instructor. Furthermore, both the meaning of and relationships among the primary materials at the core of the American political tradition are legitimately subject to varying interpretations. It would be wrong to conclude, however, that such courses will have no common ground in their substance or approach. A uniqueness attaches to the American political tradition that serves to provide a focus to its study. The source of this uniqueness derives from the query put by Alexander Hamilton at the beginning of the first essay in The Federalist, “whether societies of men are really capable or not, of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend, for their political constitutions, on accident or force.” This, he believed, was the overriding question facing the American people at the time of the ratification struggle—and not only the American people but all mankind as well. The affirmative answer given this question with the adoption of the Constitution has served to provide a fixed point of reference for students in the field. That the Constitution should serve this function is quite understandable. It was not ordained or sanctioned by the gods, nor was it “given” to the people by a mythical lawgiver. Rather, it is a written document, the result of a deliberative process, that can be considered the embodiment of the “constitutive will” of a people; that is, the Constitution spells out in some detail the processes and institutions by which the people, acting in their constituent capacity, have consented to be governed. It is “fundamental law” in the sense that it is unalterable by the government it creates. Madison, writing in Federalist 53, conveys this understanding of the Constitution’s status when he distinguishes “between a constitution established by the people, and unalterable by government” and systems such as the English one, in which legislatures have “a full power to change the form of government.” In fact, at no subsequent period in their history have the American people ever seriously entertained the idea of undertaking a new act of founding; that is, of deliberating as a people with the end of producing a new constitution that would embody their “constitutive will.” Quite the contrary. There is a common understanding (a “constitutional morality,” if you will) that the Constitution should be amended only when there is a compelling need. Alarm is frequently expressed by politicians and opinion leaders at the mere prospect of constitutional conventions meeting at the request of state legislatures to draft specific amendments (e.g., amendments requiring a balanced budget, sanctioning voluntary prayers in public schools, or limiting terms of office) for fear that these conventions might go too far and thereby destroy the handiwork of the framers. In the popular culture, at least, it would appear that the motives and deeds of the framers are beyond reproach. The Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation are also central documents in the American political tradition. We know that without separation from Great Britain, the choice of which Hamilton writes would not have been possible. Although controversy surrounds the Declaration’s precise role, import, and status within the tradition, its significance cannot be denied because, among other things, it justifies our separation from Great Britain, sets forth “self-evident” “truths,” and advances the proposition that governments derive their “just powers from the consent of the governed.” In addition, as Thomas Jefferson wrote nearly fifty years after the event, the Declaration “was intended to be an expression of the American mind,” and “its authority rests . . . on the harmonizing sentiments of the day, whether expressed in conversation, in letters, printed essays, or in the elementary books of public right, as Aristotle, Cicero, Locke, Sidney, &c.” Most students of the period agree with Jefferson’s assessment. In general, any course in American political theory—save, perhaps, those devoted to some special period or concern—will deal with the “founding era,” as it is commonly dubbed. This era is defined in various ways, but most scholars would place its beginning shortly after the period of “benign neglect” that ended in the early 1760s when Britain began to reassert more stringent control over the colonies. There is less consensus in fixing its cut-off point, but most agree that it runs at least into the early years of the nineteenth century. During this entire period the American people were obliged by circumstances to think about fundamental political values and to make authoritative and strategic decisions that would bind subsequent generations. As a consequence, to use a metaphor, the founding period can be looked upon as both the center of and the energizing force behind the ever-expanding universe of American political theory. George W. Carey (1933–2013) taught government for many years at Georgetown University. During his long and distinguished career, he established himself as one of the foremost interpreters of the American political tradition. Image by Joakim Honkasalo via Unsplash. Free College Student's Guide to American Political Thought Are you studying the right things? In just 109 pages, learn the key thinkers, readings, and concepts you need to understand American political thought. It’s Time for Conservatives to Stop Being Content with J.R.R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis Every time a major cultural franchise launches or continues, conservatives are left playing catch-up. We need to do better.

<urn:uuid:d4486f0b-55fd-4594-a59e-a4dca1803595>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://isi.org/intercollegiate-review/what-is-american-political-theory/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370492125.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328164156-20200328194156-00074.warc.gz

en

Attractions, Monuments, museums and pictures of Uglich In the Yaroslavl region, 225 km from Moscow there is the small ancient Russian city of Uglich entering into the Golden ring of Russia. It is situated on the banks of the Volga River, just in place where it makes a sharp bend, which was once called "Ugilets" or "Uglich". Probably, since that time the city got its name. But there is also another version. According to this one, in antiquity this place was used for burning out the coal. Uglich is a city with thousand-year history, with silent ancient small streets, picturesque Russian landscapes and magnificent architectural ensembles of orthodox temples and churches. The arms of Uglich city have been confirmed on March, 30th, 2007. On the arms the prince Dmitry is represented. In the right hand the prince holds a silver knife. The head of the prince Dmitry is framed with a nimbus of gold color. History of Uglich Uglich, the most ancient Russian city according to local annals has been based in 937 year. Jan Pleskovich, the founder of the city and the relative of Princess Olga Kievskaya was sent to the Upper Volga "to lay under tribute". In 1148 Uglich city has been mentioned for the first time in all Russian annals under the name "Ugleche-field". As a boundary city with the Moscow princedom, Uglich was actively built up. In 1218 the city became residence of an independent specific princedom. But in 1238 Uglich had to come across the heavy trial - the same as many Russian cities, Uglich has undergone to an attack of the Tatar-Mongolian aggressors, has been plundered and burnt. In 13 century, in its second half, the Uglich princedom has considerably expanded, the princedom structure at that time included several cities. But Uglich princes could not defend independence of the princedom. Since 1329 Uglich was under the Moscow influence while time and again was exposed to an attack of princes conflicting with Moscow. Uglich got its independence in 15 century. It was the blossoming period - the city has built up, has got stronger economically and even minted the coin. Here, at that time, ruled Constantine, the son of Dimitry Donskoy. Even more flourishing Uglich has become during the rule of Prince Andrey Bolshoy (Goryai) in 1462-1491. It was the period of city stone building in the Uglich Kremlin and neighboring monasteries. In Uglich there was the tragic event which has become the beginning of the heavy "Time of troubles" in Russian history - on May, 15th, 1591 under mysterious circumstances in a northeast corner of the Uglich Kremlin, last from Rurik dynasty, Prince Dimitry died. These events lead to revolt and punishment of the Moscow government. The epoch of civil wars and country ruin has begun. In 1610-1611 during the Polish-Lithuanian intervention Uglich has experienced terrible defeat. Inhabitants of Uglich heroically showed resistance to overseas invaders. As a result, after numerous cases of devastation Uglich has fallen into decay and desolation. So in 1620 in Uglich there were only 47 court yards. Only from second half of 17 centuries building of stone temples again was arisen in Uglich. And already later at Romanov dynasty in the city factories on leather and paper manufacture start to develop and different crafts prosper. Within 18 centuries active city building succeeds. Basically in Uglich wooden buildings are constructed. Churches, office buildings and houses of merchants were made of stone. In days of Catherine II reign Uglich became the district centre. In 1774, along with other cities of Russia, Uglich general plan of building has been developed. Under this plan, old streets of the city extended, blocks got a rectangular lay-out, dilapidated houses were demolished, and new ones were under construction strictly in series. Thus, by the middle of the XIX century the city was built with two-storied stone mansions, some of them stand to this day. Sights of Uglich On abrupt right coast of Volga the Uglich Kremlin towers. The Kremlin was built under Andrey Bolshoy (Goryai) reign in 1480-1490 on the place where in 11 century the earliest site of an ancient settlement has been constructed. But up to now the construction of the Kremlin is not in its primordial form. During the Polish war the Kremlin has been completely destroyed. One construction of the Kremlin ensemble - chambers of specific princes which people name "the palace of Prince Dimitry" is the only one which remained. The place of death of a minor Prince Dimitry at first has been noted by a wooden chapel, and then the wooden church has been erected. And in 1692 already stone church "Dimitry on the blood" has been constructed. The church has remained up to nowadays. One of the most interesting sights of the Kremlin ensemble is the Transfiguration cathedral which has been constructed by Andrey Bolshoy (Goryai) in 1485. The temple in an initial kind has been kept till 1713, then a shabby old building has been pulled down to the ground and the new one was erected. The final variant of the Transfiguration cathedral restoration has been carried out on samples of late Revival and baroque. Near to the cathedral the bell tower is located. It is 30 meter construction has been constructed in 1730. For a long time the bell tower remained the highest construction of the city. The architectural composition of the bell tower fascinates because it forms the silhouette of the Kremlin which is well observed from the city and from Volga. On a low hill to the right side of the Stone stream there is the "Divnaya" ("Amazing") Assumption church of the Alekseevsky monastery built in 1628. The "Divnaya" church is nicknamed by the people not casually - this construction is very beautiful and unusual, precisely found proportions of the church give it a sharp silhouette, as though soaring in space. The Alekseevsky monastery has been based in 1371 by the Moscow Metropolitan Alexiy and is the most ancient monastery of Uglich. The architectural shape of Uglich from Volga area is formed by two more ancient monuments. These are the construction of the monastery which has remained till now - the church of Nativity of John the Baptist, constructed in 1689-1690 which by right is considered the most beautiful architectural construction of Uglich city, and the Resurrection monastery. In 1674 under the order of the Rostov metropolitan Jonah the Resurrection monastery has started to be built up with stone buildings. All monastic constructions - the belfry, the Resurrection cathedral, the chamber with the Smolensk church of Saint Mary - have been located from the north to the south on one axis. Thus, very beautiful sculptural ensemble was formed and its composition looks balanced and perfectly made up because of different height of constructions. In the street Rostovskaya the Epiphany monastery is located. The monastery has been based in 14 century by the Great Princess Eudoxia, the wife of Dimitry Donskoy. The monastery is remarkable due to the five-domed cathedral of God Epiphany which has been constructed in the Russian-Byzantine style, and also the Fedorovsky church which was erected on canons of classicism in 1810. In the monastery territory there is the five-domed church of the Smolensk icon of Saint Mary. The only monastery of Uglich city which reached us in its primal form is St. Nicholas Uleyminsky monastery. It was based in 1460, and in 17 century the monastery was surrounded by stone walls. St. Nicholas Uleyminsky monastery is located in 12 km from Uglich. The magnificent panorama of the city opens from Krasnoarmejskij Boulevard. It is the highest point of Uglich. From here you can admire beauty of the Kremlin ensemble, the Resurrection monastery, the construction of hydroelectric power station with a dam which holds Volga directly in the city line. City of museums Uglich is the city of the most remarkable museums. Here there is one of the oldest provincial museums of Russia - the Uglichs state historic, architectural and art museum. Having visited the Museum of the city life, you will get acquainted with traditions, customs, and the life of Uglich last epoch inhabitants. The Museum of the watch factory "Chayka" ("Seagull") is very interesting, having visited this Museum you learn about history of the largest Soviet time enterprise of Uglich. The museum of History of the Russian vodka, opened in August, 1998, in the exposition shows all grades of a hot drink which are launched in distilleries of Russia. Excursion on a museum shows you not only rich assortment of this alcoholic drink popular among people, but also tells about the competent relation to the usage of alcoholic drinks, about " culture of drinking". "The world of the 18-19 centuries childhood " is a cozy museum in which the magnificent collection of ancient and unusual children's things and toys is collected. All exhibits established in the museum, carefully collected from cities, keep inward history prints. The museum-gallery of dolls will acquaint you with original creativity of local artist Olga Pavlycheva. The exposition is very interesting - heartwarming dolls from papier-m?ch?, fabric and other materials, wonderful small houses, bear cubs. Here it is possible to see young ladies in old-fashioned dresses, amusing clowns, fragile fairies and also set of fantastic doll characters. Besides in this unique museum you can admire the magnificent pictures made in the technician of graphic thread. The Museum of prison art "Prohibited zone" based by the local enthusiast, lawyer Michael Viktorovich Lotkov, is very unusual and amusing. The unique products made by hands of prisoners from improvised materials are presented to the museum expositions. These are such interesting exhibits, as, for example, playing cards from the newspaper, beads from bread and many other things. In the museum you can get acquainted also with a prison life, visit prison cells, where everythingis the same like in the present-day cells, both plank beds, and tables with benches and even wax figures of prisoners in uniform. The most amazing place is the Museum of myths and superstitions of Russian people. The museum exposition is rich and entertaining. Interiors of rooms completely repeat dwelling of peasants of the last centuries. And fascinating excursion on a museum will acquaint you with Old Russian mythology, beliefs of Slavs, talismans and the life of the people inhabiting modern Yaroslavl area. In the museum splendid works of Darya Chuzhaja - dolls-characters of Russian fairy tales are presented. Visiting of the historical and musical exposition "Uglich rings" can become not less interesting for you because here you will learn about ancient art of bell ringers in all details. Welcome to Uglich city! Well-groomed, tidy country town Uglich is one of pearls of the Russian Golden ring. Numerous tourists from the different countries of the world aspire to get to this surprising city to see personally the unique monuments of history, to experience mysterious atmosphere of ancient Russia, to open for themselves unusual beauty and charm of Russian nature. Architectural ancient monuments, dense neighboring woods, the mighty beauty Volga - the shape of the Old Russian city of Uglich is harmonious and astonishing! And how pleasant it is to walk on the quay of Uglich and to admire the slow watercourse of Volga! In the evenings graceful lanterns light up on the quay, creating romantic mood. Charming beauty of the country town is the cheerful, multi-colored wooden small houses ornated by a thin snow-white lace of plat bands. The Uglich people love the city, care of its beauty and attraction. Comfortable hotels of Uglich are ready to receive visitors of the city, having given the conditions of residing approached to the European standards. Cozy restaurants and city cafe invite to spend time pleasantly and try the most delicious ethnic cuisine dishes. And what tasty cheeses in Uglich! In the city there is, unique in Russia, the scientific institute of butter and cheese manufacture. Academician A.Oparin working in Uglich, creates unique stamps of microorganisms which are used by manufacture of cheese at local factories. These are such known sorts of cheese, as "Uglichsky", "Kostroma", "Poshehonsky", "Russian" and others. Uglich mineral water at the same time does not concede to cheese on popularity and excellent quality. For memory of stay in the ancient city of Uglich you can get the souvenirs made by talented Uglich artists and masters of Arts and crafts. Come to the original, amazing Uglich city to get excellent mood and positive emotions!

<urn:uuid:2edb80d7-39aa-4772-8839-13427e9a8151>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.orexca.com/russia/uglich.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500482.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331115844-20200331145844-00314.warc.gz

en

An estimated 2 million people die from malaria worldwide every year. Africa, where 90 percent of those fatalities occur, bears most of the human and economic costs of the disease. Most of those who die are children under the age of ?ve. Survivors often suffer from impaired cognitive development and face a blighted future. That malaria is both easily preventable and cheaply curable means that such human suffering and economic cost are all the more intolerable and outrageous. In recent years the Southern Africa Development Community, led in large part by South Africa and Swaziland, has started promoting public health interventions that have been shown to reduce malaria's impact dramatically. But where these countries are getting it right, various UN agencies and donor institutions stubbornly insist on promoting measures that are at best ineffectual and at worst severely damaging. If malaria is to be brought effectively under control in Africa, governments and the international community will need to adopt a coherent approach that embraces measures that have proven to be effective but that have also elicited controversy. Malaria is an ancient killer, having been recorded as early as 1500 B.C. Its connection with swampy ground led to the supposition that the disease was caused by bad air (mal aria). Nineteenth century physicians established that the disease was caused by a parasite in the blood; that mosquitoes transmitted the parasite; and that the development of the parasite takes place in the Anopheles mosquito. Initial efforts at mosquito control, however, were labour intensive and costly and, therefore, only partially successful. That changed during World War II with the development of a cheap, persistent and highly effective insecticide known by its initials as DDT, for which its inventor, Paul Müller, won the Nobel Prize in 1948. Hunting the Bug Allied forces ?rst used DDT in disease control in 1944, particularly among typhus-ridden soldiers released from prison camps. Its application in malaria control came shortly after the war when public health of?cials sprayed tiny amounts of the insecticide on the inside walls of houses where the female Anopheles mosquito rests. This method of control, known as Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), was so successful that within a few years malaria had been eradicated in Europe and the US and the burden of the disease vastly reduced in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Given these successes, in 1955 the World Health Organisation (WHO) launched its malaria eradication programme, which was funded largely by the US government. The plan was based on the careful, but not exclusive, use of DDT in IRS programmes. By 1961, around 650 million people were protected from malaria at a cost of between 11 and 42 U.S. cents per capita. Although the plan saved millions of lives, it did not entirely succeed. By 1972 the goal of eradicating the disease had been demoted to simply control and since then malaria cases and deaths have been steadily on the rise. Several factors contributed to the move to abandon eradication. One was resistance. Where DDT began to be used widely in agriculture, it became less effective in controlling malaria vectors. Another reason was that in some countries, notable India, malaria eradication teams became complacent and careless in their work and their budgets were also steadily cut. In some areas, such as equatorial Africa, mosquitoes breed so rapidly they simply overwhelmed any eradication effort. More generally, the vast stretches of sparsely populated terrain and dearth of manpower, transport, communication and ?nancial resources meant that sub-Saharan Africa wasn't ever seriously targeted by the WHO plan. Probably the two most signi?cant reasons behind the reduction of malaria control interventions and the subsequent rise of the disease are in the increased focus on decentralised, horizontal health systems, in which a speci?c method of disease control is incorporated into general health services, and the growing in?uence of the global environmentalist movement. During the 1970s, the WHO and other health agencies aggressively promoted the idea that health systems should be decentralised to allow for local control of policy to ensure effective use of health budgets. Unfortunately, while there is merit in increasing accountability, effective malaria control requires, to a large extent, a well planned vertical programme--a carefully coordinated plan for ?ghting a speci?c disease with a clear chain of command, careful scienti?c oversight and a dedicated budget. Those countries, such as South Africa, Swaziland, Namibia and Botswana, which maintained their vertical structures have had greater success in containing malaria. Countries such as Ethiopia, where any vertical health programme is outlawed, have failed to control malaria. It has been proven that the disease cannot be left to poorly trained, unco-ordinated and poorly-resourced clinics. Such disjointed efforts are ineffective and frequently waste money and human resources. The world environmental movement, while trying to be a friend to nature, has unfortunately often been an enemy to man. In 1962, Rachel Carson published her famous book Silent Spring, which offered a frightening but poorly argued view of man and nature imperilled by the over-use of synthetic chemicals. The target of her attacks was DDT, then being used in large amounts in farming as well as for public health. To some extent the book launched the modern environmental movement and the campaigns that it spurred eventually led to the banning of DDT for agricultural use in 1972 by the newly formed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The new government department was determined to show that it could act boldly, but many of the fears Carson expressed were greatly exaggerated, and there was no scienti?c basis for the banning of DDT outright (although restriction in agricultural use was certainly warranted). The consequences of this decision can be demonstrated by the example of India, which had the institutions, infrastructure and importantly, the domestic budget, to maintain a malaria control programme on its own terms. In 1953, India's population was a third of its present size, but the annual incidence of malaria was 75 million cases. That year India started using DDT as a core of its IRS programme. It has continued using DDT ever since and the government still manufactures its own supply. Against what might have been the background level of more than 200 million cases a year the current incidence is around 2 million cases with the death rate in the low thousands. But DDT has become more dif?cult to procure and use and pressure from environmentalist groups against the insecticide remains. On 17 May 2004, an international treaty aimed at restricting or eliminating persistent organic pollutants, known as the Stockholm Convention, came into force. Although the Convention was initially designed to ban DDT for all uses, including malaria control, strong opposition, notably from South Africa, ensured that a DDT exemption for public heath was secured. The enduring problem for many malarial countries, however, is that despite the exemption, few donors will actually fund any IRS, let alone use of DDT. South Africa's opposition to any phase out of DDT was based on bitter experience. In 1996 the Department of Health took a decision, in good faith, to drop DDT for malaria control. The decision led to one of the worst epidemics in the country's history, with malaria cases increasing more than 6-fold. The Anopheles mosquitoes had grown resistant to the insecticides that replaced DDT and the ?rst-line drug therapy was also losing ef?cacy in stricken areas such as the KwaZulu-Natal Province. In 2000 the Department of Health reintroduced DDT in its IRS programme, which led to an 80 percent reduction in malaria cases in just one year. In addition, the government introduced a new and highly effective malaria treatment--Artemesinin-based combination therapy (ACT), which is based on an ancient Chinese herbal remedy. The combination of these two interventions--cheap and effective DDT along with expensive new drugs--has brought malaria cases in South Africa to near all-time lows. Buoyed by the success in South Africa, other African countries have started IRS programmes. Mozambique has dramatically reduced the incidence of malaria in the south of the country by implementing an IRS programme in coordination with South Africa and Swaziland and with ?nancial support from the private sector, government and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria. Zambia has recently restarted its IRS programme after a highly successful DDT spraying programme run by Konkola Copper Mine reduced malaria cases by 50 percent in one year and by a further 50 percent in the next. Zambia, like South Africa, has also changed its ?rst-line malaria treatment to ACTs. As a result of the successful use of DDT in southern Africa and after encouragement from, among others, the South African Minister of Health, the Ugandan government pledged earlier this year that it, too, would use DDT in an IRS programme to control malaria. Despite the clear wishes of the Ugandan Minister of Health to use DDT as one of several anti-malaria interventions, a move supported by the Parliament, the government has not made any progress because of a lack of support and funding from donor agencies. While the Global Fund is playing a positive role in southern Africa by providing crucial ?nance to countries that seek to improve malaria control, the same cannot be said for the donor agencies and UN bodies active in containing the disease. In 1998 the WHO launched its Roll Back Malaria (RBM) programme with the goal of halving malaria cases and deaths by 2010. Halfway through the life of the programme, malaria deaths have increased by approximately 12%. The reason, to a very large extent, is that the RBM partners, which include the WHO, World Bank, UNICEF and the US development agency USAID, refuse to support IRS. Instead, RBM has put its money on insecticide-treated nets, which show much more limited success in reducing malaria. Fear of criticism and sympathy for environmental concerns partly explains such resistance to IRS programmes and DDT. More to the point, though, donors prefer to control the funds they earmark, and often spend it more readily on consultants rather than on building local expertise. Also, IRS programmes are manpower intensive and this is often used as an argument against it. This is short-sighted. Although pilot studies indicate that nets and spraying are both effective, no net-based programme has achieved anywhere near the same results as IRS when tried on the kind of scale required. And while IRS does have to be done annually, studies show that bed nets start having a public health bene?t only after more than 80 percent of the population has them. USAID has an annual malaria budget of $80 million, but the agency does not spend a single cent buying either insecticides or drugs for malaria control. The vast majority of the agency's budget is directed towards US-based consultants who 'advise' malaria control programmes and conduct nebulous projects that have no clear deliverables. In early 2004, in a paper published in the medical journal The Lancet, some of the world's leading malaria experts openly accused international health and donor of?cials of medical malpractice by falsely advising African governments not to roll out the new highly effective ACTs. The Global Fund reacted quickly to the criticism and changed the way it funds malaria control. The more cumbersome UN bodies, however, have been slower to change; recently UNICEF admitted that it was providing useless chloroquine drugs to the war-displaced masses in Sudan's Darfur region. A new approach to malaria is long overdue. First, the WHO, UN agencies and the donor community should drop their ideological resistance to DDT and base their policies on science. Second, the donor agencies that are involved in malaria control need to urgently revise their malaria control programmes to include IRS and the purchase of effective anti-malarial drugs. USAID has recently been urged to review its malaria control programme after hearings in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate severely criticised their inadequate and misguided efforts. It is incumbent on the agencies that have oversight over the other major donors to urgently review the way in which taxpayer money is being utilised. Certainly, donors alone do not have the money to roll out a comprehensive IRS programme across all of sub-Saharan Africa, but they do have the means to target areas where the need is most acute and the means most lacking. Poorer countries such as Malawi that cannot fund their own IRS programmes are reliant on outside assistance--and, therefore, on the control measures donors determine are acceptable. So great is the human tragedy of malaria and so obvious are the failings of various UN bodies and donor agencies to control the disease, that anything short of major reform in malaria control would be criminally negligent and would continue to blight the future of millions of Africans. Roger Bate is a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. He and Richard Tren are directors of Africa Fighting Malaria.

<urn:uuid:a8865b4e-1f8d-40a5-87d4-142f315e774f>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://www.fightingmalaria.org/research_id_191.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370511408.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410173109-20200410203609-00434.warc.gz

en

The Little Emergency that was the Korean War There was a lot of unfinished business on the Korean peninsula in the 1940’s. It had been ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II, when it was divided by American administrators along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half. The failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948 deepened the division between the two sides; the North established a communist government, while the South established a right-wing government under Syngman Rhee. Cross-border skirmishes and raids at the 38th Parallel persisted until North Korean forces invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. The USSR boycotted the United Nations Security Council because the Republic of China, now operating from Taiwan, was chosen to represent China in the UN. Without the Soviet veto, the Security Council resolution authorizing military intervention in Korea. The vast majority of “international” troops were American. When the war broke out, Donald MacDonald, who was stationed in Korea at the time and discusses, in an interview with Stu Kennedy in 1990, what it was like coming into Korea in June 1948, the relationship between the United States and the Rhee government and the phone call early in the morning of June 25th that informed MacDonald of the unfolding “little” emergency. “We Have a Little Emergency” Q: When you returned to Korea in June, 1948, what was the situation? MACDONALD: It was still very confused. It was marginally better than when I had left. Politically it was complicated by the split between the right and left. There were many demonstrations. There had been a couple of major assassinations before I got there. But the situation was not one that put in me in fear for my life and limb. We moved around freely. The bulk of the population were friendly. A lot of people were complaining about what they thought we were failing to do…. One problem at the time was that the North Koreans on May 15, had pulled the switch on the electric power; the north was the primary source of power for the whole peninsula. In terms of creature comforts, that created some difficulties. Living was poor particularly for the Koreans… By the time Rhee took over, he had made most of the Americans mad at him. He had a propensity for making all who had worked with him, mad at him. It was extraordinary. He had a single minded conviction of his own unique attributes and qualifications to be able to do anything. This was by no means un-Korean, but he exceeded most Koreans. It was he actually who had insisted on a separate government for South Korea when the Koreans were still hoping for a unified government of the peninsula. Rhee knew how to manipulate Americans and did so. He was stubborn and mule-headed; he had an aura as the leading nationalist patriot fighter for Korea’s independence. He made Americans quite miserable. None of us liked him although we had some respect for his ability. Furthermore he became increasingly dictatorial. This turned off the junior members of the staff, particularly. I remember vividly trying to include all the criticisms I had heard in my dispatches, which Drumright took out, saying: “Young man, it is your business to report what happened, but not to pontificate”. The outbreak was a complete surprise. It was not that we thought that there would be no war. There had been elaborate emergency plans drawn up, which were actually followed when war broke out. But for one thing, we were encouraged by the military advisory group to over-estimate South Korean military capabilities. We also underestimated the capacity of the North Koreans. Although the threat was obviously there, it was discounted. Also President Rhee had been crying wolf for so long that when in May, 1950 he and his defense minister began to cite movement of tanks and troops, we dismissed it as an effort to get more military assistance. We were concerned that he would move North; after all, he was always talking about it. Even though we recognized the threat and were planning for the eventuality of a war, when it actually happened it was a total surprise…. Once I started doing political reporting, I was in touch with government people, but I tended to work through the Embassy’s Korean political assistants more than by direct contact. For one thing, my Korean was still inadequate for conducting business. We all tended to distrust the government anyway. We preferred to go to newsmen, opposition politicians and others to try to get information on what was going on in the country, leaving government official contacts to our seniors…. The first word that I received about the War was a telephone call on Sunday morning, June 25, from Everett Drumright. I was in bed asleep. He said: “MacDonald, we have a little emergency. You’d better get to the office”. I went and never did get home very much thereafter. The first matter to attend to was to determine whether the invasion was for real. There had been many skirmishes at division level at the front since 1949; it was never completely clear which side started these incidents. Therefore we had to establish the veracity of the reports of the North Korean attacks. It wasn’t until Monday that we actually heard gunfire. Events progressed more or less according to plan for the first day. We started to segregate classified documents for destruction. We organized people in civil defense ways by designating air raid shelters, appointed wardens, arranged communications and so on. As it became increasingly clear that the South Korean Army was not going to hold, then matters got increasingly frantic. We were burning classified documents on the roof of the Embassy steadily for two or three days. Some of the Marine guards and junior officers were assigned to that detail. “The North Koreans Are Coming” Meanwhile, we of course still had to write reports. Ambassador Muccio personally had to hold the hand of the Korean government. The first group to be evacuated consisted of dependents–women and children. They left Sunday night and were put on board a fertilizer boat which had just been ordered to dump its cargo overboard to make room for them. That group left for Japan. The next group consisted of non-essential employees and finally everybody left except a group of volunteers that the Ambassador had requested. I was one of those. I wasn’t a personal witness, but there seems to be no doubt that there was a disgraceful episode at plane-side Tuesday morning when some of our senior officials were elbowing each other out of the way to get on the plane first with their hunting rifles, their electronic gear and whatever other things that they had taken fancy to and had therefore had to go along with them. It was a mess. I got home long enough to help my wife pack up one trunk locker and got her off. After that I returned home once before I left with Ambassador Muccio. My last act was to go back to the Embassy on Tuesday afternoon to check it out to make sure that everybody had left… By Tuesday afternoon, the gunfire was clearly audible. That afternoon, around 4 PM, I drove out of Seoul in the Ambassador’s car. He was driving it because he didn’t want to leave it for the Communists. We drove to Suwon, where a temporary headquarters had been set up, both for the small Embassy team and the military group that was being assembled for assessment purposes. In Suwon, we were essentially supporting the military and trying to report the situation to Washington using “one time pads”–a coded tear-off pad. These were the days before sophisticated electronics… We set up our headquarters in a former agriculture school that had been built by the Japanese. I can vividly remember General Church, who was the leader of the first reconnaissance party from Tokyo, after looking at maps and listening to reports for several hours, saying: “No one knows where anybody is!” It was in that climate then that on Thursday or Friday someone yelled that the North Koreans were coming. One of the communication technicians threw a thermite grenade at the communications gear to destroy it and thereby set fire to the entire building, which had been built with well seasoned wood. It burned immediately. We then set off in the middle of the night for Taejon, where the next temporary headquarters was established. In Taejon, there was little need for normal Embassy work. So I typed intelligence reports for the 24th Division G-2 until I was asked to make a trip through the rest of South Korea to make sure that all the missionaries were evacuated… I did a “Paul Revere ride” around the various missionary headquarters and told them to leave. I wound up finally in Pusan. I never returned to Taejon because in the meantime the 24th Division was defeated and had to fall back to Taegu. Eventually, I found myself in Taegu where Drumright was in charge of a forward Embassy echelon. Muccio was in Pusan in charge of a rear echelon. Drumright spent most of his time checking up and reporting on the military situation. Muccio was spending his time calming President Rhee and doing what he could to stabilize the situation there… Muccio managed somehow or other to instill enough confidence into the Korean government so that when American assistance arrived in the form of air cover and eventually ground troops, what could be saved was saved. It was very difficult, but had Muccio not taken that firm positive reassuring stance, based on very little evidence, the situation would have been much worse. A Close Call Q: What happened after Taegu? MACDONALD: Harold Noble has published a book, called “Embassy at War” which chronicles day-to-day what happened, and he cites one hilarious staff meeting in which I announced that I wasn’t doing enough in this perilous hour and if the Embassy couldn’t give me something to do, I would volunteer for active military duty–I was a reserve officer at the time. Partly because of that, they sent me on a mission to North Korea just after word of the Chinese intervention had reached us. They wanted me to stand on the railroad track running down into Sinanju which was then close to the fighting. I was to interview refugees to see whether they were really refugees or “fifth column” troops being sent to the rear of the UN command. I spent a few very cold days doing that. Somewhat later, just before the fall of Pyongyang, a team from the Bureau of Intelligence and Research of the State Department, headed by Richard Scammon, arrived to go to Pyongyang for interviews and examination of captured documents. This was an effort to understand how the Soviet Union had operated in North Korea. This led to a Departmental report called “A Case Study in Communist Take-over”. I was sent along as a hat-holder and logistics officer. When the team left, I decided to stay for a while because there wasn’t much else to do, and the commander of the American military government team in Pyongyang was an officer for whom I had worked before, during my military government training. I joined him until orders to evacuate were received. The colonel told me to leave first because he didn’t want to take responsibility for me. Actually, we spent a night in a school house on the way out. An ammunition dump, which was right next door, exploded and dumped the wall of the school right on us. That is the closest I came to being a war casualty.

<urn:uuid:4537cf4d-eb93-4e6e-bed7-51041faccb3f>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://adst.org/2013/06/the-little-emergency-that-was-the-korean-war/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496227.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329201741-20200329231741-00034.warc.gz

en

A pair of sultry eyes sunken into a frighteningly unblemished face appeared on the screen. Beneath a wisp of smoke ascending along the right side of the image, it reads: “Grow Your Own...Learn How.” The ad called for some further investigation. I clicked on the link and was taken to a website called bcnorthernlights. com, which, despite some green accents, did not quite fit the confused aesthetic that I had expected. The website was clean and professional, hawking growing apparatuses with names like “the BloomBox” or “the Producer.” They looked to my untrained eye like mini-fridges from a college dorm. In a section titled “Learn to Grow,” the website urged the online viewer to “Take Control. Grow Indoors” in bold lettering. Underneath, it elaborated: “Through controlling every aspect, you can give your plants all the TLC they need so that they can grow into the healthiest, most abundant crop.” Bcnorthernlights exemplifies a familiar culture shift in the marijuana industry: the indoor cultivation of cannabis is coming into vogue as an increasing desire for control over the crop takes root. But what are the implications of “taking control,” of this unique brand of TLC for THC? According to recent studies, indoor growing may be massively detrimental to the earth. “One average kilogram of final product is associated with 4600 kg of carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere, or that of three million average US cars when aggregated across all national production,” says Evan Mills, Ph.D., of the University of California and US Department of Energy, in a 2012 peer-reviewed article titled “The Carbon Footprint of Indoor Cannabis Production.” Hidden beneath the dense haze of legal and ethical concerns, the environmental impacts of our green friend have gone unnoticed. Marijuana laws are complex. Only the most devoted to the cause are able to keep up with the ever-changing legal subtleties that vary from state to state. By and large, however, the cultivation of any amount of cannabis is considered a felony. And while there are a number of states that permit some level of cultivation, it is not federally approved. In Rhode Island, the cultivation of marijuana is only permitted for medicinal use, and those who qualify are only able to grow up to 12 plants. This legally prescribed amount pales in comparison to the output of any profitable growing operation, and the plants must be grown indoors. Otherwise, Rhode Island state legislation lumps cannabis cultivation in the same legal category as distribution, and the discovery of non-medicinal growing practices can result in prison sentences ranging anywhere from two years to life. Thus, the appeal of sequestering oneself indoors is understandable. The environmental impacts of our nation’s reefer madness are unquestionably alarming. Evan Mills’s study plainly exposes this fact, ultimately estimating the energy used in this (mostly) illicit process to be around one percent of the United States’s national electricity use, or about six billion dollars per year. The energy implications of this mode of production are vast, and the laundry list of industrial equipment used is frightening: mechanically ventilated light fixtures, high intensity lamps, dehumidifiers, CO2 generators, water purifiers. The list goes on. While not all indoor growing operations are quite this technologically advanced, it is impossible to effectively grow marijuana indoors without leaving a substantial carbon footprint. Mills points to the fact that when California legalized cultivation of cannabis for medicinal purposes, the per-capita residential energy use in Humboldt County increased by 50 percent. And while correlation is not necessarily causation, the evidence of marijuana’s sizeable energy impact is compelling. Ultimately, the study concluded that the indoor production of marijuana expends approximately 22 billion kilowatt-hours of energy per year. While this number is only one-sixth of the amount of annual energy used by refrigerators in the US, the American government has the ability regulate the energy use of everyday household appliances. The environmental harms of an industry that is technically illegal, however, proceed uncontrolled. Besides, this is a shocking quantity for such a supposedly radical recreation. Not every American home with a fridge is also harboring an illicit pot-growing operation in its basement. One solution to this environmental problem seems simple: why don’t we just grow our marijuana outdoors? Even though it cuts down significantly on energy usage, outdoor growing presents comparable threats to the environment. Outdoor marijuana farming draws many of the same criticisms as large-scale industrial agriculture. Monoculture farming—in which only one crop is grown—relies heavily on pesticides, as it eschews the natural pest barriers typically associated with more diverse systems of planting. This results in pests who are more capable of adapting to pesticides (“superpests”) and the subsequent use of more pesticides in order to kill them off. While marijuana farms are nowhere near the size of industrial monocultures, they employ a similar set of practices largely stemming from the perceived value of their crop. Given the intensely precious nature of each one of these plants, marijuana growers are, by and large, willing to use as many pesticides as it will take to defend their crop. A hungry rat could cost a farmer $2,000 a plant, easily. Without any sort of environmental standard around growing practices, these tendencies have the capacity to spin out of control. The effect that these chemicals have when volatilized by smoking is unknown.The impact that these chemicals have on other species, however, is well documented and still overlooked. Zuckerman discusses how chemical runoff into rivers caused a growth of toxic patches of algae, which killed four dogs that ingested it. The water use inherent in marijuana production is also having an effect on local species. During bright summer months, cannabis plants require several gallons of water per day in order to maintain their luster. Thousands of additional water-consuming plants are therefore not ideal for an area already suffering from extreme drought conditions. Zuckerman’s article cites how the California Department of Fish and Wildlife likened water used in cannabis growth to a dried up stream nearby, which presented a serious issue for local coho salmon who were already struggling to survive. Thus, while profits are being made and the urges of eager stoners are being sated, the implications of marijuana growth are slowly corroding the immediate environment. Zuckerman equates many of these environmental impacts to the effects of logging during the last century. Yet, thanks to state regulations, historically unsustainable logging practices were curtailed before they were able to do too much damage. With marijuana caught in a legal quandary, these sorts of regulations are not foreseeable. But how did we get into this situation in the first place, and, more importantly, how can we get out? “Even though cannabis cultivation has flourished under the ambiguous auspices of California’s medical marijuana laws,” Zuckerman writes, “the people who are best placed to serve as watchdogs over environmental abuses in their remote areas still feel bound by a code of silence to protect each other from the law.” Here we find ourselves with an even more daunting blockade. Not only are the harmful practices of cannabis cultivation going largely unnoticed, those instances that are noticed are being systematically blocked by the legal predicament in which we have placed ourselves. While many of the environmental problems associated with the growth of marijuana are not unique to the plant, marijuana maintains a privileged position based on its legal status. No entity has the ability to tell these growers that their practices are harmful, and legislators are unwilling to accept that these kinds of practices exist in the first place. They are illegal, after all. Putting claims of heightened incarceration rates and misguided enforcement aside, current legislation around marijuana has detrimental repercussions on the environment that have gone unnoticed in the public sphere. Our nationwide ban on the plant has put us into something of an ecological bind. This lack of regulation also has implications on the consumer side of the spectrum, where there is a lack of transparency between the grower and the user. Consumers of more traditional agricultural products know to a certain extent where their food is coming from and have a kind of agency to choose between different types of products. Whether or not they choose to actually exercise this agency, however, is another issue entirely. On the other hand, most consumers of marijuana have no ability to “vote” with their dollar. Marijuana, because it is an illicit substance, has yet to coopt the kind of organic seals that are coming to dominate the modern supermarket. While these seals certainly do not serve as a panacea to issues surrounding sustainable growth, they do represent a level of transparency that marijuana commerce utterly lacks. It is this lack of transparency that ultimately leaves cannabis consumers powerless in promoting sustainable growth of the plant. That is to say, the beloved “locavore” mindset has yet to find firm ground in the cannabis community. Imagine two shadows lurking in a dimly lit alley: one says to the other, “Is it local?” Preposterous. For now we are trapped behind a dark veil, at the whim of the ecological tendencies of our friendly neighborhood drug dealers. Beneath the rhetoric and legalese, our marijuana laws present a nearly impenetrable barrier to regulation of growing practices. The environmental issues with marijana cultivation are generated by political ones. While the current legalization debate is a back and forth between small government libertarians and economic opportunists looking for tax dollars, the environmental stakes should trump the rhetorical tête-à-tête between these tired political stances. For as these debates over the future of marijuana move at a snail’s pace in our legislative centers, the fluorescent lights of indoor growing operations will continue to hum ominously as growers of marijuana escalate their carbon and chemical emissions at a reckless speed.

<urn:uuid:01825c95-51ef-46ad-8b03-d865c104969e>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.theindy.org/404

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505366.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401034127-20200401064127-00515.warc.gz

en

There’s no point denying the differences between the hair in African-American and European-American people. It’s not only the wave pattern that is different, but also the texture as the African-American hair is typically coarse, kinked or coiled. As for the color, it’s quite obvious that African-American hair is black 99% of the time (the variations aren’t common at all). However not many of us notice that African-American hair does present even more special characteristics. The African-American hair has the tendency to be porous, therefore moisture goes through the cuticle layer of the hair way easier. As ethnic hair is coarse most of the time, the cuticle layer of the hair shaft is going to raise. This means that it loses moisture as easy as it absorbs it. This is why African-American (let’s call it “ethnic” going forward) needs a bit more attention in order to remain healthy and strong. Black hair is the darkest one and very popular on Earth as people with this type of hair are so numerous. It’s an important genetic trait that we’re going to find in people of all sorts of ethnicities and backgrounds. It contains an important amount of eumelanin and it’s less dense than the other hair colors. It’s quite common for a very dark brown hair to be mistaken as black hair. The range of skin colors that are related to black hair is quite impressive, going from the palest of light skin tones to dark skin. Black hair does needs oil for an effective protection and this method goes back to ancient Egypt. The oils become a good sealing barrier to keep in the hair’s moisture, leaving your hair soft and easy to manage. Typical issues for black hair One of the most common problems for Ethnic hair is dryness. This is the reason for which products made for African-American hair include intense oils, moisturizers and fats that hydrate and lock in moisture at the same time. On the other hand, one recent national study shows that another important problem for women with Ethnic hair would be breakage. It seems that 60% of black women pointed breakage as their no.1 hair issue. It goes without saying that the natural tendency of black hair to dryness isn’t much of a help and is so important when it comes to hair breakage in women with black hair. How they style their hair is also very important and 80% of black women use some sort of way to straighten their hair. From the chemical processes (relaxers and soft-curl perms) to the heat-styling appliances (blow-dryers and irons), the methods of styling are various and present risks, especially when not properly used. For instance, chemical relaxers are powerful formulas that break the disulfide bonds of the hair, helping it to lie nice and straight. Most common relaxers include strong alkalis that expand your hair up to twice its normal size. The hydroxide relaxers cause permanent breakage of bonds. Soft curl perms make the natural curl of the hair become larger, but both soft curl perms and relaxers are quite powerful on the hair. Heat styling is another cause for the issues of African-American hair. Flat-irons, curling irons and straightening combs use heat that goes up to 400 degrees. Let’s not forget dryers (hooded included) that you’re using for straightening as they take out much of the moisture that your hair needs. Other problems for African-American hair Coloring is another chemical process that may damage quite tremendously your African-American hair. As your Ethnic hair is typically black (level 1), no matter which color you want to go with, you’re going to have to use some sort of bleaching that may cause serious damage, when you’re not doing it right. You shouldn’t go more than 4 to 5 levels from your natural color and this means that you don’t have that many options if you’re an African-American woman. This means that it’s not impossible to see African-American women go 8 to 9 levels higher, getting to a bright blonde. This type of lightening may cause straw-like texture on your hair, even if you’re doing it in a professional salon. Needless to say, you should never try to do it on your own at home. This explains why some high-end African-American professionals talk so much about the risks of over-lightening of African-American hair. Keep in mind that you can’t really “cure” damaged hair. However, you may treat your hair with products that are going to protect it from anymore damage, giving your hair a healthy appearance. Give it a second thought next time you’re going to lighten your hair. The moment you run your fingers through your hair and end up with a handful of broken ends is the moment you realize it’s already late for your hair. All the processes that your hair is going through leave your hair stressed-out and weakened, with a higher risk for breaking. This is why you should treat your African-American hair as often as you can in order to strengthen it with proteins, but also re-hydrate it with moisture that seals the hair against moisture loss. You must always use the products that address to these specific problems. No worry though, as the market is always giving you more and more products especially designed for African-American hair. An important advice Using a gentle shampoo and conditioner that contains moisture-rich ingredients is fundamental for the African-American hair and you should condition daily, even if you’re not shampooing daily. Get yourself a light, oil-based treatment to seal in the moisture and to protect your hair against damage from all of that styling. And if you’re also using heated appliances (chances are you do use them), you should step up your game. A deep-conditioning treatment once a week (but this is the minimum) and protein treatments at least once a month are things to check every month. Pay attention to the needs of your African-American hair and make sure to keep it healthy at all time. What about hair loss for the African-American hair? Thinning hair isn’t a problem only for men, as women also have to face this hair problem. It seems that 40% of people dealing with temporary or long term hair loss are in fact women. For some, hair is thinning all over, whereas others notice how the center part widen as time goes by. The cases when people develop baldness at the crown of the head aren’t that rare, but it’s true that women don’t typically experience a receding front hairline. Typically, an average scalp has around 100,000 hairs and each follicle gives a single hair that grows around half an inch per month. Hair grows for 2 to 6 years before taking a break and eventually fall out. But it’s replaced soon enough with a new hair, therefore the whole cycle starts all over again. No matter the moment in your life, chances are that 85% of your hair is growing whereas the rest is resting. Let’s go through the typical causes for hair loss in women: - Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Women dealing with PCOS present a chronic hormonal imbalance as the body produces higher levels of androgens than it should. This makes the hair sprout on your face and body, whereas hair on the scalp gets thinner. PCOS is also related to ovulation problems, weight gain and acne. However, thinning hair remains the most noticeable symptom. - Thyroid conditions The butterfly-shaped gland at the front of our neck, the thyroid produces hormones that control several processes throughout the whole body. If this gland produces too much or too little thyroid hormone, the hair growth cycle is going to be altered. Hair loss isn’t typically the only symptom of some thyroid conditions. You may want to pay attention to weight gain or loss, changes in your heart rate, sensitivity to cold or heat too. - Child birth an important number of women notice how their hair gets fuller during pregnancy. The high levels of hormones that help hair rest from falling out are responsible for that fuller appearance. Unfortunately, it doesn’t take long and right after childbirth, as the hormone levels go back to normal, the once fuller strands are going to fall out. And women may experience an impressive amount of hair loss at one time, taking around 2 years until hair goes back to its normal condition. This is no myth at all: stress does kill. Stress is also an important cause for hair follicles to become toxic, making your hair fall out. You may have seen it in the movies how people may pull their own hair, but it’s stress that can do that for you. A stressful period in your life may cause hair loss so you need to minimize stress as it’s going to affect not only your hair, but also your entire body and mind. - The pill It’s not very well known, but a side effect of birth control pill is the hair loss. The same hormones that control ovulation may cause thinning of hair in some women, especially those coming from families with hair loss experiences. Hair loss may stop the moment you stop taking the pill. Keep in mind that some blood thinners and medicines that control high blood pressure, arthritis, depression or heart disease may also cause hair loss. - Alopecia Areata This is a special condition that makes the hair fall out in amazing patches. The body’s immune system is the one to blame in this case, as it’s mistakenly attacking hair follicles. The damage isn’t permanent though, most of the time. The missing patches may grow back in six months or so. However, in rare cases, people may in fact lose all of the hair from both their scalp and body.

<urn:uuid:dbf2991c-61f7-47d8-8911-f3aa20ea98bc>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://sugarandfluff.com/black-hair-typical-issues/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371807538.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408010207-20200408040707-00393.warc.gz

en

Taiwan’s national identity is not the same as China’s. If anything, the idea that Taiwan is “Chinese” is a notion forced upon Taiwan by the KMT and the Chinese Communist Party. Sure, you can argue that regarding culture, language and certain traditions, China and Taiwan are quite similar, but overall, that isn’t enough of an argument to lay claim that Taiwan is Chinese sovereign territory. Whereas many Chinese will tell you that they are proud of their civilization and rise to global importance in recent decades, many Taiwanese would say they are proud of their open, free, and ever-changing democracy. Sure, Taiwan is considered a flawed democracy, but it does rank very high in Asia and in the rest of the world. Historically speaking, Taiwan has never been completely ruled by a Chinese authority until the KMT arrived in 1949. You might be wondering how that is possible, well, let’s define what is sovereignty: Sovereignty is the power of a state to do everything necessary to govern itself, such as making, executing, and applying laws; imposing and collecting taxes; making war and peace; and forming treaties or engaging in commerce with foreign nations. The Qing never had the power to govern, tax, or apply laws throughout the entire territory of Taiwan, and I’ll explain why. The Qing’s Quarantine Policy Dutch, Spanish and Ming rebels occupied different parts of Taiwan in the 17th century. It wasn’t until the Qing Dynasty came in 1684, that a long-lasting presence by the Han was established. Taiwan was to become an “ambiguous frontier” for the Qing who enacted a quarantine policy. This policy essentially prohibited Chinese emigration, Han settlement, banning trade of iron and bamboo and restricting official travel to the island. For all intents and purposes, Taiwan was viewed as a backwater island that was more of a security issue, than an issue of sovereignty. The island not an integral part of the Qing’s territory. Quite the opposite, if Koxinga had no invaded the island and taken it from the Dutch, the island would more than likely have not even been on the radar of the Qing. Even with Qing administration, their ability to apply laws and govern were restricted by the quarantine policy. This policy was nothing new for the Qing. Their empire was huge and it was normal to have fluid borders, instead of hard ones. The island of Taiwan was broken into the area that was administered by the Qing and the area occupied by “raw and cooked” aborigines. This classification is explained as the “raw” aborigines being the “untamed” and otherwise those outside the control of the Qing’s power. The “cooked” were those who paid taxes and were not beyond the pale of Qing control. Even then, the classification of raw and cooked are both still fluid terms than could be applied to different degrees of how cooked or how raw a tribe is. However, what Taiwan was reduced to, is seen below. Essentially, anything past the mountainous regions was seen to be beyond the control of the Qing. The quarantine policy was not put in place to protect aborigines, but rather to prevent conflict between Han and aborigines, which would afford the Qing higher costs for the island. The bottom line was, the Qing were not interested in Taiwan. It was a backwater island that posed security concerns at one stage and was more of hassle than a sovereign part of their territory. However, this policy was to be challenged by three great case studies that were provided by Lung Chang, on the topic of From Quarantine to Colonization: Qing Debates on Territorialization of Aboriginal Taiwan in the Nineteenth Century tenth-Century Taiwan. Three Case Studies of Changing Perceptions of Territory and Quarantine Policy Gemelan in 1810 The first case study was from Gemelan in Northern Taiwan. In 1810, Gemelan became a subprefecture and was the first administrative expansion in Taiwan since Danshui in 1731. The area was occupied by Han immigrants, 36 aboriginal tribes and plains-aborigine settlers also arrived in the area in 1796. In 1806, the people of Gemelan defended the area from pirates and this prompted an investigation from the Qing court. General Saichonga: “The Han and the aborigines reside peacefully with each other and have shown their loyalty to the government. It is recommended that the place [should] be incorporated into the imperial domain in order to extend the influence of our civilization.” Emperor Jiaqing edict: “How can we leave it beyond our civilization! Moreover, the land is rich and fertile. If the territory is occupied by bandits and pirates, it will cause serious problems to Taiwan.” Governer-General Min-Zhe fang Weidian: “The number of Chinese sojourners and aborigines has been increasing. If we do not establish official administration, disturbances will occur.” It wasn’t until a part of unadministered land became useful for coastal defense and later, fertile for coffers, that land would be incorporated. Gemelan was incorporated because it led to preventing local disturbances and minimizing administrative costs. But, it was the threat of invasion by pirates and security and coastal defence that gave most concerns, not revenue of settlement and protection of natives. Thus, the Qing at this time were only interested in land that was for the betterment of the protection of the island. The rest of the island was beyond their control, and this was easier for the Qing. Shuishalian in the 1840s The opposite to Gemelan occurred in the Shuishalian. By the 1840s, the First Opium War had ended, and the precedent of foreign invaders and the importance of maritime defense was now a reality that many in the Qing had come to terms with. Taiwan was now beginning to be seen as not just a backwater island, but as a strategic position that foreign powers could use to attack China. His criticisms were not heeded until after the 1840 and the conclusion of the Opium wars (Unfair treaties). Prefect Yao Ying: “The opening and development of the aboriginal territory will soon invite conflicts. It is better to leave the land barren in order to diminish the enemy’s ambition and deter temporarily their invasion.” Shi Ma: “It is easier to achieve success by opening up the aboriginal territory. The quarantine policy could not prevent disturbances… It is recommended that we reclaim the land and appoint officials in Shuishalian following the precedents of Danshui and Gemalan.” Grand Councilor Muchanga: “The proposal of opening the territory does not serve the main object of preventing disturbances… It is better to observe the quarantine precedents and curb territorial ambition in advance than to open the territory and cause unforeseeable problems in the future. It is more appropriate to follow the ancient practices and not to make any changes.” Thus there was heavy debate from both pro-colonization and pro-quarantine sides Pro-colonization used the Gemalan precedent, while pro-quarantine stated the remoteness as an issue and they did not perceive any threats or see any strategic importance of the area to coastal defence. Therefore, the Gemelan precedent reigned, and that unless a unadministered area held importance for defense, the area would not be incorporated. However, this was all to change after the Second Opium War. The Rover Incident and The Mudanshe Incident By the 1870s, the quarantine policy was a bygone policy that was to be pressured to end because of encroachment of foreign powers. As a result of the Unfair Treaties (不平等條約), China was forced to open ports, including Taiwanese Ports in the 1860s. This led to the commoditization of tea, which in turn caused boundary trespassing, as foreigners were entitled to freely travel across Chinese territory In 1867, Westerners crossed aboriginal boundary in south Taiwan and this had brought a huge challenge to the quarantine policy. They wanted to find the American ship “The Rover.” The ship ran aground and those shipwrecked were killed by aborigines. If you want to learn more about the the Rover Incident, I recommend you check out Michael Turton’s blog on the subject. When the Qing were pushed for a resposne, they were unable to provide assistance. They could not guarantee the safety of people entering their territory because they had no control over it. When asked for permission to cross the aboriginal boundary, Liu Mingden stated:”The raw aborigines are beyond the imperial domain and the realm of our civilization. The foreigners are advised to observe the boundary policy and not to venture into the forbidden aboriginal territory.” Prince Gong, Director of the Zongli Yamen: “To prevent foreign ambition, it is advised that during the debate with the U.S. Consul (Le Gendre), our officials can not refer to the view that the aboriginal territory is beyond the Chinese imperial domain. The Qing Dynasty’s indifference to aboriginals caused foreign powers to question Qing’s sovereignty over aboriginal Taiwan. The island as a whole was not administered and without it seemed that aboriginal tribes were in control of the areas East of Taiwan. The fact that the Qing would suggest that the area inhabited by the raw aborigines was beyond the imperial domain and realm of their civilization, was almost a declaration that they did not control, or have sovereignty over the area. The Mudanshe Incident In 1874, a Japanese shipwreck occurred with 53 Ryukyuan sailors becoming shipwrecked in Eastern Taiwan, and ultimately being killed by aboriginals. In response to the killings, the Qing court had made it clear that the Japanese were not allowed to enter Taiwan, stating that: Min-Zhe Li Henian: “Although they are still beyond the reach of civilization and administration, they live in our territory and are therefore under our jurisdiction” The message, in many ways, made no sense. How could the area be under Qing jurisdiction if they could could not administrate it? This led to the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1874, and the Japanese only left because of aggressive diplomacy. As such, the Mudanshe Incident initiated the “Kaishan fufan” project in 1875 to open up the mountains. However, from 1875 to 1895, the Qing failed to open up the mountains. A lot of this has to do with how they viewed the aborigines. The aborigines are not just one group. Although they were classified as raw and cooked, at that time in Taiwan, there were many tribes. There was no central power for the entirety of the aborigine peoples. Another issue was the corruption, lack of administration and the all round 差不多 of the policy. Japanese rule after the Treaty of Shimonoseki By the end of 1895, Taiwan became a colony under the Japanese. Unlike the Dutch, Spanish and Ming rebels, the Japanese would do a better job at administering the entire island. I would not call this an accomplishment considering just how many people were killed by the Japanese during the colonial era. Many anti-Chinese Taiwanese tend to think of themselves as belonging to the Japanese identity of Taiwan, rather than a Chinese one. However, to me, this is romanticization of an era that was marred by brutality. However, it is important to discuss the fact that up until this point in history, Taiwan had never been fully controlled by any other central power. The aborigines were not a unified people, the Dutch and Spanish didn’t control most of the island, and the Qing claimed to have sovereignty over the island, but only had control over the Western part. Taiwan is used as a nationalistic scapegoat by the Communist Party in China for the purpose of offsetting criticism of itself. The rallying call for the return of Taiwan and having a unified China is nothing more than an artificial concept. Taiwan was never an integral part of China’s territory. For the CCP, Taiwan is said to represent the century of humiliation that China endured by Western powers. By unifying Taiwan and China, the century of humiliation would end. Taiwan is no longer an island off the coast of China, it is not even sovereign territory, it is a symbol of ending a century of humiliation and bringing back those who left China after the Civil War. Therefore, as much as you can rationalize that Taiwan historically was not fully controlled by the Qing, it doesn’t matter. The issue is now symbolic, brought on by propaganda by the CCP to offset criticism of it’s own failings. After all, if you google 64 into Baidu, you will find no results that are very relevant, but if you google 228, you will have all the information you would ever need to know about massacres and problems with Taiwan. This is one way to look at the issue. Of course there are a myriad of other issues that would call into question why Taiwan would be considered Chinese, but those issues can be dealt with in another blog post. EDIT: A part written on the Rover Incident was not factually correct and this was brought to my attention by Michael Turton. Mr. Turton provided content from his own blog that explains the incident in full for anyone interested in learning more about Taiwanese history.

<urn:uuid:68b4565c-11a4-404c-9117-b15dfc13bc9b>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://nihaositgoing.com/2018/02/17/why-taiwan-is-historically-not-a-part-of-chinese-sovereign-territory-taiwan-from-quarantine-to-japanese-rule/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493684.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329015008-20200329045008-00394.warc.gz

en

English version of El Mirador (Acta Sanitaria 27/01/2020) Wuhan coronavirus comes from animals There is only one health, and the world is unique to the viruses, bacteria and fungi that infect us. “A single health” groups the study and the response to human health problems taking into account the problems of flora and fauna (animals, domesticated and wild) and the environment. This global vision is essential to understand the complex interaction of humans with their natural environment and with that modified by human activity itself. Although the virus could originate months before, the initial focus of the outbreak in the city of Wuhan (China) was located in the central seafood market, where wild animals were also sold (legal and illegal sale). There are coronaviruses in many mammals, from bats to dogs and humans. Some of the common cold virus are coronaviruses, for example. Coronaviruses have the ability to mutate and jump from animal to human. Wuhan’s new coronavirus is spread like cold virus, but it seems not so easily. It produces flu-like symptoms and in some cases severe pneumonia that leads to death, especially in patients with major underlying diseases (for example, cancer with metastasis). Their mortality rate is 3% (3 people out of 100 infected die). There are other coronaviruses that produce similar cases to Wuhan’s Coronaviruses have existed for thousands of years, but in the 21st century some new ones have appeared, not only Wuhan’s. They could cause pneumonia and other complications that lead to death in some cases. In 2002-3, we had the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome known by its acronym SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome). His mortality rate was 11% In 2012, the outbreak of the Middle East respiratory syndrome, known by its acronym in English MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome). Its mortality rate was 36%. How have previous coronavirus outbreaks been controlled? The best case-study is that of SARS in which about 8,000 cases were diagnosed in a total of 30 countries and did more than 700. The key thing was the prompt diagnosis and isolation of patients in hospitals, and of the contacts in their homes (voluntary quarantine). In the hospital, the spread of the virus was avoided with the usual hygienic measures. As in the MERS, was high the mortality that occurred in inpatient outbreaks. The treatment was supportive (fluids, oxygen, etc), with antibiotics for bacterial complications. Is a good idea placing millions of people in more than a dozen Chinese cities under intense travel restrictions? In China, an attempt have being made to control the outbreak in Wuhan with the mandatory quarantine of millions of people, through the “closure” of several cities, cutting the connections by air and land. This mandatory quarantine is an expression, at the same time, of a dictatorial state and a weak health system, especially as regards to the control of infectious diseases. In general, mandatory quarantines are no evidence based. Health screening strategies for international air travelers Experience shows that temperature controls are not useful. They have no sense the “screenings” at arrival airports. What works are screenings (questionnaires PLUS temperature control) in exit airports, before departure from the affected country. Take into account that you can be infected with coranovirus and have no symptoms, but transmit it and hence the value of the questionnaires at the airport of departure. How to protect yourself and others? There are currently no vaccines available to protect you against human coronavirus infection. There are no specific treatments for illnesses caused by human coronaviruses. In case of mild disease just follow the usual behaviour in a common cold. According to the CDC advises, you may be able to reduce your risk of infection by doing the following: 1. wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds 2. avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands 3. avoid close contact with people who are sick If you have cold-like symptoms, you can help protect others by doing the following; stay home while you are sick 1. avoid close contact with others 2. cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, then throw the tissue in the trash and wash your hands 3. clean and disinfect objects and surfaces You don’t have to take special precautions with animals, or with food. At this time it is more important to control panic than to control deaths. Continuous mistakes are being made, as I have already noted: 1. forced quarantine of millions of people 2. controls at arrival airports 3. border closures 4. suspension of communications, and 5. ignorance of panic dynamics 6. wearing surgical masks The key questions in the outbreak of the Wuhan coronavirus (as in general for infections) is to have a well developed disease control system and a good health system with universal coverage. There is neither vaccine nor specific treatment for Wuhan’s coronavirus but the situation is much better than in the SARS outbreak, due to the lower mortality rate (3 vs. 11%). Is there a Cochrane Review about physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses? Yes. This is the summary: “Respiratory virus spread can be reduced by hygienic measures (such as handwashing), especially around younger children. Frequent handwashing can also reduce transmission from children to other household members. Implementing barriers to transmission, such as isolation, and hygienic measures (wearing masks, gloves and gowns) can be effective in containing respiratory virus epidemics or in hospital wards. We found no evidence that the more expensive, irritating and uncomfortable N95 respirators were superior to simple surgical masks. It is unclear if adding virucidals or antiseptics to normal handwashing with soap is more effective. There is insufficient evidence to support screening at entry ports and social distancing (spatial separation of at least one metre between those infected and those non-infected) as a method to reduce spread during epidemics”. So you may see that Cochrane recomends the use of facemask and the CDC no. What to do? An interesting and very well done study ends supporting the CDC position: “Facemask use does not prevent clinical or laboratory-confirmed viral respiratory infections among Hajj pilgrims” (pilgrims gathering in Mecca for Hajj pilgr). If the patient satisfies general AND clinical criteria, they are classified as a suspect case. 1. travel from Hubei Province, China in the 14 days before the onset of illness or travel to agreed areas of human-to-human transmission, or a declared outbreak, within 14 days before onset of illness, or 2. close contact with a confirmed case of 2019-nCoV within the last 14 days. 1. fever or history of fever and acute respiratory infection (sudden onset of respiratory infection with at least one of: shortness of breath, cough or sore throat), or 2. severe acute respiratory infection requiring admission to hospital with clinical or radiological evidence of pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (i.e. even if no evidence of fever) A close contact is defined as requiring greater than 15 minutes face-to-face contact with a confirmed case in any setting, or the sharing of a closed space with a confirmed case for a prolonged period (e.g. more than 2 hours). Coronaviruses have been with us for thousands of years, and we are prepared to overcome their infections. If you have traveled to Wuhan (China) or have had close contact with those who have traveled there and have severe catarrhal symptoms with respiratory distress, consult your doctor especially if you have any underlying disease. In all other cases avoid a panic epidemic, be prudent. New China virus: Five questions scientists are asking #coronavirus 2019-nCoV Similar symptoms to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Clinical management and infection control of #SARS (2002-3): Lessons learned Doubts rise about China’s ability to contain new coronavirus The Politics of the Coronavirus Outbreak. Perfect Storms Continue Coalescing. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 2012. 2019-nCoV is the third coronavirus to emerge in the human population in the past two decades. Evidence and Effectiveness in Decisionmaking for Quarantine The benefits of quarantine and isolation justify some level of coercion or compulsion by the state, but that the state should be able to provide the strongest justification possible for implementing such measures. The factors include the broad role of quarantine in a globalized world, … the ineffectiveness of quarantines as they currently exist, and the ethical dilemmas which have been, and are currently, associated with quarantine implementation. China’s unprecedented quarantines could have wider consequences, experts say. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/26/health/quarantine-china-coronavirus/index.html 2019-nCoV Travel restrictions from and to Wuhan city. With a 99% effective reduction in travel, the size of the epidemic outside of Wuhan may only be reduced by 24.9% on 4 February. Coronavirus: do airport screenings and face masks work? Analysis of Infectious Diseases Screening Systems for Transatlantic Air Passengers Health screening strategies for international air travelers during an epidemic or pandemic CDC What to do? https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/prevention.html Cochrane. Physical interventions to-interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses Facemask use does not prevent clinical or laboratory-confirmed viral respiratory infections among Hajj pilgrims. Novel coronavirus 2019 (2019 n-CoV) Professional, take an accurate travel history from all patients with acute respiratory infections Do surgical masks stop the coronavirus? Juan Gérvas, MD, PhD, retired general practitioner, Equipo CESCA, Madrid, Spain. Visiting professor International Health (National School of Public Health, Madrid, Spain) [email protected] @JuanGrvas

<urn:uuid:ad5ddf80-5e4b-47bc-ac93-d407efe3a494>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.actasanitaria.com/coronavirus-from-wuhan-china-2019-ncov-what-you-need-to-know-to-avoid-a-panic-epidemic/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371637684.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406133533-20200406164033-00554.warc.gz

en

Typical scenario for Machine Learning¶ - There exists some phenomenon called an unknown target function in the world which produces a measurement 'label' from some observations 'features'. We don't know this target function, and probably never will, but we have data. - Note: produce need not imply any causal relationships. Feature: 'it is raining' can produce a label: 'there are dark clouds', even though dark clouds cause rain - We have some examples of [feature, label] pairs and want to learn an approximated target function, which represents our understanding of the world - To do this, our machine trains on the examples and modifies its approximation until we are satisfied - To assess the machine, we give it test data it has never seen before and force it to run the approximated target function on the features, producing predicted labels. If the predicted labels are the same as the true labels, then we have a good approximation Human Learning analogy¶ - You go to school and your teacher shows you a textbook problem ('features') - Initially, you can't do them (untrained model) - Your teacher walks you through the answer (shows you 'labels') - You go through 50 of the same type of problem (training the model) - You sit your final exam and you are given a grade (testing the model) Example of supervised learning¶ First, we need some fake data and a scenario. I will use Python. I like using Anaconda's Spyder for Python, since it feels like RStudio and Matlab. The fake scenario will be generated as follows:¶ - We have a world-class university called Mass TechHaabad that accepts students under the condition 'STIC score must be greater than 2300'. Only they know this fact. This is the target function. - Haabad doesn't care about donations, race, gender, sexual orientation, athletics, etc. - I call this bullshitfake data because such a university does not exist - This is a severe issue that plagues liberal US universities, and schools like Cambridge are much closer to the ideal - As a high schooler, we will collect perfect data of 100 past applicants from College Confidential. We will look at [STIC score, money donated] ($X$, or 'features'), and whether they got in or not ($y$, or 'labels'). Data will be stored as a 2-dimensional array with 100 entries: [[STIC1, donation1], [STIC2, donation2], ...] - We want to try and learn the target function by which Haabad selects applicants. College Confidential data is sampled from Gaussian distributions with mean=2100, std=200 for STIC scores and mean=10,000,000, std=2,000,000 for donations.¶ import numpy as np # numpy does numbers import pandas as pd # super convenient data handler stic = np.random.normal(loc=2100, scale=200, size=100) money = np.random.normal(loc=1e7, scale=2e6, size=100) # concatenate the two observations X = np.stack([stic, money], axis=1) # X now looks like: # [[STIC1, donation1] # [STIC2, donation2] # [STIC3, donation3] # ... # [STIC100, donation100]] df = pd.DataFrame(X) # turn into dataframe df.columns = ['stic', 'money'] # calculate: did they get in? True or False? # so just test whether each STIC is > 2300 df['result'] = df.stic>2300 print(df.head()) stic money result 0 2177.243163 1.151015e+07 False 1 1981.832327 1.232999e+07 False 2 1882.705049 1.052641e+07 False 3 2060.365527 1.002570e+07 False 4 2071.366867 6.552017e+06 False import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # plotting package import matplotlib as mpl mpl.style.use('dark_background') plt.scatter(df[df.result==True]['stic'], df[df.result==True]['money'], color='green', label='Accepted') plt.scatter(df[df.result==False]['stic'], df[df.result==False]['money'], color='red', label='Rejected') plt.xlabel('STIC score') plt.ylabel('Donation \$\$') plt.legend() fig = plt.gcf() fig.set_dpi(200) fig.set_size_inches(4,3, forward=True) plt.show() plt.close() We observe that we can probably separate rejections and acceptances with a straight line. So, we train a neural network line separator (linear support vector classifier) on the data we have plotted. Importantly, we want to assess the line that we learn, so we will make a 1000x1000 meshgrid of [STIC, donation] points and see where the decision boundary is. Since we know the true acceptance rule for Haabad (target function: STIC>2300?), we can just eyeball the line that we draw. from sklearn import svm from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler # need to standardise data # define our linear model and training parameters SS = StandardScaler() model = svm.LinearSVC(C=1e1) # features are X X = SS.fit_transform(df[['stic', 'money']]) # labels are y y = df['result']*1 # train our model model.fit(X, y) # see what our line is like # make a meshgrid and evaluate SVM in there h = 1000 # number of meshpoints each dimension x_min, x_max = X[:, 0].min(), X[:, 0].max() y_min, y_max = X[:, 1].min(), X[:, 1].max() xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(x_min, x_max, h), np.linspace(y_min, y_max, h)) Z = model.predict(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()]) # actually want to plot unstandardised X = df[['stic', 'money']].values x_min, x_max = X[:, 0].min(), X[:, 0].max() y_min, y_max = X[:, 1].min(), X[:, 1].max() xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(x_min, x_max, h), np.linspace(y_min, y_max, h)) # Put the result into a color plot Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape) plt.contour(xx, yy, Z, cmap=plt.cm.Paired) plt.scatter(df[df.result==True]['stic'], df[df.result==True]['money'], color='green', label='Accepted') plt.scatter(df[df.result==False]['stic'], df[df.result==False]['money'], color='red', label='Rejected') plt.xlabel('STIC score') plt.ylabel('Donation \$\$') plt.legend() fig = plt.gcf() fig.set_dpi(200) fig.set_size_inches(4,3, forward=True) plt.show() plt.close() Our support vector linear classifier correctly classifies the training points perfectly and also appears to learn the true target function boundary at STIC=2300, according to the 1000x1000 meshgrid of [STIC, donation] pairs (test data). We want to see whether we fell into any traps: Typical learning pitfalls¶ - Test data comes from a different distribution as the training data: you studied for Physics, but your exam is on Finance - Overfitting on the training data with a powerful model: you memorise the textbook answers but don't know how to do them. You see a similar problem with different numbers on the exam, but don't know what to do - Training on the test data: you stole the final exam, and the solutions too - Testing on training data: your final exam is the textbook, of course you do well - Training on (unavailable) future data: when your job is to predict tomorrow's stock prices or the rain, you accidentally look into a crystal ball during training - Test data snooping: you have a good idea of what the test data looks like already, so you pick a model that can generate the test data The only thing we care about is out-of-sample (quiz/test) performance. Training performance is not testing performance. No matter how well you learned the textbook material, the final exam is the only thing that matters to companies your self-worth. Out-of-sample performance is the name of the game We're kind of ok, for now¶ - Our test data is the meshgrid of points. It's not the same distribution for sure, but we perform just fine - Our model (a line) isn't very powerful, so it can't memorise things easily - We didn't make the meshgrid until after training ( - The training points are a small fraction of the size of the 1000x1000 meshgrid, so it's ok - All of our data was collected before we trained - We not only snooped on the test data, we generated the test data. We wrote and took our own final exam. But that is the problem with fake data, and there is no getting around it Realistic example for ML¶ - Suppose there are 12,000 ID photos from the local police department of a very homogeneous population (ages 18-30, no beard, all male, same race, same photographer, etc.) - For 10,000 of them, police dept. tells you which ones are convicted criminals (50% of them are) - The other 2,000 don't have labels, but the dept. will reveal them in a year - Target function: we don't know if it exists in reality, but we want to take an ID photo and return True or False for that person being a convicted criminal - Features: just the ID photos. Label: convicted criminal? True or False - If we have code that gets more than 80% accuracy on the 2,000 unlabeled pictures, we will have made a groundbreaking discovery for sure Can we use machine learning? 3 questions:¶ - Is there anything to learn? We can't learn a coin toss - Do we have an exact formula of the target function that we can evaluate? If so, then we just use that formula - Do we have data? So what happens when we have more complex target functions and how do we quantify whether a model is 'good', aside from staring at it?¶ Overfitting and Cross Validation on the next post :)

<urn:uuid:e994656c-1680-4f97-add3-a963ba48b7f1>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://king-jim.com/ml-tut1.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506988.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402143006-20200402173006-00353.warc.gz

en

Moving on over to the Battles bracket we have two world-changing military clashes, one, the Battle of Vienna, halted the Muslim advance led by a former contestant, Sulieman the Magnificent, into Europe in 1529. The other, the Battle of Zama, ended the threat to the Roman Republic in 202 BCE by their long-time rival, Carthage. My resources are the usual for this bracket. They begin with Battles that Changed History by Dougherty and team, 100 Decisive Battles by Paul K. Davis and Battle by R.G. Grant. Let’s start today’s episode with the Battle of Vienna. Before we get into the details, I’d like to clear up what we will be talking about today. Some historians classify Vienna as a siege and not a classic battle. I think that is being a bit too narrow in scope, so I am going with the entirety of the clash which began on September 27, 1529, and ended on October 14th of the same year. This two and a half weeklong battle between the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleyman the Magnificent, with his 250,000 troops, and the 16,000 Austrian forces led by Archduke Ferdinand, marked the high-water mark of the Ottoman expansion into Europe. It is also supposedly the beginning of the long and slow decline of their power, ending with their collapse after World War I in 1922. We are now in the post-Byzantine era, with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, just 76 years earlier. Europe in the 1520s was a hot mess of political and military intrigue with two leading players, Francis I of France and a contestant in an earlier episode Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor among other positions. The two of them battled over lands that were in the Franco-German corridor as well as Italy, mainly the northern portion. This constant fighting weakened both sides allowing for a third power, the Ottoman’s to flex their muscles in Europe. Francis, after losing several key battles to Charles, looked east and decided that Suleyman, the Ottoman Sultan, would be a good ally against his rival. The lands that Suleyman was eying was in the regions around the Holy Roman Empire, particularly Hungary. After defeating the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohacs on August 29, 1526, the Ottoman’s were looking further west, particularly at the city of Vienna. After Mohacs, Suleyman had control of south-eastern Hungary, but he wanted more. King Louis II was killed at the battle and had no heirs. His brother-in-law, Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, claimed his right to the throne, but this was only acknowledged by the western section of Hungary. The Ottoman’s placed their man, John Zápolya, from Transylvania on the seat. Conflict was in the air. Adding to all of these problems for Charles was his poor relationship with Pope Clement VII, the former Giulio de Medici. That and the Protestant Reformation which was sweeping through the Holy Roman Empire, we see a gaping hole in their ability to respond to the upcoming invasion and siege of Vienna. Suleyman, on the other hand, wasn’t without issues as the Persians were a thorn in his side as we learned in the episode about him. While out campaigning against his Islamic foes, a rebellion in Hungary broke out which caught the Sultan’s attention. After he was able to defeat the Persians temporarily, Suleyman turned around and headed towards Vienna, hoping to not only control all of Hungary but Austria as well. One of the things that the Ottoman’s were well known for is their siege artillery. They had the most massive cannons in the world and the most effective siege tactics as was evidenced by their capture of the invincible city of Constantinople. This force was headed towards Vienna whose walls were only a small fraction of the size of the one-time capital of the Byzantine Empire. As history points out to us time and time again, the weather seems to play a crucial part in many military battles and invasions. We see this with the numerous failed attempts at invading Russia, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and the Battle of Britain being delayed because of cloudiness. The Battle and Siege of Vienna was also aided by weather, this time by one of the wettest summers anyone could remember. This meant that all of the supply wagons had to slog their way through the mud as did the hundreds of thousands of soldiers which led to a great deal of sickness and disease running rampant through the troops. The most significant benefit to the defenders of Vienna was how the rains made it impossible for the Ottoman army to bring in their great guns to bear against the city’s walls. Many of their largest cannons were abandoned along the way because they just couldn’t move them. Supplies for the massive army were late in coming, and their best weapons were unavailable. This should have sent warnings to Suleyman that things were not going to go as planned, but he was far too confident in his winning streak to believe that there was any chance he would lose. To further bolster his ego, his army crushed the city of Buda, slaughtering 20,000 people in their wake. As for the Viennese defenders, they knew their walls were incapable of stopping the Ottoman cannons as they were in disrepair. The began to fill in gaps with dirt, and any refuse they could come up with including the dismantling of the suburban housing around the city and putting everything they could find on and around the walls. They gathered as much food as possible to allow them to withstand a prolonged siege. They also sent out the women and children towards the west to lower the necessary foods needed to continue fighting. Count Philip of Austria was the leader of the resistance along with Graf Nicholas zu Salm-Refferscheidt and William von Roggendorff. They moved their artillery to key positions as well as putting their men in the best spots to repel any attacks. While preparing for the battle, they called out to their allies to send reinforcements, but no one was coming. Charles was busy trying to hold on to Italy and was wary of taking any troops away from his borders with France or the Pope. Vienna was on its own. Little did the defenders know that when Suleyman arrived with his large force, all he had was 300 small cannons, none with the capacity to do much if any damage to the city walls. What the Ottoman’s tried instead of pounding with artillery, they tried to dig under the walls, fill the tunnels with gunpowder than blow a hole for the troops to pour into the gaps. This was countered by the Viennese as they had a defector from the Ottoman’s in their city that told them when and where the tunnels were to be dug allowing them to destroy them before they could be filled with explosives. While some mines went off, none allowed for a breach in the walls large enough for more than a single file of horses or troops to move through. Starting on September 27, 1529, the wave after wave of Ottoman Janissaries, the best fighters in their army, were repulsed. It has been estimated that between 14 and 20,000 of them were killed in action. With no supply wagons making it to the vast army, disease-ravaged through the forces making life miserable. One more attempt was made on October 14th, but that too was repulsed. Suleyman had no other choice but to withdraw. The city of Vienna was saved by a force which was five percent the size of their opponents. Had they lost the city, Suleyman could have wintered within the walls and had a place to launch attacks into the German heartland. Europe had been saved by the heroic actions of 16,000 men. Next up is the Battle of Zama, fought in 202 BCE, between a Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, against the Carthaginian army led by the seemingly unbeatable General Hannibal Barca. This battle was the culmination of the Second Punic War which had been going well for the Carthaginians and disastrous for the Romans. Starting in 218 BCE, the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome was for the domination of the area around the Mediterranean Sea. During the war, over 40% of Rome’s allies switched over to Carthage, hundreds of thousands of Rome’s best fighters died, and their Empire was on the brink of disaster. It was at their lowest point that they decided to adopt something known as the Fabian strategy. Developed by Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, it was a plan to avoid any head-on encounters, especially with Hannibal, and basically adopted the use of skirmishes to cause attrition, disrupt supply and affect the morale of the opposing side. In addition, the Romans decided to attack allies and other Carthaginian generals who were inferior to Hannibal. Over the years, Rome began to regain territory, dissuade former allies from supplying their opponent with men or food, and force Carthage to wonder whether Hannibal was helping the cause out or whether he was in it for himself. After 16 years of rampaging through Roman territory, winning battle after battle, no one seemed to have the edge. Enter Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, a young general who captured Carthago Nova, now known as Cartagena, Carthage’s capital city in Iberia, in 209 BCE. Scipio decided to go after the other general’s in the area which culminated in Scipio’s decisive victory at the Battle of Ilipa in Spain in 206 BCE over the armies led by Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco. Now the Roman general had another target in mind, one that would end the war, one way or another. Scipio targeted Carthage itself although this would need the approval of the Roman Senate. At first, as was typical of the administrative body of the Roman Republic, the Senate was very reluctant to send a large contingent of soldiers across the Mediterranean to Africa. They felt that it might leave them open to an attack on Rome itself from Hannibal. Scipio and his supporters were able to point out that an attack on Carthage would likely cause a recall of their top general to protect them, relieving the Roman mainland from their greatest threat. So, in 205 BCE, the invasion of the Carthaginian territory began. First, Scipio needed a local ally, and he found it in the Numidian leader Massinissa over Syphax who went with the Carthaginians. The Numidian’s were superb horsemen, so gaining cavalry support was critical in the upcoming battle. The Roman Senate was getting uncomfortable with Scipio’s successes, so they tried to tempt him back to Rome with a tribute to be held in his honor. The General knew that it was a ruse to relieve him of his command. In 204 BCE he was going to end this war whether the Senate liked it or not. Before Zama, Scipio went head to head with Hasdrubal Gisco once again, this time on the African coastline. Syphax was with the Carthaginian general when their Roman counterpart asked for peace terms. It was a total ruse as Scipio and Massinissa attacked their sleeping enemies and destroyed their camp. While the commanders escaped, the Carthaginian army was finished. This was the event that forced Carthage to recall Hannibal from Italy. Scipio’s plan worked. Now for the hard part, to defeat a general in battle that had never lost to a Roman army. There is a saying that if you do the same thing over and over and keep getting the same results and try it again, expecting a different outcome, you’re a fool. Scipio Africanus was no fool. He studied Hannibal as he was at the carnage that was the Battle of Cannae, which was a Roman debacle. Scipio knew that a full-frontal assault against the Carthaginian army would be a foolish mistake, but something the Romans had done over and over. This time would be different. Scipio needed to provoke Carthage into action so he marched along the coast and burned down every village he could find. This so outraged the leaders of Carthage that they ordered Hannibal to fight the Romans as soon as he landed in Africa. The general knew this was folly as his men were exhausted and the new men, Hannibal recruited were too raw to face a strong, well trained Roman army. He was overruled, so he gathered his troops and prepared them to meet his longtime adversaries just like he did for the past 17 years. Hannibal’s men trusted in him as he hadn’t let them down yet. Scipio devised a plan that would take into account Hannibal’s previous encounters with Rome and turn them against him. So, when on the morning of that day in 202 BCE, the exact day we do not know, the Roman army looked to be lined up the same way they did every time they face Hannibal. Except for this time, they did something completely different. Carthage was famous for using war elephants in the initial phases of a battle. What Scipio did was to line up his men in the typical fashion or multiple rows of soldiers, but this time he left gaps every so often, hidden behind the first two rows. The Roman troops used a system of putting themselves into columns for the first time ever so when the elephants charged, and they did, the men in the first line who weren’t part of a column, just moved to the side and let the giant beasts walk on by. The Romans harassed the elephants, so much so, that many turned around and attacked the Carthaginian army. Facing each other now without elephants involved, Hannibal had 45,000 infantry with 3,000 cavalry while Scipio had 35,000 infantry and 9,000 cavalry. Massinissa with his Numidian cavalry was to attack and drive off Syphax’s horses which he did. He then turned around and attacked Hannibal’s army from the rear. Scipio pushed his men at the Carthaginian army, which met him with fierce resistance. At this point, with superior numbers, Hannibal should have won the battle, but for some unknown reason, the second line of his troops hesitated in moving forward. This caused the first line to think they were being abandoned, which led them to turn around and retreat. The second line was ordered not to allow the retreat, but it caused mass panic, so they too decided to turn around. The third line also stopped the retreat. This caused mass confusion and led to the Romans moving on, turning the battlefield into a bloodbath. There was still hope for Carthage, but the cavalry charge from Massinissa’s Numidian’s proved to be too much, and the battle was over. The Roman losses were manageable considering the ferociousness of the battle as they had 2,000 dead with 4,000 wounded. The Carthaginians had 20,000 dead with 15,000 captured. Hannibal and some of the other top commanders fled the scene. For all intents and purposes, the Second Punic War was over, and Rome was victorious. The aftermath of the Battle of Zama was the total capitulation of the city of Carthage with its eventual destruction just a few years later. They would never be a threat to Rome again, which gave the Empire complete control of the Western Mediterranean. Scipio Africanus had reversed all of the Roman losses suffered to Hannibal over 17 years in one day. Time to head on over to the scorer’s table. In the Battle’s bracket, we begin with the 15 points for the number of people involved in the battle. With Vienna, we have 250,000 Ottoman’s and 16,000 Austrians involved. At Zama, we have a total of 91,000 men for both sides combined. This would give Vienna 15 points with Zama receiving 10. Next up is the 20 points for how the battle affected the rest of the world in their time. Vienna allowed Europe to breathe a big sigh of relief for the first time in 75 years. France and the Holy Roman Empire realized that they dodged a bullet and that constant warfare, for at least the time being, needed a break. While Vienna would be attacked again by an Ottoman army in 1683, but that would be a crushing loss for the Turks. Zama ended the threat to Rome from the Carthaginians which freed them up to expand elsewhere. Rome discovered who their real allies were and who their enemies were based on which side they took in the Second Punic War. They crushed those who opposed them and took in those who stayed with them. For these reasons, I am giving 20 points to each battle. Next up is the 25 points for how the battles affected world history. Vienna, while a European victory, did not stop the Ottoman’s from staying in eastern Europe as their hold on part of Hungary would last for many decades afterward. While it began the decline of the Turks, it would be a very gradual one, taking hundreds of years to come to its conclusion. Zama, on the other hand, would allow Rome to continue its expansion and hegemony over the Mediterranean and beyond. Without Zama, we might not have had a Roman Empire. Without the innovative changes in the Roman army from maniples deployed in a checkerboard fashion to one with columns, the Romans may never have conquered lands so great as they would over the coming centuries. For these reasons, I’m giving Zama 25 points and Vienna 15. Now for the 40 points for how the battle affected their country for the better. With Vienna, it depends on what side you’re on. If you’re an Ottoman, it was a near disaster. For the Austrians, it was a win, a significant win, but one that was not entirely decisive. With Zama, it created an atmosphere in Rome that no matter what the obstacle, they could achieve eventual victory over anyone, no matter how many losses piled up along the way. It created pride in the army that would last a very long time. Zama gets 40, Vienna 30. Please support our sponsor by visiting their website, Knowledge Through Solutions. They have the most complete and balanced electrolytes on the market today, Synerplex® Reviveand Sports. They also have a unique amino acid complex (Synerplex®Enchance) with probiotics and prebiotics and the only Euterpe precatoria species of Acai in a capsule, Synerplex® Acai.

<urn:uuid:c45df0ec-2323-4b69-abe5-3eabac6fbe37>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://battlegroundhistory.com/episode-52-the-battles-of-vienna-and-zama/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496227.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329201741-20200329231741-00033.warc.gz

en

What’s the difference between additive and subtractive bilingualism? If you work with bilingual and English-language learning (ELL) children, the answer to this question could make a world of difference for your students. Teaching your ELL students additive bilingualism is one of the surest ways to help them gain strong reading skills in English, and in their first language too. Read on to discover more about additive and subtractive bilingualism, as well as the many advantages of being bilingual. Then, learn how you can help your English-language learners maintain their first language (and why that matters). Additive vs. Subtractive Bilingualism If you’re trying to figure out the best way to support ELL children in the classroom, promoting additive bilingualism should be the goal whenever possible. But what is additive bilingualism, and what does it mean for ELL students? First, here’s a quick definition of bilingualism in general. Bilingual refers to a person who can speak two languages fluently. Although some ELL students may not yet be fully bilingual, the goal for these students is to attain strong communication skills in English and in their first language. Additive bilingualism is when a student’s first language continues to be developed while they’re learning their second language. These students often have opportunities to use both languages inside and outside of school, and they have a desire to maintain both. Additionally, if a child is from another culture, their first culture is also valued and respected in the classroom. Subtractive bilingualism, however, is when a student learns a second language at the expense of their first language. In this case, the child will usually lose the ability to speak their first language over time. Children who develop subtractive bilingualism may not have opportunities to practice their first language and may even feel like their first language or culture is unwelcome in class. If you do not speak a student’s first language or are unfamiliar with their first culture, you may feel unprepared to help them develop additive bilingualism. In this case, your role isn’t to directly teach in that first language, but to teach them core reading skills—like letter or sound recognition—that apply to both languages and to help them maintain a positive mindset towards their first language. You could, for example, stock your school library with a few books in their first language or connect them with other students who speak their language. Recognizing the Many Benefits of Being Bilingual Educators thought for decades that learning two languages at once would hinder a child’s literacy development. Now, however, research has proven that this couldn’t be further from the truth. In fact, children who are bilingual often have an academic advantage compared to their monolingual peers. The cognitive benefits of being bilingual lead to skills that boost every aspect of a child’s academic career and impact the rest of their lives. For example, bilingual students tend to perform better on tests that involve problem-solving ability or working memory. They’re also better able to monitor and adapt to their environment, perhaps because these skills are necessary to understand and speak two separate languages. These cognitive advantages last far beyond a child’s school years, and may even lower the chance of developing cognitive diseases like dementia. Additionally, bilingual children tend to have stronger social-emotional learning (SEL) skills. Research shows that they’re more skilled at conflict-resolution, which indicates that bilingualism strengthens overall communication skills. Bilingual students also outperform their peers in self-control tests, meaning that they’re better able to regulate their thoughts, actions, and emotions. In all, bilingual children are more likely to have stronger skills in the following areas: - Problem-solving ability - Working memory - Conflict resolution While many bilingual children develop the benefits above, three factors correlate to stronger cognitive and social-emotional benefits. As expected, the level of proficiency in both languages and the length of time students have studied the second language both contribute to more and stronger benefits. Also, children with additive bilingualism are more likely to reap the cognitive benefits than children with subtractive bilingualism. This means that the benefits of bilingualism aren’t only related to learning a second language, but also to maintaining the first language. Prioritize Bilingualism and Biliteracy Often educators of English-language learners exhibit a monolingual bias while teaching. This means that instead of prioritizing a proficiency in both English and the student’s first language, a teacher’s only goal is for the student to learn English. However, when teachers encourage an additive bilingual education, their English-language learners are more likely to strengthen their reading abilities in both English and their first language. Children who are biliterate also tend to have stronger overall reading skills compared to their peers, including:[15,16,17] - Letter decoding - Phonological awareness - Print knowledge - Metalinguistic awareness This means that your strategy for English-language learners should be biliteracy. Biliteracy is here defined as the ability to read and write in two languages, in addition to oral communication skills in both. Research shows that if bilingual children are able to read and write in both languages they speak, they become more motivated to achieve in the classroom. Additionally, prioritizing biliteracy in the classroom also promotes intergenerational learning in both directions. As dual-language learners develop English literacy, they may teach their families reading skills that they picked up in school. And vice-versa, parents may feel more comfortable reading to their child if they can do so in either English or their first language. All of this adds up to a greater engagement from parents in their child’s education and a greater learning environment at home. Also, teachers can involve parents in developing reading goals for both English and their first language, so parents can provide support for both from home. How to Encourage Additive Bilingualism Sometimes when dual-language learners enter a classroom, their first language skills suffer as the cost of learning English. As a teacher, you can help your students maintain additive bilingualism if you view their first language skills with a positive mindset. Use these five tips and accommodations for reaching English-language learner students in a way that encourages additive bilingualism: - Encourage your bilingual students to develop biliteracy, or the ability to read in English and their first language, as well as bilingual speaking skills. - Include parents in their child’s education and work with them to develop what they envision, in terms of their child’s bilingualism. - If your bilingual student is still learning English, increase your wait time by 2–3 seconds when asking them questions. It may take more time for these students to translate your question into their first language, then translate their answer into English. - Provide a training session for your teachers or colleagues on what additive bilingualism is and why to value it over subtractive bilingualism. - Stock books in your bilingual students’ first language(s) to help them continue practicing their first language. Check out this list of bilingual children’s books from Scholastic to get started. - King, K., and Fogle, L. Bilingual Parenting as Good Parenting: Parents’ Perspectives on Family Language Policy for Additive Bilingualism. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2006, 9(6), 695-712. - Bamford, J.W., and Mizokawa, D.T. Additive‐Bilingual (Immersion) Education: Cognitive and Language Development. Language Learning: A Journal of Research in Language Studies. September 1991, 41(3), pp. 413-429. - May, S. The disciplinary constraints of SLA and TESOL: Additive bilingualism and second language acquisition, teaching and learning. Linguistics and Education, September 2011, 22(3), pp. 233-247. - Ada, A.F. Creative Education for Bilingual Teachers. Harvard Educational Review, December 1986, 56(4), pp. 386-395. - Landry, R., Allard, E., and Deveau, K. Self-determination and bilingualism. Theory and Research in Education, 2009, 7(2), pp. 203-213. - Bialystok, E. Reshaping the mind: The benefits of bilingualism. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(4), pp. 229-235. - Lauchlan, F., Parisi, M., and Fadda, R. Bilingualism in Sardinia and Scotland: Exploring the cognitive benefits of speaking a ‘minority’ language. International Journal of Bilingualism, 2013, 17(1), pp. 43-56. - Frankfurt International School Staff. Second language acquisition – essential information. Retrieved from fis.edu: http://esl.fis.edu/teachers/support/cummin.htm. - Shydlo, I. The Key to Reaping the Awesome Benefits of Bilingualism. Retrieved from polyglotparenting.com: https://polyglotparenting.com/blog/the-key-to-reaping-the-awesome-benefits-of-bilingualism/. - Costa, A., Hernández, M., and Sebastián-Gallés, N. Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: Evidence from the ANT task. Cognition, January 2008, 106(1), pp. 59-86. - Byers-Heinlein, K., Burns, T.C., and Werker, J.F. The roots of bilingualism in newborns. Psychological Science, 2010, 21(3), pp. 343-348. - Adesope, O.O., Lavin, T., Thompson, T., and Ungerleider, C. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Cognitive Correlates of Bilingualism. Review of Educational Research, 2010, 80(2), pp. 207-245. - Craik, F.I.M., Bialystok, E., and Freedman, M. Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease Bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve. Neurology, November 2010, 75(19), pp. 1726-1729. - Bialystok, E., and Barac, R. Emerging bilingualism: Dissociating advantages for metalinguistic awareness and executive control. Cognition, January 2012, 122(1), pp. 67-73. - Bhattacharjee, Y. Why Bilinguals Are Smarter. Retrieved from nytimes.com: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/opinion/sunday/the-benefits-of-bilingualism.html. - Bialystok, E., Luk, G., and Kwan, E. Bilingualism, Biliteracy, and Learning to Read: Interactions Among Languages and Writing Systems. Scientific Studies of Reading, 2005, 9(1), pp. 43-61. - Reyes, I., and Azuara, P. Emergent Biliteracy in Young Mexican Immigrant Children. Reading Research Quarterly, 2008, 43(4), pp. 374-398. - Ferlazzo, L. Do’s & Don’ts for Teaching English-Language Learners. Retrieved from edutopia.org: https://www.edutopia.org/blog/esl-ell-tips-ferlazzo-sypnieski. - Robles, Y. There are lots of ways schools teach English learners. Here’s how it works. Retrieved from chalkbeat.org: https://www.chalkbeat.org/posts/co/2018/07/19/questions-about-english-learners-bilingual-education-explained/.

<urn:uuid:0f434a27-4940-45de-bee1-604211b1e862>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.waterford.org/education/additive-vs-subtractive-bilingualism/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496227.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329201741-20200329231741-00034.warc.gz

en

asphalt pavement balance sensor PaveScan RDM System | Ground Penetrating Radar … PaveScan® RDM is an non-destructive asphalt density assessment tool, which provides accurate real-time measurements to ensure pavement life and quality. Pavement Sensors - Jewell Instruments Pavement Sensors: Concrete Strain Gage Datasheet: Dynamic Concrete Strain Gage. This Dynamic Concrete Strain Gage (CSG) is a embeddable strain gage designed for use in high frequency (dynamic) environments. These rugged, gages are ideal for infrastructure, and structural health monitoring applications with high levels of environmental noise. Smart Pavement Monitoring System piezoelectric transducer. Each sensor node is self-powered and capable of continuously monitoring and storing the dynamic strain levels in pavement structure. The data from all the sensors are periodically uploaded wirelessly through radio frequency (RF) transmission using a RF reader either manually operated or mounted on a moving vehicle. PAVEMENT MEASUREMENTS WITH LASER SENSORS Each laser sensor measures the height between the vehicle body and the pavement surface at rates up to 3,500 measurements per second with a precision superior to 0.06mm. Measurements are made at the current transit speeds on city and highway roads ranging from 25 up to 140 km/hr. Surface Patrol Pavement Temperature Sensor Series DSP100 Surface Patrol Pavement Temperature Sensor Series DSP100. Noncontact infrared sensor for measuring pavement temperature, that also measures air temperature. The sensor is mounted outside your vehicle and continuously monitors road surface temperatures, providing instant feedback on road surface conditions. U.S. 285 using "smart pavement" technology in safety trial The smart pavement would encompass one lane of the highway on the east side of the top of Red Hill Pass, where a switchback set against a stunning view of the high country has made for a dangerous and accident-prone spot for drivers, especially in inclement weather, Kozinski said. The possibilities are endless with smarter pavements ... FHWA pavement sensor research To assess the potential of smart pavement in the real world, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) recently developed and deployed a series of “self-powered wireless sensor(s) capable of detecting damage and loading history for pavement structures,” said the FHWA report entitled ‘Smart Pavement Monitoring System’. Asphalt pavement is vulnerable to random damage, such as cracking and rutting, which can be proactively identified by distributed optical fiber sensing technology. However, due to theCited by: 11 ePave: A Self-Powered Wireless Sensor for Smart and ... The piezoelectric transducers are used to collect energy from the pressurized asphalt pavement and supply power to the sensor nodes. Because vehicle traffic … Construction of Quality Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements Construction of Quality Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements Preparing to Overlay Existing HMA Or it may involve one or more of the following: • Patching • Cleaning and filling cracks • Placing a leveling course • … Asphalt Paver - Pavement InteractiveScreed Terminology Asphalt Pavement Thickness Structure Reports | Sensoft While the EKKO_Project Pavement Structure Report is designed for typical road survey analysis, the “pavement structure” can take many forms. And asphalt is the most cost-effective option you can choose. Just as it has for millions of homeowners the world over, asphalt pavement can last many years for you — with only minimal maintenance. About Quality Control Asphalt mixtures come in a wide variety of designs. Pavement Snow and Ice Sensor Installation and … Pavement Snow and Ice Sensor 3–7/16" Installation and Operation Manual (87mm) 1–3/4" (45mm) 3/16" (5mm) Cable length 65 ft. (20m) The Uponor Pavement Snow and Ice Sensor (A3040090) and Pavement Snow and Ice Sensor Cup (A3040091) are used with the Uponor Single-zone Snow Melt Control (A3040654). The sensor is designed to sit flush Infrared system detects thermal segregation | Asphalt … Gives opportunity to correct during laydown. By John Davis. Thermal segregation is defined as temperature differences in the hot mix asphalt (HMA) mat as it is placed and is a potential cause of premature failure in asphalt roads. Asphalt Concrete Road Surface Summer Temperature ... Oct 01, 2011 · Abstract: Rutting is a common and serious phenomenon in asphalt pavement especially in high temperature areas. Phase change material (PCM) can adjust temperature through storing and releasing thermal energy during phase change process and has been used in thermal energy storage areas and building materials.Author: Qin Yang Glossary of Terms - Asphalt InstituteAsphalt Institute Asphalt Pavement Structure: A pavement structure that is designed and constructed so that all courses above the subgrade are asphalt (Full-Depth Asphalt Pavement). Asphalt Pavements: Pavements consisting of a surface course of asphalt over supporting courses such as asphalt bases, crushed stone, slag, gravel, Portland Cement Concrete (PCC), brick, or block pavement. Paving Control for Asphalt Pavers | Trimble Civil ... Pave the way to better profits. Trimble Paving Control Systems help speed up your paving production while laying a smoother surface and reducing material costs. Publication Details - Federal Highway Administration The report presents improved methods of estimating the temperature within an asphalt pavement based on the measurement procedures used for the LTPP program. The data necessary to estimate the … World Highways - NDT sensor fusion in structural pavement ... Early detection of pavement defects and the causes of deterioration is essential for effective maintenance planning, writes Dr Alena Uus. There is a need for optimisation and development of UK highway survey methods that would provide comprehensive information on the surface and subsurface pavement condition and operate at traffic speed, which eliminates the requirement for lane closures. Cat | Asphalt Paving Machines: Screeds & Asphalt Pavers ... Caterpillar offers a broad range of asphalt paving machines from wheel and track asphalt pavers to tamper bar and vibratory screeds. 5,952,561 REAL TIME ASPHALT PAVEMENT QUALITY SENSOR USING A DIFFERENTIAL APPROACH CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of Best Practices Handbook on Asphalt Pavement … improve the quality of the pavement surface and extend the pavement life, but the true benefits of pavement maintenance are realized when there is a consistent … Chapter Fifty-three PAVEMENT REHABILITATION Illinois PAVEMENT REHABILITATION July 2014 HARD COPIES UNCONTROLLED 53-iii Table of Contents (Continued) Section Page 53-4.03 3P Program ..... 53-4.39 National Center for Asphalt Technology The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) has further challenged contractors and agencies to produce durable, long lasting pavements. ... is designed to provide asphalt industry and agency personnel with a better understanding of the concept of developing balanced mix designs based on results of laboratory ... Perpetual Pavement Instrumentation for the Marqutte ... The physical installation of the sensors in the pavement structure was a very critical step in the whole project. The dynamic pavement sensors (asphalt strain gauges, earth pressure cells, etc.) are the main focus of the research, and Laboratory and Field Studies of Pavement Temperature … Laboratory and Field Studies of Pavement i Final Report Temperature Sensors TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary.....1 Truck Mounted Pavement Temperature Sensors | Products ... RWIS is a network of sensors that lets the agency know pavement and atmo- spheric conditions; temperature ; rate of snowfall, rain, or sleet; and amount of chemicals remaining on the pavement from previous applications. .... Asphalt Pavement Structural Health Monitoring Utilizing ... Jul 01, 2012 · Pavement working state and service life assessment is really meaningful for traffic security, design evaluation and road maintenance. However, this job seems to be a mission impossible, because it is almost incredible to learn how a pavement inside works exactly when the construction is finished. As a result, in this paper, current situation of pavement-design theory and testing methods …Cited by: 6 Fiber Optics Sensors in Asphalt Pavement: State-of-the … Infrastructures 2019, 4, 36 2 of 16 and the calculation of the required thickness of the designed pavement. Sti ness is a fundamental and important parameter that must be fully understood in the selection of the materials. Pavement Sensors Archives - CTLGroup Pavement sensors provide the ability to monitor the behavior and performance of the pavement by measuring the dynamic response in strain. The rigidity of pavements and flexibility of asphalt pavements require specifically designed sensors to measure strain, and CTLGroup provides a … TEMPERATURE PREDICTIONS AND ADJUSTMENT FACTORS FOR ASPHALT ... The report presents improved methods of estimating the temperature within an asphalt pavement based on the measurement procedures used for the LTPP program. The data necessary to estimate the temperature within the asphalt included the surface temperature, time of day, depth below the surface, and the average air temperature from the previous day. Balanced Mix Design (BMD) for Asphalt Mixtures • Three asphalt binder contents are used: optimum, optimum +0.5%, and optimum -0.5%. • The HWTT specimens are short-term conditioned. • The OT specimens are long-term conditioned. Within this acceptable range (5.3 to 5.8 percent), the mixture at the selected asphalt content must meet the Superpave volumetric criteria. US5952561A - Real time asphalt pavement quality sensor ... A real time differential asphalt pavement quality sensor of the present invention is adapted to measure asphalt density in real time using a differential approach. Two sensors, one in the front of... MnROAD - Minnesota Department of Transportation Pavement or surface layer sensors are installed on, embedded within, or placed immediately under the hot-mix asphalt or layer of a pavement structure. The sensors are linked by fiber optics to MnROAD’s computerized data collection system and the data is stored in a database at MnDOT Materials Research and Engineering Laboratory in Maplewood. Harvesting energy from asphalt pavement by piezoelectric ... Round shape is suggested for the PZT piles to reduce the concentration of stress. And multilayer structure is recommended for PZT piles to decrease the electric potential of generator. The generator can be extended as sensor in the asphalt pavement, which can be used to monitor the traffic, pavement stress and temperature. Asphalt - EAPA Asphalt pavement material is a precisely engineered product composed of about 95% stone, sand and filler per weight, and about 5% percent of bitumen, a petroleum product? The black bitumen is used as glue to hold the pavement together. Seal Coating Asphalt Pavement: Benefits, Costs, Tips Aug 23, 2019 · Seal coating asphalt driveways, parking lots, and other paved areas is the process of applying a liquid product over an existing asphalt pavement in a manner that seals the surface and fills small voids and cracks as protection against the elements. Left unsealed, sunlight, wind, and water will gradually cause asphalt to harden and oxidize, and as it becomes more brittle, cracking can occur. The Most Popular Paved Driveway Types and Materials Nov 20, 2019 · The tar-and-chip driveway finish can be enhanced by using colored stone, though these stones may loosen over time. A tar-and-chip driveway can be repaved for around half the cost of an … for Low Volume Roads and Parking Lots 3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSSECTION 2 Traffic Class 1 Traffic Class 1 is the lightest duty pavement application covered in this guide and will not have regular truck traffic. Airport asphalt pavement health monitoring system for ... Nov 30, 2019 · A framework of airport asphalt pavement health monitoring system was developed. • Sensor layout is designed to obtain mechanical responses and identify random loads. Properties Considered in Mix Design Superpave Mix … The durability of an asphalt pavement is a function of the air void content. Too high an air void content provides passageways through the HMA for the entrance of damaging air and water. Too low an air void content, on the other hand, may lead to flushing, a condition where excess binder squeezes out of the HMA to the surface. INDOT: Pavement Preservation Program But when you're done reading it, click the close button in the corner to dismiss this alert. × Rapid Detection Methods for Asphalt Pavement Thicknesses ... Dec 06, 2016 · The thickness estimation of the top surface layer and surface layer, as well as the detection of road defects, are of great importance to the quality conditions of asphalt pavement. Although ground penetrating radar (GPR) methods have been widely used ... Intelligent Compaction Still Key to Quality Asphalt Pavements Dec 03, 2019 · Here is a simple dictionary type definition: IC refers to the compaction of road materials, such as soils, aggregate bases, or asphalt pavement materials, using … Integrated Roadways | Say Hello to the Real Information ... Durable, precast sections embedded with digital technology and fiber optic connectivity to transform ordinary roads into smart roads. Asphalt Installation - WarmlyYours Having a WarmlyYours snow melting system installed in an asphalt driveway? Review our outdoor heat mat and cable installation guide for preparation tips here. DENVER PAVING | DENVER PAVING Crack Sealing Services in Denver: The First Step In Maintenance: Crack sealing is the best way to maintain the long term durability of your pavement. Asphalt that Captures Carbon Dioxide Nov 28, 2016 · Rice University scientists have improved their asphalt-derived porous carbon's ability to capture carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, from natural gas. Raw natural gas typically contains between 2% and 10% carbon dioxide and other impurities, which must be removed before the gas can be sold. 501 - Plant Produced Hot Mix Asphalt - MDOT Wiki AGGREGATE - Various hard, inert materials such as sand, gravel, pebbles, etc., used as the bulk material in asphaltic mixes.; ANGLE OF ATTACK - The angle incurred between the screed plate and the surface.; ASPHALT - A mixture of bitumen (bonding agent) and aggregate (bulk material).; AUGER - A rotating device with a broad, helical flange (flighting) used to spread paving material evenly in ... Driveways - Asphalt Pavement Driveways Hot Mix Asphalt: Best for Your Driveway A Consumer's Guide. Inviting, Attractive The appearance of your driveway creates an impression about your home and way of life. Testing the Thermal Conductivity of Asphalt - C-Therm ... Simplifying thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity analysis with the patented Modified Transient Plane Source technique. Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of Pavement … Table of Cont.ents Executive Summary..... 1 Introduction..... 2 Data Collection..... 3 Data Analysis..... 4 Discussion of Results. ..... 10 Mix Designs - Federal Aviation Administration Also, the asphalt binder was a PG 64-22. The Job Mix Formula (JMF) falls within the specification of a mix utilizing a 1' max aggregate size. The HMA design was developed using the Marshall Method. Intelligent Compaction Frequently Asked Questions aggregate bases, or asphalt pavement materials, using rollers equipped with measuring devices, ... Intelligent Compaction roller is a vibratory steel drum rollers equipped with accelerometer, temperature sensors, GPS, displays, and documentation and feedback control system that processes compaction data in real time for the roller operator. The ... MAPPING ASPHALT ROAD CONDITIONS WITH … MAPPING ASPHALT ROAD CONDITIONS WITH HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING Martin Herold a, and Dar A. Roberts b a ESA GOFC-GOLD Land Cover Project Office, Dep. of Geography, FSU Jena, Loebedergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany, firstname.lastname@example.org. b Dep. of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Ellison Hall, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA, email@example.com. Pavement Manual: Placement This section provides a general overview of the manual and also describes the subjects covered in each of the chapters in the manual. Spectral characteristics of asphalt road aging and ... Pavement Aging Asphalt pavements consist of rocky components and asphalt mix (or hot mix or bitumen). The mineral con-stituents of the crushed stone rocky components can vary depending on the geological region, but the usual major components in the aggregate are dominated by SiO 2, CaO, and MgO.10 The asphalt mix is a complex - chip seal asphalt machine vendor in Africa - import engine parts new design - CLYG-TS500II mobile road repairing machine - Hand-push Thermoplastic Asphalt Road Line Machine - and price Truck mounted of Brand asphalt distributor - what is pavement repair machine - Asphalt crack filling equipment for road crack construction - asphalt distributor truck for sale in dubai - Liquid Asphalt Tanker asphalt bitumen tank refitting Vehicle - intelligent asphalt distributor plant price - Tel: 0086-021-61902951 - Address:No.2500,Xiupu Road, Kangqiao Industrial Area, Pudong, Shanghai,China - Intelligent Type Asphalt Distributor DAZ60-A130 - Intelligent Type Asphalt Distributor DAZ60-A120 - Intelligent Type Asphalt Distributor DAZ60-A80 - Intelligent Type Asphalt Distributor DAZ45-A50 - Trailer Asphalt Distributor DATS-25 - Standard Type Asphalt Distributor DAB60-A100B - Standard Type Asphalt Distributor DAB60-A100 - Standard Type Asphalt Distributor DAB60-A80B - Standard Type Asphalt Distributor DAB60-A50B Crack Sealing Machine Asphalt mixing plant

<urn:uuid:0a3fab01-0626-4294-963f-095beb0a4b42>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://boxerkennelvarsenerhof.nl/solution/4n2134.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496227.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329201741-20200329231741-00033.warc.gz

en

There are many insects which invade your home, but one of the most frustrating is the bed bug. These pests usually go unnoticed, but once they start messing around, they can spread quickly. Do-it-yourself methods have limited effect. They usually work best in conjunction with a professional exterminator service. Today, we will let you in on all you need to know about the bed bug extermination cost. Table of Contents - Understanding Bed bugs - How to Identify a Bed Bug Infestation - Bed Bug Extermination Cost: Inspection & Treatments - The Treatment Process - Bed Bugs Prevention Methods - Bed Bug Extermination Cost: Summary and FAQs Understanding Bed bugs Unlike other pests, a single bed bug may invade your home and you might never notice it. Unfortunately, once they begin to breed, the infestation will grow quickly. Learning to identify the signs of bed bugs early on can help to shorten a sometimes long and arduous bed bug treatment and extermination process. What Are Bed Bugs? The bed bug (Cimex lectularius) is a parasitic insect humankind knows about since Ancient Greece. They feed on blood and have gained their name from one of their most common dwelling places. While people mistake bed bugs for other insects, it is easy to identify these pests. - Adults are reddish brown to light brown in color. - They measure .16 to .2 inches long and .059 to .118 inches wide (about the size and shape of an apple seed), making them difficult to spot. - During the 1900s, bed bugs were nearly eliminated from developed countries, but populations of pesticide-resistant bed bugs have exploded since the 1980s for reasons unknown. Able to survive temperatures as low as 14 degrees Fahrenheit, it is possible to kill up to 95% of bedbugs after freezing at a constant 10 degrees Fahrenheit for a minimum of 3 days, although this is impractical. - However, a seven minute or longer exposure to temperatures of 115 degrees or 13 minutes at 26 degrees will kill a bedbug at any life stage. - They are tolerant to low humidity, but cannot survive long periods of time exposed to high amounts of carbon dioxide. The Bed Bug Life Cycle - Bed bugs start off as tiny, milky eggs. - These eggs hatch into tiny nymphs which must molt six times before reaching the adult stage. - They must feed in order to prepare for each molting, and the shed exoskeletons are often one of the first signs of a bed bug issue. - Female adults lay four to five eggs every day and can live up to nine months in warm conditions. Bed Bug Feeding Habits Beginning with their first nymph stage, bed bugs will feed exclusively on blood. - Contrary to popular belief, they are not entirely nocturnal, feeding whenever opportunity strikes. - Once a nymph has found a viable food source, it will nest somewhere close. - This is the primary reason bed bugs are usually found in beds. When a bed bug feeds, its mouth parts penetrate the host painlessly. - The blood is pushed up through the feeding tube using natural pressure from the pierced blood vessel. - A secondary tube injects anticoagulants into the hosts skin to prevent clotting. - Once full, the bed bug retreats in order to molt or digest. - Contact with the host is generally less than 20 minutes long, and feeding between five and ten minutes. Unless a bed bug has been spotted, the first sign of an infestation is usually the presence of skin irritation. - This may be a rash or blister, although some people do not manifest visible signs. - You can also mistake bed bugs bites for other insects’ bites, so it is safer to do your homework thoroughly. - Bed bugs may become infected by at least 28 human pathogens. Nevertheless, there are no clear findings that they can transmit these pathogens to humans. - In some rare cases, a bite may result in a severe allergic reaction which requires medical attention. Where Do Bed Bugs Come From Bed bugs are small and adept at sneaking into your belongings. They can be picked up in hotels, gym, schools, offices, or anywhere else an infestation may be present. They have also been known to be present in refurbished mattresses, although regulations have greatly reduced the risk of purchasing a bugged bed. How to Identify a Bed Bug Infestation Bed bugs are small and very difficult to spot. In addition, they resemble many other species of household insects. - One of the quickest ways to identify bed bugs is to check for rashes or other skin reactions in the morning. - Also, check your headboard, mattress, and linens when changing sheets for any bugs or tiny black spots of dried blood. - If you spot any bug that resembles a bed bug or identify signs a bed bug has been feeding, it is best to call a professional exterminator to inspect your home. Bed Bug Extermination Cost: Inspection & Treatments There are three phases when dealing with a bed bug infestation: - and treatment. The overall process can be quite costly, but the price is not necessarily from the inspection or treatment itself. - You may have to destroy some of your furniture and discard many other items. - Furthermore, if you do not properly prepare, the treatment may not be fully successful. Getting a Professional Inspection Upon spotting bed bugs, the first step is to contact a professional exterminator and report the sighting. - It is important to have your whole home inspected, as the infestation may be confined to only a few rooms or throughout the house. - This step may end up saving you a lot of money if the bed bugs are in a limited area. What Do Professional Exterminators Do? Starting in the bedroom, the inspector will examine each piece of furniture, rugs, and the area immediately surrounding it for any signs of infestation. In some cases, they may probe cracks and crevices looking for hidden bugs. These signs include: - fecal material - molted shells - live or dead bed bugs Upon completion of the inspection, the exterminator will be able to confirm whether there is an infestation and, if so, how extensive. From there, they will be able to recommend the best possible treatment method. An alternative method of inspection uses dogs trained to detect bed bugs. The accuracy of canine inspections may be as high as 96%. Note that not every extermination company will offer this service. How Much Does an Inspection Cost? The cost of an inspection varies depending upon the size of your home and local rates. In some cases, you may be able to get the inspection at no cost. - However, it generally costs between $50 and $200. - Canine inspections typically cost between $300 and $600 for the average home. - Larger buildings such as apartments or hotels will run between $900 and $1200 for a canine unit. Exterminators can charge you in several ways: by square footage, by room, or via a flat fee. Pro companies can bill you on each visit or as a more complex service package. The bed bug extermination cost will vary depending upon several variables: - size of the infested areas; - severity of the infestations; - your location. If the problem is isolated to one room, you will pay a lot less than if it has spread to multiple areas. The whole house cost will be the most expensive, but it could be the most effective choice for you. Preparing for Treatment Dealing with bed bugs is a complicated process, and the exterminator will require extensive preparations. As with many other aspects of bed bug treatment, the requirements may vary from one exterminator to another. The following items may or may not be required, depending upon the company you’re dealing with. Removing potential infestations from fabrics is a necessary measure. Bed bugs are known to hide within the material and must be eliminated before reusing cloths, curtains, linens, etc. The process must be carefully followed to avoid any cross-contamination. - Gather all fabrics and washable cloth items, even those in storage, place them into garbage bags. Remove these from your home if possible, but DO NOT take to another home. - Wash the fabrics with the hottest water possible. Seal and dispose of the emptied garbage bags carefully. - Dry on the highest heat setting the fabrics can handle for at least one hour. - Bag the clean fabrics in fresh plastic bags and store somewhere offsite until after the extermination. Steam clean and/or use a heavy suction vacuum on all furniture, carpets, and unwashable cushions. If you use a vacuum, carefully dispose of the bag. - Any furniture which is in poor condition or infested should be bagged carefully using storage bags available from a moving store, then disposed of. - If you are willing to part with any furniture, then dispose of them in the same manner. - Pull any remaining furniture away from the walls and vacuum around the edges of the room. - Any wooden bookshelves, desks, or other wooden furniture must be cleared off, as the bed bugs will attempt to hide between the boards. - The exterminator will remove the bottom cover of box springs and couches to access potential hiding spots. Depending upon the exterminator, you may not be permitted to use any boxes. - Some companies will permit plastic or Tupperware, but cardboard is porous and provides places for the bed bugs to hide. - Clean any plastic bins to store items in and seal tightly. It is important to carefully bag or box all loose items when preparing for an extermination, as the bed bugs will attempt to hide in any available space. - These items should be treated and/or inspected before placing them back in the rooms. - All electronics and appliances will also need to be unplugged and moved away from the walls. The Treatment Process Bed bugs are resistant to pesticides and home remedies tend to scatter more bugs than they kill, making treatment more difficult. Instead, professional exterminators use a combination of methods to eliminate the infestation. The success of these methods may be adversely affected if you do not properly prepare for the treatment. There are a number of treatment methods available. Some of them work well on their own. However, some may require multiple applications or work best in conjunction with other methods. Note that any given treatment may not be available through your local extermination companies. Fumigation is a complicated process usually associated with termite extermination. - During a fumigation, your home will be covered in tarpaulin, which is generally anchored using large containers of water you must provide. - Vikane gas is then pumped into the house where it is distributed throughout the structure by strategically placed fans. - The use of fumigation has numerous advantages and disadvantages which you should consider before selecting this type of treatment. - 99 to 100 percent success rate against bed bugs from egg to adult - Will also destroy ants, termites, or other pests - Leaves no residue, making it safe to reenter the home after the gas has been fully vented - Use of gasses which harm the environment - Does not prevent future infestations - Requires additional preparations, some costly - Takes two to three days, during which you must stay elsewhere Bed bugs are unable to survive high temperatures, making heat a highly effective treatment method. - Plastics and other items with low resistance to heat need to be removed prior to treatment. - The exterminators will then pump heated air into the home, raising the temperature to 120 degrees. - This method will kill everything from eggs to adults, although it leaves no chemical residue and therefore cannot prevent a future outbreak. Your exterminator may decide to use liquid and powder chemicals in conjunction with other treatment methods. - Powders are used for open, or “void” spaces, while liquids are used on cracks and crevices. - Fleeing bed bugs are killed upon contact, making this a useful treatment method when used in conjunction with other methods. - Unfortunately, bed bugs are becoming more resistant to pesticides, so these chemicals are not very effective on their own. A variation on heat treatment, some professional exterminators will use a powerful steam cleaner to eradicate the bedbug infestation. - These special cleaners have a high heat setting and may be used to clean everything from mattresses to curtains and even wall cracks. - Water vapor penetrates materials better than other substances, and the exterminator will clean each item thoroughly, leaving no surviving eggs or bugs. - While steam treatment is an effective means of exterminating bed bugs, it may take more than one pass to completely eliminate the problem. Bed Bug Extermination Cost Comparisons (for an Average-Sized Home) |Fumigation||$4-7.50/sq. ft.||Will also kill other pests.| |Heat||$2000-$4000||Usually requires only one application.| |Pesticides||(varies)||Supplemental treatment method.| |Steam||(varies)||May require several passes. Used in conjunction with other methods.| Bed Bugs Prevention Methods The best way to prevent a bed bug infestation is to practice caution when in areas that may contain them. - If you are currently suffering from an infestation, this will include taking measures to avoid spreading them to work or school. - Hotels and other places where people may congregate are common transfer points for this pest. Using the SLEEP Method for Travel Developed by Orkin Pest Control, this acronym helps you avoid bringing bed bugs home from hotels, motels, gyms, and other places where people congregate. Take some time to inspect for signs of an infestation. - Tiny black or rust colored spots from bed bug feces may be found on sheets, mattress tags, bed skirts, pillows, or seams. - You may also spot bugs or shed exoskeletons during your survey. Carefully lift the mattress, bed frame, headboard, and nearby objects which bed bugs may be hiding under. - These insects tend to remain within five feet of a potential food source, making the search radius smaller. - Again, you may locate exoskeletons, even if there are no live bugs visible. Bed bugs cannot fly, so placing your luggage on an elevated rack or shelf will reduce the risk of them hiding among your belongings. - The location should be away from the bed and nearby wall. - Remember that bed bugs may hide in picture frames, behind wall outlets, and other crevices near the bed. Even if your initial inspection found nothing, there is a risk of picking up hitchhikers on the way home. - Carefully examine your belongings and suitcases as you pack for any stray bugs. - Packing in an area away from the bed will further reduce the risk of infestation. To avoid the risk of eggs in your belongings, place your clothes in the dryer immediately upon your return home. - Run the dryer for at least 15 minutes on the highest setting. - This will eliminate any bed bugs or eggs you did not spot while packing. Ways to Avoid Spreading Your Own Bedbugs If you are already suffering from an infestation, it is important to avoid spreading these pests to others. - Many prevention methods are simple and easy to incorporate into your daily life even when your infestation has been eliminated. - Remember that bed bugs are small and may hide in tiny places you can’t see. Daily Routine Items Items which routinely leave your home (such as backpacks, briefcases, and jackets) should not be kept in the bedroom. - When possible, keep them in an entryway or your car. - This greatly reduces the risk of contamination. - Avoid taking unnecessary items with you to reduce the potential number of hiding places. During the Extermination If you are not required to leave your home for more than a few hours during the extermination, or if you are preparing for the exterminator, there are a few ways to avoid taking bed bugs with you. - Using a spray on anything you are taking out of the house will help kill most of the bugs, but is not 10 percent effective. - Carefully inspecting items will also help to catch any bugs. - If you are staying with a friend, buy any toiletries on the way and take an immediate shower upon arrival. - Place your clothes in the washer to avoid contaminating their home. Bed Bug Extermination Cost: Summary and FAQs Depending on your location, size of the infested area, and severity of the infestation, the bed bug treatment, and extermination prices may vary. Prices can range between $200-$300/room. A more severe infestation may take out up to $400 or more/room. A whole-house heating service can cost you up to $4,000 or more. Professional exterminators use a combination of methods to deal with an infestation. Their approach depends on the severity of the infestation and the size of your home. Nevertheless, these are the most common methods of intervention: 2. Heat treatments 4. Steam treatments 5. Combinations of the above.

<urn:uuid:a2520add-4f74-42b3-b6b9-a04b67e204f8>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://pestkilled.com/bed-bug-extermination-costs/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493120.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328194743-20200328224743-00515.warc.gz

en

What do psychologists have to say about how kids develop? There are a number of different child development theories that focus on different areas of growth and development. Psychologists and development researchers have proposed a number of different theories to describe and explain the process and stages that children go through as they develop. Some tend to focus on the developmental milestones or specific achievements that children reach by a certain age. Others focus on specific aspects of child development such as personality, cognition, and moral growth. The following are just some of the major ways of thinking about the stages of child development. Child Development Theories: A Brief History Psychologists and other theorists have proposed a number of different theories centered on how children develop. Some of these theories are known as grand theories and attempt to explain almost every aspect of how people change and grow over the course of childhood. In other instances, these theories focus on a more narrow aspect of development. Some of the greatest minds in the history of psychology contributed a few of the best-known developmental theories. Throughout psychology history, a number of different child development theories have emerged to explain the changes that take place during the early part of life. In the modern study of child development, we simply take for granted the fact that children are fundamentally different than adults. Yet for much of human history, kids were simply seen as smaller versions of their adult counterparts. It has only been relatively recently that the field of developmental psychology has helped us understand the way children think is very different from how adults think. Thanks to the work of some pioneering psychologists and other researchers, we now have a much deeper and richer understanding of how kids grow. Let’s take a closer look at some of the key theories of child development. Psychoanalytic Child Development Theories The psychoanalytic theories of child development tend to focus on things such as the unconscious, and forming the ego. The two primary psychoanalytic theories of development are Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development and Erik Erikson psychosocial theory of development. 1. Freud’s Psychosexual Child Development Theory The theories proposed by Sigmund Freud stressed the importance of childhood events and experiences, but almost exclusively focused on mental disorders rather that normal functioning. According to Freud, child development is described as a series of ‘psychosexual stages.’ Each stage involves satisfying a libidinal desire and can later play a role in adult personality. If a child does not successfully complete a stage, Freud suggested that he or she would develop a fixation that would later influence adult personality and behavior. Freud believed that children progress through a series of psychosexual stages. During each stage, the libido’s energy becomes centered on a particular area of the body. The stages of Freud’s child development theory are the oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages. During each stage, the pleasure seeking energies of the id drive for satisfaction based on a particular erogenous zone. During the oral stage, for example, a child derives pleasure from activities that involve the mouth such as sucking or chewing. Conflicts associated with stage must be successfully resolved in order to develop a healthy adult personality. Failing to resolve these conflicts can result in a fixation at a particular point in development. 2. Erikson’s Psychosocial Child Development Theory Erik Erikson was influenced by Freud’s work, but his own child development theories focused on the importance of social experiences in shaping a child’s psychological growth.c Like Freud’s theory, Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development lays out a series of stages the people go through. Unlike Freud’s theory, Erickson’s theory covers development for the entire lifespan from birth until death. Freud believed that development was largely complete by age 5, while Erikson believed that people continue to develop and grow well into old age. At each stage of development, people face a crisis that they must master. Mastering the crisis leads to the development of a psychological virtue. For example, the primary conflict during the adolescent period involves establishing a sense of personal identity. Success or failure in dealing with the conflicts at each stage can impact overall functioning. During the adolescent stage, for example, failure to develop an identity results in role confusion. Erikson’s theory begins at birth, as children start out in the trust versus mistrust stage. During this early stage of life, it is important for children to receive consistent care so that they can learn to trust the people in the world around them. Development continues as children grow, and at each stage the face new conflicts and learn new skills that serve them well throughout life. Behavioral Child Development Theories Behavioral child development theories center on how children learn through their interactions with the environment. Early in the twentieth century, the school of thought known as behaviorism took hold in psychology. The behaviorist believed that learning and development were the result of associations, rewards, and punishments. According to behaviorist John B. Watson, any behavior can be learned. “Give me a dozen healthy infants…and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select…regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors,” he famously suggested in 1930. Other theorists including Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner also contributed significantly to behaviorism, driving this school of thought to become a dominating force in psychology for many years. Two important behavioral processes that influence development are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves forming an association between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally and automatically produces a response. After an association has been formed, the once neutral stimulus now produces the response all in its own. Operant conditioning involves learning as a result of reinforcement or punishment. The consequences of a behavior determine how likely it is for that behavior to occur again in the future. When a behavior is reinforced, or strengthened, then it is more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future. When a behavior is punished, or weakened, then it is less likely to occur again in the future. Cognitive Child Development Theories The cognitive theories of child development focus on how a child’s thought processes change over the course of childhood. One of the best-known cognitive theories is Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Theorist Jean Piaget suggested that children think differently than adults and proposed a stage theory of cognitive development. He was the first to note that children play an active role in gaining knowledge of the world. According to his theory, children can be thought of as “little scientists” who actively construct their knowledge and understanding of the world. Early thinking tended to assume that the way kids think is pretty similar to the way adults think, but Piaget helped change this. He concluded that the way that children think is fundamentally different from that of adults. His cognitive theory quickly became one of the most influence child development theories. His approach focuses on four distinct stages that kids go through as they progress from birth to adulthood. Concepts such as schemas, egocentrism, accommodation, and assimilation are central to Piaget’s theory. Each stage of development is marked by distinct changes in how children think about themselves, others and the world. The four stages in Piaget’s theory are: - The Sensorimotor Stage, which takes place early in life between the ages of birth and two. During this time, a child learns about the world through their sensory perceptions and motor interactions. It is a time of astonishing cognitive change as children gain a great deal of knowledge about the world around them. - The Preoperational Stage, which occurs between the ages of 2 and 6, is also a time of rapid growth and development. At this stage, children still lack the ability to mentally manipulate information and struggle to see things from other people’s point of view. A great deal of language development takes place during this stage. - The Concrete Operational Stage, which takes place between age 7 and 11, involves the emergence of more logical thought. Kids are able to think rationally about concrete events, although they struggle with abstract concepts. - The Formal Operational Stage, which lasts from roughly age 12 and into adulthood, is marked by the emergence of hypothetical thought. Kids are able to reason about abstract concepts and make systematic plans about the future. Social Learning Theories of Child Development Social theories of child development tend to focus on the role that parents, caregivers, peers and other social influences impact development. Some focus on how early attachment influence development, while others are centered on how children learn by observing people around them. A few examples of these social theories of child development include attachment theory, social learning theory, and sociocultural theory. Psychologist Albert Bandura proposed what is known as social learning theory. According to this theory of child development, children learn new behaviors from observing other people. Unlike behavioral theories, Bandura believed that external reinforcement was not the only way that people learned new things. Instead, intrinsic reinforcements such as a sense of pride, satisfaction, and accomplishment could also lead to learning. Bandura’s social learning theory combines elements of behavioral theories as well as cognitive theories while accounting for the powerful influence that social experiences have on how kids learn and grow. Bandura believed that behavioral processes alone could not account for how kids learn. How, he wondered, could we explain learning that occurred without any direct association or reinforcement? He noted that observation and modeling play a major part in the learning process. In his famous Bobo doll experiment, Bandura demonstrated that kids could learn aggression by watching the actions of an adult model. Observational learning can involve directly observing another person, but it can also take place by listening to someone else explain how to do something or even reading about it in a book. Final Thoughts on Theories of Child Development There are many different child development theories that have emerged to explain how kids learn and grow over the course of childhood. Some of these theories attempt to be all-encompassing and explain many different aspects of the human experience, which is why they are often called “grand theories.” In other cases, child development theories attempt to explain a fairly narrow aspect of the developmental experience, which is why they are referred to as “mini theories.” In either case, each of these child development theories has helped add to our understanding of how children grow, think, learn, and change over the years from birth until adulthood. Keenan, T, Evans, S, & Crowley, K. An Introduction to Child Development. SAGE; 2016. Piaget, J., & Cook, M. T. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York, NY: International University Press.

<urn:uuid:f7cdbf3c-d784-411f-bd6d-1895eefc6262>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.explorepsychology.com/child-development-theories/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371611051.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405213008-20200406003508-00354.warc.gz

en

Shepherds, farmers, priests, and Levites, men from all walks in life, joined the throngs which entered Jerusalem from all directions. Christ in all the Scriptures: Exodus and the Passover Lamb | The homes in the city were thrown open to entertain them, and tents were pitched upon the house-tops and in the streets to shelter those attending the feast, and to provide rooms where as families and groups they might gather to eat the Passover. On the tenth day of the month Abib, the Passover lamb was selected, and was kept separate from the rest of the flock until the fourteenth day of the month, when it was slain. The lamb was roasted entire, not one bone being broken. If the family was small, several families could join together in the feast. Unleavened bread and bitter herbs were eaten with the lamb. Not only was unleavened bread used in the feast, but no leaven was allowed in the homes during the entire week following the day of the Passover. The lamb was to be eaten in the night of the fourteenth day of the month. If any of the flesh remained until the morning, it was burned by fire. When the lamb was slain, a sprig of hyssop was dipped in the blood, and with it they were to strike the two side posts and the lintel of the door of the house where the lamb was eaten. This commemorated that wonderful deliverance of the firstborn of Israel when all the firstborn of Egypt were slain. While the event commemorated by the blood on the lintel was wonderful, yet the event typified was far more wonderful. Just as truly as the destroying angel passed through Egypt and laid the icy hand of death upon the brow of every first-born child who was not shielded by the blood, so the second death, from which there will be no resurrection, will fall upon every one who has not been cleansed from sin by the blood of Christ. Exalted station, wealth, or earthly fame will not shield one from the destroying angel of the Lord. One thing alone will shield rich and poor alike, it is the precious blood of Christ. Dwelling upon the commemorative side of the Passover feast, strengthens our faith. Remembering how the Lord wrought for His afflicted people, how He heard their cries and worked miracles for their deliverance, brings a blessing to the soul; but there is also salvation for the one who dwells upon the typical part of the Passover feast, and claims the blessings there shadowed forth by type and symbol. Every Passover lamb, from the one slain on the night of the deliverance from Egypt to the time of Christ, was a type of the Saviour in a special sense. Just as the Passover lamb had for centuries been taken from the flocks a few days before it was to be slain, and had been kept separate, a lamb marked for death; so a few days before Christ was crucified, the Sanhedrin condemned Him to death. From that day forth, as they looked upon Him, they knew that His death was determined. This was the morning of the day the Saviour was crucified. It was not by chance that the Saviour was crucified upon Friday, the sixth day of the week. For centuries God had ordained that the day following the Passover, the fifteenth day of the month Abib, should be kept as a ceremonial sabbath, 15 thus typifying the fact that Christ, the real Passover, would be offered the day before the Sabbath. Last week, after an overview of Bible references to Jesus in the book of Genesis, we focussed on Genesis 22 and the story of Abraham and Isaac — the lamb of the Lord. It was no accident that the male lamb was in the thicket. God provided the sacrifice. Just as Abraham was prepared to offer his only son, God himself provided the sacrifice of His one and only son on our behalf. We saw how the story of Abraham and Isaac is used to illustrate that Jesus was our substitute, that Jesus made atonement for us. The necessity of substitutionary atonement: The means of substitutionary atonement: The wonder of substitutionary atonement: And as a consequence, Abraham came to know the Lord by a new name — Jehovah Jireh — the Lord will provide. If you want to read, listen to or watch the sermon, it is available online. The lamb of the Lord in Genesis. Today we come to Exodus and we are going to focus on the lamb in the Passover. But before we do, lets get an overview of what we learn about the Lord Jesus from the Book of Exodus. The chosen people are in hopeless bondage in the land of Egypt, powerless to deliver themselves. I have heard them crying out because of their slave drivers, and I am concerned about their suffering. So I have come down to rescue them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up out of that land into a good and spacious land. It is a beautiful picture of redemption from the bondage of sin into the glorious liberty of the children of God. Then, His commission to Moses opens with the glorious vision of the Angel of Jehovah appearing in the Burning Bush, a thorn bush ablaze with God! What a picture of the Lord Jesus. God manifesting Himself in a visible tangible form 1John 1: So holy, no pious Jew would utter the name of God. But Jesus not only used it, he took that name to himself, not once but seven times. Christ in all the Scriptures: Exodus and the Passover Lamb And when challenged Jesus takes the name of God revealed to Moses to Himself in all its simple majesty: Jesus has left us in no doubt about whom he claimed to be. Then in Exodus we have a double picture of Christ as the Living Bread and the Living Water, and again we are left in no uncertainty. Jesus explicitly refers to this event when he insists:. Your ancestors ate the manna in the wilderness, yet they died. But here is the bread that comes down from heaven, which anyone may eat and not die. I am the living bread that came down from heaven. Whoever eats this bread will live forever. This bread is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world. Do you see how the Lord Jesus is progressively revealed in the story of redemption found in Exodus? Here is a simple chart of some of the main ways in which Exodus points us to Jesus:. To those who can really understand the Torah, and the significance of the feast and festivals as well as those who truly understand the Mosaic Covenant and how it works. They can see very clearly how the messiahs death fulfil all the requirements of all the Law of Moses. How the sacrifice of the Messiah made the Feast under the Mosaic Covenant obsolete. They are able to see how the coming of the Messiah 2 thousands years ago had brought about a new covenant signed between God and man. Within that Covenant contains the blood of Jesus which cleanse man of sin. By so doing it had taken away the sacramental effect of the feast for now there is no longer a need to offer sin offerings every feast. They will understand that the new Covenant by the messiah is not the same as the covenant sign on mount Sinai. They are able to see how God through Jesus call out a group of gentiles and Jews who would keep the covenant of Christ. They will know that the spirit of God no longer dwells in temple but lives in the heart of man. That the Holy Spirit is meant to stay in men and lead man into the truth. That the Holy Spirit will teach men what Jesus taught. They will truly understand the significance of the Torah and what it meant to those who are saved. How Christ had taken all the curse of the Law and wanted his followers to keep the Spirit of the Law which far exceeds what the physical interpretation of the Law. They will not be deluded to take the sacrifice of Christ as a free pass to go sin but view it as a grace where man could repent and return to God when they failed to keep the moral standard of the Law as taught by Christ. They will repent from their sins and allow the blood of Christ to cleanse them once again so that they could continue in their quest to establish the Law of God. They will not hold on to obsolete and fulfilled feast that are fulfilled by Christ on the cross. They will be able to keep the instruction and covenant of Christ while understanding and keeping the Spirit of the Law as taught by Moses. They will not waste their time creating mindless feel good tradition that bears no effect on Salvation. - Strange Animals: What They Are and the Implications of Their Existence. - Divine Healing Simplified. - Der Mensch im Naturzustand: Ein Vergleich zwischen Jean-Jacques Rousseaus und Thomas Hobbes Anthropologie, ihr Menschenbild sowie die Auswirkung auf ihre politische Theorie (German Edition). - Developing Successful Leadership: 11 (Studies in Educational Leadership). - Codice della Privacy / Edizione 15.12.2011 (Italia) (Italian Edition)! - The Cross and its Shadow. - The Shadow Of The Old Testament (Part 15) : Jesus, The True Passover Lamb. Instead they will seize every opportunity to quickly tell others to follow Christ and have their sin forgiven. They will follow everything as taught and instructed by Jesus. May we all understand the true Significance of the Law of Moses and understand the true requirement given to Christians. Lighting Of Lamp Part 9, Part 10 8. Offering Of Sacrifice Part 11, Part 12 9. The Spring Feast Part 14 The Red Heifer Part 16, Part […]. You are commenting using your WordPress. You are commenting using your Twitter account. You are commenting using your Facebook account. Notify me of new comments via email. Bible Study , Christian , Church , church. God , Devotional , Faith Comments. Without blemish Ex ITs bones unbroken Ex Roasted whole Ex Today Christians receive his blood through baptism ACts 2: Eat with haste Ex His sacrifice is once and for all, and from then on Christians who follow his covenant is called out from the world and need to live a life on earth as a sojourner Jesus And The Last Passover On Earth Just before the ultimate sacrifices of Jesus on the cross, on that Last Passover under the Mosaic Covenant. The Lamb and His Shadow - A Christian Passover Guide (Paperback) But yet they fail to see its true implication as taught by Jesus Indeed the Jews have a custom of washing the feet. The early church practiced this foot washing as a sacrament that follows right after baptism According to the research of E. This practice were outlawed in AD in the Council of Elvira. Where Canon 48 reads Can Nor shall their feet be washed by Priest or clerics http: In summary, most of their arguments are this 1. Church Historian Sozomen also noted They faithfully and justly assumed, that those who accorded in the essentials of worship ought not to separate from one another on account of customs Sozomen, Historia ecclesiastica , 7. Let us choose to be obedient to the command of Jesus and do what he instruct us to do. The True Practitioner Of The Torah To those who can really understand the Torah, and the significance of the feast and festivals as well as those who truly understand the Mosaic Covenant and how it works. By so doing it had taken away the sacramental effect of the feast for now there is no longer a need to offer sin offerings every feast They will understand that the new Covenant by the messiah is not the same as the covenant sign on mount Sinai. They are able to see how God through Jesus call out a group of gentiles and Jews who would keep the covenant of Christ They will know that the spirit of God no longer dwells in temple but lives in the heart of man. They will repent from their sins and allow the blood of Christ to cleanse them once again so that they could continue in their quest to establish the Law of God They will not hold on to obsolete and fulfilled feast that are fulfilled by Christ on the cross. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Enter your comment here Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: Email required Address never made public.

<urn:uuid:1b3352f4-5927-4044-940a-65c71535bb81>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://omyhukocow.tk/quests/the-lamb-and-his-shadow-christian-passover-book-1.php

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505366.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401034127-20200401064127-00514.warc.gz

en

2016 marked the fiftieth anniversary of both Stokely Carmichael’s coining of the phrase “Black Power” and the formation of the Black Panther Party (BPP). The creation of local Oakland activists and radicals Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, the Black Panthers soon developed into the largest, most prominent manifestation of “Black Power” ideology following their formation in October 1966. Yet much about the Panthers remains either forgotten or distorted, gun-toting iconography standing in for a deeper understanding of their aims. In the interest of setting the record straight, what follows is a primer on the Black Panther Party — a group that a half century after its founding still has much to teach us about organizing, ideology, and the dangers of promoting revolutionary socialism in the United States. Origins and Aims The Black Panther Party followed in the footsteps of earlier black leftist groups such as the African Blood Brotherhood and the National Negro Congress. Like its antecedents, the Black Panthers embraced both black nationalism and socialism. Seale and Newton sought to build an organization that could defend the black community against police brutality, while also offering a sharp anticapitalist vision. Unlike the major organizations of the Civil Rights Movement, the BPP saw its prospective base as the “Black Urban Lumpenproletariat,” as Eldridge Cleaver, one of the group’s early leaders, laid out in his pamphlet On the Ideology of the Black Panther Party. For Cleaver and other BPP leaders, the black lumpenproletariat was comprised of those “perpetually in reserve” — Africans Americans in Oakland and elsewhere unable to find work or gain the skills needed to compete in a modernizing workforce. They looked to this segment of the population — rather than the traditional agent of revolution, the organized working class — to power their fight against white supremacy, imperialism, and capitalism. Born in Oakland, a city with a long history of radicalism and civil rights struggle, the BPP eventually formed chapters across the nation — from New York City to Chicago to the South, in places as disparate as Winston-Salem, North Carolina and New Haven, Connecticut. At its height, the BPP boasted more than 5,000 members nationwide. They reached many more through their newspaper, the Black Panther, which had a circulation of 250,000. What cohered the various chapters wasn’t necessarily a top-down leadership, but an ethos of Black Power, community organizing, and socialism that channeled the energy of young African Americans angered by the hypocrisy of Great Society liberalism and the callousness of New Right conservatism. Young, talented leaders flourished at the local level, most notably Chicago’s Fred Hampton. In resisting police brutality in Oakland, the Panthers embraced armed self-defense, a tactic employed by many African Americans across the American South. The geographic connection wasn’t necessarily a coincidence. Founded by two Southerners (Seale was born in Texas, Newton in Louisiana), the BPP shared its iconic symbol with Alabama’s Lowndes County Freedom Organization (organized by Carmichael). Both groups directly challenged white supremacy at the grassroots. But for the BPP, the struggle against racism was incomplete without a struggle against capitalism. Their 1966 ten-point platform, the clearest programmatic expression of the group’s politics, featured a critical analysis of both white supremacy and capitalism in America. Among their demands were “full employment,” “decent housing,” and a “United Nations–supervised plebiscite” to determine whether African Americans wished to separate from the US and form their own self-governing community. Each of these goals, along with the rest outlined in the ten-point program, pointed to an organization that was already tying together several strands of left thought prevalent by the late 1960s. The BPP’s Activities Among the most important of the Panthers’ activities were its social services, or “survival programs.” The most famous was the free breakfast program, which provided meals to many impoverished African-American youths in Oakland. Another was the local health education program, which aided African Americans who lacked access to quality health care. Together, the more than sixty survival programs allowed the Black Panthers to win the support of many struggling working-class African Americans, immediately improving the living standards of residents even as they gestured toward a socialist future. The BPP was also known for patrolling Oakland police officers on the beat. Armed with shotguns and California law books, they would travel around the city and monitor police stops, seeking to curb police brutality. Their brandishing of weapons pushed the California General Assembly to pass, and then-Governor Ronald Reagan to sign, the Mulford Act of 1967, which disallowed the public carrying of loaded guns. Police didn’t take too kindly to the Panthers’ armed oversight either. The same year the Mulford Act passed, a traffic stop devolved into a gun battle between Newton and Oakland police officer John Frey, who died at the scene. Newton’s subsequent trials became causes du jour for the American left, with “Free Huey” taken up as a rallying cry against oppression, police brutality, and white supremacy in American society. Anxiety built up in the government’s ranks about the threat the Panthers posed to the nation’s national security. In addition to periodic raids and ambushes by police, the FBI, under the auspices of its now-infamous COINTELPRO (Counter Intelligence Program), went to war on the Panthers. The FBI took a special interest in the Oakland and Chicago chapters, sowing distrust among BPP members and often leaving party members unsure of whom, exactly, they could trust. The assassination of Hampton and fellow Illinois Black Panther Party leader Mark Clark during a Chicago Police Department raid on Hampton’s apartment on December 4, 1969 showed the lengths local and national authorities would go to suppress the Black Panther Party. Even the group’s free breakfast programs — recognized as potentially radicalizing a new generation of African Americans — were targeted by the FBI and local law enforcement. Under the weight of severe state repression, arguments ultimately broke out over the group’s disparate activities. By the early 1970s the Black Panthers had split along both ideological and tactical lines. Huey Newton wanted to focus the BPP’s attention on local activism, education, and community service programs. Eldridge Cleaver — at one point the BPP’s minister of information but who had since fled to Cuba and then Algeria after an ambush of Oakland police officers — pressed for the party to ready itself for an armed insurrection in the United States. The schism was thrust into public view in 1971, when Newton openly criticized Cleaver in the pages of the Black Panther. When Elaine Brown became the party’s chairwoman in 1973 — replacing Newton, who was exiled in Cuba — she took the party back decisively to its grassroots orientation. Brown emphasized community service, running the Oakland Community School through the 1970s and in the process educating hundreds of African-American children in Oakland. During her tenure, the BPP even became power players in Oakland and California politics. Bobby Seale ran a strong campaign for Oakland mayor in 1973 (finishing second in a nine-person race before losing in a run-off), and Brown threw her hat in the ring for city council in 1973 and 1975 (she came up short both times). Brown also backed Democrat Jerry Brown’s successful run for governor in 1974 (though what that support yielded for the BPP’s constituency is less apparent). In the end, Newton’s vision for the BPP largely won out. But his return from exile in 1976 set off another power struggle that ultimately destroyed the BPP. Relationship With the Left The Black Panther Party didn’t silo itself off from the rest of the Left. Its Chicago chapter, for example, had a working relationship with the Young Patriots, an organization primarily comprised of the sons and daughters of white Appalachian migrants. In 1969, the BPP invited the Young Patriots and other left organizations to come to Oakland to participate in the United Front Against Fascism Conference. Hampton’s leadership was crucial to establishing this linkage. The dynamic head of the BPP’s Chicago chapter, Hampton appealed to poor whites as part of his effort to forge an antiracist, anticapitalist alliance of the dispossessed. As Hampton explained, “We’re not going to fight racism with racism, but we’re going to fight with solidarity. We say we’re not going to fight capitalism with black capitalism, but we’re going to fight it with socialism.” His assassination in 1969 devastated the Black Panther Party and robbed the movement of one of its youngest, most promising leaders. The Panthers also involved themselves in the antiwar movement, seeing their struggle for black freedom and self-determination as tied to the resistance movements in Vietnam, Algeria, and elsewhere. In fact, they opened a chapter in Algeria in 1969. When they engaged with the anti-draft movement (“one of the first working coalitions we had,” Seale noted), the Panthers made it clear to protesters that the abuse African Americans faced in the US at the hands of the police mirrored the repression the Vietnamese and other groups experienced from the American military. Newton’s writings on Black Panther Party ideology in the late 1960s reflected a broader trend among radical African Americans — from Martin Luther King, Jr to Stokely Carmichael — that linked racism at home to imperialism abroad. Newton, for instance, expressed support for Palestine several times in his widely read essays. In the 1970s, as members of a larger Black Power left, the Panthers engaged in debates about the best course of action for African Americans following the decline of the Civil Rights Movement. Stalwarts of the Black Power movement like Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones before his turn towards black nationalism in the late 60s) had become avowed Marxists and shunned nationalist rhetoric. The Panthers, while less black nationalist than the popular imagination would have it, never jettisoned their brand of Black Power. But they spent considerable time thinking through the proper mix between black nationalism and socialism — and informed the practice of other left groups in the process. The Legacy of the Panthers The work of the Black Panthers remains important for several reasons. First, they remind us that the problem of police brutality has long been with us (Martin Luther King, Jr even mentioned it in his oft-cited, but often misinterpreted, “I Have A Dream” speech). Indeed, protests following the death of Denzil Dowell in North Richmond, a community near Oakland, in April 1967 played a major role in the growth of the BPP from a small cadre to a major political and social force. Second, the BPP offers a good model of grassroots activism and ideology in practice. While the group was torn apart by conflicts between Newton and Cleaver by the 1970s, the Panthers continued to do important work on the ground in Oakland. Their “survival programs” appealed to African Americans living in poverty who were unable to depend on local government for any help. And crucially, they tied their free breakfast and education programs to a larger political project. An ingenious mix of the practical and the visionary, the BPP’s community work was the most revolutionary work they carried out. The Black Panther Party also proved an important training ground for African-American women activists, such as Kathleen Cleaver and Elaine Brown. As with the Civil Rights Movement, women members did a great deal of the nuts-and-bolts work in the BPP. This isn’t to say the BPP was a paragon of women’s rights. When Seale and Newton formed the group, they directed their appeals at the “brothers on the block.” (At other times, their rhetoric was quite progressive: in August 1970, Newton became one of the first African-American leaders of any ideological stripe to express solidarity with gay and lesbian Americans.) Even during Brown’s tenure as BPP chairwoman, the group’s leadership remained overwhelmingly male, and Panther women were subjected to physical and verbal abuse. Still, Brown and other women Black Panthers carved out space and contributed mightily to the organization. Finally, the legacy of the Black Panther Party can be seen in the current Black Lives Matter movement. The Movement for Black Lives’ demands for economic justice, community power, and reparations recall the Black Panther Party’s ten-point platform. And, like the Black Power and Civil Rights movements, the Black Lives Matter movement has had to deal time and again with negative media coverage and a “go-slow” critique from many American liberals. Today, more than fifty years after its founding, the Panthers should be remembered for more than their black berets and shotguns. Despite their flaws, they melded the immediate and the transformative into a potent political vision, advocating a multiracial alliance against racism, capitalism, and imperialism that delivered tangible gains to the most exploited. That vision is equally as stirring today.

<urn:uuid:28c9d32e-17e9-41f2-b95e-1b341b9af4fa>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/10/black-panther-party-fifty-year-anniversary-founding

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371896913.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410110538-20200410141038-00314.warc.gz

en

Any series of essays written for Lyme Disease Awareness Month would be incomplete without addressing Lyme disease co-infections. Those who live with Lyme disease understand the role of coinfections; those who don’t know anything about Lyme other than what the news and federal public health agencies advise (”Check for ticks, and have a nice summer!”) without a doubt need their awareness raised. But before I get into coinfections, I want to talk about a coinciding disorder, mast cell activation syndrome, that is not infectious, but which is a nefarious gift of the Lyme-causing Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria that could last a lifetime. Some of what appears below is a bit technical, but if you know anyone who has been infected with Lyme disease, it could explain many otherwise inexplicable and life-affecting symptoms. As discussed last week, the nature and even the existence of chronic Lyme disease are hotly debated because (in my opinion) not enough research is being done and despite what parties on either side of the debate say, not enough is known about how and why so many Lyme disease patients end up so ill for so long despite short-term antibiotic treatment. However, all the way back in 1999, a study published in Infection and Immunity, the journal of the American Society for Microbiology, discussed how Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes induce mast cell and cytokine release. An even earlier 1990 study from the journal Infection also observed this phenomenon in gerbils that were infected with human isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi. That study concluded: Various numbers of plasma cells, eosinophils and high numbers of mast cells were also present. Three further animals which served as controls displayed no histological signs of inflammation in any organ system [...] The persistence of B. burgdorferi and the high number of organs involved with slight to severe signs of inflammation in this series can be compared to persistence and to the multiorgan involvement seen in human Lyme disease. Thus gerbils can serve as suitable experimental animals to study the pathogenesis of Lyme disease and the extent of organ damage caused by B. burgdorferi. In short, the bacteria that cause Lyme disease also have been shown to trigger dysfunctional mast cell activation, and mast cell activation causes inflammation that can then bring about a great number of characteristic mild to life-threatening symptoms. These symptoms are discussed below...but before we get there, it may help to understand exactly what mast cells are and how and why these cells function as they do, and how that may affect Lyme disease patients. About Mast Cells Eons ago—well, 20 years or so—in high-school biology classes, I learned about white blood cells. These are the guardians of our bodies. Comprised of a number of different types, including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocites and monocites, which are collectively known as leukocites (”leuko” meaning “white”), these white blood cells search out and destroy invaders. They are the Hungry Hungry Hippos of the immune system, and most infectious agents are nothing but pellets to be gobbled up. Yay, white blood cells! Let’s watch human white blood cells search out and destroy invading bacteria and viruses. Having come of age at the height of the HIV/AIDS crisis in the 80s and 90s, there was also a lot of talk on TV about T cells because a primary means by which to gauge the wellness of a person who carries the HIV virus is to count the T cells in his or her blood. If the T cell count is very low, the person’s shields are down and even bacteria, viruses and fungi that are always present in our bodies can become potentially deadly. T cells are manufactured in bone marrow. But despite what I remember learning, and despite common understanding, the immune system is incredibly complex, as illustrated by this video. Also manufactured in the bone marrow are a kind of cell I don’t recall ever having learned about in biology class—and it turns out that mine are all out of sorts. At 0:28 in the video above, fifth row, top column, you can see mast cells, whose jobs in the video are listed as “communicate, fight worms, cause inflammation, activate other cells.” The inflammation part becomes highly significant when mast cells release too many histamine and cytokines particles. Mast cells—”multi-functional master cells” or mastocytes (scientists give us lots of formal and informal labels for everything)—are a primary aspect of our immune systems. They’re a bit complicated to understand, but this is how I picture them in my mind: When we take capsule pills, we usually only notice the little oblong plastic-y encasement. But have you ever broken one open? (Of course you have!) Once broken, depending on the medication, hundreds of tiny little balls of different colors explode from inside, bouncing and skittering across every surface they hit, some of them rolling away never to be seen again. Mast cells are a lot like that. Here’s a short video that shows how bee or snake venom would activate a mast cell. The little red balls inside of the cell membrane are histamine granules. Mast cells contain a number of different tiny granulated chemicals, including histamine, heparin, cytokines, and others. When released, these are the agents of inflammation. Most of us are familiar with the term antihistamine—Benadryl, Claritin, Allegra fall into this category of medication. Antihistamines help to inhibit mast cell degranulation, the process by which mast cells explode or dissolve and set their little chemical babies free. When we have seasonal or food allergies, what’s really happening is that some kind of substance that our bodies are exposed to holds the key that unlocks mast cells and causes them to degranulate. Mast cell degranulation serves important roles in our well being. When histamines are released, for example, they cause inflammation, signaling the immune system to go into attack mode. That’s great when the body has to attack a foreign invader. It’s not so great when immune cells get their own “brain fog” (It’s an analogy; please don’t write to point out that cells don’t have brains.) and start attacking the body’s own native cells. And inflammation is meant to be a short-term battle mode, not a constant, chronic state of being. When there’s too much inflammation for too long, our bodies can’t operate as they are supposed to operate. Often, this type of dysfunction is due to a mast cell disorder. Mast Cell Disorder Symptoms When mast cells don’t function as they should, a wide range of allergic symptoms may occur, including flushing (skin that turns red or purple and becomes hot to the touch), itching, gastrointestinal problems including pain and acid reflux, and most dangerously anaphylaxis. As you can see above, mast cell activation disorder symptoms are almost as broad, multi-systemic and variable as Lyme disease symptoms. Some of the symptoms, particularly the neurologic, cardiovascular and systemic ones, can be indistinguishable from Lyme disease symptoms. Some are specific. A lot of people who have Lyme disease complain that the internal nature of their symptoms makes it difficult for anyone to believe that they actually have an ailment. Lyme is known as an “invisible disease,” as many other chronic illnesses are. People who have co-occurring mast cell disorders have visible signs. This is what happens to my arm when I wear a ribbed sweater: Don’t think people don’t notice when your skin does that freaky texture-changing thing that octopuses do. Not only that, but this is what happens if I very lightly scratch letters on my arm with a dull pencil: Within five to 10 minutes, mast cells break apart where I scratched my skin, causing inflammation. The letters aren’t only red, but puffed up. This allergic phenomenon is known as dermatographic (”skin writing”) urticaria (hives). If I went to parties, it would be a neat party trick. It has been a neat (albeit disgusting to most people) office trick. But it’s not all fun and games. Shortly after the dermatographia appears, hives are triggered generally throughout the body, and I break out in red welts on my legs, my arms, etc. These are symptoms fairly specific to mast cell disorders. Other unusual symptoms include flushing—skin turning red and hot in response to stimuli—and anaphylactic reactions to heat and exercise. I am allergic to exercise now. If I break a sweat, I almost always break out in hives. That’s annoying. Much more troublingly, I also become dizzy and lightheaded and sometimes have difficulty breathing. That last one can be deadly—although I’ve lived with this for years and never knew it. I thought I was just out of shape and couldn’t catch my breath after 15 minutes of cardio. But then beyond just mast cell symptoms, when I overheat in the summer, or from exercise, or even from a hot bath, I also sometimes get Parkinson’s-type tremors—sometimes extreme ones (Imagine Katharine Hepburn in a helicopter.)—double vision and other disturbing symptoms that go away when I cool down. If living with one chronic illness is a challenge, having more than one at once is, well, a greater challenge. In any case, if you have dermatographia or break out in hives while you’re exercising, you should probably look into mast cell problems. Same Symptoms, Different Disorders There are two different types of mast cell disorder: mastocytosis and MCAS. Mastocytosis is a disease in which for largely unknown reasons a patient has more mast cells than usual gathered in one or more organ systems. As a result, when mast cells are activated, the presence of a greater number of mast cells causes a greater release of histamines, cytokines, etc., and that causes greater inflammation than an average patient would experience. Mastocytosis is further broken down into three different types, cutaneous mastocytosis (primarily affecting skin), systemic mastocytosis (present in bone marrow), and mast cell sarcoma, which is very rare and as described in the medical journal Modern Pathology “bizarre.” More about mastocytosis. Mast cell activation syndrome/disorders, or MCAS/MCAD, are very similar to mastocytosis but patients diagnosed with MCAS don’t fulfill all the criteria for a mastocytosis diagnosis. According to the Mastocytosis Society, three criteria must be met for an MCAS diagnosis: - Specific symptoms, including flushing, itching, hives, low blood pressure and others; - Increased serum tryptase (a simply blood test) levels or urine prostoglandin levels; and - Improvement of symptoms when treated with antihistamine-based protocols. A bone marrow biopsy is required to differentiate between mastocytosis and MCAS. What About Lyme? As discussed at the beginning of this article, decades-old research observes that mast cells can be triggered by Borrelia burgdorferi infections to flood the body with histamine, which then causes inflammation and MCAS symptoms. Since the criteria for diagnosing MCAS are relatively simple—unusual and easily identifiable symptoms, a blood or urine test, and response to antihistamine treatments—Lyme disease patients who have any characteristic symptoms may be able to find relief for many of them with proper diagnosis and over-the-counter antihistamine treatment that, to the relief of many Lyme patients, should not be controversial in any way. I’ve simplified (and hopefully not too egregiously misstated) these complex and still little-understood conditions. Patients who believe they may have a mast cell disorder might want to print out this article, including this table of diagnostic criteria, and bring them to their doctors for consultation. If you think you may have a mast cell activation disorder, invest the time in watching this video and the video below. Find me (and say hi!) on Twitter @Artistlike. If you’d like to see more in-depth research about Lyme and associated tickborne diseases, please consider supporting my work via Patreon.

<urn:uuid:158727e6-1151-478d-b674-2c63d5540b8c>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/meet-mcas-an-allergic-immune-system-disorder-linked_b_58f88d0ae4b01d4eb1e169a0?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAADvXN5K8GSBwutQE46mqefZMIGy6AZRMvqlgayLfTPIEs1sbUZcxs2xJIGOCra-1ciUPL82Qt96FsIsx7ZK8uVF6cmGdCFfIBHcxVgfe-JKCV6fRDvXJFbskjLcWDaEb35Ct795NIH_Zbxsji1fYEiGZvWT4UucFSoFA63D0VE9l

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371824409.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408202012-20200408232512-00034.warc.gz

en

UNDERSTANDING INFANTS AND TODDLERS AND YOURSELF How can we understand the amazing changes that take place so rapidly in infants and toddlers during the first few years of life—and in their parents who raise them? The best way is to understand the fascinating subject of human development. In other words, how do babies, who are programmed from birth, indeed, from the nine months in utero; to become healthy, productive adults as they pass through infancy, childhood and adolescence? Even though adults don’t have accurate memories of these early years, their experiences in the first few years of life lay the foundation for what they become as adults, and consciously and unconsciously influence the way they raise their infants and toddlers. So, with this awareness in mind, let’s begin to understand with a definition of development. Development may be defined as the emergence and evolution of the human mind from birth until death as the result of the constant interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental influences. This definition suggests several critically important ideas. First, development, which focuses on the study of the mind, is not synonymous with growth and physical aging; these are terms that refer to the changes that occur in the body over time. However, mental development is profoundly influenced by the body. Conversely, neither is development the study of the effect of environment, alone. Environment refers to all external influences, particularly the interaction with other human beings. Both biological and environmental influences must be understood within the context of the third factor in this confluence of forces that shape the developmental process; namely, the mind itself, as it exists at a particular point in the life cycle; be it one of relatively immaturity in infancy and early childhood or one of sophistication and complexity in midlife. Thus, in attempting to understand mental functioning at any age, we must consider biological, environmental, and intra-psychic influences as they exist at that moment in time. The lifelong course of development has been broken down into blocks of time called developmental phases. One of the most commonly used divisions is as follows: First Phase Infancy and toddlerhood Ages 0-3 Second Phase Preschool years Ages 3-6 Third Phase Elementary school years Ages 6-12 Fourth Phase Adolescence Ages 12-20 Fifth Phase Young adulthood Ages 20-40 Sixth Phase Middle Adulthood Ages 40-65 Seventh Phase Late Adulthood Ages 65-85 Eighth Phase Late, Late Adulthood Ages 85 and beyond These artificially determined divisions are organized around basic themes and issues that are specific for any particular phase, called developmental tasks. Engagement and mastery of each of the tasks at the appropriate time strengthens and expands mental capabilities and provides the tools needed to engage the next set of developmental tasks—and so it goes, throughout life. Later in this book we will focus on the developmental tasks of the first three years of life. So what do parents need in order to facilitate the developmental processes in their very young child? A modicum of maturity, which is a reference to a mental state, not an age, would certainly help. Webster suggests that maturity refers to “complete and finished in natural growth or development. . .the state or quality of being fully grown.” A developmental definition of maturity contains some of the same elements. Maturity refers to that mental state found in healthy adults which is characterized by a detailed knowledge of the parameters of human existence; a sophisticated level of self-awareness based on an honest appraisal of one’s own experience within those basic parameters; and the ability to use this intellectual and emotional knowledge and insight caringly in relationship to one’s self and others. In regard to child rearing, to use your knowledge of early child development and an understanding of your own developmental experience as a child and adult to treat your infant and toddler with the utmost in understanding, love and empathy; thus facilitating, to the maximum degree possible, his or her course through the critically important first few years of life. SOME GENERAL CONCEPTS The Importance of Childhood Experience: All roads to happiness and fulfillment in adulthood begin in childhood. Some are as smooth as the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, others are as rough as a pothole-scarred street. Most individuals experience some of both as they traverse childhood and adolescence. Indeed, it is the enormous variety of human experience that adds texture to the broad expanses of daily living and sparkle and uniqueness to the individual personality. Misconceptions about Childhood: Prior to the twentieth century, children were thought of as miniature adults, physically smaller and asexual but mentally the same as adults. Over the centuries this misconception became the rational for the misunderstanding and maltreatment of children. We now understand that children are qualitatively different than adults. Indeed, infants and toddlers are very different from older children and adolescents. Understanding those differences, and how and when they become apparent, is essential knowledge for raising children. The Importance of Mothering: As strange as it may seem today, because the idea is so completely accepted, the importance of the mother-child relationship for normal infant and early child development was not fully recognized before the 1940s and the 1950s. Then psychoanalyst Rene Spitz’s work on “hospitalism” revolutionized contemporary thought. In orphanages and foundling homes around the world he was shocked to find row after row of listless, hollow-eyes infants. Although fed and clothed, they received little stimulation and love from their starchly-dressed nurses. They spent nearly all of their time lying in their cribs, clean and dressed but nearly always alone. Doomed by the ignorance of their well-intentioned caregivers, they failed to develop and many died before they were a year old. In startling contrast were the happy babies cared for on a continuous basis by their unwed mothers who were relegated to institutions because of their disreputable status. After fleeing to England in the 1930s with her famous father to escape Nazi persecution, Anna Freud studies the effects of trauma and separation on children who were caught in the London blitz. Those who remained with their parents, huddled night after night in the cramped, womb-like security of the subways, were less affected by the traumatic situation than those who were sent away to the physically safe but emotionally barren countryside. Similar to the World War II experience, we are currently dealing with US immigration policy that includes separation of immigrant children from parents at the US border. Children are Different at Different Ages: Children differ at different ages because mind and body evolve so rapidly in childhood. This seemingly simplistic idea has far-reaching consequences for understanding children because it suggests that similar behaviors have different meanings at different ages. The ubiquitous temper tantrums of the two-year-old are normal, but the unbridled thrashing about of a six-year-old is not. The terrified response of a four-year-old (to a frightening nightmare) is an age-appropriate response to an intense struggle with feelings of anger and competition, but the presence of frequent nightmares in a ten-year-old is a likely indication of pathology. The Length of Childhood vs. Adulthood: At first glance, nature’s division of life into childhood and adulthood appears capricious and inequitable, since we have but twenty years in which to crowd the experiences of childhood, but three times as long to struggle with the great issues of adulthood. However, a more studied consideration suggests that the temporal distribution may be just right. The passion of youth must recede before the unhurried contemplation of adulthood and the human condition can begin. Parenthood: The Power of the Potter’s Wheel: When they are very young, children are amorphous and unformed, responsive to the touch of their parents who shape and mold them like wet clay. But as time passes and the clay hardens, children become less malleable but still responsive to the potter’s wheel. Once fired in the kiln of adolescence, the artist’s influence diminishes, reduced to the role of connoisseur admiring his or her creation. Parents are nature’s substitutes for the instincts that provide newborns in the animal kingdom with the survival skills needed to evade predators. Human infants are not so equipped; they do not survive in life’s jungle without caretakers. Marilyn and Bob decided to go out to dinner. It was a warm summer evening and they thought that an hour in the park with some Subway sandwiches sounded just great. They bounded down the steps of their second floor apartment and were about to get in the car when Bob said, “Oh my god, we forgot about Jim!” Jim was their one-month-old first-born who was asleep upstairs in his crib. With great embarrassment they bounded up the stairs and assumed the mantel of their new roles. Healthy parents recognize their awesome power and exercise it judiciously, remaining steadfast and firm when necessary. Then gradually, joyfully, they relinquish control to the toddler’s messy demand to feed him or herself, to the seven-year-old’s insistence on bathing in private while undoubtedly forgetting to wash behind the ears, and to the impetuous adolescent who wants it all—now! After all, active parenthood is meant to be a time-limited activity. The successful practitioner of the art is out of business when the young ones reach eighteen or so, but not out of the role of parent. Fortunately or unfortunately, as the case may be, the relationship between parent and child continues. Their lives remain tightly intertwined as they march through the second half of life, anxiously anticipating the arrival of the next generation, who will assign them the new roles of parents and grandparents and further transform their lives. The Egocentricity of Childhood: During infancy, mother is not perceived by the child as having an existence of her own. Rather, she is an extension of the child’s needs and wishes, the source of satisfaction and frustration. Every preoccupation of the mother—her concerns with other family members, with work or outside interests, illnesses and absences, even her death—is transformed into an experience of rejection and desertion. This means that the infant and toddler must misinterpret the actions of significant adults. Under normal circumstances, these repeated inevitable slights are compensated for by innumerable interactions of assurance and pleasure. As parents help the young child engage the developmental tasks of early life such as weaning and toilet training, and accept the frustrations involved therein, he or she gradually develops the capacity to control raging wants and desires. Then, too, as intellect develops, the toddler begins to understand that he or she is not the center of the universe and that all actions that frustrate wishes are not intentional. Slowly, ever so slowly, as adulthood approaches, the egocentricity of childhood is partially transformed into enlightened self-interest and a growing concern for others. But as muted as infantile egocentricity may be in the mature adult, it is never totally absent; constantly lurking beneath a face of civility, ready to reassert itself at a weak moment’s notice. The mature person recognizes, accepts, and occasionally be-friends the beast within, thus satisfying the wish to be special. Five-year-old Rebecca knew that mother had to take care of her two year old brother but she certainly didn’t like it. “You like Ralph more than me. Why do we need to stop reading my book because he’s crying. Stay here with me. He’ll stop soon.” The Irrationality of Childhood: The ability of young children to think in logical, rational terms does not exist in infancy and increases slowly over the first decade of life. Even the adolescent will be discovered to harbor infantile misconceptions beneath a veneer of rational thought (masturbation causes pimples and girls can get pregnant from toilet seats). This qualitative difference in the nature of thinking between children and adults means the former must, will, misinterpret events and adult intentions, creating considerable frustration in those grown-ups who do not understand. For example, I was asked to do an emergency consultation on a four-year-old boy who had been admitted to a pediatric ward with a broken arm. When awakening from surgery, he began to cry and could not be consoled by the increasingly anxious and frustrated nursing staff. When I asked him why he was crying, he sobbed in mini-phrases, watered by alligator tears, that his arm was gone. He wanted it back. What he couldn’t see wasn’t there, creating a hole in his body image similar to that caused by a missing piece in a puzzle. After he and I wrapped, unwrapped, and reapplied a “cast” to the arm of his favorite GI Joe, our wounded warrior began to calm down, reassured that his arm was “safe” inside the cast, now decorated by us with images of Tony the Tiger, his favorite cartoon character. The wise parent feels compassion for the child’s inability to understand the world. This empathy is heightened by the mature recognition that the child is not alone in the inability to understand; both adult and child are constantly in touch with the unknown and the incomprehensible, as the older imperfectly shield the younger from life’s uncertainties. A Different Sense of Time: To the one-year-old left by his or her parents for a much -needed weekend of R & R, time stretches out endlessly. For the parents, the time away is all too short. This is so because of the limited cognitive understanding of time which exists during infancy and early childhood and even more important, the manner in which it is experienced subjectively. Possessing little ability to tolerate frustration and delay gratification, the child experiences time in relationship to basic needs. These are the factors which determine whether the intervals set for feeding, the absence of the mother, and the duration of nursery school attendance will seem to the child short or long, tolerable or intolerable, and as a result prove harmless or harmful in their consequences. In addition, young children are not yet equipped with the ability to maintain memories and mental images of the needed and desired person in their absence. Without the internal organization of experience provided by the primary caretakers, the passage of time is often associated with pain and frustration. Like all other capacities, the ability to understand and organize temporal experience increases gradually as the child grows. Different needs and a lack of knowledge about time sense in childhood create painful dilemmas for adults. “My husband and I want to take a two week vacation. We plan to leave Sharon with her grandparents. What do you think? The determined tone in Sharon’s mother’s voice indicated that there was only one correct answer. Screwing up my courage, I explained why Sharon might have difficulty tolerating such a long absence. “Oh,” said her mother with resignation, “you’re telling me that at this point in her life, I have to put her needs before mine. Her response had the ring of maturity. Unspoken but understood was the recognition of the qualitative difference in cognitive development, time sense, and frustration tolerance between adult and child. “Lucky girl,” I thought. Regression as a Normal Phenomenon: Regression is the abandonment of recently acquired functions and abilities for patterns and behaviors from earlier phases of development. It is a ubiquitous phenomenon in childhood. Normally, such behavior is temporary and self-limiting, related to some identifiable stress such as fatigue, illness, jealousy, parental absence, or facing a daunting new challenge such as riding the school bus for the first time or going out on a date with the most popular boy or girl in the class. When pathological processes dominate, however, regressions become pronounced, long lasting, and involves more mental functions and behaviors, sometimes resulting in an inability to bounce back to more age appropriate behavior. This is called fixation. Backward moves accompany all developmental progression in childhood including control of bowels and bladder, the growth of frustration tolerance, language acquisition, and conscience formation. Indeed, the ability to achieve a higher level of functioning is no guarantee that such performance will be stable or continuous. In fact, occasional returns to more infantile behavior is a normal sign. Thus, nonsense talk or even babbling has a rightful place in the child’s life, alongside rational speech. Clean toilet habits are not acquired instantly, but take the long, back-and-forth way through an interminable series of successes, relapses, and accidents. Three and one half year old Jamie had just about mastered toilet training. He used the potty all of the time and was only wetting the bed approximately once per month. The process had not been an easy one and his parents were greatly relieved and pleased with his progress and their efforts. But wouldn’t you know it, just about this time, Jamie’s sister was born. He was definitely not happy about the new addition to the family and make his feelings clear by kisses that turned into head butts and questions about why she had to be part of the family. He also began to wet the bed nightly and occasionally have BMs in his pants. After repeated explanations that Susie was here to stay and he had to be a big brother and take care of her, and a reinstitution of parental involvement in toilet training, the bedwetting and misplaced BMs gradually diminished and eventually disappeared. Adults regress, too, although not as frequently as children. The middle finger pointing temper tantrum on the freeway when cut off by another driver or the second martini after a tough day at work are somewhat problematic examples. Mature adults legitimize the need to regress and pepper their work time with vacations, play, and free intervals, thus creating a balance that promotes mental and physical health and infuses life with the qualities of richness and variety.

<urn:uuid:0f0e94f5-3f7e-4bb3-9f18-a1226e9be05f>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.child-adolescent-adult-development.info/child-development-blog/whats-on-your-toddlers-mind

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371700247.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407085717-20200407120217-00194.warc.gz

en

Earth is on the brink of a sea change. Its oceans are still mostly wild, without the obvious human footprint often seen on land, but they're also increasingly plagued by human-induced dangers such as climate change, overfishing and plastic. Yet despite our inertia on many terrestrial issues like air pollution or deforestation, we're actually building some momentum for saving the seas. It's just a drop in the bucket so far, but the recent pace of ocean protection is promising nonetheless. The past several years have brought a surge of new marine sanctuaries around the world, including sprawling reserves near New Caledonia, Hawaii and Antarctica that each cover about 500,000 square miles. The nations of Gabon, Kiribati and Palau have all made waves with huge new refuges off their coasts, and the U.K. recently approved a 322,000 square-mile reserve around the Pitcairn Islands. Conservationists are now working to string together an array of marine protected areas to establish the 30,000-island Pacific Oceanscape. World leaders set aside roughly 2 million square miles of ocean in 2016, a sizable increase from the previous record of 730,000 square miles protected in 2015. And much more could be in the offing, since the United Nations has set a goal of protecting 10 percent of the ocean as marine sanctuaries by 2020. In honor of this trend — and in hopes it means tides are turning toward healthier aquatic habitats — here's a closer look at some of the areas being saved: Mexico's Revillagigedo Islands were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2016 and a marine national park in 2017. (Photo: Presidencia de la República Mexicana/Flickr) It may be smaller than some other recently created marine reserves, but the Revillagigedo Archipelago off Mexico's west coast is now the largest ocean sanctuary in North America. Announced in November 2017 by Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, the protected area spans 57,000 square miles (150,000 square kilometers) of Pacific Ocean around the Revillagigedo islands, located nearly 250 miles (400 km) southwest of the Baja California peninsula. The move prohibits all fishing activity, along with resource extraction and the development of new hotels on the islands. The area, which is centered around four volcanic islands, has been nicknamed "the Galapagos of North America" due to its unique geology and ecology. The islands lie at the convergence of two ocean currents, creating an oasis for hundreds of plant and animal species, including whales, sea turtles, seabirds and about 400 species of fish. Many commercially valuable fish breed in the area, and the sanctuary — which will be patrolled by Mexico's navy — is meant to preserve them after years of unsustainable harvesting. The move was quickly heralded by conservationists. "Revillagigedo, the crown jewel of Mexican waters, will now be fully protected thanks to the vision and leadership of President Peña Nieto," says Mario Gómez, executive director of the Mexican conservation group Beta Diversidad, in a statement. "We are proud of the protection we will provide to marine life in this area, and for the preservation of this important center of connectivity of species migrating throughout the Pacific." An especially huge marine refuge was established in late October 2016, when 24 countries and the European Union struck a deal to protect 600,000 square miles of Antarctica's Ross Sea. That's about twice the size of Texas, and makes this the largest nature preserve anywhere on Earth. The move bans commercial fishing to protect the area's rich array of native marine life. Sometimes called the "Last Ocean," the Ross Sea is one of the last stretches still relatively untouched by humans and undamaged by overfishing, pollution or invasive species, according to the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition. It's home to a wide range of wildlife species, including at least 10 mammals, half a dozen birds, 95 fish and more than 1,000 invertebrates. Popular animal residents range from Adelie and emperor penguins to minke whales, orcas and leopard seals. "The Ross Sea is widely considered to be the last great wilderness area on Earth and known as the polar 'Garden of Eden'," according to a statement from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). The agreement is impressive considering we live in a time of "strained political relations," as UNEP Patron of the Oceans Lewis Pugh said in a statement. Russia and China were holdouts until the very end. In September 2016, U.S. President Barack Obama unveiled the first marine national monument in the Atlantic Ocean. The Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument will protect 4,913 square miles of marine ecosystems off the coast of New England from commercial activity and development. According to the White House, this includes "three underwater canyons deeper than the Grand Canyon, and four underwater mountains known as 'seamounts' that are biodiversity hotspots and home to many rare and endangered species." The month before, Obama also established the now second-largest ocean sanctuary on the planet: Hawaii's Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, which was Earth's largest upon its 2006 creation by President George W. Bush. But as the popularity of protecting oceans has grown over the past decade, it had slipped to 10th-largest in the world — so Obama quadrupled its size in one fell swoop. "[N]ew scientific exploration and research has revealed new species and deep sea habitats as well as important ecological connections between the existing monument and the adjacent waters," the White House explained. "Today's designation will expand the existing Marine National Monument by 442,781 square miles, bringing the total protected area of the expanded monument to 582,578 square miles." Fish shelter under coral at Rapture Reef in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. (Photo: Greg McFall/NOAA) That expansion means Papahānaumokuākea is even larger than the nearby Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, which took its own turn as Earth's biggest marine reserve after Obama expanded it in 2014. Papahānaumokuākea provides critical habitat protection for more than 7,000 species of wildlife. That includes several endangered species — such as Hawaiian monk seals, Laysan ducks, green sea turtles and leatherback sea turtles, among others — as well as the longest-living marine species on Earth, black coral, which can live for 4,500 years. Protecting this much ocean habitat also provides a buffer against ocean acidification, boosting the resilience of many species by giving them more space to adapt. The move bans all commercial resource extraction — including commercial fishing and any future mining activity — although it still allows some recreational fishing, as well as the removal of wildlife for Native Hawaiian cultural practices. The area has salient cultural and historical significance, the White House noted, as much of the surrounding land and water is sacred to the Native Hawaiian community. "The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are home to one of the most diverse and threatened ecosystems on the planet and a sacred place for the Native Hawaiian community," U.S. Interior Secretary Sally Jewell said in a statement. "President Obama's expansion of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument will permanently protect pristine coral reefs, deep sea marine habitats and important cultural and historic resources for the benefit of current and future generations." Here's a glimpse of how big Papahānaumokuākea is. At the 2015 Our Oceans conference, the U.S. also unveiled a pair of much smaller preserves in Maryland and Wisconsin, which would be the first new U.S. marine sanctuaries in 15 years. They're tiny compared with Papahānaumokuākea, and may bend the technical definition of "marine," but both are teeming with historic shipwrecks as well as wildlife. Both were also nominated by the American public, part of a policy shift meant to boost engagement with federal conservation efforts. In Wisconsin, the proposed sanctuary spans 875 square miles (2,266 square km) of the Lake Michigan coastline, an area that contains 39 known shipwrecks, including 15 listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Archival and archaeological evidence suggests the area may also hold undiscovered shipwrecks, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which notes the proposal "received tremendous support from the community." In Maryland, the Mallows Bay-Potomac River site covers 14 square miles of the tidal Potomac River, a valuable estuary located about 40 miles south of the nation's capital. Its shipwreck collection features nearly 200 vessels that range from the Revolutionary War to modern day, including the largest "ghost fleet" of wooden steamships built during World War I. It's also "a largely undeveloped landscape and waterscape identified as one of the most ecologically valuable in Maryland," NOAA points out, "as the ship remains provide important habitat for fish and wildlife, including rare, threatened and endangered species." Also in late 2015, Chile introduced a new marine park spanning more than 243,000 square miles (630,000 square km) around Easter Island, located about 2,300 miles off the Chilean mainland. The area has been rife with illegal fishing lately, according to local anglers and environmental advocates, so a main goal of this preserve is to banish industrial trawlers while still allowing local, smaller-scale fishing near shore. Unveiled by Chilean President Michelle Bachelet at Our Oceans 2015, the preserve will be the "third-largest fully protected area of ocean in the world," according to the Pew Charitable Trusts. It has 142 native species, 27 of which are threatened or endangered. The park was proposed by Easter Island's indigenous Rapa Nui people, whose representatives clapped and sang after the announcement. "World famous for its Moai statues, Easter Island will now be known as a global leader in ocean conservation," says Pew vice president Joshua S. Reichert, who leads the nonprofit group's environmental work. "This announcement is an important step toward establishing the world's first generation of great parks in the sea." In addition to Easter Island, Bachelet also announced a marine reserve at the Islas de los Desventurados ("Unfortunate Islands"), located about 500 miles off Chile's coast. The volcanic islands are uninhabited by people, aside from one Chilean Navy unit, but they're an important habitat for seabirds. The two parks combined will cover more than 1 million square km (386,000 square miles), Chilean officials say. Many of the biggest marine parks created in recent years are in the South Pacific, but there's always room for more. In September 2015, New Zealand Prime Minister John Key revealed plans to create one of the world's largest, stretching across 620,000 square km (240,000 square miles) around the Kermadec Islands. Located about 1,000 km (620 miles) northeast of New Zealand, the Kermadecs are considered a gem of biodiversity as well as geology. The island arc hosts several dozen varieties of whales and dolphins, 150 types of fish, and three of the planet's seven sea turtle species. It also includes the longest-known chain of underwater volcanoes and the second-deepest ocean trench on Earth. Covering an area twice the size of New Zealand's landmass, the sanctuary would reportedly ban all fishing as well as any oil, gas or mineral development. "The Kermadecs is a world-class, unspoiled marine environment and New Zealand is proud to protect it for future generations," Key told the U.N. general assembly in New York. "Creating protected areas will support not only our own fisheries, but those of our Pacific neighbors, adding to New Zealand's efforts to help grow Pacific economies through the responsible management of their ocean resources." It's worth noting that marine reserves can't save the oceans alone, especially from global threats like warming and acidification. Even their effectiveness varies from place to place, depending on the capabilities of local law enforcement. But when managed well, they can buffer key biodiversity hotspots, giving wildlife more space while replacing poachers with better-paying eco-tourists. And amazing vacations are just the tip of the iceberg. As many world leaders now realize, ocean health is an economic priority as well as an ecological one. "Our economies, our livelihoods and our food all depend on our oceans," Obama said in a video message at the 2015 Our Oceans conference, a theme echoed by Easter Island Mayor Pedro Edmunds Paoa. "The ocean is the basis of our culture and our livelihood," Paoa said in a statement. "The Rapa Nui community is immensely proud of this marine park, which will protect our waters for generations to come." Editor's Note: This story has been updated since it was first published in October 2015.

<urn:uuid:48241d7d-add5-4fae-8f5c-cc9d59f5ecfa>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/blogs/earth-gets-surge-new-ocean-sanctuaries

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371826355.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408233313-20200409023813-00475.warc.gz

en

10 CBD Facts You Need To Know CBD is gaining popularity rapidly in the United States and across Europe in recent times but many people are unaware of it’s storied past. CBD is used currently for a number of factors from health to recreation to recovery. Let’s have a look at the top 10 CBD facts. CBD Comes From The Cannabis Plant CBD is a derivative of the Cannabis Sativa plant also known as hemp. CBD replaces THC as the active ingredient of the buds or flowers of the marijuana plant. The only difference between hemp and marijuana is the THC content. If it is under .3%, it will classed as hemp and anything over .3% will be classified as marijuana. CBD Was Illegal Until 2018 CBD comes from hemp which has a storied past and was even accepted the US government in lieu of taxes for hundreds of years until prohibition in 1937. The Farm Bill was a long time coming but it finally found it’s way to Donald Trump’s desk in 2018 for signing. The bill labelled any cannabis plant with under .3% THC as hemp and any with over .3% as Marijuana. Europe also introduced similar legislations, understanding the importance of industrial hemp to the economy. The resulting explosion in popularity of Hemp begs the question, why didn’t it happen sooner? CBD works with the Bodies Endocannabinoid System To Heal The Endocannabinoid system is a series of receptors located throughout the human mind and body. The receptors and broken down into CB1 and CB2 receptors. CB1 receptors are generally found in the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. They are found in brain and the spine. It’s main functions include: Health And Disease Motor Activity and even addiction response CB2 Receptors are generally found in the peripheral nervous system and can help to keep the immune system healthy while also dealing with many gastrointestinal issues such as irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn’s disease. CBD feeds these receptors which are responsible overall for maintaining health and balance in the human body. The Endocannabinoid System Works with Endocannabinoids and Phytocannabinoids Endocannabinoids are the ones that are produced naturally within the human body and these bind with the CB receptors to keep the body functionality normally and to keep the individual healthy. Phytocannabinoids are the ones found in plants such as CBD and THC. Since Endocannabinoid deficiency can lead to a ton of health problems. Supplementing with CBD has a healing hand in a huge range of illnesses due to the amount of receptors around the body are their varying functions. Humans aren’t the only ones with Endocannabinoid Systems Almost all mammals with a backbone have an endocannabinoid system and that includes dogs, cats, horses and guinea pigs to name a few. Since animals are subject to many of the same illnesses as humans, CBD can be an effective way to combat a huge range of illnesses in pets from Diabetes to Cancer to Arthritis to even Colic and Laminitis in horses and boredom and stress in Parrots. It’s no surprise then that CBD for pets is growing almost as fast as CBD for humans. Endocannabinoid Deficiency Plays A Part In Illness Endocannabinoid Deficiency is a clinical theory suggesting that when a person or animal is short on Endocannabinoids that it can lead to a wide range of health issues including migraines, Fibromyalgia, PTSD and Irritable Bowel syndrome. In short, if your body is not producing enough cannabinoids on it’s own then introducing Phytocannabinoids from plants such as hemp can help to cure the deficiency and maintain balance and health in the individual. CBD Oil And Hemp Seed Oil Are Completely different People ask this all the time. Are CBD oil and Hemp oil the same thing? Yes they are, but when we were are talking about hemp seed oil, then it is different. CBD comes from the Buds of the hemp plant and full spectrum oil will contain all the cannabinoids and comes with the entourage effect for maximum healing. To be classified as hemp the plant must contain under .3% THC which is another cannabinoid. Hemp oil and CBD oil can be classified as the same thing, once we are not referring to hemp seed oil. Hemp seed oil comes from the seeds of the plant which contains almost no cannabinoids with minimal THC and minimal CBD. Hemp seed oil is whoever an effective remedy for skin and hair health and it is packed with nutrition making a perfect addition to any diet. There is a lot of ambiguity here and it has led to a lot of confusion, especially on Amazon. CBD is banned on Amazon and this has led to many companies labelling their product as hemp seed oil or hemp extract to avoid being taken down. If you are buying on Amazon, make sure that you check the reviews and the product info to say, full spectrum or hemp extract and not just hemp seed oil! The Entourage Effect In CBD Something mighty happens when you bring all the components of the hemp plant together as an oil and that is the entourage effect. Full Spectrum Oils have come to dominate CBD isolates because of the Entourage effect. This is when all the cannabinoids, flavonoids and terpenes of the plant work together as a team for the maximum healing benefit and it has shown to be much more effective than isolates. While the entourage effect may only be a theory still, it is becoming clear that full spectrum is better than isolates for healing. CBD Can Mitigate The Effects Of THC THC is the first cousin of CBD and it has a few more sinister side effects to look out for. THC is the cannabinoid that is responsible for making people high and while small doses of THC can have positive effects on sleep and anxiety, it appears that too much marijuana can actually have the opposite effect and can also lead to psychosis and paranoia. CBD is a negative allosteric modulator of the CB1 receptors that THC binds too, which makes the THC less effective. Users who take CBD and THC together feel a lot less anxious and a lot less high. The health benefits of taking both CBD and THC at the same time is still under investigation but the initial research appears to show a positive correlation. CBD Is Replacing Traditional Pain Medications One thing that is not in dispute is CBD’s ability to combat pain and inflammation. This is making CBD a powerful remedy to the side effects of Arthritis but also leading to widespread use among athletes whose busy schedules and tough workouts, leave their bodies worn down and inflamed. Traditional pain killers work but they can also come with nasty side effects and can mix badly with other medications or steroids, causing serious issues. CBD is a natural and 100% safe way to relief pain. CBD Is Replacing Xanax For Anxiety Xanax is an effective Anti Anxiety medication but it is highly addictive and your body quickly becomes immune to the effects leading to higher doses which can eventually cause problems such as dependance and overdosing. CBD is quickly replacing Xanax and is also an effective anti anxiety medication that comes without the side effects which may be why many are making the switch to CBD. CBD also regulates the impulsive drive of addiction and this may also help to get people off of Xanax and other addictions. CBD Has Been Used As Medication For Thousands Of Years Cannabis as medicine first showed up in Ancient China thousands of years ago. In 2,700 BC Emperor Sheng Neng wrote extensively about the medicines of the time, mentioning hemp as a major medicinal property. Hemps use as medicine has continued throughout the world since then. It is widely accepted that Queen Victoria took cannabis as medication to relieve her menstrual cramps with Sir J. Russel Reynolds quoted in 1890 as saying: ” Cannabis is one of the finest medicines we possess.” The use of cannabis as medicine is scattered throughout history going back thousands of years in Egypt, The Netherlands, Ancient Greece and the Middle East. CBD As A Compound Was First Discovered In 1940 While humans have been cultivating hemp for thousands of years, the compound CBD was only discovered in 1940 by Roger Adams and it was first synthesised in 1963 by Raphael Mechoulam. CBD is one cannabinoid out of at least 60 in the cannabis plant and there may 100’s yet to be discovered fully. CBD is a $5 Billion Dollar Market in 2019 In the 1930’s, before prohibition, Hemp was labelled as the billion dollar crop. In 2019, post prohibition, it has easily exceeded this number and is set to be worth a whopping $22 Billion in 2026 with a 125% growth expected in the interim. Hemp was a crucial part of early America and if it weren’t for corporate greed, hemp may remained the main crop for paper, fuel and textiles. Instead we have caused irreparable damage to our planet, oceans and forests by using fossil fuel and wood to fuel our nations. CBD Stops Seizures In Their Tracks CBD stops kids from having seizures and the evidence is becoming undeniable. There are noe tons of examples of kids having multiple seizures where CBD has stopped it in their tracks and it’s not just seizures that cbd is helping. It is also a highly effective remedy for tons of other ailments and it is non toxic like so many other pharmaceuticals. There Are A Ton Of Ways To Take CBD CBD oil may have hit the mainstream in oil form but it has gone onto to be taken in a huge number of ways. Companies continue to innovate year after year and we can even CBD infused Teas, Coffees, Soft Drinks and Gummies. Each way to take CBD comes with it’s own benefits: An oil is probably the best way to take CBD and will lead to the maximum amount of CBD entering the blood stream and is effective for a huge range of ailments from insomnia to cancer. CBD Creams are also hugely popular. They can be applied directly at the point of pain or inflammation making it a perfect choice for athletes and arthritis to get relief from sore and inflamed muscles and joints. CBD Capsules are perfect for those on the go or want to get their recommended daily dose quickly without any fuss. CBD Flowers is a category that is experiencing growth. CBD is being smoked just like marijuana without the psychoactive high and side effects. CBD flowers should leave the user feeling more relaxed and focussed. CBD Edibles is also becoming a huge category including chocolates, gummies and pretty much every other treat you can think of now coming in a CBD form. A lot of people will start the day with a dose of CBD oil and then will microdose using the other forms throughout the day. Hemp is a plant that was targeted for prohibition in the 1930s and that had a hugely negative on the planet and the environment in the name of corporate greed and we are delighted to see this overdue legislation come into effect. We look forward to see where Hemp goes over the next 5, 10, 20 years and beyond. Aidan Lehane is an entrepreneur who has a lifelong passion for CBD, Hemp and allowing people to find an effective natural remedy to many of their pains and illnesses. Aidan has been a constant advocate for cbd and hemp legalization for over 2 decades and is often found researching & creating blogs and videos about CBD, on the Great Hemp Youtube channel while testing and reviewing countless products for quality and effectiveness.

<urn:uuid:96d94db0-d648-401f-a295-66f03525ff5e>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://greathemp.net/cbd-facts-you-need-to-know/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00154.warc.gz

en

Scripture Reference: Acts 6:8- 8:4 Suggested Emphasis: Standing up for God. Stephen preached to people about Jesus and God. Some of the Jews got very angry because they did not want Jewish people to listen to Stephen and become followers of Jesus. The Jews got so angry at Stephen that they told lies about him and had him taken before the Jewish court (Sanhedrin). Peter preached a sermon telling about how God wanted the Jews to follow Jesus. Some of the Jews became so angry at Stephen that they threw stones at him until he died. Stephen was a man who was respected and had a very good reputation. He was one of the Seven appointed by the apostles in Acts 6:1-7 as a Deacon. Acts 6:8 tells us that He was full of God’s grace and power and he performed miraculous signs. Acts 6:10 indicates that Stephen was a dynamic speaker with wisdom. He went to the synagogue to teach about Christ. A synagogue was a Jewish building, constructed for the purposes of teaching the Scriptures to the Jewish people and as a place of worship. The Synagogue of the Freedman was one such place in Jerusalem. The synagogue’s name, “freedmen” was a reference to people who had been freed from slavery. This synagogue was made up of Jews from a variety of places where groups of Jews lived including Cyrene and Alexandria (north Africa) and Cilicia and Asia (present day Turkey and Syria). Tarsus (the birthplace of Paul) was one of the cities in Cilicia so Paul was possibly associated with this synagogue. No Synagogue has yet been uncovered by this specific name, however an inscription was discovered in Jerusalem dating to circa 70 A.D. and possible earlier, tells of a man called “Theodotos” a son of a “Vettenus.” Vettenus is a Latin name which indicates the possibility that Vettenus was a former slave who took Vettenus as his name, thus making Theodotus the son of the Freedman. The Theodotus Synagogue may well have been the Synagogue of the Freedmen mentioned in Acts. The Jews at the Synagogue of the Freedmen spread lies that Stephen was blaspheming (speaking sacrilegiously about God or sacred things; profane talk) against Moses, God and the temple. The Sanhedrin was the Jewish Council which administered justice. The word Sanhedrin comes from two words; “Sun” meaning “together: and “hedra” meaning “seat”. This Council consisted of 71 members and Jewish tradition traces its establishment back to the 70 elders appointed by God in Numbers 11:16. The Sanhedrin was made up of Pharisees and Sadducees, Elders, Scribes and priests. The Sanhedrin was overseen by the High Priest. The Sanhedrin had the power to carry out justice for all matters of Jewish law. At this time historically the Sanhedrin had a great deal of independence and could judge all cases not involving capital punishment. (Acts 7:1-53) When the High Priest asked Stephen if the charges were true Stephen went on to show his devotion to God by telling the story of how God worked through his people to bring Christ to the world. This is the longest speech in the book of Acts. - His accusers said that Stephen taught against the Jews but Stephen talked about Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and pointed out that the Jews were God’s nation. - His accusers said that he was blaspheming Moses but Stephen outlined how the law was handed down through Moses and that God told Moses that a prophet (Jesus) would be sent from among the Jews. Instead of accepting this God’s people had rejected both Moses and God. - His accusers said that Stephen taught against the temple but he reminded them that before Solomon built the temple there was the tabernacle. God could never be contained in a house made with human hands. To put someone to death they required the approval of the Roman Procurator. In most cases though, the Roman procurator bent to the demands of the Sanhedrin. It is interesting to note that the Stoning of Stephen was most likely illegal, as there is no indication of the Sanhedrin seeking the confirmation of the Roman procurator. By comparison the crucifixion of Christ went through all the “proper” routes of justice and was a legal (although unjust) crucifixion. At the end of the story (Acts 7:57-8:1) Saul is mentioned for the first time in the New Testament. At this time he is an enemy of Christianity but later his life and even his name would be changed. He would go on to become the Apostle Paul and write many of the books that make up our New Testament bible. You can learn more about the dramatic change in his life in Paul (Saul) Becomes a Christian. After the Stoning of Stephen followers of Christ began to leave Jerusalem to escape further persecution. The good news of Chrst began to spread because, wherever they went, they told others about Christ (Acts 8:1-4). Stephen was a faithful follower of Christ whose only crime was obedience to the Lord. He is referred to as the first Christian martyr (a person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs) because he is the first person mentioned in the bible who died because of the conviction of his faith in Christ. Stephen’s courage to continue to preach even when facing death in an unjust trial remains an inspiration and encouragement to many Christians who are suffering for doing what is right. When encouraging children to stand up for God and be obedient to Him, be sure to remind them that God is always with them, just as God was with Stephen when He stood up for Jesus. Some of this Background Information was submitted by Kayla Robinson-Thanks Kayla! - What happened before this story? - What happens after this story? - List of all Bible stories and themes on this website. Way to Introduce the Story: What would you do if someone came up to you and said, “Only stupid people believe in Jesus”? Would you be quiet or would you tell them that you believe in Jesus. What if they laughed at you? The book of Acts tells us about a man named Stephen who said he believed in Jesus even when people said they would hurt him if he did. Stephen was a Christian man in the city of Jerusalem who loved God and Jesus very much. He understood the power of the Holy Spirit in his life. He was a Deacon (servant) of the church in Jerusalem and helped make sure that the poor widows received their fair share of food. He taught many people about Jesus and even performed many miracles in Jesus’ name. Stephen wanted everyone to know the good news about Jesus. He knew that there were many Jews who followed God but did not yet believe in Jesus so he went to a synagogue to preach. A synagogue is where Jewish people gathered. The leaders of the synagogue became very angry. They did not believe what Stephen was saying about Jesus. In fact they became so angry that they began telling lies about Stephen to make everyone else hate him. They said Stephen was saying bad things about the Jews and about God. They said he wanted to destroy their temple and stop them from worshipping God. Because they were so angry at Stephen they took him to the Sanhedrin. The Sanhedrin was a group of Jewish religious leaders who could make decisions like in a courtroom. Even when the Jewish leaders of the synagogue were saying all of these lies in the courtroom Stephen continued to trust in God. He had so much faith in God that his face was peaceful. The people said, “His face is like the face of an angel”. When the High Priest (who was the judge) asked Stephen if these things were true Stephen had a very good answer. He answered by telling everyone the story of God and how God had sent his Son, Jesus, to save his people. He talked about many people in the bible like: - Abraham, who was the very first Jew and the father of a great nation. He also talked about Abraham’s descendants, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph. - Moses, who helped save God’s people from Egyptian slavery and then recorded the Ten Commandments and the rest of the law. - David and Solomon and how Solomon built the temple. - Jesus who was killed by the non-believing Jews Stephen talked about how that God sent His Son, Jesus, and how the Jews had rejected Jesus. Stephen spoke the truth but it made the people in the Sanhedrin very angry and they took him out of the city to throw stones at him until he died. It must have been a very frightening time for Stephen. The bible says the people were so furious that they “gnashed their teeth” at Stephen and were yelling at him. But the bible also records that these angry people were not the only thing that Stephen saw before he died. The bible says… “But Stephen, full of the Holy Spirit, looked up to heaven and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing at the right hand of God. “Look,” he said, “I see heaven open and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God.” Acts 7:55-56, NIV And just before he died… While they were stoning him, Stephen prayed, ‘Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.’ Then he fell on his knees and cried out, ‘Lord, do not hold this sin against them.’ When he had said this, he fell asleep.” Acts 7:59, NIV A martyr is a person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs. Stephen is remembered as the first Christian martyr because he is the first person mentioned in the bible who died because of his belief in Christ. Stephen is an amazing example of someone who stood up for what they believed in even when it meant they would suffer. *There was one more person in this story who will go on to become a very important person in the church later on. He wanted Stephen to die too. He even held the cloaks for the leaders so they could throw more stones. This man’s name was Paul. Many followers of Jesus began to leave Jerusalem after the Stephen’s death because Paul and others began to persecute them too. Ways to Tell the Story: This story can be told using a variety of methods. Always remain true to the facts found in the Bible but help children connect to its meaning by using drama, visual aids, voice inflection, student interaction and/or emotion. Click here for visual aids and story-telling methods. Click here to download the slideshow or click here to download the pictures to print. Each teacher is unique so only use the illustrations that best relate to the way YOU are telling the story in THIS lesson. Too many illustrations can be confusing so eliminate any that cover other stories or details you do not wish to emphasise in this lesson. - What is a martyr? A person who chooses to die rather than give up his belief - Who was the first Christian martyr? Stephen - Why was Stephen killed? Because he taught people about Jesus - How did Stephen die? He was stoned (rocks thrown at him until he died) - I am a C-H-R-I-S-T-I-A-N (Song) - Books of the New Testament Song - Refer to the Song Page on this website for more options. Learning Activities and Crafts: - Let children act out situations where they would have to stand up for God (school, playing a game, in bible class). Examples might be: - Someone at your school is spreading rumours about one of the unpopular girls. How would you stand up for God and do the right thing? - The other children are making fun of a Christian. They as you, “You aren’t a Christian, are you?” How would you stand up for God? - If you cheat at the board game you will win. No one will ever know. How will you stand up for God and do the right thing? - Your best friend wants you to go to the movies instead of going to church for worship. How would you stand up for God and do the right thing? - Make up an imaginary situation and tell what you could do to stand up for God. - Collect stones with at least one smooth flat side. Use paints to decorate the stone with the words “Stephen, the first Christian martyr.” You and the children might find other words or phrases to add to the stones. For example “Stand up for God” or “He will keep you strong to the end” (1 Corinthians 1:8), or simply “Stephen, Acts 7”. Check the Teaching Ideas page on this website for ideas that are adaptable to any lesson. Other Online Resources: - Colouring page and puzzle worksheets (Calvary Curriculum) - Crafts: Decorate stones with Stephen’s name. Ideas for rocks or stones (you’ll have to scroll down the page) from http://www.artistshelpingchildren.org/rockscraftspebblesstonescraftskids.html - A good selection of puzzles and games to print at http://www.gardenofpraise.com/bibl55s.htm

<urn:uuid:889f76f1-787c-4b89-9b9f-855bac054e2b>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://missionbibleclass.org/new-testament/part2/acts-the-church-begins/the-stoning-of-stephen/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371618784.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406035448-20200406065948-00234.warc.gz

en

Django is one of the top frameworks for web development, but why is it so popular among developers and business owners? Let’s review the reasons why so many applications and features are being developed with Django. Table of Contents - 1. Django is simple - 2. Django works on Python - 3. Django has many useful features and extras to simplify development - 4. Django is time-effective - 5. Django suits any kind of project - 6. Django is DRY and KISS compliant - 7. Django is secure and up-to-date - 8. Django is backward-compatible - 9. Django is compatible with DevOps - 10. Django has its own infrastructure - 11. Django has a REST framework for building APIs - 12. Django is time-tested - 13. Django has a big, supportive, and professional community - 14. It’s easy to find Django developers to hire - Bottom Line 1. Django is simple Django’s documentation is exemplary. It was initially launched with high-quality docs, and they are still maintained at the same level, which makes it easy to use. More than that, one of Django’s main purposes is to simplify the development process: it covers the basics, so you can focus on the more unique and/or complex features of your project. 2. Django works on Python The framework is based on Python — a high-level, dynamic, and interpreted programming language, well-loved by developers. Although it’s hard to find a language that can cover most programming tasks and problems, Python is a great choice for many of them. It’s one of the most popular languages of 2018, competing with C/++ and Java. - Portable. Your code can be ported to many platforms, from PC and Linux to PlayStation. - Multi-paradigm. It supports object-oriented programing, which is a simple way to code, as well as imperative programming. - More interactive than most other languages. It resembles a pseudo-code language and when developing an application with Python it helps you focus on solving a task, rather than on syntax. Python web application development with Django requires less code and less effort. Also, Python has extensive libraries, which make it easy to learn or switch to this language from another one. Customers like Python since it usually takes less time to write the code and, thus, less money to complete the technical part of a project. 3. Django has many useful features and extras to simplify development Django has adopted Python’s “batteries included” approach — the framework has everything necessary to develop a fully fledged application out of the box. You don’t need to spend hours customizing it to build a simple application or a prototype since all of the essentials are already available. But if you need additional features for a more complex app, there are well over 4,000 packages for Django to cover profiling, testing, and debugging. The framework also has tool packages for working with cutting-edge technology such as data analysis, AI, and machine learning. They are easy to set up and use in your project. Plus, they’re great if you’re using Django for FinTech or other math-heavy industries. 4. Django is time-effective Is Django development good for MVPs and prototypes? Yes, thanks to multiple features that make it time- and cost-effective. Let’s sum them up: - There’s a flexible, well-structured admin panel, better than Laravel or Yii’s, for example. - It allows you to reuse code from current or other projects (there is also a library of reusable apps, tools, and features). - It has great templates and forms; they were even copied by other projects. - It has many out-of-the-box libraries and tools that allow you to assemble a good prototype in record time. 5. Django suits any kind of project Django is not an enterprise solution like C# or Java, yet it suits most types of projects, no matter their size. For example, if you’re building a social media type web application, Django can handle the growth at any scale and capacity, be it heavy traffic or volumes of information. But if you want to make something simple, using Django for web development of a blog or a book database, for instance, is an excellent choice as well since it has everything you need to quickly assemble a working application. In addition to that, Django is: - Cross-platform. You can create applications that will run on Windows, as well as on Mac or Linux. - Compatible with most major databases. You can use one or several different databases in one project thanks to Django’s ORM, and switch between the databases with only one line of code. 6. Django is DRY and KISS compliant Django follows the DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) principle, which means you can replace frequently repeated software patterns with abstractions, or use data normalization. This way, you avoid redundancy and bugs. Plus, reusing the code simplifies development so you can focus on coding unique features. KISS means “Keep It Short and Simple”, among its many variations. In Django, it means simple, easy to read, and understandable code. For example, methods shouldn’t be longer than 40-50 lines. 7. Django is secure and up-to-date Django is always kept up to a high standard, following the latest trends in website security and development. That definitely answers the question “Is Django good for web development?” — as security is a priority in any project. Django is updated regularly with security patches, and even if you’re using an older version of the framework, its security is still maintained with new patches. It’s no wonder since Django has an LTS (Long-term Support) version. 8. Django is backward-compatible You can use the interface of Django’s older versions, and most of its features and formats. In addition, it has an understandable roadmap and descriptions — the release notes contain all the information you need to know about changes and, more importantly, when new changes become incompatible with previous releases. 9. Django is compatible with DevOps You can also enhance your project using the DevOps methodology, which aims to shorten lifecycles while maintaining business objectives. It’s especially good if you’re using Django for banking web applications since they are quite complex. It’s great because you can: - Solve problems faster with improved operational support. - Use the continuous delivery approach (an app is produced in short cycles to ensure it is reliable enough to be released at any time). - Increase the productivity of your team through collaborative working. Read More: What is DevOps and Why You Should Have It 10. Django has its own infrastructure Django doesn’t depend on any outside solutions. It has pretty much everything, from a web server and a templating engine to an Object Relational Mapper (ORM), which allows the framework to use different databases and switch between them within one project. Plus, Django has libraries and tools for building forms to receive input from users. That’s important for any website that’s supposed to do more than just publish content. 11. Django has a REST framework for building APIs The benefits of using Django for web development also include its Representational State Transfer (REST) framework — a popular toolkit for building web APIs. Django’s REST is powerful enough to build a ready-to-use API in just three lines of code. One of its key advantages is that it’s extremely flexible: data is not tied to any methods or resources, so REST can return different data formats and handle multiple types of calls. As a result, it can meet the requirements of different customers. 12. Django is time-tested The Django framework has been around for more than a decade, and during that time, it has become the choice of many companies for creating their web applications. A few of the famous examples are: 13. Django has a big, supportive, and professional community Advantages of Django also include its big, professional community. It’s quite easy to find good developers who know Django inside out and have experience coding with it. That’s a good testament to the framework’s popularity – but it also means that: - You can find help or, at least, the right direction in solving harder programming cases; - The Django community is quick to respond to bugs and fix them; - As an open source framework, Django is constantly improving – by means of new libraries, for example. 14. It’s easy to find Django developers to hire A huge advantage of the large Django community is that it’s easy to find good developers for your team. Moreover, you can extend an existing team, since all Django developers use the same documentation, code pretty much the same way, and can easily read each other’s code. The numerous advantages of web development using Python and Django framework can be summarized in three short phrases: less effort, less time, and less money. You can use Django to start a small, simple project, and continue using it when the project grows, ensuring its high quality, functionality, and security. You can also use it to test an idea and save a lot of money if you find the project won’t be worth investing in. On the other hand, Django as a one of the top frameworks for web development allows you to build a complex web application that can handle heavy traffic and huge volumes of information. It also has numerous packages with additional tools to power cutting-edge technology such as data analysis and machine learning. Django could be the best fit for your next business idea regardless of what type of software project it is. Have an idea? Let's discuss! Your technical partner for software development and digital transformation.

<urn:uuid:4ec91d4d-6ab6-4e09-b365-0958f4fc5f14>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://djangostars.com/blog/top-14-pros-using-django-web-development/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00154.warc.gz

en

Cryptocurrency mining has has seen a huge increase in the past number of years. From individuals running algorithms on their home P.C CPU’s to industrial warehouses being filled with Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICS), cryptocurrency mining has risen and evolved exponentially since the Genesis block was initially mined on the third of January 2009, a mere 3,529 days ago paying the first 50 Bitcoin as a reward. Bitcoin uses a cryptographic algorithm called SHA256 to encrypt its blockchain based hash. Hashing encrypts a users message to allow for secure transfer of a given function using a cryptographic signature to ensure transactions are both private and secure. This combined with the break through to secure digital financial transactions using Distributed ledger technology and the implementation of the double spend solution has allowed for individuals from all across the globe to become part of a new global financial system. Many people view Bitcoin and the cryptocurrency movement as an alternative to the current financial system and in many ways it has the potential to do so, however it is a long way from being of that capacity. Bitcoin mining involves individuals who invest processing power to hash Blockchain transactions resulting in a publicly distributed ledger. This ensures no malpractice can occur on the Blockchain to manipulate the ledger and so is accepted by the general public as a true and correct ledger. Private Blockchain’s are also in use and can generally best be exampled when a company (or really any private institution) advertises the use of Blockchain technology. These do not require miners and are managed locally within the organisation as the company owns the Blockchain and can confirm independently that the ledger is correct. As mentioned Bitcoin and in particular Bitcoin mining has grown and evolved in the 9 years or so in which it has been introduced. Its evolution has taken it down many avenues from CPU to FPGA to GPU to now ASICS. The mining of Bitcoin and other Crypto currencies has also become more and more popular with private investors and keen spirited individuals alike. Mining has been a profitable and a not so profitable business through its number of years. Currently the cost to associated with small to medium operators is far to great to be profitable within the current market. Many individuals who are in a position to do so may be interested in the technology and want to be apart of the movement or may just want to hedge some of their money into a new emerging market. Bitcoin has given individuals all across the world a method of transacting financially which does not require the use of a financial intermediary. Payments are fast and secure and do not require KYC regulation or anti money laundering legislation as by the nature of Bitcoin it is a private currency. This can be seen as a problem for the currency and in my opinion it will require some legislation to be accepted within the current financial system, I imagine this is being reviewed in some detail at this moment in time. For Bitcoin to evolve into the entity that is expected to it will require some further development and adoption. Time and resources are continually being contributed to this with both at an ever increasing rate. Bitcoin is also approaching its next halving which will occur on the 21st of May 2020, this will reduce the block reward from 12 Bitcoins to 6.5 Bitcoins. This is seen by some within the community as an indicator for eventual price increase as previous halvings have occured and have been followed by an eventual rise in price, for mining to be maintained on a continual basis reward price for mining a block must be in line with overhead costs of operation and maintenance on machines. No one can tell when price will drop or rise this is the nature of markets albeit unless you are involved in general price manipulation and have quite deep pockets to influence the total market capitalisation. This is the topic of another discussion however. Bitcoin mining began quite humbly with individuals (early adopters) and investors providing computational power derived from their CPU’s. GPU’s then took the place of CPU’s as they could hash transactions at a faster rate. This then began to evolve into FPGA boards which were programmed to run the Bitcoin Core algorithm and process transactions on the blockchain and now we have seen the rise of the formidable Bitmain with their ASIC’s to dominate the mining sphere. Many competitors have began to emerge however Bitmain has maintained its position as the dominant force with IPO talk on the horizon rumored to be close to 18 billion dollars. Bitmain is both admired and hated within the mining community. It has created magnificent machines capable of running in a home environment and have also stood the test of time. The Antminer S9 was first released on May 31st 2016 to mine the Bitcoin SHA256 algorithm and is still available on the market with very little changed. It currently Hash’s at 14 Tera Hash’s a second however it currently runs at an astonishing 1300w. This has given many individuals the opportunity to become involved in mining crypto currency however has also caused some dispute within the community. Being that Bitmain produce the majority of the machines capable of processing Bitcoin transactions it can be argued that they could create enough machines to 51% attack the network, this would not be in their best interest given that their business model revolves around Bitcoin however it is a fear; Bitmain are also great purporters of Bitcoin Cash a fork of Bitcoin which caught some initial interest but has like all forked variations of the original code been disregarded by the general community. The problem with having one company as the central producer of mining machines is that it places reliance on this company to act in every-bodies best interest and could be viewed to some extent as a central authority as it contributes the majority of the computational power to the network. For this reason an alternative is required. An alternative that allows individuals from any walk of life with an interest in taking control of their personal finances to begin mining and become part of a global and secure means of transacting. Taking the initial step towards this can set you on a path of personal development and peace of mind knowing that your money is your own and can not be taken from you upon the liquidation of an investment company or the collapse of a financial institution as seen during the global crisis. There are many individuals in the world who feel the current financial system is not transparent enough for the amount of reliance placed on it. Within Bitcoin’s original code is embedded the sentence “The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks”. This has developed into the anti bank/corporation stance taken by the community and is more than likely the reason Satoshi has remained anonymous. However Crypto currency does not fully solve that problem and mining and financial investment are high risk in themselves as this is new technology and there are many coins and tokens which have no use case as an investment. This is requires some regulation or at the very least individual research prior to purchase as is always advised. Recently companies within the Crypto sphere have looked to branch away from Bitmain to create their own mining machinery. David Vorick of Siacoin announced that the company will hard-fork the Blockchain and become ASIC resistant. The article can be found here – https://blog.sia.tech/sia-proof-of-work-reset-24b5ec439625. This is a move that has occurred previously within the community and is an attempt to leave the previous version of the coin obsolete thus removing Bitmain’s position within the Siacoin mining pool. Siacoin have created their own mining machinery known as the Obelisk which is an ASIC miner. Purchases can be made for both Decred & Siacoin with Decred mining at 1200+ GH/s and Siacoin mining at 55+GH/s both with a power consumption of 500W. This is an interesting move as it gives full control to the coin developers to manufacture and supply the machinery specific to their coin. To get a better understanding of how mining hardware has progressed over the past number of years I have given a brief overview of the methods used so far. Different Methods of Mining CPU – Central Processing Unit mining involves dedicating processor cores to running a mining algorithm. This was the initial starting point for mining and can still be used for some lesser known algorithms for lesser known coins and can be a good point for anyone interested in beginning as every P.C will have one. GPU’s – Graphics Processing Units are great for running memory intensive algorithms, many GPU’s can be used to dual mine coins also. For example Ethereum can be mined in conjunction with Siacoin or Decred. Other coins can be mined also using GPU’s this website can help you make a decision https://whattomine.com/. GPU’s trumped CPU’s as the hashing output multiplied and return on mining increased. FPGA – Field Programmable Gate Arrays took place in mining after GPU’s. FPGA’s are versatile and can be reprogrammed to other uses. A user can programme different algorithms to the device depending on the specific algorithms profitability. There is small barrier to entry with some programming skills required however much information on this can be found online or in books. ASIC – Application Specific Integrated Circuits are programmed for one specific service. Asics first emerged in the mining sphere around 2012 and have dominated the industry ever since. Many companies have emerged however few have maintained dominance to the extent of previously mentioned Bitmain. Asics are power intensive but produce hash rates that exceed the three aforementioned methods. Proof of Stake – another notable method for mining cryptocurrency. This requires a user to have a holding of a cryptocurrency and for the coins wallet to run on their desktop to process blockchain transactions. The higher holding of coins the greater or more frequent the return is. HDD mining – Hard Disk Drive mining is also becoming a method for mining with the use of HDD drives to utilize a ‘Proof of Capacity’ algorithm. This is the method of providing hard drive space on a users computer to run a mining algorithm or provide space to coins providing a service such as Storj, Siacoin & Burst. The below graph shows the increase in overall mining hash rate from January 2009. This may seem similar to the graph above however as of July 2018 the hash rate has not dropped as sharply as the price of Bitcoin. It can be assumed that the miners mining Bitcoin also mine other algorithms also. The Bitcoin has rate can be used as a marker for the market as a whole. Specific rates for Alt coins can be found online, there are too many to mention in this article. Visit https://www.blockchain.com/ for further information on previous & current hash rates. Focusing on ASIC’s the power to hash rate comparison is by far the greatest return for value when mining the largest coins within the market Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Monero. However there are many other coins and algorithms which can be mined profitably using FPGA’s and GPU’s. With expected increases in processing power in the FPGA field and the introduction of 7nm processing chips for ASIC’s profitability should increase in line with these technological advances. Bitmain the largest producer of ASIC machinery is also due to IPO shortly. Many competitors are emerging however which will hopefully create some much needed competition within the marketplace . Mining is an imperative aspect of cryptocurrency and is fundamental to decentralization. It will continue evolve and develop introducing new and more user friendly ways to contribute and become involved. Keeping up to date with the most recent innovations is important for any miner and there are many exciting projects being worked on currently including some of the projects discussed on this website. Many advances are reliant on further developments within certain sectors of the technological industry such as Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence. Blockchain technology is well positioned to be utilized by these industries as it allows for large quantities of data to be managed and stored both securely and digitally. Crypto currency is just one use case that has emerged upon the development of Distributed ledger technology. Smart contacts and further development layers will introduce new and exciting advances as the technology is adapted within the global economy, not also to mention that the Crypto currency in itself is a new asset class and means of transacting independently. That in my opinion is reason enough for larger investors to become involved in the market. Token trading is a more efficient means of trading value, payments are near instantaneous and can be exchanged for Euro and Dollar value with far less fees than traditional brokerages. If any readers have attempted to trade within the financial market the fees associated are tremendous and would discourage you from trading as an individual. Perhaps as the market develops this aspect with be adopted within the wider financial system.

<urn:uuid:fb37fd70-3043-4cd4-acf9-278d43e0e850>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.freelearner.how/2018/10/21/can-crypto-mining-and-blockchain-technology-provide-a-new-means-of-globally-transacting/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506870.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402080824-20200402110824-00473.warc.gz

en

We suspect that there are many who disagree with this conclusion we have drawn. Thus, in today's lesson we will focus our attention on some objections that are commonly offered to this view. OBJECTION #1 - "INSTRUMENTS WERE USED IN THE OLD TESTAMENT." Perhaps the most common objection offered is this: "I do not see what the big deal is. God's people worshiped Him with instruments in the Old Testament, right? So what is wrong with using them now?" This is a good question and deserves some attention. It is true that the Israelites did use instruments in worship, but there is a big difference that perhaps you have not considered before. The Old Testament clearly authorized the use of these instruments. In fact, the Israelites were commanded to use them! II Chronicles 29:25 reads - "And he [King Hezekiah] stationed the Levites in the house of the LORD with cymbals, with stringed instruments, and with harps, according to the commandment of David, of Gad the king's seer, and of Nathan the prophet; for thus was the commandment of the LORD by his prophets." Now friends, if one could find a command or even an example in the New Testament that authorized instruments of music to be used, then certainly we would use them. However, the fact of the matter is that the New Testament, time after time, only authorizes singing. There are some in the religious world today who erroneously state that using mechanical instruments is a matter of opinion, and they point to the Old Testament in an effort to support their argument. However, as I have just pointed out, God's people in the Old Testament--the Israelites--were commanded to use instruments! It was never a matter of opinion then, and it is not a matter of opinion today! "But Stephen, if it was authorized in the Old Testament, what is wrong with practicing it today?" Well, let's examine that line of reasoning. The Israelites were required to offer animal sacrifices (cf. Leviticus). Should we do such today since the Old Testament authorized it? The Israelite males were required to go to Jerusalem three times a year (Deut. 16:16). Should we do such today since the Old Testament authorized it? Under the Old Law, if your brother died without a male heir to his name, you were expected to marry his widow (i.e., your sister-in-law) and raise up an heir on his behalf. Should we do such today since the Old Testament authorized it? Under the Old Testament, if one worked on the Sabbath, even at a small task like gathering sticks, he would be executed via stoning (e.g., Num. 15:32-36). Should we, since the Old Testament authorized such, put to death anyone today who works on Saturday? We could go on and on with these examples, but I hope you see the point. The Old Testament was given for the Hebrew people and its purpose was to help prepare them for the coming of the Messiah, Jesus Christ. God never intended for that dispensation to last forever. He knew He would replace it with a better covenant (cf. Heb. 8:6ff). Consider Galatians 3:24,25 on this point - "Therefore the law was our tutor to bring us to Christ, that we might be justified by faith. But after the faith has come, we are no longer under a tutor." Reflect upon what Paul said: The Law of Moses was a tutor, but after "the faith" came (i.e., the New Covenant), "we are no longer under a tutor" (i.e., we are no longer under the Old Law!). The Old Testament is no longer binding upon anyone today. It was nailed to the cross and replaced (cf. Col. 2:14; Eph. 2:15; Heb. 7:12; 8:13). It is still valuable for our learning (cf. Rom. 15:4), but we should not study it to ascertain what God has authorized for us today. There are numerous practices that were authorized (and even commanded) under the Old Testament, but that does not automatically mean that such is authorized for us today. OBJECTION #2 - "GOD HAS NOT SPECIFICALLY FORBIDDEN THE USE OF INSTRUMENTS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT." Another common objection is this: "It cannot be wrong to use musical instruments in worship since God hasn't specifically forbidden their use." Friends, that is a dangerous way to think, and it ignores the fact that God is the authority in religion, not man! It is true that God has not forbidden the use of instruments, but should He have to do so? Is it not enough for Him to simply tell us to "sing"? Let me share an illustration with you to show you how ridiculous things would soon become if we were required to always specifically forbid everything we did not want. Let's say you go out to eat pizza for lunch. You feel like ordering a small pepperoni pizza and a Coke. When the waitress brings out your food, she brings a small pizza that has pepperonis, mushrooms, sausage, and onions on it, and, in addition to the Coke, she brings a side order of breadsticks. Now, what would you do in such a situation? Would you just smile and pretend that everything is okay? What if the waitress billed you for the breadsticks and extra toppings? I know what I would do in such a situation. I would kindly tell the waitress that I did not order the extra toppings or breadsticks. But what if she said to me: "Well, sir, you never told me not to put on the extra toppings or bring the breadsticks, so I figured you would not mind"? Do you think that response would satisfy me? Absolutely not! Do you see the connection? When you go out to eat, you are the authority. The waiter or waitress should bring you what you order. You should not have to read the whole menu to your server and tell him everything you do not want! You should be able to simply place an order and expect to get what you requested--nothing more and nothing less. How is the New Testament any different? God is the authority. He has requested His children to praise Him with singing. Does He have to tell us not to use a piano or organ or saxophone? Of course not! It is sufficient for Him to simply command singing. To go beyond that which He has authorized is dangerous and a good way to get yourself in trouble in a hurry. In a restaurant, the authority principle is so easy to see. Why is it so difficult for some to see the same principle applied in the religious realm? A waiter or waitress who brings out food that was not ordered will make customers angry in a hurry; Christians who worship God in ways He has not authorized will certainly displease Him. Before we move on to the next objection, let's consider Leviticus 10:1-3 as it pertains to this subject - "Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, each took his censor and put fire in it, put incense on it, and offered profane fire before the LORD, which He had not commanded them. So fire went out from the LORD and devoured them, and they died before the LORD. And Moses said to Aaron, 'This is what the LORD spoke, saying: "By those who come near Me I must be regarded as holy; and before all the people I must be glorified."'" What wrong did these two priests commit that caused them to lose their lives? They used their censors in such a way that God had not commanded them. God had authorized a certain action and they decided to go beyond that authority and do things their own way. God never told them not to do what they did, but it was still wrong! This presumptuous sin cost them their lives! Friends, do not be like Nadab and Abihu. Do not assume that a particular practice is acceptable simply because the Lord has not explicitly forbidden it. Instead, only practice that which the New Testament authorizes--this is the only safe course of action. When we worship the Lord, we must regard Him as holy and seek to glorify Him. We will not accomplish this aim by engaging in unauthorized practices. OBJECTION #3 - "USING AN INSTRUMENT IS NOTHING MORE THAN AN AID." Another fairly common objection is stated something like this: "Using an instrument is nothing more than an aid to make our singing better; it is an expedient for us. It is really not much different than using a song book." In order to answer this objection we must first understand what the difference is between an aid and an addition. An addition occurs when a specific action or command has been augmented or altered. An aid alters nothing; it merely facilitates the implementation or fulfillment of the action or command without changing anything. Let me offer some examples to help clarify the difference between those things that are aids and those things that are additions. A cane may aid one in taking a walk, but with or without this device, one is still just walking. However, if one walks for a while, and then rides a bicycle, he is no longer just walking. Something has been added to his mode of travel. Now he is walking and riding. A mother sends her son to the market to buy a loaf of bread. He brings the bread home in a bag. The bag is merely an aid. However, if he purchases a candy bar as well, then he has disregarded the instruction of his mother by making an addition. Jesus taught that the communion supper is to consist of bread and fruit of the vine. A table, plates, and cups facilitate or aid the implementation of those commands. They are expedients! But, to garnish the bread with peanut butter and to "punch up" the fruit of the vine with ginger ale is to be guilty of addition. Christians are obligated to preach the gospel everywhere to the extent of their ability. In order to accomplish this, it is acceptable to use aids (e.g., tracts, TV, internet, radio, etc.) as expedients. But, if one combines or adds something to the gospel (as the Judaizers did in the first century when they taught that circumcision was required for salvation), that is a sin! Dear listeners, when the church commences the musical portion of its worship, the saints must sing since God commands it. Christians may use songbooks, a projection screen, or even a tuning fork (to determine the appropriate starting pitch), but even when all of these things are used, the group is still only singing. Thus, these things are nothing more than aids or expedients to help fulfill the God-given obligation to sing. However, if the church sings to the accompaniment of an organ, then those participating have added something to what the Lord prescribed. In such cases, there are now two types of music being used--vocal and instrumental. The very nature of the original command has been supplemented (or added to) when mechanical instruments are used. OBJECTION #4 - "GOD IS ONLY CONCERNED WITH OUR HEARTS." Another objection that is sometimes heard is: "We live under the New Testament and God is only concerned with our hearts." My answer to this is simple: Yes, we are under the authority of the New Testament today, but where does the Bible teach that God is only concerned with our hearts? Certainly He is concerned with our heart (i.e., our attitude or sincerity), but He expects obedience also. John 4:24 - "God is Spirit, and those who worship Him must worship in spirit and truth." To worship God "in spirit" is to worship Him sincerely with a proper heart. To worship Him "in truth" is to worship Him according to the instruction of His word (which is truth, John 17:17). If God only cared about our hearts today, He would not care whether we worship Him in truth or not. But, God does care about such according to John 4:24. Additionally, consider Matthew 7:21 - "Not everyone who says to Me, 'Lord, Lord,' shall enter the kingdom of heaven, but he who does the will of My Father in heaven." How much plainer can the Lord be? If only the heart mattered before God, then it would be enough to simply call out to the Lord. But, Jesus Himself says that only those who do the Father's will shall enter that blessed home of eternal rest. Having a proper heart is essential to faithful Christian living, but living obediently before God to the best of one's ability is also vitally important. OBJECTION #5 - "THE GREEK WORD PSALLO AUTHORIZES INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC IN WORSHIP." One other objection that is sometimes offered is this: The Greek word psallo authorizes the use of musical instruments in worship. This is simply not true. J.W. McGarvey, a distinguished and highly respected Bible scholar once wrote that whoever claimed that psallo justified the use of instrumental music in the worship of the church was "one of those smatterers in Greek who can believe anything he wishes to believe." There are many factors to consider in answering this objection. Let me summarize some of them briefly: (1) The Greek Orthodox Church has consistently rejected the use of instruments in worship. "So what?", you might ask. Well, certainly they know the Greek language and what the word psallo meant when it was used in the New Testament. They know it meant "sing"! (2) It is impossible to find a respected translation that translates psallo as "play" or "pluck" in the New Testament. What you will find is the word consistently being translated as "sing"! This is significant since the respected translations of our age were translated by the world's best translators--surely they know what the word meant in the first century. (3) If psallo did mean that a mechanical instrument be used, then such would demand that everyone would have to play an instrument in order to obey God (since psallo is used as a command)! No one can psallo for you. If psallo meant to "pluck" or "play," then the use of instruments would not be an optional matter. God would certainly not make such a requirement. However, He would and has commanded us to sing praises, which is something everyone can do. Everyone can give God glory through singing, regardless of how aesthetically pleasing the sound may be. For further reading on this subject, we commend the following linked article to your attention: https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/829-psallo-and-the-instrumental-music-controversy. There are other objections that we could consider, but these are some of the most common. I hope you can see why these objections are not valid. Before we conclude this series of lessons, I'd like to address one more aspect of this subject that I've been asked before. Will Christians who worship God with mechanical instruments of music end up in hell if they are otherwise faithful? Friends, I simply cannot answer that question because I just do not know! God is the judge, not me; only He knows exactly what His grace will and will not cover. It's my job to preach the whole truth lovingly and challenge people to do what is clearly right and safe. But, I must be careful not to go beyond the Scriptures that I am trying to follow. Do I think that using a mechanical instrument in worship is presumptuous? Yes. Do I think that using a mechanical instrument in worship is without authority and therefore sinful? Yes. Do I think that doing such could endanger one's soul? Absolutely, especially after one has considered the truths that have been presented in this series. If, after contemplating these things, one decides to just ignore it all and do whatever he wants in worship, he is manifesting an improper attitude--and such could very well cost him his soul! But, ultimately, I do not know where such folks will eternally reside. God is, and always will be, the Judge! I am content to simply show them the risks they are taking and urge them to change. Thank you for listening, and may the Lord bless you as you strive to do His will.

<urn:uuid:8a0f3cb9-d9dc-46c5-b4f3-3a0dc35b0c72>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://audioevangelism.com/lessons/2005/transcripts/AE_2005_12_10_text.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371618784.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406035448-20200406065948-00233.warc.gz

en

Origin of village name in CHamoru The meaning of “Yigo” is unclear. According to some, it comes from the Spanish word yugo which means yoke (the type used to secure a carabao to a cart or plow). However, some sources refer to the area as Asyigo which means the home of (a person known as) Yigo. If this is the case, “yigo” may be an ancient word thats meaning has been lost. The approximate population of Yigo, as of the 2010 US Census was 20,539. The mayor of Yigo is Rudy Manibusan Matanane. Anthony Sanchez is the vice mayor. Yigo is the island’s largest and most northern village, encompassing 35 square miles. On the map, the village looks like a triangle that stretches from Pati Point to Ritidian in the North, and from Ritidian to the coast near Pagat. Yigo is the home to Andersen Air Force Base which has restricted access to the beaches of the village. Yigo has numerous housing subdivisions that have sprung up in the last three decades, but it still retains a rural feel thanks to its large open spaces and dense forests supported by some of the richest soil on Guam. Like all northern Guam villages, it sits on top of the Northern Aquifer, which supplies about 80 percent of the island’s drinking water supply. During ancient times, Guam’s northern coast was home to a large number of villages. Evidence of latte dwellings also point to a significant population living in the Mt. Santa Rosa and Mataguac areas. During the Spanish Chamorro Wars in the late 17th century, major areas of settlement included Hanom, Tarague, Hinapsan, and Upi. Hanom, a freshwater spring on the coast south of Mt. Santa Rosa, played an important role as a refuge for the CHamoru resistance during the Spanish-Chamorro Wars. In August 1679 Spanish forces, along with their allies from Nisihan, defeated the Hanom CHamorus. The battle was described as “one of the fiercest which had taken place in the Marianas.” By the early 18th century, Guam’s population had been greatly reduced by war and disease. All remaining CHamorus from northern Guam were relocated to six church-centered villages in central and southern Guam (Hagåtña, Agat, Umatac, Merizo, Inarajan, and Pago). However, the area remained open to hunters and fishermen. During the 19th century, wealthy residents of Hagåtña began to acquire large areas of land in this fertile part of the island. The rich soil proved excellent for cocoa which was used to make hot chocolate, a popular afternoon drink for Hagåtña residents. The area was also known for other agricultural products including coffee, avocado, citrus, and copra. The area of Upi, now Northwest Field, was particularly important for its cattle ranches while several wealthy landowners established copra plantations along the northern coast and in the area of Yigo proper. By the early years of the American administration, some CHamorus chose to settle permanently in Yigo and surrounding areas. In 1912, the first school opened for grades one through four. In 1919, the US Government authorized land use permits for up to 25 years to attract more farmers to the area. In 1920, Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel was erected so that the people of Yigo would no longer have to make the long journey to Hagåtña each week for mass. The new village of Yigo was highly self-sufficient because of its excellent farm lands. However, people still had to travel to Hagåtña to buy household goods. In 1925, Jose M. Torres solved this problem by building the first village store. Torres was a copra trader and would accept coconuts in exchange for groceries. By 1940, Yigo and surrounding areas were home to about 40 families spread out over large distances. During World War II, most Yigo families were able to stay in the area. Some Hagåtña families relocated to their ranches in the Yigo area, to stay out of the way of the Japanese. However, towards the end of the war, Yigo became the site of a major battle as American forces pursued the Japanese up the center of the island. The final major battle occurred at Yigo on 7 and 8 August 1944, destroying the church and many village homes. The end of the war brought many changes to Yigo. The village population soared during the post-war years, as displaced Hagåtña families settled ranch lands in the area. Additionally, some of the many non-CHamorus who came to Guam as part of the Civil Service and military decided to make Yigo their permanent home. While some villagers continued to farm, the village began to reorient its economy to the presence of Andersen Air Force Base. Since the 1980s, Yigo has continued to grow, mostly through the construction of public and private housing subdivisions. Yigo is now the island’s second most populated village. Points of interest Our Lady of Lourdes Church This church was founded in 1920 and continues to serve the village’s Catholic community. Yigo’s fiesta is held the second Saturday of February in celebration of Our Lady of Lourdes. Guam Public Schools There are five public schools located in the northernmost village, including Simon A. Sanchez High School, F.B. Leon Guerrero Middle School and Daniel L. Perez, Upi and Machanaonao elementary schools. There are also private schools including Trinity Christian School and Dominican Catholic School, which is part of the Archdiocese of Agana Catholic School System. Department of Defense Schools Located within the gates of Andersen Air Force Base are the Andersen Elementary and Middle School. They are part of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Domestic Dependent Elementary and Secondary Schools (DDESS) on island for children and wards of active-duty military members, and federal employees hired from the U.S. with “return rights”. The DoD DDESS schools on Guam opened Sept. 29, 1997. Battle of Yigo Monument This monument commemorates the final battle of World War II on Guam. As Americans worked their way up the center of the island in early August, 1944, the Japanese fortified their positions around Mt. Santa Rosa. On August 5 the US Army’s 77th Infantry were bombarded with artillery. They finally made it through the Japanese roadblocks and secured the summit of Mt. Santa Rosa on August 8. The memorial is just off Route 15 (Back road to Andersen) and Chalan Lolan, not far from the back gate. Pacific Peace Memorial Park This memorial was erected by a Japanese group to commemorate all those who died on Guam during World War II. It is located just off Marine Corps Drive at Mataguac, the site of the last Japanese command post. Although the island was basically secure, General Obata, Commander of the Japanese forces was still holed up in his command post. It was stormed by American troops on August 12, 1944. Rather than surrender, General Obata committed suicide in his bunker. Mt. Santa Rosa This is the highest point in northern Guam. From lookout areas near the summit, one can see excellent views of Guam and Rota. At one point there was a pineapple farm in this area. Yigo Race Track Built in 2001, just off of Route 15, this drag strip and off road track is a popular local attraction. - Rudy M. Matanane, Mayor, 2013-Present - Robert S. Lizama, Mayor, 1997-2012 - Eduardo C. Artero, Mayor, 1993-1997 - John F. Blas, Commissioner/Mayor, 1989-1993 - Jesus P. Cruz, Acting Commissioner, 9/1988-12/1988 - David G. Blas, Commissioner, 1981-9/1988 - Antonio A. Calvo, Commissioner, 1968-1981 - Juan G. Blas, Commissioner, 1965-1968 - Jose D. Perez, Commissioner, 1957-1965 - Juan M. Santos, Commissioner, 1954-1957 - Manuel A. Calvo, Commissioner, 1948-1954 - Jesus C. Artero, Commissioner, 1945-1948 - Juan A. San Nicolas, Commissioner, 1944-1945 - Manuel F. Taguacta, Commissioner, Pre-World War II - Manuel F. Torres, Commissioner, Pre-World War II Vice Mayors/Deputy Commissioner - Anthony P. Sanchez, Vice Mayor, 2014-Present - Ronald “Ron” J. Flores, Vice Mayor, 2009-2013 - Jose P. Leon Guerrero, Deputy Commissioner (under Machananao), Pre-World War II |Editor’s note:||The preceding list was provided by Konsehelon Mahot Guåhan/the Mayor’s Council of Guam.| For further reading Beaty, Janice J. Discovering Guam: A Guide to its Towns, Trails and Tenants. Japan: Tokyo News Service, 1967. Beaty, Janice J. “What’s in a Guam Name?” Pacific Profile 4, no.2 (February 1966): 6-9. Hunter-Anderson, Rosalind and Moore, Darlene. A Study of Eight Post-World War II Resettlement Villages on Guam. Micronesian Archeological Research Services, 2006. Levesque, Rodrigue. Focus on the Mariana Mission, 1670-1673. Vol. 5, History of Micronesia: A Collection of Source Documents. Gatineau, Quebec: Levesque Publications, 1992-. Onedera, Peter R. Nå’an Lugåt Siha gi ya Guåhan: Guam Place Names. Hagåtña: Chamorro Language Commission, c.1989. Our Lady of Lourdes Church. In Commemoration of the Blessing of Our Lady of Lourdes Church; May 5, 1965. Yigo, GU, 1965. Our Lady of Lourdes Church. Mary, Mother of Our Faith: 25th Anniversary of Our Lady of Lourdes Church; May 5, 1965-1995. Yigo, GU, 1995. Rogers, Robert. Destiny’s Landfall: A History of Guam. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1995. Salas, Joe, P.L.G Guerrero and J. Bitanga. A Glossary of Guamanian Place Names. Army Map Services, 1947. A copy in University of Guam Richard F. Taitano Micronesian Area Research Center. Sanchez, Pedro C. Guahan Guam: The History of Our Island. Hagåtña: Sanchez Publishing House, c.1988. Know my island – Know my history Guam’s first American Governor Richard Leary noted that prominent landowners in the areas surrounding Yigo in 1900 included the first Chamorro Catholic priest Padre Jose Torres Palomo, Dona Rufina Quitigua, Don Gregorio de la Cruz Perez and Joaquin Kamminga. The Artero family also acquired a large amount of land in the Upi area in the late nineteenth century. The founding families of Yigo village in the early twentieth century include the Calvos (Familian Ne), Perez (Familian Goyu), Iglesias (Familian Checha), Taguacta, Cruz (Familian Anaco), Blas (Familian Tugung), Pangelinan (Familian Diego), Torres (Familian Cortes), Taitano and Sablan. Some of the regions now encompassed by the municipality of Yigo include Upi, As Ardas, I Milalag, As Donlucas, Lupog, Mataguac, Ritidian, Sabanan Palie, Ipiga, Chaguian, As Tobias, Anao, Tarague, Jinapsan, Tailalo, Finaguayac, Alacunao, Caiguat, Hanum, Gayinero. Before the WWII Alacunao, Tailalo, Jinapsan, Ritidian, As Tobias, Caiguat and Finaguayac fell within the boundaries of the Municipality of Machanao, which no longer exists.

<urn:uuid:e0855911-cf15-4798-99b7-210e97626885>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.guampedia.com/yigo/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370521876.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404103932-20200404133932-00513.warc.gz

en

What are the facts surrounding the outbreak of fire which engulfed the Glasgow School of Art? asks William JR Curtis Now that the smoke has settled over the ashes and ruins of Mackintosh’s masterpiece, the Glasgow School of Art (GSA), it is time to pose some of the obvious questions which seem to have eluded the press, the politicians and those responsible for running the institution and looking after the wellbeing of the building and its occupants. Surely everyone can agree that the heroic Glasgow firemen did a fine job in stopping the fire from spreading much further than the west wing of the building containing among other gems the Library, one of the most evocative spaces in the history of architecture? More than just a library, Mackintosh’s creation was really a shrine of universal value: the loss is immeasurable. Among the obvious questions for any investigator would surely be these: what were students and faculty doing experimenting with highly flammable materials such as expanding foam in the vulnerable basement areas beneath this historic room made of wood? Why was it not possible to stop the fire immediately after it began? Were the means available insufficient for extinguishing a fire of this kind? It is evident that there has to be a public enquiry into the way the fire started and the possible risks that were taken in using these materials in this precise setting. We await the final report, but for the moment it seems that a fault in a projector ignited the foam. If this was indeed the case, what were machine and foam doing in proximity to each other? Were they part of a combined experiment that went wrong? Or did they unfortunately just happen to be in the same place? Was the projector itself faulty? Or did the fault occur in the projector as a result of being used with the foam? It seems too that an effort was made to put out the fire using an extinguisher but it did not succeed. Were the fire precautions in this part of the building inadequate? Apparently student projects in the GSA undergo a ‘Risk Assessment’. In this instance it seems that the risk may not have been assessed correctly. Had the project been carried out in a concrete garage or even in the new Seona Reid Building designed by Steven Holl opposite, the risk of a spreading fire would surely have been a lot less, for the simple reason that there would have been fewer or no flammable building materials such as wood in the vicinity. Was this incident in the Old Mac with its wooden panels, posts, beams and floors, ‘an accident waiting to happen’, as some have claimed? Then there is the question of added protection against fire in the form of a sprinkler system or some similar device. According to recent announcements made by the GSA, such a system was going to be up and running at some point in the summer. An odd article appeared recently in the press claiming that it was 97 per cent ready. It was rather costly then, that deficit of three per cent! Surely the system was 100 per cent ineffective as it was not yet operative? The path to an inferno is paved with good intentions and late interventions. More to the point possibly: why has it taken all these years to get around to installing such a system in the venerable and vulnerable Glasgow School of Art? Under the directorship of Seona Reid (1999-2013) every effort was made to put together the ‘branding operation’ of the new, hugely problematic and inferior building by Steven Holl at a price of roughly £50 million. For a fraction of this sum, the old Mackintosh building could surely have been protected further against fire? Now it is claimed that the restoration may cost anywhere from £20 to 50 million. Is this ‘money gone up in smoke’? Both Westminster and Holyrood have pledged taxpayers’ money for the restoration. A disaster in private is to be bailed out with public funds. The facts of the fire risk getting lost behind north-south political manoeuvres. The ‘environmental piece’ with the expanding foam (and the expanding risk?) was being carried out under the aegis of the Department of Sculpture and Environmental Art. On the official website this section of the School is introduced with a convoluted text in ‘art speak’ suggesting that the Department should help the student establish ‘a confident critical language in response to contemporary art practice’. You can grasp what this means from recent annual shows of student works. Some of these make painfully self-conscious gestures towards contemporary clichés of ‘installation art’, and you sense the pressure of the fashionable art scene (for example, the Turner Prize). The experiments extend from wooden constructions to installations using liquids, such as one which plays with ‘the idea of making a mess’, employing coloured milks and yoghurt. At least yoghurt is not flammable, and the mess does not end up being a pile of ashes where a great work of art once stood. Interestingly, another text by the professor of the same department, bears the title ‘Reality and Responsibility’. An investigation would undoubtedly explore possible causes and pose such questions as: were there inappropriate risks? Was there insufficient protection? Is it relevant to speak of ‘responsibility’, either individual, or institutional, or both? Supposing (a legal scholar might say for the sake of argument), that several students had died in the fire: would this need to be investigated as a possible case of ‘involuntary manslaughter’? Thankfully no one was hurt in the recent conflagration. Evidently it was not ‘intentional’ but would it be accurate for a report to describe it as ‘purely accidental’? The Glasgow School of Art has a clear structure and hierarchy of authority as an organisation, and several highly prestigious individuals are on its Board. The published ‘Statement of Corporate Governance 2013/14. Approved by Board of Governors, October 2013’ is in effect a charter. This includes a ‘Statement of Primary Responsibilities’ of the Board itself. Among these, as Section 13 notes, is the responsibility: ‘To ensure that systems are in place for meeting all the institution’s legal obligations, including those relating to health and safety, and the observance of good practice in equality and diversity, the governing instruments of the School and its charitable status.’ In the fallout of commentaries in the press, one of the parents of a current student expressed great anxiety about potential risks and inadequate supervision: ‘Whilst I understand the concern regarding the damage of such an iconic and beautiful building, I cannot help but feel that the real issue here is being largely overlooked … I am horrified to think that so many young lives were put in danger by what to my mind were the use of wholly inappropriate methods and materials for such an environment, and the use of which should surely have been closely monitored by staff?’ Another interlocutor was far more blunt, suggesting that ‘those running the school … should be sacked and pilloried!’ Returning to the urgent need for a detailed reconstruction of the events that led up to the fire: were there other attempts at halting the spread of the flames before the arrival of the firemen? How much time elapsed in the search for people in the building? What techniques did the firemen use in halting the advance of the flames horizontally? The firemen saved what they could and were possibly helped and hindered by the very structure of Mackintosh’s building. Within its external casket of masonry it contained concrete frames and stairs, iron and steel beams, industrial studio windows, and of course wooden posts, lintels, floors, panelling and furniture. The exterior west wall of the first phase of the building (started in 1897) was absorbed into the final phase (finished in 1909) as a lateral interior wall. This masonry separation perhaps served as a barrier blocking the advance of the flames from west to east. Those same stairwells that filtered light from top to bottom perhaps acted as chimney flues rushing flames upwards. Even so the fireproof concrete landings may have supplied stages on which the valiant firemen could do their work. The Library itself was constructed from several types of timber and was suspended on slender, triangular steel hangers within the overall structural section of the west end of the building and must have burned as quickly as tinder along with its precious collection of books. When I saw the news reports with the Library reduced to a heap of charred beams and ash, I was in a state of shock. I was privileged to deliver the main Centennial Address of the Glasgow School of Art at the end of 2009, a reflection upon Mackintosh’s deep powers of creative synthesis with the title ‘Materials of the Imagination’. How well I remember the enveloping warmth and atmosphere of the dark wood of the Library on a freezing Glasgow evening, with the frosty atmosphere pressing against the crystalline bay windows, those vertical voids of light. The effect when seen from the outside was like that of a Japanese lantern suspended in Nordic gloom. So the evanescent dream of a fugitive genius has been taken from us, leaving most of the eastern part of the building more or less intact. Probably the revolutionary western wing of the GSA should be reconstructed, but the Library will always be a simulacrum without the spirit of the initial creation and its accretions of age. This was a space of the imagination which drew together the forces of its period in a timeless synthesis. A breakthrough in the search for a new architecture, it was enriched by nature and tradition. It fused craft and industry, the timber of Canadian railroads, the tremors of the Viennese Secession, the aura of a Japanese temple, and the abstraction of a wooded Scottish glade. It was modern yet suggested a return to origins. How will history judge the temporary custodians of the Glasgow School of Art? Has everything possible been done in recent years to protect the interests and long-term existence of Mackintosh’s masterpiece, a work without equal in the British Isles since the days of Soane or even Hawksmoor? The recent catastrophe is obviously a crisis of the first order for the institution and its leaders, and we can only be thankful that more damage was not done. Needed now is a transparent explanation of what happened and why. There are many shades of grey and sometimes actions speak louder than words. Among the authorities expressing their declarations of love for the Old Mac, and their grief at the loss of the west wing and the Library, are those who oversaw the selection and construction of the new building by Steven Holl on the other side of Renfrew Street. In my opinion they did not do Mackintosh a favour in promoting and constructing this building, a glacial green hulk without urban sense, human scale or sensitive articulation, which overwhelms the masterpiece opposite. This clumsy monster whose interiors have all the charm of a dental surgery has been compared to one of those giant cruise ships which ruin the scale and skyline of Venice. The School got its ‘star architect’ alright, but one that did not shine very brightly. Despite all the protestations, the Holl scheme is not in the interests of Mackintosh’s masterpiece: on the contrary it is detrimental to it. The ‘neo-avant garde’ exercise with foam in the basement, and the marketing operation implicit in the ‘rebranding’ of the Glasgow School of Art through the construction of the new building by ‘a famous international architect’, may seem to be completely unrelated phenomena. But the desire to train students to promote their wares in the ‘art market’ and the aim of promoting educational institutions through ‘iconic’ architectural schemes, are in effect different facets of commercialised education in a capitalist economy obsessed with the advertisement of ‘innovatory’ images, ideas and services. In this system, ‘culture’ becomes a commodity and an investment.Educational institutions increasingly resemble corporations with a top heavy management and with students who are supposed to establish a unique profile for the goods which they will later sell. In art schools the push for trendy innovations and marketable individual logos tends to fit this pattern. It is sad to think that the recent fire may have resulted from a dubious and fashionable artistic enterprise which got out of control and which should never have been undertaken in the old building in the first place. What a comment on the times that this great creation of the human spirit should have been reduced to cinders by the ignition of a glob of expanding foam. We have heard of the banality of evil but suppose we were to reflect on the possible evils of banality? Later historians may decide that Charles Rennie Mackintosh was dishonoured by those who should have been his protectors, pointing to the oppressive building opposite and claiming that the fire could have been avoided. They may even invoke an ancient proverb: ‘Sed quis custodiet ipsos custodes?’ ‘But who shall guard the guards themselves?’ For further reflections on the long-term historical importance and value of the Glasgow School of Art, see Centennial Event, 14 December 2009, Keynote Address: William J.R. Curtis, ‘Materials of the Imagination: Glasgow School of Art by Charles Rennie Mackintosh.’ http://www.gsa.ac.uk/life/gsa-events/w/william-jr-curtis/ For another version see lecture at Spitzer School of Architecture, City College New York, 11 April 2011 http://www.totalwebcasting.com/view/?id=ccnyssa also discussion on same site with Dean George Ranalli the following day. For criticisms of project by Steven Holl see William JR Curtis, ‘Facing up to Mackintosh’, Architects’ Journal, 5 Nov 2010 http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/opinion/facing-up-to-mackintosh/8607805.article and Curtis, ‘Glasgow Neighbours -Mackintosh versus Holl’, Architectural Record, February 2011 http://archrecord.construction.com/features/critique/2011/1102commentary.asp . For Curtis ‘Open Letter to the Governors, the Director, the Faculty, Students, Staff, Alumnae and Alumni of the Glasgow School of Art’, 28 February 2011, see Architects’ Journal, 3 March 2011 for facsimile of this letter http://m.architectsjournal.co.uk/8612175.article . The letter concluded with the following suggestion: ‘Those responsible for the future of the Glasgow School of Art should remember that they are the temporary residents and custodians of a world masterpiece which must be handed on to future generations. The problems of the new project stem from the very anatomy of its design. It opposes itself to Mackintosh so it obviously should not be built’. On 4 March 2011, I submitted a letter with 15 objections to the Holl scheme to the Development Management of the Glasgow City Council that was logged in by the computer but mysteriously not taken into account, see for example http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/glasgow-school-of-art-extension . On 5 September 2011 the author received a letter from Isi Metzstein (RIP 1928-2012) agreeing with my ‘trenchant criticism’ of the Holl project: ‘I am extremely disappointed not only with the project, but also with other people’s responses to it, which have been worse than superficial’.

<urn:uuid:7b6a42c5-28c2-4194-9a58-fe0dbdd29d8e>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/burning-questions-reconstructing-the-fire-scene-at-mackintoshs-glasgow-school-of-art/8665000.article?blocktitle=Essays-on-books,-their-buildings-and-the-life-and-architecture-of-words&contentID=23245

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371660550.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406200320-20200406230820-00434.warc.gz

en

The Forgotten Narnala Fort Updated: Feb 13 Narnala Fort also knows as Shahnur Fort is one of the huge forts in Akola district covering an area of 362 hectares and consists of 3 forts fused together namely Narnala, Jafarabad and Teliagarh. The fort has 360 watchtowers, 6 large gates and 20 small gates. The numbers could differ as you read different sources. A motorable road leads to the top of the fort giving access easily. Resting tall and strong on an unaccompanied hill of the Satpura mountain range, the Narnala Fort stands as a testimony to the Mughals' rich history and their remarkable architecture. This magnanimous fort was one of the thirteen 'sarkars' of Berar Subah and houses intriguing pieces of evidence of the majesty of the Mughal Dynasty, including the famous Nau-Gazi Tope. Perched upon a secluded hill at a height of 973 meters, the Narnala Fort offers a panoramic view of the Satpura ranges. Surrounded by a blanket of green and with a backdrop of the bright blue sky, the mesmerizing glory of the fort is truly iconic. It was originally built by the Gond Dynasty in 10 A.D. and was named after the prestige Rajput King, Narnal Singh but was taken over by the Mughals in the 15th century. Ever since, it was named Shahnoor Fort and has been the point of interest of many Mughal emperors. Not just that, it was also the birthplace of Emperor Aurangzeb's very own great-grandson. The renowned Muslim saint, Hazrat Burhanuddin Bagh Sawar Wali, used to set up camp at the fort quite often and claimed to have spotted many white tigers roaming about in the fort! The nearest railway station to the Narnala Fort is Akola Junction which is 70 km from Narnala Fort. Akola is well-connected with all the major cities in India. The cheapest and convenient way to reach Akola is by train. Akola has rail connectivity with major cities. Train connectivity is excellent, and it makes sense to either explore it as a weekend trip from Mumbai or you can combine it with a trip to Chikhaldara (Like I did) over a long weekend. By train, it will take 8 hrs to 10hrs to reach Akola from Mumbai. From Mumbai, you can take 12101 Junction Aneswari Delx on Friday leaves from Lokmanya Tilak Terminal at 08:30 PM and will reach Akola Junction the next day around 04:45 AM. For return journey from Akola, you can take 12860 Gitanjali Express on Sunday leaves from Akola Junction at 11:15 AM and will reach Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus same day around 09:20 PM To reach Narnala Fort from Akola Railway Station, you can easily hire a cab from right outside the railway station at economical rates. The cab drivers usually quote exorbitant rates, but will quickly bring down their quotes once you start bargaining. For a two day trip, you should not pay more than ₹ 5000 or alternatively hire a bike on rent for maximum INR 700 per day. (Drop a mail at firstname.lastname@example.org if you want to hire a bike on rent). Many governments, as well as private buses, plying in and out of Akola Bus Station to Narnala Fort but the frequency is very low but he fares of these buses are very cheap too. The nearest airport to the Narnala Fort is Nagpur Airport which is approx 280 km from Narnala Fort and it will take around 7 to 8 hrs to reach Narnala Fort. Pocket-friendly way to reach Narnala Fort from Mumbai is by train. Where To Stay? You can stay in the forest department’s eco-lodges at Shahanur ( ₹1200 per night for a cottage and ₹300 per night for a dormitory). The place is also known is Shahanur Eco- Tourism Complex and is located at the main entry gate of Melghat Tiger Reserve. When To Go? The period between October and January is the best time to visit the Narnala Fort. This is the period of winters when the weather is delightful and truly enjoyable. The temperature ranges between a low of 11 degrees Celsius and a high of 20 degrees Celsius, making it the perfect weather for outdoor picnics and outings. Winter is also an excellent time for birding (Melghat has 280-odd bird species), especially since there are opportunities to walk trails. Summers here are sweltering, but chances of animal sightings are high. Temperatures ranging from a low of 28 degrees Celsius and a high of 41 degrees Celsius. Such high temperatures make summers an offseason for the city. Day One: Narnala Fort Tour Check-in and rest for a while before you start with Narnala Fort Tour. I would recommend doing it post lunch, just to avoid afternoon sun heat. But before 03:00 AM You start from the checkpoint at the gates of the Melghat Tiger Reserve where the customary entry formalities are done and charges paid for the car and guide. This part of the reserve is called Narnala Wildlife Sanctuary. On the left of the entry gate a small well–done museum shows the life of tribals and the flora & fauna of the national park and the small scale model of the fort. A bouncy road takes you up the hill. As the road twists and turns, bastions and walls of the fort peep every once in a while from behind the thick veil of vegetation. And then suddenly on the right, you see the first gate rising over the road. The gate is called Shahanur Gate. From the road, it just seems like an intimidating tall fortification about 40 feet high. The gate is built on the hillside perpendicular to the road. You go down to check. The foliage is dense and the grass is tall. The gate is not very high; there are several arches that disappear into the vegetation on both sides. Below the hill falls sharply. The enemy definitely would not have found the climb easy. Driving further up you come to the second gate called Mahakali Darvaza. Walking a few steps through you will see gateway built of white sandstone, with lovely lotus adornments, Persian inscriptions, galleries, rooms and flanked with overhanging balconies embellished with stone lattices is something you can relate to the beautiful architecture of Bidar. The gate was built in 1486 by the Imad Shahi dynasty founder Fath-ullah Imad-ul-Mulk. Driving further up to the top so that walking down you can explore remaining places. On the top at the height to 3000 feet, you will see Nau-Gazi Tope which literally means Nine Yard Gun and was commissioned by Aurangzeb during the Mughal rule on this fort. It is said, a shell fired from the gun once landed 20 km away. This canon is said to be built by Abu Beg one of the Mughal slaves, not one but two another gun was known as Kadak Bijli, the gun has now fallen down into the valley. Retracing your path walking down you will see the water body called Shakkar Talao or Sweet Lake on your left. The lake stretches into the distance. On the other end, you can see a surviving arch and a structure beyond. It is said that Kamdhenu, the cow that grants all wishes, comes down at midnight, goes into the water and offers her milk to a shivling below. Bathing in the waters is supposed to cure you of diseases. Another legend has it that there is a Philosopher’s Stone or Paras underneath the waters that turn everything it touches into gold. The famine of 1899-1900 dried the lake but nothing was found. These are the stories that enliven the proceedings! Tomb Of Hazrat Burhanuddin Bagh Sawar Wali On the opposite edge of the lake, you can see a tomb with gravestones and chadars. You start walking. The grave belongs to Hazrat Burhanuddin Bagh Sawar Wali. It is said that the saint used to ride a white tiger. The Akola Gazetteer notes that a small white tiger can still be seen coming to the tomb at night. People who were bitten by dogs, jackals and rats would come to the dargah for the cure. People would offer gur, channa, incense and flowers and walk around the platform five times. Ambar Mahal a.ka. Durbar Hall and Jama Masjid Next to the tomb are the two most complete structures in the fort. The first is the Jama Masjid which was built in 1509 by Mahabat Khan. The mosque is quite substantial and in good shape. The front has ornamentation in the form of lotuses. Three arched openings lead to the three niches on the western wall. The central mihrab is decorated but has been painted over. On the top rises a single dome. Next to the Jama Masjid is the second substantial structure with a courtyard in the front. This is called the Ambar Bangala or Rani Mahal. The structure was possibly used as a Kacheri or a Darbar Hall in the past. The rectangular building is tall and imposing. It has huge triple-arched gateways leading into three apartments. The gateways have been filled up later with smaller entrances created. The front of the building is quite plain. It is possible there could have been slight ornamentation of blue tiles running along the top. The interiors are in poor shape. The dome again is ornamented with traces of blue paint. The rooftop terrace has parapet built around punctuated with small niches. Narrow steep steps take you up. In the courtyard in front is a cistern probably for a fountain. Down ahead on the right you see a baradari kind of structure. The middle arch looks beautiful with brackets that probably held a sunshade. On the left are three tiny apartments while the right has five surviving arches and apartments. The actual grounds probably stretched behind. The tall grass is making things difficult to see and walk around. On the way back, it is time to ponder over the history. In all the time spent here in the Narnala Fort, you will hardly encounter any person. Even the entire route is motorable it will take at least 3-4 hours to explore it to the fullest. So by the time you come back, it would be dark and there is anything to do around. Until you plan to drive back to Akola for dinner. Day Two: Shahanur Jungle Safari Morning Time of Jungle Safari is from 06:00 AM to 08:00 AM, so be ready at the entry gate by 05:45 AM. Safari Fees for adult Indians are ₹ 30 per person and Yes! they do have an evening slot also which is from 03:00 PM to 05:00 PM. Big cat spotting is rare in Melghat, but they are certainly there; 40-odd at last count in 2018, according to data from the forest department, Melghat Tiger Reserve. The folds and valleys of the undulating mountains hide their treasures well. On my trip, I met the forest owlet. This small, nondescript bird was believed to have been extinct for 113 years until it was rediscovered in 1997. Melghat remains the safest habitat for the endangered owlet and the best place to spot it. Some of the animals spotted in this region are Royal Bengal Tiger, Leopard, Bear, Wolf, Bison, Sambar, Spotted Deer & Blackbuck. Back to the hotel and its time to say goodbye to this amazing place. But visit left you kind of unfulfilled. You will come back and this time will also go visit Chikaldhara and the fort of Gawligarh; the story is not complete yet. Listen to Me The basic tenet of wildlife tourism is to remember that we are guests of the wild, and must respect our hosts. Go with family and friends otherwise feels lonely at night. Take your sweaters and muffler along as open jeeps safari are cold.

<urn:uuid:834e4429-465c-4d2d-ab0a-a7d564d25da8>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.thetravelblueprint.com/post/the-forgotten-narnala-fort

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497301.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330181842-20200330211842-00114.warc.gz

en

Tolstoy’s Words To Live By An overlooked Tolstoy digest of wisdom reveals he was the 20th century's first global thinker. December 18th, 2019 Leo Tolstoy’s first collection of “Daily Thoughts” was originally published in Russian in 1903. It’s available in May, for the first time in English, as Tolstoy’s Words To Live By (Ronsdale $29.95). Determined to find higher moral ground, Leo Tolstoy, in his final decades, developed his own form of Christ-inspired radicalism. His outspoken opposition to both Church and State made him revered the world over but feared by the Russian czar and the Orthodox Church authorities. Nobody could control, silence or get the best of the author of War and Peace–except perhaps his wife. In his final decade of life, when Tolstoy ultimately fled his home and set off King Lear-like to escape from domestic life, he devoted himself to becoming one of the first intellectuals to consistently seek the cross-cultural wisdom of as many great thinkers as he could, from all centuries. Newly translated and edited by Peter Sekirin and Alan Twigg, Tolstoy’s Words to Live By shares inspiring quotes that Tolstoy collected from more than forty philosophers such as Confucius, Jesus, Mohammad, Schopenhauer, Immanuel Kant, Marcus Aurelius, Spinoza, Plato, Voltaire and the Talmud. Among those who were profoundly influenced by Tolstoy were a young Hindu lawyer named Mahatma Gandhi and a young preacher in the Southern U.S. named Martin Luther King. Gandhi described himself as being “overwhelmed” by Leo Tolstoy’s “independent thinking, profound morality and truthfulness.” By sharing aphorisms and ideas with people around the world—providing uplifting thoughts for each day of the year—Leo Tolstoy went viral, one hundred years before the internet. Now, re-discovered and revived by two Canadians, here is the first compilation of once-suppressed ideas that led Tolstoy to produce three more collections before his death in 1910. Tolstoy’s Words To Live By is a vibrant, unprecedented work of scholarship and lively writing that shows why, in his twilight years. Tolstoy believed Anna Karenina was far less important to the world than his inspirational distillations of wisdom. “The life of a person without faith is the life of an animal.” – L.T. FROM THE PREFACE: ABOUT LEO TOLSTOY Leo Tolstoy tried to radically raise his moral standards towards the end of his life. He became a vegetarian and a teetotal. He attempted celibacy. He gave up hunting. He gave up smoking. And he stopped handling money as much as it was possible. He increasingly adopted the attire of a peasant, took daily instructions from a shoe-maker to learn a useful trade and, like a Russian Aesop, wrote fables for the children of his serfs, encouraging a program of literacy at Yasnaya Polyana, having been writing articles about education methods since the 1870s. Tolstoy concluded it was impossible to live as a true Christian in conventional Russian society. In the 1880s he dropped his title of Count and requested his servants address him as plain Leo Nikolayevich. To alleviate distress caused by the famines of 1891 and 1898, Tolstoy and his children organized and administered soup kitchens, feeding hundreds of thousands who might have otherwise died. Long before Bill Gates, Tolstoy opted to distribute large portions of his own family’s wealth to charitable endeavors (much to the alarm and despair of his wife) and he inspired some of his fellow landowners to rescind ownership of their vast properties. Dozens of agricultural colonies, similar to the modern kibbutz, sprang up around Russia, organized by disciples who attempted to carry out Tolstoy’s views. (1) In support of the agrarian sect of “spirit wrestlers” known as the Doukobors—who burned their weapons in 1895 to protest universal military conscription—Tolstoy nominated the Doukhobors for the Nobel Peace Prize and raised funds from wealthy friends. Eventually, he donated all royalties from his final novel, Resurrection, to help his son, Sergei, expedite and escort 2,300 Doukhobors by ship to Canada in 1899. In support of Jewish families who suffered during the Kishinev pogrom (2) in April of 1903—a major turning point in Jewish history—and in support of their migration to the United States, Tolstoy agreed to have three of his stories included in Help: An Anthology for Literature and Art (Warsaw, 1904) [Hilf: a Zaml-Bukh fir Literatur un Kunst] edited by Sholem Aleichem, the pen name of Solomon Rabinovich, the Yiddish short story writer and playwright who gave the world Fiddler on the Roof . (3) In keeping with his ever-evolving anarchism, Tolstoy resisted involvements with organizations as much as possible. When followers of his own ideas became fanatics, he was appalled. And yet he allowed all manner of beggars and lunatics to have access to him on his family estate. Only his global fame, and the fact that he corresponded with major literary and political figures around the world, kept him out of prison. Tolstoy vigorously attacked the Russian Orthodox Church as false and corrupt. He openly sought the demise of the Russian government. Fearlessly, Leo Tolstoy became the most outspoken critic of the Russian Czar. Most importantly, Tolstoy developed his own doctrine of peaceful civil disobedience, By the time he had completed his magnum opus among his religious works, The Kingdom of God is Within You, in May of 1893, Tolstoy had written 13,000 manuscript pages, more than all the pages of his three major novels combined. Banned from distribution in Russia, The Kingdom of God is Within You deeply impressed a young Hindu lawyer working in South Africa named Mohandas Mahātmā Karamchand Gandhi. Inspired by Tolstoy’s writing, including The Law of Love, The Law of Violence, Gandhi proceeded to lead or initiate non-violent protests, strikes and other forms of peaceful resistance that resulted in the independence of India in 1947. “Tolstoy’s The Kingdom of God is Within You overwhelmed me,” wrote Gandhi. “It left an abiding impression on me. Before the independent thinking, profound morality, and the truthfulness of this book, all the books given me by Mr. Coates seemed to pale into insignificance.” (4) Tolstoy’s credo of non-violence would soon have a similar impact on a young preacher in the southern U.S. named Martin Luther King. In the wake of the Civil Rights movement that ended lynchings and segregation, more peaceful marches in the 1960s ultimately led to the cessation of the Vietnam War. Leo Tolstoy, as an inventive moralist, went “viral” one hundred years before the internet but today he is recognized primarily as a novelist—as an entertainer. This would not please him. For the last three decades of his life, Tolstoy’s moralism took precedence over his art. Initially inspired by the lessons of Jesus Christ, Tolstoy was one of the first intellectuals who sought the wisdom of as many great thinkers as he could, from all centuries. With his determinedly multi-faith approach to wisdom, Tolstoy collaborated on a Russian version of Lao-Tze’s Tao Te Ching, read Confucius as much as Aristotle and made himself familiar with the sages of Japan. Tolstoy was fluent in English, French and German, and he could read in Italian, Polish, Serbian and Czech. He also studied Greek and Old Church Slavonic, Latin, Ukrainian, Tatar, Turkish, Dutch, Bulgarian and Hebrew. It has been suggested his belief system had more in common with Buddhism than with Christianity. But the underpinnings of this book, Tolstoy’s Words To Live By, are also emotional. As much as King Lear wandered dazed on the heath, Leo Tolstoy struggled to incorporate his ideals into his private practice, and the resultant friction between his public beliefs and his private practices kept him in constant turmoil. Tolstoy sought solace and sustenance from great minds because he himself increasingly suffered disappointment in himself—and possibly shame—due to a desperately deteriorating relationship with his long-suffering wife. Tolstoy’s private agonies and personal failings in no way diminish the validity of the wisdom he collected. Emotional strife served as the catalyst for him to seek and find truth, in the tormented hope that he could be liberated by it. - Alan Twigg SAMPLE, DAY ONE: January 1 – Bliss Brother Francis was walking with Brother Leo, from Perugia to Portiuncula, on a very cold winter’s day. Francis said, “Brother Leo, it would be nice if our brothers could give examples of holy love for all the world but—write this down—this would not be the complete fulfillment of joy.” Shivering, they walked further. “Please write this down, Brother Leo,” Francis added, “that if our brothers could heal the sick, cast out demons, and make the blind see, even then, this would not be complete joy.” A bit later, Francis said, “Write this, too. If we could speak all the languages of the earth and know every science, and if we could talk to the angels, and get all the treasures of the earth and understand all the mysteries of the stars, the birds, the fish, all mankind, the trees, the stones, and the waters; even then, this would not bring perfect joy.” “Then how can we have perfect bliss?” Leo asked. “We will know perfect bliss.” Francis answered, “when we arrive, cold, tired, and happy at our destination. We will knock at the door, and the pub keeper will scold us and refuse to open the door, and we shall say to ourselves, ‘God Himself told this man to say this.’ When we wait until the morning in the snow, slush, and wind, cold and drenched, without any feeling of malice for this man, we shall pray for him. Only then will we know perfect bliss.” - Perugia is the capital of the Umbria region in central Italy. Portiuncula is a small Catholic church located about 4 km from Assisi, in Umbria, where the Franciscan movement started. This parable attributed to Francis of Assisi was borrowed by Tolstoy from Mémoires de frère Léon sur la vie de saint François d’ Assise (Paris, 1880) by Paul Sabatier AVAILABLE MAY 2020 print ISBN: 978-1-55380-629-5 ebook ISBN: 978-1-55380-630-1 pdf ISBN: 978-1-55380-631-8 5-1/4 x 8-1/4 280 pp hard cover $29.95 This book is available from Ronsdale Press in Vancouver, Canada. PETER SEKIRIN has a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from the University of Toronto. He has translated and edited works by and about Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Peter lives in Aurora, Ontario. ALAN TWIGG, founder of BC BookWorld, has written sixteen books and produced six films. He was inducted as a member of the Order of Canada in 2015. He lives in Vancouver, B.C. www.alantwigg.com. RONSDALE PRESS, 3350 West 21st Avenue, Vancouver, B.C. Canada V6S 1G7 / “What can be more precious than to communicate every day with the wisest men of the world?” – L.T.

<urn:uuid:3b992fc3-b570-4660-baca-1c29c8a3c728>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://bcbooklook.com/2019/12/18/tolstoys-words-to-live-by-2/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00554.warc.gz

en

Distant Possessions: The Parting of the Ways (excerpts) By Andrew Carnegie Originally published in the North American Review (Aug. 1898). Twice only have the American people been called upon to decide a question of such vital import as that now before them. Is the Republic, the apostle of Triumphant Democracy, of the rule of the people, to abandon her political creed and endeavor to establish in other lands the rule of the foreigner over the people, Triumphant Despotism? Is the Republic to remain one homogeneous whole, one united people, or to become a scattered and disjointed aggregate of widely separated and alien races? Is she to continue the task of developing her vast continent until it holds a population as great as that of Europe, all Americans, or to abandon that destiny to annex, and to attempt to govern, other far distant parts of the world as outlying possessions, which can never be integral parts of the Republic? Is she to exchange internal growth and advancement for the development of external possessions which can never be really hers in any fuller sense than India is British or Cochin China French? Such is the portentous question of the day. Two equally important questions the American people have decided wisely, and their flag now waves over the greater portion of the English-speaking race; their country is the richest of all countries, first in manufactures, in mining, and in commerce (home and foreign), first this year also in exports. But, better than this, the average condition of its people in education and in living is the best. The luxuries of the masses in other lands are the necessaries of life in ours. There are two kinds of national possessions, one colonies, the other dependencies. In the former we establish and reproduce our own race. Thus Britain has peopled Canada and Australia with English-speaking people, who have naturally adopted our ideas of self-government. With dependencies it is otherwise. The most grievous burden which Britain has upon her shoulders is that of India, for there it is impossible for our race to grow. The child of English-speaking parents must be removed and reared in Britain. The British Indian official must have long respites in his native land. India means death to our race. The characteristic feature of a dependency is that the acquiring power cannot reproduce its own race there. If we could establish colonies of Americans, and grow Americans in any part of the world now unpopulated and unclaimed by any of the great powers, and thus follow the example of Britain, heart and mind might tell us that we should have to think twice, yea, thrice, before deciding adversely. Even then our decision should be adverse; but there is at present no such question before us. What we have to face is the question whether we should embark upon the difficult and dangerous policy of undertaking the government of alien races in lands where it is impossible for our own race to be produced. As long as we remain free from distant possessions we are impregnable against serious attack; yet, it is true, we have to consider what obligations may fall upon us of an international character requiring us to send our forces to points beyond our own territory. Up to this time we have disclaimed all intention to interfere with affairs beyond our own continent, and only claimed the right to watch over American interests according to the Monroe Doctrine, which is now firmly established. This carries with it serious responsibilities, no doubt, which we cannot escape. European nations must consult us upon territorial questions pertaining to our continent, but this makes no tremendous demand upon our military or naval forces. We are at home, as it were, near our base, and sure of the support of the power in whose behalf and on whose request we may act. If it be found essential to possess a coaling-station at Puerto Rico for future possible, though not probable, contingencies, there is no insuperable objection. Neither would the control of the West Indies be alarming if pressed upon us by Britain, since the islands are small and the populations must remain insignificant and without national aspirations. Besides, they are upon our own shores, American in every sense. Their defense by us would be easy. No protest need be entered against such legitimate and peaceful expansion in our own hemisphere, should events work in that direction. I am no "Little" American, afraid of growth, either in population or territory, provided always that the new territory be American, and that it will produce Americans, and not foreign races bound in time to be false to the Republic in order to be true to themselves. To reduce it to the concrete, the question is: Shall we attempt to establish ourselves as a power in the far East and possess the Philippines for glory? The glory we already have, in Dewey's victory overcoming the power of Spain in a manner which adds one more to the many laurels of the American navy, which, from its infancy till now, has divided the laurels with Britain upon the sea. The Philippines have about seven and a half millions of people, composed of races bitterly hostile to one another, alien races, ignorant of our language and institutions. Americans cannot be grown there. The islands have been exploited for the benefit of Spain, against whom they have twice rebelled, like the Cubans. But even Spain has received little pecuniary benefit from them. The estimated revenue of the Philippines in 1894-95 was £2,715,980, the expenditure being £2,656,026, leaving a net result of about $300,000. The United States could obtain even this trifling sum from the inhabitants only by oppressing them as Spain has done. But, if we take the Philippines, we shall be forced to govern them as generously as Britain governs her dependencies, which means that they will yield us nothing, and probably be a source of annual expense. Certainly they will be a grievous drain upon revenue if we consider the enormous army and navy which we shall be forced to maintain upon their account. Let another phase of the question be carefully weighed. Europe is to-day an armed camp, not chiefly because the home territories of its various nations are threatened, but because of fear of aggressive action upon the part of other nations touching outlying "possessions." France resents British control of Egypt, and is fearful of its West African possessions; Russia seeks Chinese territory, with a view to expansion to the Pacific; Germany also seeks distant possessions; Britain, who has acquired so many dependencies, is so fearful of an attack upon them that this year she is spending nearly eighty millions of dollars upon additional war-ships, and Russia, Germany, and France follow suit. Japan is a new element of anxiety; and by the end of the year it is computed she will have sixty-seven formidable ships of war. The naval powers of Europe, and Japan also, are apparently determined to be prepared for a terrific struggle for possessions in the far East, close to the Philippines -- and why not for these islands themselves? Into this vortex the Republic is cordially invited to enter by those powers who expect her policy to be of benefit to them, but her action is jealously watched by those who fear that her power might be used against them. It has never been considered the part of wisdom to thrust one's hand into the hornet's nest, and it does seem as if the United States must lose all claim to ordinary prudence and good sense if she enter this arena and become involved in the intrigues and threats of war which make Europe an armed camp. What it means to enter the list of military and naval powers having foreign possessions may be gathered from the following considerations. First, look at our future navy. If it is only to equal that of France it means fifty-one battle-ships; if of Russia, forty battle-ships. If we cannot play the game without being at least the equal of any of our rivals, then eighty battle-ships is the number Britain possesses. We now have only four, with five building. Cruisers, armed and unarmed, swell the number threefold, Britain having two hundred and seventy-three ships of the line built or ordered, with three hundred and eight torpedo-boats in addition; France having one hundred and thirty-four ships of the line and two hundred and sixty-nine torpedo-boats. All these nations are adding ships rapidly. Every armor- and gun-making plant in the world is busy night and day. Ships are indispensable, but recent experience shows that soldiers are equally so. While the immense armies of Europe need not be duplicated, yet we shall certainly be too weak unless our army is at least twenty times what it has been -- say five hundred thousand men. Even then we shall be powerless as against any one of three of our rivals -- Germany, France, and Russia. This drain upon the resources of these countries has become a necessity from their respective positions, largely as graspers for foreign possessions. The United States to-day, happily, has no such necessity, her neighbors being powerless against her, since her possessions are concentrated and her power is one solid mass. To-day two great powers in the world are compact, developing themselves in peace throughout vast conterminous territories. When war threatens they have no outlying possessions which can never be really "possessed," but which they are called upon to defend. They fight upon the exposed edge only of their own soil in case of attack, and are not only invulnerable, but they could not be more than inconvenienced by the world in arms against them. These powers are Russia and the United States. The attempt of Britain to check Russia, if the wild counsels of Mr. Chamberlain were followed, could end in nothing but failure. With the irresistible force of the glacier, Russia moves upon the plains below. Well for Russia, and well for the world, is her advance over pagan China, better even for Britain from the standpoint of business, for every Russian to-day trades as much with Britain as do nine Chinamen. Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, are all vulnerable, having departed from the sagacious policy of keeping possessions and power concentrated. Should the United States depart from this policy, she also must be so weakened in consequence as never to be able to play the commanding part in the world, disjointed, that she can play whenever she desires if she remain compact. Whether the United States maintain its present unique position of safety, or forfeit it through acquiring foreign possessions, is to be decided by its action in regard to the Philippines; for, fortunately, the independence of Cuba is assured; for this the Republic has proclaimed to the world that she has drawn the sword. But why should the less than two millions of Cuba receive national existence and the seven and a half millions of the Philippines be denied it? The United States, thus far in their history, have no page reciting self-sacrifice made for others; all their gains have been for themselves. This void is now to be grandly filled. The page which recites the resolve of the Republic to rid her neighbor, Cuba, from the foreign possessor will grow brighter with the passing centuries, which may dim many pages now deemed illustrious. Should the coming American be able to point to Cuba and the Philippines rescued from foreign domination and enjoying independence won for them by his country and given to them without money and without price, he will find no citizen of any other land able to claim for his country services so disinterested and so noble. We repeat, there is no power in the world that could do more than inconvenience the United States by attacking its fringe, which is all that the world combined could do, so long as our country is not compelled to send its forces beyond its own compact shores to defend worthless possessions. If our country were blockaded by the united powers of the world for years, she would emerge from the embargo richer and stronger, and with her own resources more completely developed. We have little to fear from external attack. No thorough blockade of our enormous seaboard is possible; but even if it were, the few indispensable articles not produced by ourselves (if there were any such) would reach us by way of Mexico or Canada at slightly increased cost. From every point of view we are forced to the conclusion that the past policy of the Republic is her true policy for the future; for safety, for peace, for happiness, for progress, for wealth, for power -- for all that makes a nation blessed. Not till the war-drum is silent, and the day of calm peace returns, can the issue be soberly considered. Twice have the American people met crucial issues wisely, and in the third they are not to fail. Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) was a vice president and generous financial supporter of the Anti-Imperialist League from its formation in 1898 until his death. He was also a member of the Philippine Independence Committee (1904) and a vice president of the Filipino Progress Association (1905-1907). Citation: Carnegie, Andrew. "Distant Possessions: The Parting of the Ways." The Gospel of Wealth (New York: The Century Co., 1901). http://www.boondocksnet.com/ailtexts/carn0898.html In Jim Zwick, ed., Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898-1935. http://www.boondocksnet.com/ail98-35.html (Nov. 26, 1999).Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898-1935, edited by Jim Zwick. Copyright © 1995-1999 Jim Zwick. All rights reserved.

<urn:uuid:7eab9d69-743c-406c-9c09-9564a64a3ef5>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://web.viu.ca/davies/H324War/Carnegie.Distant.1898.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506673.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402045741-20200402075741-00034.warc.gz

en

In A Sand County Almanac we have the final statement, the fully ripened fruit of America’s foremost conservationist cum ecologist. As with all final fruit, it reads more philosophical than ecological, more poetry than prose, more profound than professional. The book was nearly completed when Leopold died, and was published posthumously after a heroic effort on the part of friends and family, his progeny and editors to work the manuscript into its final form. The work was finally submitted to Oxford University Press within six months of Leopold’s death. Luna Leopold became editor-in-chief while Charlie Schwartz worked to complete the illustrations. After a great deal of discussion, Philip Vaudrin at Oxford prevailed in titling the book A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There, which he felt grounded the book with a sense of place. Leopold had been using “Great Possessions” as his working title, but Vaudrin thought it did not convey the character of the book. Would we have bought and read and loved equally well a collection of essays called Great Possessions? That is one of those questions of the publishing world that will never be answered. Leopold included essays that had long been a part of his bibliography along with new essays that more concisely explained his current thinking. After first conceiving of the book in 1941, he had thirteen essays arranged in this order by mid-1944: “Marshland Elegy,” first published in the October 1937 issue of American Forests, is now the first essay in Part II, Sketches Here and There. “Song of the Gavilan” and “Guacama,” about his travels in Chihuahua and Sonora in Mexico, and “Escudilla,” now in reverse order near the end of Part II. “Smoky Gold,” a hunting story that becomes the story of Leopold’s love affair with Wisconsin tamaracks, is one of the earlier essays to be included in Part I, A Sand County Almanac. “Odyssey,” another one of his great allegory tales, this time of natural history through atomic time travel, now placed near the beginning of Part II. “Draba,” a bit of free verse that now lies in Part I. “Great Possessions,” Leopold’s original title piece about the disparity between reality and legality, which became the turning point essay in Part I. “The Green Lagoons” and “Illinois Bus Ride,” both reflections upon travels, and “Thinking Like a Mountain,” all now included in Part II. Finally, “The Geese Return,” a pleasantly anthropomorphic tale of the end of Wisconsin’s winters heralded by the flocks of geese. “Good Oak” is one of the latter group, written specifically for Leopold’s long-cherished notion of an illustrated book of essays in the early months of 1948. He had written “Axe-in-Hand” a few months earlier, also for the book of essays. Finally, Leopold wrote “The Land Ethic” as a capstone piece in the summer of 1947 by combining three of his most important essays written over a lifelong career in conservation along with a newly developed summary of his philosophy. In “Good Oak,” Leopold first explains the “spiritual dangers in not owning a farm.” He softly chides civilization for the lack of awareness we suffer in not knowing where the essentials for life — food and heat — come from and how they come to be in our pantries and parlors. He then goes on to build a beautiful allegory for natural history, by explaining the current state of things in his neck of the woods through the rings of growth as his saw cuts through a mighty oak recently killed by lightning near the shack. By the end, he lets the reader know of his use of allegory for the telling of history, in which his saw cuts horizontally through the rings of time to display the evolution of philosophy, his wedge splits vertically across time to show the timeless nature of ideas and ideals, and his axe lops off the branches that are no longer useful to his goal. Civilization becomes an ancient tree that sprouted with man’s first settlement, survives the pitfalls of youth, and grows through good times and bad until a bold new idea — conservation, ecology, or even a land ethic, strikes as though hit by lightning. “Axe-in-Hand” gives us the clearest example of Leopold’s relation to Henry David Thoreau. Leopold’s musing over why he should encourage one tree while another falls victim to his axe, is a perfect throwback to Thoreau’s beans in Walden. Just as Thoreau writes, “It was no longer beans that I hoed, nor I that hoed beans,” Leopold is describing the thinker’s capacity for discriminating between philosophical teachings. After stating that there are really only two tools — the shovel for planting trees and the axe for felling them — he says, “But there is one vocation — philosophy — which knows that all men, by what they think about and wish for, in effect wield all tools. It knows that men thus determine, by the manner of thinking and wishing, whether it is worth while to wield any.” He sets the essay in November — that time of life from which a man can see enough of his own story to realize the underlying philosophy. He gives us his definition of a conservationist, “written not with a pen, but with an axe,” as “one who is humbly aware that with each stroke he is writing his signature on the face of his land.” Yet, is not the soul of writing contained in words left unsaid as well as those written? A good writer painstakingly edits the stream of consciousness, that row of beans, that forest, in which “not all trees are created free and equal,” to present us with a unique signature upon the land of literature. A writer, too, is one “humbly aware that with each stroke he is writing his signature on the face of his land.” In “Marshland Elegy,” Leopold gives us a masterful turn of anthropomorphism to remind us of our place in the world. Rather than giving human characteristics to the sandhill cranes of Wisconsin’s bog marshes, he sets cranes and humans on exactly the same plane, each having the capacity to know and yet not know the significance of a place and its evolution. In fact, Leopold’s cranes understand evolution better than do his bureaucrats. The natural history of the crane dates back to the Eocene epoch of diversification of bird species and greater dominance of flowering plants. Through the eyes of the crane we see that all succession is as a sudden bloom when land is disturbed, but the seeds of that succession were watered by ancient inland seas. Leopold understands the present as a datum point in evolution, not a discontinuous point that has no origin and no destiny. Finally, he speaks of the paradox of wilderness, “for to cherish we must see and fondle, and when enough have seen and fondled, there is no wilderness left to cherish.” Think about this the next time you hike — even drive — through designated wilderness. In “Thinking Like a Mountain” we have Leopold’s great admission to past mistakes in predator control. He had been prodded by former student Albert Hochbaum to write an apology piece, one that would show how Leopold, “followed trails like anyone else that lead you up the wrong alleys.” Leopold had been as enthusiastic as anyone else about exterminating wolves and mountain lions from deer range, but had lived to see the range destroyed by too many deer. More than that, he had lived to see the beauty in the predator itself, its place within the ecosystem, and man’s inability to fully fathom the intricate workings of ecology. He says he was “young and full of trigger-itch,” which is undoubtedly true, but he was actually young and zealously devoted to game management, willing to sacrifice anything for the benefit of game animals — deer, pheasants, and waterfowl — and their human hunters. Unfortunately, he discovered through the devastation of deer range in the forests of the Southwest that the predator is as important to the ecosystem as the prey on which it feeds or the flora upon which the prey graze and browse. He saw through the paradox of wilderness to the core of Thoreau’s dictum — “In wildness is the salvation of the world.” A fact still lost upon civilization. “Escudilla” is a companion piece to “Thinking Like a Mountain,” in which Leopold paints the looming mountain as the wildness that constantly threatens the safety of its human inhabitants. Progress, too, is a looming mountain that threatens each and every one of us. He admits again of his role in the demise of wilderness in the name of conservation. He relates his role in the Forest Service taming (murdering) of ecosystems to that of the early conquistadors taming (murdering) of Native Americans, and forces us to question our own actions in taming the world we inhabit. Escudilla looms over Leopold as a reminder of his own guilt in killing the deer range. But every generation has its own Escudilla, a mountain looming over us, reminding us of our own peculiar guilt in the destruction of wilderness. “The Land Ethic” is Leopold’s crowning glory as a conservationist, an ecologist, and a philosopher. It is here, with this carefully crafted piece, that Leopold brings his triune nature together into one coherent thought — an ecological ethic in which philosophy and ecology finally merge into their inevitable unity. He presents land as a community in which man is simply a member, not the overlord. He simultaneously simplifies and expands our concept of community by inclusion of the land, the earth, and life itself. This inclusion is echoed today by communitarian philosophers such as John Mohawk, who writes: “The people who are living on this planet need to break with the narrow concept of human liberation, and begin to see liberation as something which needs to be extended to the whole of the Natural World. What is needed is the liberation of all the things that support Life — the air, the waters, the trees — all the things which support the sacred web of Life.” Leopold changes the role of mankind from conqueror finally to planetary citizen, and demonstrates that history is a product of the land upon which it took place. He writes of an ecological conscience, in which we are made fully aware of conservation as a “state of harmony between men and land.” He decries the current state of land-use ethics, in which we will only take our stewardship of the land as far as our pocketbooks will allow, “governed wholly by economic self-interest.” Ethical evolution dictates greater obligation on the part of the land-holder, which, in the most public sense, is each of us. Leopold convincingly portrays evolutionary versus man-made changes in the land with the metaphor of the land pyramid, based on ecology’s biotic pyramid of soil, flora, and fauna, all energized by the sun. Where evolution tends to increase diversity through changes slow and local, man wants to decrease diversity in the land through changes that are ecologically fast, even violent, and increasingly global. This is where man most endangers all life on the planet — through unthinking diminution of life for his own economic convenience. Leopold relates himself to Tristram, the legendary medieval knight sent by his king to bring Isolde back to be the king’s bride. In the process of doing so, Tristram (known as Tristan in Richard Wagner’s romantic opera) falls in love with Isolde himself. Leopold is a knight sent out to recapture the beauty of wilderness for civilization, but must die with his love in the end for wilderness is too beautiful for civilization to appreciate, “in short, land is something [the civilized man] has ‘outgrown’.” Leopold goes about, axe-in-hand, “one of the time-tested few that leave the world, when they are gone, not the same place it was,” but a better place. That this would be one of the last statements written by Leopold is truly remarkable. Here was a man fully cognizant of his role in the world. He had arrived at a point in his philosophy where he could see where civilization needed to go. He is somewhat pessimistic, as the current trend leads further away from a land ethic, not toward it. Yet he looks with eagerness to the brewing revolt that will force us to “quit thinking about decent land-use as solely an economic problem.” “Examine each question,” exhorts the Professor, “in terms of what is ethically and aesthetically right, as well as what is economically expedient.” A Sand County Almanac is significant for Leopold’s own admission to guilt in the current state of ecology. For this we should be eternally grateful to the role Albert Hochbaum played in urging his mentor to show us the complete man, the evolution of the ecologist, himself. Leopold was reticent to comply, believing he only needed to state what he now knew to be true, but Hochbaum persevered and we are the wealthier for it. More importantly, Leopold shows that he adhered to his own definition of an ecologist, which he gave to his students in Wildlife Ecology 118: A person is an ecologist if he is skillful in seeing facts, ingenious in formulating hypotheses, and ruthless in discarding them when they don’t fit. If A Sand County Almanac were written solely for ecologists it would be a good book. What makes it a great book is that it was written at a level comprehensible to laymen as well as experts. Leopold understood that if we are to turn away from the path of annihilation of all things wild, we must each be an ecologist well versed in the land ethic. And his timing was perfect: it was written at a time (post-WWII) when Americans were becoming more willing to hear of their mistakes, set aside their new-found role as world conqueror, and take up shovel and axe as citizens in the community of land, ecologists. A Sand County Almanac presents us with Leopold’s final philosophy, a land ethic that includes humans in a community of soils, waters, plants, and animals. It predates Arne Naess’ deep ecology by several decades, but it means the same thing. We and the planet are one. - Leopold, A. 1970. A Sand County Almanac: And Sketches Here and There - Meine, C. 1988. Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work - Mohawk, J. 1994. “The Great Law of Peace.” Daly, M., ed. 1994. Communitarianism: A New Public Ethics - Thoreau, H. D. 1995. Walden; Or, Life in the Woods (Dover Thrift Editions) Categories: This Land -- Abbey, Carson, and Leopold

<urn:uuid:fd6e5558-00a6-40da-b62d-600c7797d4ee>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://doug-joyce.com/2019/02/26/a-sand-county-almanac-critique/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370492125.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328164156-20200328194156-00074.warc.gz

en

Of all the frogs available to amphibian enthusiasts, few are as unusual yet endearing as Pacman frogs (Ceratophrys spp.). Named for their gigantic mouths that are reminiscent of the popular video game character, Pacman frogs are typically hardy, easy-to-maintain animals who often work well for beginning amphibian keepers. Below, we’ll explain everything you need to know about Pacman frogs, so you’ll be well-prepared for success with your new pet. Defining “Pacman Frogs”: What’s in a Name? The term “Pacman frog” (or sometimes, Pac-Man frog) is typically applied to several members of the genus Ceratophrys. They’re also frequently called “horned frogs,” thanks to the horn-like projections above their eyes. Scientists currently recognize eight species within the genus, but the following three are the only ones regularly seen in the pet trade: - Cranwell’s horned frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli) - Argentine horned frog (Ceratophrys ornata) - Surinam horned frog (Ceratophrys cornuta) Hybrid individuals are also available for hobbyists interested in keeping a “designer” frog. All three species vary in terms of color, pattern, and – to a lesser extent – morphology. However, they all engage in similar behavioral patterns, subsist on similar food sources, and require similar husbandry. As far as the beginning hobbyist is concerned, they can all be treated more-or-less interchangeably. Geographic Range and Habitat of Pacman Frogs As a group, Pacman frogs range across most of South America, including parts of Ecuador, Venezuela, and Columbia, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina. The frogs live in a variety of different habitats across this range, but they exhibit a broad preference for hot, damp grasslands with relatively little tree cover. These frogs may also be found in disturbed areas near human habitation. This includes residential yards, parks and gardens. The Basic Biology and Natural History of Pacman Frogs Pacman frogs are relatively inactive frogs, who spend most of their lives half-buried in the substrate. They move around very rarely – typically only to capture food or reach temporary ponds during the breeding season. These frogs will also switch hiding places from time to time. Pacman frogs have voracious appetites, and they are formidable predators for their size. They’ll typically remain motionless and simply wait for a small animal to walk by. At this point, they’ll explode into action, grabbing the hapless prey and shoving it into their cavernous mouth. Unlike most other frogs, Pacman frogs have bony, tooth-like projections, which help prevent prey from escaping. Pacman frogs will consume just about any prey they can capture and overpower. Large insects and arachnids likely make up the bulk of their diet, but these frogs will also consume snakes, lizards, rodents and other frogs. Female Pacman frogs are pretty prolific breeders, who often deposit up to 2,000 eggs at a time. Because they typically breed and deposit their eggs in temporary pools, Pacman frog tadpoles metamorphosize rather quickly – often in less than two weeks. During this time, the largest tadpoles in the pond often consume smaller individuals. Their cannibalistic lifestyle may even continue after they grow legs – a fact that keepers are wise to remember when housing these frogs. Selecting Your Pacman Frog If you’ve decided to pick up a pet Pacman frog, you’ll want to start by selecting a healthy, robust specimen. Don’t select a thin or sickly animal with the hopes of nursing it back to health – this rarely works and incentivizes poor retailer practices. Look for an individual with a plump body, moist skin and clear eyes. If possible, you may want to request that the seller offer the frog food too. Food refusal doesn’t necessarily mean that the frog is in poor health, but an aggressive reaction to food is typically a good sign. It doesn’t really matter which Pacman frog species you select, as they all require relatively similar care. Just be sure to select a healthy individual and let your personal aesthetic preferences drive the rest of the selection process. It is, however, wise for beginning frog keepers to start with a large juvenile, rather than a newly metamorphosized frog. Frogs that are already at least one month old are much hardier than individuals who’ve only recently reabsorbed their tails and moved to dry ground. You can start with a full-grown adult if you like, but you’ll need to be comfortable interacting with a potentially pugnacious pet, who probably won’t hesitate to bite if he feels threatened. Pacman Frog Care: Setting Up and Maintaining the Habitat Once you’ve selected a Pacman frog and are ready to bring him home, you’ll need to establish a habitat for him. We’ll outline the basic habitat needs for your new Pacman frog below. Most Pacman frog keepers utilize aquaria, glass cages or plastic storage boxes to maintain their pets. Any of these options will work, but they each exhibit different benefits and drawbacks. Aquaria and glass cages, for example, provide unparalleled viewing opportunities, but they’re heavy and fragile. Plastic storage boxes don’t allow you to see your pet very well, but they’re lightweight, affordable and easy to customize. Regardless of the type of enclosure you select, you’ll want to ensure it is large enough to accommodate your new pet. Pacman frogs are typically very inactive, so they don’t require very large enclosures. Try to provide your pet with about 1 to 2 square feet of space – roughly the size of a 10- or 20-gallon aquarium. - 360 degree view of the terrarrium landscape; - Full screen top with a feeding hole,which is for ventilation and allows light and UVB penetration; - "Lift and Pull" for opening and closing the sliding screen top; Even though Pacman frogs aren’t great climbers or leapers, it is wise to fit the enclosure with a secure lid. This is especially important for those with other pets (particularly cats). A screened lid will work, but it may provide too much ventilation, so you’ll need to partially cover it with a sheet of plastic. If possible, select a solid lid that provides a moderate amount of ventilation holes. You can use a variety of substrates with your Pacman frog. Moisture-retaining, particulate substrates that allow the frog to burrow are the best option. This includes things like cypress mulch, orchid bark, coconut husk and soil. Advanced keepers may have success with sheet-like substrates, but beginners are wise to avoid doing so until they’ve acquired more experience. - Ideal for naturalistic terrarium type set-ups incorporating reptiles, amphibians or invertebrates. - Use it damp for tropical species as it naturally absorbs and breaks down odor and waste products. - All natural green "product" Although many keepers use a gravel substrate for their Pacman frog, this is typically not wise. Pacman frogs often end up ingesting a bit of their substrate while feeding, and swallowed rocks can cause intestinal impactions. No matter which substrate you select, be sure to keep it moderately damp. This will help ensure your dog remains healthy and well hydrated. Decor & Furniture It is typically wise to avoid unnecessarily cluttering your Pacman frog’s habitat, but you don’t want to simply provide your frog with a barren habitat, devoid of visual barriers or hiding places. Instead, try to provide your frog with at least one (and preferably two) hiding place and some live or artificial plants. By providing your frog with hiding places and including plants in the habitat, he’ll likely feel safer. This will help keep his stress level low, which will help support good overall health. You can use a variety of things for a hiding place. Small plastic containers with a door cut into the side will work, but you can also use commercially manufactured hide boxes. Corkbark and real wood pieces will also make good hiding places, and they will look relatively natural too. - Provides security for your snake or reptile - Smooth plastic inside and ou - Single plastic reptile hide There are a number of plant species that will work well in a Pacman frog enclosure – just be sure to select a species that thrives in damp, low-light conditions. Golden pothos plants are the default option for many keepers, but feel free to experiment with other non-toxic, hardy species. Make sure that you provide your Pacman frog with a large, shallow water dish. It should be wide enough to accommodate your frog’s entire body, but it should be shallow enough that your frog can rest in the dish while still keeping his nostrils above the surface. Don’t make your Pacman frog swim, as this may cause him to drown. - Zoo Med Repti Ramp Bowl comes in a new large size that allows easy "in and out" access for your... - Easy access ramp helps prevent drowning. - This product is great for lizards, terrestrial land turtles (up to 4 in/10 cm shell length), frogs,... It is important that you avoid using chlorinated tap water for your frog. Instead, use treated (dechlorinated) tap water or spring water. Do not use distilled water. Heating and Lighting The heating and lighting requirements of Pacman frogs are relatively easy to satisfy. In some cases, you won’t need to use lights or heating devices at all. Pacman frogs will typically thrive with nothing more than the ambient room light entering the enclosure. They don’t require full-spectrum lighting the way some other species do, and extremely bright lighting may even be stressful for the frogs. Nevertheless, you can use low-wattage fluorescent lighting over the habitat to make your pet and the enclosure look attractive. If you use lights, be sure to provide a consistent 12-hour photoperiod to avoid stressing your pet. Pacman frogs do require relatively warm temperatures, typically in the 75- to 80-degree Fahrenheit range. You may be able to provide temperatures in this range by simply placing your frog’s habitat in a warm area in your home. If this isn’t possible, a low-wattage heat lamp will easily bring the temperatures within this range. Just be sure to use a thermometer to monitor your temperatures. Like many other frogs, Pacman frogs require relatively high humidity levels to remain healthy. Adults can often survive at lower humidity levels than young Pacman frogs can, but none will tolerate extremely dry conditions. In fact, if you allow the habitat to dry out, your frog may even begin to estivate (the warm-weather equivalent of hibernation). The best way to provide suitably high humidity levels for your pet is by keeping the substrate relatively damp and misting the habitat every day with dechlorinated water or spring water. While Pacman frogs will generally tolerate more moisture than necessary, it is imperative that you keep the habitat clean. Warm, wet conditions will encourage the presence of bacteria and fungi, which may affect your pet’s health. Feeding Your New Frog Feeding is the favorite aspect of Pacman frog care for many frog keepers, and it is easy to see why: Not only are they willing to eat just about anything that fits in their mouths, but it is also fun to watch a normally sedentary frog burst into action when feeding. But unfortunately, this can lead to problems when keepers are too zealous in their feeding attempts, as Pacman frogs can become obese if fed too much. So, while you should enjoy feeding time for your frog, be careful to monitor your pet’s body weight and condition. If you notice your pet becoming obese, you’ll want to slow down his feeding schedule. Typically, you’ll want to feed a Pacman frog two to three times per week, although mature adults can often remain healthy when fed every five to seven days. You can feed your Pacman frog a variety of prey types, but crickets and roaches should form the bulk of your pet’s diet. Although Pacman frogs will readily consume frogs, lizards and other small prey, it is wise to avoid feeding these species to your pet, as they may transmit parasites. Some keepers enjoy feeding their frog newborn mice, but this should be done sparingly, if at all. Small mice are not only full of calories and fat, but they are also relatively calcium deficient. If you do choose to feed newborn (“pink”) mice to your frog, be sure to select frozen-thawed rodents – there is no reason to put a newborn rodent through the stress of being consumed alive. Interacting with Your Pacman Frog Generally speaking, you should limit the amount of direct, hands-on interaction you have with your frog. Excessive handling will likely stress your pet, and your dry, warm hands may irritate his skin too. Further, Pacman frogs are often rather pugnacious, and they rarely tolerate much handling. In fact, Pacman frogs are typically willing to bite when threatened – a rare personality trait among frogs. And because of their strong jaws, large mouths and tooth-like projections, their bites can be surprisingly painful. However, you’ll need to interact with your frog from time to time. If for no other reason, you’ll need to inspect him regularly to ensure he is in good health. You’ll also need to remove him from his enclosure to tend to the substrate and habitat. So, when it becomes necessary to interact with your Pacman frog, try to shepherd him into a small plastic container. This will provide a comfortable place for him to rest while you clean his cage or inspect him, and it will eliminate the need to put your hands directly on him. Pacman frogs aren’t everybody’s cup of tea, but they can make very rewarding pets for keepers who like their unusual appearance and spunky attitudes. Just be sure to set yourself up for success by starting with a healthy individual and setting up the habitat correctly. If you do these things and feed your Pacman frog a reasonable amount of food, you should be able to enjoy your new pet for years to come. Last update on 2020-04-04 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API

<urn:uuid:62399932-e3bb-45dc-9a85-e185b1a780cd>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.reptileadvisor.com/pacman-frog-care/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370521574.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404073139-20200404103139-00074.warc.gz

en

Italian violin makers are famous for their creativity and versatility. From the days of Andrea Amati they produced a mind-boggling array of variations on the same basic theme. This diversity is the fundamental hallmark of Italian violin making and, as a result, identifying the greatest old instruments is both fascinating and challenging. Practically every maker’s work is individual enough, even within the same school and period, to make it unique and identifiable. Minor or major misattribution only happens as a result of our lack of knowledge, aided by the long-standing practice of relabeling instruments, and by the rarity of these instruments themselves. Italian makers – including Stradivari – were adept at creating their own models based on the work of their direct predecessors, but copying directly or even indirectly was never high on their agenda and those copies that do exist are normally not highly reminiscent of the prototypes by today’s standard. What is interesting is that both during Stradivari’s life and for a time after his death in 1737, his style was neither understood nor widely copied. Once the classical Cremonese period had ended in the mid-18th century, most Italian violin making centers focused on the styles of Amati and Stainer. This nevertheless provided some outstanding results from makers such as Pietro Guarneri, Domenico Montagnana, David Tecchler, Carlo Ferdinando Landolfi, Carlo Tononi, Matteo Goffriller and a few others. Even those instruments that Stradivari’s own sons, Francesco and Omobono, made after his death are generally faithful in concept to those of their father, but still have a unique character and are distinctly recognizable. Antonio Stradivari was without doubt far ahead of his time. It took decades of musical evolution for his mastery to be fully acknowledged, and even longer for that of the other Cremonese genius, Guarneri ‘del Gesù’. Italian makers in the 18th century rarely copied Stradivari, probably because contemporary musicians seemed interested in instruments with a mellower sonority, which were perhaps more easily controlled, but also because few makers could match his meticulous craftsmanship. Another factor was likely the Austrian domination of the northern Italian states at the time and their imposition of Austrian ways and culture, which would naturally favor Stainer. Even those excellent later 18th-century makers who did pay heed to Stradivari’s work appear to have been handicapped by the absence of appropriate tools and varnishes, and possibly by lack of access to the original instruments. However, these makers’ efforts, as we shall see, helped to keep the Cremonese flame alive and collectively they played an important part in the process by which the Stradivari influence had eclipsed that of Jacob Stainer by the end of the 18th century, and eventually would outdo Amati too. One notable exception was Gennaro Gagliano of Naples, who made excellent Stradivari ‘copies’ perhaps as early as 1740 – some complete with imitation Stradivari labels. There must have been a number of Strads in Naples at the time, as Gagliano also brought out some of the earliest copies of the Stradivari ‘forma B’ cello. His equally skilled brother, Nicolò, was more inclined to copy Amati, though he also dabbled in Stradivari models. Strad copies by both brothers are highly characteristic and easily recognizable as being by the Gaglianos – apart from the well-executed Stradivari form and arching, in their finer detailing and varnish they have little in common with the real thing. The later exponents of the Gagliano family continued to base their instruments on their ancestors’ work rather than that of Stradivari. This, together with a general decline in the quality of output from the Gagliano makers during the 19th century, led to an almost total abandonment of the Strad model in Naples. One of the earliest attempts by a violin maker to copy Stradivari in a territory where Stainer reigned supreme was the Englishman Daniel Parker, who worked in London during the first third of the 18th century. Parker based his best instruments on the ‘long pattern’ Strad model, which was employed by Stradivari in the last decade of the 17th century, probably because he had had the opportunity to study one or more of these violins. His departure from the English Stainer tradition in favor of Stradivari (including attempting to imitate Strad varnish) was audacious and admirable, but his ability and knowledge of Cremona were rather limited and hindered his capacity to influence other English makers. He remains a fascinating footnote, rather than a key player in this story. One important maker to be converted to the Strad pattern and help spread it outside Italy was Vincenzo Trusiano Panormo, who is today the most highly valued ‘English’ maker. Panormo had learned about the Stradivari model second hand, possibly in Naples. He spent time in Paris between around 1779 and 1789, when his workshop was close to that of Léopold Renaudin, another early adopter of the Strad model. He also worked in London at some stage in the 1770s and again from 1791. Panormo’s employer John Betts and other makers such as Bernard Simon Fendt and Benjamin Banks also developed Strad models and between them had given a new direction to British violin making by 1800. A little earlier in Spain, another pioneering champion of the Stradivari style had emerged: José Contreras of Granada and Madrid, often referred to as the ‘Spanish Stradivari’. He was exposed to Stradivari’s work through the Spanish court and by the mid-18th century was producing excellent instruments based on the Strad model. Of the early imitators of Stradivari, he was perhaps the most convincing, having had the opportunity to copy directly from the originals. One of his most famous and interesting contributions is the replacement top and scroll made for the Stradivari cello of 1717 known as the ‘Amaryllis Fleming’, in which he displayed an uncanny ability to imitate the varnish and the model of the original to such a high level that it leaves one wondering whether he had also made a back and sides for the original Stradivari top in order to get two ‘complete’ Strads. Spanish violin making, though relatively small in scale, generally remained free of the Stainer influence. As the 18th century progressed, there were important developments back in Italy. Nicolò Bergonzi and Lorenzo Storioni, who flourished in Cremona from around 1770, show some familiarity with the Stradivari and Guarneri working methods, inheriting vestiges of their style and flair. Their excellent work is inspired by both of the great makers and indeed they often worked on the Guarneri ‘del Gesù’ model about 50 years before it became widely popularized thanks to the preference of Nicolò Paganini and some other legendary violinists for Guarneri instruments. Meanwhile in late 18th-century Turin, Giovanni Battista Guadagnini, who appears to have had no direct connection to Stradivari or Cremonese methods, was commissioned by Count Cozio to copy the Stradivari instruments from his collection, which he had acquired from Paolo Stradivari in 1775. This exercise brought us the highly esteemed Turin Guadagninis, which are loosely based on the later Stradivari workshop principles, yet are entirely individual and ironically would probably meet with scant approval at any modern violin making competition. However, as far as Italian violin making was concerned, the richness of the 18th century would give way to the much more fallow 19th century. Italy’s tumultuous history under French and Austrian rule and its painful eventual unification in 1871 resulted in a slower transition towards industrialization than elsewhere in Europe. Perhaps as a result, in Italy the 19th century produced relatively few great violin makers apart from a few notable exceptions including Giovanni Francesco Pressenda and Giuseppe Rocca. Pressenda, who began his career in the 1810s with French-manner Strad models, later fused the Stradivari and Guarneri patterns to form his own model. Rocca’s style is clearly defined by the same two prototypes, though without Pressenda’s fusion; he skilfully made copies of two instruments shown to him by Luigi Tarisio in the early 1840s, the ‘Messiah’ Strad and, less frequently, the ‘Alard’ Guarneri ‘del Gesù’. Rocca used these models liberally throughout the rest of his life. His were probably the first and the most compelling Italian models of Strad and ‘del Gesù’ since Gennaro Gagliano’s of almost a hundred years earlier. The imitation game was sporadically alive elsewhere in Italy. Two less well-known 19th-century makers who were inspired by classical Cremona were Antonio Gibertini (1797–1866) and Ludovico Rastelli (1801–1878) in Genoa. Both had built a few Guarneri-modeled instruments, mostly because Paganini’s ‘Il Cannone’ had been revered in that city since the early 19th century, and they were probably encouraged by their clientele to emulate it, though their copies show only a basic, sometimes exaggerated, Guarneri pattern and miss the original by a mile in nearly all other aspects. This was the general later trend of the modern Genoese school, continued by Eugenio Praga, Enrico Rocca, Cesare Candi and all the future Italian imitators of ‘Il Cannone’. There were undoubtedly other Italian makers in the 19th century making under the loose inspiration of Stradivari, including the later Gaglianos, Andrea Postacchini, Giuseppe Baldantoni and Giuseppe Dal Aglio. But overall Italy’s production in the later 19th century could be seen as school-less, second rate and haphazard. It was therefore fortuitous that outside Italian violin making during this same period, there was a surge in both quality and quantity of production. In part 2, Dmitry Gindin looks at how the Cremona influence continued its spread in the 19th century. Dmitry Gindin is an expert, consultant and author of The Late Cremonese Violin Makers. The articles in this series are adopted from his forthcoming book on a selection of the greatest modern Italian violin makers, featuring high-quality photographs of iconic and interesting examples.

<urn:uuid:fb6b9678-904e-46e9-ae9d-5ffb5e471e7f>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://tarisio.com/cozio-archive/cozio-carteggio/copying-the-best-of-cremona-a-brief-survey-part-1/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371618784.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406035448-20200406065948-00233.warc.gz

en

Tonight we study the Tabernacle because it is the single subject to which the Bible devotes more chapters than to any other. The Tabernacle was invented, planned, and designed by God to give us an insight into worship at the very Throne of God. Let’s go there by way of Hebrews 12:22-24. Please stand and seek our God as He speaks to us. The Scriptures tell us that in the Church “you have come” (right now!) to these seven sublime realities: - To the City of God, our final destination - To myriads of angels, our faithful servants - To fellow-believers, our fellow pilgrims - To God, our focus of worship - To the Church Triumphant, our faithful examples - To Jesus, our beautiful Savior - To forgiveness, our greatest possession! Heaven as described in the books of Revelation and Ezekiel, brings to our minds a picture of angels—millions of angels—“ten thousand times ten thousand”—massed around the circular shore of a waveless sea of glass that reflects those countless hosts from its mirrored surface. - Looking around we can count twenty-four thrones set in a circle, each seating a celestial man wearing a crown. - Then inside that ring of thrones are four magnificent seraphim. Each has a distinct visage—a lion, an ox, a man, and an eagle—and yet every inch of each of them is covered with eyes. Rather than grotesque, the effect is gorgeous. Fire moves back and forth among them, and the creatures speed to and fro like flashes of lightning. The sound of their whirring wings roars across the expanse, but above that rises their call: Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God Almighty, who was, and is, and is to come. (Revelation 4:8) - Above us and over the heads of the living creatures hangs an awesome expanse—sparkling like ice, providing a jewel-like setting for the emerald throne. On the throne sits one who has the appearance of glowing jasper and carnelian. Then appears “a Lamb, looking as if it had been slain, standing in the center of the throne” (5:6). He takes the scroll from the right hand of him who sits on the throne, and all fall prostrate before him—the four great angels, the twenty-four elders, and the millions around the sea—and most of all, us! And we sing with them: Worthy is the Lamb, who was slain, to receive power and wealth and wisdom and strength and honor and glory and praise! (5:12). Worship is a presentation of our gifts to God. In Matthew when we read that these wise men “presented unto Him gifts, gold, frankincense and myrrh,” we need to pause and consider the significance of these gifts. Gold speaks of Deity, as a study of the Tabernacle makes plain. Frankincense gives forth its perfume only as it is brought into contact with fire. Myrrh speaks of suffering, and is associated with the death and burial of our Lord. Thus these wise men, by the gifts they presented to Him, expressed first, their faith in His essential and eternal Deity; second, their appreciation of the fragrance of His sinless life which should ascend, as a sweet perfume, to His Father; and third, their estimation of the virtue and value of His vicarious sufferings, by which the redemption of humanity should be accomplished. Temple: Rev. 7.15; 11.19; 14.15,17; 15.5,6,8; 16.1, 17; 21.22 Golden Incense Altar: 8.3; 8.5; 9.13 Only two chapters in the Bible are devoted to the creation story, whereas some fifty chapters focus on the Tabernacle (see especially Ex. 25-40). The Tabernacle is important and demands attention in our study, because it is a giant portrait of Jesus Christ. Everywhere you look in the Tabernacle you can see Him. - THE COURTYARD OF THE TABERNACLE was one hundred fifty feet long and seventy-five feet wide. Its single gate, on the east side, was thirty feet wide and seven and a half feet high, allowing a large number of people to enter at the same time. It is a graphic picture of Jesus Christ, who said, “I am the way” and “I am the door.” Just as there was only one entrance to the Tabernacle, there is only one way to God-the only Way and the only Door, Jesus Christ. Christianity is exclusive, not because Christians make it so but because God has made it so. Throughout the centuries, of course, Christians have made the earthly church exclusive in many wrong ways. But God has intentionally made His spiritual, eternal church exclusive. It can be entered only through Jesus Christ. - The first article of furniture in the outer court was THE BRONZE ALTAR. It was made of acacia wood sheathed with bronze. It was seven and a half feet square, stood four and a half feet off the ground, and was topped with a bronze grate. The coals were placed underneath the grate and the sacrifice was placed on top. On the four corners of the altar were horns, to which the animal was bound when it was being sacrificed. The bronze altar is again a perfect picture of Jesus Christ, who Himself was a sacrifice for sin. - The next piece of furniture in the court was THE LAVER or basin, also made of bronze. In it the priests would wash their hands, and even sometimes their feet, as they went about the bloody services of sacrifice. Here is a picture of Jesus Christ as the cleanser of His people. Once we have received forgiveness for our sins through Christ’s sacrifice of Himself, we still need His daily cleansing that restores fellowship and joy. - Still moving west across the courtyard, we come to THE TABERNACLE proper-forty-five feet long, fifteen feet wide, and fifteen feet high. The holy place took up two-thirds of this area, which means that the holy of holies was a perfect fifteen-foot cube. Only priests could go into the Holy Place, in which were three pieces of furniture. The writer of Hebrews mentions only two, because, as he says, he cannot speak in detail (9:5). - The Holy Place. On the left, as the priest entered, was a solid GOLD LAMPSTAND having seven branches, each filled with the purest olive oil. “While I am in the world, I am the light of the world,” Jesus said (John 9:5). When He left the world, the world was left in darkness, and only for believers is He the light of life. He is the light that directs our paths, the One who, through the Spirit, illumines our minds to understand spiritual truth. He is the One who, by the indwelling Spirit, guides us through the world of darkness. He is our light. - On the right was THE TABLE on which was THE SACRED BREAD, or show-bread. This table, like the base of the altar, was of acacia wood overlaid with gold. It was three feet long, one and a half feet wide, and two and a quarter feet high. Every Sabbath twelve loaves of fresh bread were set on it, one for each of the twelve tribes. At the end of the week, the priests, and only the priests, were allowed to eat the loaves. Jesus is our sustenance. He is our table of sacred bread. He is the One who feeds us every day, who sustains us with the Word. The Word is not only our food but our light. And the oil is the Spirit of God, who lights the Word for us. The altar of incense pictures Jesus interceding for us, the perfect Sacrifice becoming the perfect Intercessor. - Farther in and to the center of the Holy Place was THE ALTAR OF INCENSE. It, too, was of gold-overlaid acacia wood, one and one-half feet square and about three feet high. On this altar were placed the burning coals from the bronze altar in the courtyard, where sacrifice was made. These three pieces of furniture also picture Christ. Everything in the outer courtyard was connected with salvation and the cleansing of sins. - Jesus accomplished His sacrificial work on earth, outside God”s heavenly presence. - The outer court was accessible to all the people, just as Christ is accessible to all who will come to Him. - But in His heavenly sanctuary He is shut off from the world, temporarily even from His own people. - From His heavenly place now, Jesus lights our path (pictured by the golden lampstand), He feeds us (pictured by the table of sacred bread), and He intercedes for us (pictured by the altar of incense). - The Holy of Holies. Behind the second veil, there was a tabernacle which is called the Holy of Holies, into which only the high priest could enter, and that but once a year, on the Day of Atonement. In this holiest of earthly places was only one piece of furniture, the ark of the covenant. In it were three very precious articles: a golden jar holding manna, Aaron’s rod which budded, and the tables of the covenant. Made of acacia wood overlaid with gold, it was about three feet nine inches long, two feet three inches wide and two feet high. On the lid was the mercy seat, on which were the cherubim of glory, angelic figures made of solid gold. It was between the wings of those angels, on the mercy seat, that God met men. “And there I will meet with you; and from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubim which are upon the ark of the testimony, I will speak to you about all that I will give you in commandment for the sons of Israel” (Ex. 25:22). If God and man were to meet it could only have been there. The central, in fact the only, thing in the Holy of Holies was THE ARK, which represents Jesus Christ, the true mercy seat. When we meet Jesus Christ as Savior, we are ushered into the presence of God, into the true Holy of Holies. God no longer communes with men between the wings of cherubim on a gold mercy seat. He communes with men in His Son, by whom the veil was torn in two. Jesus Christ is the mercy seat. Only on the basis of the blood of a goat would God have fellowship with Israel, and only on the basis of the blood of Christ will God have fellowship with men. John, in using the term “propitiation,” in 1 John 2:2, relates Jesus to the mercy seat, since that very word is used for mercy seat in the Septuagint translation of Exodus 25:17. Hughes, R. Kent, Preaching the Word: Hebrews Vol 1&2—An Anchor for the Soul, (Westchester, IL: Crossway Books) 1998, c1993. A. P. Gibbs, Worship, p. 45 MacArthur, John F., The MacArthur New Testament Commentary, (Chicago: Moody Press) 1983.

<urn:uuid:513d46a8-3b38-41d0-8282-da39c548fb9e>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://discoverthebook.org/entering-gods-presence-3/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505826.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401161832-20200401191832-00275.warc.gz

en

Humanities › History & Culture The Mughal Empire in India Central Asian Rulers of India Who Built the Taj Mahal Share Flipboard Email Print powerofforever / Getty Images History & Culture Asian History South Asia Basics Figures & Events Southeast Asia East Asia Middle East Central Asia Asian Wars and Battles American History African American History African History Ancient History and Culture European History Genealogy Inventions Latin American History Medieval & Renaissance History Military History The 20th Century Women's History View More Table of Contents Expand Economics and Organization Rules of Succession The Founding of the Mughal Empire Babur's Reign Height of the Mughals Shah Jahan and the Taj Mahal The Mughal Empire Weakens The British East India Company The Last Days of the Mughal Empire Legacy Sources By Kallie Szczepanski History Expert Ph.D., History, Boston University J.D., University of Washington School of Law B.A., History, Western Washington University Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. our editorial process Kallie Szczepanski Updated July 08, 2019 The Mughal Empire (also known as Mogul, Timurid, or Hindustan empire) is considered one of the classic periods of India's long and amazing history. In 1526, Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babur, a man with Mongol heritage from central Asia, established a foothold in the Indian subcontinent which was to last for more than three centuries. By 1650, the Mughal Empire was one of three leading powers of the Islamic world—the so-called Gunpowder Empires—which also included the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. At its height, around 1690, the Mughal Empire ruled almost the entire subcontinent of India, controlling four million square kilometers of land and a population of about 160 million. Economics and Organization The Mughal emperors (or Great Mughals) were despotic rulers who relied upon and held sway over a large number of ruling elites. The imperial court included officers, bureaucrats, secretaries, court historians, and accountants, who produced astounding documentation of the empire's day-to-day operations. The elites were organized on the basis of the mansabdari system, a military and administrative system developed by Genghis Khan and applied by the Mughal leaders to classify the nobility. The emperor controlled the nobles' lives, from who they married to their education in arithmetic, agriculture, medicine, household management, and the rules of government. The economic life of the empire was buoyed by a strong international market trade, including goods produced by farmers and artisans. The emperor and his court were supported by taxation and the ownership of a region known as the Khalisa Sharifa, which varied in size with the emperor. The rulers also established Jagirs, feudal land grants which were commonly administered by local leaders. Rules of Succession Although each classic period Mughal ruler was the son of his predecessor, the succession was by no means one of primogeniture—the eldest did not necessarily win his father's throne. In the Mughal world, every son had an equal share in his father's patrimony, and all males within a ruling group had a right to succeed to the throne, creating an open-ended, if contentious, system. Each son was semi-independent of his father and received semipermanent territorial holdings when he was deemed old enough to manage them. There were often fierce battles among the princes when a ruler died. The rule of succession could be summed up by the Persian phrase Takht, ya takhta (either throne or funeral bier). The Founding of the Mughal Empire The young prince Babur, who was descended from Timur on his father's side and Genghis Khan on his mother's, finished his conquest of northern India in 1526, defeating the Delhi Sultan Ibrahim Shah Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. Babur was a refugee from the fierce dynastic struggles in Central Asia; his uncles and other warlords had repeatedly denied him rule over the Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Fergana, his birthright. Babur was able to establish a base in Kabul, though, from which he turned south and conquered much of the Indian subcontinent. Babur called his dynasty "Timurid," but it is better known as the Mughal Dynasty—a Persian rendering of the word "Mongol." Babur's Reign Babur was never able to conquer Rajputana, home of the warlike Rajputs. He ruled over the rest of northern India and the plain of the Ganges River, though. Although he was a Muslim, Babur followed a rather loose interpretation of the Quran in some ways. He drank heavily at his famously lavish feasts, and also enjoyed smoking hashish. Babur's flexible and tolerant religious views would be all the more evident in his grandson, Akbar the Great. In 1530, Babur died at the age of 47. His eldest son Humayan fought off an attempt to seat his aunt's husband as emperor and assumed the throne. Babur's body was returned to Kabul, Afghanistan, nine years after his death, and buried in the Bagh-e Babur. Height of the Mughals Humayan was not a very strong leader. In 1540, the Pashtun ruler Sher Shah Suri defeated the Timurids, deposing Humayan. The second Timurid emperor only regained his throne with aid from Persia in 1555, a year before his death, but at that time he managed even to expand on Babur's empire. When Humayan died after a fall down the stairs, his 13-year-old son Akbar was crowned. Akbar defeated the remnants of the Pashtuns and brought some previously unquelled Hindu regions under Timurid control. He also gained control over Rajput through diplomacy and marriage alliances. Akbar was an enthusiastic patron of literature, poetry, architecture, science, and painting. Although he was a committed Muslim, Akbar encouraged religious tolerance and sought wisdom from holy men of all faiths. He became known as Akbar the Great. Shah Jahan and the Taj Mahal Akbar's son, Jahangir, ruled the Mughal Empire in peace and prosperity from 1605 until 1627. He was succeeded by his own son, Shah Jahan. The 36-year-old Shah Jahan inherited an incredible empire in 1627, but any joy he felt would be short-lived. Just four years later, his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died during the birth of their 14th child. The emperor went into deep mourning and was not seen in public for a year. As an expression of his love, Shah Jahan commissioned the building of a magnificent tomb for his dear wife. Designed by the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, and constructed of white marble, the Taj Mahal is considered the crowning achievement of Mughal architecture. The Mughal Empire Weakens Shah Jahan's third son, Aurangzeb, seized the throne and had all of his brothers executed after a protracted succession struggle in 1658. At the time, Shah Jahan was still alive, but Aurangzeb had his sickly father confined to the Fort at Agra. Shah Jahan spent his declining years gazing out at the Taj and died in 1666. The ruthless Aurangzeb proved to be the last of the "Great Mughals." Throughout his reign, he expanded the empire in all directions. He also enforced a much more orthodox brand of Islam, even banning music in the empire (which made many Hindu rites impossible to perform). A three-year revolt by the Mughals' long-time ally, the Pashtun, began in 1672. In the aftermath, the Mughals lost much of their authority in what is now Afghanistan, seriously weakening the empire. The British East India Company Aurangzeb died in 1707, and the Mughal state began a long, slow process of crumbling from within and without. Increasing peasant revolts and sectarian violence threatened the stability of the throne, and various nobles and warlords sought to control the line of weak emperors. All around the borders, powerful new kingdoms sprang up and began to chip away at Mughal land holdings. The British East India Company (BEI) was founded in 1600, while Akbar was still on the throne. Initially, it was only interested in trade and had to content itself with working around the fringes of the Mughal Empire. As the Mughals weakened, however, the BEI grew increasingly powerful. The Last Days of the Mughal Empire In 1757, the BEI defeated the Nawab of Bengal and French company interests at the Battle of Palashi. After this victory, the BEI took political control of much of the subcontinent, marking the start of the British Raj in India. The later Mughal rulers held on to their throne, but they were simply puppets of the British. In 1857, half of the Indian Army rose up against the BEI in what is known as the Sepoy Rebellion or the Indian Mutiny. The British home government intervened to protect its own financial stake in the company and put down the rebellion. Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was arrested, tried for treason, and exiled to Burma. It was the end of the Mughal Dynasty. Legacy The Mughal Dynasty left a large and visible mark on India. Among the most striking examples of Mughal heritage are the many beautiful buildings that were constructed in the Mughal style—not just the Taj Mahal, but also the Red Fort in Delhi, the Fort of Agra, Humayan's Tomb and a number of other lovely works. The melding of Persian and Indian styles created some of the world's best-known monuments. This combination of influences can also be seen in the arts, cuisine, gardens, and even in the Urdu language. Through the Mughals, Indo-Persian culture reached an apogee of refinement and beauty. Sources Asher, Catherine B. "Sub–Imperial Palaces: Power and Authority in Mughal India." Ars Orientalis 23, 1993.Begley, Wayne E. "The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of Its Symbolic Meaning." The Art Bulletin, 1979.Chand, Shyam. "Book Review: Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of the RSS by Shamsul Islam," Tribune India, 2006.Faraqui, Munis D. "The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719." Cambridge University Press, 2012.Foltz, Richard. "Cultural Contacts between Central Asia and Mughal India." Central Asiatic Journal, 1998.Haider, Najaf. "Norms of Professional Excellence and Good Conduct in Accountancy Manuals of the Mughal Empire." International Review of Social History, 2011.Mukhia, Harbans. "The Mughals of India, New Delhi." Wiley-Blackwell, 2004.Schimmel, Annemarie & Burzine K. Waghmar. "The Great Empire of the Mughals: History, Art and Culture." Reaktion Books, 2004.

<urn:uuid:d645e41a-7aa7-4e67-b2e1-7da56709e5eb>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.thoughtco.com/the-mughal-empire-in-india-195498

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330120036-20200330150036-00234.warc.gz

en

Whenever we come across this term Yoga or hear about it, what is the first thing that comes to our minds? Some very difficult poses and complicated bodily movements right! In modern age, Asana which means Hatha Yoga Poses; captures the imagination of people’s mind. But in the tradition of Yoga Asana occupies very little space. Then the question arises what yoga is, if it is not primarily a discipline or tradition of asana? To understand that we have to understand the meaning of the term yoga. Yoga, in fact is a generic term which literally means Union. We also have to understand that fundamentally metaphysics of yoga is spiritual and it is not just a tradition of practical tools and techniques, rather it is a way of life. Traditionally, Yoga is treated as a lifestyle. Yoga simply denotes a path and a process which leads to an ultimate experience of self-actualization. To reach there, tradition of yoga presents us with various spiritual philosophies, methodologies which comprise of many different techniques and of course a recommended life-style which help establish harmony at various levels of human functioning. Yoga is not a Religion Some people may also have this misconception that Yoga is religious belief or system. On the contrary, Yoga is simply a philosophy which teaches us how to live a life with harmony, inner joy and fulfilment. And to attain this state of everlasting peace and harmony a lifestyle is recommended, which is comprised of following certain processes, instilling uplifting ethical values in life, living a healthy life-style and holding positive perspectives towards life events. All of these different guiding principles of Yogic life, aim at just one thing; as how to help an individual lead a harmonious life. A life which is full of spontaneity, inner freedom and joy. When you look at the development and evolution of Yogic tradition, you will find that evidences of yogic practices were found around 3000 BC. In ancient culture yogic methods and philosophy were practiced as a way of life by ancients. In Indian subcontinent, many different philosophies and cultures coexisted without having conflicts against each other. And each philosophy presented a very specific viewpoint or perspective towards reality and how to overcome human limitations and suffering. In essence collective consciousness of ancient Indian culture aimed at uplifting the quality of life through physical, mental, emotional and life-style education. Branches of Yoga Yoga is a path; a philosophy to harmonize the interactions and expressions of consciousness and energies in an individual. There are numerous methods and tools employed to reach a state of inner poise, balance and harmony. These interactions of energies and consciousness expresses on different layers of existence; creating various dimensions of human functioning and experiences. In our lives we express our energies on the physical, mental, emotional, intellectual and behavioural planes. From the grossest level; it is physical body where both energy and consciousness interact on the planes of gross energies, vitality and senses. Then on subtler plane we have the expressions of mental energies. Existence of emotional energies make us experience the emotional dimension of being. And then we do experience more subtle expressions of intellect in the form of clear, detached and refined perspective to life and events. The cumulative interactions of these various energies and consciousness present there result in the outcome of an uplifting behavioural patterns and interaction with the external environment. Establishing harmony at various planes of human existence is the goal of various yogic paths. A traditional path or branch of yoga looks after existing energies or expressions of consciousness present in certain dimension of existence. Each of these paths prescribes distinct methods to harmonize a particular level of human existence. For the purpose of understanding there are five distinct traditional branches of yoga which suit the different temperaments and help harmonize our beings. It is also to clarify before delving into this discussion that none of these levels of functioning exist in separation. There is definite interactions and interconnected amongst all of these planes of existence. This study will help the reader understand the subject matter and scope of these five traditional branches of yoga. Hatha yoga uses the body as an instrument to expand and liberate the mind. Philosophy of Tantras is the metaphysical background of Hatha Yoga. People, who see Hatha yoga merely as a system of physical discipline, should know this is one of those philosophies in India which established a direct link between Body, Mind and Energies. And secondly the founding principles of Tantras upon which Hatha Yoga tradition is based, is purely monistic, which sees a direct relationships and interconnectedness in all the different fabrics of creation. According to Tantras nothing exists in separation. All the different elements of manifestations have originated from the same source and essence of the same source of creation exists in all. The entire teaching of Tantras and Hatha Yoga focuses on tapping the essence or building blocks of creation; energy. Principles of Tantras propound that the creation is a pulsating or vibrant ‘Whole’ and very much alive. Based on the principles of interconnectedness and interaction between various levels of function, Hatha Yoga uses Body as an instrument to harmonize the mind. It says the states of body affect the mind and vice versa. But unlike Raja yoga it uses body and not mind as an instrument. Therefore most of the techniques of Hatha yoga work on the body to get the intended results. Practitioners of Hatha yoga should know that the ultimate purpose of Hatha yoga is not confined only up to body rather it works on expanding and releasing the energies of the mind-body complex. Practices of hatha yoga postures, breath-work (Pranayama), psycho-physical gestures (Mudra), psychic locks/contraction (Bandha) and cleansing practices, these all work together to harmonize the physical, mental and emotional energies of an individual. And in the due process one strives to liberate and expand the mind Results of all Hatha Yogic practices should take one to the state of elevated mind and awareness rather than getting identified/trapped within the field of body consciousness. To establish harmony at the physical and energetic planes; tradition of Hatha Yoga also emphasises on leading a very healthy life-style which consist of having sattvic foods. A food which is light on our systems, easy to digest and majorly consist of fresh and organic components. This sattvic food is consisted primarily of fresh vegetables, legumes, fruits, seeds and medicinal herbs. The wisdom says that fresh foods have enriched pranic energy which help nourish the body and harmonises mental and emotional energies. Tradition of Hatha Yoga follows the principles of Ayurveda, as far as one’s food and life-style are concerned. Just eating the food is not enough but the time you eat the food, how much you eat, what you eat, how you eat and mental attitude while you eat all these aspects are important. Even prevailing weather and climatic conditions are also considered. According to hatha Yoga and Ayurveda your foods change according to the changing weather. Following these principles one enjoys a state of health which is just a by-product of proper sync between you and the nature. Raja Yoga, literally known as kingly yoga aims to tame the tendencies of the mind. Since mind is considered as the controller or master of all our behaviors and endeavor, Raja yoga is called kingly because with its help one learns to rule over the mind and its tendencies. Therefore its philosophy and practices make the entire orientation of its teaching very meditative and mindful. The teachings in this yogic philosophy create very incisive insights into the nature and tendencies of the mind. This approach of teaching makes one watch and understand the mind from the standpoint of an observer. The principles and methods discussed in the manual of this branch are highly psychotherapeutic. Techniques of meditation emphasizing on developing meditative awareness in one’s day-to-day life have roots in Raja Yoga. The metaphysical background of Raja Yoga is Samkhya Philosophy which is one of the oldest existing philosophies in India. Bhakti yoga is the path of harnessing and channeling emotional energies. In the process practitioner nurtures and develops refined and uplifting emotions, which later are directed towards divine self, deity or guru. In bhakti yoga, singing kirtan (a group devotional song), bhajan (solo devotional song) or even mantra chanting are used as tools to create and channel devotional energies towards divine principle. For the followers of bhakti yoga, it is one of the quickest ways to transcend ego and uniting with the higher self. One quote of Ramana Maharshi on Bhakti yoga sums it up very nicely. When asked; what is bhakti yoga? He says; ‘to thinks of God. That means only one thought prevails to the exclusion of all other thoughts. That is of God which is the self or it is the self-surrender unto God; when he has taken you up nothing will assail you. The absence of thoughts is bhakti. It is also mukti (liberation).’ Gyana or Jnana Yoga Jnana Yoga is the path of self-enquiry. This path of yoga seeks answers to the most fundamental queries to find truth and purpose to life. One of the most fundamental questions, a seeker contemplates upon in this path is; ‘who am I?’ Who am I’ is an enquiry which shapes the journey of a spiritual aspirant. In traditional yogic discipline, Jnana yoga discusses the fundamental questions pertaining to spiritual truths, nature of reality, existence of suffering, causes of suffering and yogic processes to eliminate suffering.’ In this path of Jnana yoga through listening (shravana), contemplation and meditation on pure essence i.e. self; knowledge is attained. There are methods recommended in this path to refine one’s intellect which helps cut through the layers of identification with ever changing field of reality. Karma is translated as action. In this path or discipline of yoga one learns harmonize one’s attitude towards actions and fruits of actions. This branch of yoga teaches us how to let go of the attachments and egoistic desires associated with our actions and their outcomes. Therefore, it involves behavioral components and ‘awareness in action’. It resets our ego driven actions and transforms them into selfless work and actions, which are more liberating and uplifting. Essentially path of karma yoga teaches to drop the attitude of doer ship and dedicating all actions to divine self. According to Swami Sivananda, having motive to serve without expectations, attitude of service, dedication in action and letting go the attachment towards the fruit of actions are the qualities one imbibe following the path of Karma Yoga. Sushant is Meditation & Philosophy Teacher and Academic Director at Rishikesh Yogis. Sushant carries long years of experience teaching practical as well as philosophical aspects of Kundalini yoga, Kriya yoga, Hatha Yoga and Tantra philosophy.

<urn:uuid:9d6ef42a-71ad-4a2c-bb8f-5fbf0943bfd4>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.rishikeshyogisyogshala.org/a-comprehensive-view-on-yoga-tradition/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371660550.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406200320-20200406230820-00434.warc.gz

en

Religion and Creative Experience by Charles Hartshorne That man has a certain creative power is a commonplace nowadays. Making the most of this power is what is termed “living creatively.” Not only is creativity a widely recognized ideal for human action, it is also the first principle of the most daring and powerful philosophical system of this century, that of Whitehead, and Whitehead was preceded in this by other less notable philosophers. For these philosophers, to be is to create; it is impossible to exist at all in absolutely uncreative fashion. From atoms to deity, all things in their degree and kind act creatively. I believe that we have in this rather new type of philosophy an intellectual basis for religion far superior to any other. Unfortunately only a few, even among professional philosophers, have as yet a clear idea of this way of thinking. First, what is it to create? Whitehead takes as his primary example the process of human experiencing. His doctrine is simple: to experience is to create. What is the resulting product? Experience itself. Each experience is something new and unique, and to experience is always a free production of novelty. Bergson had already said this, but Whitehead makes it the central category of an ambitious system. People have looked for freedom in action, and of course freedom must somehow show up in action. Still, the first stage of free action is the way in which we interpret or experience the world. Only you or I can determine our own way of feeling and thinking our environment. The utmost slave has some freedom here which none can wholly suppress while the slave is alive. No matter how others coerce or persuade, he or she finally must make a unique and unpredictable response to the stimuli others bring to bear. It is vain to talk about psychological prediction as an absolute; for even after an experience has taken place not all the words in all languages could precisely describe that experience; and what cannot be said even afterwards certainly cannot be said in advance. Suppose that a person grows angry, as we have predicted. There are as many forms and qualities of angry experience as there are cases, and only more or less rough and crude descriptions of their differences are possible. Every experience is in some degree an unpredictable novelty. The stimuli molding an experience are many: the five or nine senses are operating; memory is relating us, at least unconsciously, to thousands of incidents of the past; but this multiplicity of influences is to produce a single unitary experience. The effect is one; the causes, however, are always many. This vast multitude of factors must flow together to produce a single new entity, the experience of the moment. By no magic can casual laws derive this new unity from the previous multiplicity. Certainly, the many stimuli tell us much about the response, but it is a logical impossibility that they should tell us all. An emergent synthesis is needed to decide just how each item is to blend in a single complex sensory-emotional-intellectual whole, the experience. Any motives are either but items going into the synthesis, or else they are the synthesis. To experience must be a free act, or nothing intelligible. Why is this not more generally realized? In part, because we have our minds chiefly upon the more important and exceptional modes of creativity, and so we overlook the humbler ones which are always there, like the man in Moliere who did not realize that he had been talking “prose” all his life. Freedom is always there, but the unusual kinds and degrees of freedom are not always there. While it is indeed important to distinguish between the higher and lower forms of freedom, we shall never understand life and the world until we see that the zero degree of freedom can only be the zero of experiencing, and even of reality. Apart from experience the idea of reality is empty, as some though not all philosophers admit. Accordingly, Whitehead proposes that we generalize, and take the free act of experiencing as the universal principle of reality. Not that human experience is the principle of reality, far from it. Human experience is only one form; from humans to molecules and atoms, we have a series of modes of organization; at no point can one say, “Below this there could be no experience.” If atoms respond to stimuli (and they do), how else could they show that they sense or feel? If you say that they have no sense organs, the reply is: neither do one-celled animals, yet they seem to perceive their environments. Imagine the universe as a vast system of experiencing individuals on innumerable levels. Each individual is in some measure free, for experiencing is a partly free act. Thus creativity, emergent novelty, is universal. In this way we perhaps understand why the physicists have had to reformulate the laws of nature as statistical, and not absolute uniformities. If all individuals act freely, what prevents the world from falling into hopeless confusion and chaos? How can there be even statistical regularities? Must not limits be somehow imposed upon freedom in order to make a world? How are the limits imposed? There are but two possible answers in a philosophy of universal creative experience. Either the various forms of experience scattered through nature miraculously limit or control themselves and each other and thus preserve a measure of harmony or mutual compatibility; or else some superior or at least cosmic, form of freedom furnishes a “directive” which ordinary freedom accepts or obeys. Without guidance, order seems a mere mystery. In a philosophy of freedom, only a superior form of creativity, to which all things respond and whose influence is given a certain priority, can furnish the guidance which orders the world. This is one way of putting the argument for belief in God. Divine action is supreme freedom furnishing a general direction to all lesser forms of freedom, thereby giving the universe an order. How is this cosmic direction imparted? How does the divine creativity act on the lesser creativities? How do lesser creativities act on each other? The answer which the new type of philosophy gives is as follows. Experience must have stimuli. We do not experience in a vacuum, nor does one simply experience his own experience of his own experience—experience of what? There must be objects of experience, data which are already there, ready to be experienced. If nothing is in the world but creative experience, what then are the objects which are experienced? Simply, previous cases of experience? Some of these are one’s own earlier experiences as one now remembers them. The rest are of other kinds. The cells of one’s body are, I believe, constantly furnishing their little experiences which, pooled together in our more comprehensive experience, constitute what we call our sensations. The cells respond to, or experience, our experiences, as is shown by the influence our thoughts and feelings have upon our bodily changes. The stimuli always influence the response, but they never wholly determine it. Recall also that the stimuli are really earlier responses, experiences which had their own stimuli. Thus, what sets limits to the freedom of a response is simply previous, partly free responses which have now become stimuli. When two of us talk, each response of one becomes a stimulus to the other. Always there is a degree of freedom; and the limit upon the present act of freedom is the sum of past acts to which it is a reaction. Experience as emergent synthesis feeds on its own previous products, and on nothing else whatever. This is the only intelligible escape from a blind dualism of mind and matter. What prevents anarchy, if freedom alone limits freedom? Keeping to our language of stimulus and response, what is needed to order the world is a higher level of response, which like every form of response becomes in its turn a stimulus—in this case, the supreme stimulus. Each individual in the world is in dialogue with its neighbors, influencing and being influenced by them; but each individual is also and above all in dialogue, largely unconscious no doubt, with the divine individual. Is this not the traditional belief in God, in new verbal dress? It is, and it isn’t. The old view had some disturbing features, which our language avoids. It was usually said that while God influenced all things, nothing influenced God. For God there are no stimuli; hence when divine power influences or stimulates the world, it is in a wholly extraordinary way. God, in the old theory, does not respond, but merely creates, “out of nothing.” If we refuse to allow an analogy between ordinary creative action and the divine “creating” of the cosmos, we use a word the meaning of which we cannot provide. Our new philosophical doctrine is that even God’s creativity is a higher form of emergent synthesis, or response to stimuli. God influences us supremely because God is supremely open to our influence and responds infinitely delicately to all things, while we respond delicately only to changes in our brain cells. God contributes to our lives in superior fashion in equally superior fashion, of receiving contributions from us. Like the sensitive parent or ruler, God enjoys observing our feelings and thoughts and responds to them with a perfection of appreciation to which no parent or ruler can attain. Because only God can appreciate us, together with all our neighbors, in our full worth, we unconsciously respond to this appreciation as we do not to any other, and so the order of the world is possible despite the assumption that only freedom exists to limit freedom. Consider now the advantages of this way of viewing God. Unlike the notion of divine creation as a purely one way action proceeding from God, our view does not threaten to deny the freedom or creativity of the creatures. How many theologians have talked as though God, being supremely free, produced individuals wholly without freedom? Individuals think they make decisions, but God, we say, has made all things, hence all decisions, but if God has literally and completely “made” my decision, how is it mine? Granted that we are willing to think of ourselves as absolute puppets whose every move is wholly controlled by deity, how could such puppets even have the notion of freedom form the theory that they are puppets controlled by the free decisions of God? Or would God, for them, be the great puppet—controlled by what? The entire view seems logically untenable. In our philosophy of universal freedom, no such divine monopoly upon decision making can be conceived. To create is to respond to the creative freedom of others; hence to be supremely creative is to respond supremely to that freedom. Look at another difference between the usual theistic doctrine and our view. If God creates by sheer fiat, out of nothing, why does God not make a world wholly good? I suggest that the very problem is false. We do not need to worship any such all-determining creator in God. Of course, a worshipful God must have the supreme cosmic, or perfect, form of creative power. To say that in God is the perfect or infinite form of creative response to the freedom of others is to imply that God has the freedom of others to respond to. Why, then is there evil in the world? Because the making of the world is not a simple act of deity, but a fusion of divine and lesser acts, all in their fashion self-determining, creative or free. As Lequier said, a century ago, God has created us creators of ourselves. Does such a view “limit” the power of God? This way of putting the question prejudices the answer and is to be rejected. To exert power, in our view, is to respond to the responses of others in such a way that the new response becomes in its turn a new stimulus. In this philosophy the word power has no other meaning which could be used to describe God. So we need not limit God’s power to make room for the freedom of the creatures or to explain evil; we need only take care that when we speak of divine or perfect “power,” we have a meaning for the word. This meaning will take care of creaturely freedom automatically. If all creatures must be free, then no divine directive could do more than set boundaries to the possibilities of discord and disorder in the world. Absolute order could in no way be guaranteed, not because God is weak, but because it would not be strength to abolish creaturely freedom and with it any world upon which the strength could be exercised. The problem of evil in its classical form is a pseudoproblem, due to the misuse of words. Millions of people over the earth do not believe in God, they would tell you, chiefly because of evil. The book of Job hints at my position. Believing in God does not necessarily mean accepting traditional religious views, such as the notions of personal immortality heaven, and hell. Personal immortality seems rather a rival to belief in God than a logical consequence of it. It is God who never dies, not humanity. Our sphere of action is on this planet, or eventually in this solar system and perhaps galaxy, between birth and death. As Robert Frost said, “Earth’s the right place for love: I don’t know where it’s likely to go better.” Is it an intelligent view that the only value our lives will have after they are over is in the faint echoes and influences which may linger in human memory and human life? Can we really live merely for posterity, from a long-run point of view? I believe not. And if you say that we live partly for our own sakes, for the sheer joy of living, then I reply, “yes, indeed, but I am speaking of ‘the long-run,” and in the long run, we and our joys are, from the naturalistic point of view, not there at all. If you say, we live merely for the present moment, I reply, not even the higher animals can do that, and from a rational point of view, once the future is brought in, is it not arbitrary to stop at one’s own death, or that of one’s grandchildren? As each of us lives on, from time to time some of our cells die. But what of it? We do not hesitate to suppose that the cells are there chiefly for our benefit, and if some of them die, do we not go on, and is not their contribution to our experience in some degree preserved in our memories? After all, the parts are for the sake of the whole. We readily see and accept this where we are the wholes, but is it not rational to say the same even where we are the parts and not the whole? Each of us is at least a part of humanity; but is that the ultimate whole of which we are parts? Is not humanity itself a fragment in space-time? Only a cosmic life, it seems, can be the real whole for the sake of which all exists. We humans are such egoists that we try every trick, and every evasion to miss the point; yet I cannot but think that if our species survives long enough, we will at last weary of these evasions and accept the obvious principle that the inclusive reality must contain all the values, but then must not the inclusive reality be the proper object of worship, the real divinity? Some say, God is our highest ideal, but what about the cosmos? Does a fragment set the goal for the entirety of things? Our view of God may be our highest ideal, but must not God propose the ideal, the directive, for the cosmos? The laws of nature are there to show that the ultimate directive does not come from human beings. Were we consulted in the setting of these laws? We guess the divine or cosmic ideal as best we can from observation, reasoning, and intuition. Traditional religions have treasured some of the results of past efforts in this direction. We should neither ignore these treasures nor assume their correctness. Human fallibility has seen to it that they contain many a confusion, one-sidedness, or self-serving illusion. All worship has been haunted by the specter of idolatry. Each generation must wrestle anew with the mixture. Is it not a pity to worship less-than-God? “Religion and Creative Experience,” The Unitarian Register and the Universalist Leader, June, 1962.

<urn:uuid:1e8453f7-12a8-4e35-b6ca-0e3d10eae33a>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/theology-philosophy/religion-and-creative-experience/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330120036-20200330150036-00235.warc.gz

en

December 23, 1969, was a blustery day in Ocean County, with winds gusting up to 20 miles per hour across Barnegat Bay and the temperature dipping into the teens. It was a slow news days as the country paused to celebrate Christmas. Reports emerged that a federal grand jury had issued new subpoenas in a corruption probe that would ultimately take down Newark mayor Hugh Addonizio. In Chicago, anti-war activist Abbie Hoffman took the stand in the notorious trial of the Chicago Seven. Across the Pacific, the Viet Cong agreed to a three-day Christmas truce as President Richard Nixon vowed to wind down the Vietnam War. On the U.S. pop charts, Peter, Paul and Mary’s “Leaving on a Jet Plane” reigned as number 1. Two years behind schedule, way over budget and with little fanfare, Jersey Central Power & Light put its Oyster Creek nuclear generating station online that day at 12:01 am, producing more than 500 megawatts of electrical power. It marked the first operational use of General Electric’s Mark 1 boiling-water reactor, promoted as a smaller, cheaper alternative to its predecessors. Nuclear power was already old hat. Oyster Creek, located in Forked River, an unincorporated community in Lacey Township, was the nation’s 16th commercial nuclear-fission power plant; another 48 reactors were under construction, and 41 were in the planning stage. The Oyster Creek startup garnered only a brief mention on page 33 of the New York Times. Over its lifetime, Oyster Creek would generate more than 192 terawatt hours of electricity—enough to continuously power about 600,000 homes for five decades. It would also produce 750 metric tons (1.7 million pounds) of radioactive nuclear waste. It experienced no major operational problems. At noon this past September 17, operators shut down the Oyster Creek turbine. Three minutes later, two “scram” buttons were simultaneously pushed, inserting 122 control rods into the reactor core and aborting the nuclear reaction inside the vessel. After nearly a half-century of operation, the nation’s oldest active nuclear power plant went offline for good. That began the onerous task of decontaminating and dismantling the plant—a process known as decommissioning. The shutdown also created severe financial angst among local officials, who had grown dependent on Oyster Creek’s tax revenue. And it offered the latest painful reminder that the United States lacks a plan to deal with a growing stockpile of radioactive nuclear waste. The shutdown left New Jersey with three operating nuclear reactors, which produce 37 percent of the state’s electricity. With the emergence in recent years of cheap and abundant natural gas, along with a growing appetite for renewable energy, plants like Oyster Creek have lost their competitive edge. The nuclear age is on the wane in the United States, at least in the commercial energy sector. Today, there are 60 active U.S. nuclear plants with 98 reactors, down from a high of 112 operational plants in 1991. Only two reactor plants are under construction. Oyster Creek’s license was to expire in 2029. But in 2010, the state Department of Environmental Protection ordered the plant to build cooling towers to protect Barnegat Bay from its warm-water discharges. After estimating the cost at more than $800 million, Exelon Corp., the current owner/operator, reached an agreement to close the plant in 2019. That was advanced to 2018 in part to manage costs. A CHANGE IN PLANS Shortly after the shutdown, plant employees began the process of cooling down the reactor and removing all nuclear fuel for storage in the plant’s used-fuel pool, a bath of highly purified, chemically balanced, fresh water. The 40-foot-deep pool—with reinforced concrete walls 2-feet thick—contains 2,430 fuel assemblies, more than half of the spent fuel that has accumulated over five decades. Exelon estimated decommissioning would take 60 years. Its method, a process known as SAFSTOR, includes waiting for the radiation—both in the fuel pool and the reactor—to diminish naturally over decades, reducing the contamination risk for workers dismantling the facility. That plan changed dramatically last summer when Exelon reached an agreement to sell the plant to Holtec International, which has a technology campus in Camden, and proposes to complete the task in less than eight years by expediting the transfer of the spent fuel from the pool to dry storage casks before its radiation has appreciably decayed. Holtec and Exelon have asked the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission for an expedited approval of the sale by May 1, prompting concern among environmentalists. “What’s the big hurry?” asks Janet Tauro, board chair of Clean Water Action NJ. “Holtec may be the best thing in the world, but we’re talking about 1.7 million pounds of nuclear waste.” Lacey Township, the Sierra Club and Concerned Citizens of Lacey have asked the NRC to hold a public hearing. Tauro and Clean Water Action New Jersey have asked the state attorney general for a review of the Exelon/Holtec deal. “The NRC will try to complete a review of the application by May 1,” says NRC spokesman Neil Sheehan. “But we have made it clear to Exelon and Holtec that achieving that will be contingent upon us receiving the information we need.” That could include information about technical aspects of the decommissioning and adequacy of funding for the project. Exelon and Holtec officials are nonetheless optimistic the deal will be approved on their timetable. Soon, the nuclear license and the 700-acre property would be transferred to Holtec—along with control of a nearly $1 billion decommissioning trust fund generated by utility ratepayers over decades. Holtec would assume all liability for the spent nuclear fuel—and any potential accidents. Jeff Tittel, director of the New Jersey Sierra Club, says he’s fine with the expedited decommissioning schedule. “It’s very doable and it’s been done many times throughout the country,” he notes. But he would like to see the storage site for the nuclear waste elevated and upgraded to withstand potential flooding or a terrorist attack. According to an AP report, the Sierra Club and several community groups also say the $1 billion fund is insufficient for cleanup and storage. Tittel is “most concerned,” however, about the transfer of Oyster Creek’s ownership from Exelon, an industry behemoth with deep pockets, to Holtec, a relatively small limited-liability company, which will subcontract the work to an even smaller subsidiary. “If there is some kind of accident, there will be no one to hold accountable,” he says. Kris Singh, who holds more than 90 patents, mostly related to nuclear energy, founded Holtec in 1986. His company has emerged as an industry leader in the management of spent nuclear fuel. Its dry-cask technology is used at 116 nuclear power plants around the world, including 65 in the United States. Those casks would be used to store Oyster Creek’s spent fuel. But Singh’s company lacks experience in cleaning up closed nuclear plants. That’s why it teamed with a Canadian engineering firm, SNC-Lavalin, to form Comprehensive Decommissioning International (CDI). Holtec has also reached agreements to purchase nuclear plants in Massachusetts and Michigan and perform expedited decommissioning there. The Massachusetts deal is awaiting NRC approval, and the Michigan deal will be submitted at a later date. “CDI, headquartered in Camden, has been established to bring the expertise of both companies together to ensure safe, rapid, and economic nuclear plant decommisioning,” says Holtec marketing and communications specialist Caitlin Marmion. What’s in it for Holtec? The company would, in effect, hire itself and its subsidiary to clean up the site by drawing fees from the decommissioning fund. Holtec also would purchase its own storage casks for the cleanup. And once the cleanup is done, it can profit from the sale of the 700-acre Oyster Creek site. SOUNDING THE ALARM Paul Gunter, a longtime environmental activist, policy analyst and nuclear-reactor watchdog for the advocacy group Beyond Nuclear, has been following activities at Oyster Creek for decades. He is calling for a thorough inspection of the plant’s GE Mark 1 reactor before it’s disposed of, citing its well-documented design flaws and a long history of modifications and retrofits. The reactor came under intense international scrutiny in 2011, after three of the same reactors melted down at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan. Holtec’s decommissioning plan “is like burying a body without an autopsy,” says Gunter. He notes that 21 GE Mark 1 reactors remain operational in the United States. (Holtec’s Marmion points out that the company’s plans to dismantle and dispose of the reactor are “in accordance with regulatory requirements.”) Gunter is also alarmed by Holtec’s partnership for the decommissioning work. SNC-Lavalin, Gunter says, currently faces federal corruption charges in Canada. Equally disturbing, he says, the company is “barred from doing any contractual work with the World Bank until 2023—again because of global corruption.” SNC-Lavalin has had a legal cloud over its head since 2015 (the same year it began collaborating with Holtec) when allegations surfaced that former employees paid $150 million in bribes to officials in Libya to influence government policy and win contracts. In one case, a former SNC-Lavalin vice president is awaiting trial on charges he made bribes to the Gaddafi regime. In a separate case, a former SNC-Lavalin vice president of construction pleaded guilty in July to using a forged document following a widespread corruption investigation involving the construction of a super-hospital in Canada. And in May, Canadian authorities filed charges against SNC-Lavalin after a multiyear probe related to illegal political contributions. “Is this the company we want to be handling a $1 billion trust fund?” asks Gunter. Holtec officials say SNC-Lavalin has cleaned house and put its problems in the past. “We are aware of SNC-Lavalin’s history,” Holtec says in a written response. “Lavalin has reshaped the entire leadership team and transformed the entire culture of their business.…We are confident that the changes made in the years prior to establishing CDI will prevent future bad conduct by rogue employees.” The decommissioning project is not the only joint venture between Holtec and SNC-Lavalin. The two companies are also collaborating on the design and production of a small, nuclear and modular reactor, called SMR-160, at Holtec’s Technology Campus in Camden. The reactor is planned for operation by 2026. Last February, Holtec signed an agreement in Camden that calls for the state-run nuclear operator in Ukraine to adopt the SMR-160 technology to meet its energy needs. Shortly after, Holtec announced that Ukraine may also become a manufacturing hub for SMR-160 components. “Holtec is poised to….reinvigorate nuclear power for a world in dire need of a weather-independent and carbon-free source of energy,” CEO Singh told World Nuclear News at the time. WASTE PILES UP The closing of Oyster Creek is more than a local story. It occurs amid the glaring absence of a national strategy for the permanent storage of our growing stockpile of nuclear waste. That stockpile stands at 80,000 metric tons—its radiation lasting thousands of years—and is expected to increase to about 140,000 metric tons over the next several decades as more plants close. In 1982, Congress directed the Department of Energy to develop a permanent geological repository for used nuclear fuel. In 2002, President George W. Bush signed a law designating Yucca Mountain in Nevada as that site. In 2010, however, the DOE, after investing $12 billion in the project, shut it down with little explanation. Nevada’s Harry Reid, then the Senate majority leader, is widely credited with scuttling the plan in his home state. For now, U.S. nuclear power plants are resorting to on-site storage. Most of their spent fuel is stored in cooling pools and steel-and-concrete casks at 125 sites in 35 states. The NRC claims fuel can be stored safely in this manner for more than 100 years. But the U.S. Government Accountability Office informed Congress in April 2017 that “spent nuclear fuel can pose serious risks to humans and the environment….and is a source of billions of dollars of financial liabilities for the U.S. government. According to the National Research Council and others, if not handled and stored properly, this material can spread contamination and cause long-term health concerns in humans or even death.” Holtec, which made a name for itself in on-site storage, raised eyebrows last year when it announced its plans to jump into the potentially lucrative decommissioning business. Now, it is looking to take an even bigger leap: It has applied to build and operate a mammoth interim spent-fuel repository on 1,000 acres in New Mexico. Holtec initially wants to store 500 canisters of spent nuclear fuel containing up to 8,680 metric tons of uranium from commercial nuclear reactors. If the NRC issues that initial license, Holtec would seek to expand the facility in 9 subsequent phases, each for an additional 500 canisters, to be completed over the course of 20 years. (If the license is approved, Oyster Creek’s spent fuel would be shipped to the site—creating yet another revenue opportunity for Holtec.) If that were to occur, the New Mexico site would swell to 163,700 metric tons—more than double the capacity assigned to Yucca Mountain. Opposing Holtec’s interim storage proposal last year became the singular mission of Kevin Kamps, a radioactive-waste specialist at Beyond Nuclear. His reasons are many, but mostly he is concerned that it would establish a “de facto permanent, surface storage dump” without approval by Congress. In addition, the interim site, he says, “would expose low-income people of color, communities already heavily polluted by fossil-fuel and nuclear industries, to yet another, major assault to their health, safety, security and environment. And it would launch tens of thousands or more high-risk mobile Chernobyls…down the roads, rails and/or waterways in shipping containers…of questionable structural integrity.” WHAT ABOUT LACEY? For plant employees and local officials, the mood was somber on Oyster Creek’s final day of operation in September. Former Lacey Township mayor Gary Quinn (now an Ocean County freeholder) was “sad about the whole situation.” Lacey Township is the consummate company town; its seal incorporates a rendering of an atom. Exelon officials say that, over its lifetime, the plant has generated $3.4 billion in wages, taxes and local purchasing. Corporate ownership and employees have donated about $20 million to local charities. For decades, the plant has provided as many as 700 jobs. That number has shrunk to 400 and will be reduced by another 100 during the decommissioning. Local government has become reliant on the $2.7 million in annual corporate taxes it collects from the plant. Lacey also receives $11 million annually in state Energy Tax Receipts. That covers about one-third of Lacey’s annual budget. Quinn says state officials have assured him the township will continue to benefit from the energy tax for a couple of years, but its share could be reduced drastically, maybe by half, after that. And when it comes time to demolish the buildings, the corporate property tax revenue will decline as well. It’s a troubling picture for Lacey’s financial future. With nuclear waste being stored on-site indefinitely, the prospects for residential or commercial projects are virtually non-existent, Quinn says. Township officials have begun discussions with natural gas companies to see if there is interest for a plant there, given that the hookup to the state’s power grid is basically ready to go. Quinn believes it is the best scenario for the township’s financial future. A bill coauthored last year by then U.S. representative Tom MacArthur would tap into a $40 billion federal nuclear storage fund to provide economic relief for towns affected by a nuclear-plant closure. The bill breezed through the House but died in the Senate. (In November, MacArthur, a Republican, lost his bid to keep his House seat to Democratic challenger Andy Kim.) As it stands, there is no plan for the town to get anything other than 1.7 million pounds of radioactive nuclear waste. There it will sit—in steel and concrete canisters in a concrete structure next to a parking lot just off Route 9 and a few miles from the beach—until America comes up with plan.Click here to leave a comment

<urn:uuid:569122cc-97b0-4c1a-96ef-a6cc7c6d3945>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://njmonthly.com/articles/politics-public-affairs/after-the-shutdown-oyster-creek-nuclear-generating-station-forked-river/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370503664.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331181930-20200331211930-00194.warc.gz

en

Situated in the highlands of northwestern Ethiopia at nearly 9,000 feet above sea level in the Lasta Mountains is perhaps the most spectacular collection of buildings and architecture in all of Africa. To be sure when one thinks of the great shrines of Christianity and and its history, Jerusalem, Greece, Italy, the United Kingdom and others come to mind. But Ethiopia? Usually not top of mind for those planning a Christian pilgrimage. But here high in the mountains are a collection of 1,000 year old churches hewn out of red volcanic rock that will awe, inspire and leave you speechless. Wandering the streets of Lalibela. It seems nearly everyone finds time to pray or look to the gods. How did they do it? Depending on which historian you believe or the story that offers the most drama, the true history of Lalibela, considered to be Africa’s Petra, is questionable. We’ve already established that Christianity appeared in Ethiopia at the time of the Apostles. But King Lalibela (1181-1221) a member of the Zagwe dynasty, purportedly exiled or fled to Jerusalem for fear of his jealous half-brother who tried to poison him. Amazed at what he saw in Jerusalem and when that city was captured by Muslim forces in 1187 preventing Ethiopian Pilgrims from visiting, now King, Lalibela declared the town (originally named Roha) to be a new Jerusalem. And somehow 11 rock-hewn churches of enormous proportions were carved from the top down, some lie nearly hidden in deep trenches, while others stand in open quarried caves. A dizzying labyrinth of tunnels and dark narrow passageways with creepy crypts, genuine grottos, and glorious galleries connect all of them. But how were they built? UNESCO built a large canopy to protect this 1,000 year monolithic church. Another legend suggests Lalibela was built by angels armed with masonry tools. To be sure, archaeologists say it would have required the work of 40,000 men to carve the labyrinths of grottoes, courtyards, caverns, and walls out of the hard red volcanic rock. To understand the scale and work required to build these churches can only be realized in person. Safe to say, that here where there was once rock are now eleven churches. These weren’t built. No rock, plaster or other materials were added. Only rock that was carved and hauled away revealing this impressive array of holy edifices. Everything was carved from top to bottom using primitive tools. Some say while the workers slept angels worked. The scope of this place is mind-blowing To stand atop and look down. To sit below and look up. To wander inside and realized this was one rock. it’t the top of a mountain. They just started digging. No possible mistakes. And the shape is perfect. A cross. Inside imaginging all of this is tiresome as my friend the priest takes a load of his mind while flanked on either side by mine (and yours) favorite saint: George on his white horse. There are 11 churches in this complex and two others in nearby villages. But you’ll find rock hewn churches and monasteries in many places in Ethiopia. Right inside the church they carved reliefs – on the walls, in the ceilings and sometimes on the ground. A maze of alleys, tunnels and walkways takes you through all 11 churches. Priests were happy to share their wares and their ancient artifacts. Many times you might find photos of these priests wearing sunglasses. They don’t do this to be cool. It’s because so many people use flash and it’s hard on the eyes. I did my best to hand hold the camera and capture the true essence of these holy men. It’s mandatory to take off footwear before wandering inside any of the churches. It’s also mandatory to hire an assistant to tend to your shoes. Mine was Endayene, who was markedly better than my dishonest guide. It takes a full day to explore the churches and the maze of alleyways and tunnels that connect them. Beyond the admission to the complex, I hired a guide to walk me through their history and the mind-boggling maze. To be sure, the town surrounding Lalibela is a dusty village that through its daily pace of life seems hardly aware of the importance of these churches. But since they’ve been there for more than 1,000 years, I guess they’re just used to them. And so to offer the locals employment, it is mandatory that visitors hire an assistant, someone who will help you with your shoes as it’s also mandatory to take off your shoes before going inside these beautiful churches. So the assistant watches you shoes, will take them off, put them on and tie them, if you’d like. While Lalibela remains one of the highlight of the Ethiopian segment of my journey, my only regret is the guide I had chosen. I should’ve gone with my instincts. He was a weasel, stuck to me like glue and showered me with the accolades and certificates in tourism and English he’d earned. The drums are only used in holy ceremonies. I asked a priest to demonstrate. He told me to come back and he would during a ceremony. I’d like to return to Lalibela. It’s magical. Don’t hire this guide when you visit Lalibela. He overcharged and tried to steal my camera. My guide? Let me explain why Mesfin Ali is perhaps the most awful and dishonest tour guide in all of Lalibela. He knew his history but when pressed for information on some of the Ethiopian Saints he made up answers, I verified this with a true historian later. Second, while I paid for a full day and started a bit late, he seemed to rush me through the churches. Always looking at his watch, I made him take me back for second views. He resented me for this. Third, he charged me too much. Had I chosen a guide referred from my hotel, I would have had better service and saved nearly 50%. He had an ego. This doesn’t bother me so much, but he liked to get in my photos. Worse, after I took a photo of my shoe “assistant” and his name badge, he kept asking me why. When I realized that I forgot to download photos from my DSLR and was running out of space on that camera, he was quick to point out that I should erase the photos of my assistant. Later when I allowed him to peruse the photos on the camera, he once again pointed out that I hadn’t erased the photo of the assistant. Now the clincher. At the last church we visited, Bet Medhane Alem, the largest monolithic church in the world, he asked if he could shoot some photos. I was preoccupied shooting with my DSLR, so I figured why not let him use my point and shoot. We went about exploring this massive edifice which stands 63 feet high, 45 feet wide and 24 feet deep, it resembles a Greek Temple and cut in the shape of a cross, it also reflects Ethiopia’s Jewish roots as the Star of David is carved high in the ceiling. I handed him the camera and he shot pictures as I took a moment and walked around. Then we entered the church. More pictures and more discussion of history and I chatted with the priest, which was a challenge as he didn’t speak any English and I caught him sleeping with a cross in his hand. I wanted to sit under a tree and just gaze upon the church and figured I’d just walk back to my hotel alone. I asked my guide if there was any place I could buy water nearby. He suggested it was rather far but he’d be happy to go get me some. Well really, he just handed the Birr I gave him to my assistant and asked him to fetch the water. He then said he needed to get home and left. When my assistant, Endayene returned with a tall bottle of cold water I was in heaven. Church wandering in this heat dehydrates you fast. Later that evening, after a wonderful dinner and intense conversation with Mesfin, the owner of Seven Olives Hotel (recommended) and his friend Daniel whose brother lives near my home in Orange County, I was packing in preparation of an early morning departure I realized I couldn’t find my Canon PowerShot camera. I tore the place up and down. Nothing. I did it again. Nothing. I was sure I had it that day, but no. Nothing. I was staying in a different hotel, but at nearly midnight I woke up the owner of my hotel and suggested that my guide never returned my camera. The next morning over breakfast the owner spent some time on the phone. Then nearly an hour later Mesfin, the guide, shows up with my camera. I played the incident down as I didn’t want to create waves in this small town. But he obviously tried to walk away with my camera hoping I wouldn’t notice. And it almost worked. He knew I was leaving early in the morning and he knew he had the camera as after leaving me waiting for my water at the churches he shot a handful of photos walking home. What’s even more disturbing is I saw him at the excellent restaurant at Seven Olives Hotel that evening hours after our time in the churches. He never said anything about the camera. This incident is highly unusual and would rarely happen most anywhere in Africa. I’ve left things in restaurants or on the counters of tourist places and others and always had them returned. This guy is bad news. I hope my assistant, Endayene Derebe, whom I happily tipped, completes his studies and becomes a Lalibela guide. I can’t emphasize enough how good the food and view is at Seven Olives Hotel. The owner took a genuine interest in me and explained he’s developing an ego-friendly natural hotel in the style of the traditional homes in the area. Set to open next fall, it’s worth checking out Seven Olives and its new project, which at the time hadn’t been officially named. Ask for Mesfin, the owner and tell him WorldRider sent you! We spoke of politics, Ethiopian history, Ethiopian food and the growth of Lalibela which soon will be on the international tourist map and attracting more than just adventurers. It’s so remote that I think the integrity of the town will remain intact. But it truly is a must see for anyone going to Africa. I walked home alone to my hotel along a small dirt path where I met many locals. This woman didn’t have a name for her Donkey. She laughed when I asked. I said let’s call her Lolly – like Lalibela. She giggled and continued along her way. This young girl walked about 2 miles with that blue container full of water (15-20 liters?) on her back. Her brother and I walked with her together to the main road. I asked all along why he didn’t help her. Then finally at the main road he took the pack of water from her and walked home. Sadly, there home was about 100 meters away. Nice brother! I arrived the next morning back in Gonder and began preparing the bike for the journey to Sudan. That’s when it hit me. I as anxious to spend more time walking around Gonder, but I was hit with some sort of fever. I lied down and my body shook uncontrollably. I was bummed that the Irish pharmacists who I befriended earlier in the week had gone, secretly hoping they had the magic potion that could cure what’s ailing me. But I was seriously scared. I tried to remember when I stopped taking my malaria tablets, but the symptoms I was experiencing read like a text book description of malaria. Interestingly enough, a young medical intern took residence in the room next to me. My fever was high but it was too difficult to tell without a blood test. I thought maybe the cold and shivering boat ride on Lake Tana may be finally hitting me. All I knew was I was weak, shaking and sick to my stomach and nauseated. I tried to sleep. Everyone at hotel I enquired with about my symptoms and malaria warned me against leaving on the bike across the desert the following morning. “Make sure you’re strong enough,” one nurse in training asserted. “We don’t want you to leave now,” my friends Gareth and Helen who just returned from Lake Tana and were still waiting for a shipment of a new brake caliper from the USA. I tried eating but could barely swallow a bite. I shut myself in the room and forced myself to sleep. I gotta make it to the Sudan border tomorrow so I’ll have exactly a week in Sudan before the ferry to Egypt departs. If I’m not on that ferry, I’m a the whim of the Sudanese justice system — if there is such a thing.

<urn:uuid:b46ed0e9-fbc6-42c0-b7f5-36d4df71fb4f>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://www.worldrider.com/if-they-build-it-they-will-come-the-amazing-churches-of-lalibela/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370524604.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404165658-20200404195658-00394.warc.gz

en

The other day, a physicist friend was working in the lab with her summer research students. They were talking about the work they’d been doing that summer and how there was no manual or instructions of any sort for any of it; no textbook, no lab procedure. It was as if they were making it up as they went along. Laughing about this, one of the students said, ‘You know what we need? We need an entire course with nothing but problems. Just give us one problem after another, and we figure out how to do them. Because that’s what real research is.’ The rest of the students laughed. And then all of them nodded. -Hanstedt, 2018, p. 41 Employers, college presidents, faculty, and students demonstrate remarkable consensus that problem solving is one of the most important outcomes of a college education (Bok, 2017; Hart Research Associates, 2015; Hora, Benbow, Oleson, 2016; Passow & Passow, 2017). At the time of this newsletter, there were 28 courses offered this year that included the words “problem*” and “solving” in [email protected]. Course descriptions ranged from focusing on how to apply techniques or skills, to solving problems, to tackling common problems encountered in the field, and concepts that included “problems” within their title. There are undoubtedly more courses that implicitly and explicitly focus on problem solving across campus. In light of this emphasis, it is important to ask, “What is a problem and what is problem solving?” and “How do I foster problem-solving skills in my course?” and eventually, "How will I be explicit about problem solving in my course and course description?" Although problem solving is often associated with STEM courses, this newsletter offers perspectives and teaching approaches from across the disciplines. What is a “problem” and problem solving? Problems and problem solving may be context and discipline specific, but the concept and process have overarching components and similarities across contexts. Jonassen (2000, p. 65) defines a problem as an “unknown entity in some situation (the difference between a goal state and a current state)” such that “finding or solving for the unknown must have some social, cultural, or intellectual value.” Within courses, students may encounter a wide variety of current (e.g., a problem statement) and goal (e.g., a solution) states with different motivations for solving them. Students will be exposed to “well-structured” problems at one end of the spectrum, which have a typical solution path and solution, and “ill-structured” problems, which are highly context dependent and have no one solution path (Jonassen, 2000). We bring in common case scenarios for students and try to develop the frameworks they need to approach a problem rather than just finding the answer. To help students think about the process, we scaffold scenarios over the years through self-study modules that students can complete on their own. The scenarios stay the same, but students can come back to them with new information and frameworks they have learned, a deeper toolbox to pull from in different clinical settings. This allows students to be lifelong learners and more flexible and adaptable in the future. -Dr. Steven Rougas, Director of the Doctoring Program, Alpert Medical School Problem solving is a “goal-oriented” process that includes creating and manipulating problems as mental models (Jonassen, 2000). Brown faculty from a variety of disciplines were interviewed by Sheridan staff and asked, “What skills do students need to problem solve effectively?” They responded that students need to be able to do the following: - Reason, observe, and recognize patterns - Use current information to understand the past - Know how to break complex problems down into smaller, more manageable components - Make connections between concepts and disciplines - Creatively think of multiple solution paths These skills, among others, target the following problem-solving steps (Pretz, Naples, & Sternbergy, 2003): - Recognize or identify a problem - Define and represent the problem mentally - Develop a solution strategy - Organize your knowledge about the problem - Allocate mental and physical resources for solving the problem - Monitor your progress toward the goal - Evaluate the solution for accuracy Problem solving is an iterative process, and as such, these steps do not necessarily progress in a linear fashion. When creating homework assignments, projects, exams, etc., it is helpful to identify the specific skills you want students to practice, the strategies they should use, and how you will evaluate the solutions they produce. How do I foster problem-solving skills in my course? Instructors can signpost the problem-solving skills students should develop in their courses by adapting existing problem sets to fit recommendations from the Transparency in Learning and Teaching Project (TILT). The process of increasing transparency in assignments includes communicating the assignment’s purpose, task, and criteria to students (Winkelmes et al., 2016): - The purpose usually links to one learning objective for the course, the skills students will develop as a result of completing the assignment, or a real-world application that students might experience outside of your classroom. In this way, the problem you have presented to the student becomes relevant because it has “some social, cultural, or intellectual value” (Jonassen, 2000, p. 65). - Next, the task states the strategy or strategies students should take to complete the assignment. This includes guiding students through organizing the information available to develop a strategy. - Finally, the criteria could be a rubric or annotated examples that are given to students before the assignment is due, so they are aware of the standards for the assignment. In one study, researchers found that in courses where at least two assignments had features of transparent assignments, students self reported increases in their academic confidence, sense of belonging, and mastery of skills, such as problem solving (Winkelmes et al., 2016). Below are examples of different skills needed for problem solving with suggestions on how you can foster these skills through adapted or new assignments and in-class exercises. A key skill for problem solving is knowing how to define and represent the problem and its solutions. This is true for all students, regardless of discipline. For example, Berkenkotter (1982, p. 33) states, “A writer is a problem solver of a particular kind. Writers’ ‘solutions’ will be determined by how they frame their problems, the goals they set for themselves, and the means or plans they adopt for achieving those goals.” To help students understand and connect to research in their field, instructors can assign short articles and guide students through rhetorical practices to make expert thinking more explicit. Provide students multiple opportunities to refine their writing allows them to learn “how to frame their problems.” The distant past can seem uncomfortably strange to modern observers. As we discuss our class readings, one thing I like to do with my students is to explore what seems weird or even offensive to them about our texts and the societies that produced them. Thinking about the disconnect between ancient and modern attitudes, outlooks, beliefs, and values can be an incredibly productive way to think about cultural difference over space and time. - Professor Jonathan Conant, History and Classics Critical thinking is the “ability to assess your assumptions, beliefs, and actions” (Merriam & Bierema, 2014, p. 222) with the intent to change your actions in the future and is necessary when solving problems. It is a skill required during all steps of the problem-solving process. Fostering critical thinking in your students is one way to create a more inclusive classroom because you are inherently asking students to challenge their assumptions and biases. Instructors can use the following conditions to promote critical thinking in your classroom (Merriam & Bierema, 2014): - Foster critical reflection by examining assumptions (see Promoting Metacognition for specific reflective strategies), e.g., ask students to read a research article and identify possible assumptions that are made in the questions asked, methods used, or the interpretation of the results. For example, to foster critical reflection you could ask students to identify the sources of knowledge they value and use when completing homework and write a reflection on what assumptions they made about those sources. What are the identities of the people creating those sources of knowledge? What systems or people are gatekeepers of that knowledge? - Build a learning community where the expectation is that students can be wholly present, honest, ask questions, and productively fail (Kapur, 2016). - Practice dialogical conversation by teaching an awareness of power relations in the classroom such as microaggressions or micro-affirmations and how to use active listening (see Microaggressions and Micro-aggressions for examples and specific practices). - Provide students the opportunity to make connections between content and their experiences, e.g., by asking students on homework assignments how they apply concepts to a recent experience or asking students why they took your course and how it relates to their career goals. Instructors can develop aspects of problem solving by being intentional about team building, connecting students to alternative perspectives, and being explicit about the expectations of teamwork in the field (e.g., as a researcher, industry partner, consultant, etc.). You can create homework assignments using the TILT framework, which asks students to evaluate both their own and peers’ interactions in teams. There are several models or rubrics for how to assess teamwork, such as the AAC&U Teamwork Value Rubric, which focuses on students’ behaviors or the Comprehensive Assessment of Team Member Effectiveness (CATME), which is a free packaged tool that gathers information from students and groups them into teams. We use team-based learning exercises and collaborative problem solving. Students are assigned pre-reading to expand their knowledge so they are able to think through different aspects of a scenario before they come to class. In class, the discussion focuses on a team deciding and agreeing on what the next steps in a case will be. The problem-solving skills that this team discussion focuses on are interpersonal communication, being an active listener, and a collaborative team member. It is not high stakes, but together the team will succeed or fail. - Sarita Warrier, Assistant Dean for Medical Education, Alpert Medical School A jigsaw is another collaborative approach to teach students how to break up a problem into smaller components. For example, in a class on Romanticism and Romantic philosophies, three groups of students would each be given the following questions about five poems: “How does the writer view nature?” (Group 1), “How does the writer view society?” (Group 2), “How does the writer view the purpose of poetry?” (Group 3). After discussion, three new groups, with representatives from each of these three clusters, might discuss a broader question, such as, “Using the information gathered in the first groups [...] what are Romanticism’s goals? What’s the agenda of the Romantic poets?” (Handstedt, 2018, pp. 121-122). Reflection Activities or Assignments Expert researchers, practitioners, and educators incorporate reflection and iteration as part of their practice. Key steps of the problem-solving process include being reflective about the process and what is working or not working towards a goal. In a previous newsletter, Promoting Metacognition, the Sheridan Center provided a list of several activities and assignments you could use to help students be reflective in your course. These activities range from short minute papers, to semester-long reflective journals. Think-alouds, or having a student verbally solve a problem with another student, can also help students develop reflective problem-solving skills because it “provides a structure for students to observe both their own and another’s process of learning” (Barkley, 2010, p. 259). For more strategies on how to engage students in these skills and topics, please see the Sheridan Center’s newsletter, Inclusive Teaching Through Active Learning. It is important to be explicit in how you approach problem solving and convey that information both through your course description, syllabi, and content. Opportunities at Sheridan for Development of Problem Solving Problem solving is a necessary skill in all disciplines and one that the Sheridan Center is focusing on as part of the Brown Learning Collaborative, which provides students the opportunity to achieve new levels of excellence in six key skills traditionally honed in a liberal arts education – critical reading, writing, research, data analysis, oral communication, and problem solving. To help you think through how to integrate opportunities for students to problem solve effectively in your course, the Sheridan Center offers problem solving professional development opportunities for faculty and students in an effort to engage intergenerational, faculty-student teaching teams. Problem-Solving Course Design Institute Increasing assignment transparency is at the core of Problem-Solving Course Design Institute (PSCDI). PSCDI is a two-day workshop for faculty, staff, postdocs, and graduate student teams to (re)design assignments that engage students in the problem-solving process. Upon successful completion, faculty participants will receive a $2,000 grant to implement their ideas. For more information on PSCDI and past recipents, please see this Sheridan web resource. Problem-Solving Fellows Program Undergraduate students who are currently or plan to be peer educators (e.g., UTAs, lab TAs, peer mentors, etc.) are encouraged to take the course, UNIV 1110: The Theory and Teaching of Problem Solving. Within this course, we focus on developing effective problem solvers through students’ teaching practices. We discuss reflective practices necessary for teaching and problem solving; theoretical frames for effective learning; how culture, context, and identity impact problem solving and teaching; and the impact of the problem-solving cycle. For more information, please see this Sheridan web resource and contact Dr. Christina Smith, Sheridan Center (via [email protected]). Berkenkotter, C. (1982). Writing and problem solving. In T. Fulwiler & A. Young (Eds.), Language connections: Writing and reading across the curriculum (pp. 33-44). Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English. Barkley, E.F. (2010). Student engagement techniques: A handbook for college faculty. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Bok, D. (2017). The struggle to reform our colleges. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Hanstedt, P. (2018). Creating wicked students: Designing courses for a complex world. Sterling, VA: Stylus. Hart Research Associates. (2015). Falling short? College learning and career success. Survey carried out for AAC&U. Available: https://www.aacu.org/sites/default/files/files/LEAP/2015employerstudents… Hora, M.T., Benbow, R. J., & Oleson, A. K.. (2016). Beyond the skills gap: Preparing college students for life and work. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Jonassen, D. H. (2000). Toward a design theory of problem solving. Educational technology research and development, 48(4), 63-85. Kapur, M. (2016). Examining productive failure, productive success, unproductive failure, and unproductive success in learning. Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 289-299. Merriam, S. B., & Bierema, L. L. (2014). Adult learning: Linking theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons. Passow, H.J., & Passow, C.H. (2017). What competencies should undergraduate engineering programs emphasize? A systematic review. Journal of Engineering Education, 106(3): 475-526. Pretz, J.E., Naples, A. J., & Sternbergy, R. J. (2003). Recognizing, defining, and representing problems. In J. E. Davidson & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The psychology of problem solving (pp. 3-30). New York: Cambridge University Press. Winkelmes, M.A., Bernacki, M., Butler, J., Zochowski, M., Golanics, J., & Weavil, K. H. (2016). A teaching intervention that increases underserved college students’ success. Peer Review, 18(1/2), 31–36.

<urn:uuid:28ae04de-4a18-40fd-909a-f567ba3bb51f>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.brown.edu/sheridan/teaching-learning-resources/teaching-resources/classroom-practices/teaching-problem-solving

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370511408.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410173109-20200410203609-00435.warc.gz

en

* Your assessment is very important for improving the work of artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project 17b Test Bank 2: Chapters 20 - 22 CHAPTER 20 1. As president, Theodore Roosevelt did which of the following in regard to African Americans? a. He invited Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois to dine with him at the White House to discuss their differences. b. He named Langston Hughes poet laureate. c. He called for soldiers in Brownsville, Texas, to be reinstated in their units after they were falsely accused of trying to kill some local residents. d. Roosevelt defended black appointees to post offices and customs houses in the South. e. He defended African Americans who refused to inform southern authorities as to the whereabouts of black criminals, since he knew that lynchings would probably result. 2. b. c. d. e. During the early twentieth century, Americans began to exhibit a great deal of concern over race relations and the treatment of minorities. corruption in politics. the growth of big business. both a and b both b and c 3. a. b. c. d. e. The author of The Souls of Black Folk was Booker T. Washington. William Lloyd Garrison. W.E.B. DuBois. Hinton Rowan Helper. Upton Sinclair. a. 4. Which of the following best describes Theodore Roosevelt's attitude toward big business? a. He believed that the federal government should maintain a "hands off" policy toward business matters. b. He believed that business consolidations should be strongly regulated by the federal government and, in most cases, prohibited. c. He was an advocate of Social Darwinism. d. He began to see it as his responsibility as president to establish the power of the federal government to intervene in the economy. e. He believed that all large corporations should be destroyed. 5. The principle that government was responsible for the general welfare of the a. b. c. d. e. 6. a. b. c. d. e. 7. nation was a part of the philosophy of progressives. Social Darwinism. the Muckrakers. Republicans. the Social Gospel. The initiative and referendum were first used in the state of South Carolina. Texas. Utah. Kansas. South Dakota. c. d. e. By the early 1900s, the main focus of progressivism was becoming prohibition. oriented toward achieving change nationally. concentrated at the state level. woman suffrage. control of big business. 8. a. b. c. d. e. The Hepburn Act gave more power to the president. the Senate. the Interstate Commerce Commission. the Federal Reserve Board. muckrakers. 9. The most radical wing of the American labor movement was the Knights of Labor. Industrial Workers of the World. International Ladies Garment Workers Union. American Federation of Labor. American Railway Union. a. b. a. b. c. d. e. 10. During the early Progressive Era, the Supreme Court a. upheld the majority of progressive laws. b. upheld a New York law limiting the number of hours that bakery employees could work. c. invoked the Fourteenth Amendment in some decisions. d. struck down an Oregon statute that limited the number of hours women could work. e. held that the Employers Liabilities Act of 1906 was legal. 11. Which of the following helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People? a. W.E.B. Du Bois b. Booker T. Washington c. d. e. Ida Tarbell William Lloyd Garrison all of the above 12. a. b. c. d. e. The median age for Americans in 1900 was thirty-three. twenty-one. twenty-three. thirty. eighteen. 13. During the Spanish-American War, it took the battleship U.S.S. Oregon two months to go from San Francisco Bay to Cuba. This fact pointed out the need for a. speedier ships. b. better coordination between Washington and the Navy. c. the need for a Central American canal. d. both a and b e. both b and c 14. Whose series on fraud in patent medicines led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drugs Act in 1906? a. Samuel Hopkins Adams b. Ida Tarbell c. Ray Stannard Baker d. Upton Sinclair e. Florence Kelley 15. Which of these companies distributed several million metal advertising signs around the country in 1913? a. Gillette b. Quaker Oats c. Coca Cola d. Kodak e. Colgate 16. The key to Henry Ford's success in the automobile industry was a. union support for his efforts. b. his new methods of financial accounting. c. his formation of a holding company. d. his use of mass production techniques. e. his concern for his workers. 17. By 1910, the most popular form of city government was the a. city manager idea. b. commission idea. c. Galveston idea. d. direct primary. e. mayor-commission plan. 18. The Northern Securities Company case involved a merger in the a. b. c. d. e. steel industry. rail industry. coal mines. banking industry. electricity sector. 19. In 1904, a. Roosevelt won reelection by a landslide. b. the Socialists received 15 percent of the popular vote. c. the turnout of voters was the largest in history. d. both a and b e. both b and c 20. In his regulation efforts, Theodore Roosevelt a. prosecuted all trusts vigorously on the grounds that bigness was bad. b. distinguished between acceptable and non-acceptable trusts, prosecuting only the latter. c. put muckrakers in charge of prominent government regulation programs. d. fought the Department of Justice when that body refused to investigate railroad abuses. e. both b and c CHAPTER 21 1. Wilson's battles with Gifford Pinchot over conservation were viewed by many as a. indicative of his strength in the presidency. b. at odds with the aims of the Republican party. c. an attack on one of Theodore Roosevelt's key policies. d. simply a case of Taft making his own mark as president. e. all of the above 2. The Anti-Saloon League a. quarreled with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union over tactics. b. held a dominant position among those groups advocating prohibition. c. turned to statewide elections on prohibition after local issues stalled. d. both a and c e. both b and c 3. a. b. c. d. e. A 1913 bill to impose a literacy test on immigrants passed the House but not the Senate. passed both houses of Congress and was signed by Taft. passed both houses of Congress but was vetoed by Taft. never made it out of committee. passed the Senate but not the House. 4. The fire that instigated reform efforts in New York took place at a. the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. b. the Lawrence Textile Mill. c. a West Virginia coal mine. d. an upper East Side bakery in New York City. e. none of the above 5. a. b. c. d. e. Dollar diplomacy was applied to Nicaragua. China. Mexico. both a and b both b and c 6. Which of the following was true of the Democratic convention in 1912? The convention met in Detroit, Michigan. Woodrow Wilson was a leading candidate as the convention convened. Wilson received the nomination on the basis of his long-held policies of reform. One politician whose name emerged as a candidate was James Beauchamp Clark, Senate Majority Leader. Wilson earned the nomination after more than three dozen ballots. a. b. c. d. e. 7. a. b. c. d. e. 8. a. b. c. d. e. 9. a. b. c. d. e. Wilson campaigned on the basis of a program that he termed the New Deal. New Freedom. New Nationalism. New Democrats. New Progressivism. Which of the following was true of Woodrow Wilson? He had suffered several strokes before he ran for president. He could be stubborn, and he often ignored unsolicited advice. He consulted a wide variety of opinions before making up his mind on any given issue. both a and b both b and c Which of the following reforms did Wilson publicly embrace? woman suffrage child labor prohibition all of the above none of the above 10. The company that produced the Radiant Toaster was a. Hoover. b. General Electric. c. Westinghouse. d. Sears. e. none of the above 11. Who said, "I am going to teach the South American Republics to elect good men"? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. William Howard Taft c. Woodrow Wilson d. William Jennings Bryan e. Henry Knox 12. The event that plunged the world into war in 1914 was the assassination of a. Kaiser Wilhelm I. b. Archduke Franz Ferdinand. c. General Edward M. House. d. Czar Nicholas II. e. Georges Clemenceau. 13. Which of the following faced William H. Taft as he entered the presidency? a. Conservatives were expecting him to slow the reform movement. b. Progressives were seeking many new laws and believed that he had promised his support. c. The tariff was in bad need of reform, and feelings on each side were strong. d. both a and b e. both a and c 14. Which of the following states had not enacted woman suffrage as of 1913? a. Oregon b. Washington c. Kansas d. Ohio e. California 15. a. b. c. Woodrow Wilson was the first president to have a daughter marry in the White House. ride to his inauguration in an automobile. travel outside the continental borders of the United States. d. both a and b e. both b and c 16. Taft's battles with Gifford Pinchot over conservation were viewed by many as a. indicative of his strength in the presidency. b. at odds with the aims of the Republican party. c. an attack on one of Theodore Roosevelt's key policies. d. e. simply a case of Taft making his own mark as president. all of the above 17. Which of the following was true of immigration during the period of progressivism? a. Immigration increased markedly during this period in comparison to the years before 1900. b. Labor unions supported immigration, since immigrants could take the lowest paying factory jobs. c. Immigrants settled pretty much equally in urban and rural areas. d. Some Progressives supported immigration restriction on the grounds that the new immigrants threatened the traditional virtues they were trying to endorse. e. With President Taft's endorsement, a literacy test was required of all seeking to enter the United States on a permanent basis. 18. In the 1912 election, Democrats a. looked with glee upon the split in the Republican party. b. viewed William Jennings Bryan as a viable candidate because of his previous campaign experience. c. viewed Woodrow Wilson as a possible candidate because he had captured the governorship of New York. d. gave the nomination to Wilson on the first ballot, demonstrating the unity of their party. e. both a and b 19. Wilson's first dealings with Congress after his inauguration involved a. income taxes. b. the tariff. c. foreign treaties. d. trust busting. e. woman suffrage. 20. The main American response to the outbreak of World War I was a. to enter the war on the British, French, and Russian side immediately. b. to enter the war on the German and Austrian-Hungarian side at once. c. to be surprised because Americans assumed great nations would never have to resort to war. d. to cut off all immigration from Europe. e. for Congress to begin to debate American involvement. CHAPTER 22 1. During the American period of neutrality during World War I, which of the following best describe(s) actions taken by the major powers? a. America continued to export goods to all countries, although more went to Britain than to any other nation. b. Britain conducted an extensive propaganda campaign in the United States to bolster support for the Allied cause. c. Germany used funds from its brewing industry to support a propaganda campaign in the United States. d. both a and b e. both a and c 2. a. b. c. d. e. 3. a. b. c. d. e. In June 1915, the League to Enforce Peace was formed, with what American as its leader? Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson William Jennings Bryan Eugene V. Debs As the war escalated in Europe, Woodrow Wilson sent Colonel Edward M. House to try to broker a peace agreement in Europe. went on a speaking tour to promote preparedness. warned Americans not to travel to Europe, for their own safety. both a and b both b and c 4. As the 1916 election approached, a. the Progressives once again nominated Theodore Roosevelt. b. Wilson campaigned on the themes of "peace, prosperity, and progressivism." c. relations between the United States and Great Britain improved. d. The Republicans nominated former New York governor Charles Evans Hughes. e. all of the above 5. a. b. c. d. e. Which country experienced mutinies among its fighting forces during 1917? France Germany the United States Great Britain Italy 6. During World War I, most African Americans a. refused to serve in the military because of discriminatory practices. b. worked in defense industries, where whites accepted them on an equal basis "for the duration." c. closed ranks and went into military service without reservation. d. both a and b e. both b and c 7. a. b. c. d. e. 8. a. b. c. d. e. 9. a. b. c. d. e. Who called his wartime committee "the world's greatest adventure in advertising"? Herbert Hoover George Creel William Howard Taft Albert S. Burleson Bernard Baruch What was significant about Woodrow Wilson's decision to attend the Paris Peace Conference? No American president had ever conferred with leaders of other countries. No American president had traveled outside the Western hemisphere before. No president had left the United States while in office. He formed a bipartisan committee of prominent Republicans and Democrats who accompanied him on his trip. Wilson invited former President Taft to accompany him. What tragedy struck the United States during the first year after the war's end? a smallpox epidemic the sinking of the Titanic the Triangle Shirtwaist fire an influenza epidemic none of the above 10. Warren G. Harding campaigned for president by calling for a return to a. older values. b. normalcy. c. neutrality. d. both a and b e. both b and c 11. Which of the following resulted from the midterm elections of 1914? a. The Democrats gained sixteen seats in the Senate. b. The Republicans gained over sixty seats in the Senate. c. The Democrats lost control of the House. d. e. 12. a. b. c. d. e. The Republicans gained control of the House. The Democrats retained control of the House. The Great Migration involved African Americans. Mormons. German Americans. Mexicans. coal miners. 13. The purpose of the War Industries Board was to a. prevent strikes. b. coordinate industrial production. c. make decisions about rationing of goods. d. eliminate discriminatory hiring practices. e. set standards for wages and hours. 14. a. b. c. The National War Labor Board was headed by William Howard Taft. set standards for wages and hours. established a system by which blacks were brought into the work force. d. both a and c e. both a and b 15. The greatest animosity shown by Americans within the United States during the war was toward the a. French. b. British. c. Germans. d. Italians. e. Hungarians. 16. The revival of the Ku Klux Klan was a result of a. the NAACP's efforts to increase black voting. b. the Urban League's success in removing segregation legislation in the North. c. the popularity of The Birth of a Nation. d. the White House's public embrace of civil rights. e. the NAACP's attempt to stop lynchings. 17. In the area of birth control, Margaret Sanger a. spoke publicly to women to inform them about birth control methods. b. founded a clinic to distribute information about contraception. c. was jailed because of her efforts. d. all of the above e. none of the above 18. The Zimmerman Telegram a. announced Germany's European war aims. b. c. d. e. pledged Germany's intention to end the war quickly. proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico. had little effect on America's move toward war. both a and c 19. Which of the following describes the American home front during World War I? a. Americans observed "wheatless" and "meatless" days to help provide needed food for the Allies. b. A move to restrict the sale and use of alcoholic beverages developed during the war. c. Government management of the wartime economy was extremely successful from the beginning. d. The American rail system was never organized efficiently, and tie-ups were the norm even when the war ended. e. Most African Americans willingly fought in the war, especially after fighting units were integrated. 20. In order to persuade the Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, President Wilson a. added prominent Republicans to his cabinet. b. went on a national speaking tour to influence public opinion. c. agreed to acceptance of the treaty without America joining the League of Nations. d. agreed to increase German reparations. e. told the American public that he was asking for treaty ratification and then challenged Senators to defy him.

<urn:uuid:d2488fe4-3c5e-48c3-8983-cf4015437088>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://studyres.com/doc/2473661/?page=2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505730.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401100029-20200401130029-00395.warc.gz

en

Reading Food Labels – A Crash Course Sometimes I can get so caught up in the details of complex lab work that I forget that we should always start with the basics of nutrition to improve health. Therefore I created this blog post to address the basics of label reading from a true health prospective. Many people are reading labels, and that is wonderful, but are you paying attention to the right things? Are you falling in to the traps of food marketing with catch phrases like “low fat”, “Sugar free” and “all natural”? Here are the ingredients you should be paying most attention to when reading your labels, why they are important, and how they affect your health. In good health, Read your Labels and Support your Health Many packaged and processed foods contain harmful ingredients which can cause health imbalance. These include: - Sugar – 4 Grams = 1 Tsp (High Fructose Corn Syrup, Sucrose, Corn Syrup, Brown Sugar, Fructose, Dextrose) - Hydrogenated Fats (Trans Fats) - Refined, Enriched and Fortified - Nitrates and nitrites - Aspartame – (NutraSweet, Equal, Sweet-n-Low, Splenda, etc.) - Foods with dyes or #’s - Monosodium Glutamate – (MSG) How Sugar Harms The complex carbohydrates found in vegetables, grains, and fruits are good for you; the simple sugars found in sodas, candies, frostings, and packaged treats can do harm. It’s as simple as that. Here’s why: Sugar depresses immunity. Studies have shown that downing 75 to 100 grams of simple sugar solution (about 20 teaspoons of sugar, or the amount that is contained in two average 12-ounce sodas) can suppress the body’s immune responses. The immune suppression is most noticeable two hours after ingestion, but the effect was still evident five hours after ingestion. Sugar sours behavior, attention, and learning. Studies of the effects of sugar on children’s behavior are wildly contradictory, but the general consensus is that some children and adults are sugar sensitive, meaning their behavior, attention span, and learning ability deteriorate in proportion to the amount of junk sugar they consume. Sugar promotes sugar highs. Some persons are more sugar sensitive than others, and children may be more sensitive to sugar than adults are. A study comparing the sugar response in children and adults showed that the adrenaline levels in children remained ten times higher than normal for up to five hours after a test dose of sugar. Studies have also shown that some children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (A.D.H.D.) react to glucose-tolerance tests with a dip to low blood-sugar levels producing abnormal behavior. High adrenaline levels or low blood-sugar levels produce abnormal behavior. Sugar promotes cravings. The more sugar you eat, the more sugar you want! A high-sugar meal raises the blood-glucose level, which triggers the outpouring of insulin. This excess insulin lingers in the system, triggering a craving for more sugar, thus adding another hill to the roller coaster ride. Sugar promotes heart disease. When you eat excess carbohydrates, your body turns these sugars into fat. The body stores excesses of most nutrients as a safeguard against starvation. If you eat more carbohydrates than you can burn off, the excess is stored as fat. People who eat too much sugar tend to have higher blood triglycerides, and this increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Soft Drinks. Many soft drinks provide a double-whammy of sugar and caffeine, a combination that sends most bodies (and minds) on an uncomfortable biochemical roller-coaster ride. The junk sugars in soft drinks also take good things out of the body. High doses of sugar and artificial sweeteners increase the urinary excretion of calcium, leading to weaker bones, or osteoporosis, and to deposits of calcium in the kidneys (i.e., kidney stones.). The phosphoric acid present in many soft drinks further robs the body of calcium by increasing the loss of magnesium and calcium in the urine. Packaged bakery goods. The combination of white sugar, white flour, and hydrogenated shortening makes packaged bakery goods a nutritionally empty package (i.e., crackers, chips, cookies, etc). Most sweet snacks, such as cupcakes and doughnuts, contain all three of these factory-made foods. Look for baked goods that are made with whole grains, contain no hydrogenated oils, and are sweetened with fruit concentrates. (Excerpts taken from The Family Nutrition Book. William Sears, M.D.) * Note the importance of fiber in combination with carbohydrates. A good rule of thumb is about 3 to 5 grams of fiber per serving. The higher the ratio of fiber per serving the better for blood sugar regulation. Why fiber is so important - Fiber curbs overeating - Fiber reduces cancer risk - Fiber steadies your blood-sugar level - Fiber increases peristalsis - Fiber slows fat absorption - Fiber binds carcinogens - Fiber reduces cholesterol - Fiber promotes healthy intestinal bacteria - Fiber promotes regularity So what’s so bad about artificial sweeteners? Man-made artificial sugar substitutes include: Equal (NutraSweet/aspartame), Splenda (sucralose) and Sweet ‘N Low (saccharin based). Reactions to Aspartame were disclosed in February of 1994 by the Department of Health and Human Services. 90 different documented symptoms include: - Rapid heart rate . - Slurred speech - Loss of hearing - Loss of taste - Muscle spasms - Anxiety attacks - Ringing in the ears - Visual disturbances - Memory loss - Joint pain - Shortness of breath Illnesses that may be triggered or worsened by ingesting Aspartame: - Brain tumors - Multiple sclerosis - Chronic fatigue - Mental retardation - Birth defects Hidden Forms of MSG (Monosodium Glutamate) MSG (an excitotoxin) causes damage to the neurons in your brain and has possible links to Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s disease and many others. Children are very susceptible to this type of effect on their sensitive and growing brains. The damage may not be seen until many years later. Additives that always contain MSG: - Hydrolyzed Protein - Textured Protein - Plant Protein Extract - Sodium Caseinate - Hydrolyzed Plant Protein - Yeast Extract - Autolyzed Yeast - Calcium Caseinate - Hydrolyzed Vegetable protein - Hydrolyzed Oat Flour Additives that frequently contain MSG: - Malt extract - Malt Stock - Natural Flavoring (Information taken from Excitotoxins-The Taste that Kills by Russell L. Blaylock, M.D.) Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein is a series of chemical processes; first boiling vegetables in sulfuric acid for several hours, then neutralizing the acid with a caustic soda (an alkalizing agent often used to make soap), and then drying the resulting brown sludge. Additional MSG may be added to this fine brown powder. Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein contains powerful brain cell toxins and it contains several known carcinogens (cancer causing substances). The FDA does not regulate the amount of carcinogens allowed in hydrolyzed vegetable protein, or the amount of hydrolyzed vegetable protein allowed to be added to food products. This substance poses an even greater danger than MSG itself. Hydrogenated Fats/trans fats Despite unsaturated oil’s origin, once you’ve zapped it with high-pressure hydrogen, heated it or treated it with chemical solvents it turns into a saturated fat and behaves that way in the body. This hydrogenation process is how vegetable oil is turned into margarine. Hydrogenated fats contain another kind of fat that falls outside the saturated and unsaturated categories. It’s called “trans fatty acid.” It’s basically a molecule that has its head on backwards. For your arteries, trans fats are as bad as (or worse) than saturated fats. Many studies have shown that trans fats raise cholesterol levels in the blood. Even if a label says it’s low in heart damaging saturated fat, it may still contain a large amount of trans fats. Trans fats raise the level of LDL (bad) cholesterol, while reducing the level of HDL (good) cholesterol. Trans fats have been shown to decrease the body’s ability to produce natural substances that regulate many of the body’s functions. Trans fats and hydrogenated fats may interfere with the ability of the cells of the body to metabolize the fats that are good for you. This may damage cell membranes of vital structures, such as the brain and nerve cells. Hydrogenated fats are also widely used in restaurants for deep-fat frying, so the French fries so popular with children may be full of cholesterol-raising trans fats even if the establishment claims it uses “100% vegetable oil” for cooking. Current label laws in the US are tricky. They can claim that a product has “0 grams of trans fat” if the product has less than one gram per serving. Therefore the product could still contain trans fat and if you eat over the designated serving (which most people do) then you would be ingesting more than one gram of trans fat. Nitrates and nitrites, which are preservatives added to food, especially processed meats, form carcinogenic compounds in the intestines. It’s best to stay away from the deli meats and the prepackaged meats as almost all of them have some sort of nitrate as a preservative. Fortunately, many of the phytonutrients in fruits and vegetables can fight against these carcinogens. (Taken from The Family Nutrition Book by Dr. William Sears) Enriched, Refined or Fortified Enriched is often a tip-off that something good was taken out of the food, requiring another process to put some of the good stuff back in, but often synthetic forms of these removed vitamins and minerals are replaced and therefore are not as bio-available or beneficial to the body. Enriched flour and anything that is made with it are not nourishing as their whole-grain counterparts. (Taken from The Family Nutrition Book by Dr. William Sears)

<urn:uuid:a76614ae-1bcd-48ab-b789-0bdec0a2a4de>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://www.coloradohealthnutrition.com/reading-food-labels-a-crash-course/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496227.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329201741-20200329231741-00033.warc.gz

en

During both the archaic and imperial times, Greek culture was filled with iconic stories of immortals. However, the culture’s perspectives about these prominent figures changed over time. This essay will describe the changes and continuities in Greek literary treatments of mortals and immortals from archaic to imperial times. The immortals vary from mortal-born heroines and heroes who were promoted to become gods from a process called apotheosis. Many of these gods received their prominent statuses because of their services to mankind; these heroes include Heracles, Aristaeus and Asclepius; others were promoted because they were married to the gods, such as Ariadne, Psyche and Tithonus; a small number were promoted out of sheer luck, such as Glaucus – but the means of promotion and the detailed stories behind these gods was not always consistent. Ultimately, the way that Greek literature treated mortals and immortals from the Archaic to Imperial times changed immensely as the culture gradually saw the stories more as myths. During the Archaic times, the stories about gods were considered to be the cornerstone of the Greek society. These gods were admired throughout history. One of the first pieces to realize such prominence was Homer’s Lliad, and the accompanying piece, Odyssey, (Nagy, 1). Admired for its high prestige, Iliad is a prime example of the definition of the Greeks’ epic: which is a massive poem with major scope. The poem is constructed with elevated language that explains the various deeds of heroes. “That these deeds were meant to arouse a sense of wonder or marvel is difficult for the modern mind to comprehend, especially in a time when even such words as wonderful or marvelous have lost much of their evocative power” (Nagy, 3). It is also difficult to understand the ancient Greeks’ meaning behind hero. These heroes depicted were typically human, descended from immortal gods. One of the major examples of this is Akhilleus, who is typically known now as Achilles (Nagy, 3). He is the most major hero in lIiad, and he was the son of Thetis, who is a sea-goddess that is recognized for her “far-reaching cosmic powers” (Nagy, 3). In lliad, widely considered the first of the Greek epics, the father of Achilles is a mortal, and this means Achilles, one of the greatest heroes, is also a mortal. This reveals the ancient Greeks’ attitudes during the Archaic times about the perception of mortal. They believed that being heroic was not reserved for the immortals. In fact, all ancient Greek stories that involve heroes depict the mortal as being the heroine, (Albersmeier, 49). Whenever a mortal gene is in the family, according to the Greek myths, the descendent will be mortal, because mortality is the dominant gene (Albersmeier, 24). However, some stories restore the life of mortal heroes during the Archaic times. By definition, they are not immortals if they die and then are brought back to life, but they can live forever in this reorientation of mortal heroes from the Archaic times. “In short, the hero can be immortalized, but the fundamental painful fact remains: the hero is not by nature immortal” (Albersmeier, 32). During the story of Herakles, he had been sired by Zeus, who is the chief of all the gods. This is one of the most prominent representations of a hero dying and then being brought back to life, but the hero must still die. “It is only after the most excruciating pains, culminating in his death at the funeral pyre on the peak of Mount Oeta, that Herakles is at long last admitted to the company of immortals” (Nagy, 5). In Odyssey, another of the archaic Greek texts, immortalization is discussed at length. The story states that Odysseus will never die, though it is told in a prophecy. The gods were able to live on forever, and never had to die and then be reborn like the heroes who were revived. The gods could not be killed. One of the gods, Ares, went through the motions of death after a time when he was caught off-guard and he was wounded by Diomedes, a mortal. This takes place in Scroll 5 of lliad, (Callimachus, 23). However, there is some humour in the way that Homeric treats the scene, as he shows that this death was in fact a mock death. In the Greek epics of this time, death could only be treated as serious when it happens to a mortal, because it is known that the immortals cannot die, (Callimachus, 44). Immortality and mortality is a common these in Greek literature during both the archaic and imperial times, but the archaic times was more limited in its use of gods. Iliad and Odysseycertainly represent this aspect during the archaic times. Achilles and Odysseus are particular examples of the representation of mortals during this time. This is a major theme because it provides commentary to the concept of the human condition of mortality. During both the archaic and imperial times, mortality was used to define heroism because those who died were almost always heroes (Cooper, 24). “The certainty that one day you will die makes you human, distinct from animals who are unaware of their future death and from the immortal gods” (Nagy, n.d.). Often during the archaic times, the death of the hero was extremely violent. The reason for this is likely because the ancient Greek society almost always considered war to be necessary, and it was even considered to be an important component in life (Cooper, 28). However, others have said there is typically a sense of being the victim of forces that are out of the heroes’ control. The concept of force is typically perceived as being and eerie esthetic component (Cooper, 54). However, others, still, have said that this violent depiction is due to religious forces of ancient Greece that condoned animal-sacrifice and hero-worship, which were more embedded in the archaic times, prior to the uprising of Christianity during imperialism (Cooper, 18). During the stories, heroes were often worshipped by killing a sacrificial animal (Cooper, 12). This sacrifice was believed in the ancient times to be for reassembling the hero’s body in the myths of immortalization (Cooper, 32). However, Homer avoided describing the details related to dismemberment of animals, and therefore it avoided the information about the sacrificial practices. The immortalization was also avoided during Homer’s poems. This made the immortalization process too localized in the way that it was described in epics. However, the hero dying in battle was accepted by all at the time. While the texts did avoid the issue Iliad made up for it by discussing the details about the martial deaths of the heroes (Cooper, 63). The extreme details of the heroes’ deaths made up for the lack of information about the about the sacrifice. Homer also found a way in his poetry to immortalize the mortals, in a sense. For example, Achilles chose to die violently so that he could be immortalized by being remembered in the epic poetry (Halford, 21). Being remembered in this sense was a primary goal of Achilles, and so the archaic Greek literature shows that even the mortals were trying to find a way of becoming immortal. While the archaic times traditionally focused on the use of mortals, there was also a considerable amount of focus put on the immortals, and while they were stoic, they could also be susceptible to emotions. Also, the gods were very connected to each other during each of the texts. For example, Poseidon was the son of Kronos, and Rheia, and the brother of Zeus, Hestia, Hades, Hera and Demeter. He is one of the original six Olympians, who were given much attention during the imperial times. He brings voice to the Earth (Halford, 13). In fact, Poseidon was considered to be the Earth-Encircler and the Earth-Shaker, these were his traditional roles in Homer’s Odyssey and lliad. He is depicted as having incredible power, and this massive power that the gods possess is something that does not change from the archaic to imperial times. Poseidon is depicted as pounding and shaking the Earth and the sea out of sheer enjoyment. He has a broad wrath and does not answer to anyone except for Zeus (Halford, 23). Poseidon has the sea, and represents a vast kingdom for him. It is populated with creatures that he designed and he rides the ocean waves in a dolphin-drawn chariot (Halford, 12). Despite this, the creation that he is most honoured for is the horse, and this shows the respect that the Greeks had for horses during these archaic times. Furthermore, it shows that despite the wrath and punishment that the gods can have on people, they are the ultimate creators, and deserve a tremendous amount of respect. Incidentally, the power of the ocean was strongly linked to the gods throughout the literature, and this is particularly expressed throughout the Greek myths. “Wind-swept and stern is she set in the sea, and, wave-beaten as she is, is fitter haunt for gulls than course for horses” (Callimachus, 2011). The imperial times discusses cases of mortals who are very clever, and this is a commonality with the archaic and imperial times, as is the respect that is given to many of the mortals. For example, the cleverness of the mortals was expressed in the story of Poseidon and Athene, who were both immortals. The treatment of the mortals in the story represented in the imperial times showed that the imperials were more willing to give some power to the mortals. In archaic times, while the mortals were often depicted as heroes, they were not looked at as being anywhere near the status of gods. While the imperial times did not consider mortals and immortals equal, it did give more respect to the abilities of the mortals than did the previous era (Halford, 22). In the story of Poseidon and Athene, immortals in the story were tasked with developing cunning gifts for the mortals. The mortals, in turn, said they would be eternally grateful to the immortals. Poseidon created a horse, while Athene created the olive tree. Athens was named after the winner of the contest. Athens was named, and Poseidon lost the contest, even though he created the horse, which changed the future of Greece. This was done to show favour for Athene (Halford, 23). Furthermore, mortals were given more credibility during the imperial times, when the Siege of Troy took place. At the same time, the susceptibility of the immortals to emotions is revealed during this archaic era. During the Trojan War, Poseidon disobeyed Zeus by entering the bloodiest part of the war (Hunt, 3). He entered the ranks and encouraged the army to lust towards victory over the Trojan army forces. At this time, the Trojans appeared to be winning the war. Zeus was seduced by Hera and was hanging about after making love on Mount Ida. This is similar to the susceptibility that the gods feel towards Aphrodite. “Muse, tell me the deeds of golden Aphrodite the Cyprian, who stirs up sweet passion in the gods and subdues the tribes of mortal men… “ (Homeric, 2011). When Zeus was done making love, he heard that Poseidon was screaming on the battlefield below Zeus in the valley. However Zeus said all the Immortals needed to keep away from Troy and now Zeus saw that Hera tricked him and that Poseidon disobeyed him. (This interesting use of the emotions of the immortals is common throughout the ancient and imperial times, and shows how similar both eras’ treatment of the immortals was.) The Greek writers believed this was a weakness of the gods. “Every false judgement, and especially concerning these matters, is a mischievous thing; but where emotion also enters, it is most mischievous” (Plutarch, 1874). However, in this case, Zeus managed to contain his anger, and he did not reprimand his brother. Instead, he sent the storm-footed messenger, Iris, who warned Poseidon. He quickly withdrew from his participation, but he was very defiant about the ordeal. Poseidon said that he was leaving out of respect for his brother, not because he feared him (Stickland, 12). This, again, shows the emotions that are strongly embedded into the immortals, and draws on the resemblance they have to humans: Poseidon was a proud person, who did not want to say that he was fearful of his brother, Zeus. The punishments and rewards that Poseidon and various other Olympians in the Greek myths bestowed upon the mortals were limited to what Zeus would allow. For example, when Odysseus blinded Poseidon’s son, he received a major punishment. In fact, if Odysseus had only blinded Polyphemos he could have been forgive, but he went too far. Odysseus added insult to injury and he and his family needed to pay for his transgression. Polyphemos was one of the Cyclops, who was called a “wheel-eyed” giant and he assisted Hephaistos. Poseidon was Polyphemos’s father, and the Sea nymph Thoosa was he mother. Odysseus had come to Polyphemos’s cave, and discovered, along with his ship mates, that Polyphemos ate men. Polypohemos was thinking that the small sailors were trapped, and so he let down his guard. During this time, Odysseus made Polyphemos relax with some strong wine, and he talked to him very cleverly. When he was not expecting it, Odysseus jumped at Polyphemos with a burning spear. He was blinded with the spear that boiled his eye in its socket. Odysseus escaped but due to his pride, he turned to taunt Polyphemos with some major insults. Poseidon could not forgive the indignity shown by Odyssey. Also, Zeus was not able to save Odysseus from Poseidon. While Poseidon caused a considerable amount of misery to Odysseus and his family, he did not kill him. Instead, he continued to drive him away from his home, robbing him of his happiness. One time, (during Odyssey, book 5), Poseidon discovered Odysseus, who was being resourceful on a raft that was in sight of land. At this time, the wind and the sea rose at Poseidon’s orders and in doing this, he staggered the sea and let the storm loose, blasting against Odysseus and destroying his small raft. Just prior to the raft being smashed to bits, Leukothea, the sea goddess, saw Odysseus and handed him her veil to make sure he did not drown. However, Odysseus thought that the offering from the sea goddess was a trick by Poseidon. Odysseus waited until his raft sank underneath the crashing waves, and then he accepted the help from the goddess, and this began is three-day swim to shore. However, he arose in a foreign land (Stickland, 54). Poseidon intended to harm the cursed hero, but not to kill him. This shows the complications of the immortals as depicted more in the imperial times. While Poseidon wanted to cause hardships to Odysseus, but not to kill him. Also, this shows the similarities between people and immortals, and that is that they are extremely complicated. During the ancient times, the immortals were divided into approximately eight categories. In the first category, the Protegenoi were considered to be the First Born gods who were the primeval being and they emerged during the creation of the universe and formed the fabric of everything, including the sea, sky, Earth, day and night. While these gods were divine, they were still only in elemental form. For example, Gaia was the literal Earth, Pontos was the sea, and Ouranos was the dome of heaven. In same instances, they assumed anthroporphic shapes, though they could not be divided from their element. The second category of gods were the Daimones, who were the spirits. They nurtured life in the four elements, such as the forest of Dryades, the fresh aster of Naiades, the marine Tritones and the beast-loving Satyroi. The third category was the body and the mind, which affected the Daimones. For example there was sleep, love, joy, hate, fear, death and old age. In the fourth category, the gods controlled the various forces of nature and created civilized arts for mankind. The fifth category consisted of the Olympian gods, and these are frequently depicted as characters in various Greek myths. The Olympians commanded the legions of spirits and lesser gods, while also commanding the universe. In the sixth category, the immortals were considered spirits of the constellations, circling the heavenly skies. In the seventh category, there were beasts, giants, and monsters, and they were considered semi-divine, as they were closely related to the gods. In the eighth category, the semi-divine heroes were designated, and they were worshipped after they died as being minor divinities. Achilles was considered to be a part of this category (Strickland, 23). The depiction of the immortals through the archaic and imperial times as being extremely emotional beings, is a key indication that they did not change much from each time period. However, the stories of the immortals grow more flexible in the way that they are depicted during the imperial times. The dynamics between the mortals and the immortals change in the imperial times to the point where the gods are not viewed as being all-controlling. This could be due to a departure in beliefs about the gods during the imperial times. Albersmeier, S. “Heroes Mortals and Myths in Ancient Greece.” Yale University Press. (2009). Web. 13 Nov. 2013. “Callimachus, Hymns 4-6.” Theoi Greek Mythology. (2011). Web. 13. Nov. 2013. Cooper, G.C., and Saunders, N.J. (2009). Greek Myths and Legends. New York: Ticktock Books. Print. Halford, R.W. (1964). The Greek Myths. Canada: Academic Press. Print. “Homeric Hymns.” Theoi Greek Mythology. (2011). Web. 15. Nov. 2013 Hunt, J.M. The Creation of Man by Prometheus. South Dakota State University. (n.d.). Web. 8 Nov. 2013. Nagy, G. Greek and Roman Myths of Heroes. University of Houston. (n.d.). Web. 11 Nov. 2013. “Plutarch, De superstitione.” Tufts University. (n.d.). Web. 13 Nov. 2013. Strickland, G. “The Thin Line Between Greek god and Mortals” Academia.(2013). Web. 11. Nov. 2013.

<urn:uuid:b941fa39-7c9a-4265-9104-c9443f4e9992>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://myessaywriter.net/2017/10/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506988.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402143006-20200402173006-00353.warc.gz

en

Memorial Sacrifice- 5B Memorial Sacrifice- 5B In our Come and See this week we have been learning about the significance of prayer, especially the Eucharistic Prayer. In year 5, we wrote our own prayer, explaining how important Jesus’ sacrifice was for us. Here is an example of prayer, from a pupil in year 5. ‘Jesus, we remember your intense sacrifice that saved our lives and we are very grateful. Therefore we celebrate your death and resurrection. For this brave sacrifice we owe you a gift of loyalty and responsibility. These gifts are made from the heart and taken seriously. Significance should be given to you as you are Christ. For this brave sacrifice we take the Body of Christ and the chalice of salvation and offer you these precious treasures especially made for you’ We have enjoyed the topic memorial sacrifice as it has brought us closer to Jesus, we know the Holy Spirit guides us in everything we do, helping us to carry out our pupil virtues daily. Football Fundraiser for CAFOD In year 5 we have been taking part in the football fundraiser for CAFOD. As Catholics we believe we are stewards of God's planet and we have the mission and the responsibility to look after the earth. In Laudato Si’, his letter to all of us, Pope Francis says that we must ‘protect our common home’, the whole Earth, and that we can ‘work together to do it’. By taking part in the football fundraiser we are working together to raise money for people in the Amazon rainforest and all around the world who are in need of our support. Here red is a prayer to help us reflect Help us to work together to share what we have so that everyone has what they need. Help us to build a better world where each of us can become the best person we can be. Our CAFOD football Fundraiser In our Come and See this week we have been learning about the significance of prayer, especially the Eucharistic Prayer. In year 5, we wrote our own prayer, explaining how important Jesus’ sacrifice was for us. Here is an example of prayer, from a pupil in year 5. ‘Jesus, we remember your intense sacrifice that saved our lives and we are very grateful. Therefore we celebrate your death and resurrection. For this brave sacrifice we owe you a gift of loyalty and responsibility. These gifts are made from the heart and taken seriously. Significance should be given to you as you are Christ. For this brave sacrifice we take the Body of Christ and the chalice of salvation and offer you these precious treasures especially made for you’ We have enjoyed the topic memorial sacrifice as it has brought us closer to Jesus, we know the Holy Spirit guides us in everything we do, helping us to carry out our pupil virtues daily. Mission LF5 May they all be one. This lesson in Come and See is all about how people were inspired to follow Jesus Christ and to share his mission and how they were called Christians. Sometimes they had disagreements about how to share the Good News and how to pray, but they were always united in their faith and love for God. Today we we have been showing our representation of the natural world created by God. As you can see in the pictures we all have a different interpretation of the world but are united in our appreciation and love for God's amazing creation. We have been preparing and delivering a collective worship about our new virtues Compassionate and Loving. Here our some photos from our prayerful and reflective service. The Feast of the Presentation This week we gathered for a school mass to celebrate the Feast of the Presentation. This is when Mary and Joseph took Jesus to the temple. When they were there they met an old man called Simeon. Simeon was good and holy person. He often went to the temple to pray. Simeon took Jesus in his arms and blesed God saying 'Now I am very happy to die because you have kept your promise. I am holding the one who is to be the light for everyone in the world'. We created our own class candles and Father John blessed the candles during the mass and we were reminded that Jesus is the light of the world. In year 5 this week we performed a class assembly on ‘Mission’. Everyone has a mission, we have been learning all about inspirational people, their mission and how they fulfil it. We have also learnt about the church and our clergy. We have been looking at Jesus’ mission in diocese, known as ecumenism. We read scripture from Isaiah which describes his mission. The main focus of the mission is to spread the good news to the poor. Jesus helped the poor for example when he fed 5000 people. We also learnt about other inspirational people who used Isaiah’s scripture to inspire their own personal mission. One of these people was Elly Jansen a young Dutch woman, her mission was inspired by Jesus. Jesus always made it his mission to help those in need. We know how important it is to follow in Jesus’ footsteps and have reflected by creating a mission for ourselves to follow. Minnie Vinnies Collection Year 5 Come and See Display We have been making Advent Promises about how we will use Kind Words this Advent Christ the King Feast Liturgy. In year 5 we reflected on the meaning behind the Christ the King feast by carrying out a liturgy. Welcome: Today we hear how Jesus is laughed at while on the cross and how two thieves have different things to say to him while they also are on the cross. Opening prayer: O Lord Jesus Christ, our King and Saviour, may we never forget your love for each one of us. We praise you always. Amen. First reading (optional): Samuel 5:1-3 Psalm: Psalm 121:1-5. R. Cf. v.2 Gospel acclamation: everyone stands and sings the acclamation together. Suggestions include: ‘Halle, halle, halle’ (Caribbean) from ‘Sing With the World’, Alison Adam & John Bell; ‘Alleluia’ (Zimbabwe), Abraham Maraire Publications, WCC & GIA; ‘Celtic Alleluia’ (traditional); ‘Alleluia! Raise the Gospel’ from ‘Go Before Us’, Bernadette Farrell, OCP Publications. Gospel: Luke 23:35-43 5The people stood there watching. The leaders made fun of Jesus. They said, “If he is God’s Chosen One, the Christ, then let him save himself. He saved other people, didn’t he?” 36Even the soldiers made fun of him. They came to Jesus and offered him some vinegar. 37They said, “If you are the king of the Jews, save yourself!” 38(At the top of the cross these words were written: “THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS.”) 39One of the criminals began to shout insults at Jesus: “Aren’t you the Christ? Then save yourself! And save us too!” 40But the other criminal stopped him. He said, “You should fear God! You are getting the same punishment as he is. 41We are punished justly; we should die. But this man has done nothing wrong!” 42Then this criminal said to Jesus, “Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom!” 43Then Jesus said to him, “Listen! What I say is true: Today you will be with me in paradise!” Gospel reflection: What do you remember from today's reading? In today's gospel we read how Jesus is put to death on a cross and how he is laughed at and made fun of. Can you imagine what it must have been like in front of all those people, to be in pain and to be laughed at? How do you think Jesus felt? The crowds can't understand why Jesus, the Son of God, can’t save himself. They are very confused. To them a king is someone who has power, money, land and who dresses in expensive clothes - not someone who ends up on a cross with a crown of thorns on his head. Kings are powerful, not like Jesus who seems helpless and is about to die. Yet we know that this was part of God's plan - Jesus had to die so that we are saved. There were two thieves on either side of Jesus, both on crosses as well. What did they say to Jesus? The first thief couldn't understand why Jesus didn’t try to save himself and prove that he was the Son of God by coming off the cross. He thought Jesus should try to save the thieves as well. The second thief tells the first off for being so rude to Jesus. He knows Jesus is innocent and doesn't deserve to die when he hasn't done anything wrong. This thief asks only to be remembered by Jesus. Jesus sees that the second thief is sorry for what he has done and so Jesus promises not just to remember the second thief but to give him peace and forgiveness in heaven. What does this show us about Jesus in our lives? When we feel powerless Jesus is right there with us. Jesus turns bad things into something better and stronger. The second thief knew this and we can believe it too. How does this help all people who feel powerless to change their lives and who are treated badly by other people? Jesus gives us hope as we know that he rose again three days later. Anything is possible with God. What does this tell us about the kind of king that Jesus is? Jesus was indeed a king. And not just any king but the "King of Kings" because who else could rise again from the dead? Power, money, possessions and expensive clothes are not as special as new life. Jesus came to serve others and so sometimes he is called the servant king. Jesus is the king of love, justice, peace and forgiveness. We are also called to help and to serve one another: in our homes, in our community and in the world around us. This week, when things are difficult, remember that God is always with you. And when you see that things are difficult for others, perhaps you can try to do all that you can to help and serve them, so they know that they are not alone and forgotten either. Intercessions You may want to ask the children to offer their own prayers or you can use the suggestions below. Let us pray to Christ our King together: We pray for the Church: that it may follow the example of Christ, serving others at all times. Lord in your mercy... We pray for our brothers and sisters in every country: that we may always remember them, and pray and work for change so all people may live free from poverty. Lord in your mercy... We pray for our parish, family and friends: that we may remember that God is with us in the hardest times and help and serve each other when things are difficult. Lord in your mercy... Closing prayer: O King of Kings, you died so that we might have life. Help us to serve one another and to be there for each other in the most difficult times. Amen.

<urn:uuid:38874746-f72e-42e8-8811-a51fb563d6b9>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.stphilipevansprm.cardiff.sch.uk/our-faith-12/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370519111.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404011558-20200404041558-00194.warc.gz

en

Do you have a green thumb but not enough yard space for a full-fledged garden? Have you ever considered gardening with a mini greenhouse? Whether you’re an expert gardener or just looking for an attractive centerpiece for the living room, a mini greenhouse could be just what you need. Some species of plants need starting earlier than their specific growing season, especially if you’re starting from seed. If you live in a colder than average region, you’ll need to start these plants inside. A mini greenhouse is the perfect piece of equipment for the job. A mini greenhouse also allows you to extend your overall gardening season. Just move your outdoor plants inside and place them in a mini greenhouse on the windowsill or a table in a well-lit room. When warmer weather returns, you can return said plants to their former location outside. After you build a mini greenhouse, you will wonder why you didn't do it sooner! What Exactly Is a Mini Greenhouse? A greenhouse is a structure equipped with walls and a roof consisting of see-through materials such as plastic, plexiglass or traditional glass. The primary purpose of a greenhouse is to regulate the climate in which plants grow. For example, growing lettuce outdoors in the wintertime or cultivating tropical plants in a much harsher environment. A mini greenhouse, therefore, is just a smaller version of a full-sized greenhouse. Mini greenhouses can be used indoors or outdoors, unlike their larger versions which are strictly outdoor structures. However, for the most part, mini greenhouses are typically found inside the home. Sometimes mini greenhouses are used for storing outside plants inside during the winter. Other times they are used for growing various types of plants indoors, such as kitchen herbs, flowers, fruits, and vegetables. That said, as I mentioned above, mini greenhouses can and are also used outdoors. Even though these outdoor mini greenhouses are somewhat massive compared to the windowsill and tabletop mini greenhouses found indoors, they are still considered mini compared to the much larger traditional greenhouses. What Are The Benefits of Using a Mini Greenhouse? So, now that we’ve covered what precisely a mini greenhouse is, let’s go over some of the main benefits of using one. Aside from looking awesome and being a good conversation starter, a mini greenhouse has many versatile benefits for plants including: A mini greenhouse is also an excellent and interactive way to educate children about plants and horticulture in general. Not only are they great for inside the home, but they also make an excellent addition to classrooms and offices. Where Can I Use a Mini Greenhouse? You can use your mini greenhouse just about anywhere that gets light. Whether that is in your backyard, the windows of your home, or the coffee table in your living room. A mini greenhouse is an extremely versatile piece of equipment. Not only are mini greenhouses great for inside or outside the home, but they also make an excellent addition to classrooms and offices. Things to Consider When Purchasing a Mini Greenhouse Mini greenhouses of all shapes and sizes have become available on the market. With so many options to choose from, it’s a bit of a challenge selecting the perfect one. Here are a few of the most vital considerations to make before deciding on the best mini greenhouse for you. One of the first things to consider when searching for a mini greenhouse is the amount of space that you are going to use. The amount of space you plan to fill is going to determine the size mini greenhouse that you need to purchase. Whether you are going to be using your mini greenhouse inside or outside will make a world of difference in the size. When purchasing a mini greenhouse, there are many options to choose from when it comes to what kind of materials make up the frame. Wood, plastic, and metals such as steel and aluminum are a few of the most popular. Wood is the typical choice for DIY greenhouses. Plastics are the most often used for smaller frames. Aluminum is a lightweight and rustproof choice while steel is the heaviest and most durable. The glazing is one of the most crucial consideration to make when it comes to your greenhouse. Glass is perhaps the most common with both mini and full-sized greenhouses. Polycarbonate is one of the most common long-lasting replacements for glass. Polyethylene is another and even cheaper alternative for glass, however, it needs replacing every three to five years. Another essential aspect to consider when planning a greenhouse is the insulation. If you’ll be using your mini greenhouse inside, insulation is not so much of a critical area to worry about. However, if you plan on using the greenhouse outdoors, especially in the winter time, you will most definitely need to put some thought into the amount of insulation required to protect your plants when snow and ice are present. Best Mini Greenhouses of 2018 Here are a few of the best mini greenhouses to get your hands on in 2018. These products appear in no particular order. One of the most currently famous mini greenhouses is the Socker by IKEA. It is perfect for sprouting seeds or growing a handful of plants. The frame consists of steel with a polyester powder coating. The glazing is polystyrene. It also comes with adjustable roof vents. The product’s measurements are 17.75 by 13.75 inches. - H Potter Glass Terrarium succulent plant container makes a great gift. Great size for small places. Entire glass... - Glass Terrarium is 3 mm thick and has lead-free solder to protect you and the environment. Front center roof panel is... - Base is metal with a dark gray powder coat finish, ball feet, and plastic liner. PROPS NOT INCLUDED. Another favorite mini greenhouse is the miniature indoor garden by H Potter. This one is a throwback to the conservatories of the 19th century. Its construction is of lead-free solder and a hinged roof which makes it super easy to water. The entire structure can lift off of your plants to more efficiently care for your plants. It has a 2-inch deep plant tray and measures 9.5 by 5.5 by 10.5 inches. - Double Shelves -- Double shelves provide more space for plants for various types of plants and elegant and simple... - Foldable Top-- Two top parts of this product could be open and close, and two bolts on the two sides which could be used... - Solid Structure--Structured with heavy-duty wood for extended durability, and the structure follows the scientific... The Wooden Mini Greenhouse by Giantex is entirely portable. It comes with doubles shelves and a beautiful design. It has a foldable top affixed to the structure with two bolts. The construction is high-quality wood. It is easy to move, each part is detachable, and you need no tools for assembly. Slightly larger than many mini-greenhouses in the same class, it provides additional space for more plants. This greenhouse is available in four different sizes. - Glass Hinged Roof Terrarium, Succulent & Air Plant Greenhouse - Beautiful black brass accent and ventilation - Great for growing micro-greens, succulents, air plants, moss, cacti and more. Deco also makes an excellent mini greenhouse which is perfect for those who wish to grow air plants such as cacti and succulent. It comes with a sleek black brass design including ventilation and a hinged roof. The products measurements are 5.9 by 5.1 by 11 inches. It is available in five versatile versions: hinged, pyramid, sphere, tall, and teardrop. - Ideal for small backyards or homes where space is an issue; place on a deck, patio, or balcony - Gives seeds, seedlings, and young plants an early start - Clear polyethylene cover and roll-up zippered door for easy access The 4-Tier Mini Greenhouse by Gardman is another excellent product to consider. It is perfect for starting plants from seeds on windowsills, patios, backyards, and more. It consists of tubular steel from that can be set up in minutes without the use of tools. The glazing is clear polyethylene, and it has a roll-up zipper door. Measurements are 27 by 18 by 63 inches. There is also an option for expert assembly when you order this mini greenhouse on Amazon. - Solid construction --- Heavy duty powder coated tubular steel and 6 sturdy shelves (17lbs Max Weight Capacity per shelf)... - Transparent PVC cover --- 100% Waterproof UV protection cover for maximum solar performance,protect your seeds from... - Mid Walk-in Design--- Roll- Up Zipper door crafted with double tailors,offers enough growing space for large size plants... This product is the only walk-in mini greenhouse to make our list. It is much larger than most other mini greenhouses, measuring 56 by 29 by 77 inches. Its frame is made up tubular steel and is powder coated. The cover consists of PVC, and the inside has a six-level shelving network. It weighs 19 pounds. DIY Mini Greenhouse In the case that you are more of a do-it-yourself type, we tracked down one of the most common sense (and affordable) DIY mini greenhouse ideas for you to try at home. Here’s what you’ll need: Here’s how you put it all together: - 1Remove the backs to the picture frames and paint them if you desire to do so. - 2Glue the edge of the 5"x7" frames to the 8"x10" frames to create the main box. - 3Glue two of the 4"x6" frames together side by side and repeat with the other two 4"x6" frames. - 4Place the edges of the double 4"x6" frames in an A-frame shape and run duct tape across the top, this will be your roof. - 5Set the roof on top of the main box, and you're all finished! There you have it! A mini greenhouse for your home! The Bottom Line About Mini Greenhouses Whether you merely love gardening, or you want to add some greenery or flowers to your home’s decor, a mini greenhouse is an excellent investment. For starting seeds in the early spring, growing spinach in the coldest climates, or teaching the kids about plants, a mini greenhouse will be your new best friend. Do you know about a mini greenhouse that you feel should be on our list? Let us know all about it in the comment section below!

<urn:uuid:f8d6ca8e-7e65-410c-ba6b-63390ae8448b>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://growwherever.com/mini-greenhouse/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370508367.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402204908-20200402234908-00233.warc.gz

en

|Cottonseed Oil Quick Facts| |Colors||Clear amber yellow| |Major nutrients||Total Fat (38.86%) Vitamin E (32.00%) Vitamin K (2.83%) |Health benefits||Hair growth, Lower inflammation, Prevent cardiovascular diseases, Manage blood pressure, Skin health| For over a century, it was a part of diet in USA. Just before 1940’s, it was considered as a major vegetable oil produced in USA. Today, it ranks third position in volume after soybean & corn oil expressing 5 to 6% of total domestic fat and oil supply. In United States, average production crosses above 1 billion pounds annually. In fact, it is used as a cooking or salad oil in U.S. About 56% is used in this category and 36% are used for baking and frying fats and small amount is used for margarine and other uses. It has 2:1 ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid. Naturally, it is considered to be hydrogenated due to its fatty acid profile containing 70% unsaturated fatty acids which includes 52% linoleic (poly-unsaturated), 18% oleic (mono-unsaturated) and 26% palmitic or stearic (saturated). This oil is suitable for frying without requirement of additional processing and formation of trans fatty acids. Cottonseed oil has high content of tocopherols which are natural antioxidants varying degrees of Vitamin E activity and provides stability giving products containing long shelf life. The oil has non oily, light consistency and high smoke point that makes it suitable for frying, stir fry and other oriental dishes. Before late 19th century, the by-product of cotton processing is considered to be worthless. The cotton production expanded throughout 17th, 18th and mid-19th centuries resulting largely worthless stock of cottonseed. Some seeds were used as fertilizer, animal feed and planting, majority were dumped illegally into rivers or left to rot. In 1820s & 1830s, the shortage of fats and oils was experienced by Europe due to expansion of rapid population during Industrial Revolution and after effects of British blockade during Napoleonic Wars. The increase in demand for oils or fats with decreasing supply leaded to rise in prices sharply. As a result many Europeans could not afford to buy oils or fats for lighting and cooking. The European entrepreneurs tried to take benefit from the increasing demand for oils and America’s large supply of cottonseed by crushing seed for oil. But it was difficult to separate seed hull from seed and most ventures failed in within few years. In 1857, this problem was resolved when William Fee invented huller that separated tough hulks from cottonseed meats. This invention started the use of cottonseed oil for illumination purposes in lamps to supplement increasingly expensive lard and whale oil. By 1859, as the petroleum industry emerged, this use came to end. Then cottonseed oil was used illegally to secure animal fats and lards. Secretly, meat packers added cottonseed oil to pure fats. In 1884, this practice got uncovered. An American meatpacking or food processing company, Armour and Company sought to corner the lard market and aware that it purchased more lard than existing hog population could produced. An investigation followed and legislation passed that products made with cottonseed oil should be labeled as lard compound. Cottonseed oil was mostly blended with olive oil. When the practice got started, countries put import tariffs on American olive oil and in 1883, Italy banned the product completely. These regulatory schemes discouraged cottonseed oil sales or exports, creating oversupply of cottonseed oil that decreased its value. Depressed value of cottonseed lead new formed Procter and Gamble to utilize its oil. The panic of 1837 lead the two brothers-in-law to merge their soap and candlestick manufacturing businesses in effort for reducing cost and weather the bear market. Finally brothers settled on cottonseed oil as they were searching for replacement of expensive animal fats in production. Procter& Gamble treed cottonseed oil market to bypass meat packer’s monopoly on the price. The demand for candles reduced as the electricity emerged. Then Procter and Gamble found cottonseed oil’s edible uses. With the use of patented technology, they hydrogenated cottonseed oil and made substance which closely resembles lard. Procter & Gamble in 1911 launched an aggressive marketing campaign for publicizing its new product, Criso which is a vegetable shortening could be used as a substitute for lard. The ads were placed in major newspapers advertising that the product “easier on digestion and a healthy alternative to cooking and more economical than butter“. The company started to provide free cookbooks with every recipe calling for Criso. By 1920s, the company evolved cookbooks in native tongues for specific ethnicities. Moreover, Criso was aired on radio cooking programs. A food chemist, David Wesson, in 1899 formed deodorized cottonseed oil called Wesson cooking oil which was heavily marketed and also became quite popular. The cottonseed oil became exceptional oil in United States. Wesson oil and Criso became direct substitutes for lard or more expensive oils used for frying, baking, salad dressings and sautéing. By world war II, the shortage of cottonseed oil forced in utilizing direct substitute soybean oil. The production of soybean oil outranked the production of cottonseed oil by 1944 due to the shortage of cottonseed and the cost of soybean oil falling below than cottonseed oil. Soybean oil replaced cottonseed oil by 1950 in the use of shortenings such as Crisco due to low price of soybeans. The price of cottonseed increased due to the replacement of cotton acreage by soybeans and corn. The production of cottonseed oil started to decline throughout mid and late 20th century. In mid-late 2000s, the trend of avoiding Trans fats & mandatory labeling of trans fats increase the consumption of cottonseed oil as the public health agencies and some health experts recommended it as a healthy oil. The other producers and Crisco were able to reformulate cottonseed oil as it contains little to no trans fats. Some health experts claim that the high ratio of polyunsaturated fats to monounsaturated fats & processed nature makes it unhealthy. Health Benefits of Cottonseed oil Cottonseed oil offers various health benefits such as protecting skin, lowering cholesterol, inflammation, improve immune system, boost cognition, speeds healing and also prevention from certain cancer types. Let us discuss these health benefits more closer: - Hair growth Cottonseed oil has linoleic acid which promotes hair growth and prevents hair loss. It neutralizes dermatitis effects which are the main cause for hair loss on skin and strengthen scalp which ensures hair making beautiful and healthy. Cottonseed oil helps to supply linoleic acid required for hair. - Lower inflammation Inflammation is the process organized by body’s immune system to counteract diseases and infections. Though inflammation is beneficial to the body but is harmful when occurred for longer time period and could lead to other complications. It is recommended to consume monounsaturated fats to lower inflammation rate in the body. Generally monounsaturated fats are anti-inflammatory fats. - Prevent cardiovascular diseases Monounsaturated fats helps to prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular problems and assist in lowering the level of saturated fats in the body resulting lower chances of cardiovascular diseases. This fat helps to reduce bad cholesterol levels and promote good cholesterol. - Manage blood pressure Blood pressure is the measurement of force of blood exerted against walls of blood vessels by circulating blood transporting from heart to all body parts. The too low or too high blood pressure causes other heart problems. Meals should contain adequate amounts of monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats in diet. The oil assures adequate intake of PUFA preventing the rising and falling of blood pressure beyond normal. The heart is protected from adverse changes to pumping efficiency. The low blood pressure is harmful for health because insufficient blood is present to fill heart chambers. - Skin health Vitamin E assists to maintain glowing color and natural beauty by replenishing lost moisture and moisturizing skin. Apply it topically during day and night for maximal results. The oil is rich in Vitamin E and it may prevent dark spots for skin and reduce the action of free radicals that destroy skin cells making the skin look healthy and youthful. An unsaturated fats forms protective barrier around skin cells lowering likelihood of skin barrier being breached by foreign pathogens. - Prevent cancer Prostate cancer is the main cause for death of thousands of men each year occurs from often times benign growth of prostate called BPH. The appearance of cancerous cells left unchecked, it starts to divide in rapid succession and destroys immune system in process. The oil has rich content of antioxidants levels and reduces the growth of cancerous cells in prostate and chances of development of full blown prostate cancer. - Healing of wounds The oil has high content of linoleic acid and antioxidants such as Vitamin E making it applicable for wounds as it promotes the healing process. The skin is prone to scrapes, cuts, bruises and scratches. This oil is applicable in wounds. Apply it topically on its own to wounded area or mixing with coconut or jojoba oil for thicker and longer lasting preparation of efficient healing process. The daily use of cottonseed oil minimizes or clears appearance of scarring completely and stimulates growth of new cells to prevent infection. - Promote bodily functions Choline is an important dietary nutrient necessary for consumption to promote body functions. It could be obtained easily from dietary sources such as cottonseed oil. Cottonseed oil has choline in it that assist lipid metabolize situated in liver so it prevents the liver damage due to lipid accumulation. The oil has dietary choline that prevents diseases such as cancer and enhances reduction of inflammation. Intake of choline features improved energy levels, increased brain function and proper fetal development. - Function of brain The activity of other bodily parts is associated with functioning of brains optimally. So the foods rich in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats are associated in promoting brain function and lowering the chances of neurological problems that could arise such as dementia. This oil has constituents that lowers inflammation in brain and also lowers swelling in neuron’s pathways. It also prevents build-up of plaque so the brain remains active and sharp. The plaque deposition indicates neurodegenerative illness and precedes Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. - Strengthen immunity Most of the vegetable oils are pro-oxidant in nature which worsens oxidation process and inflammation in the body. Cottonseed oil is rich in antioxidant properties due to the presence of natural unsaturated fats along with Vitamin E. It supports immune system and lowers the chances of communicable diseases. - Helps to lose weight An intake of Cottonseed oil helps to promote weight loss as it does not possess bad trans fatty acids. The fat found in Cottonseed oil could be burned easily resulting weight loss. The good dietary fat is high in cottonseed oil that efficiently enhance weight loss and promotes overall health of body in reasonable time period. - Enhance cognition Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats are associated to increase cognition and lower neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Use natural and unrefined cottonseed oil for lowering inflammation in neural pathways and prevent beta-amyloid plaque deposition keeping sharp as people ages. It is used to treat colic in babies. Side Effects of Cottonseed Oil Some side effects of cottonseed oil are noted such as an elevated risk of cancer, heart disease, reproductive problems and skin inflammation. The hydrogenated cottonseed oil lead to more side effects than natural cottonseed oil. The unrefined oil contains toxic substance named gossypol that could not be digested by humans. So it is very necessary to know where the cottonseed oil is derived from and what levels of refinement or processing has it undergone. - Heart problems Cottonseed oil is praised for enhancing heart health but it has high level of saturated fats in hydrogenated form which is harmful for heart health especially those suffering from heart disease or atherosclerosis. The people having cardiovascular problems should consult doctor before using it. The cotton crop is not restricted by same herbicide and pesticide laws. It means that some cottonseed oil could be high in harmful toxins depending on where it has been sourced. Some toxins are directly associated with carcinogenic effects in the body. Mentioned earlier, it is essential to know where the oil comes from and methods used for producing it. - Skin Irritation People having sensitive skin suffer from itchiness, inflammation and skin redness with the use of cottonseed oil. So does a small patch test on skin before applying it to large body areas. - Reproductive health Studies show that gossypol is a natural chemical component found in cottonseed oil that could lower sperm production and motility. It can impair one’s ability of having child. The commercial version of cottonseed oil undergoes a process of discarding this gossypol but it is necessary to note whether refinement process includes hydrogenating this oil. How to Eat - It is used as a salad oil. - This oil is used for frying, cooking, baking and salad dressings. - Cottonseed oil is used for mayonnaise. - It is used in potato chips, cereals, baked goods, oriental dishes and spicy foods. - Cottonseed oil is used to bake goods or as a spread on baked goods such as muffins and breads. - Cottonseed Oil has the density at 15 °C is 925.87 kg/cubic meter. - It has high content of tocopherols. - The oil is used to manufacture personal care and cosmetic products.

<urn:uuid:9edb6d7f-5459-482f-ac16-df2c9a9084aa>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/cottonseed-oil/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496330.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329232328-20200330022328-00473.warc.gz

en

The largest rodents in North America, American beavers (Castor canadensis), commonly construct dams across marsh headwater streams. By damming these streams, beavers raise water levels and create a protective moat around their lodge; within the deepest waters of their impoundments, they store food for the winter. When the dam is breached and water slowly drains from the pond, wetland plants colonize the exposed edges; once the water drains enough to be limited to the old stream channel, the area that was once a beaver pond has cycled back into a marsh headwater stream. There are several thousand occurrences statewide. Many documented occurrences have good viability and are protected on public land or private conservation land. This community has statewide distribution, and includes several high quality examples. The current trend of this community is probably stable for occurrences on public land, or declining slightly elsewhere due to moderate threats related to development pressure or alteration to the natural hydrology. The number and miles of marsh headwater streams in New York have probably remained stable in recent decades as a result of water quality regulations. Several examples have shown improvement in water quality in recent decades attributed to improved treatment of municipal and industrial waste (Bode et al. 1993). The number and miles of marsh headwater streams in New York are probably comparable to historical numbers, but the water quality of several of these streams likely declined significantly prior to the enforcement of water quality regulations (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water 2000). Marsh headwater streams are threatened by development and its associated run-off (e.g., residential, agricultural, roads, bridges), recreational overuse (e.g., ATVs, intensive fish stocking and removal, adjacent camping), and habitat alteration in the adjacent landscape (e.g., logging, pollution run-off). Alteration to the natural hydrology is also a threat to this community (e.g., impoundments, blocked culverts, stream channelization, water diversions, bank stabilization). Reduction in water quality is a threat to marsh headwater streams (e.g., siltation, trash, turbidity, septic/nutrient run-off, pesticides, water temperature increase). A few marsh headwater streams are threatened by invasive, non-native plants and animals. Where practical, establish and maintain a riparian buffer to reduce storm-water, pollution, and nutrient run-off, while simultaneously capturing sediments before they reach the stream. Buffer width should take into account the erodibility of the surrounding soils, slope steepness, and current land use. If possible, minimize the number and size of impervious surfaces in the surrounding landscape. Avoid habitat alteration within the stream and surrounding landscape. For example, roads should not be routed through the riparian buffer area. If the stream must be crossed, then bridges and boardwalks are preferred over filling and culverts. Restore past impacts, such as removing obsolete impoundments and hardened shorelines in order to restore the natural hydrology. Prevent the spread of invasive exotic species into the river through appropriate direct management, and by minimizing potential dispersal corridors. When considering road construction and other development activities, minimize actions that will change what water carries and how water travels to this community, both on the surface and underground. Water traveling over-the-ground as run-off usually carries an abundance of silt, clay, and other particulates during (and often after) a construction project. While still suspended in the water, these particulates make it difficult for aquatic animals to find food; after settling to the bottom of the stream, these particulates bury small plants and animals and alter the natural functions of the community in many other ways. Thus, road construction and development activities near this community type should strive to minimize particulate-laden run-off into this community. Water traveling on the ground or seeping through the ground also carries dissolved minerals and chemicals. Road salt, for example, is becoming an increasing problem both to natural communities and as a contaminant in household wells. Fertilizers, detergents, and other chemicals that increase the nutrient levels in wetlands result in algae blooms and eventually an oxygen-depleted environment where few animals can live. Herbicides and pesticides often travel far from where they are applied and have lasting effects on the quality of the natural community. So, road construction and other development activities should strive to consider: 1. how water moves through the ground, 2. the types of dissolved substances these development activities may release, and 3. how to minimize the potential for these dissolved substances to reach this natural community. Survey for occurrences statewide to advance documentation and classification of marsh headwater streams. A statewide review of marsh headwater streams is desirable. Continue searching for large stream systems in good condition (A- to AB-ranked). Research composition of marsh headwater streams statewide in order to characterize variations. Collect sufficient quantitative data to support the recognition of several distinct marsh headwater streams based on composition and by ecoregion. Marsh headwater streams are widespread throughout the state including the coastal lowlands/north Atlantic coast. This community is likely to be represented by different variants corresponding to major watersheds and/or ecoregions. This physically broadly-defined community may be worldwide. Examples with the greatest biotic affinities to New York occurrences are suspected to span north to southern Canada, west to Minnesota, southwest to Indiana and Tennessee, southeast to Georgia, and northeast to Nova Scotia. Marsh headwater streams occur in the upper sections of the riverine complex (the headwaters) and generally occur at high level or basin floor topographic positions. Slope is generally much less than 1 degree. Marsh headwater streams often occur just downstream or upstream from rocky headwater streams and typically have a palustrine component, ideally an emergent marsh or shrub swamp, bordering at least 50% of their length. Substrate is gravel or sand with silt, muck, peat, or woody and leafy debris deposits. Sparse emergent marshes, floating aquatic beds, submergent aquatic beds, and mussel beds are typically present in this broadly defined community. Marsh headwater streams are shallow (averaging 1 m deep) and narrow (averaging less than about 3 m wide) with a very low gradient, a slow flow rate, and low flow discharge. Water is cool to warm, turbid, and poorly aerated. These streams usually have clearly distinguished meanders (high sinuosity) and are typically dominated by runs with interspersed pool sections; riffles are less common. Species assemblages characteristic of pools and soft bottoms dominate the community. Warmwater minnows are characteristic, including fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), northern redbelly dace (Phoxinus eos), golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), and central mudminnow (Umbra limi). The American beaver (Castor canadensis) is a characteristic mammal; beaver dams and pools are typical of this stream type. Pool and soft bottom invertebrate specialists are typically common. Submergent vascular plants may be abundant; characteristic aquatic macrophytes include water milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum), coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum), pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.), duckweeds (Lemna minor), water stargrass (Heteranthera dubia), and waterweed (Elodea nuttallii). Algae are primarily epiphytic and suspended. Known examples of this community have been found at elevations between 460 feet and 2,003 feet. Marsh headwater streams are scenic year-round, but have greater flow in spring and early summer. Mid- to late summer is a good time to look for the diverse array of aquatic macroinvertebrates living in the streambed. Sagittaria cuneata (northern arrowhead) Lemna minor (common duckweed) Nuphar variegata (common yellow pond-lily, common spatter-dock) Nymphoides cordata (little floating-heart) Sagittaria cuneata (northern arrowhead) Trapa natans (water-chestnut) Ceratophyllum demersum (common coon-tail) Elodea canadensis (Canada waterweed) Potamogeton epihydrus (ribbon-leaved pondweed) Potamogeton natans (floating-leaved pondweed) Potamogeton perfoliatus (clasping-leaved pondweed) Potamogeton pusillus (common narrow-leaved pondweed) Vallisneria americana (water-celery, tape-grass) This figure helps visualize the structure and "look" or "feel" of a typical Marsh Headwater Stream. Each bar represents the amount of "coverage" for all the species growing at that height. Because layers overlap (shrubs may grow under trees, for example), the shaded regions can add up to more than 100%. Bode, R.W., M.A. Novak, and L.E. Abele. 1993. Twenty year trends in water quality of rivers and streams in New York State based on macroinvertebrate data 1972-1992. New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water, Albany, NY. Edinger, G. J., D. J. Evans, S. Gebauer, T. G. Howard, D. M. Hunt, and A. M. Olivero (editors). 2014. Ecological Communities of New York State. Second Edition. A revised and expanded edition of Carol Reschke’s Ecological Communities of New York State. New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY. http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/ecocomm2014.pdf Edinger, Gregory J., D.J. Evans, Shane Gebauer, Timothy G. Howard, David M. Hunt, and Adele M. Olivero (editors). 2002. Ecological Communities of New York State. Second Edition. A revised and expanded edition of Carol Reschke's Ecological Communities of New York State. (Draft for review). New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Albany, NY. 136 pp. Gilman, B. A. 1976. Wetland plant communities along the eastern shoreline of Lake Ontario. M.S. thesis, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York. Haslam, S.M. 1978. River plants. The marcrophytic vegetation of watercourses. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York. New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water. 2000. New York State water quality 2000. October 2000. New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water, Albany, NY. New York Natural Heritage Program. 2020. New York Natural Heritage Program Databases. Albany, NY. Peverly, J. H. 1979. Elemental distribution and macrophyte growth downstream from an organic soil. Aquatic Botany 7:319-338. Reschke, Carol. 1990. Ecological communities of New York State. New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Latham, NY. 96 pp. plus xi. Smith, C.L. 1985. The Inland Fishes of New York State. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Albany, NY. 522pp. This guide was authored by: Gregory J. Edinger Information for this guide was last updated on: March 7, 2017 Please cite this page as: New York Natural Heritage Program. 2020. Online Conservation Guide for Marsh headwater stream. Available from: https://guides.nynhp.org/marsh-headwater-stream/. Accessed April 3, 2020.

<urn:uuid:69897fdd-e260-436e-8bd3-45c0a19b9d88>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://guides.nynhp.org/marsh-headwater-stream/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510352.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403061648-20200403091648-00554.warc.gz

en

We are very happy that you like sharing articles from the site. To send more articles to your friends please copy and paste the page address into a separate email. Thank You. In my last newsletter I continued my discussion of the characteristics of successful people by examining the ways in which they deal with mistakes and failures. I noted that as a father, clinical psychologist, educator, youth sports coach, and consultant I have been very interested in how children and adults understand and respond to mistakes in their lives. I strongly believe that one’s response to failure or to the possibility of failure is a strong indication of a person’s sense of self-worth and feelings of competence. Last month I focused on the strategies that educators might use to lessen the fear of failure in our youth. This month’s newsletter is dedicated to what parents can do to help their children be less fearful about mistakes and setbacks. I should emphasize a point I have made in several previous articles about the concept of success. When I refer to people as successful I am not using as the main criteria their accumulated wealth or social status but rather the extent to which they are comfortable and content with their personal and professional lives, their compassion and generosity, their ability to handle adversity, and the ease with which they relate to others. I noted that one framework that has provided me with guideposts to assess the ways in which we understand and respond to both mistakes and successes is attribution theory. This theory, originally proposed by psychologist Bernard Weiner, highlights that whether we are aware of it or not, we assume different reasons for why we succeed and fail and that these reasons are directly related to our self-esteem and confidence. More specifically, successful people believe that mistakes provide opportunities for learning and future success. They attribute mistakes to conditions that can be changed. For instance, if children with high self-esteem fail a test that they believe was within their ability to pass, they will seek out the assistance of teachers or parents and/or develop more effective strategies for studying and learning. If they are playing basketball and an opposing player drives by them to score, they will listen closely to the coach about how to be a more effective defensive player in the future. It is not that they say in a jubilant voice, “I am happy to make mistakes so that I can learn.” However, they do not experience failure as proof that they are failures. They view mistakes as expected occurrences. In contrast, youngsters with low self-esteem are more likely to assume that they cannot modify situations in which they made mistakes, resigning themselves to the belief that they will continue to fail and that success is illusory. In my role as a youth basketball coach a child once told me, “I will never make a foul shot.” He was convinced that he would never be able to do so, a perception that limited the probability of success in the future. As a psychologist I have heard a wide spectrum of remarks reflecting a sense of hopelessness in youngsters when confronted with failure or the possibility of failure. Some are direct expressions of very low self-esteem while others represent self-defeating attempts to escape from a sense of failure. Such remarks include: “Why should I try to study? I will fail anyway.” “Everyone is better than I am in spelling. Things will never get better.” “My saxophone is bad, that’s why I can’t learn to play.” “My parents did not buy me the right kind of glue. If they did, the model plane I made would not be broken.” If we subscribe to the basic tenets of attribution theory then we can ask the following question, “How do I say and do things with my children so that they will develop a healthy attitude towards mistakes and setbacks, that they will learn that mistakes are expected and accepted?” I would like to share some thoughts about what parents can do to nurture a positive mindset in children about mistakes. Serve as a Model: Children are astute observers of the ways in which their parents handle mistakes. As parents we have countless opportunities to model for our children a healthy attitude towards making mistakes and dealing with setbacks. It is for this reason that I often ask parents how they think their children would answer the following question, “What do your parents do when they make mistakes?” At some point I would like to write a book titled, “Children’s Perceptions of How Their Parents Deal with Mistakes.” Many parents at my workshops have half-joking, half-not, said, “Please don’t ask my kids that question.” I do ask it. The following are some of the negative responses I have gathered from children: “They yell and scream at each other. They blame each other.” “They say, What’s the use and give up.” “My dad said a word he always tells me not to say.” “My mom got angry at me for not wanting to join the soccer team because I thought I wasn’t good enough. Yet, when she was asked to give a talk for the Rotary Club in our town she made up an excuse that she was busy. I think she was afraid, so why get angry with me for something that she does?” “I hate when my dad does something wrong since he usually blames me. Like one time he went through a red light and got a ticket and then said to me and my brother that our arguing caused him not to pay attention.” One of my all-time favorites was the response offered by a young boy when asked his parents reaction to mistakes. He said, “What’s a double martini?” Obviously his parents are not serving as effective models. On the positive side, I have heard: “When my dad tries to fix something in the house and it doesn’t work, he loves to joke and say, I better pay attention to what I’m doing. Usually, after that he does an okay job.” “My mom once burned the food when my parents were having guests over. I thought she was going to be really upset but she said to my dad, I guess well have to order out. My dad laughed. Their friends weren’t even upset about it and they were all joking about times they had burned food.” “My dad was having problems with a project at work. You could tell it was on his mind but when he was playing chess with me at night, he seemed not to think of work. A few days later he said it was solved. He really seemed confident.” While modeling certain behaviors as a parent doesn’t guarantee our children will follow in our footsteps, we must remember that we are their primary teachers and children pay close attention to our reactions to various situations. Use Mistakes as Teachable Moments: If we want our children to develop the belief that mistakes are experiences from which to learn, then we must reinforce this belief day in and day out by our response to their mistakes. Thus, another one of my favorite questions that I ask parents to consider is how their children would answer the following, “When you make a mistake, when something doesn’t go right, what do your parents say and do?” Reflect upon how your children would answer this question. Although most parents have told me that they want their children to learn from mistakes, often out of frustration and anger parents say and do things that work against this goal. The following represent comments offered by children when describing how their parents respond to their mistakes, beginning with a few negative examples: “I spilled a glass of milk in a restaurant and my mother slapped my hand and said, You are so clumsy. You never pay attention.” “Whenever I try something and it doesn’t work, my father says, I told you it wouldn’t work.” (In this particular instance, the boy’s father said to me in therapy that he was very concerned that his son gave up very easily when he couldn’t do something. Yet the father had little appreciation of how his response to his son was communicating a lack of trust in his son’s ability to stick with things and succeed.) “I caught two touchdown passes in my Pop Warner football game. I missed one pass. When I came off the field I couldn’t believe my father’s response. Maybe he thought he was helping me but it hurt. He said, ’How come you dropped that pass?’ He didn’t even mention the two touchdown passes I caught.” A girl with learning problems said that her parents continue to exhort her “to try harder” when she feels she is already expending as much energy as she can. In contrast, what follows are a few positive examples: “My parents encourage me to try new things and remind me that if it doesn’t work out, its not the end of the world.” “My mom is always there when I need help with something I have trouble doing. But she says she will help me but not do it for me. Sometimes I want her to do it for me but I know that she feels with her help I can learn to do it myself.” “Before my dad taught me to ride a two-wheel bike he took out a videotape of when he was learning to ride a two-wheeler. We laughed at all the times he fell down. Then he said, ’Somehow I still learned to ride. Im sure you’ll fall also.’ His mom and dad were on the tape and gave him a big hug. I guess I felt less worried about learning to ride after seeing the tape.” What will make it easier for us to use mistakes as teachable moments? There are a number of possibilities. I would like to highlight three. Be Empathic. In all of my workshops and writings I emphasize the importance of empathy. The reader may wish to refer to my two newsletters about empathy that appeared on my website (February and March, 1999) for a more in-depth discussion of the topic. As parents if we wish to become more empathic and help our children deal more effectively with mistakes we should be guided by several questions: “When I say or do things with my children that pertain to making mistakes, what do I hope to accomplish?” “Am I saying or doing these things in a way that my children will be most likely to listen to and learn from me?” This question is very important. As we have seen, while many parents would answer the first question by saying they want their children to feel they can learn from mistakes, some respond in ways that result in their children feeling humiliated and intimidated and more fearful of making mistakes. “Would I want anyone to respond to my mistakes the way I respond to my children’s setbacks?” If the answer is ‘no,’ then change the way you react to your children. Have Realistic Expectations. In my career I have seen the negative impact that unrealistic expectations have on children. As I noted in the five articles I wrote for my website last spring pertaining to the temperamental differences in children, our expectations for our children must be based upon their particular temperament and learning styles. For example, I worked with a family whose nine-year-old son had difficulty with attention and learning. Although the parents said they understood the nature of his problems, they did not respond as if they did. Instead, they felt that if he studied more and was more consistent his grades would be better. However, this child was already expending much energy in learning and was mentally exhausted. His parents’ expectations that he could complete as much work as his peers was unrealistic given his learning problems. Instead of offering support, their frustration as well as their belief that he was not trying hard enough led them to punish him for his mistakes on spelling and math tests. In response this boy became increasingly angry and resentful and felt there was nothing he could do to please his parents. Relatedly, we must be careful that our expectations do not place children in situations where the likely outcome is failure. We can advise children they will learn from mistakes. However, if they constantly make mistakes and do not experience success because we do not take into consideration their unique temperament and learning style, they will begin to flee from those tasks that they perceive as leading to failure. As one boy poignantly told me, “If you’re supposed to learn from your mistakes then I should be a genius since I have made so many.” Prepare Your Children for Mistakes. I believe that parents can prepare their children for the possibility that mistakes will occur, thereby lessening fears associated with possible setbacks. This can be accomplished with carefully selected comments at carefully selected times. Several examples were offered earlier in this article such as the father who showed his son a videotape of himself falling numerous times as he learned to ride a two-wheel bike or the child whose parents said it’s not the end of the world if we try something and it doesn’t work. Preparing children for mistakes should not be confused with introducing a self-fulfilling prophecy for failure. What will insure that it is not experienced as a self-fulfilling prophecy for failure are our comments that if things do not work out there are other strategies we can use. Thus, our children hear the message that many possibilities exist for reaching our goals. In summary, we can adopt a problem-solving approach with our children in which we convey the belief that all children will make mistakes whether on a test, in a sporting event, in a play, or in building a model. In a low-keyed manner we can communicate that when setbacks occur, we can figure out what will help to correct them. We can also offer realistic hope by articulating the belief that a task that is too difficult at this point may not present as great an obstacle in the future. Children who are not paralyzed by the fear of making mistakes or failing are the youngsters who will grow up willing to take appropriate risks and willing to confront challenges. They will experience many opportunities to enjoy life rather than spending most of their time and energy running from possible failure. If we as adults are to help children develop this positive outlook, we must possess a healthy attitude about making mistakes. In my next newsletter I will discuss what we can do as adults to develop a positive mindset about the role of mistakes in our own lives.

<urn:uuid:011d09cd-8ca6-4974-a2c3-85075c76a774>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.drrobertbrooks.com/0011/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370511408.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410173109-20200410203609-00434.warc.gz

en

*This post was prepared for the “Rethinking Nation and Nationalism” workshop, February 6, 2015. By David Siddhartha Patel, Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University In mid-November 2011, four weeks after the fall of the Moammar Gaddafi regime, residents of Msallata, Libya celebrated the 93rd anniversary of the proclamation of independence of the Tripolitanian Republic. They marched in the streets and listened to stories about the founding in 1918 of the first republic in the modern Middle East: al-Jumhuriya al-Trabulsiya. Although that state survived only a few years, until 1923, these commemorations suggest that “memories of stateness” have lasted much longer. Similarly, on June 1, 2013 in eastern Libya, Ahmed al-Senussi declared Cyrenaica to be a “self-governing region,” echoing his great-uncle King Idris’s declaration of independence of the Emirate of Cyrenaica on June 1, 1949. The central government of Libya is weak: When Prime Minister Ali Zeidan was seized from a hotel in the capital in 2013 by a rebel militia, another rebel militia purportedly freed him. Many analysts speculate that Libya could break up, either de facto or de jure. If it does, could memories of the Tripolitanian Republic and the Emirate of Cyrenaica provide bases for new political communities? Arab notables from the coast, tribal chieftans from the hinterland, and Berbers from the Nafusa Mountains came together to form a republic in 1918. Could memories – real or invented – and the flags of those defunct states unite tribes and factions today? These two “Libyan” states are not the only inchoate polities that vanished from the map of the modern Middle East and North Africa. Depending on criteria, between 29 and 62 autonomous territorial polities that existed in the region after 1914 have disappeared, most often by being absorbed into or conquered by other states. Only a few of these “failed states” have received focused attention from scholars, such as Joshua Teitelbaum’s study of the Kingdom of the Hijaz, Madawi Al-Rasheed’s history of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar, Graham H. Stuart’s account of the city-state of Tangier, and Anne K. Bang’s thesis on the the Idrisi State of Asir. As far as I know, no one has attempted a comprehensive study of them as a group. My new book project studies and compares these failed states. I am interested not just in how they came to be and how they died, but I also propose to document and study how they are remembered today by residents of the Middle East and the ways in which political entrepreneurs could use their histories and symbols for mobilization. If Syria, Iraq, and Libya break up because of unrest, might the past – the failed states of the past – shape the future map of the Middle East? This memo describes several parts of my book project and is organized into three sections: 1) identifying the universe of these failed states and presenting some descriptive findings; 2) briefly discussing my plans to compare “polities that passed” to states that survived; and 3) suggesting ways to explore “memories of stateness” today. Part I: The universe of failed states The first step in this project is to identify the full universe of states that have failed in the Middle East since 1914. As far as I know, I am the first to attempt this. I have identified a minimum of 29 and up to 62 such territorially-based polities, depending on how I code various sultanates, federations, and states that existed in South Yemen under British protection. International relations scholars typically define “stateness” in terms of membership in international organizations or recognition by great powers. This operationalization misses almost all of the inchoate states in the Middle East. Instead, I employ a modified version of Scott Abramson’s neo-Weberian definition of a state, which emphasizes domestic capacity, including a quasi-monopoly of violence over a fixed territory. Norman Davies’s 2012 study of European polities that vanished identifies five mechanisms of death: implosion, conquest, merger, liquidation, and “infant mortality.” I adapt his coding scheme. A few preliminary observations from the dataset: - Polities died in every decade from the 1920s to the 1970s, and new polities continued to emerge through the 1950s. The map of the Middle East was not set at the San Remo Conference. - Of the 19 extant states in the MENA, 10 contain the territory of at least one failed state. - States failed throughout the region, not in a single sub-region. - States failed in areas influenced by the British, French, Spanish, and no colonial power. - The IR literature on state death tends to focus on conquest and overlook cases of collective abdication. Both causes of death occur among states in my dataset. - Many (arguably, most) states in the MENA perished by voluntarily merging with others. - No MENA states died via implosion or violent dissolution. There is no regional precedent like the Soviet Union, Federation of Yugoslavia, or Austro-Hungarian Empire. - Iraq possesses only one failed state within its borders: the Kingdom of Kurdistan, a city-state that existed in Sulaymaniyah from around 1921 to 1924. Iraq has no reservoir of substate “memories of stateness” for Arab Sunnis or Shiites to draw upon in the event of partition. In contrast, Syria and Libya do. I am creating a geographic information system (GIS) to map and visualize these failed states, as well as collecting a variety of information about them. Using GIS in this way helps us see where these states existed and the extent to which their borders reflect current national identity contestations. How did these states come to exist? How many pre-date the arrival of colonial powers, how many were created by colonial powers, and how many were indigenous attempts to resist colonialism? To what extent did their boundaries and membership cross linguistic, tribal, and sectarian boundaries? Once I map these states, I will be able to analyze the extent to which their actual or claimed borders are coterminous with the international and subnational borders of today’s states. One question I will answer is the extent to which these failed states continue to determine subnational demarcations. Is the purported weakness of national identity in the Middle East today partly a legacy of early state formation and dissolution? Part II: Comparing failed states to extant states Charles Tilly and several other scholars have observed that to fully understand the process of state formation, we cannot focus only on states that survived but must also consider those that did not. This part of my project matches and compares a sample of failed polities to extant states to identify factors that might account for why some autonomous polities survived (e.g., the Emirate of Transjordan, later the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) and others (e.g., the Kingdom of the Hijaz, 1916-25) did not. A tremendous amount of literature focuses on state-building in existing states, such as Egypt, Jordan, and Iraq. Some scholars occasionally compare those states to one another. But no one asks if we can learn about state-formation by comparing Kuwait with Hatay State (1937-39). Although they seem like an unlikely pair, both Kuwait and Hatay were new coastal states with high linguistic and religious diversity and large and powerful neighbors who sought to annex them. Why did Kuwait’s diverse population (Arab and Persian, Sunni and Shiite) unify to fend off Saudi irredentism at the Battle of Jahra in 1920 while Hatay’s population split along linguistic lines, facilitating annexation by Turkey in 1939? These questions are relevant to the contemporary Middle East and of interest to political scientists, as well as historians. Part III: “Memories of stateness” Figure 1 presents two images from Western media of how civil unrest might lead to a redrawing of the map of the Middle East. The map on the left, which appeared on the cover of The Atlantic in early 2008, depicts more than a dozen changes to the region’s borders and regimes. Some new states have no precedent as independent polities, such as a unified Kurdistan or the partition of Iraq into Sunni and Shiite states. In Syria, however, several autonomous polities that existed during the French mandate reemerge as independent states with similar borders and flags: “Druzistan” is Jabal Druze (1922-36, 1939-42; a.k.a. State of Suwayda), and “the Alawite Republic” reflects the historic Alawite State (1920-1922, 1924-36, 1939-42; a.k.a. Government of Latakia). The map on the right, which accompanied a piece by Robin Wright in The New York Times, does not depict the “reemergence” of states that failed from Syria, but it shows Libya and Saudi Arabia breaking apart largely along the lines of states that existed before those countries were unified by Idris and Ibn Saud’s Ikhwan respectively. |Figure 1: Redrawing the map of the Middle East| |Source: The Atlantic, January/February 2008||Source: Robin Wright, “Imagining a Remapped Middle East,” The New York Times, Sept 28, 2013| Scholars know little about how states that failed are remembered by residents of the contemporary Middle East, and little useful theory exists that would allow us to deductively restrict the conditions under which political entrepreneurs could use or invent symbols of those states to successfully mobilize populations. I propose to study the ways in which a subset of these states are remembered. In my preliminary work I have focused on how Kurds “remember” the short-lived Republic of Mahabad (1946), also sometimes referred to as the Republic of Kurdistan. Memories of Mahabad resonate far beyond Iranian Kurdistan. They heavily shaped the organization of the Kurdish Peshmerga and the worldview of Iraqi Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani, who served as Mahabad’s Minister of Defense. His son, Massoud Barzani, was born there and referred to the state as “an ideal time and place to be born a Kurd.” The Mahabad flag remains the flag flown in Iraqi Kurdistan. Chwar Chra Square – where the Republic was proclaimed and where its founder, Qazi Muhammad, was hung – remains a powerful shared symbol among Kurds (not coincidentally, a major hotel in Erbil/Hawler is the ChwarChra Hotel). As Syrian Kurdish parties form a transitional administration to run Kurdish-majority areas in northeast Syria and coordinate with Kurds in Turkey and Iraq, the history and symbols of the Republic of Mahabad might be useful in the creation of a shared sense of identity. I speculate that a reliance on those shared pan-Kurdish symbols will make it more difficult for Kurds to credibly signal to the Turkish and Iraqi governments that they will not seek greater unification. Similarly, I am trying to track if and how Syrian Druze invoke the history of the state of Jabal Druze in their self-governance efforts. The flag of Jabal Druze has begun to appear with Druze military units serving in Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s army. If the Assad regime crumbles, I would not be surprised to see the rediscovery of the Alawite State’s flag and symbols as Alawites retrench to the coastal governates of Latakia and Tartus. Examples from Libya began this memo. I will use online sources to track the “revival” of symbols and memories of failed states. I think this project will challenge conventional understandings of how current conflicts might reshape the map of the contemporary Middle East. It should also reshape the state-building literature by demonstrating the extent to which existing scholarship truncates the dependent variable. To understand states that survived, we need to examine those that did not. David Siddhartha Patel is a junior research fellow at the Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University. Previously, Patel was an assistant professor in the Department of Government at Cornell University. Teitelbaum, Joshua. 2001. The Rise and Fall of the Hashimite Kingdom of Arabia. New York: New York University Press. Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 1991. Politics in an Arabian Oasis: The Rashidi Tribal Dynasty. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Stuart, Graham H. 1955. The International City of Tangier. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Bang, Anne K. 1996. The Idrisi State in Asir, 1906-1934: Politics, Religion, and Personal Prestige as Statebuilding Factors in Early Twentieth-Century Arabia. Bergen: Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies. If I cannot reappropriate the term “failed state,” I might call them “states that failed” or “polities that passed.” I am trying to avoid referring to them as “dead” states because part of the project explores the extent to which they continue to survive through memory and the conditions under which they might be revived. See Correlates of War Project. 2011. “State System Membership List, v2011.” Online, http://correlatesofwar.org. The COW project defines membership in the international system after 1920 as membership in the League of Nations or United Nations or a population of 500,000 or more and establishment of diplomatic missions from any two major powers. And see Fazal, Tanisha. 2007. State Death: The Politics of Geography and Conquest, Occupation and Annexation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 14-17. Abramson created a dataset of European states from 1100-1789. Abramson, Scott. 2013. “The Economic Origins of the Territorial State.” Unpublished Manuscript. Princeton University. Davies, Norman. 2012. Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations. New York: Viking. On conquest see Fazal, 2007. On collective abdication see Ermakoff, Ivan. 2008. Ruling Oneself Out: A Theory of Collective Abdications. Durham: Duke University Press. The one exception to this is the tendency of histories of Saudi Arabia to briefly explain why the Al Saud defeated the Al Rasheed. See, for example, Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 1992. “Durable and Non-Durable Dynasties: The Rashidis and Saʿudis in Central Arabia.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 19, 2:144–58. Britain had to come to the defense of Kuwait in 1899, 1901, 1914, 1920, 1928, and 1961. Not to mention 1991… Barzani, Massoud. 1997. “An Ideal Time and Place to be Born a Kurd.” The International Journal of Kurdish Studies 11, 1-2:49-52.

<urn:uuid:54f0703a-ec52-48dd-9758-19f0dfc61e7c>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://pomeps.org/remembering-failed-states-in-the-middle-east

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493120.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328194743-20200328224743-00515.warc.gz

en

Methadone is an opioid medication that was introduced in the 1970s as a way to help heroin addicts wean off the drug. The long-acting opioid is still used today, but only under strict medical supervision. Though it can be effective at easing withdrawal symptoms and treating pain, methadone is a strong drug that can lead to addiction. This is why more treatment centers – The River Source included – are moving away from methadone maintenance programs and treating heroin addicts with a different combination of medication. What Makes Methadone Dangerous? When used as prescribed, methadone is effective at reducing withdrawal symptoms, decreasing cravings and blocking the euphoric effect of heroin. Methadone is capable of doing this because it’s an opiate and a full-agonist that takes over the brain’s opioid receptors. Just like other opiates, methadone can lead to tolerance, dependence, and addiction, even when it’s prescribed to treat pain. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, the number of drug-poisoning deaths from methadone has increased sevenfold in recent years. In 1999, there were about 800 deaths, and in 2007, the number of deaths increased to 5,518. With a better understanding of the risks of methadone, as well as new treatments for heroin withdrawal, methadone deaths have been on the decline since 2008. However, in 2014, methadone was still involved in 26 percent of opioid-analgesic overdose deaths. Here are a few of the reasons why methadone is so risky. Dependence. Methadone withdrawal is extremely difficult because of the physical dependence it can cause. This is why some individuals remain on a low maintenance dose of methadone for an extended period of time. Abuse. Methadone is sometimes prescribed for more than just heroin addiction. It can also be used to treat pain, and this can lead to psychological dependence. Once dependent on the drug, addicts may find outside sources to buy it from. Tolerance. One of the most dangerous parts of methadone is the tolerance that builds up. To achieve the same effects, users need more and more of the drug. Too much methadone can be fatal. What’s the Problem with Methadone Treatment and Maintenance? Now that you know a bit more about methadone and its dangers, let’s explore the reasons why methadone does not make a good treatment and maintenance regimen for recovering heroin addicts. There are risks associated with all types of medications, but methadone is of particular concern because of the following: Methadone is highly addictive, at least as addictive as heroin. Therefore, heroin users are trading one addiction for another. Withdrawal from methadone is generally worse than withdrawal from heroin. This makes it very difficult for people to get off methadone. Many stay on a low dose for years. Methadone stays in the system longer than heroin – up to 59 hours. Heroin generally stays in the body for 4-6 hours. Unlike heroin, you can’t really tell when you’ve had too much methadone. This can lead to taking another dose and another until a toxic amount builds up in the body. Since it’s difficult to know when you’ve had enough methadone, you don’t know when another dose may be the last. Methadone can cause the body to shut down and die. Methadone has a lot of dangerous drug interactions. When taken with other opiates such as heroin or morphine, the drugs can cause your metabolism to slow down. This can result in death. If you are on a maintenance program and want to get off, you will probably need medical drug detox to kick the habit. How to Get Off Methadone and Begin Recovery With all the dangers to methadone, it’s understandable that you may be ready to stop your maintenance program. If you’re wondering how to get off methadone without suffering from serious withdrawal effects, it’s vital that you speak with your doctor or another qualified individual. Withdrawal from methadone can be highly uncomfortable, and each person requires an individualized approach. Methadone detox is safest when completed in a drug treatment facility such as The River Source. This way, you will receive 24-hour supervision that prevents withdrawal symptoms from causing life-threatening effects. The goal of any detox program is to taper off the drug or reduce the dosage rather than stopping methadone cold turkey. Though this process takes longer, it’s generally safer, more comfortable and more effective. Timeline and Symptoms of Withdrawal The first symptoms of methadone withdrawal typically appear within 30 hours from the last use. The entire process lasts a week or more but can vary based on the individual and their use of the drug. Once the withdrawal process starts, users begin to feel uncomfortable, with symptoms mimicking bad flu. The most common initial withdrawal symptoms include: Some symptoms peak at 72 hours. In addition to the above flu-like symptoms that can be experienced, other symptoms that may turn up are: Muscle aches and pains Like withdrawal from other types of drugs, methadone withdrawal is generally worse during the first week. After 7-10 days, some symptoms begin to taper off. However, some effects will continue to last beyond the first week such as fatigue, anxiety, depression, and trouble sleeping While these symptoms can be scary, don’t let them stop you from getting the help you need. Talk to a treatment center about how to get off of methadone in the safest and most efficient way possible. Help for Methadone Withdrawal Not only is it important to research the rehab centers that provide methadone detox but also you should know what their approach to treating the withdrawal process is. Specifically, how does the treatment center plan to make you most comfortable? Which medications are used to ease withdrawal symptoms? Will there be emotional support offered? The best methadone detox centers will be experienced in the following: Drug Treatment for Withdrawal. A number of treatments are available to ease withdrawal symptoms and make it more possible for you to recover from methadone addiction. Medications may include naloxone, buprenorphine, and clonidine. These drugs can reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms and shorten the withdrawal process. Guided Methadone Treatment. In severe cases of addiction to methadone, a doctor may actually recommend taking methadone as treatment. Guided methadone therapy is used to slowly wear down the methadone levels in the body, making it easier to stop using the drug in the long term. This treatment is only available to certain patients and requires continuous monitoring by a doctor. Emotional Support. What happens once the withdrawal process is over? As symptoms begin to subside, you need to learn how to deal with life experiences without falling back to methadone. An inpatient or outpatient treatment program can be helpful in keeping you on track with your recovery. Early Recovery: Tips for the Methadone Addict Now that you know how to get off methadone without withdrawal symptoms interfering with your recovery, let’s talk about some of the ways that you can maximize your success in staying sober. It’s possible and even common to relapse on methadone, especially in the early days of recovery. The drug is powerful and mind-altering, and it takes a long time to mentally and emotionally remove yourself from it. No methods promise sobriety from methadone, but there are steps you can take to safeguard your recovery. Below are a few examples. Surround Yourself with Good Influences. If you were recovering from the terrible flu, you wouldn’t hang out with a bunch of sick people. The same is true in this scenario. You are vulnerable, so choose the people you surround yourself with carefully. Keep Boredom at Bay. If you participate in a residential treatment program, you should be given some type of continuing care plan. This plan will help you stay on track with your goals and prevent boredom. Attend Your Support Groups. Continue going to your support groups. They remain an important tool in your recovery as you learn to function in the world without methadone, which may have been a part of your life for so long. Make Positive Choices. Every choice you make for yourself should be a positive one. Eat the right foods. Get plenty of rest. See your doctor regularly. Go outside and get fresh air every day. The better you take care of yourself, the more motivation you will have for staying sober. Avoid Triggers. Build a life that is free (or as free as possible) from triggers. Don’t drive past old hangouts. Delete toxic people from your contacts list. Don’t watch movies or TV with drug-using behavior. You may even want to avoid social media. Develop New Interests. Since much of your time was probably spent being content on methadone, you need to find new activities. Get a membership at your local gym, park district or Y center. Attend classes or swim lessons. Enroll in a cooking/baking class. Try painting or going to theater plays. Find others in your support groups who will enjoy these new experiences with you. Are You Ever Cured from Methadone Addiction? Addiction can be successfully treated and managed, and so this is your goal as you get off of methadone. Don’t be discouraged, however. The reason why addiction professionals don’t like to use the word “cure” is that someone who once struggled with addiction remains at risk for it in the future. Rather than assuming you’re free of the disease, having a protective mindset reminds you to treat yourself carefully and make smart choices today, tomorrow and in the future. This is what helps you remain sober even when life throws you stressful situations. Wrapping Things Up There are two ways to become addicted to methadone: people are either prescribed methadone for pain or they are put on a maintenance regimen to treat heroin addiction. The latter is the most common. If you’ve found yourself in this position, it’s important to know that help is available. Treatment for methadone addiction can be safe and effective, providing that you complete the withdrawal process in a medically supervised detox center. This way, you receive 24-hour supervision and access to a wide range of treatments that will reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms. Most importantly, it’s the first step to finally free yourself of an addiction that probably replaced a past addiction. To learn more about the safe and effective way to detox from methadone, please consult with an addiction specialist at The River Source. Photo Credit: FreeImages.com/FredShakeshaft

<urn:uuid:4a23a5aa-c5ef-4b14-87a2-a3e69a65146e>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.theriversource.org/get-off-methadone/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00553.warc.gz

en

As my previous article of Grinding Machine, I told, grinding is an important operation in manufacturing industry to get a final product, so for that, we need to know about the grinding wheel and its properties so that we easily choose a right wheel for the right material. I assumed that you already have a brief idea about Grinding Machine. Don’t worry! if you not learned yet you can check my complete guide on grinding machine where I mentioned the parts, types, and operations of a grinding machine. So hello viewers in today’s article you learn about the definition, types, grain, grade, structure, bond, specifications, and selection of a Grinding wheel. Also at the end of the article, I give you PDF downloadable link. So let’s begin… Grinding Wheel Definition: Grinding wheels are expendable wheels composing of an abrasive compound. A Grinding wheel having multiple cutting edges made up of many hard a particle called as abrasives. The abrasives are crushed to have sharp edges for cutting operations. The abrasive grains are properly mixed with is a suitable bond, which acts as a holder when the wheel in use. The grinding wheel may be manufactured in one piece or of segments of oppressive blocks build up into a solid wheel. These wheels are available in different shapes mounted on a different form of Machines for a particular type of work. Grinding wheels are manufactured with higher geometrical accuracy results in a more uniform and consistent wheel. Abrasive is material that helps to provide a shiny look on a surface. Abrasives are two types: - Natural Abrasives (Diamond, Quartz, Sand) - Artificial Abrasive (Synthetic diamond, Tin oxide, Aluminum oxide, Silicon Carbide) Superabrasives make up a special category of bonded abrasives designed for grinding the hardest, most challenging work materials. Because carbides, high-speed steels, PCD, PCBN, ceramics and some other materials used to make cutting tools can be nearly as hard as conventional abrasives, the job of sharpening them falls to a special class of abrasives-diamond and the CBN, the super-abrasives. These materials offer extreme hardness, but they are more expensive than conventional abrasives (silicon carbide and aluminum oxide). Therefore, super-abrasive grinding wheels have different construction than conventional abrasive wheels. Types of Grinding Wheels: In general, there are 10-types of grinding wheel available in the market and those are: - Straight Grinding wheels - Cylinder or wheel ring - Tapered Grinding wheels - Straight cup - Dish cup - Saucer Grinding Wheels - Diamond Grinding Wheels - Segmented wheel - Flaring cup wheel - Mounted point wheel Straight Grinding wheels: The straight wheel is the most common mode of a wheel that is found on pedestal or bench grinders. This is the one widely used for centreless & cylindrical surface grinding operations. As it is used only on the periphery, it forms a little concave surface on the piece. This is used to gain on several tools like chisels. The size of these wheels differs to a great extent, width & diameter of its face obviously depends on the category of its work, machines grinding power. Cylinder or wheel ring Grinding wheels: A cylinder wheel has no center mounting support but has a long & wide surface. Their width is up to 12″ and is used purely in horizontal or vertical spindle grinders. This is used to produce a flat surface, here we do grinding with the ending face of the wheel. Tapered Grinding wheels: A tapered Grinding wheel is a straight wheel that tapers externally towards the midpoint of the wheel. As this pact is stronger than straight wheels, it accepts advanced lateral loads. The straight wheel with a tapered face is chiefly used for gear teeth, grinding threads, etc. Straight cup Grinding wheels: This Straight cup wheel forms an option for cup wheels in cutter and tool grinders, having an extra radial surface of grinding is favorable. Dish cup grinding wheels: In fact, this is used primarily in jig grinding and cutter grinding. It is a very thin cup-style grinding wheel which permits grinding in crevices and slot. Saucer Grinding wheels: Saucer Grinding Wheel is an exceptional grinding profile used for grinding twist drills and milling cutters. This finds wide usage in non-machining areas, as these saw filers are used by saucer wheels to maintain saw blades. Diamond Grinding wheels: In diamond wheels, industrial diamonds remain bonded to the edge. This is used to grind hard materials like concrete, gemstones & carbide tips. A slitting saw is designed for slicing gemstones like hard materials. Grit or Grain of Grinding wheel: The grit or grain is used to indicate a general size of abrasive for making a grinding wheel. Grits or Grain size is denoted by a number indicates the number of meshes per linear inch of the screen through which the grain pass when they are graded after crushing. Generally, the coarse wheel is used for fast removal of the material and the finely graded wheel should be used to grind Hard, Brittle materials. The different Grits or Grain of the grinding wheel as follows: |Types of Grit||Grit or Grain Size| |Coarse||10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24| |Medium||30, 36, 46, 54, 60| |Fine||80, 100, 120, 150, 180| |Very Fine||220, 240, 280, 320, 400, 500, 600| Grade of Grinding wheel: The grade refers to the harness or strength with which the bond holds the abrasive grains of a grinding wheel in a place. The Grade is indicated by the English alphabet A to Z. A denotes Sofest and Z denotes Hardest Grade. The different grade of the grinding wheel as follows: |Soft||A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H| |Medium||I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P| |Hard||Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z| Structure of Grinding wheel: The structure refers to the spacing between the abrasive grains in the grinding wheel. It is denoted by the number of cutting edges per unit area of wheel face and size of void spaces between grains. If there is a large number of cutting edges per unit area, the structure is called Dense structure otherwise it is called an open structure. The different structure of the grinding wheel as follows: |Dense||1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8| |Open||9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15| Specification or Nomenclature of Grinding wheel: The Indian standard marking system ( IS: SS1-1954 ) has been used to indicate the various characteristics of a grinding wheel. Each marking consists of 6 symbols, denoting the following characteristics: - Grain Size - Bond type - Manufactures record W A 30 I 4 V 17 W (Prefix) = Manufacture abrasive type symbols. A (Abrasive) = [ A = Aluminium Oxide ], [ C = Silicon Carbide ], [ D = Diamond ] 30 (Grain Size) = 4 Types of grain Size. - Coarse= 10,12,14,16,20,24 - Very fine=220,240,280,320,400,500,600 I (Grade) = Grade categories in to 3 parts. - Soft= A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H 4 (Structure) = Structure categories in 2 parts. - Dense= 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 - Open= 9,10,11,12,13,14,15 V (Bond Type) = Vertified Bond - V= vertified - B= Resionid - R= Rubber - E= Shellac - S= Silicon - O= Oxychloride 17 (Suffix) = Manufacturing abrasive type symbol Applications of Grinding wheel: - The main application of grinding wheel is to remove the material in the form of tiny chips and make the surafce smooth as much as possible. - The Grinding machine is a surface finishing Machine in which Grinding wheels are fixed(This is our tool) for surface finish. - Even the grinding wheel are different type as discussed above and there uses for the different workpiece. Grinding wheel bond types: A bond is an abrasive material used to held abrasive particles together. The bonding material does not cut during the grinding operations. Its main function is to hold the grains together with varying degrees of strength. The different standard grinding wheel bonds are vitrified, resinoid, silicate, shellac, rubber, and metallic. Factors affecting the selection of Grinding wheels: Proper grinding wheel selection is essential to ensure that the required - Part quality, - Production rate, and - The overall cost per part is achieved. It is normally depends upon several terms like: - The type of grinding operation we performed - Grinding machine condition - Requirement of surface finishing - Shape and size of a workpiece - Work piece material. Difference between cutting wheel and Grinding Wheel? In the grinding wheel, there is term Abrasive which we studied, it provides surface finishing helps to get good surface finish of the workpiece and also provides good luster. |Grinding Wheel||Cutting Wheel| |The grinding wheel has good strength which avoids cutting improper shape and size.||The normal cutting tool doesn’t have abrasive. So it will not provide better finishing accuracy as grinding wheel provides.| |The chances of wear and tear are high in cutting wheel||A grinding wheel having low chances of wear and tear.| |Price of a grinding wheel is more||The price of the cutting wheel is less than grinding wheel.| Detailed video lecture on Grinding wheels: Let’s see how a grinding wheel is made? And now let’s see an experiment Hola! now you are pro on selection of a grinding wheel, right? I hope you understand the definition, types, grain, grade, structure, bond, specifications, and selection of a Grinding wheel well and never forget in the future. In case you wanna read this type of article on the Shaper machine and Lathe machine you can check these articles “Shaper Machine: Definition, Parts, Types, and Operations“ and “Lathe: Operation, Parts, and Types“ If you have any queries or doubts about the lathe machine tool, you can ask me in the comment section and also you can join our facebook group. I will love to hear from you and glad to help you. Till then enjoy rest your day. Cheers - We have several articles on Manufacture Technology, read all the articles here. You may be interested to read these articles: Hydraulic Clutch: Definition, Components, Working Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Applications [PDF]April 9, 2020 Centrifugal Clutch: Definition, Parts, Working Principle, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Applications [PDF]April 5, 2020 Molding Sand: Types and Properties [PDF]March 22, 2020 Rolling Process: Definition, Working, Application, Defects, Type of Rolling Mills [PDF]March 19, 2020 Casting Patterns: Functions, Material, Types, Allowances [With PDF]January 8, 2020 SPREAD THE KNOWLEDGE BY SHARING

<urn:uuid:cc3e4838-fdad-4032-84a8-a793a659bb84>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://learnmechanical.com/grinding-wheel/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371858664.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409122719-20200409153219-00234.warc.gz

en

Although irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and irritable bowel disease (IBD) sound similar, they are two distinct conditions with a few similar symptoms. IBD is classified as a disease that causes inflammation of the intestinal tissue. Several gastrointestinal diseases are part of the IBD group, with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's occurring most frequently.1 The director of Cedars-Sinai Inflammatory Bowel Immunobiology Institute says the severity of the condition may depend on genetic markers and the effects of the gut microbes on your immune system. The most prevalent indication of both IBS and IBD is diarrhea. IBD may also present with anemia, fever, bloody stool and extreme weight loss. IBS may trigger constipation, diarrhea or both as the condition affects the intestinal tract. Some complain of being gassy or bloated, and up to 70% who are diagnosed with IBS have suffered from severe food poisoning in the past. IBS is a functional disease, which means the symptoms you have may not produce a diagnosis through exams or procedures. The intensity and severity of the condition may vary from person to person and can be induced by certain foods, the size of a meal or stress. According to the American College of Gastroenterology, up to 15% of adults in the U.S. have IBS.2 Symptoms of the condition frequently disrupt life and social interactions, and the current treatment methodologies have traditionally focused on diet, lifestyle and stress. Peppermint Oil Helps Soothe Your GI System Peppermint is an herb that has been used for medicinal purposes since ancient Egyptian times. Dried leaves were found in the pyramids, and ancient Greeks and Romans used it to help with stomach issues.3 Researchers have studied the effect of peppermint and peppermint oil on the digestive tract, finding it helps those with IBS. In 2015,4 two scientists conducted a literature review of 16 clinical trials and evaluated the use of enteric-coated peppermint oil as a treatment of IBS. They concluded that in comparison to the drug treatments, peppermint oil was a better choice for alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life. They recommended that those with IBS who do not have serious constipation or diarrhea should take one to two capsules three times a day for 24 weeks. The authors of a second, recently published systematic review and meta-analysis of 33 trials found similar results. They wrote:5 "Meta-analyses suggest that peppermint oil is both efficacious and well-tolerated in the short-term management of IBS. A number of Western herbal medicines show promise in the treatment of IBS. With the exception of peppermint essential oil, Aloe vera, and asafoetida, however, none of the positive trials have been replicated." The goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of herbal medicines in the treatment of IBS symptoms. The team from the University of Tasmania evaluated studies that looked at 18 herbal remedies. Stephen Gaffner, chief science officer at the American Botanical Council, believes the review is well done and has provided a useful update. He said:6 "Since two studies were published in 2016, it appears to me that an update to include current literature is a worthy undertaking. And none of the papers reviewing botanical ingredients for IBS symptoms appear to be as thorough and as well done as this present publication." Sustained Release Delivers Oil Directly to the Intestine The vast majority of the trials used essential oil and the analyses suggested there was good safety and efficacy in the short-term management of IBS. Despite being a benign condition, IBS does have a detrimental effect on quality of life and creates a substantial financial impact. In another study,7 scientists looked at a sustained release delivery model for peppermint oil to improve tolerability and release the oil in the small intestines. Using a placebo controlled clinical trial, 72 participants were randomized into two groups. At the completion of the trial, those receiving the intervention experienced better improvement and reduced severe gastrointestinal symptoms with few adverse events. Economic and Societal Burden Associated With IBS Of those diagnosed with IBS, 30% see their physician for the symptoms.8 While they do not experience significantly different abdominal issues than those who don't seek medical treatment, they do present with higher levels of anxiety and reductions in their quality of life. IBS accounts for up to 12% of the total number of primary care visits and the cost to society is estimated to start at $21 billion, which includes direct and indirect medical costs as well as loss in productivity and work performance.9 In one literature review10 designed to evaluate the costs of IBS in the U.K. and the U.S., researchers found the average number of days off work each year attributed to the condition ranged between 8.5 and 21.6. The magnitude of the economic burden appeared to be increased by a factor of 1.1 to 6 when compared to levels within a control group. Protect Your Gut, Protect Your Brain The importance of protecting your gut microbiome cannot be overstated. It plays a key role in your mental health and in the development of neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Poor gut health may also increase your risk of obesity, Type 2 diabetes, liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Advances in science have made it clear the organisms living in your gut play a major role in your health, both mental and physical. In one article, authors have suggested even severe and chronic mental health problems may be alleviated using specific probiotics aimed at reducing inflammation in the gut. Often called the second brain, the human gut has 20 million neurons and houses close to 100 trillion microorganisms responsible for influencing biological and emotional function. Your two nervous systems —the central nervous system in your brain and the enteric nervous system in your gut — are in constant communication through the vagus nerve. Researchers have examined the influence gut bacteria has on emotions by using participants who have IBS. Research shows in patients with IBS, nerves in the gut are more active than in healthy people. This has led to speculation pain is the result of a hypersensitive nervous system. Some have used hypnosis to dampen the hypervigilance in the nervous system and have successfully been able to ease the pain associated with the condition. The effectiveness was confirmed using brain imaging demonstrating down regulation of activation of pain centers in the brain. Vitamin D Insufficiency Increases Risk of IBS In a review published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, researchers note in seven of the published studies looking at vitamin D status and IBS prevalence, vitamin D deficiency was prominent in those with IBS. In one of the studies, 70% of participants with IBS showed improvements in their symptoms while on a vitamin D regimen. Bernard Corfe, Ph.D. and senior lecturer in oncology at the University of Sheffield in the U.K., was lead scientist on the study and told reporters: "It is evident from the findings that all people with IBS should have their vitamin D levels tested and a large majority of them would benefit from supplements." The authors of a second study looked at gene expression and variations as well as serotonin pathways, finding that those with IBS tended to have lower levels of vitamin D. The expression of genetic biomarkers for IBS also appeared to be modulated by vitamin D. According to the authors: "Strikingly, the direction of gene regulation elicited by vitamin D in colonic cells is 'opposite' to the gene expression profile observed in IBS patients, suggesting that vitamin D may help 'reverse' the pathological direction of biomarker gene expression in IBS. Thus, our results intimate that IBS pathogenesis and pathophysiology may involve dysregulated serotonin production and/or vitamin D insufficiency." Regular, sensible sun exposure is the best way to optimize your vitamin D status, but many will need to take an oral vitamin D3 supplement, especially during the winter months. The only way to gauge whether you might need to supplement is to get your level tested, ideally twice a year, in the summer and winter when your level is at its peak and low point. A Clean Diet Leads to a Healthier Gut If you struggle with IBS, or any other type of gut related issue, a significant part of your answer may be in avoiding genetically engineered (GE) foods of any kind. Plant incorporated Bt toxin is exempt from the requirement of a tolerance level for residues. The original claim was the Bt toxin produced in the plant would be destroyed by the digestive system and therefore posed no health risk. However, researchers have found the toxin in 93% of pregnant women tested in 2011 in Quebec, Canada. It may produce a wide variety of immune responses and is typically associated with allergies, infections and inflammatory responses. GE plants are designed to be resistant to herbicides and pose nearly identical problems. Since they are not required to be clearly labeled in the U.S., it's best to seek out fresh, organic foods whenever possible and avoid processed foods to protect your gut health. More Strategies to Reduce Symptoms of IBS Eating a clean diet, taking peppermint oil and optimizing your vitamin D levels are healthy ways to start controlling symptoms of IBS. Here are several more options to help reduce symptoms: • Get checked for parasites — Some physical conditions simulate IBS, such as a parasite infection. Have your stool checked for parasites and to find out of you need to be treated. • Boost healthy bacteria in your gut — Lowering your intake of sugar and processed foods automatically creates an environment to support the growth of good bacteria. Consider further enhancing the process by eating fermented foods and/or taking a high-quality probiotic supplement. • Boost your fiber intake — Additional fiber may be helpful to control IBS symptoms. Organic psyllium tends to be particularly helpful for this, and is my personal favorite. Psyllium is adaptogenic, meaning if you're constipated it will soften your stool and help increase your bowel frequency. If you have loose stools and frequent bowel movements, it will help with stool formation and decrease the frequency of bowel movements. If you decide to use psyllium, make sure it is organic, as the risks of pesticide residue in nonorganic products far outweigh the benefits. Another good source is whole, organic flaxseed. Grind it fresh at home and add 1 or 2 tablespoons each day to your food. • Address emotional challenges — Many with IBS have an unresolved emotional component contributing to their physical problem. Meditation, prayer and psychological techniques like the Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) are all strategies you can use to effectively address emotional challenges.

<urn:uuid:a6327387-c377-403e-b724-295e20e44637>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://madsa.org.my/how-is-irritable-bowel-syndrome-treated-try-these-7-ibs-solutions/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506988.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402143006-20200402173006-00354.warc.gz

en

On May 21, 1950, a group of African American Studebaker workers and their wives formed a building cooperative in South Bend, Indiana called “Better Homes of South Bend.” Like other building cooperatives, the group appointed officers and a lawyer, drew up incorporation papers, and set times for regular meetings. Unlike other organizations, members decided their cooperative’s activities had to be kept secret to succeed. The cooperative’s first meeting minutes even stressed “no information is to be given out.” Better Homes of South Bend members had good reason to be cautious. Discrimination in the local housing market had long limited African Americans to dwellings in the southwest part of South Bend, near the Studebaker Factory. Many members were part of the Great Migration of millions of African Americans from the South to the North for war industry jobs in the 1940s. Many had hoped to escape segregation and Jim Crow policies. However, those with sufficient finances to make down payments found virtually no homes available to them and no banks willing to loan them money. Many of the city’s landlords would not rent to black residents. Real estate agents refused to show black home buyers houses in all-white neighborhoods and developments. White homeowners who tried to sell to black buyers risked physical threats and vandalism. Historian Emma Lou Thornbrough notes that the housing situation in South Bend was so dire for African Americans in the 1940s that many black families were forced to crowd into one or two bedroom units in substandard buildings. Alan Pinado, one of the only black real estate agents in South Bend in the postwar era, noted in an oral history of the Civil Rights Heritage Center that: There were no first quality homes being built for middle class, middle income blacks in South Bend . . . The federal government was part and parcel of the segregated housing pattern. It was legally mandated that new communities be kept segregated. Federal housing and real estate policy strengthened prejudice in the housing market, not just in South Bend, but nationwide. The federal government first became heavily involved in the housing market in the 1930s. After the 1929 stock market crash and the ensuing Great Depression, the feds created several new agencies, like the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB), and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), to try to stem the collapse of regional housing markets and bolster the failing economy. Before the federal government stepped in, few became home owners. Banks spread mortgages only over three to five years. These mortgages required large payments that few could afford, especially during the Great Depression. In the 1930s, the government introduced the long-term, low-interest, self-amortizing mortgages most homeowners are familiar with today. Since these mortgages required smaller payments, home ownership became more economically feasible. Additionally, the federal government insured these loans through the FHA, making them an incredibly low risk for banks. The government developed appraisal schemes to determine eligibility for these new loans. They adopted guidelines real estate associations had developed in the 1910s and 1920s to keep neighborhoods segregated. These associations erroneously decreed that the introduction of a non-white family into an all-white neighborhood would decrease surrounding property values. This policy kept many African Americans in poor neighborhoods, despite their income. For example, HOLC created survey maps of neighborhoods in 239 cities that color coded risk. Neighborhoods were coded into four groups, A-D. Only the best rated neighborhoods, marked A and B, would receive long-term loans. One criteria to receive an A or B rating included that the home in question sat in an all-white neighborhood. Similarly, the FHA Underwriting Manual, written in 1936, told appraisers to investigate areas surrounding a house for sale to “determine whether or not incompatible racial and social groups are present” because “if a neighborhood is to retain stability it is necessary that properties shall continue to be occupied by the same social and racial classes.” The manual further encouraged the use of local zoning and deed restrictions, like racially restrictive covenants that prevented potential black buyers from purchasing a home from a white homeowner. By the time Better Homes of South Bend was established, the FHA insured 1 in 3 mortgages for new construction. However, the appraisal practices described above became standard practice and permeated the entire housing market. Though the Supreme Court ruled these practices unconstitutional in Shelly v. Kraemer in 1948, FHA did not stop publicly endorsing such actions until 1950 and prejudice in the housing market continued well after. Even in 1961, the United States Commission on Civil Rights admitted that housing still: seems to be the one commodity in the American market that is not freely available on equal terms to everyone who can afford to pay. Better Homes of South Bend members formed their building cooperative to combat this prejudiced housing market in 1950. According to scholar Jessica Gordon Nembhard, African Americans have established co-ops since the Civil War help fight economic racism. Cooperatives, or “companies owned by people who use their services,” work by pooling resources to satisfy an economic need created by a marketplace failure. The first large African American housing co-operatives began in Harlem in the late 1920s. Many early African American co-ops in Indiana were markets or grocery stores, formed in the 1930s or 1940s. Better Homes of South Bend was likely one of the first successful African American building co-ops in the state. Only one other similar co-op, an apartment co-op in Indianapolis started by M.W. Jones in 1950, described in the Indianapolis Recorder as the “first Negro co-op Apartments in the city and the State,” is known to have existed. At the first meeting, Better Homes members elected officers to run the group: Lureatha Allen as President, Earl Thompson as Vice President, Louise Taylor as secretary, Ruby Paige as assistant secretary, and Bland Jackson as treasurer. Eventually, twenty-two couples joined the group. Many members were neighbors along Prairie Avenue or Western Avenue. Eighteen of the twenty-two male members worked at Studebaker. Most of the women stayed home to take care of children. Since many of the women had more flexible schedules than their husbands, they often took on leadership roles in the cooperative. After incorporating, Better Homes members had to find land to build their homes. Their lawyer, J. Chester Allen, secured twenty-six lots on the northwest edge of the city on the 1700 and 1800 blocks of North Elmer Street from his acquaintance, George Sands, a prominent white lawyer in South Bend. Only a few families, all white, lived in this relatively undeveloped area. US Census and Housing Data, which divides South Bend into six wards containing roughly five to six thousand households. The data indicates that only seven “non-white” households lived in the ward containing 1700-1800 North Elmer Street in 1950. In contrast, all Better Homes of South Bend members lived in Ward 2 or Ward 6 at the time, both of which contained 530 and 835 non-white households, respectively. At a general meeting in September 1950, members enjoyed divvying up the lots and receiving their house numbers. The next steps involved getting loans to finance construction and a contractor to build homes on the lots. Better Homes enlisted the help of DeHart Hubbard, who worked as a race relations advisor at the FHA office in Cleveland. The FHA had finally started cracking down on racially restrictive covenants in their mortgages, after years of pressure from civil rights groups. Through Hubbard, Better Homes got the FHA to handle their permanent mortgages and found four local banks to handle financing. Many members worried about meeting with local bank executives because they had heard bankers often denied home loans to African Americans, especially those who wanted to build outside black neighborhoods. Hubbard accompanied members to meetings with banking executives to remind the bankers that the federal government was insuring Better Homes’ loans and that members had good credit, therefore there was no reason to deny financing. In Better Homes of South Bend, member Leroy Cobb told author Gabrielle Robinson: What I was really proud of was that here was a black man standing up to white executives and telling them that Better Homes wants to have a fair shake. It inspired me. Better Homes also had to find a competent contractor. Member Margaret Cobb noted in an oral history for the Civil Rights Heritage Center at Indiana University South Bend, that contractors they met with “wanted to give us substandard materials,” to build their homes because members were black. Construction companies at the time often employed a double standard in building, using higher quality materials on homes for white homeowners and cheaper stock for similar African American homes. Leroy Cobb remembered in Better Homes of South Bend that one prospective contractor refused to put doors on closets in their homes. After two years, Better Homes finally found two contractors that supplied good plans at reasonable prices. All the houses were to be one-story frame construction on a concrete slab. Most floor plans contained five rooms and one bathroom. Before construction could start, the city had to install sewer and water lines. Though the postwar building boom strained the city’s resources, negotiations between the city and Better Homes attorney J. Chester Allen stretched over years. Members suspect that the process might have taken so long because of an unwillingness for the Better Homes families to move to North Elmer Street. After two years of letters and petitions, the group finally got sewers installed and construction began. In the late fall of 1952, the first family, Bland and Rosa Jackson, moved into their home at 1706 North Elmer Street. By the mid-1950s, all twenty-two families had moved in between 1700 and 1841 North Elmer Street. Leroy and Margaret Cobb moved in on November 1, 1953 to 1702 North Elmer Street. Leroy Cobb told Gabrielle Robinson that on move-in day, “I was elated.” Finally, he and Margaret had enough space for their family. In August 1954, the group celebrated their new neighborhood with a picnic featuring cakes, pies, potato salad and barbecued chicken and ribs. Over the years, Better Homes members grew a vibrant community, filled with family cookouts and outdoor activities like baseball, kickball, and building snowmen. There was even an annual Elmer Street Parade. The Indiana Historical Bureau will honor Better Homes of South Bend with a new state historical marker. The marker will be revealed at a ceremony open to the public July 1, 2017 at 1702 North Elmer Street in South Bend. Check on our Facebook page and website for upcoming details.

<urn:uuid:b7c45d3e-07d9-4678-bf6e-9f7b2f887ca0>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://blog.history.in.gov/better-homes-wants-to-have-a-fair-shake-fighting-housing-discrimination-in-postwar-south-bend/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370503664.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331181930-20200331211930-00193.warc.gz

en

When you look at a mammal, it’s usually straightforward to tell males and females apart. But telling male bed bugs from female bed bugs isn’t nearly so easy. The abdomen of females is rounded, but pointed in males. Females can lay eggs while males can’t. In all other ways, they are the same. Both male and female bed bugs bite. Both are the size of an apple seed and brown, with six legs. Telling the difference is important because you can tell whether solitary bed bugs have been laying eggs in your home. Below, we explain how to identify male and female bed bugs. Table of Contents: - 1 Are There Male and Female Bed Bugs? - 2 What Do Male and Female Bed Bugs Look Like? - 3 Do Male and Female Bed Bugs Bite? - 4 Are Male or Female Bed Bugs Worse? Are There Male and Female Bed Bugs? Like other creatures, there are male and female bed bugs. There need to be so that they can mate and reproduce. However, they don’t fulfill different roles. Both males and females bite, for example. Neither males nor females look after eggs once they are laid. Neither males nor females look after nymphs when they are young. The only differences are that females lay eggs, and males have a pointed abdomen. Can Female Bed Bugs Lay Eggs without a Male? Female bed bugs cannot lay eggs without mating first. They need to combine the male’s sperm with the female’s egg to create offspring. The female then lays the egg later on. However, bed bugs are different in one regard. The female can store the male’s sperm for a long time after mating. She can also draw on it several times to create several eggs rather than one. This means that a female can lay eggs without having mated immediately prior. That being said, there is one more thing the female needs. She needs to have a blood meal before each time she creates and lays an egg. The female can store the male’s sperm and continually lay eggs for weeks. Then, she will need to mate again to continue laying eggs. If she remains alive long enough, she will mate with some of her offspring. She will then continue laying eggs. Do Male Bed Bugs Lay Eggs? Male bed bugs cannot lay eggs. They cannot produce them. They don’t have ovaries to produce eggs. They don’t have a place in their body to develop the egg. The female has unique body structures which allow her to produce eggs. According to the journal Insects, she has a part of her body called a hemocoel. This is a large empty space in her abdomen. Males don’t have one. To mate, the male will break through her shell to access the hemocoel. When the sperm is inside the hemocoel, it spreads to the female’s bloodstream. From there, it will eventually reach her ovaries. This process is called traumatic insemination. During mating, the male will search for a small dark spot in the female’s abdomen. This is the hemocoel. He will aim for it so that he can successfully mate. Traumatic insemination has been noted in bed bugs of the genus Afrocimex, which are not present in the U.S. This makes it likely that male-male mating pairs do occur in other Cimex species. But these pairs will never create an egg. What Do Male and Female Bed Bugs Look Like? Male and female bed bugs are broadly similar. Characteristics they share include: - Color. Both kinds of bed bug are a medium brown that darkens after they feed. - Body layout. Both bugs have six legs, and most of their bodies are the same shape. - Movement. Males and females are equally fast, and scuttle in the same way. In terms of their body layout, both bugs are the same. They have a tiny head with two eyes which are hardly visible to the naked eye. They each have six legs, two which point forward and four which point back. They each have a small thorax, i.e., chest area, and a larger abdomen. From their head, they have two antennae about as long as their legs. Both have a tiny proboscis (straw-like tube) that they use to feed. Bed Bug Size They are the same size. Both start as eggs that are the size of the thickness of a quarter. They go through several nymph stages, getting bigger each time. Males and females are the same size throughout this process. Each kind is roughly the size of an apple seed when an adult. They are approximately the same shape, too. Males are slightly longer because of the shape of their abdomen, as we will see in a moment. When they feed, they grow much longer. Their abdomen expands both horizontally and vertically so that they can take more blood. Males and females expand to the same extent. Bed Bug Shape The main difference between males and females is their shape. Specifically, the shape of the abdomen is different. Males have a pointed tip to their abdomen, i.e., the rear of their body. This is the part that expands when they feed. The tip of their abdomen is pointed. The shape is reminiscent of a cartoon love heart. Or, again, it’s similar to the shape of an apple seed with its pointed end. Females have a rounded abdomen. Compare them side by side, and you’ll always tell the difference. The only issue is when the bed bug feeds. When the bug feeds, their abdomen becomes much longer. When this happens, the shape difference becomes less noticeable. Bed Bug Patterns Both males and females have patterns on their abdomens. They have what look like stripes that run from right to left. This is the mechanism that helps their abdomens expand, almost like an accordion. The pattern on their backs varies slightly between males and females. Females have a slight ridge in their back, towards their tail end. This is where their hemocoel is. The fact that this area is slightly raised makes the pattern look different. In males, the lines run straight from left to right. In females, the line curves somewhat when it crosses over this ridge. However, this difference in pattern is both variable and difficult to spot. You would find it far easier to spot the difference through shape rather than the pattern. Bed Bug Color While both bugs are brown, there may be a slight difference in color. That’s because their skin is somewhat see-through. Why does this make a difference? Males and females have different internal organs. Females have ovaries and a hemocoel whereas males don’t. You can see the outline of the hemocoel towards the back of the female’s abdomen. It looks like a dark spot. Do Male and Female Bed Bugs Bite? Both male and female bed bugs bite. Blood is their only source of nutrients. Here are the parts of the body that bed bugs like to bite while you sleep. Bed bugs developed from creatures called bat bugs. Bat bugs look the same as bed bugs. The only difference is that they live in caves with bats. In these caves, the bugs would be high up, and live on the ‘ceiling’ where the bats roost. Here, they would have access to no food and no hosts but the bats. They became dependent on the bats’ blood as their only source of food. To this day, bed bugs are the same. Both males and females will bite. They each have a unique mouth, entirely unlike ours. It has two parts. The first is the proboscis, a long straw that sits where their mouth would. They use this to drink. Underneath their proboscis is something similar, but shorter. They use this to scratch at the surface of your skin and create an opening for their proboscis. However, females may bite more frequently. That’s because they need to take a blood meal every time they develop an egg. Some females lay an egg every other day. They need to bite for their own nutrition, and to develop eggs. Are Male or Female Bed Bugs Worse? If you have a large infestation, telling the males from the females doesn’t matter. But if you’ve found one bed bug, that could be a small or big problem. It depends on whether the bug is male or female. If the bug is a female, then she may have been laying eggs nearby. Found One Male Bed Bug One sole male bed bug on its own isn’t much of a problem. If you kill it, there won’t be any eggs that it may have left behind. A male explorer was likely hungry and continued searching until it found the signs of a host (you). It means there may be an infestation nearby. This infestation may not be getting enough food, which made the bed bug seek out a new host. Found One Female Bed Bug If you found a solitary female bed bug, that’s a bad sign. She is likely an egg-laying female. Egg-laying females seek out new harborages. They take regular blood meals so they can continually produce eggs. Here’s some info on where female bed bugs lay their eggs. She can continue laying eggs for weeks even without mating again. These new eggs will hatch and begin to feed themselves. That’s how all new infestations start. She will eventually mate with some of her offspring, and the offspring will mate with one another, and the infestation will get bigger. Or, she may have been hungry, like the male in the example above. If that’s the case, then she won’t have been laying eggs, which is good. If it’s a female, and you can’t spot any more bed bugs, it’s likely a solitary bug. It may have been laying eggs, so search thoroughly around the corners and joins of your furniture. Check around the fabric edges of your mattress, too.

<urn:uuid:bc3b7ab9-2624-4610-8ada-ec193f12f727>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.bedbugsinsider.com/male-vs-female-bed-bug/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500482.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331115844-20200331145844-00313.warc.gz

en

This blog post is a continuation of yesterday’s post, introducing the concept of an individual’s Core Emotional Energy (CEE). I am here touching on “linguistic usage” and “levels” of CEE to further lay out the landscape around Core Emotional Energy. Keywords: body language, character, Core Emotional Energy, emotion, frequency, human behavior, improvement, music, musical pitch, level, personality assessment, negativity, positive psychology, positivity, type indicator, wavelength. Today’s blog post is the second post in this mini-series of blog posts on Core Emotional Engergy (CEE). As you may remember from yesterday’s post, I was talking about “levels” of Core Emotional Energy, and also about the “linguistic use” of this term. Today I am going to continue talking about these two things. But before I do that, I will start to talk about some aspects of the overarching idea of Core Emotional Energy. What Is Core Emotional Energy? My stance is this: “Core Emotional Energy” is a term that represents the energy emission that we all radiate or emit, as living beings. It’s our “vibe”, so to speak. So we are generators of energy. For example, we are constantly emitting heat from our bodies, because the body and its cells are geared at energy production. The cells use ATP as the energy “currency” for its never-ending energy production. So we are talking about emission of waves of energy. And that energy is not only in the infrared spectrum (which has a lower frequency, and higher wavelength, than what the visible color of “red” has); it’s also in other frequencies and wavelengths. What I’m saying, then, is that we, as living beings, generate many different frequencies and wavelengths. We are emitters, producers, or generators of infrared radiation, sound waves, motion waves, thought waves, etc. And “Core Emotional Energy” is the combination or aggregation of all of these electromagnetic energy pulses. Why “Core” Emotional Energy? At this point some readers may think that the word “core” sounds strange. Why “core”, as opposed to, say, “combined”, or “aggregate”, or “total”, etc.? First of all, I do want to point out that the term “Core Emotional Energy” is a tentative thing. Even though I do like it, it may be subject to change later on, if I find a good enough reason to do so. Thus, it is a “work in progress”, so to speak. One reason I chose the word “core” instead of, say, “total”, is because I believe the most important part of our true selves lies hidden under our “masque” or immediate facial and bodily human interface. The analogy may be made with a computer and its screen (interface). The appearance of the images on the screen is a result of an almost unbelievable amount of computations and calculations and processing, etc. And most of this processing, and generation of different frequencies and wavelengths, takes place not in the hardware of the screen, but in the hardware of the computer and in its graphic card, etc. The idea here is that a computer screen is merely the visualization of the totality of “vibes” inside the computer. So the electric “vibes” inside the computer hardware generate the images on the display. The display is the output unit, displaying something coming from the CPU and GPU, etc. The display thus only shows a representation of the “content” of what’s happening inside the computer. Similarly, most of the real “action” in terms of emotions, is happening not on our display (our face, our body language), but somewhere else (“inside” of us, we could say). Thus, when we are “communicating”, we are only “visualizing” what’s inside of us. So this is why I think “core” is a reasonable choice, at least to start with. The word “core” signals (to me, at least) that it (whatever “it” is referring to) is NOT superficial. Core Emotional Energy: As Wavelength or Frequency? (A) As I see it, all of us have Core Emotional Energy radiating from us at every point in time and space. It is made up of an incredible amount of vibrations that form a unique “fingerprint” of our current emotional state of affairs. The question that I am now facing is this: if we accept the idea that we are “emitters of energy”, how shall we quantify it? I mean, we are talking about energy as “electromagnetic radiation”. So should we talk about wavelength or frequency? What, exactly, is at stake here? Negativity and Positivity As Endpoints The “issue” I am referring to is “ease of explanation”, in terms of which terms we choose. I am a fan of trying to avoid counter-intuitive explanations. The underlying premise here is that we, as humans, are “emotional travelers”. And that we right now are somewhere in between “negativity” and “positivity”. So the crucial point is then that we then can move in between these two endpoints. We can move in the direction of negativity, or, we can move in the direction of positivity. Thus, we have emotional mobility. If we accept that we do have emotional mobility, a natural question to ask would be: If we have emotional mobility, which way is the best to go, if I, at all, can go? Here then I would simply say, for now, that the best way to go is to go towards “positivity”. Since “positivity” is the recommended direction, “positivity” is here then thought to be “an improvement” (in well-being, happiness, and flow), while “negativity” is thought of as “not an improvement” or even “a worsening” (of one’s well-being, happiness, and flow). Core Emotional Energy: As Wavelength or Frequency? (2) So now back to our question about Core Emotional Energy: should we talk about it as a wavelength or as a frequency? What we want to do, I think, is to correlate “improvement” (increased well-being) with the “improvement” or “increased” quality of something else. What is that “something else”? Well, we have two choices: wavelength or frequency. From a “physicalist” standpoint, whenever we are talking about electromagnetic energy and radiation, any particular wave can be described just as well with the idea of “wavelength” as with the idea of “frequency”. But the main difference between these two concepts is that they are, in a sense, “opposites”, in terms of mathematical calculation. So when we lower the frequency of a particular wave, we simultaneously raise its wavelength. And when we raise the frequency, we lower its wavelength. The question now to ask is this: Is it an increased wavelength that produces an increased well-being? Or is it an increased frequency that produces an increased well-being? Music and Pitch As an Intuitive Guide Although yet another analogy doesn’t ultimately prove anything, I still think it may be useful to use our intuition to be able to prepare for a better explanation. So I propose that we can use the idea of musical “pitch” as a guide. When we are talking about a certain piece of (orchestral, or multi-instrumental) music, we usually talk of it as having, on the one hand, “lower” sounds such as those coming from an upright (or electric) bass or cello, and, on the other, “higher” sounds, like those coming from piccolo flutes and violins. So the question then, is this: Does the intuitive “low” and “high” sounds we hear from a musical instrument correspond to a “low” and “high” frequency or wavelength, when measured with some microphone and sound analyzer? The answer is that sound waves are measured in Hertz (Hz), which is a frequency. It represents the “speed” of the sound’s vibration per second. A “low sound” (e.g., a sound coming from, say, a bass) may be in the range of 60-150 Hz, while a “high sound” (e.g., a sound coming from, say, a piccolo flute) may be around 800-1500 Hz. Core Emotional Energy: As Wavelength or Frequency? (3) Now using a similar concept to the “high” and “low” musical sounds that we just discussed, we can say that it is, for the moment at least, reasonable to adopt a system where we use frequency as an important component when describing Core Emotional Energy. So when the frequency of our Core Emotional Energy increases, our well-being also increases. Conversely, when the frequency of our Core Emotional Energy decreases, our well-being also decreases. And I think that we have this also intuitively in our language. We do talk about “up-beat” people with lots of energy. And we do separate them from those who are more “down” or depressed, who have very little enthusiasm and positive energy to offer. This is all for today. I will be back tomorrow with a new blog post with more in this mini-series of blog posts on Core Emotional Energy.

<urn:uuid:fe6ea4c1-ba60-480d-8ba0-2e0673a8c9c9>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://chrisbocay.com/2020/01/01/levels-of-core-emotional-energy-cee-labeling-the-negativity-positivity-spectrum-2/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370521876.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404103932-20200404133932-00514.warc.gz

en

A biography is simply an account of someone’s life written by another person. A biography can be short in the case of few sentences biography, and it can also be long enough to fill an entire book. The short biographies explain a person’s basic life facts and their importance, but the long biographies would go an extra mile and include more details to make an interesting read. You may find yourself in a situation which requires you to write a biography of a famous person, a close friend or a relative. For this reason, it pays to know how to come up with a biography and the important details that you should include in it. The lives of many people have interesting bits of information, but you ought to know what to capture in the biography and what to leave out. What to include in a biography The length of a biography depends on the type of information that should be included. The length will determine the nature of information and how extensively it will explain the life of a person. For instance, if you are to write a short paragraph about a person it will mostly capture the important details that identify the person compared to a pages-long biography that may even include the person’s childhood experiences and achievements shaping their life. For a short biography, maybe a paragraph or two long, the following details should be captured: - A person’s date and place of birth, at times with the date and place of death as may be applicable - The person’s major achievements in life - Their educational background and notable awards - Work facts of a person and their contribution to that field if any - A brief account of the significance of an individual in the community A lengthy biography will bring out more details of a person’s life making it a bit more complex. His/her history will be brought out more clearly especially the details that shaped them to be the persons they turned out to be. The target audience will also dictate the nature of the information that is to be included. The relation of the audience to an individual will have an impact on how the information is presented and the important details that they could be interested in. In a case where the audience is unknown, more details will have to be included. This mostly happens in the case of a several paged biography. You will have to scrutinize the person in a more detailed way and establish more people relating to the person. Focusing on the uniqueness of an individual can do wonders in this case and this might turn out to be inspirational to many people. The field that the person has majored in or had majored in ought to influence the direction that the biography will take as this will help to bring out the contribution of the individual to their field of study. How to write a good Biography A biography is meant to analyze a person’s life and interpret it as well. A good biographer will try to join the dots and explain certain actions and events that a certain figure was involved in. This will help in clearly bringing out the significance of a person’s life through their accomplishments or remarkable deeds. Biographies are usually written in a chronological order. Some biographers could also draft them in a themed order that is early life, educational background, a person’s achievements or accomplishments. But some especially the short ones will focus on one area in a person’s life. There are several sources of information that could aid one in writing an astounding biography. These sources of information can be grouped into either primary sources or secondary sources. The primary sources of information include materials like letters, newspaper accounts or diaries. A biographer can also make an arrangement to interview an individual they want to write about. This is also considered as a primary source of information. The secondary sources are reference books, other biographies or historical records that are related to the subject being written about. Steps in writing a biography; - Select the individual you want to write about - Search for the basic facts that relate to a person’s life. The encyclopedia or almanac could be handy at this. - Think about the details to add in the biography which can bring out clearly about the person’s life. Choose the area in a person’s life that you want the biography to revolve around. Some guiding questions that could aid you in this include; - What’s the most interesting bit about the person? - What is the significance of the individual to the society and the world in general? - What qualities or adjectives will be best suited for the description of the individual? - What actions or life events bring out the qualities or adjectives chosen above? - What life events or world events shaped the individual or brought out the best in them? - Did they face obstacles or take some risks in life? How did they handle the obstacles and did they happen to be lucky? - What impact did they have in the world? Did they add value to the way people view certain aspects of life? Did they come up with a thing, idea or way of action that transformed the way things are handled or rather done in their societies or world in general? - Carry out some additional research on the internet to answer some of the questions mentioned above. Ensure that you find information that will help you tell a story that many will love. - After getting everything in order, you can proceed to write the biography. We have provided sample biographies in this site that you could check out in order to get the drift. A biography template is meant to specifically aid a writer come up with an excellent biography. For this purpose to be achieved the writer needs to get his/her hands on a high-quality biography template, just like the ones provided on this site. The best biography templates should provide clear instructions, and this should be in great detail to avoid the risk of the writer missing out some important facts. The templates available on this site will help you capture all of the details. The biography templates should also be precise and avoid beating around the bush. Going round one idea or item will make the biography boring to read and it is prudent for the writer to be straight to the point. By doing this it will be easier for the readers to skim through and find the details they might be interested in with lots of easy. The writer will also save his/her time and concentrate on writing other things. The general sections of any biography as outlined by our sample biographies will have; - The name of the person - A picture of the person - An account of their early life - The person’s family life - The major achievements of the person - The three main interesting qualities or facts about the individual A professional Biography Template A professional biography is a statement that could either be short or long that is written about a person, business or company. It should be engaging, informative and interesting for the readers to identify with the person or business entity being talked about. It has a sales pitch that is a little bit different. A professional biography template is meant to ease the process of generating printed professional biographies especially for an individual who wants to reach a lot of people or institutions. Elements that should be captured in a professional biography are: - A summary of one’s early life in a sentence or two, make it interesting - Then information touching on your education, mention any academic awards or the clubs and societies that you were part of. Any work experience while in school. - Talk about how creative and innovative you are with coming with solutions to the problems that you have faced as an individual, mention any situation that you were self-reliant in coming up with solutions - Mention qualities that make you stand out for instance, being independent, principled or discerning to increase your trustworthiness. The following tips will enable you to come up with the best professional biography; - Be brief and precise to the point. This is to enable the reader to easily and quickly get to know about you. - Be spontaneous in your writing - Be as expressive as possible and avoid too much of self-editing while drafting the professional biography in the initial stages to capture as much information as possible - Be friendly but not too informal - Be as interesting as you could in order to get the attention of many people out there - Write it in third person. Talk about your life as if someone else were describing it. This site offers you a professional biography template that could aid in making the generation of professional biographies an easy and less time consuming task. You can also check out sample bios to figure out how to go about the whole process of coming up with a professional biography. Personal Biography Template A personal biography is a short account of who you are, your credentials and your notable accomplishments in life. Personal bios ought to be short, precise and relevant to your target audience. The use of personal statistics such as hobbies or family should be avoided. A personal biography template will help one to easily and conveniently come up with personal bios. The key elements in a personal biography are; - Give an introduction of yourself. Remember to write it in third person and include the year that your professional career started to be relevant. You could give a list of any relevant specializations in your field. - State your educational facts and credentials. Mention the degrees that you have pursued and the respective institutions. Add any relevant experiences you have that are required for your career and mention the name of the society that you are legally a member of. - Proceed to outline any notable achievements or awards you have earned in your practice. Remember that the information ought to be relevant to the audience being addressed. If you happen to be an author you could mention the magazines or any publishing house that has recognized your works. - Your conclusion should mention any upcoming projects or works in progress that people should lookout for in the near future. Don’t forget to mention your current place of residence. As you age, it is good to keep on updating your biography to reflect who you are at present time. You can make use of the personal biography template offered by this site to easily and in a more convenient way generate your own biography without missing out on the important details. We also provide sample biographies to give you a feel of what your end draft should look like. If you have kids and you want to let them in on famous historical figures, this site offers biographies for kids. These will help them know the notable people who help shape the world to what it has become to be.

<urn:uuid:a3d8f2c3-c020-4d97-8b7a-2bb03383ba10>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://templatelab.com/biography-templates/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496330.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329232328-20200330022328-00474.warc.gz

en

In this lesson, students will watch first-person accounts of what it was like to live in Moscow when Mikhail Gorbachev led the Soviet Union, including how the policies of perestroika and glasnost changed everyday life and what it was like to demonstrate against the August 1991 coup attempt by Communist hardliners. After discussing these events, students will consider what role the Internet might have played during this time and create social media samples with historically accurate details of the foiled August 1991 coup. For background information on the Soviet Union, Gorbachev's reforms and the 1991 coup attempt, please see the Related Resources section of this lesson. The clips used in this lesson are from the film My Perestroika, a documentary that tells the personal stories of five Russians who experienced the collapse of the Soviet Union and the constantly shifting political landscape of post-Soviet Russia. Please note that the film is in Russian with English subtitles. Also, a number of film subjects smoke and drink alcohol, and the filmmaker version of the film contains profanity. To avoid language issues, please use the video clips on this website or the broadcast version of the film. POV documentaries can be recorded off-the-air and used for educational purposes for up to one year from their initial broadcast. In addition, POV offers a lending library of DVDs and VHS tapes that you can borrow anytime during the school year -- FOR FREE! Get started by joining our Community Network. Please visit our Film Library to find other films suitable for classroom use or to make this film a part of your school's permanent collection. - Watch and discuss first-person accounts of those who experienced Soviet life under Gorbachev and demonstrated against the August 1991 coup attempt. - Infer what role the Internet could have played in events leading up to the collapse of the Soviet Union. - Create a blog post, tweet summary or series of Facebook status updates with comments from friends with historically accurate details of the foiled August 1991 coup. Geography, Social Studies, World History, Political Science, International Studies, Language Arts, Current Events - Internet access and equipment to show the class online video and for students to conduct research - Handout: Key People and Ideas (PDF) ESTIMATED TIME NEEDED One 50-minute class period, plus time outside of class to complete a written assignment Clip 1: "The Beginning of Perestroika" (length 6:32) The clip begins at 34:08 with black and white footage of men lined up like soldiers. It ends at 40:40 with "...everything was by ration coupons." Clip 2: "Remembering the 1991 Coup That Failed" (length 2:25) The clip begins at 53:35 with "I had a feeling that I was part of..." It ends at 56:00 when Lyuba says, "...I concretely remember that pure feeling of freedom." Note: This lesson assumes that students already have some background in the history of the Soviet Union. If students require a stronger foundation in this period of history, please see the Extensions and Adaptations section of this lesson plan for a recommended activity. 1. Tap existing student knowledge by displaying or distributing the Key People and Ideas sheet and asking students to match each item on the list with its definition. (Answers: C, D, B, E, A). 2. Point out that after Gorbachev rose to power in the Soviet Union in 1985, the reforms that he put into place dramatically changed the lives of Soviet citizens. Introduce a brief video clip (length 6:32) in which several Russians describe their experiences during that turbulent time. Explain that the clip begins with a man talking about what happened during his mandatory two years of military service. Focus student viewing by asking them to take notes as they watch on some of the ways that the Soviet Union changed during that period. 3. After watching the video clip, discuss some or all of the following questions: - What motivated Andrei (first man in the video) to join the Communist Party? - Do you think anything would have happened to Andrei if he had refused an invitation to join the Communist Party when a leader such as Stalin or Brezhnev was in power? - In your opinion, which of the new freedoms enjoyed by Russians was the most important? Why? - Why do you think one woman in the video called this period a "really confusing and difficult time for our country"? 4. Explain that as Soviets experienced new freedoms, many Soviet republics wanted independence from Moscow. In August 1991, Gorbachev was about to sign a New Union Treaty that would have transformed the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy and military. To prevent this from happening, a group of Communist hardliners attempted to remove Gorbachev from power. In response, tens of thousands of protestors gathered at the Russian White House. These mass demonstrations, combined with a lack of support from the military, helped to foil the coup and led to the official demise of the Soviet Union later that year. 5. Tell students that they are going to watch a video clip (length 2:25) in which some of those who protested during the coup describe their thoughts as events unfolded. Ask students to determine why so many people might have participated in the demonstrations. - Why did Lyuba (the first woman in the video) choose to demonstrate against the coup? - What might have happened if Lyuba and others had not participated in the demonstrations? - How does hearing eyewitness accounts of the coup differ from reading about the event in a textbook? What information do such accounts add to your historical knowledge? What is missing? 7. Point out that this coup attempt in 1991 took place just before the rise of the Internet. Ask students how access to information from around the world and the freedom to communicate with others could have made it difficult for Communist hardliners to re-establish the old system of the Soviet Union. If social media tools such as blogs, Twitter or Facebook had existed at the time, what role might they have played during the coup in organizing people for demonstrations or helping them share ideas or tell others what had happened? 8. Have students illustrate their ideas by developing historically-based blog posts, tweet summaries or series of Facebook status updates with comments from friends about the August 1991 coup. Students should write from the perspective of Russians in Moscow and conduct additional research as needed to ensure historical accuracy. Consider also sharing the following resources with students to stimulate ideas: - FRONTLINE. "Cairo: The Protest Diaries." This diary entry talks about the use of social media in the Egyptian revolution and can serve as a model for a blog post. - The Huffington Post. "Tweets From the Ground in Egypt." The 31 tweets collected here describe what was happening in Cairo during the 2011 revolution. - MemoryArchive. "Moscow Coup August 1991." This first-person account of the 1991 Moscow coup attempt resembles a blog post and provides additional information about circumstances during the coup. Prepare for this lesson by helping students develop their knowledge of Soviet history and the demise of the USSR. Use a KWL chart to find out what students already know and what they want to find out. Help to identify knowledge gaps by asking the class questions, such as, "What do you already know about Soviet leaders like Stalin and Gorbachev?" or "What is your understanding of policies like glasnost and perestroika?" Once the first two columns of the chart are completed, assign topics in the "W" column to small student groups to research. Using a variety of resources is recommended. Ask each group to summarize what it learned in the "L" column of the chart and then explain its findings to the class. Have students also compare what they learned (column "L") to their prior understanding of these topics (column "K") and make corrections as needed. Compare various accounts of the events that led to the end of the Soviet Union. In small groups, have students read histories of this time period from textbooks, a variety of reports from news sources in the United States and other countries and the work of academic scholars and compare them with those of the Russian citizens featured in My Perestroika. Identify which are primary and which are secondary sources and talk about the strengths and limitations of each type of information. Then, discuss the similarities and differences that students notice between the accounts and use the concepts from POV's Media Literacy Questions for Analyzing POV Films to help the class analyze what might account for any variations. Create a class video inspired by the film My Perestroika. Ask students to begin by identifying the key political events for their generation. Next, assign them to journal about their reactions to each event and how what happened has influenced their lives. Then, have students capture these ideas in video interviews with each other and edit highlights together to form one class video. Hold a screening of the final product and compare and contrast the student perspectives featured in the video. Help students connect historical events to the lives of their family members. Ask students to conduct interviews with parents or other relatives, asking them what they remember about the events that led to the end of the Soviet Union and the Cold War. Where were they when important events, such as the attempted coup in August 1991, happened? How closely did they follow what was happening during that time? What were their sources of information? What were their feelings about the end of the Cold War? Students should summarize these responses and discuss them with classmates in small groups. Explore POV films that feature republics from the former Soviet Union. Belarusian Waltz follows a lone performance artist as he stages protests against the dictator of Belarus. The English Surgeon shows the limits of medical care in Ukraine and how an English neurosurgeon has worked to improve conditions. Video, background information and educator resources are provided online for each film. Investigate further how social media tools have been used in more recent political events, such as those that have taken place in Arab nations. Show the class the NewsHour story, "Debate Continues Over Social Media's Role in Egyptian, Arab World Protests". Then, have students research and share with the class examples of how blogs, Twitter and Facebook have been used in other places to engage citizens in elections, social and political movements or local causes. Find out more about Russia's struggles with capitalism and democracy since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Watch the FRONTLINE/World stories, "Rich in Russia" and "Russia: Putin's Plan." Instruct students to write essays that break down the economic and political challenges Russia has faced since 1991 and analyze the benefits and limits of free markets and democracy in modern Russian society. American Experience. "Mikhail Gorbachev." This biography of Mikhail Gorbachev describes his humble beginnings, his rise to power and his reforms of the Soviet Union. Goldman, Marshall I. "Perestroika." Library of Economics and Liberty. This article, written in 1992 by Russian economics professor Marshall I. Goldman, provides some historical detail about Gorbachev's economic policies and their consequences. History.com. "Cold War." This resource provides video, images, pictures and details of the Cold War. Library of Congress. "Perestroika." This article provides a brief description of the impact made by Gorbachev's restructuring policies under perestroika. NewsHour. "Eye on Russia." This August 2001 report looks back at the 1991 coup attempt and recounts what happened. U.S. Department of State. "Russia." This country profile includes details on Russian history, government, the country's economy and more. These standards are drawn from Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science and Technical Subjects SL, 9-10, 11-12.1 Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups and teacher-led) with diverse partners on [grade-appropriate] topics, text and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. W.9-10, 11-12.3 Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details and well-structured event sequences. RH.9-10.2 Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text. RH.11-12.2 Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary that makes clear the relationships among the key details and ideas. RH.9-10.9 Compare and contrast treatments of the same topic in several primary and secondary sources. RH.11-12.9 Integrate information from diverse sources, both primary and secondary, into a coherent understanding of an idea or event, noting discrepancies among sources. WHST. 9-10, 11-12.2 Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, and technical processes. WHST. 9-10, 11-12.4 Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization and style are appropriate to task, purpose and audience. WHST. 9-10, 11-12.7 Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. These standards are drawn from "Content Knowledge," a compilation of content standards and benchmarks for K-12 curriculum by McRel (Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning) Arts and Communication Standard 4: Understands ways in which the human experience is transmitted and reflected in the arts and communication. Standard 1: Understands that group and cultural influences contribute to human development, identity and behavior. Standard 10: Understands the nature and complexity of Earth's cultural mosaics. Standard 13: Understands the forces of cooperation and conflict that shape the divisions of Earth's surface. Standard 2: Understands the historical perspective. Standard 1: Uses the general skills and strategies of the writing process. Standard 2: Uses the stylistic and rhetorical aspects of writing. Standard 9: Uses viewing skills and strategies to understand and interpret visual media. Standard 43: Understands how post-World War II reconstruction occurred, new international power relations took shape and colonial empires broke up. Standard 44: Understands the search for community, stability and peace in an interdependent world. Standard 45: Understands major global trends since World War II. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Cari Ladd, M.Ed., is an educational writer with a background in secondary education and media development. Previously, she served as PBS Interactive's director of education, overseeing the development of curricular resources tied to PBS programs, the PBS TeacherSource Web site (now PBS Teachers) and online teacher professional development services. She has also taught in Maryland and Northern Virginia.

<urn:uuid:a9f0a2e2-1cda-48ef-ac1f-85b2f35dbcd4>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://archive.pov.org/myperestroika/lesson-plan/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497301.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330181842-20200330211842-00114.warc.gz

en

A tidbit often trotted out to allay the anxiety of those who decline to so much as dip their toes in the ocean for fear of shark attack is that far more people die from insect stings each year than from man-eating fish. The difference being, of course, that shark attacks generate considerable media attention while insect stings, even when they cause death, rarely make more than local news. Not so in China, where more than two dozen people were recently killed and hundreds more injured in a wave of attacks by giant hornets. Victims described being chased for a thousand feet or more by the creatures and stung as many as 200 times, according to The Guardian. The culprit appears to be the Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), which grows up to two inches long with a quarter-inch sting. It is the world’s largest hornet and is known colloquially as the “yak-killer hornet.” The Asian giant hornet injects a particularly potent venom that can damage tissue. Its sting can lead to anaphylactic shock and renal failure. It would be a gross generalization to say that the average adult today spends much of his or her free time in a mind-numbed torpor, whether it be induced by watching television, surfing the Internet or yapping away on cell phones. However, even those who regularly challenge themselves intellectually can’t help but be impressed by Tom Holland, a British popular historian. Over the past decade Holland has produced acclaimed works of fiction and non-fiction about the classical world by adapting Homer, Virgil and Thucydides for the radio. Perhaps even more fascinating is the fact that he has translated Herodotus’ “Histories” at the rate of a paragraph a day; an endeavor termed a labor of love. The effort was released by Penguin Classics last month. Anyone who has read or simply picked up Herodotus’ work knows this is no mean feat. Called the Father of History, Herodotus is believed to have lived from 484 B.C. to 425 B.C. He is cited as the first individual to systematically collect material, attempt to test its accuracy and arrange it in a well-constructed and vivid narrative. The “Histories” – Herodotus’ only known work – investigates the origins of the Greco-Persian wars and includes an array of geographical and ethnographical information. General George S. Patton is rightly regarded as one of America’s greatest military leaders. A hard-charging commander, Patton led the US Seventh Army during the Invasion of Sicily, then directed the Third Army following the Allied Invasion of Normandy in 1944, where he led a highly successful, rapid drive across France, and was able to advance his army into Nazi Germany by war’s end. Like many of the US’s top Army leaders during World War II, Patton graduated from West Point, but he didn’t begin his college education at the esteemed institution. Patton had his mind set on a career in the military from a young age, but also struggled with reading and writing in his youth. In 1902, he wrote a letter to California Sen. Thomas R. Bard seeking an appointment to West Point. However, Bard required Patton to complete an entrance exam. Patton was afraid he would perform poorly on the exam given his academic struggles, so he eventually opted to attend the Virginia Military Institute. This was no random choice. Not only had Patton’s father graduated from VMI but his grandfather had, as well. Patton’s grandfather, George S. Patton Sr., graduated from VMI in 1852, second in his class of 24. Although he became a lawyer after graduation, he served as a colonel in the 22nd Virginia Infantry during the War Between the States. The first George Patton was one of several brothers who served in the Confederate army. One, Lt. Col. Waller T. Patton, another VMI graduate, was mortally wounded at Gettysburg on July 3, 1863. One wouldn’t imagine that there’d be much controversy over how a tyrant who orchestrated the deaths of tens of millions of individuals would be regarded in his native land. Not so in former Soviet republic of Georgia, where Joseph Stalin died 60 years ago. When Stalin loyalists restored a statue of the former Soviet leader recently on a hilltop overlooking the provincial town of Telavi in eastern Georgia, it was quickly attacked by vandals, who covered it in paint and scrawled slogans on the wall behind it, one of which read, “Stalin is a murderer.” The incident – the latest of several in the past year – highlights not only the deep political divisions in Stalin’s homeland but also a struggle over his legacy, according to Agence France-Presse. “Some sort of nostalgia for Stalin still exists in a certain segment of the Georgian society,” political analyst Gia Nodia said. The Telavi monument was torn down several years ago as part of staunchly pro-Western President Mikheil Saakashvili’s campaign to eradicate all traces of Georgia’s Soviet past. Stalin, born in 1878, was a Bolshevik revolutionary who took part in the Russian Revolution of 1917. He managed to gain control of the Soviet leadership following Lenin’s death in 1924 and held power until his own death in 1953. Among his actions, he deported millions to the Gulag, where many died, and relocated many others to remote areas of the vast Soviet empire. For biting yet incisive political commentary, it’s difficult to top Waldo Lydecker’s Journal. An equal-opportunity critic, Waldo is at his best when analyzing the words and actions of grandstanding politicos whose ultimate goal is self-aggrandizement rather than public service. As such, the Republican Party, particularly in the Deep South, has been an easy mark in recent years. Take a recent post by Waldo regarding word that the president of the NC State Baptist Convention will run against incumbent Tar Heel Democratic Senator Kay Hagan in next year’s election. From Waldo’s post: Mark Harris, pastor of First Baptist Church of Charlotte, will officially toss his halo into the ring October 2. Harris is the fourth candidate to seek a six-year free ride to draw a paycheck and oppose everything. Other candidates include NC House Speaker Thom Tillis, who tried to corner to cynical vote in 2012 with a marriage equality ban even he admitted would be history in a few years. Harris’ entry into the race could heighten the odds of an intra-Teabagger squabble in the primary. Another hopeful, Cary medico Greg Brannon, plans to yard in demagogues like Rand Paul and Ted Cruz to keep the animal spirits animated on the Tinfoil Right. Harris will, presumably, call on God, who is widely reputed in state GOP circles to be a Republican himself. American coinage runs the gamut from the half cent to the $50 gold piece, and many all-but-forgotten denominations in between. Take, for example, the $4 gold piece, minted in 1879 and 1880. Also known as a Stella, the $4 coin was produced to explore the possibility of the US joining the Latin Monetary Union. It was meant to contain a quantity of gold similar to that of the standard LMU gold piece, the 20-franc Napoleon minted in France, Switzerland, and other countries that belonged to the Latin Monetary Union. The Stella was a pattern coin, which means it was proposed and produced in small numbers but never received approval for public circulation. Even though just a few dozen Stellas are known to exist, four will go up for sale on Sept. 23 in Los Angeles when auction house Bonhams puts the spectacular Tacasyl Collection – 27 American gold coins in all – on the block. The 1880 Coiled Hair Stella, featuring the image of Liberty with a braided plait on top of her head, could fetch $1.5 million or more. How afraid are folks of spiders? According to a survey done by a University of California at Riverside professor, even some people who study insects are petrified of the eight-legged arthropods. Professor Richard Vetter recently looked into the prevalence of arachnophobia in entomologists – individuals who work with bugs regularly. According to a report of Vetter’s study published in American Entomologist, Vetter surveyed 41 self-described arachnophobic entomologists and found that they react differently to spiders than to insects, with some stating that they react to spiders in an almost debilitating manner. Some of the arachnophobic entomologists said their fear developed in childhood, well before making the choice to pursue a career in entomology, according to the website RedOrbit. “The results of the study show that arachno-adverse entomologists share with arachnophobes in the general public both the development of response and the dislike of many of the behavioral, physical, and aesthetic aspects of spiders,” said Vetter, an entomologist himself. “Paradoxically, I found that despite the great morphological diversity that insects exhibit and despite years of professional exposure to insects, these entomologists do not assimilate spiders into the broad arthropod morphological scheme,” he continued. “However, for the most part these entomologists realized that their feelings could not be rationally explained.” The article also revealed several amusing arachnophobia-related anecdotes, including some from respondents that regularly work with maggots and other creatures that most people would consider extremely unappealing. “I would rather pick up a handful of maggots than have to get close enough to a spider to kill it,” one respondent told Vetter.

<urn:uuid:5abbd467-e759-4830-b6b1-a44baf3e3c3f>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://southcarolina1670.wordpress.com/2013/09/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505826.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401161832-20200401191832-00274.warc.gz

en

Becoming a practicing historian, be it in academia or elsewhere, requires a rigorous academic foundation. From a university’s history professors to the archivists at the Library of Congress, all of these people studied history in some academic capacity and now dedicate themselves to better understanding the past, its preservation, and our relationship to it. Beyond positions actively and directly related to the academic discipline, a degree in history offers an especially dynamic range of career options. Reading, writing, and research skills are honed, making the history graduate particularly suited for careers ranging from teaching to law. The following guide highlights the required steps for becoming a historian while also providing helpful resources. A degree in history, whether bachelor’s or advanced, prepares graduates for a multitude of careers. As research and writing skills are required for many professional paths, the historian’s skills span industries. Beyond the role of educator or archivist, individuals with this degree are just as much in demand in politics, law, libraries and the literary world. While these skills are essential, this expansive set of career possibilities can be a bit daunting, making the choice of a career path difficult. This guide aims to offer a focused look into career opportunities for the potential historian. Although associate degrees in history are available, it is uncommon for the professional historian to hold less than a bachelor’s degree. Undergraduate degrees allow for history-specific career options while also laying the academic foundation for graduate pursuits. A bachelor’s in history opens the door for those seeking to be educators, while also preparing the historian for work in archives, historical preservation and museums. While a bachelor’s degree opens the door to more historically-focused roles, graduate-level coursework is common for those pursuing specialized history careers. For those individuals who wish to work in academia, a PhD is the standard course of study. Because an undergraduate degree in history provides numerous career options, it’s worth focusing on a specific career related to history to better understand the value of this area of study. The following section highlights the role of an archivist, academic requirements, and the characteristics that make it a fascinating and valuable career. Though they may not be constantly in the spotlight, archivists are an invaluable asset to the field of history, historians, and society as as a whole. The Society of American Archivists proudly states that the selection, preservation and organization of archival materials not only protects the documentation of our social and cultural history, but establishes a catalog of information through which our government, individuals, and business can be held accountable. As a result, archivists have a seemingly quiet, though essential role in a functioning democracy. The federal government has a long history of employing historians as well as those in related fields. In fact, the BLS reported that the federal government employed almost a quarter of all U.S. historians in 2012. However, this leaves the history-related jobs at the mercy of government funding, which might explain the slow growth of many jobs in this field. Organizations that are not dependent upon government funds or donations might see higher demand for historians, librarians, and those in related fields. There are more history graduates than there are positions for those in directly related fields. Therefore, those interested in this field may have to take advantage of their wide breadth of education and branch out. Below is a list of states with the highest anticipated job growth for different history professions. Careers in history are varied, and you’ll learn about several later on in this guide. Here, we’re featuring a career as an archivist with a degree in history, and we’ll show you the steps to get there. While undergraduate history degrees provide a foundation for a career in archival work, it’s becoming more and more common for institutions to require a master’s degree from their archival staff. As a result, rigorous work in an undergraduate degree is critical in gaining admittance into a graduate program. A four-year undergraduate history degree supplies students with the academic underpinning to pursue the necessary graduate work leading to a career in the archives. The majority of history programs include both general coursework and research, giving students direct experience of what archives can offer. Upon completion of an undergraduate degree, students should then begin looking for a master’s degree program well-suited to their goals. According to the American Historical Association, master’s degrees in history have become the generally accepted standard for professional archival work and there are two ways of ticking this box. The first path is a master’s degree in history. Students electing to follow the first route enroll in an American history program with a concentration in public history. Within the study of public history, graduate students can focus their energies on the theoretical and practical elements of archival studies. The second route is a master’s degree in library and information science. While libraries are sometimes viewed as dusty and archaic, a graduate degree in library science is on the cutting edge of archival studies. The AHA explains that a master’s in library science will teach the nuts and bolts of archival work while simultaneously incorporating the technological advancements of the 21st century. The Society of American Archivists lays out clear expectations for graduate programs and what they should provide an aspiring archivist. The list below is a thoughtful guide that can act as a measuring stick for graduate programs: Hands-on, experiential learning is beneficial in many educational environments, but this is especially true for students in the archives. Learning how to handle, maintain and preserve historical documents—both paper and digital—is the archivist’s job. NYU offers a widely praised master’s in archives and public history with an internship component, and universities across the country have robust networks for students to find internships that can prove critical when entering the workforce. Experience gained during an internship is often elemental in securing the first job in the field. Being involved in activities and with organizations/groups is a great way to network and meet people in the archival and history worlds. Just as an internship provides hands-on experience, introducing yourself to people in the archival arena could be valuable when it comes time to applying for your first job. Both the Society of American Archivists and the Academy of Certified Archivists have active job boards. While there are no certifications or continuing education mandates on historians, keeping sharp archival skills will help individuals stand out when seeking a promotion or moving to a new job. The American Library Association offers a variety of continuing education options. |Career Goals and/or Educational Needs||Associate||Bachelor’s||Master’s/PhD||Online| |History has always fascinated me and I know the degree’s focus on critical thinking, reading and writing could serve me well in the future. The prospect of a full-time, on-campus schedule isn’t really an option at the moment, but I certainly want to keep moving forward academically.| |I have a knack for writing and have always loved my history classes in the past. I know I want to build on my writing skills while also being challenged with rigorous reading and research. Law school has also always been on my radar and studying history would hone the tools that I’d use in the future.| |Having enjoyed my undergraduate degree in history, I’m interested in continuing my education and either pursuing a master’s in public history or library and information science with the goal of becoming an archivist.| |I like history, but there are a lot of options out there. I know that a history course or two will be a required when I transfer to a four-year college, and I’ve always fared well in classes that focus on reading and writing.| Degrees in history provide both theoretical and concrete knowledge at every level, though a students understanding of each are deepened as they move further into higher education. Because history reaches far back into our collective past and covers every civilization, there are also many different concentrations available. Keep reading to learn more. An associate degree in history provides students with a basic inventory of historical knowledge in considerably less time than a bachelor’s degree. While shorter in credit hours, this degree still challenges the student to consider social, political, economic and cultural histories and how each relates to our understanding of current domestic and world climates. Completion of this degree prepares students for admission into four-year institutions and acts as an introduction into related career fields. Exams economic, political and social developments in the country, ranging from Colonial America until the Civil War. Acquaints students with America’s history after the Civil War through to present day, with focus on World Wars I and II, the Great Depression, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Vietnam war, among others. Traces the rise of early civilizations, ranging from Japan and India to China and Europe. Students will gain a clearer understanding of the context for later events in world history. Introduces students to the main developments and central themes throughout world civilizations from the 16th century until present, with focus on areas of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. A bachelor’s degree in history provides students with skills in critical thinking, research and writing that are necessary for a career or graduate work. Augmented by other liberal arts coursework, students graduate with a well-rounded set of intellectual tools to investigate the past with a keen and critical eye. Students study histories, domestic and abroad, recent and ancient, and develop research and writing skills that may eventually result in substantial, original historical research. An undergraduate degree in history can lead to careers ranging from archival work to freelance writing while also laying the groundwork for graduate degrees ranging from history to law. Provides students with necessary tools for analyzing original texts and producing thoughtful historical writing. Students are introduced to historiography and varied historical theories while also learning about research methods and source evaluation. Introduces students to the craft of historical research and writing and builds a toolbox for framing original research. Students also continue honing their research skills and learn about writing styles specific to the craft of history. Explores topics related to the Civil War, including the causes and consequences. Students are asked to consider how a transformative event in history has lasting effects. Investigates two major revolutions taking place in the Russian Empire in 1905 and 1917. Students are asked to dig into the political, social, economic, and cultural issues at work and focus on a particular component to create an extended essay. This is typically a two-year program focusing on a more specific area of history and providing graduates with specialized expertise in their area of study. Advanced courses challenge the student to perform intellectually at an especially high level and in many cases produce a thesis of publishable quality and academic heft. A master’s degree in history can also act as preparation and as a prerequisite for admittance into a PhD program. As mentioned at above, a master’s in public history is generally required for professional work in archives. Focuses on the historical profession, providing students with concrete approaches and frameworks necessary to produce sound, properly researched historical documents. Typically taught at all levels of a history degree; at the graduate level, this course takes a deeper look at the different fields of study, theories, and methodologies at work within the discipline. Welcomes students to the wonderful world of archival management, highlighting common tasks and manuscript collections. Other topics may include copyright and usage rights, referencing, and disaster planning. Method and Theory. Teaches students about the methodological and theoretical frameworks surrounding the study of public history. These courses tend to be interactive and include opportunities for fieldwork, site visits, projects and workshops. The most demanding and advanced study of history, obtaining a PhD requires years of discipline, patience, and work of the highest intellectual and academic quality. In most cases, this degree prepares the student for a professional life dedicated to scholarship and teaching. Although securing tenured positions as a history professor has become considerably more difficult in recent years, history will always be taught, and there will always be a need for history professors. Following the coursework required for this degree, the PhD candidate will submit a dissertation of publishable quality, effectively rendering them an expert on the topic they’ve written about. The following classes are examples of what PhD students might encounter in their studies. Challenges students to consider how historians have approached and written about American history throughout time, be it related to scientific discovery, religious influence, or social relations. Explores topics related to world systems and civilizational approaches. Students compare historical accounts, study migration patterns, and consider cross-cultural dialogues related to international accounts of history. Covers the 1450’s until the 1750’s and asks students to reflect on how individuals of Jewish descent have interacted in non-Jewish communities. Special emphasis is placed on understanding how their society and culture, along with religious practices, have influenced – or been influenced by – other cultures. Focuses not on the research students are reading, but rather on how historians used their research to craft a narrative, and on the methodologies and theories employed to develop historical arguments and theses. History majors are found in almost every profession. In fact, a survey of history graduates from Vanderbilt University found that 30 percent went on to careers in business, 24 percent went into law, 17 percent turned to education, seven percent went into the military, and 12 percent went into other professions such as journalism, archival research and management, consulting, counseling, museum administration, and legislative work. Another eight percent went on to graduate school to study something other than law, such as psychology or business administration. However, despite the versatility of a history education, there are some jobs that put the degree to more literal use, such as those in libraries or museums. Here are a few of the interesting history careers available: Curators are responsible for handling museums’ collections. They often oversee the collections from acquisition to exhibit, and sometimes even handle the sale of certain items. In addition to authenticating, evaluating, categorizing and properly displaying museum treasures, curators might also raise funds for the museum, conduct research on museum pieces, promote events or collections, and write grant proposals. Also known as registrars, museum technicians directly assist curators by preparing museum items for display and caring for items when they are on the museum floor or in storage. They might help curators evaluate and authenticate collections. They often speak with the public about the various collections and might lead museum tours. Archivists focus on historical documents, especially those from a particular time period. Job duties might include authenticating rare or recently unearthed documents, carefully preserving documents that are thought to be of historical value, researching items that could be added to a collection, and providing educational or public outreach, such as guiding tours or dealing with the media. In addition to documents, archivists might also work with electronic records, photographs, maps, sound recordings and even websites. The history degree often serves as a great foundation for librarians, whose work consists of helping others locate the books, documents and other information they need, whether for work or pleasure. Librarians might work directly with the public or in administrative services; they can be found in schools, academic libraries and public libraries. Those who love history might enjoy teaching it to others, whether at the K-12 or postsecondary level. History teachers bring history to life in the classroom with interactive educational experiences, lectures, reading assignments, creative homework requirements and the like. They might also produce original research. These experts are keepers of the past. They study and collect historical documents and memorabilia; conduct research on items, places, people and times of interest; and present their findings to colleagues, organizations, museums, schools and others. Historians might work to preserve items or places, develop theories for research, publish their findings or engage with the public. Although there are numerous career paths in the history field, the skills that students learn along the way will hold them in good stead for a variety of non-history-related jobs. These are some of the most sought-after skills that come naturally to many history grads: The very nature of history requires research into the past, and that skill carries over to almost any career field. The ability to examine information and draw logical conclusions from it is an integral part of historical study and benefits anyone — from financial analysts to consultants to professors. Historical accuracy requires strict attention to detail; the wrong date entered in a research paper or incorrect information when establishing authenticity of an antique can make a huge, possibly career-ending difference. Attention to detail is a fantastic advantage in any profession, from the businessman closing a deal to the writer on a deadline. History often presents interesting problems, such as how to determine the particular date of a document or how historical events unfolded. The ability to solve problems is an excellent skill for anyone from lawyers to politicians to CEOs. Communication skills are honed for history majors through public speaking, research papers and roundtable discussions. Being able to speak intelligently about research findings, create a list of key points in a presentation and communicate through every medium are important parts of any career. From writing grant proposals to finding the perfect phrasing to describe a museum exhibit, writing skills are an absolute must. This skill carries over to almost any other profession, especially those that require constant communications in written form, such as attorneys or teachers. Those with an interest in history quickly learn the value of analyzing large amounts of historical data to find the truth of a matter. This is essential for anyone who works in a job that requires him or her to sift through information and get down to the key points, such as an attorney, human resource professional or manager. Those who work in the history field use a variety of tools and technology, depending on the specific career. These might include computer programs such as Adobe Systems, Web Scrapbook, and Microsoft Word. But there are others that are more specialized, including: Additional tools may also be needed, such as scanners and copiers, microfiche or microfilm machines and assistive listening devices. The salaries for history careers can vary widely, depending on the profession. Below is a list of history salaries for the most common careers pursued by history graduates. In addition to the careers that go hand-in-hand with a history degree, there are numerous other options available to those who have studied history. Take a look at the related career paths that history grads can pursue, as well as potential earnings for each: Looking to branch out even further in the world of communications? These jobs make good use of the skills and knowledge typically required: Sources: Bureau of Labor Statistics As a group of archivists, the Academy has essentially created uniform expectations the practice of archiving. Their website provides substantial information for archivists and prospective archivists. This is the main organization for American historians, and their website is an excellent tool for individuals interested in pursuing history in any academic capacity. Another resource for those interested in a career in the archives, ALA has an extensive database for researching master’s degree programs in library science and information. Working to build a community for public historians, this is a useful group to engage with if thinking about a degree in public history. The site has a job board and a calendar of interesting events. An incredible site for archivists and those interested in the field, this website has endless resources ranging from educational materials to a career/job board. For those interested in the field, consider becoming a member.

<urn:uuid:2ea89aae-571d-45ce-8f83-992e8a352b60>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.learnhowtobecome.org/arts-humanities-careers/history/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510352.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403061648-20200403091648-00554.warc.gz

en

James Monroe is the Waldo of historic masterpieces. James Monroe played a role in several major world events before becoming America’s fifth president, but he doesn’t get the same love his fellow founders do. History, and art, tend to put him in the background. I want to take him out of the background of three famous historical paintings by sharing some background on how he got there. 1. Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Gottlieb-Leutze, 1851 The most famous artwork of American history ever created depicts Patriot troops crossing the icy Delaware River on Christmas night, 1776, to launch a surprise attack on the enemy camp in Trenton, New Jersey. Can you spot James Monroe among the Revolutionaries below? 18-year old Colonel James Monroe is depicted behind Washington, holding the American flag. Also, the boats in the painting are too small, the ice is too chunky, and the river is too narrow. Not to mention Washington’s crossing didn’t take place on a clear, glorious morning – it happened in the dead of night in a snowstorm. There is also contention about whether they could have realistically stood in the boat without falling overboard. Historian David Hackett Fischer says the actual boats had taller sides and they would have stood to avoid the icy water at the bottom of the boat. Whatever the case, George Washington probably wasn’t standing in that iconic pose, a stance one New York Times critic said gave him “the head and air of a dancing master…ready to teeter ashore and dance a pirouet on the snow.” Washington was known to be a good dancer, but not Nutcracker good. I would cut the artist some slack for the inaccuracies – Emanuel Gottlieb-Leutze painted this piece of Americana in Dusseldorf, Germany 75 years after the event it captures. To put that in perspective, that would be like a painting of Pearl Harbor done today, by someone with no access to photographs or recordings. Leutze strived for authenticity, but it was secondary to his main goal. First and foremost he wanted his depiction of the American Revolution to inspire Germans to come together after the Revolution of 1848. In their goals to inspire, Leutze and Washington were in a similar boat, as the Battle of Trenton itself was brilliantly engineered as an inspiring piece of propaganda. In December 1776 the Patriots were sorely losing their war for independence and troop numbers and morale were dwindling. Washington needed to change the narrative, and he set his sights on the Hessian camp in Trenton, New Jersey. The Hessians were highly-trained German mercenaries working for the British – basically the 18th century equivalent of Terminators. If the scrappy Americans could launch a successful surprise attack on those time-traveling cyborgs, it would show the world they had a fighting chance. Washington’s plan worked. News of their victory spread across the United States, raising troop morale and boosting recruitment. It also spread across the Atlantic, convincing France to throw in her game-changing support. |Metropolitan Museum of Art visitors viewing Washington Crossing the Delaware in 1907| Recently film director Zack Snyder said he thought about making a movie about George Washington in the style of his film 300. He said the first thing he thought about was “how are we going to make it look?” He pointed to Leutze’s painting and said, “It looks like 300. It’s not that hard.” Surprisingly, I don’t have a problem with Snyder making an over-the-top action movie based on an inaccurate painting depicting a battle fought primarily for its propaganda value. It sounds like exactly what popcorn was made for. If it does happen, I look forward to teenage James Monroe being played by a young up-and-coming (almost certainly Australian) actor ready to make his mark on the world, just like the real James Monroe in 1776. 2. Capture of the Hessians at Trenton by John Trumbull, 1787-1828 Set just hours after Washington Crossing the Delaware, this piece shows what happened following the Continental Army’s sneak attack on the Hessian forces. James Monroe appears in the painting, bleeding to death on the ground. Can you spot him among these wounded men? If you guessed this gentleman… |Nope. Not this guy.| …you’re wrong. You might think that’s him because of the flag, but Monroe was not actually a flagboy. (As far as I can tell, this fallen soldier’s identity is unknown.) THIS is James Monroe, being cradled by a doctor: |Monroe owed his life to that doctor’s dogs.| While sneaking through the snowy countryside earlier that morning, Monroe’s regiment was spotted by a few dogs. Their howling woke their master, John Riker, who came outside screaming profanities at the armed men he mistook for British soldiers. When he realized they were the American army, he volunteered to join them on them spot, saying, “I am a doctor and I may be of help to some poor fellow.” Early in the battle, Monroe was shot down while charging Hessian cannons. A musket ball pierced his chest, lodged in his shoulder, and severed an artery. Dr. John Riker expertly clamped Monroe’s artery and stopped the bleeding, saving the poor fellow’s life. The artist John Trumbull said he composed the picture “for the express purpose of giving a lesson to all living and future soldiers in the service of [their] country, to show mercy and kindness to a fallen enemy – their enemy no longer when wounded and in their power.” Unlike Emanuel Leutze, Trumbull didn’t have to settle on a drunk stand-in for George Washington; he got the real Washington to exercise on horseback for him so he could get the likeness just right. I don’t think he asked Monroe to lie down and bleed for him. Of Monroe’s role in the battle, Trumbull said he “was dangerously wounded by a ball which passed through his lungs” and that “fortunate ball…made him president of the United States.” Trumbull subscribes to what I call the Forrest Gump theory of James Monroe, which sees him as an ordinary man whose greatest talent was being in the right place at the right time. That’s opposed to the Harlowe Giles Unger theory, who in his biography “The Last Founding Father: James Monroe and a Nation’s Call to Greatness” makes the case that Monroe did more for America than any previous president (Washington included) by transforming the nation into “a glorious empire.” The truth of Monroe’s greatness is probably somewhere in the middle, but getting wounded while executing a strategic attack in a famous battle was definitely a huge bullet point on his pre-presidential resume. Another big one took place 27 years later and 4000 miles away from the Battle of Trenton, and it focused on a very different glorious empire. #3 The Coronation of Napoleon by David, 1807 |David’s Coronation is a massive 33 feet wide and 20 feet tall, the size of 2.5 Washington Crossing the Delawares.| I saw this behemoth of a painting at the Louvre on my honeymoon, and I was instantly captivated. It was like a life-size window back in time to a world controlled by Napoleon. David’s painting is so famous that there is another famous painting just of people looking at it. |Boilly’s painting, The Public Viewing David’s “Coronation” at the Louvre is just a few rooms away from Washington Crossing the Delaware at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.| In 1804, Napoleon decided he wanted to be emperor so he threw the most decadent coronation ever in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. Everyone who was anyone was there, including James Monroe and his wife, Elizabeth. Monroe might be a little harder to spot in this painting, though. He should be in this group of diplomats… …but he’s not. In fact, he’s probably not in the painting at all. Everything about Napoleon’s coronation was filled with drama, including the Monroes’ presence. Despite getting along fine with Napoleon a year earlier when negotiating the Louisiana Purchase, James and Elizabeth Monroe were informed they were uninvited. Apparently Napoleon’s hot-cold relationship with the United States had cooled over disagreements about the ownership of the Spanish Floridas. When Monroe appealed to a friendly French senator and got reinvited, he and Elizabeth received invitations relegating them to nosebleed seats “in the gallery, a great measure out of sight, and not with those in our grade, the Foreign Ministers.” I thought the wedding invitation list drama between my wife and her mother was tense, but Napoleon’s was somehow worse. He refused to invite his brother Joseph, which upset his mother so much that she refused to come herself. Neither of them attended the coronation, but that didn’t stop Napoleon from bending reality to his will. Exerting total control over David’s work, Napoleon had him add both his mother and brother into the painting as if they were one big happy family. |Napoleon’s mother (upper left) looks happy to be there.| If there was room in the picture for people who weren’t even there, I felt sure James Monroe had to be there somewhere. I couldn’t find any evidence that Monroe was included in the painting, so I reached out to an expert: professor and author Philippe Bordes, who literally wrote the book on the artist David and Napoleon. Bordes kindly shared that he’d “never come across mention of the possible presence of Monroe in the picture” and conceded that “there may have been some politics involved.” Politics indeed Bordes pointed out an American who did make the cut: John Armstrong. As an Ambassador to France, Armstrong outranked Monroe and got a better seat at the party and his image memorialized by David. Had Napoleon known the fates of the two men, I think he would have swapped out Armstrong for Monroe. In the War of 1812, Armstrong was the Secretary of War, and he was so convinced the British wouldn’t attack Washington, D.C. that he left the city defenseless to the British forces that burned down the White House. President Madison fired him and replaced him with none other than James Monroe, making Monroe both Secretary of State AND Secretary of War at the same time. Armstrong’s incompetence ended up further padding Monroe’s resume and all but ensuring he would be the next president. |John Armstrong failed at keeping the White House not on fire, but he succeeded in outliving Monroe by twelve years, which was long enough to pose for this sweet picture with his dog.| Even though no record exists to suggest Monroe is pictured in Coronation, I still can’t help but wonder if maybe, just maybe, David snuck a portrait of him somewhere in the background of his masterpiece. Could James Monroe be here somewhere? Or here in the crowd? Maybe he’s hiding back here. The often overlooked James Monroe was a soldier, diplomat, governor, and double-Secretary before becoming an extremely popular president. Known as “The Last of the Cocked Hats,” he was a relic of the Revolutionary generation. Because he stands in the shadow of giants who came before him, James Monroe is destined to fade into the background. Like this creeper: |That better not be you, James.| The Last Founding Father: James Monroe and a Nation’s Call to Greatness by Harlow James Unger Washington Crossing the Delaware: Restoring an American Masterpiece by the Metropolitan Museum of Art Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile by Philippe Bordes John Trumbull: The Hand and Spirit of a Painter by Helen A. Cooper Washington’s Crossing by David Hackett Fischer

<urn:uuid:42047a61-46b7-413a-ae2c-5e270bf7d834>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.ploddingthroughthepresidents.com/2016/04/james-monroe-famous-paintings.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370508367.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402204908-20200402234908-00234.warc.gz

en

Deontic modality: The use of language to express obligation, permission or prohibition. In English, this is typically done with modal verbs (e.g. ‘should’, ‘have to’), but also through adjectives (e.g. ‘compulsory’), adverbs (e.g. ‘obligatorily’) or nouns (e.g. ‘duty’). Epistemic modality: The use of language to express how likely it is that something was, is or will be the case. In English, this is typically done with modal verbs (e.g. ‘may’, ‘might’), but also through adjectives (e.g. ‘likely’), adverbs (e.g. ‘possibly’) or nouns (‘probability’). Open questions: Questions that leave the person asked free to elaborate as much or little in their answer as they like (e.g. ‘What do you expect from this change in career?’). Opposite of yes/no questions (e.g. ‘Are you considering a career change?’). Parataxis: A series of sentences with only main clauses, e.g. ‘I went home after work. I had managed to tick off all items on my to-do-list. My partner had made lasagna.’ Opposite of hypotaxis, which is a sentence with main and sub-clauses, e.g. ‘After managing to tick off all items on my to-do list, I went home from work to find that my partner had made lasagna.’ Rhetorical questions: Questions that preempt their own answers, e.g. ‘Wouldn’t you like a pay rise?’. Image Repair Theory (IRT): a rhetorical theory developed by W. L. Benoit. It focuses on how and why individuals and organisations defend their reputation. IRT focuses on ‘image repair strategies’ individuals or organisations use when they are accused of wrongdoing. Lingua Franca: see episode 3 Evaluative language: as our guest, Dr Fuoli explains, this is a broad umbrella term for language that is used to convey a positive or a negative subjective opinion. Trust/worthiness: we discuss a model of trust in the podcast, which is based on Mayer et al.’s (1995) work. This model identifies competence, integrity and benevolence as key factors influencing individuals’ perceptions of others’ trustworthiness. Source: Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734. Audiences: Going back to Alan Bell’s 1984 paper ‘Language style as audience design’, published in the journal Language in Society (volume 13, issue 2, pages 145-204), we can distinguish four different kinds of recipients of a message: – Addressee – recipients who are known, ratified, and addressed, e.g. a company tagged and addressed in a tweet by a customer – Auditor: recipients who are not directly addressed, but are known and ratified, e.g. the person running the company’s Twitter account – Overhearer: recipients of whom the text producer is aware, e.g. followers on Twitter – Eavesdropper: non-ratified recipients of whom the text producer is unaware, e.g. podcast hosts analysing the customer’s tweet in an episode Context collapse: The phenomenon in online communication whereby a message can be read by people that the person posting it knows from many different contexts, e.g. family, friends, colleagues. Agentless passive: A grammatical construction that only mentions the object or goal of an action and the action itself, but eliminates the subject or actor. For example, ‘Additional security measures have been put in place’ does not mention who put those measures in place. L1, L2: Short for first and second language, i.e. the language that someone learned as a child (mother tongue, native language) and one that they acquired later in life. Lingua franca: Latin for ‘free language’. A language that speakers use to communicate although it is not their mother tongue or → L1. For instance, Bernard, Erika and Veronika are native speakers of Dutch, Hungarian and German, respectively, but we don’t know each other’s languages, so we use English with each other – including in this podcast of course! Phatic communication: Often very conventional phrases that are not meant to convey or obtain information but have a social function, e.g. greetings (‘How are you?’) or well wishes (‘Have a nice day’). Pragmatic affordances: The functions that speakers and writers can realise when using language in a particular context. For example, depending on context and participants, jokes allow speakers to diffuse tension in a conversation or disparage someone else. Emojis or emoticons such as 😉 and acronyms (e.g. LOL) are often used for their pragmatic affordance to mitigate the force of a request or a criticism. Prosody: Elements of spoken language that are not individual sounds but qualities of a shorter or longer unit of speech. Prosodic elements include stress, rhythm, pitch and volume. Sound symbolism: The idea that certain sounds communicate meaning and evoke associations. For example, vowels formed at the front of the mouth, like “i”, are often associated with small, spiky things, whereas so-called back vowels, like “o”, conjure up the image of large, round objects. Sound symbolism is widely used not only in poetry but also in brand names. Lingua franca: Latin for ‘free language’. A language that speakers use to communicate although it is not their mother tongue. For instance, Benard, Erika and Veronika are native speakers of Dutch, Hungarian and German, respectively, but we don’t know each other’s languages, so use English with each other – and in this podcast of course! Conduit model: A model of communication that was first proposed by Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1949. (It is also known as the Shannon-Weaver model.) Shannon and Weaver were engineers and developed their model for radio and phone technology. In simple terms, the model includes a sender who produces a message (e.g.a speaker), a transmitter encoding the message (in spoken communication, the same as the speaker), a channel to send the message (e.g. a website) and a receiver who decodes the message (e.g. reader). The conduit model assumes a linear flow of information and does not account for any contextual factors. It has therefore been recognised as unsuitable to describe and explain human communication. Fordism: Named after the Ford automotive company, Fordism denotes an approach to management in manufacturing that is characterised by synchronisation, specialisation and precision. The Ford company was among the first to introduce assembly lines and split up the manufacturing process into a number of steps carried out by individual workers to increase efficiency. The term was first used by Marxist political theorist Antonio Gramsci in 1934 and is linked to Frederick Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management (1911). Greenwashing: Attempts by companies to build a brand image of themselves as sustainable and environmentally friendly, when their practices are not. The term comes from ‘whitewashing’, i.e. trying to appear innocent when not, and has been extended to ‘pinkwashing’, for attempts to appear women- or LGBT-friendly, and ‘blackwashing’, to describe the phenomenon of a few senior positions held by token non-white people to appear ethnically diverse. Interdiscursivity: the mixing of typical features from various text types and discourses. The purpose can be to persuade (e.g. using scientific language in cosmetics advertising) or to get attention (e.g. making an advertisement look like a till receipt). Interdiscursivity is not always used to deliberately though and can then indicate some social change that is underway (e.g. a high-ranking police officer referring to members of the general public as ‘customers’). Corpus linguistics: A branch of linguistics where research use computer software to analyse large bodies (Latin ‘corpora’, singular ‘corpus’) of texts to see, for example, what words are particularly frequent, what words co-occur with each other (collocation) and what words, word classes or semantic fields are over/underused with statistical significance (keywords, key parts of speech or key domains). Corpus linguistic research has been done on the grammars of the world’s languages, on the language use of learners of a language, on language variation and change, on the language of Shakespeare and many other areas. Face-threatening act: In linguistic politeness theory, any utterance that can potentially damage someone else’s or the speaker’s wish to be appreciated and valued (called, somewhat confusingly, ‘positive face’) or their wish to be unhindered in doing what they want at the time they want to do it (so-called ‘negative face’). Speakers use a number of strategies to mitigate face-threatening acts and preserve social harmony. Lingua franca: Latin for ‘free language’. A language that speakers use to communicate although it is not their mother tongue. For instance, Bernard, Erika and Veronika are native speakers of Dutch, Hungarian and German, respectively, but we don’t know each other’s languages, so use English with each other – and in this podcast of course! Modal verbs: One way of expressing either a degree of certainty that something was, is or will be the case (so-called epistemic modality) or to convey a more or less strong obligation on someone (known as deontic modality). Examples of epistemic modal verbs are ‘I may/might be able to type up the notes in time’, while deontic modality is illustrated by ‘I really need to type up the notes in time’.

<urn:uuid:75f098ce-4c4b-42f4-97aa-aa2715cf81d3>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://wordsandactions.blog/glossary/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370511408.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410173109-20200410203609-00435.warc.gz

en

Digital accessibility is about making sure people with disabilities can use and interact with technology. Digital accessibility ensures participation of people who use computers and mobile devices but cannot see a screen, hear a video, hold a mouse, or have other disabilities impacting how technology is used. The promise of online dispute resolution (ODR) depends on accessibility. Without it, ODR cannot meet the needs of its stakeholders. Why? Because accessibility and ODR have one very important thing in common: they are both about serving the needs of people. Accessibility allows ODR systems to reach the greatest number of people possible. Websites, mobile applications, software platforms and other technologies are accessible when developed and designed to internationally recognized accessibility standards. But design and development are not enough. A host of best practices related to business processes, training and more exist to bake accessibility into systems. Systems like ODR. While accessibility is a civil and human right of disabled people, accessible ODR platforms and content benefit more than people with disabilities. Accessibility is essential for some, useful for all. Just as curb ramps aid parents with strollers along with wheelchair users, captioned video content benefits anyone in a noisy environment along with deaf and hard of hearing people. A well designed easy to navigate website benefits aging boomers along with people with cognitive and other disabilities. Universally designed digital content benefits everyone. We wrote this article to offer ODR system designers; practicing neutrals such as mediators and arbitrators; information technology professionals, private and public decision-makers; and policy makers essential information and tools to build and maintain systems that work for everyone. One of us is an expert in ODR, and the other an expert in digital accessibility law and policy. We’re excited to merge our passions and offer these resources and ideas to the ODR community in both the public and private sectors. It is extremely important that the ODR community focus on digital accessibility right now because ODR systems are being implemented around the world. The British Columbia Civil Resolution Tribunal, for example, began accepting small claims cases under $5000 in June 2017. By February 2018 it had already handled almost 14,000 cases and 85% of cases resolved in that time period were settled. With this type of success, we can expect that ODR increasingly will be used to resolve judicial disputes. We hope readers will share ideas for making ODR a model of accessibility across the globe. People everywhere will be grateful to discover useful systems that provide access to justice and are truly usable by everyone. Any discussion of accessibility must start with the people who depend on it -- people with disabilities. Disabled people can use today’s digital tools. But only when websites, mobile applications, conferencing platforms, and other technologies are designed and developed with accessibility in mind. People with disabilities access today’s technology -- and will access tomorrow’s ODR systems -- in different ways: - Dashboard: The dashboard is the control center for an ODR platform; where information needed to understand the platform is organized and presented. Just as a driver cannot safely drive a car without understanding its dashboard, an ODR participant will not be able to use the platform if the dashboard is not accessible.The system will fail. - Participants: Accessibility is too often thought of only in terms of the end user, in our case the parties to a dispute. But any system participant may need accessibility. Neutrals, court clerks, attorneys, or systems administrators may be disabled. Computer users with disabilities may be anywhere (and everywhere) in the process. - Sign-up/registration: While every web page and mobile application screen that is part of an ODR system must be accessible, particular attention must be paid to the earliest steps in the process to avoid frustration by disabled participants. Accessible coding and design, and solid usability testing, are imperative to avoid early drop-out rate and participation refusals. - Authentication: Security and confidentiality demand that each person on the ODR platform is the person he or she claims to be, or is authorized to act on someone else’s behalf. Authentication is a critical issue when we use technology to resolve disputes. The process or procedures we use to confirm identity must be accessible. - Conferencing Platform: Conferencing accessibility is essential to ODR systems. Careful attention must be paid to ensure that everyone has an equal opportunity to participate in video or audio-only conferences. Key aspects of platform accessibility include - effective communications for deaf and hard of hearing participants, including captions and/or sign language interpreters. Video remote interpreting, if used, must be carefully monitored and follow best practices. - audio description for blind participants to describe visual elements of any visual video content; - accessibility of the platform itself. All functionality must be accessible, including chat windows, sign-in, volume control, mutability, etc. - Email: As with all forms of communication that comprise ODR systems, email systems must be coded to accessibility standards and tested as per the best practices listed below. - Chat programs: The ability of participants to share or provide information through a chat program must be accessible. (This may either within or independent from the conferencing platform.) - Digital Signatures: If parties are expected to sign documents as part of an ODR process, care must be taken to ensure that electronic signature software is usable by everyone. - Electronic Documents: Documents are essential to most legal processes and ODR is no exception. If systems users and administrators can download documents the downloading tool must be usable by all. The documents themselves must be readable by all participants. PDF/UA is the ISO standard for universal accessibility ensuring PDF documents are available to the largest audience of readers possible. Documents generated in Word, Excel, and of course HTML can be made accessible -- including all aspects of those documents such as complex data tables and other visual elements. - Phone Systems: Sometimes ODR includes old-fashioned telephone conversations. All participants must be familiar with Telecommunication Relay Services (TRS) -- federally established communication systems that allow deaf and hard of hearing people, as well as people with speech disabilities, to place, receive, and participate in phone calls. As the US Federal Communications Commision states on its website: - Architectural accessibility: When ODR mediations, arbitrations, or meetings are held in the built environment, that environment must be accessible to people with physical disabilities. This not only means that the meeting room(s) must be wheelchair accessible, but the restrooms must be too. If the meeting host (mediator, lawyer, etc.) does not typically operate in an accessible space, policies must be in place to hold the meeting, mediation or arbitration in an accessible space. - Sign Language Interpreters and other communication services: Just as effective communication for deaf and hard of hearing participants is crucial for digital conferencing platforms, so too must communication needs of disabled participants be met in a real world setting. Sign language interpreters or Real-Time Captioning, known as CART (Communication Access Real-time Translation) must be available to those who need it. - Got paper? You need alternative formats: When ODR interactions occur in person anything distributed in paper format must be made accessible to people who cannot read standard print. Alternatives to print (known as alternative formats) include braille, large print, and accessible electronic formats. The person needing the accommodation should be consulted with to determine effective alternative formats. - The United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (UNCRPD) is a treaty ratified by more than 170 nations (although not the United States) that includes obligations for digital accessibility. Among other things, Article 9 requires signatories to “promote access for persons with disabilities to new information and communications technologies and systems, including the Internet.” Article 21 includes the obligation of “Accepting and facilitating the use of sign languages, Braille, augmentative and alternative communication, and all other accessible means, modes and formats of communication of their choice by persons with disabilities in official interactions.” And And Article 13 ensures effective access to justice for persons with disabilities. - Governing bodies around the world are increasingly mandating that digital properties and content be accessible. The Web Accessibility Initiative of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) maintains a list of international accessibility laws and policies. - Courts in the United States increasingly recognize that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is flexible enough to embrace the online world. The ADA covers the activities of state and local governments, including court systems, where ODR can be a great benefit to the public. And it ensures that disabled people can fully participate in all that private public accommodations offer. Online dispute resolution is one such offering. The ADA’s “effective communication” obligations for both public and private covered entities is also a strong piece of the legal foundation requiring accessible ODR. - Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 requires that all United States government technology purchases be accessible. Most states in the U.S. have similar procurement statutes. Government purchases of ODR systems, including purchases by court systems, will only increase in the coming years. Accessibility is the law, and it’s the right thing to do to fulfill the promise of ODR. Here are some core smart practices to make sure ODR systems are accessible. - Adopt an Accessibility Standard: The international standard for web, mobile, and document accessibility is WCAG 2.0 Level AA and is our recommended standard for all ODR systems. WCAG 2.0 AA and any successor guidelines promulgated by the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of the World Wide Web Consortium (w3c) should be integrated into all ODR processes to ensure accessible content. System authoring tools must also be accessible. WAI’s authoring tools guidelines address this important component of ODR systems. - Read and comply with ODR principles and standards.Although ODR still is in its early stages, already significant work is being done to ensure that ODR increases access to justice for everyone. Much of the attention has focused on differences in power and sophistication that may exist between the disputing parties. Understanding and addressing these concerns will protect everyone, including persons with disabilities. - Accessible: ODR must be easy for parties to find and participate in and not limit their right to representation. ODR should be available through both mobile and desktop channels, minimize costs to participants, and be easily accessed by people with different physical ability levels. (The authors of this article recommend that the term “accessible” as traditionally used in the ODR field be expanded to include digital accessibility for disabled people). - Accountable: ODR systems must be continuously accountable to the institutions, legal frameworks, and communities that they serve. - Competent: ODR providers must have the relevant expertise in dispute resolution, legal, technical execution, language, and culture required to deliver competent, effective services in their target areas. ODR services must be timely and use participant time efficiently. - Confidential: ODR must maintain the confidentiality of party communications in line with policies that must be made public around a) who will see what data, and b) how that data can be used. (The authors of this article would add that “[T]here cannot be confidentiality for people with disabilities without accessibility”). - Equal: ODR must treat all participants with respect and dignity. ODR should enable often silenced or marginalized voices to be heard, and ensure that offline privileges and disadvantages are not replicated in the ODR process. - Fair/Impartial/Neutral: ODR must treat all parties equally and in line with due process, without bias or benefits for or against individuals, groups, or entities. Conflicts of interest of providers, participants, and system administrators must be disclosed in advance of commencement of ODR services. - Legal: ODR must abide by and uphold the laws in all relevant jurisdictions. (The authors remind readers that this, of course, includes laws relating to accessibility and non-discrimination.) - Secure: ODR providers must ensure that data collected and communications between those engaged in ODR is not shared with any unauthorized parties. Users must be informed of any breaches in a timely manner. - Transparent: ODR providers must explicitly disclose in advance a) the form and enforceability of dispute resolution processes and outcomes, and b) the risks and benefits of participation. Data in ODR must be gathered, managed, and presented in ways to ensure it is not misrepresented or out of context. - Designate a digital accessibility coordinator. Put someone in charge of accessibility so the buck has somewhere to stop. Decide carefully where that person sits. At Microsoft, Chief Accessibility Officer Jenny Lay-Flurrie has a C-Suite position. In his 2011 book Strategic IT Accessibility: Enabling the Organization, author Jeff Kline urges a “neutral placement” of the accessibility head so the position can reach across all the different silos that comprise today’s organizations. To ensure that accessibility moves beyond compliance, take care to think broadly and avoid automatic placement in the legal or risk department. - Include accessibility in all requests for proposals involving digital content and technology: The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination “directly, or through contractual, licensing, or other arrangements.” In the context of the digital world this means making sure all vendors understand accessibility. Language that technology vendors “following the law” is not enough. Organizations must specify accessibility standards in every RFP and require testing by disabled people (see below) before product delivery. - Include accessibility in all technology contracts: Once a contract is awarded, accessibility requirements must be described with specificity. Think about the level of detail demanded with security and privacy requirements and use that same high standard with accessibility. In the Winn-Dixie order (currently on appeal and stayed pending a bankruptcy filing), the judge found that “the fact that third party vendors operate certain parts of the Winn-Dixie website is not a legal impediment to Winn-Dixie’s obligation to make its website accessible to the disabled. First, many, if not most, of the third party vendors may already be accessible to the disabled and, if not, Winn-Dixie has a legal obligation to require them to be accessible if they choose to operate within the Winn-Dixie website.” Read more about best practices for technology vendor contracts. - Train staff (and maintain training): Training staff about digital accessibility is not only about educating coders, designers, and content writers about accessibility standards and accessible design principles. Every public-facing staff in every organization that is part of the ODR ecosystem must be familiar with the basics of how disabled people use computers and other digital devices, and how to escalate issues to an appropriate person. In her book, Structured Negotiation, A Winning Alternative to Lawsuits, Lainey shares stories about a common trigger for many accessibility Structured Negotiations as well as lawsuits: consumers getting poor customer service from untrained staff. Not surprisingly, staff training was an element of the Winn-Dixie court-ordered injunction. - Adopt testing protocols that include disabled people: Ongoing testing is critical to make sure accessibility sticks. Automated tools can provide useful data, but should never be used alone — human input is critical to any testing program. And testing by disabled people must be a regular aspect of a digital program. Usability testing can and should incorporate disabled technology users. Testing obligations are consistently included in legal settlements of digital accessibility cases. - Hire a consultant if needed. Public and private entities must treat accessibility as they would any other aspect of their organization: if there is no in-house expertise, hire someone to help. To rely on an old proverb, digital accessibility consultants should ideally not cook and serve you the fish; they should teach your teams how to fish. Always interview at least two or three potential consultants. Check references. Taking accessibility seriously pays off. - Shout it from the rooftops: Have an easy-to-find Accessibility Information Page linked to every ODR page:An Accessibility Information Page (AIP), also known as an Accessibility Statement, demonstrates an organization’s commitment to accessibility. And it gives disabled users a place to go if they encounter a problem with an ODR platform — instead of calling a lawyer or being locked out of participation. The European Union Web and Mobile Accessibility Directive requires public sector bodies to publish Accessibility Statements. The UK has recently published requirements for what is needed in the statement. - Put accessibility enhancements in release notes: Another way ODR proponents can let the public know of their accessibility commitment is by including enhancements in standard release notes. In a 2016 settlement agreement reached in Structured Negotiation, E*Trade agreed to “include information about accessibility improvements, as applicable, in the release notes for new E*Trade Mobile App releases.” This is one of many factors contributing to the company’s leadership role in digital accessibility. - Make accessibility part of appropriate job descriptions and evaluations: If someone’s job touches accessibility, accessibility should be included in that person’s job description and evaluations.This shows staff that accessibility is an important aspect of their work. It is a proactive way to avoid the type of problems that underlie legal action about digital access. - Soup to Nuts, Evaluate your systems: Digital accessibility is not only about websites and mobile applications. Every aspect of ODR systems, as discussed above, intersects with accessibility because disabled people may be the next ODR disputant, mediator, lawyer, judge, or court or company personnel. Emails often contain accessibility barriers and are overlooked when thinking about website access. Lawsuits have focused on the accessibility of learning management systems and streaming video services. Digital services, including services increasingly being offered in courthouses and government agencies, are typically part of stand alone kiosks — kiosks that must be accessible. Read more about kiosk accessibility and the law. - Have accommodation policies in place for off-line interactions. As discussed above, participants in off-line ODR meetings may need an accessible space, sign language interpreters, or alternative formats for print materials. Don’t wait until the last minute to meet these accommodation needs. Policies should be in place that describe offered accommodations. Know where meetings will be held if architectural accessibility is needed, and be ready with contact information for reputable interpreter or CART service-providers. Have a plan in place to ensure document accessibility. (The law requires that all documents provided by ADA-covered entities be accessible; accessible electronic or web-based documents should not have to wait for a request.) - Create a culture of accessibility: Accessibility in ODR is a way of creating the broadest possible access to justice. It is a tool to make all participants feel heard - a core value of successful dispute resolution. But accessibility is not a “one and done” thing. A culture of accessibility is needed to avoid slippage at the next mobile release, with the next tech procurement. Motivating all aspects of an organization to embrace and maintain accessibility ensures consistent commitment to disabled participants. Make accessibility something to be proud of: recognize key players, give awards, value small steps in building a truly inclusive culture in all ODR programs.

<urn:uuid:baef1451-7015-4648-b4a1-819770e4f9e1>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.mediate.com/articles/larsond2.cfm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510287.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403030659-20200403060659-00115.warc.gz

en

- Heaths and Heathers for USDA Zones 4-6 - Heathers are very popular plants but Growing Heather in pots seems difficult because of their specific requirements and caring. But in this article everything is explained you’ll need to learn to grow heather. - Growing heather in pots? - Requirements and Planting - Planting Heather - Heather Care in Pots - Overwintering Heathers Heaths and Heathers for USDA Zones 4-6 (Editor’s Note: This article was originally published on November 12, 2007. Your comments are welcome, but please be aware that authors of previously published articles may not be able to promptly respond to new questions or comments.) Anyone who has visited the moorlands and highlands of Europe, especially, the British Isles, will be quite familiar with heaths and heathers, since they are a major constituent of these habitats. Heath (Erica) and heather (Calluna) are members of the Ericaceous family of plants which include such garden favourites as Rhododendron, Azalea, Mountain Laurel and Japanese Pieris. There is often confusion between heath and heather. The heaths are generally spring-blooming, flowering from March to late May. They have needle-like evergreen leaves and form mat-like growths which may reach to 30 cm. Heather, on the other hand, are summer-fall bloomers, with flowers from late July till frost. Their evergreen leaves are scale-like and the more upright bushes may reach up to 60 cm. The flower colour is the same for both; white, pink, red or purple. The foliage is mostly deep green, but colour-foliaged cultivars exist on both sides. In my garden, they seem to thrive on a spartan diet provided by a combination of peat, sand and leaf-mould. They are confirmed acid-lovers, so you should never add lime to their growing area. Heaths and heathers are not heavy feeders; a yearly topdressing of leaf-mold usually provides their nutrient needs. Another key to success is to maintain a well-drained soil (hence the sand). Nothing kills them faster than wet, soggy soil. Due to their special soil requirements, they are best grown in a bed to themselves. That does not mean that you cannot grow them in association with other plants. Many dwarf ericaceous plants, such as dwarf Rhododendron, Pieris, Gaultheria, Andromeda and Kalmia make wonderful companion plants. Other good additions would be many ferns, several gentians and primroses. Heaths and heathers prefer a sunny site, but one protected from cold winds. Being evergreens, they are prone to winter desiccation when exposed to cold, dry west and northwest winds. The best protection is a steady snow cover. If this is not a guarantee, then evergreen boughs placed in and around plants, will help. Their hardiness rating is zone 5-6 however, with a sheltered site, they can survive in a zone 4 area. Not surprisingly, heaths and heathers are far more popular in Europe than in North America, and while there are relatively few cultivars available on this side of the Atlantic, in Europe, many hundreds of cultivars exist. The heaths begin flowering in February-March in southern areas and along the Pacific coast. In my area of northeast North America, late March to early April is the norm. There are several species of heath, but the hardiest and most popular are cultivars of Erica carnea (zone 5). Among the best cultivars are ‘December Red’ (deep rose-pink), ‘Vivelli’ (deep purple-pink), ‘King George’ (magenta-pink), ‘March Seedling’ (rose-purple), ‘Pirbright Rose’ (bright pink), ‘Springwood Pink’ (medium pink) and ‘Springwood White’. A few colour-foliaged cultivars exist, but perhaps the best is the bright yellow ‘Anne Sparkes’ (rose-pink). The other popular spring heath is Erica X darleyensis (zone 6). Good cultivars include ‘Darley Dale’ (pale mauve), ‘George Rendall’ (deep pink) and the golden-foliaged ‘Jack H. Brummage’ (mauve). Also hardy in zone 6 is the Cornish heath, Erica vagans and the Dorset heath, E. ciliaris. Both of these species can bloom mostly from July until September. Another heath which can fill the gap between the spring heath and summer heathers is the cross-leaved heath, Erica tetralix. This heath has grey-green foliage and either white (the cultivar ‘Alba Mollis’) , pink (‘Pink Charm’) or reddish flowers (‘Con Underwood’). They are hardier than E. carnea (zone 4), although not as tidy, and bloom from June until September. Other heath-heather relatives are Mountain heather (Phyllodoce species) and bell heather (Cassiope species). Both flower in May-July. They are in fact, hardier than many heaths or heathers (both hardy to zone 4), but are what plant ecologists call, snow-bed species. In their natural areas, they would be covered by snow early in the season, and remain snow-bound until late spring. This effectively protects them from cold winds and the freeze-thaw cycle. Thus in the garden, most are challenging, if not down-right impossible! Easier types are Phyllodoce glanduliflora (cream), P. empetriformis (pink), Cassiope mertensiana (white), C. lycopodioides var. major (white) and C. ‘Edinburgh’ (white). The largest flowered of the heath relatives is St. Dabeoc’s heath, Daboecia cantabrica. It is hardy in zone 5, but demands a steady snow-cover in northern areas All the cultivars mentioned are growing in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada. Here, snow-cover is not a guarantee, our freeze-thaw cycle continues from November until early May and wind is constant; not favoured conditions for heath and heathers. However, on the plus side is our mild winters and naturally acidic soils. Do not grow heaths and heathers if you are looking for a big-bang effect. Their charm is much more subtle. Nonetheless, they are deserving of garden space in those areas fortunate enough to have a favoured climate for these moorland beauties. Heathers are very popular plants but Growing Heather in pots seems difficult because of their specific requirements and caring. But in this article everything is explained you’ll need to learn to grow heather. USDA Zones: 4 to 9 Propagation: cutting, layering, seeds Bloom Color: White, pink, purple and red Height: 4 inch to 2 feet There are 500+ varieties of heather – low growing bushes and shrubs, they differ not only in height but in size and colors of flowers and foliage. Buy dwarf variety of heather for planting in container. Requirements and Planting Plant heathers at the same depth when you had bought them from nursery or only as deep as the plant’s root ball would only be covered in soil. Heather should not be planted too deep to avoid root rot. Too shallow planting is not good as well. Plant them in a large, wide pot, one size bigger than the previous one with good drainage holes in the bottom. Heather has specific soil requirements to grow healthily in a pot. It likes highly acidic soil with pH level around 4.5-6. You’ll need different soil for heather, either buy ericaceous potting mix or make your own by adding half (50%) of peat moss, 20% of perlite, and 10% each of garden soil, sand and compost or farm manure. Heather loves sun but they needs to be sheltered from strong winds. Keep your potted heather in less windy and sunny spot. However you can grow this plant in partial sun. Heather looks best when they are planted with other flowers. You can plant it with other plants belong to the same heather family (eg. Rhododendrons and azaleas). You can also grow this with hydrangeas as both of these plants prefer acidic soil. Heather Care in Pots Water when top two inch layer of soil is dry. Do not let the soil dry out completely, otherwise plant will lose buds and leaves. When watering, remember not to spill water on leaves, it promotes fungal diseases. Heather does not need much fertilizer. However, you can fertilize heather with rhododendron fertilizer. Heathers are very sensitive to over-fertilization, make sure to follow fertilizer package’s instruction to avoid over-fertilization. Pruning is necessary and should be done in spring as it makes heather bushier and abundant flowering shrub. Ensure that your potted heathers are adequately protected from frost. Heathers are quite sensitive to frost. Before winter these must be transplanted into a large pot and properly insulated. For this, cover the pot with polystyrene foam (also from the bottom), and mulch the plant heavily with straws. Smaller pots can be taken indoors and grown under grow light. Ericas should be pruned also. You don’t need to go to the base of the flowers as their flowers form on needled branches. However, they do need a light hair cut to keep them bushy and to prevent them from forming a bare, woody center. Remember to stay in the green when pruning all heather. Don’t go down into the brown woody area – it might not regenerate new growth. Remember to prune winter bloomers when finished blooming in spring. If you wait until mid summer or fall, you have cut off all of next year’s blossoms. In spring, they haven’t formed yet. Tree heaths can have their tips pinched out when finished blooming to encourage a well branched plant. This is the key to keeping older heather attractive. If you never plan on pruning your heaths and heathers, we recommend you don’t purchase any. Heather must be prevented from drying out its first year while getting established. It is quite drought tolerant once established. Article on watering heather(click on link) Winter Damage in the East In the Northeast, a nasty winter can cause plant damage. Some customers feel that a moderating of temperatures and then another deep cold spell can be especially damaging. Those who protect their plants fare better in many cases. Normally stem splitting happens to Erica vagans, but others can be hard hit as well. Cut them back to the ground and they often will push out a flush of new growth. Heavy snow loads will flatten and break the stems also. In some gardens, only the flowers buds are killed. If the branch tips are bare of foliage, they were killed back by the cold and wind with no snow cover. Cut back to the live foliage. Take a wait and see attitude after pruning back, and see if plants that look dead will come back. There are pruning videos on our Facebook page under Heaths and Heathers Nursery.

<urn:uuid:0d65d0d2-d1f7-4f90-8429-0411f5532dee>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://karolinfelix.com/heather-seeds-for-sale/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505826.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401161832-20200401191832-00275.warc.gz

en

Avoca - Angling Waters View Avoca River Basin in a larger map (opens new window). The above map is provided by Google. The department accepts no responsibility for its accuracy or content. Avoca River, Charlton The Avoca River rises in the Central Highlands near Amphitheatre and flows north for 270 km into Lake Bael Bael. It flows within a confined valley to Charlton then enters a broad alluvial plain. It has an extremely variable flow, ranging from long periods of low flow (less than 50 ML/d) to floods. In dry years, flow stops for many months. The river is less than 2 m deep along its entire length except for a 27 km section between Logan and Coonooer where there are pools 2-5 m deep. The river is very saline with anaerobic (low oxygen concentration) water in the bottom of deeper pools during low flow periods. The river has native riparian vegetation along its entire length and reasonably stable banks. In addition to the fish species listed below it was reported in 1976 to carry silver perch and freshwater catfish. Other species reported to occur in the river (location uncertain) were Murray River rainbowfish (1989), unspecked hardyhead, eastern gambusia and western carp gudgeon. There has been no comprehensive survey of fish populations by Victorian Fisheries Authority. Community groups and landholders in the lower Avoca area are being encouraged to participate in activities such as revegetating of river banks and fencing out of stock to improve instream habitats as part of the Murray-Darling Basin Native Fish Strategy. It is stocked regularly with golden perch and Murray cod. Upstream from Bealiba The river is 6-10 m wide with gravel and clay substrate. It has shallow riffles, 20-30 cm deep with instream reeds and cumbungi. Banks are low with riparian vegetation of canegrass, cumbungi and red gums. At Avoca township, there are some good pools to 150 cm deep. Access is good at Avoca and along the Bealiba Road where there is an open area next to the river (no facilities) with some good pools for fishing. European carp is the predominant fish caught around Avoca but the river also contains redfin, av.250 g, max. 500 g, some brown trout to 700 g, goldfish, Australian smelt, occasional golden perch, flathead gudgeon, mountain galaxias, flathead galaxias and abundant small blackfish. River improvement work under the River Health Program is occurring in the section of river listed as a Representative River. This consists of bank revegetation, fencing and erosion control. Bealiba to Yawong The river at Logan now flows in a wider open channel but water is confined to long lengths of narrow (6-7 m) riffles and shallow runs (20-100 cm deep) separating the pools. Further downstream it is entrenched in a deep narrow gully. Here, the channel is only 6 m wide with the runs and pools over 100 cm deep. This section of the river is accessible from the Coonooer-Gowar-Logan Road and has some good habitat with some snags, clear water and small pools. There is also access and some good habitat at Coonooer Bridge. Here the river is up to 10 m wide with a series of small pools 100-200 cm deep, separated by shallow riffles choked with canegrass. Substrate is clay. The banks are low with riparian vegetation of red gums and canegrass. Fish species taken in surveys are redfin to 700 g, a few brown trout, flathead gudgeon, European carp, goldfish, golden perch, tench and a few blackfish upstream. A few Murray cod have been caught, possibly from a release in 1972. Yawong to Charlton The river flows for 25 km through flat farmland and has a continuous riparian vegetation of mature red gums. Access is not good along this section with only a few cross roads. At Seven Mile Road the river is 10 m wide and has 6 m high banks. There are extensive runs and pools of turbid water 1-2 m deep. Flow is very sluggish in summer; substrate is sand. Riparian vegetation is canegrass at the waters edge and red gums. There is walking access along the river and good habitat with instream snags, bank vegetation and deep water. Contains the same species as in the previous section with the predominant angling species being redfin, European carp and golden perch. Regularly stocked around Yawong with golden perch. Also stocked from Charlton upstream to Nattie Yallock in 2008, with Murray cod. Charlton to Lake Bael Bael The river is deeply entrenched (6-7 m) in flat farmland but has irregular flow and dries to a series of small stagnant pools (100 cm deep) separated by dry or damp substrate and sand banks. The river downstream from Charlton,is 4 m wide, with grass and small red gums growing in the channel. Carries mostly redfin, European carp and goldfish; and possibly a few golden perch, when the river is flowing. Avoca Shire Dam, Avoca Not shown on map. This is the Avoca town water supply and fishing is not permitted. Bael Bael Lake, Kerang 435 ha. 8,300 ML. Ramsar site - listed as a wetland of international significance under the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran 1971). This is the terminal lake of the Avoca River and is situated northwest of Kerang. It is surrounded by agricultural land and has a mud bottom. The water level fluctuates and it dries out in some years. Summer water depths are less than 2 m but can increase to 3 m during winter flows. It is part of the water distribution system supplying water to orchards, vineyards and pasture between Kerang and Swan Hill. It contains redfin, European carp and possibly bony bream. A boat is required for fishing but this is not a popular fishing water. It usually has a salinity of around 2,000 EC, however increased flow in the Avoca River can move higher salinity and anaerobic water into the lake. A fish death of bony bream in 1989 is thought to have been caused by a combination of low water temperature (10-11o C) and low dissolved oxygen concentration from a recent flood of water from the Avoca River into the lake. It was stocked with Murray cod in the 1970s. Dry in 2008/09 and not listed for stocking. Bealiba Reservoir, Bealiba A small domestic storage now managed by the Bealiba Progress Association. Surrounded by scrub and grazing land, gravel and clay bottom. Contains redfin, mostly very small but occasionally to 900g, goldfish and tench. Becomes very shallow and sometimes dries out in summer. It is likely to be stocked with golden perch once stocking is approved. Gilmours Lake, Kerang 43 ha. 1,625 ML. A small, deep, weedy-lake filled from the Avoca River. It is surrounded by private property making access difficult. Contains some redfin to 1.4 kg and tench but is not recommended for angling. Dry in 2008/09. Green Lake, Sealake 28 ha. 5,200 ML. Nominated as a Recreational Lake. Picnic area. Open to boating. A very shallow lake with sandy beaches. Subject to high summer water temperatures. Water level fluctuates greatly. Contains redfin to 1.4 kg and tench to 2 kg. It has been stocked with golden perch in recent times, however, it dried out after 2002. On completion of the Wimmera Mallee Pipeline in 2010, it will no longer be part of the Wimmera-Mallee Stock and Domestic Supply System. However it will receive a small annual water allocation for recreational use. Currently (2008/09) dry. No stocking plans. Lalbert Lake, Quambatook 750 ha. 9,250 ML. A swampy lake surrounded by cereal crops. Only receives water when the Avoca River has high flows. Sometimes dries out. Abundant submerged timber. Contains European carp and redfin. Dry 2002 to 2009. Lead Dam, Avoca 3 ha. 114 ML. A town supply dam located 4 km east of Avoca and south of the Maryborough Road. Closed to all fishing. (Access used to be available to members of the Avoca Angling Club on a few specified days). Contains redfin to 1.9 kg and tench to 700 g. Last stocked in 1973. Lookout Lake, Kerang 65 ha. 1,600 Ml. No boat ramp but boats can be used. A deep lake near Kerang surrounded by cereal crops. Restricted access because of private property. Fills from the Avoca River and seldom dries out. Carries European carp, a few redfin and tench but not recommended for angling. Middle Creek, Avoca Not shown on map. Reported to contain blackfish and mountain galaxias but current status is unknown Murray River (NSW) See Murray River Old St Arnaud Swimming Pool, St Arnaud Family Fishing Lake. Picnic Table. Toilet. Off road parking An old swimming pool adjacent to Pioneer Park, accessible from Dundas Street. Open fenced area with no trees or shelter. Stocking is dependent on variable water quality.Managed as a Family Fishing Lake and subject to stocking with advanced yearling rainbow trout (see Introduction). Old Town Lake, Wedderburn A small lake close to the caravan park. Contains some redfin. It was stocked with trout in the 1970s but this was discontinued because of a very poor return to anglers. Railway Reservoir, Korong Vale A small water containing only redfin. Stocked with trout in the mid 1970s but produced very few fish. Redbank Reservoir, Redbank Town water supply storage, managed by Central Highlands Water Authority, located 2 km south of Redbank. Surrounded by forest. Boating is not permitted. Carries some redfin. Was stocked with trout by Victorian Fisheries Authority in the 1970s. Has not been stocked since 2002, but may receive golden perch when the water level is satisfactory. Sandhill Lake, Swan Hill 90 ha. 2,700 ML. A shallow lake surrounded by cereal crops. Dries out occasionally. Although there are some good redfin and European carp at times, it is seldom angled. Dry in 2008/09. Skinners Flat Reservoir, Wedderburn Located approximately 5 km from Wedderburn and just north of the Charlton Road. This is a shallow storage with little marginal vegetation. Boating is permitted but it is fished mainly by locals. Contains small redfin. Trout stocking in the 1970s. Sugarloaf Reservoir, Avoca A domestic water storage closed to angling. Tchum Lake, Birchip 50 ha. 500 ML. Nominated by Grampians Wimmera Mallee water as a Recreational Lake. There are two lakes, the northern lake being shallow, and a good bird watching area where no boating is permitted. The southern lake has camping and picnic areas and a boat ramp at the northern end of the lake. When full, it is up to 6 m deep and has extensive weed beds. It is fed by a channel and the water level is depended on the Committee of Management purchasing water from Goulburn-Murray Rural Water Authority. It is currently dry and is likely to remain so for the next few years. It used to contain redfin and European carp, and was stocked with golden perch in the late 1990's. When last surveyed in 2000, it carried golden perch from 2-8 kg and tench to 1.5 kg. On completion of the Wimmera-Mallee Pipeline 2010, this lake will no longer be part of the Wimmera-Mallee Stock and Domestic Supply System. However it will receive a small annual water allocation for recreational use. Currently (2008/09) dry but will be stocked with golden perch when conditions are suitable. Teddington Reservoirs, Stuart Mill Domestic water supplies and power boats and swimming are prohibited. Consists of two storages approximately 400 m apart both of which are regularly stocked with brown and rainbow trout by Victorian Fisheries Authority, when water levels are suitable. 12 ha. Camping, picnic and barbecue facilities. Surrounded by forest and located within the Kara Kara State Park. It contains redfin av. 650 g, max. 1.5 kg, and brown trout to 1.1 kg. This is a small, but popular angling water. Following several years of very low water levels, this reservoir filled rapidly after the abundant rain in 2010. As a result the reservoir was stocked with 1500 rainbow and 1500 brown trout in November 2010. Surrounded by cleared land and has little aquatic vegetation. A popular fishing water for both trout and redfin and usually provides better fishing than the top storage. Contains brown trout av.800 g, max. 1.9 kg and redfin av. 400 g, max. 2 kg. Best redfin fishing is in the deep water at the wall. 1500 rainbow trout in November 2010 when the reservoir returned to normal water levels. The Marsh, Kerang Listed under Ramsar as First Marsh. Fills only in wet years. May then contain European carp. Usually dry. Timboran Lake, Sea Lake 2,060 ha. 10,200 ML. Salt lake, no fish. Tyrell Lake, Sea Lake 17,240 ha. Salt lake, no fish. Wahpool Lake, Sea Lake 2,020 ha. Salt lake, no fish. Woorinen Lakes, Swan Hill A large, slightly saline drainage swamp which sometimes has redfin. Very lightly fished.

<urn:uuid:7ead0bae-b2b6-4c75-8f39-9a6c746461bd>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://vfa.vic.gov.au/recreational-fishing/fishing-locations/inland-angling-guide/areas/avoca/avoca-angling-waters

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506988.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402143006-20200402173006-00354.warc.gz

en

In this post, we feature a comprehensive Apache name-based Virtual Host Configuration Example. This article is part of our Academy Course titled Apache HTTP Server Tutorial. In this course, we provide a compilation of Apache HTTP Server tutorials that will help you get started with this web server. We cover a wide range of topics, from installing the server and performing a basic configuration, to configuring Virtual Hosts and SSL support. With our straightforward tutorials, you will be able to get your own projects up and running in minimum time. Check it out here! In our previous tutorial we discussed how to configure Apache as a standalone web server (hosting a single site) and how to configure it. In addition, we outlined the most frequent directives and explained the concept of context, which indicates the place where a directive is valid. If you have not read the Apache configuration tutorial yet, you are highly encouraged to do so before proceeding. In this guide we will show you how to use Apache to run multiple sites using a single machine. This practice is known as name-based virtual hosting, and is key to our understanding of how a web server works. Using one machine to run several domains clearly has its advantages (low maintenance costs, for example) and a few disadvantages as well (without a bandwidth balancer in place, a single site can end up consuming the entire bandwidth allocated for the server, thus impacting negatively the operation and performance of the rest). 1. Reviewing the Apache configuration file As you will recall from the previous guide, the main configuration file for Apache (where system-wide settings are found) is located in /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf in CentOS or /etc/apache2/apache.conf in Ubuntu. Note how we now refer to such file as the “main configuration file” and not only as “the configuration file” because we will see in a moment how you will use other files to define the directives for each virtual host. Near the bottom of the main configuration file you will see the following lines: # Load config files in the "/etc/httpd/conf.d" directory, if any. IncludeOptional conf.d/*.conf # Include the virtual host configurations: IncludeOptional sites-enabled/*.conf As the comment indicates, and as the IncludeOptional directive suggests, Apache will look for .conf files in the /etc/httpd/conf.d (in CentOS) or /etc/apache2/sites-enabled (Ubuntu) which, if present, are used to indicate the various directives that define a virtual host. 2. Defining virtual hosts To begin, we will need to either b) use 2 “real” domains that you have registered. This last option also requires that you have set up DNS entries for those domains with your cloud hosting provider, but such procedure is out of the scope of this tutorial as it is specific for each provider. Note that each virtual host will need a directory structure to store files and logs. In addition, the user Apache runs as (apache in CentOS or www-data in Ubuntu) needs to be able to read the web content. To do it, create the following directories and assign the indicated permissions: mkdir -p /var/www/example1.com/public_html mkdir -p /var/www/example2.com/public_html chmod -R 0755 /var/www/ Let’s start by defining www.example1.com. To do it, insert the following block in /etc/httpd/conf.d/example1.com.conf (CentOS) or /etc/apache2/sites-available/example1.com.conf (Ubuntu): <VirtualHost *:80> DocumentRoot "/var/www/example1.com/public_html/" ServerName www.example1.com ServerAlias example1.com ErrorLog /var/www/example1.com/error.log LogLevel info CustomLog /var/www/example1.com/access.log combined </VirtualHost> Then repeat for the other domain: <VirtualHost *:80> DocumentRoot "/var/www/example2.com/public_html/" ServerName www.example2.com ServerAlias example2.com ErrorLog /var/www/example2.com/error.log LogLevel info CustomLog /var/www/example2.com/access.log combined </VirtualHost> In CentOS, creating those files and restarting Apache is enough to define your two virtual hosts. In Ubuntu, however, you will need to use the a2ensite utility to create a symbolic link inside /etc/apache2/sites-enabled that points to the configuration file in the sites-available directory, as shown in Fig. 1: sudo a2ensite example1.com sudo a2ensite example2.com Then restart Apache: systemctl restart httpd service apache2 restart Finally, let’s create a sample index.html inside /var/www/example1.com/public_html. By indicating the presence of the jQuery library as a resource in this simple page, we will be able to recognize success and failures in the logs later: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Example1.com</title> <script src="jquery-1.12.0.min.js"></script> </head> <body> <h1>Welcome!</h1> <h3>This is Example1.com</h3> </body> </html> and another one inside /var/www/example2.com/public_html: <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Example2.com</title> <script src="jquery-1.12.0.min.js"></script> </head> <body> <h1>Welcome!</h1> <h3>This is Example2.com</h3> </body> </html> Since both www.example1.com and www.example2.com are dummy domains, we need to tell our client computer how to find them. The most basic name resolution method is using the /etc/hosts file in our computer to map the IP address of our web server to those domains. Using the Ubuntu server’s address (192.168.0.30, change to fit your environment) as example, add the following lines to the /etc/hosts file in each client computer that you want to access the virtual hosts: 192.168.0.30 example1.com www.example1.com 192.168.0.30 example2.com www.example2.com When we defined the virtual hosts in each individual file, we declared an ErrorLog and a CustomLog to log errors and successes, respectively, while requesting a resource from the virtual hosts. If you experience an error while browsing, you can refer to each log to find out what is wrong. Also, the access log can help you detect which resources are being requested in each virtual host, the source IP address, the date and time, and more details. Here are portions of error.log and access.log for example1.com: Error log – the client tried to access 3 non-existent resources inside www.example1.com (/systemcodegeeks, /javacodegeeks, and /jquery-1.12.0.min.js) and received a 404 HTTP response (ERROR): [Sat Feb 13 15:05:12.886906 2016] [core:info] [pid 1391:tid 139840660322048] [client 192.168.0.104:37553] AH00128: File does not exist: /var/www/example1.com/public_html/systemcodegeeks [Sat Feb 13 15:06:15.123651 2016] [core:info] [pid 1391:tid 139840460887808] [client 192.168.0.104:37558] AH00128: File does not exist: /var/www/example1.com/public_html/javacodegeeks [Sat Feb 13 15:06:46.845600 2016] [core:info] [pid 1391:tid 139840536422144] [client 192.168.0.104:37559] AH00128: File does not exist: /var/www/example1.com/public_html/jquery-1.12.0.min.js, referer: http://www.example1.com/ Access log – let’s see what happens when we download the jQuery library to the public_html directory and request the index.html file of www.example1.com: 192.168.0.104 - - [13/Feb/2016:15:11:16 -0300] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 494 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:42.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/42.0" 192.168.0.104 - - [13/Feb/2016:15:11:16 -0300] "GET /jquery-1.12.0.min.js HTTP/1.1" 200 34182 "http://www.example1.com/" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:42.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/42.0" As you can see above, this time the request received a 200 (OK) HTTP response in return. Make it a habit to inspect the logs for your virtual hosts often. To temporarily disable a virtual host, follow this instruction depending on your distribution: In CentOS, rename the configuration file (/etc/httpd/conf.d/example1.com.conf or /etc/httpd/conf.d/example2.com.conf) to something else not using the .conf extension. For example: mv /etc/httpd/conf.d/example1.com.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/example1.com In Ubuntu, you can use the a2dissite utility as follows: sudo a2dissite example1 In either case, this will prevent the IncludeOptional directive at the bottom of the main configuration file to load the definition of that specific virtual host. 4. Limiting bandwidth As we explained in the introduction, you do not want a virtual host to consume all the bandwidth that is available in your server. To avoid this situation, we will make use of mod_bw, an Apache module that will allow us to limit the allocated bandwidth per virtual host. Since mod_bw is not made available by default along with Apache, we will need to install it and make sure it is loaded before proceeding. In CentOS 7, mod_bw is not available in an official repository. For that reason we will use an unofficial repo to install the package: Once installed, we need to replace the path to the installed module in /etc/httpd/conf.d/mod_bw.conf: sed -i 's@extramodules/mod_bw.so@modules/mod_bw.so@g' /etc/httpd/conf.d/mod_bw.conf Then restart Apache. In Ubuntu, the installation is more straightforward as mod_bw is provided by the libapache2-mod-bw package: sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-bw Apache will then be restarted following the installation of libapache2-mod-bw. As a totally silly test, let’s modify the total bandwidth allocated for www.example1.com to only 256 bytes for all clients (Bandwidth all 256 and MinBandwidth all -1) and limiting the number of connections from all sources to 5: <VirtualHost *:80> DocumentRoot "/var/www/example1.com/public_html/" ServerName www.example1.com ServerAlias example1.com ErrorLog /var/www/example1.com/error.log LogLevel info CustomLog /var/www/example1.com/access.log combined BandwidthModule On ForceBandWidthModule On Bandwidth all 256 MinBandwidth all -1 MaxConnection all 5 </VirtualHost> You will agree with us that the 256-byte bandwidth limit is an over-exaggeration, but it is helpful to view the results quickly. Feel free to check out the man page of mod_bw online for further examples on how to limit bandwidth per IP, network, file types, and other criteria. Then you will be able to come up with a bandwidth usage limit that applies accurately to your needs per virtual host. Let’s take a look at another example. Perhaps you need to store big files (high resolution images, music, or videos, to name a few examples) in a separate directory of your virtual host for people to download – separate from the site pages. As we mentioned in the above paragraph, we can limit the bandwidth available by file type, and we can do so on a specific directory or on the virtual host definition. That said, let’s create a directory named media inside the DocumentRoot of www.example1.com. Note that this will not interfere with the operation of the rest of the site: and add a Directory block inside the virtual host definition (/etc/httpd/conf.d/example1.com.conf in CentOS or /etc/apache2/sites-available/example1.com.conf in Ubuntu): <VirtualHost *:80> DocumentRoot "/var/www/example1.com/public_html/" ServerName www.example1.com ServerAlias example1.com ErrorLog /var/www/example1.com/error.log LogLevel info CustomLog /var/www/example1.com/access.log combined BandwidthModule On ForceBandWidthModule On Bandwidth all 20480 MinBandwidth all -1 MaxConnection all 5 <Directory "/var/www/example1.com/public_html/media"> LargeFileLimit * 1024 10240 </Directory> </VirtualHost> The LargeFileLimit directive above will limit the bandwidth available for all files in the media directory, greater than or equal to 1 MB (1024 KB) to 10 KB/s. Let’s see what happens when we attemp to download a .mp3 file from the media directory, as shown in Fig. 3: You can place big files in the media directory and limit the bandwidth on that specific directory without interfering with the operation of the rest of the site. In this article we have explained how to configure Apache as a web server for name-based virtual hosts. In order to prevent one (or more) virtual host(s) from consuming all, or a significant amount of the available bandwidth, we also discussed how to use mod_bw. On top of it, we showed you how to check the individual logs of each virtual host to monitor their activity (requests and responses). Feel free to experiment with the various Apache 2.4 directives and with mod_bw – you will be surprised at how much you can accomplish combining these two tools!

<urn:uuid:2c7ae763-dc57-49c5-b2b0-1d21be647693>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.systemcodegeeks.com/web-servers/apache/apache-name-based-virtual-host-configuration-example/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506870.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402080824-20200402110824-00473.warc.gz

en

© Kateryna Kon | Dreamstime.com Tuberculosis is the leading infectious cause of death in the world, a contagious threat caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which attacks the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body. Current statistics show that tuberculosis (TB) infects more than 10 million people worldwide every year, and that it causes nearly 2 million deaths annually. Yet in America, you don’t hear as much about tuberculosis today as you would have one and two centuries ago. By the 1800s, the disease had reached epidemic proportions. Consider this stark assessment from an American Experience episode, The Forgotten Plague, on PBS: “By the dawn of the 19th century, tuberculosis—also called consumption—had killed one in seven of all people who had ever lived.” TB History: Looking for Cures Throughout the 1800s, patients suffering from TB were desperate for a cure. The challenge of treating patients prompted the creation of “sanatorium” facilities—medical retreats typically set up in rural environments for those trying to beat TB. The first sanatorium facilities, or sanatoria, appeared as early as 1836 in Europe. By the last quarter of the century, they were popping up in America. In those pre-antibiotics days, the rationale for sanatorium life went like this: Fresh-air climate combined with lots of rest would reduce one’s chances of catching and spreading germs, and thus would stamp out tuberculosis. Sanatorium, by the way, is sometimes spelled “sanitorium” or “sanitarium.” In 1882, however, German scientist Robert Koch—known as the “founder of modern bacteriology”—discovered the tubercule bacillus, a bacterium of the genus Mtb. The discovery led to the realization that TB wasn’t a genetic condition; it was highly contagious bacteria that could be prevented through good hygiene. The U.S. launched an initiative to educate Americans on the importance of cleanliness and avoidance of germs as a means to stop tuberculosis. And in 1944, decades after Koch discovered what caused TB, scientists Albert Schatz, Elizabeth Bugie, and Selman Waksman developed streptomycin, the first effective antibiotic against Mtb. But even before that discovery, TB mortality rates had been declining sharply, as British physician and epidemiologist Thomas McKeown wrote in the mid-1950s, because of improved living standards and a focus on better hygiene. TUBERCULOSIS BY THE NUMBERS - 10.4 million: Number of people infected with tuberculosis internationally - 1.7 million: Number of deaths internationally attributed to TB - 9,093: Number of TB cases reported in the U.S. in 2017 - $450 million: Estimate of total cost to U.S. for TB cases last year - 180: days of medication required to treat someone infected with TB TB: Declining in America… But Hardly Eliminated As the fight against tuberculosis gained momentum in the 20th century, the United States saw a shrinking number of cases, prompting the eventual disappearance of sanatorium retreats. By 2017, according to a new report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the total of number of new TB cases in the United States has shrunk to 9,093 (down from 9,272 in 2016). It’s the lowest count on record in U.S. history; there are now fewer than 3 cases per 100,000 people. While the trend continues in the right direction, the decline in cases didn’t fall in 2017 as heavily as it did in recent years. “The U.S. has done a great job in controlling TB,” according to Rebekah J. Stewart, a nurse epidemiologist at the CDC and lead author of the CDC’s latest TB study. “We have the lowest case numbers and rates on record. But the slowing rate of decline reminds us that we need to renew our efforts. TB is not a disease of the past.” New York City, for example, experienced its biggest upward spike in TB cases in more than two decades. The Big Apple had 613 verified cases of TB in 2017, up 10 percent from the total of 556 in 2016. Not since 1992 had New York seen such a dramatic spike. The Battle to Eradicate TB Globally, TB is far more rampant than in the U.S. and other developed countries. According to the CDC, one-quarter of the world’s population is infected with tuberculosis today. It’s a leading killer of people who are HIV-infected, the CDC reports. The organization Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), or Doctors Without Borders, published this dire message in March 2018: “The world is losing the battle against tuberculosis, which remains the deadliest infectious disease despite being curable. TB patients and treatment providers face an array of challenges, from diagnosis to treatment.” Tuberculosis, the organization points out, overtook HIV/AIDS in 2015 as the world’s top infectious disease killer. The number of deaths attributed to TB worldwide in 2016 reached 1.7 million. And TB has infected 10.4 million people around the world—and “too few have been properly diagnosed or treated,” according to a release from MSF. “This reflects the struggling health system in many countries—low- and middle-income countries account for 95 percent of deaths—and the fact that TB affects mainly the vulnerable.” How Do You Get Tuberculosis? Mycobacterium tuberculosis is what’s known as an airborne pathogen, meaning TB bacteria can spread through the air from one person to another via coughing, sneezing, spitting, laughing, or even speaking. That sounds disturbing enough, but at least, as the CDC points out, it doesn’t spread by shaking someone’s hand, sharing food or drink, touching bed linens or toilet seats, sharing a toothbrush, or kissing. And, as the American Lung Association (ALA) points out, it’s simply “not easy to become infected with tuberculosis. Usually a person has to be close to someone with TB disease for a long period of time. TB is usually spread between family members, close friends, and people who work or live together. [It spreads] most easily in closed spaces over a long period of time.” Not everyone infected with TB bacteria will sick. The medical community defines TB conditions as: - Latent TB infection (LTBI) - Active TB disease In both cases, treatment is critical. “Despite popular misconceptions that tuberculosis is a disease of the past,” the American Lung Association states, “it continues to pose a significant threat to global public health.” Tuberculosis Symptoms and Treatment At first, tuberculosis symptoms may present the way the first strains of a cold do: a throat tickle that turns into a constant caught, a fever, and night sweats. The coughing may continue on for three weeks or more, and can be accompanied by loss of appetite and weight loss, weakness, and fatigue. Symptoms may also include pain in the chest; coughing up blood or sputum (mucus from deep inside the lungs); or chills. Such symptoms overlap with a great number of other ailments, so a test may be necessary. The two standard tuberculosis tests are a positive TB skin test and a TB blood test. While these tests reveal an infection of TB bacteria, they do not detect latent TB infection (LTBI) are at risk of developing the TB disease. People with LTBI usually don’t experience symptoms and don’t feel sick, which makes detection problematic. Without symptoms, a diagnosis, and treatment, people with LTBI can develop TB disease. Antibiotics typically will cure TB, although it can take up to nine months. A patient, experts point out, needs to finish the full prescription or will risk becoming sick again. If patients “stop taking the drugs too soon, they can become sick again,” according to Medline Plus. “If they do not take the drugs correctly, the TB bacteria that are still alive may become resistant to those drugs.” Who’s Most at Risk? Tuberculosis, while minimally spread today compared to generations ago, is more of a threat to the following populations, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. - Asian and African-American communities: The highest TB rate among all racial/ethnic groups was among Asians: 27 per 100,000 persons in 2017. Among black, non-Hispanic people, the rate was 22 per 100,000. reported TB cases in 2015 were black, non-Hispanic people. - Children: Pediatric tuberculosis is a public health problem “of special significance,” the CDC states, “because it is a marker for recent transmission of TB.” - Correctional facilities: Between 4 and 6 percent of the U.S.’s reported TB cases involve incarcerated people. - Homeless people. More than 4 percent of people diagnosed with TB “reported being homeless within the year prior to diagnosis,” the CDC notes. Substance abuse, HIV infection, and crowded quarters at homeless shelters all contribute to the problem. - International travelers. If you’re planning to travel overseas, access this World Health Organization publication before you go: Tuberculosis and Air Travel Guidelines for Prevention and Control. It’s worth noting that in the U.S., the highest percentage of tuberculosis case rates are the two non-continental states, Alaska (9.2 percent) and Hawaii (8.9 percent), according to 2015 data. Also, as the New York Times noted, “Almost 70 percent of cases were in people not born in the United States; the rate among the foreign-born was 15 times that of those born in this country. The highest rates were among people from Mexico, the Philippines, India, Vietnam and China.” Click here to view the CDC’s page on TB testing. THE LONG REACH OF TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which usually attacks the lungs but can also infect any other part of the body, including the kidneys, spine, and brain. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, TB was the leading cause of death in the United States. Celebrities weren’t spared, either: TB claimed First Lady Caroline Harrison in 1892 (at age 60), silent film star Mabel Normand in 1930 (age 38), novelist Wallace Thurman in 1934 (age 32), author Thomas Wolfe in 1938 (age 38), and actress Vivien Leigh in 1967 (age 54), to name just a few. The disease also took baseball great Christy Mathewson in 1925 at age 45. Pitching mainly for the New York Giants between 1900 and 1916, “Matty” set modern National League records with 37 wins in a single season, wins during a career (373), and most consecutive 20-win seasons (12). Baseball fans will appreciate his ERA: a remarkable 2.13. Toward the end of his career, Mathewson was commissioned a captain in the U.S. Army’s Chemical Warfare Division and sent overseas to France, where he contracted a serious bout of influenza and also was exposed to mustard gas. After hospitalization, he returned home. Unable to shake a long-enduring cough, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. In 1922, with a prognosis of six weeks to live, he moved with his wife to a sanatorium in 1922 at Saranac Lake, N.Y. Yet he managed to beat the disease—or so he thought. He felt strong enough by 1923 that he returned to baseball to run the lowly Boston Braves as president. Despite his physician’s warnings, he threw himself into rebuilding the team. Within two years, the tuberculosis took hold again, and he died in 1925, not long after his 45th birthday. As we know from the American Lung Association, tuberculosis is more likely to spread via family members or those close to us. That may have been a factor with Mathewson: His brother Henry died of tuberculosis in 1909 at the age of 30.

<urn:uuid:2a1d427c-0b70-4993-a705-fe8bc8571981>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://universityhealthnews.com/daily/eyes-ears-nose-throat/tuberculosis/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370529375.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405053120-20200405083120-00154.warc.gz

en

Herland, a utopian novel written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, was published in 1915 in the Forerunner, a magazine that reflected Gilman’s wide-ranging interests in feminism, politics, socialist economics, and history. The novel talks of a group of three men discovering an isolated society solely populated by women. As a result, the country possesses an ideal social and political state where it is free of war, conflict, and domination, which contrasted with the actual society at the time. In this essay, we are going to discuss the effect on the reader of the narrative point of view of Herland. Narrators are intermediary device that helps authors speak to his audiences in literary works, thus, narrative point of view is the perspective of the narrator. In Herland, the first-person narrative was used in a pseudo-documentary style by Vandyck Jennings, the novel’s protagonist. In Herland, one could tell that the novel was told through a first person narrative due to the fact that the narrator addresses himself as “I”. However, besides the use of certain pronouns, in order to establish an increasingly close relationship between the readers and the protagonist, Charlotte Perkins Gilman establishes the point of view by using descriptive details where Van´s psyche is revealed in the form of interior monologue with complete, logically structured sentences. The narrator, Van, participates in the events of the plot, but because he is a character involved in the story, he does not have much access to the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the other characters. This results in a biased and slanted narration as the readers of Herland can only receive information about the country through Van’s eyes, we see what he sees, and what he perceives and understands. Therefore, the readers, just as Van and his friends, Jeff and Terry, stand as an outsider looking into Herland and can only understand it from the outside. As a result, the readers are not able to fully grasp the idea of Herland, and are not able to fully relate to it partly because Van was not able to understand it in the beginning as well. But as the story progresses, and so does Van’s knowledge of Herland, we as readers follow him through the course of events and in turn enhancing our own knowledge of Herland alongside him. Although the narration could be biased, one could also say that Van’s views are committed because of his participation in the plot of the story. The information the readers receive from Van is limited and although he is the central consciousness, he is hardly omniscient and is limited in his knowledge to what he can possibly know without violating the rules of probability. One thing we as readers have to remember is that Van’s point of view is unreliable and the readers cannot take his word for it completely. As he had mentioned in his introductory remark ‘This is written from memory, unfortunately. If I could have brought with me the material I so carefully prepared, this would be a very different story. Whole books full of notes, carefully copied records, firsthand descriptions, and the pictures–that’s the worst loss. We had some bird’s-eyes of the cities and parks; a lot of lovely views of streets, of buildings, outside and in, and some of those gorgeous gardens, and, most important of all, of the women themselves. Nobody will ever believe how they looked. Descriptions aren’t any good when it comes to women, and I never was good at descriptions anyhow. But it’s got to be done somehow; the rest of the world needs to know about that country.’ Chapter 1, Paragraph 1 and 2 In here, he clearly states that the story of Herland is purely based on memory, and that he was not very good at describing things. Therefore the description is restricted and limited to what Van understands and thus there is no liability in his account of the experience and the people he have encountered during his stay at Herland. As a character of the novel, he is thus also a subjective narrator. Not only does he interject his own personal views on the citizens and happenings of Herland, he can only speak of his experience in it, and only his. There are other characters involved in the story, yet he is not able to describe the exact details of the feelings, emotions, and events that they are going through, unless he is present in the situation and is thus able to describes what he sees and assumes. Therefore, Van’s own opinion and ideas affect the way the reader sees the world that he is in because we are directly influenced by his perception and opinion through his interior monologues, and therefore unable to make a complete judgment on our own, as we readers have no choice since we would have no other resources to access the world of Herland other than through Van. Bear in mind that, the modern readers are not the implied readers of this novel, therefore, there could be a difference in the way we as modern readers perceive the novel as it was intended for the readers at the time it was published. Charlotte Perkins Gilman writes Herland with the aim toward social change. Van’s character, as a man of science, represents the prevailing wisdom of the Victorian society, which Gilman seeks to change. Furthermore, as a sociologist, his sociological viewpoint is critical to Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s central intent, which is to convince the reader of the feasibility of her utopian ideals. But this does not fully imply to modern day readers as the social culture and perception of women has changed over time. A study named Positioning the reader: the effect of narrative point-of-view and familiarity of experience on situation model construction, conducted by Dr. Bethanie Gouldthorp and Melissa Mulcahy suggested that ‘First-person narrative point-of-view, promoted protagonist empathy when participants read about unfamiliar events. The results also provide support for the conclusion that readers were more engaged with the story and constructed more effective situation models when they had prior personal experience of story events’ In the case of Herland, although it could be said that the readers would have a tougher time to engage in the story since they had no prior personal experience of the events that happened in Herland. This is certainly true considering Herland is a fictional utopian novel, and a country where an entire population is compost of solely female is virtually impossible. However, as Herland is satirical in nature, and because of the narrative point of view chosen by the author, readers could actually relate to it even though it is a novel about women, written by a woman in a man’s perspective. This is due to Van’s sociology background as it provides stern evidence that he knows and has studied about people in comparison to the other characters. ‘Terry was strong on facts–geography and meteorology and those; Jeff could beat him any time on biology, and I didn’t care what it was they talked about, so long as it connected with human life, somehow. There are few things that don’t.’ Chapter 1, Paragraph 10 Readers would hence be more confident in him telling the story rather than the other characters because of the reassurance in his knowledge of human life. When Van describes his own country and what he thinks of women, much of what he relays seems comical. For example ‘Why, this is a CIVILIZED country!’ I protested. ‘There must be men.’ Chapter 1 Here, Charlotte Perkins Gilman takes the liberty of poking fun at how she believes men to view women. Certainly, this is relatable to readers with a similar attitude and mind, as a country with solely women is seemingly impossible. Furthermore, the fact that a male narrator was used to describe all things female, giving different perspective or opinions of Herland and women, enables readers of the female gender to relate, both modern and 1915 readers likewise beca. We have to remember that Herland’s major theme is an indirect analysis of the inequality and attitude of the masculine and feminine gender, which is analyzed through the comparison of the current society to the women-only society. The way Charlotte Perkins Gilman achieved this is to express it through the observations of the narrator and in conversations between the three men and the women. If Herland was told from a different point of view, the story could change in many different ways. Readers could perhaps gain new knowledge or miss out on important information. Furthermore, readers could feel differently about one or more of the characters if the story was told form a different point of view. For example, if Herland was told from Terry’s point of view, Readers would take on a different view of the story as they would with Van’s point of view because Terry is the most traditionally masculine of the male characters, as Van has point out ‘You might say Terry did, too, if you can call his views about women anything so polite as ideals. I always liked Terry. He was a man’s man, very much so, generous and brave and clever; but I don’t think any of us in college days was quite pleased to have him with our sisters. We weren’t very stringent, heavens no! But Terry was “the limit.” Later on–why, of course a man’s life is his own, we held, and asked no questions. But barring a possible exception in favor of a not impossible wife, or of his mother, or, of course, the fair relatives of his friends, Terry’s idea seemed to be that pretty women were just so much game and homely ones not worth considering. ‘ Chapter 1 Terry was also the one who rejects the customs of a gender-neutral land completely, feeling himself without identity if he cannot exude masculinity. His interior monologues, opinion and comments would therefore influence readers in a different direction. Whereas, if the story were told through Jeff’s perspective, readers would perhaps be more sympathetic as he is the one who comes to idolize women most. ‘But I got out of patience with Jeff, too. He had such rose-colored halos on his womenfolks. I held a middle ground, highly scientific, of course, and used to argue learnedly about the physiological limitations of the sex.’ Indeed, Herland would become a pro-male novel instead of a feminist novel as it was intended if the story was told through Terry’s eyes, and it would become too pro-female when told through Jeff’s eyes. Van is therefore the perfect solution as he held the somewhat middle ground in comparison to these two. These are of course assumptions and there is no way to find out, however, it proves that the choice of narrator plays an effect on the readers due to the personality and perception of the characters.

<urn:uuid:d2942ac2-04f1-4083-acd1-780f70c4b32b>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://walktocurecancer.org/herland-a-utopian-novel-written-by-charlotte-perkins-gilman/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371611051.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405213008-20200406003508-00354.warc.gz

en

Millions of Americans miss out on critical hours of shuteye every day, and this epidemic of insufficient sleep holds critical implications for all of us. How well did you sleep in the past week? If you’re like many Americans, busy schedules, sleep troubles, families, stress and other things may have kept you from getting enough rest at least one or two days, possibly even more. While awareness of healthier sleep habits and the benefits of rest has been growing due to increased research and public health campaigns, trends still show many people of all ages simply aren’t sleeping enough. At first thought, sleepy people may not seem like such a big deal, but the reality is a sleep-deprived society is less healthy and more dangerous. Read on to learn about the implications of America’s lack of sleep, who is most affected, and how to get better rest. Insufficient Sleep is Major Problem; Here’s Why It’s estimated that between 30% and 40% of Americans regularly miss out on adequate rest, described as at least seven hours each night. While certain groups are more likely to be sleep-deprived, it’s something that can affect anyone. Between 30% and 40% of Americans regularly miss out on adequate rest, described as at least seven hours each night. Even if you sleep well most of the time, when family members, coworkers and fellow drivers are sleep deprived, insufficient rest can even have indirect effects. Let’s take a look at what it means when people aren’t getting enough rest: - They have higher risks of disease. Regularly getting less than seven hours of sleep increases your risk of obesity, heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and other chronic illnesses. - They may have impaired cognition. Sleep deprivation affects the mind in many ways, with research observing impairments to short and long memory, learning, decision making, creativity, attention, reaction time and motivation. - They’re more dangerous on the road. Driving drowsy produces impairment on par with driving drunk after 18 hours of wakefulness, and tired drivers are conservatively linked with over 100,000 accidents, 71,000 injuries and 1,550 deaths each year. - They make more errors at work. Due to cognitive impairments, people are more likely to make errors on the job when fatigued. Research on pilots, nurses and doctors, police officers, drivers and others all show increased impairments following sleep loss, and one study estimates that insomnia results in 274,000 workplace accidents per year costing $31 billion dollars. - They may have worse mental health. Sleep deprivation is associated with increased depression risk, increased emotional reactivity, more negativity among couples, and higher risks of mental health issues. - Their children are more likely to be sleep deprived and overweight. Children of parents who don’t get enough sleep are more likely to miss sleep themselves, and they are also more likely to be obese. Sleep deprived kids tend to perform worse at school as well. The Face of Sleep Deprivation in the U.S. The consequences of sleep deprivation are serious issues from a public health and safety standpoint, and studying these trends in different communities can shed insight into who isn’t getting enough sleep, why, and how to improve. Here’s a look at the current research on sleep trends and what they might mean for you. Differences by State and Region A recently published study in the Sleep Health journal looked at county-level trends to identify “hotspots” of insufficient sleep in America. Researchers identified 84 counties out of 2231 as insufficient sleep hotspots, with the highest concentration occurring in Appalachia, where Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee meet. Overall, hotspots were found in: - 25 counties in Kentucky - 16 counties in West Virginia - 12 counties in Tennessee - 9 counties in Texas - 7 counties in Ohio - 6 counties in Virginia - 4 counties in Missouri - 1 county each in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois and Louisiana On the other hand, “coldspots”, where people had very low levels of insufficient sleep included 12 counties in Virginia; 7 in Texas; 6 in Wisconsin, Illinois and Iowa; 2 in Georgia and Michigan, and 1 in Alabama, Minnesota and North Carolina. No clear demographic pattern was identified for coldspot counties, but in the hotspots, people were more likely to be white, younger, of low socioeconomic status, and in poorer health. In the high-concentration Appalachia area, study authors report that populations are at also at higher risk for obesity, heart disease, diabetes and other illnesses than elsewhere in the nation, also commonly identified as risk factors for poor sleep and effects of insufficient sleep. A 2008 analysis by the Centers for Disease Control at the state level found that West Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Florida, Missouri, Alabama, Louisiana, and North Carolina had the highest rates of sleep deprivation, and a 2012 study also identified the highest rates in West Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Missouri and Oklahoma. All three of the studies mentioned here show the more sleep deprivation in the Appalachian and Southeast regions of the U.S., which researchers speculate may be influenced by a general lack of education, employment, lack of access to care and infrastructure. Effects of Age and Lifespan Trends The 2008 CDC report identified that people under age 45, particularly in the 25 to 34 age group, were more likely to report sleep deprivation, while people over 45 were most likely to report no days of insufficient sleep in the month prior to the study. In a Gallup poll from 2013, nearly half of people between ages 18 and 49 reported getting less than six hours of sleep, and people in this age range were also most likely to report feeling sleep deprived. By comparison, just one-third of people over age 65 reported getting less than six hours of rest on average. Younger people tend to lose sleep due to lifestyle and social factors, with having young children being cited by Gallup as a key issue. Other factors that may play a role are a shift towards eveningness in adolescence, higher prevalence of electronics use before bed, schedules, caffeine consumption, and poor sleep hygiene. Older individuals are more likely to experience insomnia, light sleep and tend to gradually shift towards morningness, according to one recent Swiss study. However, researchers found that older people complain less about their sleep and reported higher sleep quality and better daytime functioning than younger counterparts. With age, women took longer to fall asleep and men showed reduced deep sleep, but both genders actually showed improved sleep efficiency (time spent in bed compared to time spent sleeping). Other research also suggests that how well people sleep between 30 and 60, predicts mental functioning decades later as they age. Rather than viewing it as time wasted, researchers say younger people might consider healthy sleep as an investment in their later mental and physical health. The Impact of Gender on Sleep Although sleep is a universal function, it appears that men and women also tend to differ on amounts of sleep and on the impact of insufficient sleep. In the U.S., women are more likely to report insufficient sleep in the past month compared to men, based on the 2008 CDC report. Polls from the National Sleep Foundation show women report more sleep difficulties than men, with higher rates of insomnia, restless leg syndrome and other disorders. Researchers suggest differences in sleep may relate to factors unique to women, including pregnancy, menopause, and changes to hormones over their lifespan. A Cambridge University study showed a similar trend in Britain, where women averaged 11 minutes less sleep than men, despite spending 15 minutes longer in bed. This sleep gap may be pretty significant, too, according to a study from Duke University. Their research suggests that women actually need more sleep than men, and that women are more susceptible to the side effects of insufficient rest. Sleep-deprived women have higher risks of heart disease, depression, stroke risk factors, more hostile and angry feelings, and increased inflammation markers, which can worsen pain. Men aren’t in the clear though. One study found that under sleep deprivation, men tend to make riskier decisions while women tend to become more risk-averse. As an example, according to an American Automobile Association report, men are more likely to drive drowsy, to fall asleep while driving, and to be drowsy when involved in a crash. In particular, male drivers under age 25 exhibited the highest risk of drowsy driving crashes. Occupational and Educational Trends In the 2008 CDC study, people with a college degree or some college were less likely to report insufficient sleep compared to people with high school diploma or GED or less than high school education. People that were unemployed or couldn’t work were significantly more likely to report 30 days of insufficient sleep compared to employed or retired persons, students and homemakers, which researchers suggest may be due to higher stress, medical issues and other conditions. Shift workers…are at higher risk for chronic sleep deprivation, insomnia, and sleep-related health problems. The type of jobs people have can also play a role in their overall sleep quality. Shift workers in particular remain a key area of focus for sleep researchers, as they are at higher risk for chronic sleep deprivation, insomnia, and sleep-related health problems. Other research from the American Automobile Association shows that night shift workers are also six times more likely to be in a sleep-related car crash. A study analyzing data from different National Health Interview Surveys found people working in corporate management, transportation, warehousing, and manufacturing averaged the least amount of sleep, while people in agriculture, education, real estate and professional services averaged the most. Reversing the Insufficient Sleep Epidemic Improving sleep at the personal level depends largely on education and attitude. Organizations like the CDC and National Sleep Foundation produce regular public awareness campaigns that aim to explain the benefits of getting healthy rest and discuss good “sleep hygiene” tips people can use in their daily lives. The key tenets of good sleep hygiene include: - Following a healthy routine. Going to bed and waking around the same time every day, with little variation on weekends, is one of the best ways to support healthy circadian rhythms for people of any age. Consistency tells your body when to be alert and when to get drowsy. For people who work alternating shifts or experience jet lag that throws off routines, light cues may be important for moderating sleep-wake cycles (you generally want exposure to bright light while awake and darkness while sleeping). - Optimizing sleep environment. A comfortable bedroom can play a significant role in rest. Although personal preference is important, research shows that darkness is important for melatonin release and the cooler temperatures also support better sleep. Upgrade to the best mattress, pillows, and bedding for your particular needs, too. Minimizing disturbances from sounds in and outside the home may also be important for sound sleep. - Watching dietary sleep stealers. Many people know that stimulants like caffeine can delay sleep, but so too can alcohol, spicy foods, fatty foods, and heavy meals too close to bed. On the other hand, studies link eating a balanced diet with plenty of water during the day, and simple carbohydrates in the evening with fewer sleep issues. - Managing stress and pain. The 2015 Sleep in America poll showed that both stress and pain can significantly affect sleep, and the missing sleep exacerbates both stress and pain, creating a detrimental cycle. Developing healthy strategies to manage stress and minimize pain can help improve sleep, and better sleep can in turn support better health. - Getting help when needed. Many people with sleep disorders don’t seek treatment; for example, it’s estimated that 80% to 90% of sleep apnea cases are undiagnosed. If you have extended difficulty getting to bed or find that you aren’t feeling well rested in the morning, don’t ignore the signs — even if you suspect you know the cause. There are many tools your healthcare provider can utilize to improve your sleep, from behavioral and lifestyle adjustments to medications. - Making sleep a priority. People who make sleep a conscious priority also tend to get more rest, according the Sleep in America poll. Giving sleep a place in your routine and doing healthy things throughout the day, like getting moderate exercise, minimizing caffeine, and getting daily sunlight exposure, can all be helpful for sleeping easier at night. Workplaces can also have a role in improving people’s sleep, by supporting healthy corporate cultures. Offices where a healthy work-life balance is respected, where napping isn’t frowned upon (during appropriate times and places of course), and with some flexibility in hours tend to have happier and healthier employees over time. And, well-rested employees perform better on the job and are more satisfied with their jobs, too. Ultimately, we each hold responsibility for our own health, and the more you know about what constitutes good sleep habits, the better equipped you are to get good rest and identify potential problems early on. Do you regularly get at least seven hours of sleep? What do you do, or what can you do to improve your family’s sleep habits? This article is for informational purposes and should not replace advice from your doctor or other medical professional.

<urn:uuid:8e1e9924-de96-4657-a904-e85ab99d7c29>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://amerisleep.com/blog/insufficient-sleep-united-states/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370492125.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328164156-20200328194156-00075.warc.gz

en

Everyone should pay attention to nutrition — and that's particularly true for athletes. "Many athletes forget that food is fuel, meaning that it provides energy for exercise. Without proper nutrition, your energy levels will be low and that will affect your performance," says Natalie Rizzo, RD, author of The No-Brainer Nutrition Guide For Every Runner. Have you let good nutrition fall on your priority list in favor of focusing on workout strategy and game day goals? We spoke to dietitians who work closely with athletes to find out precisely why good nutrition is so important to athletes — and what they recommend you eat (and do not eat!) for the best possible performance. Good nutrition helps you play a game, work out or run a race longer, without injury and at your peak level, says Nyree Dardarian, RD and assistant clinical professor and the director of the Center for Integrated Nutrition and Performance at Drexel University. "Proper nutrition for athletes can prevent and manage diseases and conditions (like injuries), contribute to better sleep, fuel performance and help them gain a competitive edge and foster career longevity — not to mention lifelong health when they eventually leave the sport," says Monica Auslander Moreno, RD and nutrition consultant for RSP Nutrition. Most athletes consider greater endurance and greater stamina as their goals. But what exactly do those terms mean? Put simply, we can think of endurance as the ability to perform aerobic activity for a long period of time, says the American Council on Exercise (ACE). Endurance is the difference between being able to run for 20 minutes versus two hours. "Stamina, like endurance, is time-dependent," says Moreno. You can think of it as how long you can go at 100 percent. Let's use running as an example: If endurance is about how long you can run, stamina reflects how fast you can run for that period of time. That is, can you run a six-minute mile for five miles, or keep that pace up for 15 miles? Why Do Athletes Hit a Wall? "Athletes want to play the game all the way to the end with as much intensity as they possibly can have," says Dardarian. A nutritionist's goal, says Dardarian, is to extend the time to fatigue, or that moment when an athlete's muscles give out. You'll hear this described often as an athlete "being gassed" or "hitting a wall," and you can observe it as you watch marathoners in the last mile of the race or during a double-overtime period of hockey. "Nutrition plays a significant role in extending the time to fatigue," says Dardarian. If you think of food as fuel, you won't be surprised to note its big role here. Dardarian explains that there are two main causes of muscle fatigue: - An insufficient amount of carbohydrates: Carbs break down into glycogen, which is stored in your muscles and liver, providing energy. "When you don't have enough of it, your muscles conk out on you," says Dardarian. - Lactate build-up: Lactate is produced by the cells as the body turns food into energy and is sometimes in the form of lactic acid. Nutrition plays a role there too. "If you train properly, with the right amount of calories and carbohydrates, you can increase your lactate threshold." (You'll be able to tell when you have lactate build-up and have hit your threshold when you feel a burning sensation in your muscles.) The foundation of nutrition for athletes, Dardarian says, is getting enough calories to build muscles and endurance. "Athletes need more calories than the average person — and, of course, it's important for athletes to ensure those calories are the right mix carbohydrates, proteins and fat, she says. How to Build Endurance and Stamina Through Nutrition Carbohydrates, protein and healthy fats provide the fuel needed to maintain energy and promote stamina and endurance. Together, these three building blocks are known as macronutrients — or macros — and many athletes opt to follow a macro-based diet. Instead of counting calories, athletes seek out the right macro ratio based on their body weight that will lead to their peak performance. Generally, you want 40 to 60 percent of your calories to come from carbohydrates, says Dardarian. Then, about 35 percent of calories should be devoted to protein. Fats (good ones, she specifies), can make up about 20 percent of your diet. Here's an in-depth examination of the role carbs, protein and fat play in athletic performance. Carbohydrates It's hard to understate the importance of the role that carbohydrates play for athletes who want to build stamina and endurance. Carbohydrates are involved in regulating your blood sugar and glycogen level in your muscles, which is vital for preventing muscle fatigue. Think of carbs as your body's fuel. "For endurance activities, carbs are really important," says Rizzo. Timing matters, too. "If you eat 30 to 60 minutes before an activity, you want a simple carb that will break down quickly, like a piece of fruit or toast. If you eat two to three hours before a workout, you want carbs, protein and a little fat because those all provide long-lasting energy," says Rizzo. The ACE recommends 55 to 65 percent carbohydrates for people engaged in medium- to high-intensity training. Protein is important for muscle recovery and growth. "Getting enough protein throughout the day and long-term can help bolster stamina," says Moreno. Timing matters here, too. "Obtaining constant amounts of protein throughout the day is preferable to just whopping it all at one or two meals," says Moreno. So how much protein do you need? The ACE recommends 20 to 30 percent total protein for people engaged in medium- to high-intensity training. When it comes to protein, always opt for lean, says Dardarian. She recommends eggs, which she calls "the most complete food out there." Eat the whole egg, she says — both yolk and white. Chicken and fish are also good options. For endurance sports, fat plays a particularly important role, providing an energy source for athletes, according to the Colorado State University Extension. It's also important for helping your body absorb fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Athletes engaged in medium- to high-intensity exercise should get 30 percent of their total daily calories from fat, the ACE recommends. In general, eat fat in moderation — and stick to good-for-you ones like avocado, says Dardarian. Avoid "fats without a purpose," she says, like mayonnaise and sour cream. Here's one more important note on macros: The amount of protein and fat consumed typically remains consistent, says Dardarian. Carb consumption, on the other hand, varies. "What shifts with your exercise demand is your carb intake," Dardarian says. "The more you exercise, and the harder you train, the more you'll need to refuel with carbs." Think of these carb, fat and protein recommendations as a starting point. The right macro ratio will differ depending on your sport, endurance or stamina goals, points out Moreno. How your body responds to nutrition also matters. And, athletes need to consider both when and how to fuel up with the appropriate macronutrients, Moreno adds. Tips for Making Food Choices That Fuel Your Workout Dardarian puts it simply: Imagine your plate. First, load up about 60 percent of it with carbs (those are your fuel!). Then, add some protein, and lastly, add vegetables. There's no need to go out of your way to add fat since your protein source will likely have some. "If you want to eat less, just decrease the size of your plate," Dardarian says, noting that you should still fill it up with the same proportions of carbs, protein and fat. Eating a variety of foods is important too, says Moreno. Aim to eat different foods throughout the day and from day to day to vary your macros and micronutrients. (That means, steamed chicken and broccoli with rice for lunch and dinner every day isn't the best strategy!) "Bananas, sweet potatoes, oatmeal, cherries, beets, pomegranates, celery, leafy greens, salmon, honey and all nut butters and nuts paired together tend to be high-performance power combinations," says Moreno. To maintain energy levels, try eating frequently throughout the day, having as many as four to six meals. Remember that each meal should include carbs, protein and fat. For example, a healthy breakfast to start your day might include a bowl of high-fiber, whole-grain cereal with a banana and low-fat milk. To maximize your nutrient intake, be sure to include a fruit or vegetable with each meal. To replenish energy stores and spur muscle recovery after practice or games, eat a carb- and protein-rich snack such as a turkey sandwich on sprouted bread or unsweetened yogurt as soon as you're done. And stay away from junk food, cautions Moreno. "Many people assume athletes are nutritionally invincible," she says, but binging on candy, ice cream and other indulgences hinders performance. Good nutrition is also central to maintaining a healthy weight. Weight can be a hot-button issue in athletics. If you need to lose weight, severely restricting calories, protein or fat is not only dangerous for your body but also negatively impacts your athletic performance. Fill up on high-fiber vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, lean protein sources and low-fat dairy to get essential nutrients. Working with a registered dietitian can help you identify any unhealthy food behaviors and create an eating plan that addresses your unique needs. Hydration Matters, Too Don't discount the importance of hydration as an athlete. "Without being properly hydrated, you won't be able to perform," says Rizzo, adding that it's just as important as nutrition. Water provides musculoskeletal lubrication as well as helps to transport nutrients throughout your body. Fail to maintain fluid balance in your body and you'll find yourself at risk of dehydration. Rizzo supplies a good rule of thumb when it comes to staying hydrated with the right mix of fluids and electrolytes: With activities that are under an hour, water should be fine. When workouts extend over an hour (or, if they’re shorter but quite strenuous), opt for a clean sports drink to replenish lost electrolytes and aid in muscle recovery. After the Game Whether you win or lose, your mind is likely not on nutritional concerns after a game. Yet making it a priority is important, especially if you don't meet energy or fluid needs during activity. Most athletes don't consume enough fluids during events, so restoring balance post-game is essential. Eating a small meal containing carbs, fat and protein within 30 minutes of competition is ideal but may be an unrealistic commitment. If this is the case, try snacking on nutritious foods like whole-grain bagels, apples or bananas. And try incorporating nutrient-rich carbs like bananas, potatoes, lentils and yogurt into your post-workout meal. It's OK to add a dash of salt if you're craving it. - Colorado State University Extension: "Nutrition for the Athlete" - American Council on Exercise: "How to Determine the Best Macronutrient Ratio for Your Goals" - MedlinePlus: "Nutrition and Athletic Performance" - American Council on Exercise: "Evidence-based Strategies for Helping Clients Improve Endurance Performance" - American Dietetic Association: Vitamin Needs of Athletes

<urn:uuid:08aabfaa-5471-4784-9bb0-083a469739fe>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.livestrong.com/article/445770-the-importance-of-good-nutrition-for-athletes/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370526982.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404231315-20200405021315-00274.warc.gz

en

The Dead Sea Scrolls In the north west corner of the Dead Sea, we find Qumran and the Essene, at approximately 14 miles east of Jerusalem, in an area known as the wilderness. Among the Essenes, is where most scholars agree (now) that Jesus was born, grew up and spent most of his ministry, not in Bethlehem and Jerusalem as it is commonly taught by the church. When the Scrolls were found in 1947 they were regarded as one of the world most important discoveries, due to the parallels with Christianity, the established church rapidly assembled a team of researchers and scholars to begin the process of translation and cataloging of the scrolls and fragments found in the different caves, about 2/3 of the scrolls were copies of books of the old testament, but the others were totally new writings to the eyes of the world. These new writings are the cause of controversy because they shed new light on the interpretations of the "Holy Scriptures" and sadly, destroys the "uniqueness" of Christianity. The debate on whether or not the books of the Dead Sea Scrolls refer to Christianity can be summarized on the argument of paleography. As you all know, paleography can be a useful tool on dating a document that by no other means could be dated, but it cannot be used as a"final word" on dating, only as a supporting argument. There is a (+/-) factor that has to be taken on account when you are going to try to determine a date on a document (+25/-25) where an old scribe could be writing contemporaneously with a young scribe and yet, you have to allow for a measure of development from old to young (others scholars prefer to go up to +50/-50). In the case of the scrolls, one of the main fragments that was used to date the works was written in a semi-cursive, not on a book-hand, and due to this fact, we can no longer use the date of approx. 140 bce that was given to the scrolls as a general consensus. Paleographers, in general, agree that it is impossible to give a firm date on a semi-cursive. OK, now that we melted away the date, lets dig in. Some of the parallels shared with christianity are interesting, they had a sacred meal of bread and new wine, community of property, they were expecting a fiery judgment and the coming of the messiah(s). They also called themselves by the same names "the way" and we know that the early christians called themselves "the sect of the way". the word "church" appears in the scrolls and their leaders were bishops and they called themselves "sons of light" , as in the new testament. There are two characters that appear on the scrolls who are very important for our study, one of them is "The Teacher of Righteousness" and the other one "The Wicked Priest" (aka "The man of a Lie"). The Teacher, a stern acetic, was kind of a hero figure preaching that the world was coming to an end in a fiery judgment. Those who followed him were known as "the sons of light" those who didn't "the sons of darkness", other characteristics of the Teacher are some of his sayings and practices, 1) "The X is laid to the root of the trees". 2) He called people "Vipers". 3) He practiced Baptism. According to the scrolls the followers of the "Teacher" began to desert their leader to follow a new teacher who was demanding a lesser rigorous kind of life style, this man appears under different names, one of them is "The man of a Lie", which could imply an illegitimate birth. Another was "The Wicked Priest". Wicked, because he flaunted the law and disregarded its taboos, those who followed him became known as "the seekers of the smooth things". Now, if we are able to understand that the Teacher can be identified with the person (character) of John the Baptist, you will see that the teachings and ways of the Wicked Priest/Man of a Lie can also be identified with the character called Jesus, let's follow the new line.* * (again, this is one of the possibilities, not to be confused with the ultimate "truth", we work with Facts.) The new story would have developed something like this...Jesus and John, who were together on 29ace., were the two messiahs expected by the Essenes, one from the line of David (Jesus) who was the Kingly messiah, an the other from the line of Le'vi (John) the priestly messiah. John and his followers, "sons of light" were expecting a fiery judgment to fall upon the "sons of darkness", including the Romans (kittim) who were occupying Jerusalem at the time. They were also expecting Jesus to become the king of a world purged of all evil men leaving only baptized Jews. Jesus didn't conform to the plan, he claimed that he could become a high priest, "the Light", but it was John who was of priestly birth, he who stood in front of the Minora giving weight to his claim that he was "the Light". But Jesus declared " I am the Light of the World" and put up the white garments of a high priest, by this he was saying that the Jewish priesthood was unnecessary and that every Jew could become a priest in the eyes of "God". This act of defiance caused his enemies to call him "The Wicked Priest" meaning the "anti-priest". We will now approach one of the so called miracles and address it in the light of the discovery of the "pesher" ( it is the hebrew word for "interpretation") that is used to find the double layer of meaning in these works (scrolls). Keep in mind that the established church is afraid of having their miracles de-mistifyed because the outcome will affect negatively its credibility. One of the strongest pinnacles of christianity is the "Virgin Birth". But what if we have found information that shows us a very different scenario? The custom of the Essenes was, some men in their ranks must marry, those who must continue their blood lines. The highest Essenes had no sex because it was considered sinful, but the men on their second order left the monastery to cohabit with their wives from time to time, the woman in such marriages had the status of a "Nun", the name of a nun in the Hellenistic world was a "virgin", it meant both, when a woman was physically a virgin and a dedicated woman. The marriage had stages, first there was the vow of dedication, then there was a bethrodal period were they should stay apart for as long as possible (no sex). Next, there was a wedding with a trial period of three years were sex was allowed, if the woman became pregnant after the trial period, there was a second wedding and this was for good, for there was going to be a child and divorce was not permitted by the Essenes. The story would have been this: Mary was bethroded to Joseph, during the trial period, they had sex and she became pregnant. It says in the new testament that if a man has a virgin, let them marry. So we see that it was a play of words that was used to mention the "virgin birth", because Mary was still legally in the status of a virgin when she became pregnant. Check the material on Josephus on the marriage customs of the Essenes that has been available for many years. But what about the intervention of the "Holy Spirit"? Isn't that what the Bible says? Glad you asked... In the scrolls you will find that certain people were regarded as incarnations of gods, angels and spirits, the angel Gabriel was a REAL person and so was the "Holy Spirit" (Joseph) and so were all the other angels in the story. This takes away the mysticism of the virgin birth and places the conception and birth of Jesus in a more humane form, through biological process. The clues are in the scrolls, they need to be carefully analyzed, we need to look at the historical background and the interpretations that we (as the researcher) can draw from them, to be able to have a new perspective on the gospels. A quick review on one of this metaphors that is commonly known to us " it is easier for a camel to pass thru the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of god". The actual meaning is " The only way for a person to enter into the monk ranks is to graduate, regardless of their social status". You do the research! Once again we will use the "pasher" to view another of the "miracles": According to the gospel of John, one of the first miracles performed by Jesus was at the wedding feast when he turned water into wine... " And there were set there six waterpots of stone, after the manner of the purifying of the Jews, containing two or three firskins apiece. Jesus saith unto them, "Fill the waterpots with water," and they filled them up to the brim. And he said unto them, "Draw out now and bear unto the governor of the feast," and they bear it. The ruler of the feast tasted the water that was made wine and knew not whence it was". We know that the Qumran community gave water baptisms to their low grade members and saved their wine (communal sacred drink) for full members only. Turning water into wine simply signifies that Jesus was now offering the privilege of full membership to those who previously could not. From that time on, the gentile, the woman and the married men were able to receive communion, the sacred meal of bread and wine. This actually describes the origin of the christian communion service. For more information on this, check on the works of Dr. Barbara Thiering. 1) Re-dating the teacher of righteousness 2) Jesus and the riddle of the dead sea scrolls *New information reveals that the scrolls "new" date is from150 bce to 70 ace, well within the time of Jesus. The church is still reluctant to accept the process of DNA sampling to put together some of the fragments into the existing texts due to the fact that it would re-write the information that they accept at this point in time. This is also based on the asumption that Jesus was a real person, not the creation of later writers, there is evidence that most of the books of the bible are copyes and/or adaptations of older works. We have traveled a long and hard road, but you know we are not at the end of it. The need for knowledge is a great force, the force that drives us to look for answers, and those answers will still, bring new questions and we will try to approach them with an open-mind. All of your research must be based on facts in order to achieve your goal. I must leave you now, in your hands are all the tools that you need to continue your journey, it won't be easy, but it will be fulfilling.

<urn:uuid:ca093bf0-f737-4cce-9f56-6069d59c9551>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://www.oocities.org/engvaj/Scrolls.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500482.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331115844-20200331145844-00313.warc.gz

en

Creating an Encouraging Environment How building design and school environment can promote and support learning for autistic pupils. Design for Autism The Scottish Government requires of its schools that they provide a safe, pleasant and stimulating environment, well suited to supporting the curricular, social and leisure activities of pupils. In Scottish education there is great emphasis placed on adapting the environment to promote inclusion for all. A key theme of our National Priorities in Education is the development of a Framework for Learning where the enhanced school environment is conducive to learning and teaching, (Scottish Exec 2000). During school inspections, Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Education (HMIe) audit and review teams will look for features of the environment that maximise learning opportunities, typically: - Space that ensures freedom and clarity of movement - Adjustable lighting and heating - Good acoustics - Adequate furniture and storage that is fit for purpose - Furnishings and colour that both stimulate learning and promote a calm atmosphere New Struan School The design of New Struan School takes account of the recommendations of the Scottish Government and then goes a step further to address the ‘value added’ components that are essential to a specialised service for autistic pupils. We know from ‘first person’ accounts of autistic people how aspects of the environment can assault their senses and create confusion and fear. "Auditory and tactile input often overwhelmed me. Loud noise hurt my ears. When noise and sensory stimulation became too intense, I was able to shut off my hearing and retreat into my own world.’"(Grandin, 1996) From the earliest stages of planning New Struan, we took account of the difficulties arising from ASD, including: - Sensory distortion (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory) - Perceptual distortion (of light, shade, colour, movement) - Executive function difficulties (personal organisation and planning) - Central coherence difficulties (arranging the details/making connections) - Inflexibility of thought and action (leading to difficulties in making transitions) - Social interaction difficulties Our aim was to create, for our pupils, an autism-friendly environment that was influenced by the priorities of autistic people. Donna Williams (1996), in her book, ‘Autism: An Inside Out Approach’, describes her ideal educational environment: ‘…one where the room had very little echo or reflective light, where the lights were soft and glowing with upward rather than downward projecting light. It would be one where the physical arrangements of things in the room was cognitively orderly and didn’t alter and where everything in the room remained within routinely defined areas. It would be an environment where only what was necessary to learning was on display and there were no unnecessary decorations or potential distractions’ (Williams 1996, p.284) Teresa Whitehurst (2006) in her recent study of the impact of building design on children with ASDs, cited architect Simon Humphreys who suggests that buildings should be based on the following simple principles: - A sense of calm and order - Good levels of natural light and ventilation - Reduction of detail - Good proportion - Proxemics (the amount of space that people feel it necessary to set between themselves) - Containment (ensuring that autistic people are safe and secure within their environment) - Easily managed, durable materials - Good observation - Good quality acoustics Designing New Struan School The architect of New Struan, Andrew Lester of Aitken Turnbull Architects, is also the parent of a young autistic woman. Combining his skills as an architect with his personal knowledge and understanding of ASD and consulting widely with our own staff, parents and pupils, he developed a blueprint for a unique, learning-friendly school that has at its core, the best interests of autistic children: - The single story building is designed around one central walkway, the ‘Street’, which runs the entire length of the building and is flooded with natural light from a well-ventilated, glass atrium inducing an immediate sense of well-being. The ‘street’ enables a clear view of the whole school thereby promoting order and independent movement from one area to the next. The ‘Street’ is wide, enabling groups of pupils to pass each other comfortably, without fear of collision or confusion. - ‘Caves’ of learning curve outwards from the ‘Street’, facilitating transitions by aiding the children in their visuo-spatial processing and providing natural bays for pupils and staff to utilise for socialising or for respite from the classroom. The whole area is carpeted, thereby reducing noise and softening the environment. - Carpet colour has been used to enable transition from the ‘street’ into the classrooms. The colour of carpet in the bays outside each room continues into the classroom thus leading the pupils from one area to another. - Colour schemes have been planned to promote a sense of calm throughout the building, utilising colours that are considered to have a positive impact on the mood of autistic people. - Glass panels in each door enable pupils to have a view of their class room before entering and of the ‘street’ before leaving the class, thereby providing opportunity for pupils to process and assimilate important details of the environment they are about to enter. - Curved walls lead the children naturally from one area to the next and reduce the number of sharp angles, obstructive corners and hidden doorways throughout the building. - Artificial lighting is subtle and unobtrusive. It is known that fluorescent lighting can affect the vision field of some autistic people (Irlen, 1991) so, where possible, wall uplighters have been used instead of overhead, fluorescent lights and there is no discernible hum or flicker. - Underfloor heating provides an ambient temperature without the need for unsightly and visually distracting radiators. The temperature can be controlled separately in each area of the school. Many of the features described above, have been designed to lead the children smoothly and independently from the central walkway into the teaching areas. The attention to autism-friendly details continues in the bright, airy classrooms: - Clearly delineated areas for specific activities (ICT, group work, independent work) - ‘Quiet room’ with curved walls to offer a sensory-controlled, calming zone or one-to-one teaching area - Low level windows to provide pupils with a clear view of outside areas - High level windows to provide a safe means of ventilation - A ‘light shelf’ and specifically angled ceiling to maximise natural daylight - A daylight simulator to raise the level of light on dull days - Dimmer switches to enable pupils and staff to control the levels of artificial light - Large carpeted areas to reduce noise - Ample storage space to reduce the need for clutter - High quality, robust and attractive furnishings - Well organised and attractive display areas - An external door leading to a patio area and the gardens beyond, enabling learning to naturally extend into the outside space. Each of these details offers a statement of respect of our pupils. Through this attention to detail we are acknowledging the difficulties they experience. Through the use of attractive and high quality materials we are expressing the value we place on the children and staff. Communal areas of the school incorporate many of the features mentioned above and their purpose is immediately clear before entering. For example, the library is an open-plan space where it is immediately apparent which areas are for relaxed reading and which are for research and study. Opening up from the ‘street’, it’s curved and door-less entrance invites pupils and staff to wander in and browse the shelves or to curl up with a good book. No child has ever attempted to ‘escape’ from this tranquil area. The food technology room has been designed to replicate a family kitchen, where pupils can learn new skills using work space and appliances similar to those in their own homes, thus facilitating the transference of skills. The outdoor areas, with cycle track, play equipment, a ball park and sensory garden have been designed to offer pupils the opportunity to play co-operatively or independently, to exercise, to socialise or to simply relax. Pupils who choose not to play or who may want to play and socialise with others but are unsure of how to do this, can sit at picnic tables and watch. The perimeter fence is low and aesthetically pleasing. This provides the clear boundary that people with ASD appreciate without appearing to be restrictive. Ample parking areas for staff, taxis and mini-buses ensure smooth and safe arrivals and departures to and from school. The dining hall and Café Courtyard create further opportunities for pupils and staff to meet up with friends and colleagues from other classes. Here, as in all other areas of the school, visual structures and clear delineation offer predictability and promote independence. - A calm and structured arrival at school each morning provides a good basis for learning throughout the day. - The wide ‘street’, with its curved walls and clear view of the whole school, has facilitated the smooth passage of traffic into and out of school thus enabling many pupils to independently make these important, daily transitions without confusion or fear of crowding. It is rare that a pupil becomes ‘stuck’ during transitions. - The ‘street’ has also allowed the pupils to have greater autonomy throughout the day as they move from area to area without the need for direct supervision. - Clear delineation and purpose of each area of the classrooms has resulted in increased independence and focus for the pupils. - Classroom lay-out and ample storage has enabled staff to provide an uncluttered and purposeful working environment. - Increased areas for pupils to utilise during times of stress or overload has enabled pupils to request time in a favoured space, thus having some control over their own behaviour. - The space, light, colours and fabric of the whole building induce an aura of calm and a sense of well-being which is frequently commented on by the many visitors to the school. - The respect, value and high expectation of the pupils, which has been demonstrated through the increased use of high quality resources and furnishings, has resulted in a dramatic decrease in the amount of damage to property. - Clear views and easy access to the outside areas has greatly reduced the need for pupils to resort to other measures in order to see or be outside. Children rarely make any attempts to ‘escape’. - The library, Café, dining hall and seated areas in the ‘street’ have greatly supported the social curriculum, enabling pupils and staff to meet with their peers and colleagues from other classes, in a planned or spontaneous manner. - There is a greater sense of community and inclusion throughout the school, with pupils, staff and parents joining together to plan and participate in ‘whole school’ events and activities. The development of an appropriate learning environment for autistic pupils should be driven by the particular needs and strengths arising from autism. There should be evidence that the organisation and structure of the environment supports the communication, social, sensory and curricular needs of the pupils. The environment should make a clear statement of the respect and value we place on each individual and of the high expectations we have for their progress and achievements as successful learners, confident individuals, responsible citizens and effective contributors (Curriculum for Excellence, 2004). Many of the elements, described above, for an autism-friendly school, can be incorporated into existing school buildings through creative adaptations that are informed by an understanding and respect of autism. Indeed the design of New Struan School continues to influence the design of other buildings, hailed as an example of best practice in design for autism. Our consultancy offers cost effective solutions to those providing environments for autistic individuals.

<urn:uuid:db76e3fa-b74d-42e4-97dc-8cb84a9d268b>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.scottishautism.org/about-autism/research-and-training/design-autism

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371896913.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410110538-20200410141038-00313.warc.gz

en

A Case for the Bitter Taste The experience of bitterness is one of the first things we remember as children. It haunts most people in the form of an oddly intense aversion to raw vegetables. When most people think of uncooked radishes, broccoli, or Brussel sprouts, the negative reactions are almost immediate and visceral. This is because, generally speaking, bitterness is perceived as unpleasant and off putting. It sets off bells and whistles in the brain that something is atypical about the thing that we are consuming at the moment. The primal reaction in young infants and and toddlers is to spit out the offending substance as quickly as possible. As human beings grow older many of us are better able to tolerate these bitter tastes and, as is the case with good number of people, actually enjoy the nuance of the flavor profiles they create. However there are some who still cannot bring themselves to tolerate the experience in the least. According to a 2006 study by Kendra Bell and colleagues, there is a phenotype, an observable characteristic, that is present in approximately 70 percent of the Caucasian population in the United States alone that causes them to notice the flavors of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), the two most commonly studied bitter constituent classes found in cruciferous vegetables. It lingers in their mouths and overwhelms most of the other flavors when it is present. Most people deem to rather cook their vegetables in ways that mitigate the intensity of the chemicals that cause this. Many recipes try to mask the flavor with sours, such as vinegar, or umami flavors, such as pork and turkey. Even while there are a great many of us that see bitterness as a delightful way to break up the monotony of other tastes, he seeming consensus among the majority of people is that bitterness is simply not a flavor to relish in and of itself. Perhaps it is related to an ancestral self-preservation mechanism by which our early mammalian predecessors identified which plants were potentially harmful (Drewnowski, 2000). This might well be valid, as several of the constituents found in plants that cause bitterness can be quite toxic in certain doses. One prime example being processed Aconite (Aconitum carmichaelii) a primary ingredient in many Kampo and Traditional Chinese remedies. The bitter alkaloidal constituents that make it medicinal also serve as potent poisons in any dose greater than used in these medical systems (Anjiki, 2011). With so many poisonous herbs and fungi in the world, self-preservation is a perfectly reasonable conclusion. However it should be more realistic to say that the development of the concept of bitterness is a consensual matter between plants, their environment, and the animals that consume them. In order to paint a clearer picture of that idea, we have to remember that bitter constituents are intrinsically unpleasant in their own right as a chemical class. Flavor aside, many are antimicrobial or fungicidal, meaning that they prove toxic to many species of bacteria and fungus that have no means of taste. The chemical make-up of these constituents can interfere with certain processes in the life cycle of these creatures, often resulting in death. It is stating the obvious to point out that it is rare that something poisonous has an enticing flavor. Fruits that are well propagated through fecal fertilization are often sweet or even have a smell that resembles some savory rot, as is the case with durian fruit (Durio zibethinus). Most bitter plants are either toxic, pretending to be toxic, medicinal, or some combination thereof. The plants that began producing these phytochemicals did so to send distress signals between different parts of its body and as a defensive measure against being eaten or infected. This may all sound rather negative and dreadful at first, but it is the primer for the greatness of evolutionary ingenuity in hominids. Our early ancestors regularly ingested a multitude of phytochemicals on a daily basis and used them as the first medicines that we as a species had available to us. Our bodies, through evolution and adaptation, had come to be able to metabolize a number of these chemicals to our benefit. Interestingly enough, though 70 percent of the modern U.S. Caucasian population has the phenotype to taste PTC and PROP, the remaining percentage perceives of the taste as mild or non-existent. Perhaps through these non-tasters, humans learned to tolerate the shock of the more bitter herbs and through continual consumption learn to integrate them into our daily lives. Not only could we eat many bitter plant greens, like dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), as food, but we could use them as medicine when we fell ill. Still, eating aromatic and bitter plants regularly as foodstuffs was not the most pleasant of things, so selective breeding alongside various cooking methods became our tools for getting the most nutritional benefit out of plants that might be too difficult to eat regularly. The brassicas were bred into our most common vegetables today, including broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage. Celery and other apiaceae became part and parcel of our diet through cultivation. While this process removed some of the most pungent flavors, it did not alleviate the actual bitterness of many of these crops. In fact many of the most nutritious of these are indeed the bitterest. Many people will cook these crops with sweets, acids, or simply roast them to bring out other qualities and ameliorate the acrid flavor that may be perceived. This is not always to the detriment of the herb. Thanks to the multitudinous constituents that cause these flavors, not every combination of sweet and bitter will turn out the same (Breslin, 1996). The combinations that we have come up with through out the years have in some instances served synergistically with each other to improve bio-availability of certain micronurients or to simply create a unique flavor that intrigues our taste buds. Coating bitter vegetables in oils, some rich in omegas, can pacify the shudder inducing flavor in them. Broccoli rabe (Brassica rapa) combined with butter and garlic is a common way to enjoy one of the more bitter brassicas out there. In the end, it is impossible to deny that, no matter what flavorings or pairings we come up with, a diet rich in green vegetables is the healthiest choice. Though our ancestors might not have had a scientific explanation for this, they certainly could associate the correlative effect of feeling good health and the consumption of dark bitter greens. Some modern studies can shed a better light on this relationship. The most common chemicals in regularly consumed produce that cause bitterness to occur are phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavones, terpenes, and glucosinolates (Drewnowski, 2000). It just so happens that these are the very compounds that appear to have a effect in reducing incidence of cancer and heart disease in people who consume higher amounts of these nutrients. These secondary plant metabolites are proving to be more and more critical in the matter of good heart health as many of them have proven to inhibit platelet aggregation. Isoflavones in soy have been shown to serve as antioxidants particularly against LDL cholesterol. The phenolics in more bitter varieties of olive oil provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties (Visioli, 2000). In study after study we have found that these various micronutrients are vital to a healthy diet. It has also been noted in recent years, that T2R bitter taste receptors are located throughout the GI tract, as opposed to only in the mouth and upper GI tract (Rozengurt, 2006). Some theorize that this is perhaps to mitigate any possible irritating or toxic stimuli, usually having a bitter taste associated with it, that might have made its way into the system. In rats, the introduction of bitters into the gastric chamber delayed gastric emptying, perhaps to give the lower gut time to prepare. The T2R receptors have been shown to have a direct relationship with the enteroendocrine response system, causing the release of hormones that might serve as protective agents in this matter (Egan, 2008). While the system may have originally evolved to provide a protective function, it has the secondary purpose of toning and strengthening our immune and digestive responses accordingly to the nature of the world around us. Not only are we safer thanks to this system but more robust overall. When examining the influence of spices on digestion in 2004, Platel and colleagues noted that fenugreek, ginger, capsicum, and turmeric all had an effect on stimulating bile secretion in the lower GI tract, while black pepper did not however. This seems to lend credence to the idea that the bitter elements of these herbs, not the pungency, is what seems to have a direct influence on the endocrine secretory system. Interestingly, one of the most bitter plants known to humans, Gentian (Gentiana spp.), is generally considered one of the best digestifs according to traditional practice. Its primary bitter constituent is known as Amarogentin and is said to be the most bitter substance verified. It also has shown DNA-protective properties, cancer preventative properties, and anti-microbial properties, specifically against a parasitic protozoans (Singh, 2008). Several other constituents have stomach protective, soothing, and anti-spasmolytic properties. In herbal medicine, practitioners use this remedy to aid with dyspepsia, improve digestion, and ameliorate diarrhea. Traditional medicine systems took note of the effects, perhaps without seeing all the mechanisms involved, but made good use of the properties regardless. This plant is a prime example of how humans, upon tasting the most bitter of herbs imaginable, waited and observed what it could do for them. This taste and see method, however crude, proved which plants could be used in large nutritional amounts, which plants should be taken sparingly as medicine, and which plants should be avoided entirely or needed further processing to manage. The beauty of bitterness is in its expression. It can be harsh and provocative or it can be mild and intriguing. It is our guidebook to the natural world. Not only does it keep us safe by stimulating our natural aversion response, but in moderate doses, it helps to medicate and protect our internal systems from more insidious dangers like heart disease, atherosclerosis, and neoplasms. When we take this flavor in, it lets our body know that something that will powerfully alter the body is on the way. It serves as a kind of temperance factor we might not even think about. In helping us to avoid dangerous foods as children, unaware of what is poisonous and what is not. As we age, our tastes change as well, allowing for more nuance and enjoyment of bitter flavors. Coincidentally, diseases such as the aforementioned arise around this time in life. It is as if our cravings begin to reflect our needs. For herbal clinicians, bitters are a powerful and inexhaustible resource when it comes to providing tools for clients. They are variable and applicable in almost every situation. The primary mode of administration for many herbs is orally and therefore it is beneficial to include herbs that promote efficient digestion in any edible formula. Clinicians can use bitters of both hot and cold energetics to send the tonics to the systems in which they can prove most effective. Bitter foods and drinks are the primary line of defense that people can employ in improving their overall life experience. The benefits of improved health are clearly evident in populations that embrace the intense and subtle flavor variety that bitter combinations can provide. Bitterness can be versatile and applicable in a number of aspects of daily life. Tinctures, tonics, tablets, salads, or smoothies, bitter-taste constituents can be manipulated to be taken in myriad ways. This versatility means that even those who disdain this flavor can find ways to get the chemical properties into their body. So while bitterness is not a flavor most people flock to, it is an important and vital flavor that has shaped our lives and can help us in more ways than most of us know. Anjiki, N., Hosoe, J., Fuchino, H., Kiuchi, F., Sekita, S., Ikezaki, H., … & Goda, Y. (2011). Evaluation of the taste of crude drug and Kampo formula by a taste-sensing system (4): taste of Processed Aconite Root. Journal of natural medicines, 65(2), 293. Bell, K. I., & Tepper, B. J. (2006). Short-term vegetable intake by young children classified by 6-n-propylthoiuracil bitter-taste phenotype. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 84(1), 245-251. Breslin, P. A. (1996). Interactions among salty, sour and bitter compounds. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 7(12), 390-399. Drewnowski, A., & Gomez-Carneros, C. (2000). Bitter taste, phytonutrients, and the consumer: a review. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 72(6), 1424-1435. Egan, J. M., & Margolskee, R. F. (2008). Taste Cells of the Gut and Gastrointestinal Chemosensation. Molecular Interventions, 8(2), 78–81. http://doi.org/10.1124/mi.8.2.5 Mancuso, G., Borgonovo, G., Scaglioni, L., & Bassoli, A. (2015). Phytochemicals from Ruta graveolens activate TAS2R bitter taste receptors and TRP channels involved in gustation and nociception. Molecules, 20(10), 18907-18922. Platel, K., & Srinivasan, K. (2004). Digestive stimulant action of spices: a myth or reality?. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 119(5), 167. Rozengurt, E. (2006). Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. I. Bitter taste receptors and α-gustducin in the mammalian gut. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 291(2), G171-G177. Singh, A. (2008). Phytochemicals of Gentianaceae: a review of pharmacological properties. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology, 1(1), 33-36. Visioli, F., Borsani, L., & Galli, C. (2000). Diet and prevention of coronary heart disease: the potential role of phytochemicals. Cardiovascular Research, 47(3), 419-425.

<urn:uuid:f36632b0-e228-4672-baef-dbcb9a3c1d63>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.marvelwellness.net/post/2018/02/16/a-case-for-the-bitter-taste

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371611051.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405213008-20200406003508-00354.warc.gz

en

What causes the popping sound? Kiffin's blog quotes a pretty good answer on this question. The original website is unfortunately gone. The mechanism by which clicking noises can be produced by extreme pulling, twisting, flexion, or extension of joints is well established. When a joint is deformed in this way, the pressure in the joint space decreased, and a CO2 filled cavity forms in the synovial fluid. The pressure in the cavity is lower than that in the surrounding fluid, so the fluid quickly rushes into the cavity. This sudden implosion of the cavity is thought to be what causes the distasteful cracking sound. Interestingly, tiny bubbles of CO2 remain in the synovial fluid, taking about 15 minutes to be reabsorbed. This explains why a knuckle cannot be recracked immediately. I found another interesting article on this question which also takes tendons and liagments into account. The following was posted on October 26, 2001 by Raymond Brodeur in the Ergonomics Research Laboratory at Michigan State University To understand what happens when you "crack" your knuckles, or any other joint, first you need a little background about the nature of the joints of the body. The type of joints that you can most easily "pop" or "crack" are the diarthrodial joints. These are your most typical joints. They consist of two bones that contact each other at their cartilage surfaces; the cartilage surfaces are surrounded by a joint capsule. Inside the joint capsule is a lubricant, known as synovial fluid, which also serves as a source of nutrients for the cells that maintain the joint cartilage. In addition, the synovial fluid contains dissolved gases, including oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The easiest joints to pop are the ones in your fingers (the interphalangeal and the metacarpophalangeal joints). As the joint capsule stretches, its expansion is limited by a number of factors. When small forces are applied to the joint, one factor that limits the motion is the volume of the joint. That volume is set by the amount of synovial fluid contained in the joint. The synovial fluid cannot expand unless the pressure inside the capsule drops to a point at which the dissolved gases can escape the solution; when the gases come out of solution, they increase the volume and hence the mobility of the joint. The cracking or popping sound is thought to be caused by the gases rapidly coming out of solution, allowing the capsule to stretch a little further. The stretching of the joint is soon thereafter limited by the length of the capsule. If you take an x-ray of the joint after cracking, you can see a gas bubble inside the joint. This gas increases the joint volume by 15 to 20 percent; it consists mostly (about 80 percent) of carbon dioxide. The joint cannot be cracked again until the gases have dissolved back into the synovial fluid, which explains why you cannot crack the same knuckle repeatedly. But how can releasing such a small quantity of gas cause so much noise? There is no good answer for this question. Researchers have estimated the energy levels of the sound by using accelerometers to measure the vibrations caused during joint popping. The amounts of energy involved are very small, on the order of 0.1 milli-joule per cubic millimeter. Studies have also shown that there are two sound peaks during knuckle cracking, but the causes of these peaks are unknown. It is likely that the first sound is related to the gas dissolving out of solution, whereas the second sound is caused by the capsule reaching its length limit. A common, related question is, Does popping a joint cause any damage? There are actually few scientific data available on this topic. One study found no correlation between knuckle cracking and osteoarthritis in the finger joints. Another study, however, showed that repetitive knuckle cracking may affect the soft tissue surrounding the joint. Also, the habit tends to cause an increase in hand swelling and a decrease in the grip strength of the hand. Another source of popping and cracking sounds is the tendons and ligaments near the joint. Tendons must cross at least one joint in order to cause motion. But when a joint moves, the tendon's position with respect to the joint is forced to change. It is not uncommon for a tendon to shift to a slightly different position, followed by a sudden snap as the tendon returns to its original location with respect to the joint. These noises are often heard in the knee and ankle joints when standing up from a seated position or when walking up or down the stairs. Your joints can make a variety of sounds: popping, cracking, grinding, and snapping. The joints that "crack" are the knuckles, knees, ankles, back, and neck. There are different reasons why these joints "sound off". Escaping gases: Scientists explain that synovial fluid present in your joints acts as a lubricant. The fluid contains the gases oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. When you pop or crack a joint, you stretch the joint capsule. Gas is rapidly released, which forms bubbles. In order to crack the same knuckle again, you have to wait until the gases return to the synovial fluid. Movement of joints, tendons and ligaments: When a joint moves, the tendons position changes and moves slightly out of place. You may hear a snapping sound as the tendon returns to its original position. In addition, your ligaments may tighten as you move your joints. This commonly occurs in your knee or ankle, and can make a cracking sound. Rough surfaces: Arthritic joints make sounds caused by the loss of smooth cartilage and the roughness of the joint surface. Hah, we already proved this one wrong. Many of us can crack many more joints than those listed! :lol: Bud rang in to ask, "What happens when you crack your joints, and is it bad for you?" Some scientists wanted to learn more about knuckle cracking, so they actually stuck a sensitive microphone onto a finger. They found that there wasn't just one single sound when you cracked a finger joint - there were actually two separate sounds. The joint space is the space between the bones. There is a liquid in this space, and there are ligaments on each side, holding the bones together. As you pull on the joint, you first drop the pressure in the joint space - and the ligaments get sucked in. Once this pressure gets low enough, a bubble pops into existence - making a popping sound, which is the first of the two sounds. Now this bubble has a certain size - on average, about 15% of the now-bigger joint space. Because the joint space suddenly has a bubble in it, the liquid, just as suddenly, pushes on the ligaments - snapping them back to their original position. This snapping back of the ligaments is the second sound. The energy set loose inside the joint is only about 7% of what you need to damage the cartilage. But if you crack your knuckles often enough, you can end up with swollen ligaments. Another study looked at 300 people who had been cracking knuckle joints for 35 years. They had slightly swollen joints (which is no big deal). But the real surprise was that their hands were weaker - their grip strength was one quarter as strong as it should been! So cracking your knuckles won't bother you in the short term, but 35 years from now, you might not be able to open a jar of Vegemite! The following references are given to investigate this further: o Jearl Walker, The Flying Circus of Physics, by Jearl Walker, ISBN 0-471-02984-x, 1975, p. 226. Jorge Castellanos & David Axelrod, 'Effect of habitual knuckle cracking on hand function', Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, Vol. 49, 1990, pp. 308-309. o Sam W. Wiesel, M.D. etal, 'Occipitoatlantal Hypermobility', Spine, Vol. 4, May/June 1979, pp. 187-189. o John F. Rothrock, M.D., 'Vertebral artery occlusion and stroke from cervical self-manipulation', Neurology, October 1991, p. 1696. Raymond Brodeur, D.C., Ph.D., 'The Audible Release Associated with Joint Manipulation', Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Vol. 18, No. 3, March/April, 1995, pp. 155-164. Another article by the Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine at the University of Washington on multiple causes for joint popping sounds: Joints can make different noises–some are serious and some are not. **Some people learn how to "pop their knuckles." By pushing or pulling a joint in a certain way, an air bubble can suddenly appear in the joint with a "pop." Once the bubble is there the joint cannot be popped again until the air has been reabsorbed. Some joints crack as the ligaments and tendons that pass over them slide past bumps on the bones. Individuals who "crack their neck" make noise in this way.** Other joints lock up intermittently–often with a loud pop--because something gets caught in between the joint surfaces. A torn cartilage in the knee or a loose piece of bone or cartilage in the joint can do this. Once a joint is stuck in this way, it may need to be wiggled around to unlock it. This may also cause a pop. Finally, joints that are arthritic may crack and grind. These noises usually occur each time the joint is moved. This noise is due to the roughness of the joint surface due to loss of the smooth cartilage. I took the liberty to mark the two types in bold which are the common ones in this community. Wow good links JointCracker, thanks

<urn:uuid:14af5f20-d4a6-48c5-9471-75682098b540>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.jointcrackers.com/topic/17/what-causes-the-popping-sound

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371700247.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407085717-20200407120217-00195.warc.gz

en

Wales - an introduction From: Howells, M F. 2007. British regional geology: Wales. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. This book describes the geology of Wales that is shown on the 1:625 000 scale geological map of the Principality of Wales and replaces earlier editions of this series in which north and south Wales were described in separate volumes. Unlike the earlier editions, some of the most pertinent data, retrieved in recent years, from the offshore areas, Liverpool Bay, Caernarfon Bay, Cardigan Bay and the Bristol Channel, have been included. These data serve to complete the geological history and context of Wales and especially so in reference to plate tectonic models. Within Wales and the adjacent sea, elements of all the major geological systems are to be found (P916216), and for much of the country the differences in the geology (P916142) and map in back pocket) are reflected in the topography (P916143) and the scenery. The main exception is the low-lying coastal area of south Wales, between south Glamorgan and Pembrokeshire, which is underlain by folded Palaeozoic rocks but lacks the topographical features of similar strata at higher elevations inland. The contrast reflects a difference in the erosional history, with the coastal areas having been submerged and repeatedly eroded by the sea in more recent geological times. In Anglesey and Llŷn, there is the largest outcrop of Precambrian rocks in southern Britain, and smaller outcrops occur in Pembrokeshire, Carmarthenshire and Radnorshire. However, Wales is dominated by Lower Palaeozoic rocks — the Cambrian and Ordovician in Llŷn, Snowdonia National Park and north Pembrokeshire and the Silurian over much of central Wales. The sequence is mainly of marine sedimentary rocks, and the recognition of distinctive facies and thickness changes across the outcrops has allowed detailed reconstruction of a marine basin and its shorelines throughout this time. Within the Cambrian, the sedimentary rocks range from silty mudstone, such as those displayed in the great quarries between Nantlle and Bethesda in the north Wales slate belt, and coarse-grained sandstone, as exposed in the castellated ridges of the Rhinog Mountains. The basin in which the sediments accumulated was initiated by major fractures in the Precambrian basement and its evolution was controlled by periodic tectonic activity along these fractures, causing both uplift and subsidence. During Ordovician times, volcanic activity was a major feature and the thick accumulations of widely variable volcanic rocks profoundly modified the sedimentary environments. The spectacular scenery throughout the Snowdonia National Park is due largely to the volcanic rocks and their resistance to weathering (P662385). Similarly, in Pembrokeshire, the indented coastline around the northern headland of St Bride’s Bay (P662386) reflects the differing resistance to erosion of the volcanic rocks and the interbedded, less competent sedimentary rocks. In late Ordovician and Silurian times, when major volcanic activity had ceased, sedimentation was dominated by fine silt and mud which, when lithified, uplifted and eroded, produced the characteristically smooth profiles of the hills through much of central Wales and the Denbigh moors (Mynydd Hiraethog). During late Silurian and early Devonian times, the Lower Palaeozoic basin contracted and the rocks were folded and uplifted in the final phase (Acadian) of the Caledonian orogeny to form part of a continental surface that extended from the position of the Bristol Channel into northern Britain; at this time the sea lay to the south. The major folds of this orogeny in Wales, such as the Harlech and Berwyn ‘domes’ and the intervening Central Wales Syncline, can be discerned in the current topography. Similarly, the line of the Bala Fault Zone and its branch along Tal y Llyn and the Dysynni valley is well featured. The emergent land was the site of fluvial, alluvial and lacustrine sedimentation, which produced the Old Red Sandstone continental facies in late Silurian and Devonian times. These Old Red Sandstone rocks are well exposed from Pembrokeshire in the west, through the scarp feature of the Black Mountains and Brecon Beacons, to Herefordshire in the east, and for much of this outcrop they lie with marked discordance on the eroded surface of the folded Lower Palaeozoic sequence. The rich agricultural terrain in the lower ground of the Old Red Sandstone outcrops contrasts sharply with the relatively impoverished ground at similar altitudes in the Lower Palaeozoic outcrops. The absence of Middle Devonian rocks across Wales reflects uplift, possibly the final expression of the Caledonian orogeny. As a result, the Upper Old Red Sandstone sequence is incomplete and everywhere rests unconformably on older strata. The appearance of marine fossils towards the top of this sequence indicates the initiation of a marine transgression, from the south, which reached its full expression in early Carboniferous times. The Carboniferous rocks accumulated in shallow basins marginal to a remnant of the landmass, formerly known as St George’s Land but now generally referred to as the Wales–Brabant Massif. This landmass occupied most of the area of central and north Wales. In early Carboniferous times, the influx of coarse detritus from this low-relief landmass was minimal, and conditions were ideal for the precipitation of carbonate to form the extensive limestones that are a dominant feature of the scenery in south Pembrokeshire and Gower in south Wales and on Anglesey, at Great Orme (P662387) and on Mynydd Eglwysseg, near Llangollen in north Wales. In addition, they form an almost continuous and well-defined outcrop around the major east–west-orientated syncline of the South Wales Coalfield and, in the north, they overstep on to the Lower Palaeozoic strata on the east side of the Clwydian Hills and in the Vale of Clwyd. In later Carboniferous times, uplift caused temporary emergence of the depositional surface and much coarse clastic debris was deposited in a complex of brackish deltas that were periodically flooded by marine incursions. Tropical rain forest developed along the low lying coastline; the accumulations of vegetation in swamp conditions developed into layers of peat, which eventually lithified into the coal seams of the Upper Carboniferous. The numerous coal seams are the result of the constant repetition of these processes, which were accommodated by subsidence being related to continued tectonic activity. It is the exploitation of the coal, clay and ironstone within this part of the stratigraphical column that has profoundly modified the scenery of the south Wales valleys over the last two centuries. The earth movements or tectonism that affected the sedimentation patterns in early Carboniferous times reached its climax in the Variscan orogeny, in the late Carboniferous, when the sequence was folded and uplifted to form part of a mountain chain, the Variscides, which extended eastwards from southern Ireland into north-west Europe. In south Wales, where the affects of this period of deformation are most clearly recognised, an east–westtrending syncline from Pembrokeshire to Monmouthshire forms a major topographical feature, but the most intense folding and faulting is displayed in the coastal sections in Pembrokeshire and south Gower. Following the Variscan orogeny, a new cycle of erosion and sedimentation was initiated and a different fauna and flora, characteristic of the Mesozoic era, was established. The red sandstones and siltstones of the Permian and Trias comprise material derived mainly from the erosion of the Carboniferous rocks and redeposited in a semi-arid environment. The sequence crops out in the Vale of Glamorgan, in the south, and on the western flank of the Cheshire Basin and the Vale of Clwyd, in the north. Progressively, the Triassic landmass was submerged and, in early Jurassic times, the grey marine mudstone and thin limestones that are so graphically displayed in the cliff sections in south Glamorgan were deposited. Extensive and thick sequences of these Mesozoic rocks also occur in the immediate offshore areas. Whether the later Cretaceous (Chalk) sea completely submerged Palaeozoic Wales is a matter of some contention. Towards the end of Mesozoic times, the repercussions of the Alpine orogeny in southern Europe constituted the main influence on the configuration of land and sea. Most of the area was uplifted, although throughout much of Cainozoic times a marine basin persisted along the Irish Sea. Offshore hydrocarbon exploration has revealed thick sequences of both Cainozoic and Quaternary strata that were derived entirely from the adjacent land. Onshore, evidence of the Pleistocene glaciation is almost entirely of the last glacial episode when local ice covered most of Wales; the most graphic evidence is displayed in erosional features in the upland areas, both valleys and ridges, and particularly in Snowdonia. At the same time a major ice sheet occupied the Irish Sea, and its southward movement was deflected by the north edge of the Welsh landmass forcing it across Anglesey and Llŷn in the west and into Cheshire and Shropshire in the east. At the beginning of Holocene times the climate showed marked signs of improvement and, in a short time, a deciduous forest was established over most of Wales. Sea level changes continued subsequent to the melting of the ice sheets and it was not until some 5000 years ago that current sea level was attained. However, the submerged forests which are such a feature around the coast of Wales, together with the extensive tracts of river and estuarine alluvium, indicate the continued changes in the relative positions of land and sea. BOSWELL, P G H. 1949. The middle Silurian rocks of north Wales. (London: Edward Arnold.) COPE, J C W, INGHAM, J K, and RAWSON, P F. 1992. Atlas of palaeogeography and litho-facies. (London: The Geological Society.) DE LA BECHE, H T. 1866. The geology of south Wales. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Museum of Economic Geology in London, Vol. 3, 1–296. HARKER, A. 1889. The Bala volcanic rocks of Caernarvonshire. (Cambridge: University Press.) JONES, O T. 1938. Anniversary address on the evolution of a geosyncline. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 94, lx–cx. JONES, O T. 1956. The geological evolution of Wales and the adjacent regions. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 111, 323–351. Mitchell, W I (editor). 2004. The geology of Northern Ireland. Second edition. (W & G Baird Ltd, Antrim: for Geological Survey of Northern Ireland.) MURCHISON, R I. 1839. The Silurian System. (London: Murray.) RAMSAY, A C. 1866. On the denudation of south Wales and the adjacent counties of England. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Museum of Economic Geology in London, Vol. 3, 297–335. RAMSAY, A C, SALTER, J W, and ETHERIDGE, R. 1881. The geology of north Wales. Second edition. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. (London: HMSO.) TRUEMAN, A E. 1924. The species concept in palaeontology. Geological Magazine, Vol. 61, 335–340.

<urn:uuid:c549e627-07ba-442f-83d5-d1230da296d7>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Wales_-_an_introduction

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370524604.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404165658-20200404195658-00394.warc.gz

en

March 29, 2019 By September 1791 ‘Mill A’, as it became known, was fully erected and producing. This followed four years of largely trial and error development in a smaller mill at Adel, called Scotland Mill, where Marshall had worked with several partners and investors, including a promising young engineer called Matthew Murray. Murray eventually patented the flax spinning machinery that would make Marshall’s millions, and he and Marshall crucially developed a way to replicate the machinery to mass-produce. And hence the industrial revolution in Leeds was born. Mill A was four storeys high and around 9,000 square feet in size. The following year a hackling shop was built, and a warehouse, counting house, drying sheds, smiths and joiners’ shops, a retaining wall to the north of the Beck and a number of smaller structures including domestic dwellings, storage, gas houses and stables. At first Mill A was water-powered but they soon developed steam power in the form of a 20HP steam engine manufactured by Boulton & Watt. Marshall was on his way to vast riches. John Marshall was the first industrialist to build a mill in the area, which in little over 40 years’ time would be a thick and unsightly concentration of machinery, noise, people and grime. By the mid-1800s Holbeck was an area so polluted by industry it was said that “even the crows fly backwards to avoid getting soot in their eyes”. But Marshall’s hunger for development meant he had built a second mill before the city’s movers and shakers had even worked out what he was doing. Within two years Marshall had sought further expansion in the new industrial heartland of Holbeck, this time funded by accepting £9,000 in capital from customers Thomas and Benjamin Benyon of Shrewsbury for a half share of profits. In 1794 the new partnership bought more land on Water Lane from David Rider for £2300. Part of this was adjacent to Mill A for construction of Mill B, and another part was on the south side of Water Lane for future expansion. (A timeline of Marshall's developments in Holbeck) Mill B was an ambitious five storeys high and at 29,000 square feet was three times the size of Mill A, thus reflecting the speed with which Marshall’s empire was developing. Mill B started production in September 1795, but a tragic fire in February 1796 completely destroyed it, killing seven workers and injuring a further 20 in the process. Marshall couldn’t hang about though. Fortunately for him, Mill B was only half filled with machinery at the time of the fire, causing £10,000 damage, half of which was covered by insurance, the other half by healthy profits already generated through the need for yarn as a result of a declaration of war with France in 1793. Therefore, Mill B was rebuilt immediately and finished in July. By the end of the year Marshall had 1800 spindles working in it and it was business as usual. Alas, apart from feint detail on historical maps, not much is known about Marshall’s first two flax mills, except that they made his fortune and helped develop Leeds as a global centre of industry. We know that by 1815 both mills were fully developed, but that Globe Road to the north of the site was yet to exist and instead there was just an open expanse of farmland. In the same year, Marshall started his development south of Water Lane, building Mill C as the first segment of the towering construction that still rises imposingly over Marshall Street today. This was bigger still than Mill B, and eventually led to the development of wet spinning, a technique that revolutionised the industry and gave Marshall’s business a much-needed shot in the arm in the face of a post-war malaise. Wet spinning led to Marshall building adjoining Mills D and E, forming a U-shaped complex with Mill C, and finally to the ‘jewel in the crown’ of Temple Mill in 1838. By this time, the original Mills A and B had become outdated, and indeed, Mill A was demolished in 1837 with Mill B eventually meeting a similar demise in 1852. It seems amazing that in 2019 we are still learning things about what happened 167 years ago. But then you can’t halt progress, and when an area has a smell of industry it is hard to stop it. The cooling reservoirs on the Mill A and B site were filled in and replaced by an underground culvert to river, which served Marshall’s other mills. The Marshall family abandoned that ground, but on it was quickly built a succession of industrial buildings including stabling for the railways, G & R Mortimer's Monk Bridge Bobbin and Shuttle Factory, a timber yard and in the early 1900s a chemical works. Part of the land was also affected by the construction of the Holbeck Viaduct, a hulking construction built as part of the London and Western Railway in 1882. Much like the eruption of Mount Vesuvius buried the ancient city of Pompei in layers of volcanic dust, so the scene of Marshall’s fledgling empire has been similarly preserved beneath overlaying construction waste. Or so we have recently discovered. (A diagram of the 29 trenches overlaid on a map showing the rough outline of Mills A and B) As part of the successful planning application for mixed use development by CEG, Northern Archaeological Associates (NAA) carried out a series of small excavations between September and November 2016. Commissioned by CEG, NAA identified 29 areas on the original site of Mills A and B, by then a dis-used brownfield site, which mirrored the known footprint of the mill buildings based on historical mapping. The objective of digging the 29 exploratory trenches was to establish the presence, nature, extent, preservation and significance of any archaeological remains within the site. Also, the plan was to record the findings and recover associated evidence, to determine which areas within the footprint of the proposed South Bank scheme might require archaeological mitigation in the form of preservation in situ, and whether anything needed to be preserved during construction or identified for further investigation. These evaluation trenches cut through a prohibitive miscellany of construction waste, demolition debris and industrial deposits built up over years of ‘modern’ construction, but unearthed wall foundations, stone-paved and cobbled foot surfaces, engine platforms, chimney bases, ceramic drains and other underground works. In addition, a painstaking hand excavation also unearthed a collection of artefacts including pottery, metal, animal bones, items of dress, leather from women’s shoes and personal items such as a teaspoon and a toothbrush. While hard to date specifically, these were mostly identified as being left or discarded in the time of Marshall’s occupation of the site, and all offered small clues as to the style of work and welfare practices of the time. Animal bones were found from sheep, cattle, pigs and a cat, all of which, apart from the cat presumably, are expected to have been food waste, while the pottery was various forms of domestic wares, some of which was identified as being sourced from the Lazencroft factory, which produced pottery in east Leeds at the time. Miscellaneous items found included extensive window glass, a ceramic marble, a leather gasket, an iron nail, and fragments of clay pipe stem, with the only evidence of machinery as such being a small flywheel. (Four of the trial trenches. Photos credit: © Northern Archaeological Associates) None of this is considered of great archaeological importance unfortunately, but crucially, the trenches targeted the majority of the buildings thought to have existed on Marshall’s site, although the degrees of structural preservation varied. They also gave clues as to certain events during Marshall’s time, such as building expansions and occasions of localised flooding, and they offered evidence that much of the subsequent construction on the site was built using Marshall’s original foundations; it being fairly easy to identify which of the construction was 1790s and what came much later. The findings from the archaeological digs were referred to West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service (WYAAS) to assess the significance of any remains, and whether they would affect the development proposals. A report dated April 2017 by NAA details these findings, and in June 2017 an additional three trenches were dug to further investigate and identify underground brick-vaulted water culverts. All this archaeological recording has awaited further development until planning permission for the site overall was granted in late 2018, and WYAAS confirmed the method statement for the further archaeological investigations. An accumulation of debris from construction and manufacturing processes in the 19th and 20th centuries has protected the surviving architectural elements at a typical depth of 0.5-1m. Hence the plan now is to excavate all of those areas of the site where intriguing remains may lie, once demolition clearance of existing buildings has been completed. Project management specialists Pierre Angulaire are working in conjunction with CEG and have engaged archaeological excavation experts (Ecus Ltd) to unearth, or as appropriate leave in situ, interesting remains of both Mill A and Mill B. From this exercise it can be decided whether any features can be reflected into new designs for the South Bank development of the site, but the greater understanding of the pinpointed and true ‘birthplace’ of the industrial revolution in Leeds will be a worthwhile outcome in itself. The archaeological excavations are due to start before the end of March 2019 and the first phase will last five weeks. It would be wonderful to think that some of the walls, paved walkways, cobbled paths and brick structures can somehow be reflected in the new public realm or incorporated into the foundations of spanking new, high-rise structures, essentially meaning that John Marshall still has a hand in the future prosperity of Leeds, and importantly, that Leeds is still remembering him, still thanking him and still preserving his legacy.

<urn:uuid:9b2bc24f-aece-47e8-983f-a4d218e3dd9a>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.aleedsrevolution.co.uk/history-beneath-our-feet---digging-for-the-lost-world-of-john-marshalls-leeds

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497042.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330120036-20200330150036-00235.warc.gz

en

The best of EcoWatch, right in your inbox. Sign up for our email newsletter! How America's Dairyland Is Polluted by Factory Farms The slogan on Wisconsin’s license plate—“America’s Dairyland”—celebrates the state’s number one agricultural activity and iconic status as a milk and cheese producer. What it doesn’t reveal is how dramatically the dairy industry in Wisconsin and in other parts of the U.S. has been changing, or the environmental concerns those changes pose. While milk carton imagery pictures bucolic, small farms, more than 50 percent of U.S. milk is now produced by just three percent of the country’s dairies—those with more than 1,000 cows, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The very largest U.S. dairies now have 15,000 or more cows. Photo courtesy of Shutterstock With this increased concentration of milking cows comes a corresponding concentration of manure production. And what happens to this manure is at the heart of the pollution issues surrounding the dairy industry. In Wisconsin, several dairy operations are now facing opposition to plans to expand their herds. Porous karst soils in the parts of Wisconsin where a significant portion of dairy expansion is occurring present some unique environmental issues. Run-off from dairy farms and other agricultural activities has seeped into aquifers and elevated levels of nitrogen, in some instances to unsafe concentrations; in one recent case, the Wisconsin Department of Justice levied a $65,000 fine against a dairy operation for contaminating groundwater. Neighbors of Kinnard Farms dairy, located in the Kewaunee County town of Lincoln—an area of karst soils—are now in court challenging the state’s approval of a permit that would allow the dairy to expand its herd from 4,000 to more than 6,000 milking cows. About 50 percent of the town’s private wells currently have water that exceeds bacteria or nitrate safety standards. Residents opposing the State Department of Natural Resources (DNR) permit contend that it lacks sufficient information about how the dairy will manage the tens of millions of gallons of liquid manure its cows will produce. U.S. farm consolidation is nothing new, but recent changes in the dairy industry are transforming the business in ways that are increasingly worrisome to regulators, residents and environmental groups. Wisconsin embodies this consolidation trend. DNR figures show the number of Wisconsin dairy farms with more than 500 cows grew by about 150 percent in the past decade. At the same time, the overall number of dairy farms dropped by about one-third, just as they have nationwide. The number of U.S. dairy operations with 2,000 or more cows has grown faster than those of any other size as milk production has increased about 20 percent. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) a 2,000-cow dairy generates more than 240,000 pounds of manure daily or nearly 90 million pounds a year. The USDA estimates that the manure from 200 milking cows produces as much nitrogen as sewage from a community of 5,000 to 10,000 people. This year and last, Wisconsin has fined several dairy operations for manure spills and manure runoff. According to an analysis by the Milwaukie Journal Sentinel, in 2013 a record number of manure spills—more than 1 million gallons worth—were recorded in Wisconsin. The newspaper reported that from 2007 to 2013, the state experienced an average of 15 manure spills annually from dairy farms. Roughly one-third of those spills came from large Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO). “Wisconsin,” says Clean Wisconsin staff attorney Elizabeth Wheeler, “has a nitrate problem.” Wisconsin is hardly alone in grappling with this problem. Similar pollution issues—primarily from spills related to manure storage—have been cropping up across the country. Some recent cases include: - In February, in Michigan’s Allegan County, a stormwater system failure at a dairy with a 1-million-gallon manure lagoon spilled manure into nearby waterways, creating a visible plume five miles long. - In Yakima, WA, the Community Association for Restoration of the Environment and the Center for Food Safety allege in an ongoing lawsuit now in federal court that manure spreading by five large dairies has caused nitrate and other contamination of groundwater and violates the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The plaintiffs contend that the way the manure is being applied is the equivalent of dumping solid waste, an activity covered by RCRA that has not previously been applied to manure spreading. The dairies filed a motion this month to dismiss the charges. - In Canton, MN, a wall on an above-ground manure storage tank broke last April, spilling roughly 1 million gallons of manure. In one of the larger cases of manure pollution in recent years, an estimated 15 million gallons of manure, water, and other matter spilled in 2010 into a slough that drains into the Snohomish River in Washington state, when a berm on a dairy farm’s manure lagoon failed. Erin Fitzgerald, senior vice president for sustainability at the Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy, a trade group, says a dairy’s size does not determine how well its environmental impacts are managed. William Matthews, Oregon Department of Agriculture CAFO program manager, concurs. “There are stellar operators of all sizes,” he says. Fitzgerald’s organization stresses the need for nutrient and water quality management plans tailored for each operation, and says dairy is “one of the most regulated and inspected industries in agriculture.” She also touts the industry’s voluntary commitment to “best practices” and improving its environmental footprint, including its 2008 commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 25 percent. Milking cows, explains the EPA, produce more manure than beef cattle and the Holsteins that dominate the U.S. dairy industry produce almost twice as much manure as Jerseys. Cows that give more milk per cow also produce more manure and per-cow milk production has almost doubled since the 1970s. Historically, dairies dealt with manure by applying it to fields as fertilizer, as many do today. But as dairy herds have grown, a single farm often has more manure than it can use at any one time. Excess is typically stored in lagoons. “When it comes to the environmental impacts of concentrated dairy operations, it all comes down to manure management,” says Kendra Kimbirauskas, board director of Friends of Family Farmers. Questions about manure management have prompted opposition to a number of Wisconsin dairy operations’ plans for large or expanded herds. One of these farms is Burr Oak Heifers, located in Wisconsin’s Central Sands region, an area known for its porous souls. Burr Oak Heifers is seeking a Wisconsin DNR permit to house 3,100 cows, which are expected to produce an estimated 3.32 million gallons of liquid manure and 45,900 tons of solid manure annually. In 2013, the farm, operating under a different business name, was fined $65,000 by the state for contaminating groundwater, including private well water. The permit now up for approval would grant the farm an exception to Wisconsin’s groundwater nitrate concentration limit of 10 parts per million (ppm) and permit its nitrate discharge at 28 ppm. Clean Wisconsin’s Wheeler calls the proposed nitrate discharge exemption “unprecedented.” The DNR explains that the exemption is based on background levels of nitrate present in groundwater coming onto the site from other sources, and that the permit will require groundwater monitoring and a “nutrient management plan” designed to control manure storage and how and when manure is spread on fields. The goal of such plans include preventing application of more nutrients than a farm’s soil can absorb and making sure it’s applied when it won’t easily run off, as in winter when the ground is frozen. Wheeler notes that dairies have typically spread manure on their own fields to fertilize forage and other crops or contracted with other farms to do so. On small farms, the ratio of cows to pasture land generally allows for a sustainable nitrogen balance. But the majority of U.S. dairy herds are confined to barns throughout their entire lives and shuttle between stalls and milking parlors in enclosed corrals and corridors and eat silage and grain grown elsewhere. “We’ve kind of taken Mother Nature out of the picture,” says John Haarsma, manager of Rickreall Dairy, an Oregon operation with 3,500 cows. In excess, manure’s nutrients—largely nitrogen and phosphorus—can create problems. Too much in surface water can create algae blooms that result in hypoxic or oxygen-deprived dead zones. According to the EPA, excess nutrients from agriculture, including chemical fertilizers and dairy manure, are a major source of water pollution across the U.S. In Wisconsin, explains DNR hydrogeologist Bill Phelps, about 10 percent of all private wells exceed the state’s nitrate water quality standard. In areas of high agricultural activity where fertilizer use is high, this percentage rises to about 30 percent, said Phelps. Manure also contains pathogens that may include E.coli and other fecal coliforms. In addition, manure often contains pharmaceuticals—antibacterials and hormones—given to many dairy cows to fight disease and promote growth. Some of Kewaunee County’s wells have tested positively for estrogenic, endocrine disrupting compounds. The source has not been pinpointed, but numerous studies suggest that CAFOs, through their use of pesticides and hormones, are a source of some estrogenic compounds that enter U.S. drinking water. In New York, now the country’s third-largest milk producing state, dairy expansion has also become an environmental issue. An ongoing lawsuit is challenging a 2013 regulation change that would increase the size of dairies allowed to operate without a nutrient management plan from 199 to 299 cows. Environmental advocates say the New York Department of Environmental Conservation failed to consider environmental impacts. “It was made for economic reasons,” to support the state’s booming Greek yogurt industry, says Rivekeeper staff attorney Michael Dulong. Lack of measures to prevent catastrophic manure spills is among the reasons Environmental Advocates of New York policy director Katherine Nadeau gives for her organization’s opposition to this regulation change. She cites a 2005 incident in which 3 million gallons of manure spilled from a New York dairy into a nearby river, killing thousands of fish. One day this winter, I visited one of the dwindling number of smaller U.S. dairies—Double J Jerseys, a 200-cow dairy operation in Oregon’s Willamette Valley. As I arrived cows munched clover in the barnyard, near the Bansens’ front door. Jon Bansen, a third-generation dairy farmer who produces milk for the Organic Valley co-op, said that the ratio of cows to pasture on smaller farms leads to a sustainable nitrogen balance. The steady rise of large-scale dairy operations, he said, has been “fueled by cheap fuel and cheap feed,” adding, “more is not always better." YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE EcoWatch Daily Newsletter By Jeff Turrentine From day to day, our public health infrastructure — the people and systems we've put in place to keep populations, as opposed to individuals, healthy — largely goes unnoticed. That's because when it's working well, its success takes the form of utter normalcy. Cell Phone Tracking Analysis Shows Where Florida Springbreakers and New Yorkers Fleeing Coronavirus Went to Next By Eoin Higgins A viral video showing cell phone data collected by location accuracy company X-Mode from spring break partiers potentially spreading the coronavirus around the U.S. has brought up questions of digital privacy even as it shows convincingly the importance of staying home to defeat the disease. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a policy memo yesterday that is an expansive relaxation of legally mandated regulations on polluting industries, saying that industries may have trouble adhering to the regulations while they are short-staffed during the coronavirus global pandemic, according to the AP.

<urn:uuid:4fa0d8db-5aff-4e66-9397-51903fa47806>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.ecowatch.com/how-americas-dairyland-is-polluted-by-factory-farms-1881917302.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370492125.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328164156-20200328194156-00074.warc.gz

en

Make plans to visit Ravenna if you want to see amazing glistening mosaics. Ravenna is a city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Mosaics adorn many buildings including: 1. The octagonal Basilica di San Vitale, 2. the 6th-century Basilica di Sant’Apollinare Nuovo 3. The cross-shaped Mausoleo di Galla Placidia 4. The Mausoleo di Teodorico built in the 6th century for King Theodoric the Great. It is a Gothic, circular stone tomb with a monolithic dome. “It has a unique collection of early Christian mosaics and monuments. All eight buildings – the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, the Neonian Baptistery, the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, the Arian Baptistery, the Archiepiscopal Chapel, the Mausoleum of Theodoric, the Church of San Vitale and the Basilica of Sant’Apollinare in Classe – were constructed in the 5th and 6th centuries. They show great artistic skill, including a wonderful blend of Graeco-Roman tradition, Christian iconography and oriental and Western styles.” UNESCO Ravenna was initially the seat of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Visigoth Empire and finally the Byzantine Italian Empire under Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora until the 8th century. Ravenna was the capital of the Western Roman Empire for 150 years. In 402 A.D., the Roman Emperor Honorius transferred the Western Roman Empire from Milan to Ravenna for security purposes and the city engaged in a imperial face-lift. The Galla Placidia Mausoleum was built in the 5th century as a family tomb by the Empress with magnificent mosaics in gold and peacock blue. When Cole Porter was on his honeymoon in Ravenna, he was so moved by the mosaics that he wrote the legendary song “Night and Day” about the 900 glistening stars in the copula. Here’s the UNESCO Long Description of each building in Ravenna: “The early Christian religious monuments in Ravenna are of outstanding significance by virtue of the supreme artistry of the mosaic art that they contain, and also because of the crucial evidence that they provide of artistic and religious relationships and contacts at an important period of European cultural history. In the reign of Augustus the port of Classis was established at Ravenna. Following the barbarian invasions of the 5th century, Honorius made it his capital. His sister, Galla Placidia, lived in Ravenna during her widowhood in the first half of the 5th century, and made it a centre of Christian art and culture. With the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476, Ravenna entered into a period of prosperity and influence. It was taken by Belisarius in 540 and remained the centre of Byzantine control in Italy until 752. Its subsequent history was one of decline and stagnation. After 1441 it was under Venetian and then papal rule. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, built in the second quarter of the 5th century, has a plain bare exterior lightened by pilasters that meet in arches and is crowned by a brick dome concealed by a small quadrangular tower. The interior is lavishly decorated. The lower part is clad in panels of yellow marble and the remainder is entirely covered in mosaics. The building is in the western Roman architectural tradition. The Neonian Baptistery, built by Bishop Orso in the early 5th century, was decorated with mosaics by his successor, Neone, around 450. The interior consists of four apses, articulated into two orders of arches, rising to the great cupola. The large mosaic medallion at the apex of the dome shows the Baptism of Christ by John the Baptist. This is the finest and most complete surviving example of the early Christian baptistry. The Basilica of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo was built in the early years of the 6th century. Inside the interior is divided by 24 marble columns into a nave and two aisles, with a rounded apse. At the present time mosaics cover the two side walls at the foot of the nave, from the ceiling to the tops of the supporting arches, in three decorated fascias. Those in the upper two fascias are in traditional Roman style whereas those in the third show strong Byzantine influence. The Arian Baptistery, built by Theodoric next to his cathedral, was reconsecrated with the overthrow of the Arian heresy in 561 and became an oratory dedicated to the Virgin Mary. It is a small brick building, octagonal in plan with four flat sides and four with protruding apses. Only the dome retains its mosaic decoration. The iconography of the mosaics is of importance in that it illustrates the Trinity, a somewhat unexpected element in the art of an Arian building as the Trinity was not accepted in this doctrine. The Archiepiscopal Chapel, the private oratory of the orthodox bishops, was built around 500. The chapel is in the shape of a Greek cross with an apse on the eastern arm; it is covered by a cross-vault and preceded by a rectangular vestibule. The lower part of the walls is covered with marble, with mosaics above. The Mausoleum of Theodoric was built by Theodoric shortly before his death in 526. It is in two storeys, the lower 10-sided with a niche and a small window in each side. The significance of the mausoleum lies in its style and decoration, which owe nothing to Roman or Byzantine art, although it makes use of the Roman stone-construction technique of opus quadratum , which had been abandoned four centuries before. It is the unique surviving example of a tomb of a barbarian king of this period. The Church of San Vitale was completed around 547. It was fronted by a large quadroportico, converted into a cloister when the church became part of a Benedictine monastery. There are two storeys, the upper one encircling the dome. The apse, which is semi-circular on the interior and polygonal on the outside, is flanked by two small rectangular rooms terminating in niches and two semi-circular sacristies. The Basilica of Sant’Apollinare in Classe was built in the first half of the 6th century, commissioned by Bishop Ursicinus. The narthex is incorporated in the central body of the facade, framed by two pilasters.” UNESCO I loved the Basilica of Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo that was erected by Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great as his palace chapel during the 6th century. There are magnificent mosaics, depicting Jesus’ miracles and parables; and the Passion and Resurrection. When UNESCO inscribed the church on the World Heritage List, its claimed: “both the exterior and interior of the basilica graphically illustrate the fusion between the western and eastern styles characteristic of the late 5th to early 6th century. This is one of the most important buildings from the period of crucial cultural significance in European religious art”. Ravenna’s proximity to the sea and unique collection of early Christian mosaics and monuments make it an incredibly desirable travel destination. The Torre del Pubblico leans more than the Tower of Pisa. Dante’s tomb is located on Via Dante Alighieri. Beautiful beaches are found in the Punta Marina di Ravenna. Ravenna flourished under the Byzantine Empire. All eight artistically noteworthy buildings including: the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, the Neonian Baptistery, the Basilica of Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo, the Arian Baptistery, the Archiepiscopal Chapel, the Mausoleum of Theodoric, the Church of San Vitale and the Basilica of Sant’ Apollinare in Classe were constructed in the 5th and 6th centuries. The octagonal baptistery contains a beautiful mosaic of John the Baptist and Christ. Ravenna’s mosaics are considered to be the finest in the world outside Istanbul. “The artistry of the mosaics and monuments presents an enlightened blend of Greco-Roman, Christian iconography, oriental and Western genres. Ravenna provides a glimpse into artistic and religious relationships during an important period of European cultural history.” UNESCO The Basilica of San Vitale is amazing! The church was begun by Bishop Ecclesius in 526, when Ravenna was under the rule of the Ostrogoths. The church has an octagonal plan. Ravenna offers an array of annual events including the prestigious summer “Ravenna Festival” with opera performances, classical music and ballet. In September, the Basilica of San Francesco conducts Progetto Dante: “La Divina Commedia nel Mondo” with readings from Dante’s Divine Comedy. The Basilica was built in the 5th century and completely re-built between the 10th and 11th centuries. Dante Alighieri’s funeral was held here in 1321. If you need some nourishment between mosaics, go to Ca de Ven. This enoteca in Romagne was outstanding! Make plans to attend the Giovinbacco Festival in November @ www.giovinbacco.it in the Province of Ravenna when they celebrate the evolution of Sangiovese de Romagna wine. In the peaceful Piazza dell Popola, or beside the Marina di Ravenna, you can enjoy a pleasant “Vino con Vista.” Have a glass of Rosso Ravenna, Bianco Ravenna or Sangiovese de Romagna Superiore Riserva with your Parmigiano Reggiano. Ravenna is famous for its olive oil from Brisighella, and the vineyards from prestigious Albana. Think about that Ducati or Ferrari you’ve had your eye on as you watch the Italians enjoy their testosterone infused rides. If you prefer, you can plan your next mosaic tile project as you sip your delicious Lambrusco at one of the charming cafes. If you dine at Gigiole on Piazza Couvour or Antica Trattoria al Gallo 1909 on via Maggione, try some Tagliatelle Bolognese. In this region, they love cheese and butter; so don’t forget to take your cholesterol medication. Dine at the Buon Ricordo destination at the Ristorante Hotel Tino in Massa Lombarda @ Via Resistenza, 22 (www.tinomassalombarda.it). The “Ossobuco del Cavaliere” comes with a charming collector plate depicting a knight on horseback. The veal is served with saffron risotto. Dine in the charming courtyard of this hotel. Dr. EveAnn Lovero writes Travel Guides to Italy. To learn more about Italy read www.vino-con-vista.com Travel Guides.

<urn:uuid:743f127f-95c5-4692-9330-e9536ead448e>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://vinoconvistablog.me/2019/06/25/mangia-and-vino-con-vista-in-ravenna-a-unesco-site-in-emilia-romagna/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493684.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329015008-20200329045008-00394.warc.gz

en

If anything underscores the fact that high-precision, global, real-time GNSS is real, viable, and here for the long run, it is the news that the International GNSS Service (IGS) has launched an open access real-time precise-point-positioning (PPP) service. While a few years behind some commercial (and sometimes proprietary) real-time PPP services, this international cooperative of scientific and academic partners (formed to serve geodetic and geophysical research and reference frameworks) launching RTS-IGS is a truly significant development on many levels. On April 2, 2013 the International GNSS Service issued a press release announcing a real-time, global (and free) GNSS precise-point-positioning service. To fully understand why this news should be viewed as significant for surveyors, we need to back up a bit and answer a few questions, like what is the IGS, and what is PPP? An examination of these questions can be found in the article “Beyond RTK” in the June 2012 issue of Professional Surveyor. A thumbnail of these two terms is: IGS – International GNSS Service: An international cooperative of scientific, academic, and respective national geodetic concerns, such as JPL, NASA, the BKG (the federal geodesy and cartographic agency in Germany), Geosciences Australia, Natural resources Canada (NRCAN), and many more—too many to mention. Key for surveyors to consider is that the IGS is a service of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) and the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS), and surveyors are going to be exposed to more global geodesy in coming years. (It might be hard to see how so many countries could agree on such matters, but as one IGS wonk mused “the politicians cannot agree on anything, but the scientists can.”) But what do all of these affiliations and acronyms do for us? The earth-centered-earth-fixed reference frameworks (ECEF) that we are increasingly dependent on are established, operated, and maintained by these entities, and as the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) moves to closer alignment (and eventual full adoption of) the International Terrestrial Reference Framework (ITRF), the Earth itself (and the framework stewarded by the IGS) becomes the upstream geodetic reference. In short: the IGS is like the NGS for the whole globe. PPP – Precise Point Positioning: A method to achieve high-precision positions from GPS (and GNSS) uses primarily very precise orbit and clock data (from global and regional tracking systems) applied to the observations of a receiver. There are many kinds of tracked “products” that different flavors of PPP can use, such as clock, orbits, global and regional ionospheric models, and more. This has long been used for post-processing and through many free services like those hosted by NASA and NRCAN. But as Dr. Georg Weber has said on several occasions, “Why produce a daily newspaper if you are only going to deliver it once a week?” contrasting post-processing services with real-time. There are real-time products produced by the tracking infrastructure of the IGS and by commercial entities serving their own customers in key markets like precision agriculture, marine, and energy exploration. PPP is increasingly available via real-time services (RT-PPP), like those of John Deere, Fugro, Veripos, Trimble RTX, and others. These are for-fee and/or proprietary authorized services, and the “products” are made available via real-time internet and/or satellite broadcasts. These private entities have established their own tracking capabilities to add local augmentation and refine their products for their customers with amazing results. RTS-IGS – There are two key reasons why the real-time PPP service of the IGS (RTS-IGS) is significant despite being a few years behind the commercial RT-PPP and arguably lower precisions (at this time). One is that the service is free—there’s no other way paint that as anything but significant. The other is that this new service is (or will become) an integral component of the ITRF, sharing the same tracking network, references, and contributing players/entities. But what does RTS-IGS deliver? If you have a decent dual (or even single) frequency receiver, with a decent antenna, you can fire it up anywhere in the world, and if the receiver is capable of processing the type of PPP products from the service (or you run one of a number of open-source applications like BNC or RTK-LIB on a laptop), and provided you have a live connection to the internet, you can (after an initial convergence time of 15-30 minutes) start taking decimeter level (or better) shots. Sounds like a lot of hoops to jump through for what a survey would likely consider low precision, but if you’ve ever tried to resolve geodesy in a remote part of the world then this can start to look like a godsend. Many surveyors already utilize post-processed PPP, and many involved in energy exploration, geotechnical, resource management etc, already utilize some of the commercial RT-PPP services (which have an edge with shorter convergence times and precisions). While this may not be quite ready for primetime for commercial development and residential cadastral surveys (but never say never; it can only get better), there are those who are chomping at the bit where use may be appropriate. Developers and researchers have been testing some of the IGS products, and once advance word got out of the impending launch of RTS-IGS, end users signed up and began testing and production usage. One such user, from an international geotech firm, told me excitedly the day of the launch how he took a $250 receiver, attached geodetic rover antenna, ran RTKLIB (open source at rtklib.com), and got decimeter precision testing in his backyard here in the U.S. Above are results from a 30-day test of the service by the Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (BKG). The results are not stellar (if compared to RTK), but this is achieved without localized infrastructure, is resolved to the ITRF in real-time, and is free. It will only get better. Resolving the fourth “D” of the ITRF in real-time is the other key point of significance, and probably the one with the most lasting impact. A labyrinth of legacy national, regional, and local systems has been developed to realize geodetic values, and the complexity has been compounded by having to reconcile temporal changes in published values for passive control—infrastructure that is becoming much harder to fund. Much of this may be by-passed, carefully and with proper procedures, in the future through the use of tools like RTS-IGS, which is precisely why the IGS has developed such tools. None of this affects the legal primacy of physical cadastral monumentation, but instead further enables the use (where appropriate) of geodetic tools in establishing relative positions for, and even preservation of, such valuable infrastructure. Dave Doyle (retired NGS and now geodesy editor for PSM) commented on the news, “This could really be a game changer. If the results [can soon be] in the range of just a few cm, I wonder if this won’t have an impact on [timelines] for pushing new geometric datums. A goal has been to roll out the geometric and geopotential [gravity-based vertical] datums at the same time, which really makes good sense. However, if everyone can start getting ITRF/IGS coordinates at the few cm level now then I suspect that this may force a re-think of that [timeline]. It will be interesting to see how this all shakes out.” When will we see this on our rovers? Developers I contacted indicated that development was well under way, and there are indeed PPP-enabled devices (typically for niche, scientific, or industrial uses) on the market. The specific Initial Operating Capability (IOC) documentation for RTS-IGS has just been released, and a notice to GNSS manufacturers from IGS states: “NTRIP-based streaming of GNSS correction data enables world-wide, highly accurate Precise Point Positioning (PPP) following the State Space Representation (SSR) approach wherever mobile communication is available. As NTRIP is an RTCM standard, no licensing is involved regarding stream transport or stream format, allowing GNSS equipment manufacturers to freely integrate this functionality into their products. To encourage this, IGS will consider on a case basis providing generic company accounts for the RTS broadcasters that allow direct access to the RTS correction streams without specific user registration. Once GNSS equipment manufacturers incorporate this functionality into their receiver firmware, RTS will be directly accessed through receivers having a built-in PPP capability.” You could expect to see this capability (or similar commercial services) in the release notes of the next (or soon thereafter) firmware releases of some types of rovers. For some surveyors the IGS announcement could be viewed as a prime example of what people mean when they say, “I have good news for you and bad news for you, but it is the same news.” Such a service holds promise for (at least future) uses by surveyors, but it can also waken that gorilla in the room of fear that soon high precision positioning will be in the hands of anyone and everyone. That notion would be fodder for a much longer discussion (and likely a heated one). But inasmuch as the positioning cat is already pretty much out of the bag, perhaps this news, and that of RT-PPP in general, should be viewed as an opportunity. There is more to the surveying profession than just measurement. Some non-surveyors may try the measurement part, but without the skills and knowledge of full context, a “precise” measurement in the wrong hands can only do them harm. For surveyors it is better to know what is coming down the pike than not—we should stay on top of such developments. PSM will continue to follow PPP and related developments closely.

<urn:uuid:7555e5a8-86ec-4c05-b423-eaf1dcd4b7db>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.xyht.com/professional-surveyor-archives/ppp-igs-announces-the-launch-of-rts-igs/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371660550.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406200320-20200406230820-00434.warc.gz

en

Panoramic photography, of the kind now common on digital cameras and smart phones, allows you to sweep your camera from a fixed point around 360 degrees (or part thereof) to produce a composite image to present either as a flat plane or to be revisited as an immersive simulacrum. What happens when bodies get in the way of the lens? There’s a long history to the body as photographic subject. Panoramic photography provides (or revives) lessons about the body and architectural space. Digital panoramic photography is enabled by extremely rapid in-camera processing that scans sequences of still images and detects overlaps between them. It stitches the component images together on the fly. (It sometimes also employs data from the camera’s motion sensors.) Smartphone panoramic photography is a recreational technology with similar appeal to that demonstrated in the popularity of nineteenth century public panoramas — circular buildings presenting scenes of cities, landscapes and battles. At least, digital panoramas render the process of creating such an immersive experience accessible to everyone. There’s an obvious educational value to consumer-oriented panoramic photography. It advances the rituals of personal record keeping, expands the tourist’s image consumption, and serves record-keeping by anyone interested in people and places, such as architects, urbanists, cultural theorists, and photo bloggers. Panoramic photography exemplifies and amplifies the first-person, single-point view. Like a guard positioned on a watchtower with a spotlight (at least according to the movies), the panoramic photographer stands in the centre of a circle, systematically scanning and exposing the world to view — for private gaze or for broadcasting. This friendly technology provides a soft-core, recreational exemplar of heavy-duty surveillance culture. There are side effects. Unlike those surveillance cameras mounted on poles, the sides of buildings or those secretive smokey glass hemisphere’s barnacled under shop ceilings, panoramic photographers are not machines. There’s an interesting choreography in play on the part of the photographer, and also of people in the line of fire as they dodge the lens. In the process (due also to parallax effects) bizarre things can happen to foregrounds, moving objects and human bodies. Such accidental objects can be rendered as elegant ephemeral blurs, Muybridgesque sprites, or distorted and dismembered grotesques. So panoramic photography, in its several aspects, might offer an illustration, metaphor or model for the way society deals with bodies in spaces in the digital age. Consider the grotesque body. As well as the accidental stitching of bodies through panoramic processing, misshapen bodies populate the Internet, not least as artfully produced YouTube videos. It’s possible to edit videos to produce two-legged galloping horses, chattering human heads that are all mouth, and various human and animal hybrids. Why are we (some more than others) fascinated by such spectacles? There’s something festive and carnivalesque about distorted representations, a demonstration of the appeal of “grotesque realism” enjoyed within “folk culture” to which literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975) refers. The distortion of bodies from the ideal is a remnant perhaps of what Bakhtin attributes to the base humour of the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance. Irreverent ribaldry is the other side to formal church and state ritual, with their insistence on respect for the sacred, the aspirational and the correct. Contrary to propriety and order, the carnivalesque deals in parody and degradation of the high and the mighty, but also of the less than idealised body in total: a concern with the “lower stratum of the body, the life of the belly and the reproductive organs; it therefore relates to acts of defecation and copulation, conception, pregnancy and birth” (21). Bakhtin’s point is that these two strands (the formal and the degraded) co-existed in pre-modern awareness. Today we see them as separated, where one is not allowed to “contaminate” the other. The chief literary subject of Bakhtin’s study into the grotesque is the lengthy satirical novel by François Rabelais (c.1494-1553), The Histories of Gargantua and Pantagruel, ostensibly about two giants and their encounters with ribald monks, wayward priests, conceited rulers and arbitrary judges. The author’s preface begins: “Most noble boozers, and you my very esteemed and poxy friends.” Amidst the Late Medieval bathroom banter there’s much violence, not least a description of bodily dismembering as a friar defends his wine store against raiders: “He beat out the brains of some, broke the arms and legs of others, disjointed the neck-bones, demolished the kidneys, slit the noses, blacked the eyes, smashed the jaws, knocked the teeth down the throats, shattered the shoulder-blades, crushed the shins, dislocated the thigh-bones, and cracked the fore-arms of yet others” (Rabelais, p. 99). Bakhtin sees the parading of this kind of detail as a typical “anatomization and dismemberment of the human body.” There’s also a culinary aspect to this butchery presenting “a grotesque image of the dissected body” (Bakhtin, p.194). In fact carnival grotesqueries are typically described in terms outside of the privileged realms of vision and the sound. They deal in the baser senses, and exaggerated depictions of the organs that process and produce them: smell (the nose), taste (the tongue and belly). Needless to say, odour, flatulence, excrement, and urine, percolate through Rabelais’ novel, not to mention allusions to pleasurable sensations, and anything else generated or consumed below the waist. Panoramic photography is obviously a technology of the visual sense, but in so far as it opens our awareness to unsettled, ambiguous, disjointed, dismembered and grotesque realism, we could say it brings the character of the whole sensorium into prominence. At best it re-animates and brings life to the static pose and well-poised. In so far as it presents the familiar in a strange light, partly through accident, it exposes a substrate of chaos and laughter within the everyday, otherwise obscured under the serious command of vision. But if panoramic vision liberates then it’s not all fun. Michel Foucault draws attention to the carnival aspects of pre-modern European society, though as manifested in the grim punitive violence of chain gangs and public executions. Apart from the spectacle of disgrace, torture and execution, the public were drawn to such events by the “whole aspect of the carnival, in which rules were inverted, authority mocked and criminals turned into heroes” (61). Members of the public would gather around the prisoners to revel in the profanities expected from the condemned as they cursed “the judges, laws, the government, and religion” (60). In spite of its accidental breaks and sutures, digital panoramarism inflicts no physical pain. But dismemberment is that other tradition surrounding the human body, luridly described as a mode of punishment in the opening pages of Foucault’s Discipline and Punish. For Foucault, the transition to modernity was marked not so much by the abolition of brutality, the slow infusion of a more “humanitarian” outlook, or the growth in democracy, but a decline of the “gloomy festival of punishment,” the disappearance of punishment as a spectacle. For Foucault social transformation is all about what society does to bodies. In a previous post I referred to the place of the body in Vitruvian geometry uniting macrocosm and microcosm. In the paragraph above I referred to the body in carnival, both benign and tortured. The modern, industrialised era was marked by a more utilitarian approach to the body (and its disciplining) — society’s attempt to instill order and control by creating circumstances in which the body is tamed, rather than afforded the threat or actuality of humiliation, flaying or dismemberment. According to Foucault, the instruments for this exercise of bio-power by society departed from the extremes of punishing bodies to the avoidance of crime and the inculcation of good behaviour in the first place: to confinement, keeping bodies apart and isolated (as in schools and hospitals); instilling drills and routines (as in the military); removing individualising signs (by putting people in uniforms, or even taking away their clothing); and taming bodies by requiring them to attend to the training of their individuated parts (through handwriting, gymnastics, marching and other gestural practices). These techniques instigated the promotion of “docile bodies.” Such disciplinary practices and processes come together in the concept of the prison, an architectural instrument for reform as well as punishment. And here the panorama presents itself with greatest potency, not as a recreational or instructive apparatus but as the Panopticon, an architectural “machine” that positions at its fulcrum the all-seeing eye. The foremost proponent of this architectural solution to the problem of social discipline was Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), a prominent British legal reformer, appropriately labelled a “utilitarian.” In keeping with an era of burgeoning industrial production, bureaucracy, efficiency and the translation of social life to number and calculation, he was the one who advocated that laws should account for maximising pleasure, minimising pain, and for the greatest number. We are each capable of calculating what is to our individual benefit. Architecture could feature in that calculation, even for criminals. Bentham describes his prison design in great detail a series of published letters, helpfully available online in facsimile as well as text formats. There’s a naive, industrial simplicity to his circular schema: Cells are arranged around a closed courtyard. There’s an “inspection lodge” or tower at the centre from which the guard can see every prisoner in their cell. Unlike the situation for the contemporary tourist with panoramic smartphone, it’s not possible to tell if the guard at the hub of this arrangement is present or even watching the cells. Furthermore, the prisoners can’t see or hear one another. Bentham suggested that this “inspection principle” could be applied to other building types, such as hospitals, schools and factories. Any architect could spot the many “utilitarian” reasons for the lack of success of the panoptic plan form as detailed by Bentham, not least there’s: the wastage of space around the tower; the difficulty of accommodating other necessary spaces that are not part of the panoptic arrangement, such as staff quarters, kitchens, recreation areas, eating and service zones, access points, circulation, fire escape stairs; and the problems of fitting ducts and furniture against curved walls. Like the naively rudimentary Platonic shape on which it’s based (the circle), the Panopticon presents as an idealised type, a form that is only imperfectly realised, if at all. The Panopticon is also a handy emblem of the way power gets distributed amongst bodies in society. Michel Foucault’s account of Bentham’s panoptic schema for controlling bodies sustains a potent social commentary. The Panopticon is not a machine for the powerful to exercise control over the weak, or for the domination of one class over another. In fact in any panoptic arrangement (in a hospital, factory, school or prison), it matters little who is in the position of observer, or if there’s even anyone there. The panopticon provides “an apparatus for supervising its own mechanisms,” and “enclosed as he is in the middle of this architectural mechanism, is not the director’s own fate entirely bound up with it?” (204) “Power has its principle not so much in a person as in a certain concerted distribution of bodies, surfaces, lights, gazes; in an arrangement whose internal mechanisms produce the relation in which individuals are caught up.” (202) If I dare, there’s an obvious orbital logic to the account of the body provided above. It’s all about the circle. Think of the Vitruvian man positioned within a circle, and its Renaissance representations: the body enclosed in the circle and the square advertising it’s role in the play between heaven and earth. In the industrial age there’s a shift to a utilitarian, machinic circle, a circuit of visually-linked control points, with all attention on the hub. Inevitably there are circles within circles, or at least circles within narratives about circles. There’s the rotary spectre of the body torn apart (quartered) by four horses that begins Foucault’s account in Discipline and Punish. As a slightly less gruesome spectacle, Foucault refers to the punitive chain gangs in the early 1800s that would pass periodically through a European town, “a saturnalia of punishment,” and “a great merry-go-round” (261). Turning a blind eye to grim festivals, we can incline towards hope in the carnivalesque spirit — seeing the strange in the familiar, or turning it into that. It’s a bit like looking at the world reflected in a distorting mirror, through a fish-eye lens, or chopped up like a panorama. - Coyne, Richard. 1999. Technoromanticism: Digital Narrative, Holism, and the Romance of the Real. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. 119-120, 161-162, 197-198, 247-250. - Snodgrass, Adrian, and Richard Coyne. 2006. Interpretation in Architecture: Design as a Way of Thinking. London: Routledge. pp. 192-194. - Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1984. Rabelais and His World. Trans. H. Iswolsky. Bloomington, IN.: Indiana University Press. - Bentham, Jeremy. 1787. The Works of Jeremy Bentham, Volume 4. London: John Bowring. online - Markus, Tom. 1993. Buildings and Power: Freedom and Control in the Origin of Modern Building Types. Routledge: London. - McLemee, Scott. 1997. Critic at the carnival. Nation, (265) 22, 16-18. - Rabelais, François. 1955. Gargantua and Pantagruel. Trans. J. M. Cohen. London: Penguin. First published in French in 1530-1534. - Ryan, Alan (ed). 1987. John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham: Utilitarianism and Other Essays. London: Penguin. For images of a Panoptic prison design, Google Illinois State Penitentiary. - Blog article by John Cox, 2009, The History Behind Modern Surveillance and Its Effect on Society blog post On the theme of the senses see - Classen, Constance. 2005. McLuhan in the rainforest: the sensory world of oral cultures. In D. Howes (ed.), Empire of the Senses: The Sensual Culture Reader: 147-163. Oxford: Berg. - Classen, Constance. 1993. Worlds of Sense: Exploring the Senses in History and across Cultures. London: Routledge. For a critique of the primacy we normally accord to vision and the myth of abstract sense data see the introductory chapter to - Merleau-Ponty, Marcel. 1962. Phenomenology of Perception. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Note added 30 March 2012: There’s a further relationship between the previous post on centrality and Michel Foucault’s postmodern take on geometry. He describes the Persian garden as a potential “heterotopia,” ie an ambiguous and paradoxical space. “The heterotopia is capable of juxtaposing in a single real place several spaces, several sites that are in themselves incompatible. … We must not forget that in the Orient the garden, an astonishing creation that is now a thousand years old, had very deep and seemingly superimposed meanings. The traditional garden of the Persians was a sacred space that was supposed to bring together inside its rectangle four parts representing the four parts of the world, with a space still more sacred than the others that were like an umbilicus, the navel of the world at its center (the basin and water fountain were there); and all the vegetation of the garden was supposed to come together in this space, in this sort of microcosm. As for carpets, they were originally reproductions of gardens (the garden is a rug onto which the whole world comes to enact its symbolic perfection, and the rug is a sort of garden that can move across space). The garden is the smallest parcel of the world and then it is the totality of the world. The garden has been a sort of happy, universalizing heterotopia since the beginnings of antiquity (our modern zoological gardens spring from that source).” Foucault, Michel. 1986. Of other spaces. Diacritics, (16) 1, 22-27, p.25-26.

<urn:uuid:06fd0bb1-1813-4c7c-911d-546dc0e455fa>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://richardcoyne.com/2012/02/25/panoptic-man/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500331.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331053639-20200331083639-00434.warc.gz

en

STUDY OF THE METEORITES: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF G–SEO (GIGA. SCAN. ELECTRON OBSERVATORY) One of the original projects developed as part of the IEMS research is the implementation of a new method of investigation of meteoritic materials, based on analyses effectuated through G-SEO (Gigantic Scanning Electron Observatory), an innovative instrument which results from the evolution of the traditional SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The SEM figures nowadays among the equipment of many laboratories, both scientific and non-scientific. The research and collection of meteorites draws the attention of an increasingly big number of people from both the academic and the industrial worlds. This growing interest leads to a progress in the study of meteorites and to an improvement in the comprehension of the mechanisms that led to the formation of the Solar System. When used to distinguish terrestrial rocks from non-terrestrial ones, the SEM is a quick and efficient device. However, the SEM is not able to provide an exact and complete analysis for many reasons listed below. The SEM proves, thus, to be an inappropriate device if one considers the aims of the IEMS mission and the necessity to guarantee the absolute accuracy of the analyses of all the findings. For this reason, the IEMS researchers implementedG-SEO, a very powerful device, equipped with an unparalleled degree of accuracy, both on the microscopic and the macroscopic levels, and infallible even in the face of heterogeneous materials. METEORITES BELONG TO THREE CATEGORIES SIDEROLITES (meteorites whose metallic and silicate components are comparable. They constitute circa 1 pct. of the total). SIDERITI (ferrous meteorites, they constitute circa 8 pct. of the total). AEROLITES (stony meteorites, the most common). In turn, the aerolites are divided into three subcategories: the ANCODRITES, the SNC of Martial provenience, and the HED, which come from planet Vesta. The condrites are characterized by the presence, inside a silicate core, of small glass spheres (condrules) of millimetric dimensions, composed of Iron and Magnesium silicates produced by the fusion of primordial proto-planetary material. In many cases, grains of even older materials rich in metallic oxides formed at least 2 million years before the condrules are present. HOW DOES THE SEM WORKS The founding/fundamental principle of the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) is that it can construct an image step by step, thanks to an electron beam which is projected on the sample and scans itby sectioning it into different sections. The SEMs of the latest generation have a power of 10 nm, with zooms that range from 20 to 100000x. The electron beam is produced, as a result of ion-thermal, by a filament of esaborurus of Lanthanium and brought into focus bymagnetic lenses. The electrons are accelerated through a potential difference which varies between 0.3 and 30 KV. Thescansion of the surface is rendered possible by the fact that the electrons are deflected by going through a system of special magnets. For the SEM’s scansions it is necessary to cut a thin section of the sample (1-2 mm), dip it in a fixing resin (araldite), and eventually shift to a lapping process (a polishing carried out by using abrasive wheels), in order to smooth the surface. LIMITS OF THE SEM The thickness of the sample has to be thin in order to allow some of the electron to cross it. It also has to be homogeneous, in order for such electron not to be absorbed or diverted and, thus, dispersed. The SEM is thus inappropriate for the analysis of heterogeneous rocks. The SEM provides information on the appearance, the nature and the proprieties of the surfaces and the inferior strata of solid samples, but it does not provide information on the internal structure of the sample analysed. For instance, this makes it unusable for thestudy of condrites. In the SEM, the impact of the electron from the source on the surface to be analysed produces a series of physical side effects that the device is not able to neutralize, thus interfering in the analysis of data. Moreover, the SEM is not powerful enough to interact with particle such as neutrino, which do not react to the electromagnetic interaction produced by the SEM. HOW G-SEO WORKS The functioning of G-SEO (Gigantic Scanning Electron Observatory) is based on the high-energy back-reflection (from 5000eV to the energy of the incident beam) of electron from the primary beam, due to the collision of the electron of the same primary beam with the atomic nuclei of the meteoritic finding. This collision generates peculiar traces of light that are registered and provide information about every incident atom, making it possible to determine its composition with absolute accuracy. In order to let the interaction take place without any external interference, it is necessary that this latter takes place in a completely neutral space. G-SEO is constituted by a storage of 50000 tons of ultra-pure water, surrounded by 13.146 photomultiplier tubes. The structure measures 61,3 m in lenght and 48,3 m in height. ADVANTAGES OF G-SEO The main characteristic of G-SEO is its ability to analyse the entire volume of the finding, and not only a sample. Through an X-ray energy detector, G-SEO maps the energy radiated by a specific element and subsequently maps the global distribution of this element in the total volume of the finding. This possibility is of enormous analytical importance. G-SEO’s working method refines substantially the outputs of analysis, allowing for the realisation of experiments with unprecedented statistics. The so- called new track selector has a very good reproducibility in position (±1μm) and angle (±3mrad), with the possibility to reconstruct all the tracks in a view of 150×150μm2 and 1mm of thickness. This allows a complete scanning of a full spectrum of rocks both in size and composition. G-SEO data outputs are 100% safe and secured. An online monitor computer located in the control room reads data from the DAQ host computer and it provides shift operators with a flexible tool for selecting event display features, makes online and recent-history histograms to monitor detector performance, and performs a variety of additional tasks needed to efficiently monitor status and diagnose detector and DAQ problems. Events in the data stream can be skimmed off and elementary analysis tools can be applied to check data quality during calibrations or after changes in hardware or online software. DISADVANTAGES OF G-SEO, FUTURE STEPS AND CONCLUSIONS As demonstrated in this essay, G-SEO’s potentialities are extremely vast. Nevertheless, the device presents some disadvantages that are linked mainly to the cutting-edge newness of its technology. G-SEO is expensive, large and must be housed in an area free of any possible electric, magnetic or vibration interference. Maintenance involves keeping a steady voltage, currents to electromagnetic coils and circula- tion of cool water. Special training is required to operate a G-SEO, as well as to read its outputs. G-SEO carries a risk of radiation exposure associated with the electrons that scatter from beneath the sample surface. Even though it is designed to prevent any electrical and magnetic interference, which should eliminate the chance of radiation escaping the chamber. G-SEO operators and researchers are advised to observe safety precautions. The resolution of these problems is one of the future steps that scientists at IEMS are called to meet. G-SEO has already proved to be a unique and irreplaceable tool within the IEMS’ research frame,but there are no reasons to doubt that by further exploration of G-SEO,the whole field of Comparative Planetology could be expanded. To conclude, the immeasurable wealth of knowledge which could be gained through a further exploration of meteoritic matter is one of the better reasons to keep on investing on the implementation of G-SEO. Moreover, we must not forget that almost every new technology used in commercial or military aircraft has been pioneered by the space industry. Many sophisticated new technologies would not have been successful and would have been abandoned if spacecraft had not given them a profitable application in space research and exploration. In order to let the interaction take place with-out any external interference, it is necessary that this latter takes place in a neutral space. G-SEO is constituted by a storage of 50000 tons of ultra-pure water, surrounded by 13.146photomultiplier tubes. The structure measures 61,3 m in length and 48,3 m in height. Author: John Fergusson Authoritativeness: IEMS G–SEO engineer Title: Study of the meteorites: the implementation of G–SEO (Gigantic Scan. Electron Observatory) Editorial assistant: Loredana Alicante Field of research: Engineering, research Previously publication: IEMS, How G–SEO works The essay was written for the book Ferox, The Forgotten Files: A Journey to the Hidden Moon of Mars 1976–2010 co-published by Skinnerboox and Ciao Press. The book retraces the story of the International Exploration for the Mars Surrounding (IEMS) – a united program responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics research for the surface of Ferox, the third moon of Mars. Between 1976 and 2010, scientists around Europe worked for IEMS in order to determine the presence of water on Ferox. After their third failure, the mission disappeared. Read more about IEMS at iems-ferox.com.

<urn:uuid:5ff1428b-6f1a-4d95-9a91-9c32c4ada5f8>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://paolapaleari.net/portfolio/2171/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493684.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329015008-20200329045008-00394.warc.gz

en

Throughput is the #1 metric for assessing the quality of your production line. Not just an important metric, but the most important metric. In business-bottom-line terms, throughput is the difference between: - Meeting your production goals and missing your targets - Having a competitive advantage and falling behind - Keeping your customers and losing them to someone who can produce more / better / faster If you’re a plant manager, a process improvement engineer, or someone else whose compensation is tied to production, throughput is the difference between a nice fat quarterly bonus and having to dial back those vacation plans. Given all this, you might be surprised to know that most production lines, especially in the food and beverage manufacturing industry, are seriously underperforming on this metric. As in, their throughput is a good 20-30% lower than it could be. And, that’s just the average — we’ve seen production lines with room for up to 60% improvement in their throughput. Can you imagine what a 60% improvement would look like? The reason production lines underperform is because throughput too often takes a backseat to efficiency. Now, don’t get me wrong — efficiency is important. But if your goal is to maximize the amount of product coming off of your line every shift, efficiency alone won’t get you there. You could have every piece of equipment running at peak efficiency and still have suboptimal throughput. Let’s dive into why that is and, most importantly, what you can do about it. What is throughput? Simply put, throughput is a way to measure the effectiveness of your entire production line. In technical terms, it’s the rate of production, i.e., how much you can produce over a certain period of time. Throughput = Units Produced / Time If a wine bottling line produces 6,000 bottles of wine an hour, then its throughput is 100 bottles per minute. There are two types of throughput we can calculate: - Throughput of individual machines - Throughput of the entire line The reason most production lines underperform is that companies only consider the throughput of individual machines. But it’s the throughput of the entire line that determines whether or not you meet your production goals. Throughput of individual machines On a machine-by-machine basis, throughput is highly related to efficiency, which is equivalent to uptime percentage. In a perfect world, every machine along a production line would run nonstop, which means the uptime percentage would be 100%. But, in the real world, machines fail all of the time. Going back to our example of the wine bottling line, maybe the labeler runs out of labels, or the foil in the capsuler gets jammed, or someone trips and accidentally shuts off the decaser. When these things happen, it takes time to get the machines back up and running again. We can use the mean time between failures (MTBF) and the mean time to repair (MTR) to calculate a machine’s probability of run (POR). POR = MTBF / (MTR + MTBF) Uptime % = Uptime / Total Time Move the decimal a couple of places, and you have the machine’s efficiency. It may sound complicated, but, once we put it into an example, you’ll see that it’s actually quite simple. Suppose the decaser on our wine bottling line can decase 240 bottles per minute (bpm). It takes 1.5 minutes to repair and the mean time between failures is 30 minutes. First, we calculate the probability of run: POR = 30 / (1.5+30) POR = 30 / 31.5 POR = 0.9523 For simplicity, let’s call it 0.95. Then, we move the decimal point two places: Efficiency = 95% Now, we calculate throughput by multiplying the POR by the decaser’s maximum rate: 0.95 x 240 bpm = 228 bpm I know what you’re thinking — 95% efficiency is very good. And you’re right! No machine runs at 100% efficiency, so we’re likely getting the maximum throughput out of this machine already. Case closed! Not so fast. This is where most companies stop. They analyze their individual machines, see high efficiency numbers, and call it good. And that’s exactly why their lines underperform. To understand why, we need to perform a line analysis… Throughput of the entire line So, we’ve established that the decaser is working as hard as it can. That’s great! But the decaser isn’t the only machine on the line. There’s also a filler, a capsuler, a labeler, and a case packer. How are they doing? Imagine we repeat the efficiency and throughput calculations for each piece of equipment. We won’t go through them in detail, but you can verify them using the formulas provided above. The table below shows the results for all five machines. |Decaser||1.5 min||30 min||240 bpm||95%||228 bpm| |Filler||4.0 min||60 min||180 bpm||93%||167 bpm| |Capsuler||30 sec||15 min||240 bpm||96%||230 bpm| |Labeler||45 sec||10 min||240 bpm||92%||220 bpm| |Case packer||3 min||40 min||300 bpm||93%||279 bpm| At first glance, this looks pretty good. It would be nice to see those low-90s move up a point or two, but surely we’re getting somewhere close to maximum throughput on this line, right? Not even close. Here’s why: Machines don’t all go down and then come back up at the same time. They all have different MTRs and MTBFs, and every time one machine goes down, it affects all of the other machines on the line. So, to find the efficiency of the entire line, we have to multiply the efficiencies of all of the machines together: 0.95 x 0.93 x 0.96 x 0.92 x 0.93 = 0.725 The efficiency of the entire line is only 72.5%. You would never buy a single piece of equipment that was only up and running 72.5% of the time. If you did, you’d send it back to the manufacturer as defective and demand a refund. But, wait, we’re not done. We still have to calculate the throughput. For this, we use the individual throughput of slowest machine on the line. As they say, “a chain is only as strong as its weakest link.” On a production line, that means that the whole process can only go as fast as the slowest machine, which we call the constraint. In our example, the constraint is the filler, which has a maximum throughput of 180 bpm. Total Throughput = Throughput of the Constraint x Total Efficiency Total Throughput = 180 bpm x 0.725 Total Throughput = ~130 bpm At this point, you’ve probably gone from thinking “That’s pretty good!” to thinking “Yuck.” Now you can see why so many lines underperform. This line has machines that can run anywhere from 180 to 300 bottles per minute, and it’s averaging 130. By running the line at such low capacity, we’re leaving a lot of money on the table. How to maximize your throughput You’ll be happy to hear that there’s a light at the end of this production line tunnel. Since the slowest machine is the one that’s constraining production, this is where we need to focus. And don’t worry — it doesn’t require going out and buying a new filler! We can solve the problem by putting buffers in the form of accumulation tables before and after the filler. The buffers isolate the filler from the rest of the line so that even when other machines go down, the filler can keep on keeping on. - When a downstream machine, such as the capsuler, fails, the filler can create a store of products in the buffer that will be ready to proceed down the line as soon as the problem is resolved. - When an upstream machine, in this case the decaser, fails, the filler can keep working on the products that have accumulated in the buffer. The buffers ensure that the filler performs at its maximum efficiency, rather than being affected by stoppages elsewhere along the line. This simple solution is amazingly effective. Let’s do the math. In the original example, the overall efficiency was so low because the individual machines were interdependent. If one went down, the whole line went down, and the total throughput was limited by the constraint. When we add buffers before and after the filler, we effectively split the line into three sections: - Section 1: Decaser - Section 2: Filler - Section 3: Capsuler + labeler + case packer The filler is still the constraint, but, thanks to the buffers, it can keep running regardless of what happens upstream or downstream. So, our new calculations look like this: - Decaser: 240 bpm x 0.95 = 228 bpm - Filler: 180 bpm x 0.93 = 167 bpm - Capsuler + labeler + case packer: 240 bpm* x (0.96 x 0.92 x 0.93**) = 197 bpm *The max rate for this section of the line is the rate of the slowest machine. **The efficiency for this section of the line is 83% (0.96 x 0.92 x 0.93 = 0.82). Now for the kicker. Because the filler can keep operating even when the other machines go down and products can accumulate in the buffers, the throughput of the entire line is equal to the throughput of the filler. In other words, the throughput on this line is now 167 bpm, rather than 130 bpm. That’s an increase of more than 28%. At this point, I hope you’ve gone from “Yuck” to “Wow!” Here’s one more set of calculations to consider. Before we added the buffers, the line was running at 130 bpm. At that rate, over an 8-hour shift, the total production would be: 130 bpm x 480 min = 62,400 bottles With the buffers, that same 8-hour shift would produce: 167 bpm x 480 min = 80,160 bottles Let’s assume that the winery makes $0.80 profit per bottle (a very low estimate). Running one 8-hour shift per day, 5 days a week, for 50 weeks a year, the additional profit would be: $14,208 per shift and $71,040 per week, adding up to $3,552,000 per year! You read that right. $3.5 million extra profit simply from adding two accumulation tables onto the line. And just so you know, this isn’t a hypothetical exercise. This is a real example of a bottling line at one of our customers’ facilities. You may have heard of them. They make excellent wine. If you’d like to learn more, here are several resources to help: - Visit our blog for more articles about throughput, constraints, and more. - Watch a short video about the Garvey Line Analysis. - Request a free analysis of your production line. - Use our online tool to calculate your line efficiency. - Explore our Infinity accumulation tables. - Contact us with any questions you might have.

<urn:uuid:aea9600b-4bdf-432b-91bb-413c442e57de>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.garvey.com/what-is-throughput-and-why-you-should-care/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370491857.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328104722-20200328134722-00195.warc.gz

en

The Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) is characterized by complex topography, climate, hydrology, and hydrogeology. Each of these factors plays an important role in determining the availability of water for people living in the Himalayas (Scott et al., 2019). These physical features are also a constraint to rapid urbanization (Mukherji et al., 2018). Only 3% of the total HKH population live in larger cities and 8% in smaller towns (Basyal & Khanal, 2001). However, urbanization has increased in recent years with people from rural areas flocking to nearby urban centres in search of employment and other economic opportunities (Bajracharya et al., 2019). As a result, the share of urban population is increasing in the region, while that of the rural population is declining. Projections show that by 2050, more than 50% of the population in HKH countries will live in cities (UNDESA, 2014). The unique geophysical situation of mountain cities and towns requires a special approach when conceptualizing water management. Moreover, rapid urbanization has led to new challenges that require a different perspective, a mountain perspective if they are to be solved. Unplanned urbanization is causing significant changes in land use and land cover and reducing the recharge areas of springs (Jeelani et al., 2017; Rani et al., 2018; Scott et al., 2019; Thakur et al., 2019). Climate-induced changes in the physical environment have resulted in increased rainfall variability and heat stress. Extreme rainfall events are leading to more landslides, while an increase in average temperatures has caused glacier melt and subsequent changes in hydrological regimes in the region (Xu et al., 2009). These critical stressors – climatic and non-climatic – are adversely affecting the socio-ecology of urban agglomerations in the HKH. The encroachment or degradation of natural water bodies and the disappearance of traditional water sources, such as springs, are evident (Sharma et al., 2016). Most towns in the HKH meet their water needs from springs, streams, ponds, and lakes, which are largely interlinked systems, and their degradation and loss is leading to widespread water stress. The demand for water has increased manifold with growing populations and increased consumption. At the same time, water availability in these towns has been adversely affected by the climatic and socio-economic change. Some towns are also major tourist destinations and host large floating populations during peak tourist season, challenging their carrying capacities (Shah & Kulkarni, 2015; Mondal & Roychowdhury, 2019; Ojha et al., 2019). At such times, residents must cope with water scarcity as demand for water increases and water distribution through the public water supply systems becomes highly inequitable. Inefficient water utilities and governance challenges become much more critical as the sources of water are limited and the local geology hardly supports accessing groundwater unlike in the plains (Dame et al., 2019). All these factors are resulting in increased water insecurity for the poor and marginalized in urban centres across the HKH. This special issue looks at the challenges of water management in 12 towns from four corners of the Himalayan region. These include, from west to east, Murree and Havelian in Pakistan; Kathmandu, Bharatpur, Tansen, and Damauli in Nepal; Mussoorie, Devprayag, Singtam, Kalimpong, and Darjeeling in India; and Sylhet in Bangladesh (see Figure 1). All these cities face challenges of changing water budgets, increasing demand for water, and water scarcity, which is discussed in the papers. They also map future challenges that these towns will face in a ‘business as usual’ scenario. These cases draw from primary research and fill an important knowledge gap about the status of water resources and water supply in Himalayan towns. Authored by a multi-disciplinary team consisting of physical and social scientists, anthropologists, geographers, and planners, the papers highlight the concerns around unplanned and haphazard development in the region, which is leading to problems of inequity in water supply and unequal developmental outcomes. They also identify areas for future research and action on urban issues in the region. Key messages from this volume This special issue adds new findings and reaffirms some of the findings of recent studies on water trends in Himalayan towns. Below, we discuss some of the key concerns and messages emerging from these case studies. Urban Himalayas running dry This volume provides evidence that Himalayan towns are facing increased water insecurity. The review paper by Sreoshi Singh et al. (this volume) shows that the interlinkages of water resource availability, resources, water supply systems, rapid urbanization, and consequent increase in water demand (both every day and seasonal) is leading to increased water insecurity in towns in the HKH. The water insecurity is attributed to poor water governance, lack of urban planning, poor tourism management during peak season, and climate-related risks and challenges. Communities are coping via short-term strategies such as groundwater extraction, which is proving to be unsustainable. There is a lack of long-term strategies for water sustainability in urban centres, and this requires special attention by planners and local governments. In a study of two Himalayan towns in Pakistan's Indus River basin, such as Murree and Havelian, Virk et al. (this volume) show heavy dependence on groundwater as a primary source of water supply. Estimates of water availability, consumption, and water sufficiency ratio (WSR) reveal that available groundwater is insufficient to meet the requirements for consumption in Havelian. However, in the case of Murree, water availability is sufficient due to recent changes in the infrastructure. There is evidence that water is being mismanaged at the household level in both towns. Factors, such as rapid urbanization and population growth, are will increase the requirements of water in the future. Failing governance of water towers The papers in this volume show that water demand in urban locations is outstripping supply leading to a rise in the privatization of water supply, mostly through water tankers. These private tankers are fulfilling the demand by fetching water from the nearby rural locations, and this sector is largely unregulated. In their paper on understanding water resilience in Himalayan towns, Singh & Pandey (this volume) note that the world's urban population is expected to rise to 68% by 2050 with implications for Himalayan regions as well. Small towns will expand as this growth is expected to be greater in the developing countries. This review paper, based on the number of cases studies, shows that water governance in the HKH region remains a blind spot and challenges pertaining to urban water resilience are poorly understood. Himalayan towns depend on springs that are fed by numerous local aquifers and form the primary means of water supply. The springs also contribute significantly to base flows in Himalayan rivers. Even by gross, conservative estimates, there are more than a million perennial springs in the Indian Himalayan region alone (Shah & Kulkarni, 2015). These springs are under great threat from urban waste and sewage polluting the water bodies and catchments. This volume reaffirms the findings of other studies that have indicated water quality issues in spring sources. Kumar et al. (1997) assessed physico-chemical characteristics of water from 12 springs located within the municipal limits of Almora, a central Indian Himalayan town. It indicated a direct influence of unplanned sewage disposal on spring water quality. Bharti et al. (this volume) further reemphasize these points in their study of two other towns in the Indian Himalayan region – Mussoorie and Devprayag. They find that in the current scenario of a changing climate, natural springs, their main water resource, are drying up. Mussoorie experiences an acute shortage of water in summer, precisely when the town hosts numerous tourists. In Devprayag, religious tourism and in-migration from rural areas have contributed to rising demand. The reduced discharge in nearby streams has further widened the demand–supply gap. Caste inequalities and water rights The papers in this volume show that understanding issues of gender and caste are important in cities where individual and household water rights are mediated through the politics of water distribution. Addressing water inequities and insecurities demand research as well as development and policy responses, which means going beyond physical aspects of water management and delving into the social science of how water is distributed. Molden et al. (this volume) provide new insights on water security from their case of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Their study of 47 household water managers highlights three dimensions of water security: experiences of water security vary greatly between households over the year; social connections and landownership play an important role in mediating these experiences; and coping with poor water supply places a burden on certain household members. Raina et al. (this volume) provide evidence of both horizontal and vertical inequity in Kathmandu's informal water market. This study shows that 20% of Kathmandu's poor households do not have access to the formal water supply system, and they end up paying more for accessing water as compared with the richer households who have access. The study also found that the poor spend a greater proportion of their income on meeting their household water needs which means a much greater financial burden. Rich households spend 38.2% less on the water than poor households. Poorer households stand to gain if the water economy shifts from informal to formal. Decentralization and powers to local bodies An important aspect of urban water management is decentralized governance and the devolution of power to local bodies and institutions managing water. A study of Tansen and Damauli, two small towns in Nepal, by Singh et al. (this volume) shows that water institutions have played a very significant role in water supply management at the local level and that proper management can help avert critical water shortages. The paper compares two towns that have different outcomes for water supply and access. In Tansen, infrastructural constraints and large-scale corruption in the systems' upkeep and maintenance have implications on water governance, while in Damauli, the systems have been well managed due to the involvement of local communities. Shah & Badiger (this volume) present the case of Darjeeling in the Indian Himalaya where the water crisis is the result of a conundrum due to the interlinked problems of political unwillingness, insufficient investments, failure of cooperation between the state and regional institutions, and inadequacies in local governance, including institutional capacity. Ghatani (2015) finds similar challenges in Darjeeling. The study reveals that water management can be rational only if the institutions responsible for such management are efficient. It shows how community participation in the enforcement of rules and regulations on illegal connections, and the misuse of water and optimization of the budget for public utility services has helped in maintaining the service levels although the challenges of access to water persist. Access is a larger issue of investment in water infrastructure and urban planning processes. Looming climate risks This volume reaffirms some of the studies that have indicated that climate risks, such as floods and landslides, are becoming more frequent, and therefore, they must be considered in the urban planning process. In the study of the Himalayan towns of Leh and Dharamshala in India, Sudhakar (2010) found clear linkages between climate change and water scarcity. Water supply in these towns comes from glacier melt. The author presents evidence of changes in the towns' local climate parameters, such as snowfall, rainfall, and temperature, and the hydrology of water bodies, which contribute to the water availability. These changes have caused an imbalance in the demand and supply of water, as the supply is further strained by changes in climatic conditions. The author notes that the response to this is largely supply-driven while adaptive measures are needed in the overall planning process to secure water for urban populations. Tiwari et al. (2018) note that expanding urban areas in the high mountains are now serving as centres of growth by creating opportunities for employment and access to services and infrastructure, thereby contributing to the development of their vast hinterlands through the trickle-down effect. However, rapid and unplanned urbanization have impacted the hydrological regimes of Himalayan watersheds – it has reduced groundwater recharge; decreased the availability of water for drinking, sanitation, and crop production; depleted forests and biodiversity; increased risks of natural hazards and disasters, both in urban as well as peri-urban areas; and increased the water, food, livelihood, and health insecurities of mountain communities. Moreover, climate change has stressed urban ecosystems by increasing the frequency, severity and intensity of extreme weather events. Briscoe et al. (2006) note that Pakistan's threatened wetlands were part of the drainage system and had averted floods in many cases. Especially in northern Pakistan, these wetlands were part of the flood control system, reducing the impacts of Indus floods while they accommodated water from Indus and torrential hill streams. Pervin et al. (this volume) show how cities in South Asia are experiencing stormwater drainage problems due to a combination of urban sprawl, structural, hydrological, socio-economic, and climatic factors. The frequency of short duration, high-intensity rainfall is expected to increase in the future due to climate change. Given the limited capacity of drainage systems in South Asian cities, urban flooding and waterlogging are expected to intensify. The problems get worse when low-lying areas are filled up for infrastructure development and unplanned urban growth, reducing permeable areas and infiltration. In a study of Sylhet town in Bangladesh and Bharatpur in Nepal, they find that significant areas of both cities are at risk from flooding. With climatic changes, the threats to these areas will increase. The study suggests a number of measures to reduce long-term flooding risk in these cities. Towards adaptive water management for Himalayan towns From the case studies in this volume, we find that increasing urbanization and changing climate are two critical stressors that are adversely affecting the biophysical environment of urban areas in the HKH. With development plans and policies focusing more on rural areas, the degradation of urban environments has not been a matter of concern. Across the region, the encroachment and degradation of natural water bodies (springs, ponds, lakes, canals, and rivers) and the disappearance of traditional water systems (such as stone spouts, wells, and local water tanks) are evident. The degradation and reclamation of water bodies affect wetland ecosystems and reduce retention capacities that prevent flooding. Consequently, urban drainage and flood management systems are impaired. Rapid urbanization and climate change have short- and long-term implications for biophysical and socio-economic environments. Urban waste-water discharge and solid-waste disposal are polluting surface water bodies in urban and peri-urban areas. Waste-water re-use for agriculture, a common practice in peri-urban areas, often ignores potential health hazards and other adverse effects of polluted water. Groundwater is often contaminated with salts, chemicals, iron, and fluoride and characterized by hardness. The case studies point to declining groundwater reserves due to over-exploitation for domestic, industrial, commercial, and agricultural purposes. Groundwater recharge rates are reduced because of low rainfall and interventions in the recharge areas and processes such as sand mining. The uniqueness in groundwater conditions in the HKH makes it a specific typology. Aquifers feed the springs which are the main water sources for urban and rural areas in the hills and mountains. Springs also contribute to base flows in the streams and rivers. However, there are challenges concerning contamination due to improper waste and sewage treatment and disposal and some aquifers that are recharged from greater distances are impacted by the sinking of wells. The recharge areas of these springs are not well protected because of the absence of such a component in the planning process. Increasing population pressure is also leading to competing claims over water from common aquifers. The cases studies on water management in Himalayan towns highlight the need for course correction. Together, they indicate that the demand for water is outstripping supply in almost all the towns and the future looks bleak if the ‘business as usual’ scenario persists. Estimating and planning according to the seasonal carrying capacity of cities, waste management and springshed management are key to meeting future water demands. There is a range of water governance challenges and issues of equity that must be addressed to enhance water security for all. We focus on five major points that can help in adapting to the issue of water scarcity and the looming crises induced by climate change in Himalayan towns and cities. First, we need to source water sustainably to bridge the gap between supply and demand. This could be done by reviving and protecting springs, increased water harvesting, and having multiple sources of water. More budgetary allocations could be made towards the above, so that water sources are protected and managed sustainably. We also found that in many towns, spring water is the only source and is insufficient to meet the needs across all seasons. Therefore, multiple sources of water could be part of the portfolio of the overall water supply for these towns. Second, we need to look at the governance and management of water beyond water utilities. Polycentric governance, meaning multiple governing bodies and institutions interacting with one another towards a coherent goal of providing access to water, could be a more suitable way to comprehend water governance in Himalayan towns and cities. Third, the equitable distribution of water needs more attention. We have found that the poor and marginalized are most affected when water supply dwindles. Many cities are faced with the challenge of providing access to safe water for the poor especially in the dry season when supply dwindles. Fourth, more appreciation is needed for women's multiple roles in water management and how they could be part of the planning and decision-making processes to provide solutions. Fifth, mountain cities need to be viewed in the broader context of mountain water, environment, and energy. Climate change impacts on these sectors are presenting new and growing challenges that Himalayan towns and cities have to grapple with. This volume discusses various choices and options – from demand management to supply enhancement, understanding ecological footprints of towns to managing water at a bioregional scale. In doing so, it is vital to address issues of equity and empower local institutions in managing water. Lastly, the focus for the future must be on building urban resilience by strengthening the adaptive capacities of affected communities while also understanding the limits to adaptation.

<urn:uuid:a2ef81f8-5ac4-4a4b-8591-ec988bf58109>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/22/S1/1/72146/Editorial-Mapping-challenges-for-adaptive-water

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371624083.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406102322-20200406132822-00114.warc.gz

en

Does sports massage have a significant impact on the process of recovery after maximal exercises? From 1960s to the mid 1980s, a large percentage of the Olympic gold medals used to go to the former Soviet Union, Eastern Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, and other countries in the Soviet bloc. I do not believe that these athletes had a greater physiological potential. However, I know that protocols of Medical and Sports Massage that were developed through extensive research in these countries greatly contributed to the athletes’ achievements, as well as to the prevention of sports-related injuries. The foundation of the modern medical massage began in the early 20th century with Anatoly Sherbak, a leading Russian physician and scientist of the time. Spending more than 20 years on research and clinical studies, Sherbak investigated and developed medical massage procedures as a powerful reflex therapy method. His basic approach was to eliminate abnormalities in reflex zones — specific areas that include the skin, muscles, connective tissue, periosteum, which could be the result of inner organ diseases as well support and movement system disorders. He believed that inner organ diseases transmit pathological impulses via a given spinal segment of innervation to the various somatic structures on that segmental level. As a result of these pathological impulses, abnormalities develop in all structures of that particular reflex zones, and are expressed in the form of higher skin density, muscular tension, the development of trigger points, high tension and immobility of connective tissue, hypertrophy or atrophy of the periosteum. These abnormalities cause pain, discomfort, limited range of motion and a variety of other symptoms. When diseased inner organs are the cause of abnormalities, the reflex phenomenon is termed “viscero-somatic reflex.” At the same time, spinal disorders such as spondylosis can promote the development of abnormalities in the reflex zone — in both somatic and visceral components. The pathological impulse generated by such a disorder can not only cause pain at its somatic origin, but also reach inner organs and disturb their function. This reflex phenomenon is termed somato-visceral reflex. Hippocrates, the “father of medicine,” once said, “If a patient has a health problem, first check his spine.” There is much truth in this statement. According to Sherbak, the application of medical massage techniques by a practitioner helps to eliminate abnormalities from somatic elements, which will then reduce pain and increase range of motion. Additionally, a therapeutic effect on inner organs via medical massage application can be observed. It is very important to understand that not always abnormalities in skin, fascia and periosteum could be detected because of needed time for incubation. On the other and any inner organ diseases, stress or support and movement system disorders, causing to muscles reflect almost immediately. In any of the mention above case scenario all components of soft tissue (skin, fascia, muscle, other connective tissue) still biologically active zones. By mobilizing this soft tissue we awaken significant positive changes in function of organs and systems. Sherbak left a tremendous database of research behind. Before his death in 1936, he made appearances before various European medical community. He asked physicians and scientists to take over his database and continue his work in developing a medical massage procedural protocol. Two German physicians, O. Glezer and V.A. Dalicho, answered the call. They spent an additional 20 years on medical massage studies and clinical work. In 1955, Glezer and Dalicho introduced a complete medical massage protocol to the medical community, including detailed information on the physiological effects of massage. Additionally, they published more than 20 maps of reflex zone abnormalities, including those associated with cervical spondylosis, cardiovascular diseases, digestive system disorders and many others. These maps have proven to be of tremendous use, aiding the practitioner to look for abnormalities in the skin, muscles, connective tissue and periosteum. One of Glezer and Dalicho’s greatest contributions to medical massage was their development of palpation diagnostic procedures, enabling the practitioner to detect abnormalities. In other words, they made the work of the massage therapist easier, leading to safe, rapid and stable results. Is the use of O. Glezer and V.A. Dalicho maps is a must and whether it’s possible to reach results without using O. Glezer and V.A. Dalicho, maps? No doubt, this could be accomplished because all techniques of soft tissue mobilization that are in massage therapist arsenal are automatically eliminate mentioned above abnormalities. In my opinion use of O. Glezer and V.A. Dalicho maps just a tremendous help to a massage therapist yielding saving much time and allowing to detect abnormalities much more precisely. Subsequently, Medical Massage methodology was further developed in the Soviet Union and other countries of the Soviet bloc by multiple research centers. The developed protocols weren’t available to the general public. By making these methodology available to only elite Olympian athletes it was used as a tool in the ideological war between the West and the Soviet system during Olympic Games. The usage of these protocols improved athlete’s performance and kept sports injuries to a minimum these athletes allowing to extend the athletic longevity and provided a great medal count all through 1960’s and 19080’s. However, after the fall of the Soviet Union, the government support to the research institutions interrupted and for a while the methodology was only left in the books and in minds of a few practitioners such as Dr. Turchninov or myself. The possibility of speeding up the athlete’s recovery by massage captured the attention of Western European and American scientists working in the field of Sports Medicine and there has been an ongoing discussion about the benefits of Sports Massage to athletes. However, authors of numerous studies in different centers mostly concluded that massage does not have any significant impact on the process of recovery after maximal exercises (Drews, et al., 1990; Carfarelli, et al., 1990; Rodenberg, et al., 1994; Tiidus, et al., 1995; Gupta, et al., 1996, and more). All these studies were conducted by very responsible scientists and published in respected professional journals. Thus, everyone who became familiar with this matter deserves the clear answer to the question: Who is right? Let me point out that the research studies have been conducted based on the Swedish rather than Medical Massage. The reason why the Western scientific community is apprehensive in utilizing Medical Massage methodology lies in the fact that Medical Massage protocols were developed in the Soviet Union. Even though these protocols were developed through research via rigorous RTCs, it was conducted and recorded in Russian and hasn’t been translated in into English due to the fact that at the time the Soviet Union and the USA were in the midst of the Cold War. Thus this research is not in any of the English existing educational databases such as Medline; PsycINFO; the Cumulative Index to Nursing, Applied Health; Educational Resources Information, Center (ERIC), the National AGRIcultural OnLine Access, Cochrane Collaboration libraries, etc. Because of that reason it is dismissed as empirical. There is no doubt in my mind, that the issue of sports massage importance is significantly misunderstood and misrepresented. I feel that the ”right” opinion manifest itself by the greater clinical outcome. At the same time it is a good practice to put science behind the concept that will explain the great outcome. In the meanwhile, one published article on this matter, puts everything in the correct perspective. In this study, a group of North Carolina and Virginia authors (Smith, L.L et al., 1994) formulated a protocol based on recommendation of Russian scientists, proving its value. The authors examined the effect of massage on delayed onset muscle soreness, and creatine kinase (an enzyme indicator of muscle damage) and neutrophil (an inflammatory white blood cell) count. The authors adjusted their experimental protocol according to the practical recommendations of the Russian authors. These authors considered that vigorous exercises damaged muscular tissue with the development of aseptic (noninfectious) inflammation and interstitial edema. The body reacts to these events by mobilizing neutrophils to the affected area. Neutrophils enter tissues and start their cleaning job (i.e., phagocytosis) to remove the debris produced by the muscular injury and inflammation. Their increased concentration also attracts other types of phagocytic cells, macrophages. In the process of phagocytosis, catabolic enzymes are released from neutrophils, additionally damaging already injured muscular fibers. Dr. Smith and associates, through their research, noticed that two major events indirectly support this theory: the temporary reduction of neutrophil count and increased concentration of creatine kinase in local blood vessels, and their following migration into soft tissues as critical elements responsible for the long lasting muscle soreness after vigorous exercises. This study showed that this process precisely matches the 2 hour time limit after vigorous exercise. By starting post event sports massage 2 hours after vigorous exercise we prevent injuries and re-injuries of soft tissues by phagocytosis process. At the same time, massage therapy regulates and supports phagocytosis – the removal of debris, produced by the muscular injury and inflammation. The fact I have described above, makes us realize the crucial importance of sports massage, in prevention of sports related injuries and performance improvement. Side effects of vigorous exercise leading to elevated muscular resting tone. Blood vessels within muscles constrict as well, and provide less blood supply to muscles, fascia, tendons and ligaments. Increased peripheral vascular resistance, increasing cardio work. In such case, in order to support heavy cardio work, increase in the production of stress hormones is necessary. As you can observe, the process unwinds into a negative chain reaction caused by side effects of vigorous exercise. Since this process starts from accumulation of tension within skeleton muscles, the therapy have to start on level of muscles as well. This is what Smith, et al., had to say in conclusion: “During acute inflammation, blood flow slows as vessels dilate in an area of injury. When this occurs, the white blood cells, including neutrophils, are displaced from the central, axial zone of blood flow to the peripheral, plasmatic zone and subsequently marginate along the vessel walls. Since sport massage appears to increase blood flow through the vascular bed, we theorized that this increased flow rate in the area of microtrauma could prevent the typical outward displacement of neutrophils. In addition, we speculated that the mechanical action of sports massage could shear marginated cells from vessel walls and thus hinder emigration of cells from the circulation into tissues spaces. …control group exhibiting a more rapid and steeper increase CK (i.e. creatine kinase) values than the massage group. …sports massage rendered hours after termination of unaccustomed eccentric exercise reduces the intensity of delayed onset muscle soreness and reduces serum creatine kinase levels.” Let’s keep in mind that these findings are strongly supported by clinical outcome. The father of theoretical medicine, Hippocrates, once said: ”the human body carry natural potentials to heal himself, and we doctors, must stimulate this potentials.” In other words, we are not healing human body, we just capable of intensely stimulating the healing process. This is what massage therapy is about. For additional reading, refer to: Smith, L.L., Keating, M.N., Holbert, D., Spratt, D.S., McCammon, M.R., Smith, S.S., Israel, R.G.: The Effect of Athletic Massage of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. Creatine Kinase and Neutrophil Count: Preliminary report. J. Orthp. Sports Phys. Ther., 19(2): 93-99, 1994. Dr. Dembo’s study was published in “Physical Culture & Sports” from the book series “Science for Sports.” (1981)

<urn:uuid:183f1a15-c90a-4b25-ae94-6448597a64dc>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://medicalmassage-edu.com/does-sports-massage-have-a-significant-impact-on-the-process-of-recovery-after-maximal-exercises/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506870.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402080824-20200402110824-00473.warc.gz

en

Lighting Terms and Definitions Accent lighting: Lighting used to emphasize or draw attention to a special object or building. Ambient light: The general overall level of lighting in an area. Angstrom: A unit of wavelength often used in astronomy, equal to 10-10 meter or 0.1 nanometer. Baffle: An opaque or translucent element to shield a light source from direct view. Ballast: A device used with a discharge lamp to obtain the necessary voltage, current, and/or wave form for starting and operating the lamp. Beam spread: The angle between the two directions in the plane in which the intensity is equal to a given percentage (usually 10 percent) of the maximum beam intensity. Brightness: Strength of the sensation that results from viewing surfaces from which the light comes to the eye. BUG: A luminaire classification system that is used in the Prescriptive method for evaluating optical distribution of outdoor luminaires that denotes levels of backlight (B), uplight (U) and glare (G). “Blue” Light: Refers to the quantity of light intensity in the short wavelength portion of the visible light spectrum. Bulb or lamp: The source of electric light. To be distinguished from the whole assembly (see luminaire). Lamp often is used to denote the bulb and its housing. Candela (cd): Unit of luminous intensity. One candela is one lumen per steradian. Formerly called the candle. Candlepower distribution curve: A plot of the variation in luminous intensity of a lamp or luminaire. Candlepower: Luminous intensity expressed in candelas. CIE: Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. The international light commission. Sets most lighting standards. Coefficient of Utilization (CU): Ratio of luminous flux (lumens) from a luminaire received on the “work plane” [the area where the light is needed] to the lumens emitted by the luminaire. Color rendering: Effect of a light source on the color appearance of objects in comparison with their color appearance under normal daylighting. Color rendering index (CRI) is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reveal the colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light source. Cones and rods: Retinal receptors. Cones dominate the response when the luminance level is high (photopic vision), and provide color perception. Rods dominate at low luminance levels when we are using scotopic vision. No rods are found in the central part of the fovea. Rods have no color perception ability. Conspicuity: The capacity of a signal to stand out in relation to its background so as to be readily discovered by the eye (as in lettering on a sign, for example). Correlated color temperature (CCT) is a specification of the color appearance of the light emitted by a lamp, relating its color to the color of light from a reference source when heated to a particular temperature, measured in degrees Kelvin (K). Cosine law: Illuminance on a surface varies as the cosine of the angle of incidence of the light. The inverse square law and the cosine law can be combined. Cut off angle, of a luminaire: The angle, measured up from the nadir (i.e. straight down), between the vertical axis and the first line of sight at which the bare source (the bulb or lamp) is not visible. Cutoff fixture: An IES definition “Intensity at or above 90° (horizontal) no more than 2.5% of lamp lumens, and no more than 10% of lamp lumens at or above 80°”. Dark adaptation: The process by which the eye becomes adapted to a luminance less than about 0.03 candela per square meter (0.01 footlambert). Disability glare: Glare resulting in reduced visual performance and visibility. It is often accompanied by discomfort. Discomfort glare: Glare that produces discomfort, but does not necessarily diminish visual performance. Efficacy: The ability of a lighting system to produce the desired result. Efficiency: A measure of the effective or useful output of a system compared to the input of the system. Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum: The distribution of energy emitted by a radiant source, arranged in order of wavelength or frequency. Includes gamma-ray, X-ray, ultraviolet, visual, infrared, and radio regions. Energy (radiant energy): Unit is erg, or joule, or kWh. Façade lighting: The illumination of the exterior of a building Fitted target efficacy (FTE): A metric for luminaire efficacy, created by the U.S. Department of Energy for use by the Energy Star program to rate solid-state outdoor lighting. The product of the metric is a lumens per watt rating for a luminaire, similar to that of the Target Efficacy Rating (TER) metric. Fixture: The assembly that holds the lamp in a lighting system. It includes the elements designed to give light output control, such as a reflector (mirror) or refractor (lens), the ballast, housing, and the attachment parts. Floodlight: A fixture designed to “flood” a well defined area with light. Flux (radiant flux): Unit is erg/sec or watts. Footcandle: Illuminance produced on a surface one foot from a uniform point source of one candela. Footlambert: The average luminance of a surface emitting or reflecting light at a rate of one lumen per square foot. Full-cutoff fixture: An IES definition; “Zero intensity at or above horizontal (90° above nadir) and limited to a value not exceeding 10% of lamp lumens at or above 80°”. Fully Shielded fixture: A fixture that allows no emission above a horizontal plane through the fixture. Glare: Intense and blinding light that reduces visibility. A light within the field of vision that is brighter than the brightness to which the eyes are adapted. HID lamp: In a discharge lamp, the emitted energy (light) is produced by the passage of an electric current through a gas. High-intensity discharge (HID) include mercury, metal halide, and high pressure sodium lamps. Other discharge lamps are LPS and fluorescent. Some such lamps have internal coatings to convert some of the ultraviolet energy emitted by the gas discharge into visual output. High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamp: HID lamp where radiation is produced from sodium vapor at relatively high partial pressures (100 torr). HPS is essentially a “point source”. House-side Shield: Opaque material applied to a fixture to block the light from illuminating a residence or other structure being protected from light trespass. Illuminance: Density of luminous flux incident on a surface. Unit is footcandle or lux. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES or IESNA): The professional society of lighting engineers, including those from manufacturing companies, and others professionally involved in lighting. Incandescent lamp: Light is produced by a filament heated to a high temperature by electric current. Infrared radiation: EM radiation just to the long wavelength side of the visual. Intensity: The degree or amount of energy or light. Inverse-square law: Illuminance at a point varies directly with the intensity, I, of a point source and inversely as the square of the distance, d, to the source. E = I / d2 kWh: Kilowatt-hour: A unit of energy equal to the work done by one kilowatt (1000 watts) of power acting for one hour. Lamp or bulb: The source of electric light. To be distinguished from the whole assembly (see luminaire). Lamp often is used to denote the bulb and its housing. Light pollution: Any adverse effect of artificial light. Light trespass: Light falling where it is not wanted or needed. Spill light. Obtrusive light. Low-Pressure Sodium (LPS) lamp: A discharge lamp where the light is produced by radiation from sodium vapor at a relatively low partial pressure (about 0.001 torr). LPS is a “tube source”. It is monochromatic light. Lumen: Unit of luminous flux; the flux emitted within a unit solid angle by a point source with a uniform luminous intensity of one candela. One footcandle is one lumen per square foot. One lux is one lumen per square meter. Lumen depreciation factor: Light loss of a luminaire with time due to the lamp decreasing in efficiency, dirt accumulation, and any other factors that lower the effective output with time. Luminaire: The complete lighting unit, including the lamp, the fixture, and other parts. Luminance: At a point and in a given direction, the luminous intensity in the given direction produced by an element of the surface surrounding the point divided by the area of the projection of the element on a plane perpendicular to the given direction. Units: candelas per unit area (cd/m2). Lux: One lumen per square meter. Unit of illuminance. Mercury-vapor lamp: An HID lamp where the light is produced by radiation from mercury vapor. Metal-halide lamp: An HID lamp where the light is produced by radiation from metal-halide vapors. Mounting height: The height of the fixture or lamp above the ground. Nadir: A point on the celestial sphere directly below the observer, diametrically opposite the zenith. Nanometer (nm): 10-9 meter. Often used as the unit for wavelength in the EM spectrum. Photometry: The quantitative measurement of light level and distribution. Photopic vision is the vision of the eye under well-lit conditions. In humans and many other animals, photopic vision allows color perception, mediated by cone cells, and a significantly higher visual acuity and temporal resolution than available with scotopic vision. Quality of light: A subjective ratio of the pluses to the minuses of any lighting installation. Reflector: Controlling light output by means of reflection (mirror). Refractor: Controlling light output by means of refraction (lens). Scotopic vision is the vision of the eye under very low light conditions. The term comes from Greek skotos meaning darkness and -opia meaning a condition of sight. Semi-cutoff fixture: An IES definition; “Intensity at or above 90° (horizontal) no more than 5% of lamp lumens and no more than 20% at or above 80°”. Shielding: An opaque material that blocks the transmission of light. Spectral power distribution (SPD): A pictorial representation of the radiant power emitted by a light source at each wavelength or band of wavelengths in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (360 to 770 nanometers). Spotlight: A fixture designed to light only a small, well-defined area. Stray light: Emitted light that falls away from the area where it is needed or wanted. Light trespass. Target Efficacy Rating (TER) is measured in lumens per watt, like the efficacy rating for lamps; but it is not the total light output of a luminaire’s lamp(s) which is being rated for efficiency– only the light (the lumens) which the luminaire successfully delivers onto the target area. Task lighting: Lighting designed for a specific purpose or task. Ultraviolet “light”: The energy output by a source which is of shorter wavelengths than the eye can see. Some photographic films are sensitive to ultraviolet energy, as are many electronic detectors. “Black Light.” Urban sky glow: The brightening of the night sky due to manmade lighting. Veiling luminance: A luminance produced by bright sources in the field-of-view superimposed on the image in the eye reducing contrast and hence visibility. Visibility: Being perceived by the eye. Seeing effectively. The goal of night lighting.

<urn:uuid:d50bea55-dbee-410a-9355-981e0eba9826>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

http://volt.org/glossary/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370497309.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200330212722-20200331002722-00554.warc.gz

en

history linguistics mythology palaeontology physics psychology religion Uniformitarianism © 2001-2004 Catastrophism.com |Sign-up | Log-in| Introduction | Publications | More Search results for: red planet in all categories 549 results found containing all search terms. 55 pages of results. 231. News in Brief [SIS C&C Workshop $] ... establishment are obstructing their research work because it 'challenges the Darwinian doctrine of the Earthly origins of life". According to these astronomers, evolution began on comets and is a continuing process even now. Their research has suggested that "recent epidemic diseases, including last winter's Red 'Flu outbreak, have come from outer space". The S.R.C. has denied this accusation, however, and stated that their grant application has been refused because "it did not fulfil the Council's normal requirements that research should show 'timeliness and promise'". ... papers published by Sir Fred Hoyle and Professor Wickramasinghe have argued that: "comets in the early solar system acted as gigantic culture pools where complex organic molecules were mixed with water and kept warm. Life began there and only reached Earth when the comets crashed on our planet." They also believe that the additions of new genetic material to our planet since that time have also come from comets. (The above information is culled from news cuttings submitted by members, especially from the Times Higher Education Supplement, 14.4.78, submitted by ... 232. Equatorial Ridge of Iapetus [Thunderbolts Website] ... . The pronounced ridge around its equator has no place in the theory of gravitationally collapsing clouds. Both objects on the right are called“ concretions ”, and their origins are also puzzling. The sandstone concretion (upper image) was found on a farm near the Red River in Texas, and the hematite Moqui marble was found in Utah (lower image). Concretions occur in abundance on our planet and have produced many speculations about their origins. Certainly, in a gravity-only universe, there is no way to relate Iapetus to ... formative processes of concretions. In size, the two are separated by up to eight orders of magnitude. Gravity is strong enough to form a sphere from a collection of matter the size of Iapetus, but there ’ s a lower limit to gravity ’ s ability to produce spherical shapes. (Asteroids and comet nuclei are below that limit and therefore seldom spherical.) And while geologists have hypothesized, but never demonstrated, the processes that form concretions, they have never suggested that such processes could give birth to Iapetus! In ... 233. A Note on the "Land of Punt" [Kronos $] ... (2) This, like so many other ideas he has put forward, has been essentially ignored by professional Egyptologists, who continue to disseminate the long-held view that Punt must have been located on the African or Arabian littorals (e.g., Somaliland) of the Red Sea or the Gulf of Aden. Yet, since the publication of Ages in Chaos, advances in the phonological reconstruction of the Egyptian language itself appear to have added weight to Velikovsky's suggestion concerning the location of Punt.(2a) Among the changes to be ... authorities which is reflected in her appearance as Pene Ba'al [" the 'Face of Ba'al'". and which corresponds to that of Asherat with El [Saturn in Phoenicia... Tanit is represented by the crescent moon [sic?, and Astarte by the planet Venus." Tanit "is the dispenser to mankind of the vital energy which is Ba'al Hammon's." Tanit resembled Isis and Cybele closely and "the Romans adopted her cult and renamed her Coelestis" (p. 154)-- (emphasis added) ... 234. The Catastrophic Substructure of the Samson & Delilah Myth [SIS C&C Workshop $] ... we will resist them stoutly...and Thor blew hard into his beard and puffed out the bristles. Immediately a gale came up against the King."' In the same work, Thor is said to appear to a Christian convert in a dream as 'big and red -bearded'. The interpretation given is that the beard denoted the lightning and that the colour of the beard was based on a red sky which, foretells a storm, but the catastrophic interpretation of a fiery comet would seem much more likely. Similarly, the ... sealed over against him so that he could not deceive (perhaps interfere would be better) with the nations again. All this could well refer to a comet which had been causing havoc in the solar system being captured into a stable orbit and settling down as a planet circling harmlessly around the sun. In the Samson story, Delilah tames Samson by cutting off his hair and this would seem to reflect the fact that a comet which is rendered harmless by going into regular circular orbit must lose its tail which is symbolised in the ... 235. The Last Days of Velikovsky [SIS Internet Digest $] ... him, attack the scientific establishment on his behalf, rather than do truly creative work or research on their own. So, I was helping Alfred to do research on his forthcoming Moses book, and Alfred had asked me to check up things on the color "red" in Ancient Egypt (which Velikovsky had pointed out, in World's in Collision, became the "evil" color at the time of the Exodus, which he associated as you know already with the large catastrophes associated with the passage of Venus as a comet ... , the geosphere, the ecosphere, the anthroposphere, the historical records, wherever available, would show some significant disturbances 3500 years ago, at the time at which Velikovsky put the catastrophic near passage of cometary Venus, before she was emplaced in her orbit as a planet, which was also the time which Velikovsky assigned to the Exodus of the Hebrew from Egypt. The article which Alfred projected to write in collaboration was to be offered to Nature magazine. There was going to be, obviously, a lot to serious and difficult ... 236. Jerusalem - City of Saturn [Kronos $] ... , saw the picture and was immensely excited by it; that he pictured himself, very literally, as the Wild Huntsman, and adopted von Stuck's figure as his own self-image? It seems likely that he adjusted his personal appearance- forelock, mustache, and the red cape he affected at Nuremberg party rallies- to conform to this image of the hard riding apotheosis of brutality, power, and destruction."(20) In light of the above, it is instructive to note that, up until the Middle Ages, ... According to Rosenberg: "The West Semitic deity Shalem or Shulman is the god whose name is perpetuated in that of the city of Jerusalem, 'the foundation of Shalem'. In the Assyrian vocabulary K.4339 he is identified with Ninurta, the Assyro-Babylonian deity manifested in the planet Saturn, which was, in the thinking of the ancient Semites, the 'stable' planet."(7) Furthermore, "it is likely that in the cult of Jerusalem, 'elyon ('the most high') was another name for Shalem... ... 237. AEON Back Issues [Aeon Journal $] ... Egg* The Beginning of Time* Sothis and the Morning Star. Vol.III: No.6 A Dynamical Objection to Grubaugh's Polar Configuration* Response to Slabinski* "Worlds in Collision"* The Stratigraphy of Ancient Israel* The Saturn Thesis: Questions and Answers* Dragons and Red Dwarfs. \cdrom\pubs\journals\aeon\vol0406\124aeon.htm ... From: Aeon IV:6 (May 1997) Home¦ Issue Contents Aeon All Back Issues Now Available $15.00 per issue Vol.I: No.1 Reconstructing the Saturn Myth* Venus in Ancient Myth and Language* Apollo and the Planet Mars* The Electro-Gravitic Theory of Celestial Motion* Solar System Studies* The Road to Saturn. Vol.I: No.2 Reopening the Sumerian Question* Heinsohn, Velikovsky and the Revised Chronology* The Chaldeans of Sumer* Did the Sumerians and the Akkadians Ever Exist?* The Signature of Catastrophe* Stars, ... 238. The Flat Face Of Mars [Science Frontiers Website] ... southern highlands are composed of the debris from an exploded planet which Mars once attended as a satellite. Be that as it may, there is something puzzling about the northern plains. We now have information from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), now orbitting the red planet, that the low-lying northern plains are much flatter than thought. For thousands of kilometers, they are smooth on a scale of hundreds of meters. This is flatter than the lava flows of the lunar maria; flatter than the smoothest central Sahara. These ... is occupied by rough, cratered highlands. This sharp, profound crustal dichotomy has been known for many years and has resisted explanation. In SF#113, T. Van Flandern advanced the theory that the rugged southern highlands are composed of the debris from an exploded planet which Mars once attended as a satellite. Be that as it may, there is something puzzling about the northern plains. We now have information from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), now orbitting the red planet, that the low-lying northern plains are much ... 239. When Asteroids Become Comets [Thunderbolts Website] ... home updates news and views picture of the day resources team a role for you contact us Orbits of the three known main-belt comets (red lines), the five innermost planets (black lines; from the center outward: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and Jupiter), a sample of 100 main-belt asteroids (orange lines), and two "typical" comets (Halley's Comet, and Tempel 1, target of the recent Deep Impact mission) as blue lines. Positions of the main-belt comets and planets on ... field of the Sun to a greater extent than is typical of other bodies in the 'asteroid belt' (See chart above). Cometary effects may also be expected from an asteroid if it passes through the huge electric comet tail [called the magnetosphere of a giant planet. The astronomers ’ recent investigation only reinforces the argument of the electrical theorists: The electric model is eminently testable, with highly specific and unique predictions; and it has so far met every test provided by the space age. EXECUTIVE EDITORS: David Talbott, ... 240. C&C Workshop 1990, Number 2: Contents [SIS C&C Workshop $] ... (1990 Toronto Conference) 28 1990 ISIS Fellowship Lecture Meeting 31 MONITOR:* Incredible Star Turn* Planet is Comet* Missing Neutrinos* Big Bangs, Little Whimpers* Chaotic Pluto* Water from Space?* Planet X/Nemesis?* The Outer Planets* Red Shift Renegades* Surface of Venus* Life from Space* C-T Impact Site?* Smallest Dinosaurs* Problem of Frozen Mammoths* African Eve* As fresh as 20Myrs ago!* Surprisingly Speedy Speciation* Pitfalls of Fossil Evidence* Sedimentary Problems* U-Th Dating Tool ... Reign Lengths of Saul and Labayu (Rees/Newgrosh) 27 Horizons: History, proto-History and the Search for Synchronisms 22 Evolution Symposium at Southeastern University 28 Reconsidering Velikovsky (1990 Toronto Conference) 28 1990 ISIS Fellowship Lecture Meeting 31 MONITOR:* Incredible Star Turn* Planet is Comet* Missing Neutrinos* Big Bangs, Little Whimpers* Chaotic Pluto* Water from Space?* Planet X/Nemesis?* The Outer Planets* Red Shift Renegades* Surface of Venus* Life from Space* C-T Impact Site?* Smallest Dinosaurs ... Search took 0.070 seconds Search powered by Zoom Search Engine

<urn:uuid:72a47063-feff-407d-a367-85e310dc3b03>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.catastrophism.com/intro/search.cgi?zoom_query=red+planet&zoom_page=24&zoom_per_page=10&zoom_and=1&zoom_sort=0

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371606067.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405150416-20200405180916-00474.warc.gz

en

To ground oneself in an effort to gain healthy mental health is very necessary. It’s not easy because we get caught up stuck in our heads, thinking too much. Grounding helps us to calm down our minds so we can get clarity. Grounding facilitates that emotional release we need to heal ourselves. We can’t heal ourselves from unsettled thinking through a cerebral process. It doesn’t work that way. Our unexpressed emotions and unexpressed truths will consume us until they are looked at and this is where grounding comes in. Here are a few examples of grounding that worked for me: - focusing on the breath gradually working up to about 2 minutes. - paying attention to what you are thinking and write it down. - coming back to the present moment, what are you doing at that moment. - meditation, quiet time, reflection. - do artwork, draw, paint, doodle, sew, knit, woodwork any kind of crafts. - write, even if it is a word, or sentence, write what you hear, write from the heart. - listen to music, any music that you like. - take a walk, breath in deep, look at nature, go to the ocean. - take a different action, redirect your actions. - exercise, any exercise is better than none. Grounding is an important part of getting in touch with your body where a lot of negativity, hidden memories, and confusion is stored. Our mind needs grounding for clarity and our bodies need grounding to get rid of stored negativity, hidden memories and confusion that it holds. By practicing grounding on a regular basis, even once a week reaps great benefit and help change your thinking by changing your emotional life for the better. Resistance is something I live with every day. It’s like a chronic illness. For me resistance keeps me from doing the things that I really want to do. The things I know are really good for me. I have created an inner barrier that sabotages my own efforts. Why does this happen? There are many reasons all of us live with resistance here are a few. Fear, maybe be don’t want to know the truth or are fearful of become uncomfortable with self-knowledge. Fear of the unknown, not realizing the need for a change, maintaining an old habit. Those are just a few reasons. Resistance is part of the human condition. No one really likes change or makes changes quickly. Rather, resistance to change can disappear in a very natural way. Examining ourselves is a deep way will cause change to happen painlessly, automatically, organically. Uncovering, unblending, undoing what we have always done is the catalyst for positive, dramatic change in tiny steps. Take the time to objectively look at your own beliefs and actions. Why are you believing those beliefs, why are you taking those actions. Are these beliefs learned somewhere along your life or are they your own? Are the actions you are taking in your comfort zone, why? Ask these questions in a non judgmental way so your inner life trusts you to reveal the information you need. Examining resistance is a life long self-care action. You are meant to progress not stand still. I get stuck a lot when I want to try something new that I know will help me immensely. I get stuck when I want to stop an unnecessary action that does not help me at all. I am far from perfect in growing as a functional human being but I am committed in finding a way to have a mentally healthy life. Here is what I learned the hard way. 1. taking action, any action, is the number one way to stay in touch with my true self. If I do nothing, I stay stagnant. 2. when I have thoughts full of worry I stop and ask where are these thoughts coming from. Are they from past belief or what is going on presently. Mostly the thoughts are from the past or worry about things I am not sure of. 3. being mindful of my thoughts and actions help me be more grounded and less distracted. 4. being kind to myself in thoughts and actions brings lots of productivity. 5. taking some quiet time every day helps me stay calm more often. Growing as a functional human being is a very personal path. There is no right or wrong way. The right way is your way. There are many resources in books and online to get you started on your journey. Being right where you are and you will slowly find your way to have a healthy mental and emotional life. So many times we feel stuck. Nothing is working out. We are confused about which way to go. Bored and restless. Reminder: your options are not limited. Ignore naysayers and your own resistance. Think out side of the norm. To free yourself from your actual or perceived restrictions: Choose. Choose any direction. Any direction will lead you to freedom. Even if it is as simple a decision as what to eat for breakfast. Feeling you have no control in your life could be based on your own actions. But more likly because of your inaction. The hardest most difficult thing you will do in your life is: Changing those bad habits Changing those negative thoughts Changing those toxic realationships Changing those unhappy behaviors Changing self sabatoge Changing resistance to change How many times during the day do you put up with stuff that grates on your nerves. How many times have you said to yourself: I really need to change this thing that I do that does me no good at all. But you do nothing. Welcome to the club. We all avoid going out of our comfort zone. What we forget is that Change is icing on the cake. We can change our destiny by one small thing. Start where you are. Do it even if you are scared. Even if you don’t know what you are doing. It does not matter if you know where you are going. Any action is the right Thinking about changing is not enough. It’s easy to think about change because it is safer than taking action. Action requires risk. Inherent in risk is the unknown. Hense the hesitation. That is perfectly normal. Do it anyway You will not be disappointed Because by focusing on Change will guide you to the necessary steps to move It is that simple Go For It Happy Changing !!!!! It’s time to get back to basics of success. Mr. Hill’s work is classic and never gets old. Read these principles and get your life on the road to sucess quickly. Lesson 1: Definiteness of Purpose Definiteness of purpose is the starting point of all achievement. Without a purpose and a plan, people drift aimlessly through life. Lesson 2: Mastermind Alliance The Mastermind principle consists of an alliance of two or more minds working in perfect harmony for the attainment of a common definite objective. Success does not come without the cooperation of others. Lesson 3: Applied Faith Faith is a state of mind through which your aims, desires, plans and purposes may be translated into their physical or financial equivalent. Lesson 4: Going the Extra Mile Going the extra mile is the action of rendering more and better service than that for which you are presently paid. When you go the extra mile, the Law of Compensation comes into play. Lesson 5: Pleasing Personality Personality is the sum total of one’s mental, spiritual and physical traits and habits that distinguish one from all others. It is the factor that determines whether one is liked or disliked by others. Lesson 6: Personal Initiative Personal initiative is the power that inspires the completion of that which one begins. It is the power that starts all action. No person is free until he learns to do his own thinking and gains the courage to act on his own. Lesson 7: Positive Mental Attitude Positive mental attitude is the right mental attitude in all circumstances. Success attracts more success while failure attracts more failure. Lesson 8: Enthusiasm Enthusiasm is faith in action. It is the intense emotion known as burning desire. It comes from within, although it radiates outwardly in the expression of one’s voice and countenance. Lesson 9: Self-Discipline Self-discipline begins with the mastery of thought. If you do not control your thoughts, you cannot control your needs. Self-discipline calls for a balancing of the emotions of your heart with the reasoning faculty of your head. Lesson 10: Accurate Thinking The power of thought is the most dangerous or the most beneficial power available to man, depending on how it is used. Lesson 11: Controlled Attention Controlled attention leads to mastery in any type of human endeavor, because it enables one to focus the powers of his mind upon the attainment of a definite objective and to keep it so directed at will. Lesson 12: Teamwork Teamwork is harmonious cooperation that is willing, voluntary and free. Whenever the spirit of teamwork is the dominating influence in business or industry, success is inevitable. Harmonious cooperation is a priceless asset that you can acquire in proportion to your giving. Lesson 13: Adversity & Defeat Individual success usually is in exact proportion of the scope of the defeat the individual has experienced and mastered. Many so-called failures represent only a temporary defeat that may prove to be a blessing in disguise. Lesson 14: Creative Vision Creative vision is developed by the free and fearless use of one’s imagination. It is not a miraculous quality with which one is gifted or is not gifted at birth. Lesson 15: Health Sound health begins with a sound health consciousness, just as financial success begins with a prosperity consciousness. Lesson 16: Budgeting Time & Money Time and money are precious resources, and few people striving for success ever believe they possess either one in excess. Lesson 17: Habits Developing and establishing positive habits leads to peace of mind, health and financial security. You are where you are because of your established habits and thoughts and deeds. “When you want to attract something into your life, make sure your actions don’t contradict your desires.. Think about what you have asked for, and make sure that your actions are mirroring what you expect to receive, and that they’re not contradicting what you‘ve asked for. Act as if you are receiving it. Do exactly what you would do if you were receiving it today, and take actions in your life to reflect that powerful expectation. Make room to receive your desires, and as you do, you are sending out that powerful signal of expectation. ― Rhonda Byrne, The Secret How to deal with frustration in one easy step. Take action in any direction. Even if you are not sure where you are going.

<urn:uuid:bcc99bb4-dba9-417f-b402-393bfe26313e>

CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://purelysimplewords.com/tag/action/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371803248.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407152449-20200407182949-00074.warc.gz

en