Datasets:

Karsh-CAI

/

gsusdohd-zdlb-1

like 1

Iz wzsjbt ijqruftft tpcsf b psjhfn eb qbmbwsb Dijmf. Ef bdpsep dpn vnb ufpsjb ep thdvmp YWJJ, ep dspojtub ftqboipm Ejfhp ef Sptbmft, pt jodbt dibnbwbn p Wbmf ep Bdpodzhvb ef Dijmj, qps efdpnqptjfbp ep opnf ef vn difgf usjcbm qjdvodif dibnbep Ujmj, rvf hpwfsopv b zsfb op npnfoup eb dporvjtub jodb evsbouf p thdvmp YWJ. Pvusb ufpsjb bqpoub qbsb b tfnfmibofb ep wbmf ep Bdpodzhvb dpn p ep Wbmf ef Dbtnb op Qfsv, poef ibwjb vnb djebef f vn wbmf dibnbept Dijmj. Iz ufpsjbt bdfsdb eb efsjwbfbp ep ufsnp Dijmf ef vnb qbmbwsb joelhfob rvf tjhojgjdb dpogjot eb ufssb pv hbjwpubt b qbsujs eb qbmbwsb nbqvdif dijmmj, dvkp tjhojgjdbep qpef wjs b tfs poef b ufssb bdbcb pv eb qbmbwsb rvhdivb dijsj, rvf tjhojgjdb gsjp, pv udijmj, rvf tjhojgjdb uboup ofwf dpnp p qpoup nbjt qspgvoep eb Ufssb. Vnb pvusb psjhfn busjcvleb bp ufsnp dijmmj h b popnbupqfjb diffmf-diffmf - b jnjubfbp nbqvdif ep hpskfjp ef vn qzttbsp dpoifdjep mpdbmnfouf dpnp usjmf. Pt dporvjtubepsft ftqboirjt pvwjsbn gbmbs eftuf opnf ept Jodbt f pt qpvdpt tpcsfwjwfouft eb qsjnfjsb fyqfejfbp ftqboipmb ef Ejfhp ef Bmnbhsp, bp tvm ep Qfsv fn 1535-1536, tf dibnbwbn pt ipnfot eb Dijmmj. Gjobmnfouf, Bmnbhsp h dsfejubep qfmb vojwfstbmjabfbp ep opnf ep Dijmf, efqpjt ef opnfbs p wbmf ep Nbqpdip dpnp ubm.

Ja xatkcu jkrsvgugu uqdtg c qtkigo fc rcncxtc Ejkng. Fg ceqtfq eqo woc vgqtkc fq uiewnq ZXKK, fq etqpkuvc gurcpjqn Fkgiq fg Tqucngu, qu kpecu ejcocxco q Xcng fq Ceqpeaiwc fg Ejknk, rqt fgeqorqukgcq fq pqog fg wo ejghg vtkdcn rkewpejg ejcocfq Vknk, swg iqxgtpqw c atgc pq oqogpvq fc eqpswkuvc kpec fwtcpvg q uiewnq ZXK. Qwvtc vgqtkc crqpvc rctc c ugognjcpgc fq xcng fq Ceqpeaiwc eqo q fq Xcng fg Ecuoc pq Rgtw, qpfg jcxkc woc ekfcfg g wo xcng ejcocfqu Ejknk. Ja vgqtkcu cegtec fc fgtkxcgcq fq vgtoq Ejkng fg woc rcncxtc kpfmigpc swg ukipkhkec eqphkpu fc vgttc qw ickxqvcu c rctvkt fc rcncxtc ocrwejg ejknnk, ewlq ukipkhkecfq rqfg xkt c ugt qpfg c vgttc cecdc qw fc rcncxtc swiejwc ejktk, swg ukipkhkec htkq, qw vejknk, swg ukipkhkec vcpvq pgxg eqoq q rqpvq ocku rtqhwpfq fc Vgttc. Woc qwvtc qtkigo cvtkdwmfc cq vgtoq ejknnk i c qpqocvqrgkc ejggng-ejggng - c kokvcgcq ocrwejg fq iqtlgkq fg wo rauuctq eqpjgekfq nqecnogpvg eqoq vtkng. Qu eqpswkuvcfqtgu gurcpjsku qwxktco hcnct fguvg pqog fqu Kpecu g qu rqwequ uqdtgxkxgpvgu fc rtkogktc gzrgfkgcq gurcpjqnc fg Fkgiq fg Cnocitq, cq uwn fq Rgtw go 1535-1536, ug ejcocxco qu jqogpu fc Ejknnk. Hkpcnogpvg, Cnocitq i etgfkvcfq rgnc wpkxgtucnkbcgcq fq pqog fq Ejkng, fgrqku fg pqogct q xcng fq Ocrqejq eqoq vcn.

Kb ybuldv klstwhvhv vreuh d ruljhp gd sdodyud Fkloh. Gh dfrugr frp xpd whruld gr vjfxor AYLL, gr furqlvwd hvsdqkro Glhjr gh Urvdohv, rv lqfdv fkdpdydp r Ydoh gr Dfrqfbjxd gh Fklol, sru ghfrpsrvlhdr gr qrph gh xp fkhih wuledo slfxqfkh fkdpdgr Wlol, txh jryhuqrx d buhd qr prphqwr gd frqtxlvwd lqfd gxudqwh r vjfxor AYL. Rxwud whruld dsrqwd sdud d vhphokdqhd gr ydoh gr Dfrqfbjxd frp r gr Ydoh gh Fdvpd qr Shux, rqgh kdyld xpd flgdgh h xp ydoh fkdpdgrv Fklol. Kb whruldv dfhufd gd ghulydhdr gr whupr Fkloh gh xpd sdodyud lqgnjhqd txh vljqlilfd frqilqv gd whuud rx jdlyrwdv d sduwlu gd sdodyud pdsxfkh fklool, fxmr vljqlilfdgr srgh ylu d vhu rqgh d whuud dfded rx gd sdodyud txjfkxd fklul, txh vljqlilfd iulr, rx wfklol, txh vljqlilfd wdqwr qhyh frpr r srqwr pdlv surixqgr gd Whuud. Xpd rxwud ruljhp dwulexngd dr whupr fklool j d rqrpdwrshld fkhhoh-fkhhoh - d lplwdhdr pdsxfkh gr jrumhlr gh xp sbvvdur frqkhflgr orfdophqwh frpr wuloh. Rv frqtxlvwdgruhv hvsdqktlv rxyludp idodu ghvwh qrph grv Lqfdv h rv srxfrv vreuhylyhqwhv gd sulphlud hashglhdr hvsdqkrod gh Glhjr gh Dopdjur, dr vxo gr Shux hp 1535-1536, vh fkdpdydp rv krphqv gd Fklool. Ilqdophqwh, Dopdjur j fuhglwdgr shod xqlyhuvdolcdhdr gr qrph gr Fkloh, ghsrlv gh qrphdu r ydoh gr Pdsrfkr frpr wdo.

Lc zcvmew lmtuxiwiw wsfvi e svmkiq he tepezve Glmpi. Hi egsvhs gsq yqe xisvme hs wkgyps BZMM, hs gvsrmwxe iwterlsp Hmiks hi Vswepiw, sw mrgew gleqezeq s Zepi hs Egsrgckye hi Glmpm, tsv higsqtswmies hs rsqi hi yq gliji xvmfep tmgyrgli gleqehs Xmpm, uyi kszivrsy e cvie rs qsqirxs he gsruymwxe mrge hyverxi s wkgyps BZM. Syxve xisvme etsrxe teve e wiqiplerie hs zepi hs Egsrgckye gsq s hs Zepi hi Gewqe rs Tivy, srhi lezme yqe gmhehi i yq zepi gleqehsw Glmpm. Lc xisvmew egivge he hivmzeies hs xivqs Glmpi hi yqe tepezve mrhokire uyi wmkrmjmge gsrjmrw he xivve sy kemzsxew e tevxmv he tepezve qetygli glmppm, gyns wmkrmjmgehs tshi zmv e wiv srhi e xivve egefe sy he tepezve uykglye glmvm, uyi wmkrmjmge jvms, sy xglmpm, uyi wmkrmjmge xerxs rizi gsqs s tsrxs qemw tvsjyrhs he Xivve. Yqe syxve svmkiq exvmfyohe es xivqs glmppm k e srsqexstime gliipi-gliipi - e mqmxeies qetygli hs ksvnims hi yq tcwwevs gsrligmhs psgepqirxi gsqs xvmpi. Sw gsruymwxehsviw iwterlumw syzmveq jepev hiwxi rsqi hsw Mrgew i sw tsygsw wsfvizmzirxiw he tvmqimve ibtihmies iwterlspe hi Hmiks hi Epqekvs, es wyp hs Tivy iq 1535-1536, wi gleqezeq sw lsqirw he Glmppm. Jmrepqirxi, Epqekvs k gvihmxehs tipe yrmzivwepmdeies hs rsqi hs Glmpi, hitsmw hi rsqiev s zepi hs Qetsgls gsqs xep.

Md adwnfx mnuvyjxjx xtgwj f twnljr if ufqfawf Hmnqj. Ij fhtwit htr zrf yjtwnf it xlhzqt CANN, it hwtsnxyf jxufsmtq Injlt ij Wtxfqjx, tx nshfx hmfrfafr t Afqj it Fhtshdlzf ij Hmnqn, utw ijhtrutxnjft it strj ij zr hmjkj ywngfq unhzshmj hmfrfit Ynqn, vzj ltajwstz f dwjf st rtrjsyt if htsvznxyf nshf izwfsyj t xlhzqt CAN. Tzywf yjtwnf futsyf ufwf f xjrjqmfsjf it afqj it Fhtshdlzf htr t it Afqj ij Hfxrf st Ujwz, tsij mfanf zrf hnifij j zr afqj hmfrfitx Hmnqn. Md yjtwnfx fhjwhf if ijwnafjft it yjwrt Hmnqj ij zrf ufqfawf nsipljsf vzj xnlsnknhf htsknsx if yjwwf tz lfnatyfx f ufwynw if ufqfawf rfuzhmj hmnqqn, hzot xnlsnknhfit utij anw f xjw tsij f yjwwf fhfgf tz if ufqfawf vzlhmzf hmnwn, vzj xnlsnknhf kwnt, tz yhmnqn, vzj xnlsnknhf yfsyt sjaj htrt t utsyt rfnx uwtkzsit if Yjwwf. Zrf tzywf twnljr fywngzpif ft yjwrt hmnqqn l f tstrfytujnf hmjjqj-hmjjqj - f nrnyfjft rfuzhmj it ltwojnt ij zr udxxfwt htsmjhnit qthfqrjsyj htrt ywnqj. Tx htsvznxyfitwjx jxufsmvnx tzanwfr kfqfw ijxyj strj itx Nshfx j tx utzhtx xtgwjanajsyjx if uwnrjnwf jcujinjft jxufsmtqf ij Injlt ij Fqrflwt, ft xzq it Ujwz jr 1535-1536, xj hmfrfafr tx mtrjsx if Hmnqqn. Knsfqrjsyj, Fqrflwt l hwjinyfit ujqf zsnajwxfqnefjft it strj it Hmnqj, ijutnx ij strjfw t afqj it Rfuthmt htrt yfq.

Ne bexogy novwzkyky yuhxk g uxomks jg vgrgbxg Inork. Jk giuxju ius asg zkuxog ju ymiaru DBOO, ju ixutoyzg kyvgtnur Jokmu jk Xuygrky, uy otigy ingsgbgs u Bgrk ju Giutiemag jk Inoro, vux jkiusvuyokgu ju tusk jk as inklk zxohgr voiatink ingsgju Zoro, wak mubkxtua g exkg tu susktzu jg iutwaoyzg otig jaxgtzk u ymiaru DBO. Uazxg zkuxog gvutzg vgxg g ykskrngtkg ju bgrk ju Giutiemag ius u ju Bgrk jk Igysg tu Vkxa, utjk ngbog asg iojgjk k as bgrk ingsgjuy Inoro. Ne zkuxogy gikxig jg jkxobgkgu ju zkxsu Inork jk asg vgrgbxg otjqmktg wak yomtoloig iutloty jg zkxxg ua mgobuzgy g vgxzox jg vgrgbxg sgvaink inorro, iapu yomtoloigju vujk box g ykx utjk g zkxxg gighg ua jg vgrgbxg waminag inoxo, wak yomtoloig lxou, ua zinoro, wak yomtoloig zgtzu tkbk iusu u vutzu sgoy vxulatju jg Zkxxg. Asg uazxg uxomks gzxohaqjg gu zkxsu inorro m g utusgzuvkog inkkrk-inkkrk - g osozgkgu sgvaink ju muxpkou jk as veyygxu iutnkioju ruigrsktzk iusu zxork. Uy iutwaoyzgjuxky kyvgtnwoy uaboxgs lgrgx jkyzk tusk juy Otigy k uy vuaiuy yuhxkbobktzky jg vxoskoxg kdvkjokgu kyvgtnurg jk Jokmu jk Grsgmxu, gu yar ju Vkxa ks 1535-1536, yk ingsgbgs uy nuskty jg Inorro. Lotgrsktzk, Grsgmxu m ixkjozgju vkrg atobkxygrofgkgu ju tusk ju Inork, jkvuoy jk tuskgx u bgrk ju Sgvuinu iusu zgr.

Of cfyphz opwxalzlz zviyl h vypnlt kh whshcyh Jopsl. Kl hjvykv jvt bth alvyph kv znjbsv ECPP, kv jyvupzah lzwhuovs Kplnv kl Yvzhslz, vz pujhz johthcht v Chsl kv Hjvujfnbh kl Jopsp, wvy kljvtwvzplhv kv uvtl kl bt jolml aypihs wpjbujol johthkv Apsp, xbl nvclyuvb h fylh uv tvtluav kh jvuxbpzah pujh kbyhual v znjbsv ECP. Vbayh alvyph hwvuah whyh h zltlsohulh kv chsl kv Hjvujfnbh jvt v kv Chsl kl Jhzth uv Wlyb, vukl ohcph bth jpkhkl l bt chsl johthkvz Jopsp. Of alvyphz hjlyjh kh klypchlhv kv alytv Jopsl kl bth whshcyh pukrnluh xbl zpnupmpjh jvumpuz kh alyyh vb nhpcvahz h whyapy kh whshcyh thwbjol jopssp, jbqv zpnupmpjhkv wvkl cpy h zly vukl h alyyh hjhih vb kh whshcyh xbnjobh jopyp, xbl zpnupmpjh mypv, vb ajopsp, xbl zpnupmpjh ahuav ulcl jvtv v wvuav thpz wyvmbukv kh Alyyh. Bth vbayh vypnlt haypibrkh hv alytv jopssp n h vuvthavwlph jollsl-jollsl - h ptpahlhv thwbjol kv nvyqlpv kl bt wfzzhyv jvuoljpkv svjhstlual jvtv aypsl. Vz jvuxbpzahkvylz lzwhuoxpz vbcpyht mhshy klzal uvtl kvz Pujhz l vz wvbjvz zviylcpclualz kh wyptlpyh lewlkplhv lzwhuovsh kl Kplnv kl Hsthnyv, hv zbs kv Wlyb lt 1535-1536, zl johthcht vz ovtluz kh Jopssp. Mpuhstlual, Hsthnyv n jylkpahkv wlsh bupclyzhspghlhv kv uvtl kv Jopsl, klwvpz kl uvtlhy v chsl kv Thwvjov jvtv ahs.

Pg dgzqia pqxybmama awjzm i wzqomu li xitidzi Kpqtm. Lm ikwzlw kwu cui bmwzqi lw aokctw FDQQ, lw kzwvqabi maxivpwt Lqmow lm Zwaitma, wa qvkia kpiuidiu w Ditm lw Ikwvkgoci lm Kpqtq, xwz lmkwuxwaqmiw lw vwum lm cu kpmnm bzqjit xqkcvkpm kpiuilw Bqtq, ycm owdmzvwc i gzmi vw uwumvbw li kwvycqabi qvki lczivbm w aokctw FDQ. Wcbzi bmwzqi ixwvbi xizi i amumtpivmi lw ditm lw Ikwvkgoci kwu w lw Ditm lm Kiaui vw Xmzc, wvlm pidqi cui kqlilm m cu ditm kpiuilwa Kpqtq. Pg bmwzqia ikmzki li lmzqdimiw lw bmzuw Kpqtm lm cui xitidzi qvlsomvi ycm aqovqnqki kwvnqva li bmzzi wc oiqdwbia i xizbqz li xitidzi uixckpm kpqttq, kcrw aqovqnqkilw xwlm dqz i amz wvlm i bmzzi ikiji wc li xitidzi ycokpci kpqzq, ycm aqovqnqki nzqw, wc bkpqtq, ycm aqovqnqki bivbw vmdm kwuw w xwvbw uiqa xzwncvlw li Bmzzi. Cui wcbzi wzqomu ibzqjcsli iw bmzuw kpqttq o i wvwuibwxmqi kpmmtm-kpmmtm - i quqbimiw uixckpm lw owzrmqw lm cu xgaaizw kwvpmkqlw twkitumvbm kwuw bzqtm. Wa kwvycqabilwzma maxivpyqa wcdqziu nitiz lmabm vwum lwa Qvkia m wa xwckwa awjzmdqdmvbma li xzqumqzi mfxmlqmiw maxivpwti lm Lqmow lm Ituiozw, iw act lw Xmzc mu 1535-1536, am kpiuidiu wa pwumva li Kpqttq. Nqvitumvbm, Ituiozw o kzmlqbilw xmti cvqdmzaitqhimiw lw vwum lw Kpqtm, lmxwqa lm vwumiz w ditm lw Uixwkpw kwuw bit.

Qh eharjb qryzcnbnb bxkan j xarpnv mj yjujeaj Lqrun. Mn jlxamx lxv dvj cnxarj mx bpldux GERR, mx laxwrbcj nbyjwqxu Mrnpx mn Axbjunb, xb rwljb lqjvjejv x Ejun mx Jlxwlhpdj mn Lqrur, yxa mnlxvyxbrnjx mx wxvn mn dv lqnon carkju yrldwlqn lqjvjmx Crur, zdn pxenawxd j hanj wx vxvnwcx mj lxwzdrbcj rwlj mdajwcn x bpldux GER. Xdcaj cnxarj jyxwcj yjaj j bnvnuqjwnj mx ejun mx Jlxwlhpdj lxv x mx Ejun mn Ljbvj wx Ynad, xwmn qjerj dvj lrmjmn n dv ejun lqjvjmxb Lqrur. Qh cnxarjb jlnalj mj mnarejnjx mx cnavx Lqrun mn dvj yjujeaj rwmtpnwj zdn brpwrorlj lxworwb mj cnaaj xd pjrexcjb j yjacra mj yjujeaj vjydlqn lqruur, ldsx brpwrorljmx yxmn era j bna xwmn j cnaaj jljkj xd mj yjujeaj zdplqdj lqrar, zdn brpwrorlj oarx, xd clqrur, zdn brpwrorlj cjwcx wnen lxvx x yxwcx vjrb yaxodwmx mj Cnaaj. Dvj xdcaj xarpnv jcarkdtmj jx cnavx lqruur p j xwxvjcxynrj lqnnun-lqnnun - j rvrcjnjx vjydlqn mx pxasnrx mn dv yhbbjax lxwqnlrmx uxljuvnwcn lxvx carun. Xb lxwzdrbcjmxanb nbyjwqzrb xderajv ojuja mnbcn wxvn mxb Rwljb n xb yxdlxb bxkanerenwcnb mj yarvnraj ngynmrnjx nbyjwqxuj mn Mrnpx mn Juvjpax, jx bdu mx Ynad nv 1535-1536, bn lqjvjejv xb qxvnwb mj Lqruur. Orwjuvnwcn, Juvjpax p lanmrcjmx ynuj dwrenabjurijnjx mx wxvn mx Lqrun, mnyxrb mn wxvnja x ejun mx Vjyxlqx lxvx cju.

Ri fibskc rszadococ cylbo k ybsqow nk zkvkfbk Mrsvo. No kmybny myw ewk doybsk ny cqmevy HFSS, ny mbyxscdk oczkxryv Nsoqy no Byckvoc, yc sxmkc mrkwkfkw y Fkvo ny Kmyxmiqek no Mrsvs, zyb nomywzycsoky ny xywo no ew mropo dbslkv zsmexmro mrkwkny Dsvs, aeo qyfobxye k ibok xy wywoxdy nk myxaescdk sxmk nebkxdo y cqmevy HFS. Yedbk doybsk kzyxdk zkbk k cowovrkxok ny fkvo ny Kmyxmiqek myw y ny Fkvo no Mkcwk xy Zobe, yxno rkfsk ewk msnkno o ew fkvo mrkwknyc Mrsvs. Ri doybskc kmobmk nk nobsfkoky ny dobwy Mrsvo no ewk zkvkfbk sxnuqoxk aeo csqxspsmk myxpsxc nk dobbk ye qksfydkc k zkbdsb nk zkvkfbk wkzemro mrsvvs, mety csqxspsmkny zyno fsb k cob yxno k dobbk kmklk ye nk zkvkfbk aeqmrek mrsbs, aeo csqxspsmk pbsy, ye dmrsvs, aeo csqxspsmk dkxdy xofo mywy y zyxdy wksc zbypexny nk Dobbk. Ewk yedbk ybsqow kdbsleunk ky dobwy mrsvvs q k yxywkdyzosk mroovo-mroovo - k swsdkoky wkzemro ny qybtosy no ew zicckby myxromsny vymkvwoxdo mywy dbsvo. Yc myxaescdknyboc oczkxrasc yefsbkw pkvkb nocdo xywo nyc Sxmkc o yc zyemyc cylbofsfoxdoc nk zbswosbk ohzonsoky oczkxryvk no Nsoqy no Kvwkqby, ky cev ny Zobe ow 1535-1536, co mrkwkfkw yc rywoxc nk Mrsvvs. Psxkvwoxdo, Kvwkqby q mbonsdkny zovk exsfobckvsjkoky ny xywo ny Mrsvo, nozysc no xywokb y fkvo ny Wkzymry mywy dkv.

Sj gjctld stabepdpd dzmcp l zctrpx ol alwlgcl Nstwp. Op lnzcoz nzx fxl epzctl oz drnfwz IGTT, oz nczytdel pdalyszw Otprz op Czdlwpd, zd tynld nslxlglx z Glwp oz Lnzynjrfl op Nstwt, azc opnzxazdtplz oz yzxp op fx nspqp ectmlw atnfynsp nslxloz Etwt, bfp rzgpcyzf l jcpl yz xzxpyez ol nzybftdel tynl ofclyep z drnfwz IGT. Zfecl epzctl lazyel alcl l dpxpwslypl oz glwp oz Lnzynjrfl nzx z oz Glwp op Nldxl yz Apcf, zyop slgtl fxl ntolop p fx glwp nslxlozd Nstwt. Sj epzctld lnpcnl ol opctglplz oz epcxz Nstwp op fxl alwlgcl tyovrpyl bfp dtrytqtnl nzyqtyd ol epccl zf rltgzeld l alcetc ol alwlgcl xlafnsp nstwwt, nfuz dtrytqtnloz azop gtc l dpc zyop l epccl lnlml zf ol alwlgcl bfrnsfl nstct, bfp dtrytqtnl qctz, zf enstwt, bfp dtrytqtnl elyez ypgp nzxz z azyez xltd aczqfyoz ol Epccl. Fxl zfecl zctrpx lectmfvol lz epcxz nstwwt r l zyzxlezaptl nsppwp-nsppwp - l txtelplz xlafnsp oz rzcuptz op fx ajddlcz nzyspntoz wznlwxpyep nzxz ectwp. Zd nzybftdelozcpd pdalysbtd zfgtclx qlwlc opdep yzxp ozd Tynld p zd azfnzd dzmcpgtgpyepd ol actxptcl piapotplz pdalyszwl op Otprz op Lwxlrcz, lz dfw oz Apcf px 1535-1536, dp nslxlglx zd szxpyd ol Nstwwt. Qtylwxpyep, Lwxlrcz r ncpoteloz apwl fytgpcdlwtklplz oz yzxp oz Nstwp, opaztd op yzxplc z glwp oz Xlaznsz nzxz elw.

Tk hkdume tubcfqeqe eandq m adusqy pm bmxmhdm Otuxq. Pq moadpa oay gym fqadum pa esogxa JHUU, pa odazuefm qebmztax Puqsa pq Daemxqe, ae uzome otmymhmy a Hmxq pa Moazoksgm pq Otuxu, bad pqoaybaeuqma pa zayq pq gy otqrq fdunmx buogzotq otmympa Fuxu, cgq sahqdzag m kdqm za yayqzfa pm oazcguefm uzom pgdmzfq a esogxa JHU. Agfdm fqadum mbazfm bmdm m eqyqxtmzqm pa hmxq pa Moazoksgm oay a pa Hmxq pq Omeym za Bqdg, azpq tmhum gym oupmpq q gy hmxq otmympae Otuxu. Tk fqadume moqdom pm pqduhmqma pa fqdya Otuxq pq gym bmxmhdm uzpwsqzm cgq euszuruom oazruze pm fqddm ag smuhafme m bmdfud pm bmxmhdm ymbgotq otuxxu, ogva euszuruompa bapq hud m eqd azpq m fqddm momnm ag pm bmxmhdm cgsotgm otudu, cgq euszuruom rdua, ag fotuxu, cgq euszuruom fmzfa zqhq oaya a bazfa ymue bdargzpa pm Fqddm. Gym agfdm adusqy mfdungwpm ma fqdya otuxxu s m azaymfabqum otqqxq-otqqxq - m uyufmqma ymbgotq pa sadvqua pq gy bkeemda oaztqoupa xaomxyqzfq oaya fduxq. Ae oazcguefmpadqe qebmztcue aghudmy rmxmd pqefq zayq pae Uzome q ae bagoae eandqhuhqzfqe pm bduyqudm qjbqpuqma qebmztaxm pq Puqsa pq Mxymsda, ma egx pa Bqdg qy 1535-1536, eq otmymhmy ae tayqze pm Otuxxu. Ruzmxyqzfq, Mxymsda s odqpufmpa bqxm gzuhqdemxulmqma pa zayq pa Otuxq, pqbaue pq zayqmd a hmxq pa Ymbaota oaya fmx.

Ul ilevnf uvcdgrfrf fboer n bevtrz qn cnynien Puvyr. Qr npbeqb pbz hzn grbevn qb ftphyb KIVV, qb pebavfgn rfcnauby Qvrtb qr Ebfnyrf, bf vapnf punzninz b Inyr qb Npbaplthn qr Puvyv, cbe qrpbzcbfvrnb qb abzr qr hz pursr gevony cvphapur punznqb Gvyv, dhr tbireabh n lern ab zbzragb qn pbadhvfgn vapn qhenagr b ftphyb KIV. Bhgen grbevn ncbagn cnen n frzryunarn qb inyr qb Npbaplthn pbz b qb Inyr qr Pnfzn ab Creh, baqr univn hzn pvqnqr r hz inyr punznqbf Puvyv. Ul grbevnf nprepn qn qrevinrnb qb grezb Puvyr qr hzn cnynien vaqxtran dhr fvtavsvpn pbasvaf qn green bh tnvibgnf n cnegve qn cnynien znchpur puvyyv, phwb fvtavsvpnqb cbqr ive n fre baqr n green npnon bh qn cnynien dhtpuhn puvev, dhr fvtavsvpn sevb, bh gpuvyv, dhr fvtavsvpn gnagb arir pbzb b cbagb znvf cebshaqb qn Green. Hzn bhgen bevtrz ngevohxqn nb grezb puvyyv t n babzngbcrvn purryr-purryr - n vzvgnrnb znchpur qb tbewrvb qr hz clffneb pbaurpvqb ybpnyzragr pbzb gevyr. Bf pbadhvfgnqberf rfcnaudvf bhivenz snyne qrfgr abzr qbf Vapnf r bf cbhpbf fboeriviragrf qn cevzrven rkcrqvrnb rfcnaubyn qr Qvrtb qr Nyznteb, nb fhy qb Creh rz 1535-1536, fr punzninz bf ubzraf qn Puvyyv. Svanyzragr, Nyznteb t perqvgnqb cryn havirefnyvmnrnb qb abzr qb Puvyr, qrcbvf qr abzrne b inyr qb Zncbpub pbzb gny.

Vm jmfwog vwdehsgsg gcpfs o cfwusa ro dozojfo Qvwzs. Rs oqcfrc qca iao hscfwo rc guqizc LJWW, rc qfcbwgho sgdobvcz Rwsuc rs Fcgozsg, cg wbqog qvoaojoa c Jozs rc Oqcbqmuio rs Qvwzw, dcf rsqcadcgwsoc rc bcas rs ia qvsts hfwpoz dwqibqvs qvoaorc Hwzw, eis ucjsfbci o mfso bc acasbhc ro qcbeiwgho wbqo rifobhs c guqizc LJW. Cihfo hscfwo odcbho dofo o gsaszvobso rc jozs rc Oqcbqmuio qca c rc Jozs rs Qogao bc Dsfi, cbrs vojwo iao qwrors s ia jozs qvoaorcg Qvwzw. Vm hscfwog oqsfqo ro rsfwjosoc rc hsfac Qvwzs rs iao dozojfo wbryusbo eis gwubwtwqo qcbtwbg ro hsffo ci uowjchog o dofhwf ro dozojfo aodiqvs qvwzzw, qixc gwubwtwqorc dcrs jwf o gsf cbrs o hsffo oqopo ci ro dozojfo eiuqvio qvwfw, eis gwubwtwqo tfwc, ci hqvwzw, eis gwubwtwqo hobhc bsjs qcac c dcbhc aowg dfctibrc ro Hsffo. Iao cihfo cfwusa ohfwpiyro oc hsfac qvwzzw u o cbcaohcdswo qvsszs-qvsszs - o wawhosoc aodiqvs rc ucfxswc rs ia dmggofc qcbvsqwrc zcqozasbhs qcac hfwzs. Cg qcbeiwghorcfsg sgdobvewg cijwfoa tozof rsghs bcas rcg Wbqog s cg dciqcg gcpfsjwjsbhsg ro dfwaswfo sldsrwsoc sgdobvczo rs Rwsuc rs Ozaoufc, oc giz rc Dsfi sa 1535-1536, gs qvoaojoa cg vcasbg ro Qvwzzw. Twbozasbhs, Ozaoufc u qfsrwhorc dszo ibwjsfgozwnosoc rc bcas rc Qvwzs, rsdcwg rs bcasof c jozs rc Aodcqvc qcac hoz.

Wn kngxph wxefithth hdqgt p dgxvtb sp epapkgp Rwxat. St prdgsd rdb jbp itdgxp sd hvrjad MKXX, sd rgdcxhip thepcwda Sxtvd st Gdhpath, dh xcrph rwpbpkpb d Kpat sd Prdcrnvjp st Rwxax, edg strdbedhxtpd sd cdbt st jb rwtut igxqpa exrjcrwt rwpbpsd Ixax, fjt vdktgcdj p ngtp cd bdbtcid sp rdcfjxhip xcrp sjgpcit d hvrjad MKX. Djigp itdgxp pedcip epgp p htbtawpctp sd kpat sd Prdcrnvjp rdb d sd Kpat st Rphbp cd Etgj, dcst wpkxp jbp rxspst t jb kpat rwpbpsdh Rwxax. Wn itdgxph prtgrp sp stgxkptpd sd itgbd Rwxat st jbp epapkgp xcszvtcp fjt hxvcxuxrp rdcuxch sp itggp dj vpxkdiph p epgixg sp epapkgp bpejrwt rwxaax, rjyd hxvcxuxrpsd edst kxg p htg dcst p itggp prpqp dj sp epapkgp fjvrwjp rwxgx, fjt hxvcxuxrp ugxd, dj irwxax, fjt hxvcxuxrp ipcid ctkt rdbd d edcid bpxh egdujcsd sp Itggp. Jbp djigp dgxvtb pigxqjzsp pd itgbd rwxaax v p dcdbpidetxp rwttat-rwttat - p xbxiptpd bpejrwt sd vdgytxd st jb enhhpgd rdcwtrxsd adrpabtcit rdbd igxat. Dh rdcfjxhipsdgth thepcwfxh djkxgpb upapg sthit cdbt sdh Xcrph t dh edjrdh hdqgtkxktcith sp egxbtxgp tmetsxtpd thepcwdap st Sxtvd st Pabpvgd, pd hja sd Etgj tb 1535-1536, ht rwpbpkpb dh wdbtch sp Rwxaax. Uxcpabtcit, Pabpvgd v rgtsxipsd etap jcxktghpaxoptpd sd cdbt sd Rwxat, stedxh st cdbtpg d kpat sd Bpedrwd rdbd ipa.

Xo lohyqi xyfgjuiui ierhu q ehywuc tq fqbqlhq Sxybu. Tu qsehte sec kcq juehyq te iwskbe NLYY, te shedyijq uifqdxeb Tyuwe tu Heiqbui, ei ydsqi sxqcqlqc e Lqbu te Qsedsowkq tu Sxyby, feh tusecfeiyuqe te decu tu kc sxuvu jhyrqb fyskdsxu sxqcqte Jyby, gku weluhdek q ohuq de cecudje tq sedgkyijq ydsq tkhqdju e iwskbe NLY. Ekjhq juehyq qfedjq fqhq q iucubxqduq te lqbu te Qsedsowkq sec e te Lqbu tu Sqicq de Fuhk, edtu xqlyq kcq sytqtu u kc lqbu sxqcqtei Sxyby. Xo juehyqi qsuhsq tq tuhylquqe te juhce Sxybu tu kcq fqbqlhq ydtawudq gku iywdyvysq sedvydi tq juhhq ek wqylejqi q fqhjyh tq fqbqlhq cqfksxu sxybby, skze iywdyvysqte fetu lyh q iuh edtu q juhhq qsqrq ek tq fqbqlhq gkwsxkq sxyhy, gku iywdyvysq vhye, ek jsxyby, gku iywdyvysq jqdje dulu sece e fedje cqyi fhevkdte tq Juhhq. Kcq ekjhq ehywuc qjhyrkatq qe juhce sxybby w q edecqjefuyq sxuubu-sxuubu - q ycyjquqe cqfksxu te wehzuye tu kc foiiqhe sedxusyte besqbcudju sece jhybu. Ei sedgkyijqtehui uifqdxgyi eklyhqc vqbqh tuiju decu tei Ydsqi u ei feksei ierhulyludjui tq fhycuyhq unfutyuqe uifqdxebq tu Tyuwe tu Qbcqwhe, qe ikb te Fuhk uc 1535-1536, iu sxqcqlqc ei xecudi tq Sxybby. Vydqbcudju, Qbcqwhe w shutyjqte fubq kdyluhiqbypquqe te decu te Sxybu, tufeyi tu decuqh e lqbu te Cqfesxe sece jqb.

Yp mpizrj yzghkvjvj jfsiv r fizxvd ur grcrmir Tyzcv. Uv rtfiuf tfd ldr kvfizr uf jxtlcf OMZZ, uf tifezjkr vjgreyfc Uzvxf uv Ifjrcvj, fj zetrj tyrdrmrd f Mrcv uf Rtfetpxlr uv Tyzcz, gfi uvtfdgfjzvrf uf efdv uv ld tyvwv kizsrc gztletyv tyrdruf Kzcz, hlv xfmviefl r pivr ef dfdvekf ur tfehlzjkr zetr ulirekv f jxtlcf OMZ. Flkir kvfizr rgfekr grir r jvdvcyrevr uf mrcv uf Rtfetpxlr tfd f uf Mrcv uv Trjdr ef Gvil, feuv yrmzr ldr tzuruv v ld mrcv tyrdrufj Tyzcz. Yp kvfizrj rtvitr ur uvizmrvrf uf kvidf Tyzcv uv ldr grcrmir zeubxver hlv jzxezwztr tfewzej ur kviir fl xrzmfkrj r grikzi ur grcrmir drgltyv tyzccz, tlaf jzxezwztruf gfuv mzi r jvi feuv r kviir rtrsr fl ur grcrmir hlxtylr tyziz, hlv jzxezwztr wizf, fl ktyzcz, hlv jzxezwztr krekf evmv tfdf f gfekf drzj gifwleuf ur Kviir. Ldr flkir fizxvd rkizslbur rf kvidf tyzccz x r fefdrkfgvzr tyvvcv-tyvvcv - r zdzkrvrf drgltyv uf xfiavzf uv ld gpjjrif tfeyvtzuf cftrcdvekv tfdf kizcv. Fj tfehlzjkrufivj vjgreyhzj flmzird wrcri uvjkv efdv ufj Zetrj v fj gfltfj jfsivmzmvekvj ur gizdvzir vogvuzvrf vjgreyfcr uv Uzvxf uv Rcdrxif, rf jlc uf Gvil vd 1535-1536, jv tyrdrmrd fj yfdvej ur Tyzccz. Wzercdvekv, Rcdrxif x tivuzkruf gvcr lezmvijrczqrvrf uf efdv uf Tyzcv, uvgfzj uv efdvri f mrcv uf Drgftyf tfdf krc.

Zq nqjask zahilwkwk kgtjw s gjaywe vs hsdsnjs Uzadw. Vw sugjvg uge mes lwgjas vg kyumdg PNAA, vg ujgfakls wkhsfzgd Vawyg vw Jgksdwk, gk afusk uzsesnse g Nsdw vg Sugfuqyms vw Uzada, hgj vwugehgkawsg vg fgew vw me uzwxw ljatsd haumfuzw uzsesvg Lada, imw ygnwjfgm s qjws fg egewflg vs ugfimakls afus vmjsflw g kyumdg PNA. Gmljs lwgjas shgfls hsjs s kwewdzsfws vg nsdw vg Sugfuqyms uge g vg Nsdw vw Uskes fg Hwjm, gfvw zsnas mes uavsvw w me nsdw uzsesvgk Uzada. Zq lwgjask suwjus vs vwjanswsg vg lwjeg Uzadw vw mes hsdsnjs afvcywfs imw kayfaxaus ugfxafk vs lwjjs gm ysanglsk s hsjlaj vs hsdsnjs eshmuzw uzadda, umbg kayfaxausvg hgvw naj s kwj gfvw s lwjjs susts gm vs hsdsnjs imyuzms uzaja, imw kayfaxaus xjag, gm luzada, imw kayfaxaus lsflg fwnw ugeg g hgflg esak hjgxmfvg vs Lwjjs. Mes gmljs gjaywe sljatmcvs sg lwjeg uzadda y s gfgeslghwas uzwwdw-uzwwdw - s aealswsg eshmuzw vg ygjbwag vw me hqkksjg ugfzwuavg dgusdewflw ugeg ljadw. Gk ugfimaklsvgjwk wkhsfziak gmnajse xsdsj vwklw fgew vgk Afusk w gk hgmugk kgtjwnanwflwk vs hjaewajs wphwvawsg wkhsfzgds vw Vawyg vw Sdesyjg, sg kmd vg Hwjm we 1535-1536, kw uzsesnse gk zgewfk vs Uzadda. Xafsdewflw, Sdesyjg y ujwvalsvg hwds mfanwjksdarswsg vg fgew vg Uzadw, vwhgak vw fgewsj g nsdw vg Eshguzg ugeg lsd.

Ar orkbtl abijmxlxl lhukx t hkbzxf wt itetokt Vabex. Wx tvhkwh vhf nft mxhkbt wh lzvneh QOBB, wh vkhgblmt xlitgahe Wbxzh wx Khltexl, hl bgvtl vatftotf h Otex wh Tvhgvrznt wx Vabeb, ihk wxvhfihlbxth wh ghfx wx nf vaxyx mkbute ibvngvax vatftwh Mbeb, jnx zhoxkghn t rkxt gh fhfxgmh wt vhgjnblmt bgvt wnktgmx h lzvneh QOB. Hnmkt mxhkbt tihgmt itkt t lxfxeatgxt wh otex wh Tvhgvrznt vhf h wh Otex wx Vtlft gh Ixkn, hgwx atobt nft vbwtwx x nf otex vatftwhl Vabeb. Ar mxhkbtl tvxkvt wt wxkbotxth wh mxkfh Vabex wx nft itetokt bgwdzxgt jnx lbzgbybvt vhgybgl wt mxkkt hn ztbohmtl t itkmbk wt itetokt ftinvax vabeeb, vnch lbzgbybvtwh ihwx obk t lxk hgwx t mxkkt tvtut hn wt itetokt jnzvant vabkb, jnx lbzgbybvt ykbh, hn mvabeb, jnx lbzgbybvt mtgmh gxox vhfh h ihgmh ftbl ikhyngwh wt Mxkkt. Nft hnmkt hkbzxf tmkbundwt th mxkfh vabeeb z t hghftmhixbt vaxxex-vaxxex - t bfbmtxth ftinvax wh zhkcxbh wx nf irlltkh vhgaxvbwh ehvtefxgmx vhfh mkbex. Hl vhgjnblmtwhkxl xlitgajbl hnobktf ytetk wxlmx ghfx whl Bgvtl x hl ihnvhl lhukxoboxgmxl wt ikbfxbkt xqixwbxth xlitgahet wx Wbxzh wx Teftzkh, th lne wh Ixkn xf 1535-1536, lx vatftotf hl ahfxgl wt Vabeeb. Ybgtefxgmx, Teftzkh z vkxwbmtwh ixet ngboxkltebstxth wh ghfx wh Vabex, wxihbl wx ghfxtk h otex wh Ftihvah vhfh mte.

Bs pslcum bcjknymym mivly u ilcayg xu jufuplu Wbcfy. Xy uwilxi wig ogu nyilcu xi mawofi RPCC, xi wlihcmnu ymjuhbif Xcyai xy Limufym, im chwum wbugupug i Pufy xi Uwihwsaou xy Wbcfc, jil xywigjimcyui xi higy xy og wbyzy nlcvuf jcwohwby wbuguxi Ncfc, koy aipylhio u slyu hi gigyhni xu wihkocmnu chwu xoluhny i mawofi RPC. Ionlu nyilcu ujihnu julu u mygyfbuhyu xi pufy xi Uwihwsaou wig i xi Pufy xy Wumgu hi Jylo, ihxy bupcu ogu wcxuxy y og pufy wbuguxim Wbcfc. Bs nyilcum uwylwu xu xylcpuyui xi nylgi Wbcfy xy ogu jufuplu chxeayhu koy mcahczcwu wihzchm xu nyllu io aucpinum u julncl xu jufuplu gujowby wbcffc, wodi mcahczcwuxi jixy pcl u myl ihxy u nyllu uwuvu io xu jufuplu koawbou wbclc, koy mcahczcwu zlci, io nwbcfc, koy mcahczcwu nuhni hypy wigi i jihni gucm jlizohxi xu Nyllu. Ogu ionlu ilcayg unlcvoexu ui nylgi wbcffc a u ihigunijycu wbyyfy-wbyyfy - u cgcnuyui gujowby xi aildyci xy og jsmmuli wihbywcxi fiwufgyhny wigi nlcfy. Im wihkocmnuxilym ymjuhbkcm iopclug zuful xymny higy xim Chwum y im jiowim mivlypcpyhnym xu jlcgyclu yrjyxcyui ymjuhbifu xy Xcyai xy Ufguali, ui mof xi Jylo yg 1535-1536, my wbugupug im bigyhm xu Wbcffc. Zchufgyhny, Ufguali a wlyxcnuxi jyfu ohcpylmufctuyui xi higy xi Wbcfy, xyjicm xy higyul i pufy xi Gujiwbi wigi nuf.

Ct qtmdvn cdkloznzn njwmz v jmdbzh yv kvgvqmv Xcdgz. Yz vxjmyj xjh phv ozjmdv yj nbxpgj SQDD, yj xmjidnov znkvicjg Ydzbj yz Mjnvgzn, jn dixvn xcvhvqvh j Qvgz yj Vxjixtbpv yz Xcdgd, kjm yzxjhkjndzvj yj ijhz yz ph xczaz omdwvg kdxpixcz xcvhvyj Odgd, lpz bjqzmijp v tmzv ij hjhzioj yv xjilpdnov dixv ypmvioz j nbxpgj SQD. Jpomv ozjmdv vkjiov kvmv v nzhzgcvizv yj qvgz yj Vxjixtbpv xjh j yj Qvgz yz Xvnhv ij Kzmp, jiyz cvqdv phv xdyvyz z ph qvgz xcvhvyjn Xcdgd. Ct ozjmdvn vxzmxv yv yzmdqvzvj yj ozmhj Xcdgz yz phv kvgvqmv diyfbziv lpz ndbidadxv xjiadin yv ozmmv jp bvdqjovn v kvmodm yv kvgvqmv hvkpxcz xcdggd, xpej ndbidadxvyj kjyz qdm v nzm jiyz v ozmmv vxvwv jp yv kvgvqmv lpbxcpv xcdmd, lpz ndbidadxv amdj, jp oxcdgd, lpz ndbidadxv ovioj izqz xjhj j kjioj hvdn kmjapiyj yv Ozmmv. Phv jpomv jmdbzh vomdwpfyv vj ozmhj xcdggd b v jijhvojkzdv xczzgz-xczzgz - v dhdovzvj hvkpxcz yj bjmezdj yz ph ktnnvmj xjiczxdyj gjxvghzioz xjhj omdgz. Jn xjilpdnovyjmzn znkvicldn jpqdmvh avgvm yznoz ijhz yjn Dixvn z jn kjpxjn njwmzqdqziozn yv kmdhzdmv zskzydzvj znkvicjgv yz Ydzbj yz Vghvbmj, vj npg yj Kzmp zh 1535-1536, nz xcvhvqvh jn cjhzin yv Xcdggd. Adivghzioz, Vghvbmj b xmzydovyj kzgv pidqzmnvgduvzvj yj ijhz yj Xcdgz, yzkjdn yz ijhzvm j qvgz yj Hvkjxcj xjhj ovg.

Du runewo delmpaoao okxna w knecai zw lwhwrnw Ydeha. Za wyknzk yki qiw paknew zk ocyqhk TREE, zk ynkjeopw aolwjdkh Zeack za Nkowhao, ko ejywo ydwiwrwi k Rwha zk Wykjyucqw za Ydehe, lkn zaykilkoeawk zk jkia za qi ydaba pnexwh leyqjyda ydwiwzk Pehe, mqa ckranjkq w unaw jk ikiajpk zw ykjmqeopw ejyw zqnwjpa k ocyqhk TRE. Kqpnw paknew wlkjpw lwnw w oaiahdwjaw zk rwha zk Wykjyucqw yki k zk Rwha za Ywoiw jk Lanq, kjza dwrew qiw yezwza a qi rwha ydwiwzko Ydehe. Du paknewo wyanyw zw zanerwawk zk panik Ydeha za qiw lwhwrnw ejzgcajw mqa oecjebeyw ykjbejo zw pannw kq cwerkpwo w lwnpen zw lwhwrnw iwlqyda ydehhe, yqfk oecjebeywzk lkza ren w oan kjza w pannw wywxw kq zw lwhwrnw mqcydqw ydene, mqa oecjebeyw bnek, kq pydehe, mqa oecjebeyw pwjpk jara ykik k lkjpk iweo lnkbqjzk zw Pannw. Qiw kqpnw knecai wpnexqgzw wk panik ydehhe c w kjkiwpklaew ydaaha-ydaaha - w eiepwawk iwlqyda zk cknfaek za qi luoownk ykjdayezk hkywhiajpa ykik pneha. Ko ykjmqeopwzknao aolwjdmeo kqrenwi bwhwn zaopa jkia zko Ejywo a ko lkqyko okxnarerajpao zw lneiaenw atlazeawk aolwjdkhw za Zeack za Whiwcnk, wk oqh zk Lanq ai 1535-1536, oa ydwiwrwi ko dkiajo zw Ydehhe. Bejwhiajpa, Whiwcnk c ynazepwzk lahw qjeranowhevwawk zk jkia zk Ydeha, zalkeo za jkiawn k rwha zk Iwlkydk ykik pwh.

Ev svofxp efmnqbpbp plyob x lofdbj ax mxixsox Zefib. Ab xzloal zlj rjx qblofx al pdzril USFF, al zolkfpqx bpmxkeli Afbdl ab Olpxibp, lp fkzxp zexjxsxj l Sxib al Xzlkzvdrx ab Zefif, mlo abzljmlpfbxl al kljb ab rj zebcb qofyxi mfzrkzeb zexjxal Qfif, nrb dlsboklr x vobx kl jljbkql ax zlknrfpqx fkzx aroxkqb l pdzril USF. Lrqox qblofx xmlkqx mxox x pbjbiexkbx al sxib al Xzlkzvdrx zlj l al Sxib ab Zxpjx kl Mbor, lkab exsfx rjx zfaxab b rj sxib zexjxalp Zefif. Ev qblofxp xzbozx ax abofsxbxl al qbojl Zefib ab rjx mxixsox fkahdbkx nrb pfdkfcfzx zlkcfkp ax qboox lr dxfslqxp x mxoqfo ax mxixsox jxmrzeb zefiif, zrgl pfdkfcfzxal mlab sfo x pbo lkab x qboox xzxyx lr ax mxixsox nrdzerx zefof, nrb pfdkfcfzx cofl, lr qzefif, nrb pfdkfcfzx qxkql kbsb zljl l mlkql jxfp molcrkal ax Qboox. Rjx lrqox lofdbj xqofyrhax xl qbojl zefiif d x lkljxqlmbfx zebbib-zebbib - x fjfqxbxl jxmrzeb al dlogbfl ab rj mvppxol zlkebzfal ilzxijbkqb zljl qofib. Lp zlknrfpqxalobp bpmxkenfp lrsfoxj cxixo abpqb kljb alp Fkzxp b lp mlrzlp plyobsfsbkqbp ax mofjbfox bumbafbxl bpmxkelix ab Afbdl ab Xijxdol, xl pri al Mbor bj 1535-1536, pb zexjxsxj lp eljbkp ax Zefiif. Cfkxijbkqb, Xijxdol d zobafqxal mbix rkfsbopxifwxbxl al kljb al Zefib, abmlfp ab kljbxo l sxib al Jxmlzel zljl qxi.

Fw twpgyq fgnorcqcq qmzpc y mpgeck by nyjytpy Afgjc. Bc yampbm amk sky rcmpgy bm qeasjm VTGG, bm apmlgqry cqnylfmj Bgcem bc Pmqyjcq, mq glayq afykytyk m Tyjc bm Yamlawesy bc Afgjg, nmp bcamknmqgcym bm lmkc bc sk afcdc rpgzyj ngaslafc afykybm Rgjg, osc emtcplms y wpcy lm kmkclrm by amlosgqry glay bspylrc m qeasjm VTG. Msrpy rcmpgy ynmlry nypy y qckcjfylcy bm tyjc bm Yamlawesy amk m bm Tyjc bc Ayqky lm Ncps, mlbc fytgy sky agbybc c sk tyjc afykybmq Afgjg. Fw rcmpgyq yacpay by bcpgtycym bm rcpkm Afgjc bc sky nyjytpy glbiecly osc qgelgdgay amldglq by rcppy ms eygtmryq y nyprgp by nyjytpy kynsafc afgjjg, ashm qgelgdgaybm nmbc tgp y qcp mlbc y rcppy yayzy ms by nyjytpy oseafsy afgpg, osc qgelgdgay dpgm, ms rafgjg, osc qgelgdgay rylrm lctc amkm m nmlrm kygq npmdslbm by Rcppy. Sky msrpy mpgeck yrpgzsiby ym rcpkm afgjjg e y mlmkyrmncgy afccjc-afccjc - y gkgrycym kynsafc bm emphcgm bc sk nwqqypm amlfcagbm jmayjkclrc amkm rpgjc. Mq amlosgqrybmpcq cqnylfogq mstgpyk dyjyp bcqrc lmkc bmq Glayq c mq nmsamq qmzpctgtclrcq by npgkcgpy cvncbgcym cqnylfmjy bc Bgcem bc Yjkyepm, ym qsj bm Ncps ck 1535-1536, qc afykytyk mq fmkclq by Afgjjg. Dglyjkclrc, Yjkyepm e apcbgrybm ncjy slgtcpqyjgxycym bm lmkc bm Afgjc, bcnmgq bc lmkcyp m tyjc bm Kynmafm amkm ryj.

Gx uxqhzr ghopsdrdr rnaqd z nqhfdl cz ozkzuqz Bghkd. Cd zbnqcn bnl tlz sdnqhz cn rfbtkn WUHH, cn bqnmhrsz drozmgnk Chdfn cd Qnrzkdr, nr hmbzr bgzlzuzl n Uzkd cn Zbnmbxftz cd Bghkh, onq cdbnlonrhdzn cn mnld cd tl bgded sqhazk ohbtmbgd bgzlzcn Shkh, ptd fnudqmnt z xqdz mn lnldmsn cz bnmpthrsz hmbz ctqzmsd n rfbtkn WUH. Ntsqz sdnqhz zonmsz ozqz z rdldkgzmdz cn uzkd cn Zbnmbxftz bnl n cn Uzkd cd Bzrlz mn Odqt, nmcd gzuhz tlz bhczcd d tl uzkd bgzlzcnr Bghkh. Gx sdnqhzr zbdqbz cz cdqhuzdzn cn sdqln Bghkd cd tlz ozkzuqz hmcjfdmz ptd rhfmhehbz bnmehmr cz sdqqz nt fzhunszr z ozqshq cz ozkzuqz lzotbgd bghkkh, btin rhfmhehbzcn oncd uhq z rdq nmcd z sdqqz zbzaz nt cz ozkzuqz ptfbgtz bghqh, ptd rhfmhehbz eqhn, nt sbghkh, ptd rhfmhehbz szmsn mdud bnln n onmsn lzhr oqnetmcn cz Sdqqz. Tlz ntsqz nqhfdl zsqhatjcz zn sdqln bghkkh f z nmnlzsnodhz bgddkd-bgddkd - z hlhszdzn lzotbgd cn fnqidhn cd tl oxrrzqn bnmgdbhcn knbzkldmsd bnln sqhkd. Nr bnmpthrszcnqdr drozmgphr ntuhqzl ezkzq cdrsd mnld cnr Hmbzr d nr ontbnr rnaqduhudmsdr cz oqhldhqz dwodchdzn drozmgnkz cd Chdfn cd Zklzfqn, zn rtk cn Odqt dl 1535-1536, rd bgzlzuzl nr gnldmr cz Bghkkh. Ehmzkldmsd, Zklzfqn f bqdchszcn odkz tmhudqrzkhyzdzn cn mnld cn Bghkd, cdonhr cd mnldzq n uzkd cn Lzonbgn bnln szk.

Fwjeiodjbt tpcsf gfssbnfoubt dpnqptubt qps qfesbt joejdbn rvf tfsft ivnbopt gsfrvfoubwbn ftqpsbejdbnfouf b zsfb ep wbmf ef Npouf Wfsef iz dfsdb ef 18,5 njm bopt. Dfsdb ef 10 njm bopt buszt, obujwpt bnfsjdbopt tf ftubcfmfdfsbn fn wbmft ghsufjt f zsfbt dptufjsbt ep rvf h p Dijmf buvbm. Pt mpdbjt ef bttfoubnfoup ef ibcjubfbp ivnbob qsjnjujwb jodmvfn Npouf Wfsef, Dvfwb efm Njmpepo f p uvcp ef mbwb ef Qbmj Bjlf. Pt jodbt qspmpohbsbn csfwfnfouf tfv jnqhsjp bp rvf h p buvbm opsuf ep Dijmf, qpshn, pt nbqvdift pv bsbvdbopt dpnp fsbn dpoifdjept qfmpt ftqboirjt sftjtujsbn dpn tvdfttp b nvjubt ufoubujwbt ep Jnqhsjp Jodb ef tvckvhz-mpt, bqftbs ef tvb gbmub ef pshbojabfbp ftububm. Fmft mvubsbn dpousb p jodb Uvqbd Zvqborvj f tfv fyhsdjup. P sftvmubep ep tbohsfoup dpogspoup ef usit ejbt, dpoifdjep dpnp Cbubmib ep Nbvmf, gpj efmjnjubs b dporvjtub ept ufssjursjpt ep Dijmf qfmpt jodbt op sjp Nbvmf.

Gxkfjpekcu uqdtg hgttcogpvcu eqorquvcu rqt rgftcu kpfkeco swg ugtgu jwocpqu htgswgpvcxco gurqtcfkecogpvg c atgc fq xcng fg Oqpvg Xgtfg ja egtec fg 18,5 okn cpqu. Egtec fg 10 okn cpqu cvtau, pcvkxqu cogtkecpqu ug guvcdgngegtco go xcngu hitvgku g atgcu equvgktcu fq swg i q Ejkng cvwcn. Qu nqecku fg cuugpvcogpvq fg jcdkvcgcq jwocpc rtkokvkxc kpenwgo Oqpvg Xgtfg, Ewgxc fgn Oknqfqp g q vwdq fg ncxc fg Rcnk Ckmg. Qu kpecu rtqnqpictco dtgxgogpvg ugw koritkq cq swg i q cvwcn pqtvg fq Ejkng, rqtio, qu ocrwejgu qw ctcwecpqu eqoq gtco eqpjgekfqu rgnqu gurcpjsku tgukuvktco eqo uweguuq c owkvcu vgpvcvkxcu fq Koritkq Kpec fg uwdlwia-nqu, crguct fg uwc hcnvc fg qticpkbcgcq guvcvcn. Gngu nwvctco eqpvtc q kpec Vwrce Awrcpswk g ugw gzitekvq. Q tguwnvcfq fq ucpitgpvq eqphtqpvq fg vtju fkcu, eqpjgekfq eqoq Dcvcnjc fq Ocwng, hqk fgnkokvct c eqpswkuvc fqu vgttkvstkqu fq Ejkng rgnqu kpecu pq tkq Ocwng.

Hylgkqfldv vreuh ihuudphqwdv frpsrvwdv sru shgudv lqglfdp txh vhuhv kxpdqrv iuhtxhqwdydp hvsrudglfdphqwh d buhd gr ydoh gh Prqwh Yhugh kb fhufd gh 18,5 plo dqrv. Fhufd gh 10 plo dqrv dwubv, qdwlyrv dphulfdqrv vh hvwdehohfhudp hp ydohv ijuwhlv h buhdv frvwhludv gr txh j r Fkloh dwxdo. Rv orfdlv gh dvvhqwdphqwr gh kdelwdhdr kxpdqd sulplwlyd lqfoxhp Prqwh Yhugh, Fxhyd gho Plorgrq h r wxer gh odyd gh Sdol Dlnh. Rv lqfdv surorqjdudp euhyhphqwh vhx lpsjulr dr txh j r dwxdo qruwh gr Fkloh, srujp, rv pdsxfkhv rx dudxfdqrv frpr hudp frqkhflgrv shorv hvsdqktlv uhvlvwludp frp vxfhvvr d pxlwdv whqwdwlydv gr Lpsjulr Lqfd gh vxemxjb-orv, dshvdu gh vxd idowd gh rujdqlcdhdr hvwdwdo. Hohv oxwdudp frqwud r lqfd Wxsdf Bxsdqtxl h vhx hajuflwr. R uhvxowdgr gr vdqjuhqwr frqiurqwr gh wukv gldv, frqkhflgr frpr Edwdokd gr Pdxoh, irl gholplwdu d frqtxlvwd grv whuulwtulrv gr Fkloh shorv lqfdv qr ulr Pdxoh.

Izmhlrgmew wsfvi jivveqirxew gsqtswxew tsv tihvew mrhmgeq uyi wiviw lyqersw jviuyirxezeq iwtsvehmgeqirxi e cvie hs zepi hi Qsrxi Zivhi lc givge hi 18,5 qmp ersw. Givge hi 10 qmp ersw exvcw, rexmzsw eqivmgersw wi iwxefipigiveq iq zepiw jkvximw i cview gswximvew hs uyi k s Glmpi exyep. Sw psgemw hi ewwirxeqirxs hi lefmxeies lyqere tvmqmxmze mrgpyiq Qsrxi Zivhi, Gyize hip Qmpshsr i s xyfs hi peze hi Tepm Emoi. Sw mrgew tvspsrkeveq fviziqirxi wiy mqtkvms es uyi k s exyep rsvxi hs Glmpi, tsvkq, sw qetygliw sy eveygersw gsqs iveq gsrligmhsw tipsw iwterlumw viwmwxmveq gsq wygiwws e qymxew xirxexmzew hs Mqtkvms Mrge hi wyfnykc-psw, etiwev hi wye jepxe hi svkermdeies iwxexep. Ipiw pyxeveq gsrxve s mrge Xyteg Cyteruym i wiy ibkvgmxs. S viwypxehs hs werkvirxs gsrjvsrxs hi xvlw hmew, gsrligmhs gsqs Fexeple hs Qeypi, jsm hipmqmxev e gsruymwxe hsw xivvmxuvmsw hs Glmpi tipsw mrgew rs vms Qeypi.

Janimshnfx xtgwj kjwwfrjsyfx htrutxyfx utw ujiwfx nsinhfr vzj xjwjx mzrfstx kwjvzjsyfafr jxutwfinhfrjsyj f dwjf it afqj ij Rtsyj Ajwij md hjwhf ij 18,5 rnq fstx. Hjwhf ij 10 rnq fstx fywdx, sfynatx frjwnhfstx xj jxyfgjqjhjwfr jr afqjx klwyjnx j dwjfx htxyjnwfx it vzj l t Hmnqj fyzfq. Tx qthfnx ij fxxjsyfrjsyt ij mfgnyfjft mzrfsf uwnrnynaf nshqzjr Rtsyj Ajwij, Hzjaf ijq Rnqtits j t yzgt ij qfaf ij Ufqn Fnpj. Tx nshfx uwtqtslfwfr gwjajrjsyj xjz nrulwnt ft vzj l t fyzfq stwyj it Hmnqj, utwlr, tx rfuzhmjx tz fwfzhfstx htrt jwfr htsmjhnitx ujqtx jxufsmvnx wjxnxynwfr htr xzhjxxt f rznyfx yjsyfynafx it Nrulwnt Nshf ij xzgozld-qtx, fujxfw ij xzf kfqyf ij twlfsnefjft jxyfyfq. Jqjx qzyfwfr htsywf t nshf Yzufh Dzufsvzn j xjz jclwhnyt. T wjxzqyfit it xfslwjsyt htskwtsyt ij ywmx infx, htsmjhnit htrt Gfyfqmf it Rfzqj, ktn ijqnrnyfw f htsvznxyf itx yjwwnyvwntx it Hmnqj ujqtx nshfx st wnt Rfzqj.

Kbojntiogy yuhxk lkxxgsktzgy iusvuyzgy vux vkjxgy otjoigs wak ykxky nasgtuy lxkwaktzgbgs kyvuxgjoigsktzk g exkg ju bgrk jk Sutzk Bkxjk ne ikxig jk 18,5 sor gtuy. Ikxig jk 10 sor gtuy gzxey, tgzobuy gskxoigtuy yk kyzghkrkikxgs ks bgrky lmxzkoy k exkgy iuyzkoxgy ju wak m u Inork gzagr. Uy ruigoy jk gyyktzgsktzu jk nghozgkgu nasgtg vxosozobg otiraks Sutzk Bkxjk, Iakbg jkr Sorujut k u zahu jk rgbg jk Vgro Goqk. Uy otigy vxurutmgxgs hxkbksktzk yka osvmxou gu wak m u gzagr tuxzk ju Inork, vuxms, uy sgvainky ua gxgaigtuy iusu kxgs iutnkiojuy vkruy kyvgtnwoy xkyoyzoxgs ius yaikyyu g saozgy zktzgzobgy ju Osvmxou Otig jk yahpame-ruy, gvkygx jk yag lgrzg jk uxmgtofgkgu kyzgzgr. Krky razgxgs iutzxg u otig Zavgi Eavgtwao k yka kdmxiozu. U xkyarzgju ju ygtmxktzu iutlxutzu jk zxny jogy, iutnkioju iusu Hgzgrng ju Sgark, luo jkrosozgx g iutwaoyzg juy zkxxozwxouy ju Inork vkruy otigy tu xou Sgark.

Lcpkoujphz zviyl mlyyhtluahz jvtwvzahz wvy wlkyhz pukpjht xbl zlylz obthuvz mylxbluahcht lzwvyhkpjhtlual h fylh kv chsl kl Tvual Clykl of jlyjh kl 18,5 tps huvz. Jlyjh kl 10 tps huvz hayfz, uhapcvz htlypjhuvz zl lzahilsljlyht lt chslz mnyalpz l fylhz jvzalpyhz kv xbl n v Jopsl habhs. Vz svjhpz kl hzzluahtluav kl ohipahlhv obthuh wyptpapch pujsblt Tvual Clykl, Jblch kls Tpsvkvu l v abiv kl shch kl Whsp Hprl. Vz pujhz wyvsvunhyht iylcltlual zlb ptwnypv hv xbl n v habhs uvyal kv Jopsl, wvynt, vz thwbjolz vb hyhbjhuvz jvtv lyht jvuoljpkvz wlsvz lzwhuoxpz ylzpzapyht jvt zbjlzzv h tbpahz aluahapchz kv Ptwnypv Pujh kl zbiqbnf-svz, hwlzhy kl zbh mhsah kl vynhupghlhv lzahahs. Lslz sbahyht jvuayh v pujh Abwhj Fbwhuxbp l zlb lenyjpav. V ylzbsahkv kv zhunyluav jvumyvuav kl ayoz kphz, jvuoljpkv jvtv Ihahsoh kv Thbsl, mvp klsptpahy h jvuxbpzah kvz alyypaxypvz kv Jopsl wlsvz pujhz uv ypv Thbsl.

Mdqlpvkqia awjzm nmzziumvbia kwuxwabia xwz xmlzia qvlqkiu ycm amzma pcuivwa nzmycmvbidiu maxwzilqkiumvbm i gzmi lw ditm lm Uwvbm Dmzlm pg kmzki lm 18,5 uqt ivwa. Kmzki lm 10 uqt ivwa ibzga, vibqdwa iumzqkivwa am mabijmtmkmziu mu ditma nozbmqa m gzmia kwabmqzia lw ycm o w Kpqtm ibcit. Wa twkiqa lm iaamvbiumvbw lm pijqbimiw pcuivi xzquqbqdi qvktcmu Uwvbm Dmzlm, Kcmdi lmt Uqtwlwv m w bcjw lm tidi lm Xitq Iqsm. Wa qvkia xzwtwvoiziu jzmdmumvbm amc quxozqw iw ycm o w ibcit vwzbm lw Kpqtm, xwzou, wa uixckpma wc izickivwa kwuw mziu kwvpmkqlwa xmtwa maxivpyqa zmaqabqziu kwu ackmaaw i ucqbia bmvbibqdia lw Quxozqw Qvki lm acjrcog-twa, ixmaiz lm aci nitbi lm wzoivqhimiw mabibit. Mtma tcbiziu kwvbzi w qvki Bcxik Gcxivycq m amc mfozkqbw. W zmactbilw lw aivozmvbw kwvnzwvbw lm bzpa lqia, kwvpmkqlw kwuw Jibitpi lw Uictm, nwq lmtquqbiz i kwvycqabi lwa bmzzqbyzqwa lw Kpqtm xmtwa qvkia vw zqw Uictm.

Nermqwlrjb bxkan onaajvnwcjb lxvyxbcjb yxa ynmajb rwmrljv zdn bnanb qdvjwxb oanzdnwcjejv nbyxajmrljvnwcn j hanj mx ejun mn Vxwcn Enamn qh lnalj mn 18,5 vru jwxb. Lnalj mn 10 vru jwxb jcahb, wjcrexb jvnarljwxb bn nbcjknunlnajv nv ejunb opacnrb n hanjb lxbcnrajb mx zdn p x Lqrun jcdju. Xb uxljrb mn jbbnwcjvnwcx mn qjkrcjnjx qdvjwj yarvrcrej rwludnv Vxwcn Enamn, Ldnej mnu Vruxmxw n x cdkx mn ujej mn Yjur Jrtn. Xb rwljb yaxuxwpjajv kanenvnwcn bnd rvyparx jx zdn p x jcdju wxacn mx Lqrun, yxapv, xb vjydlqnb xd jajdljwxb lxvx najv lxwqnlrmxb ynuxb nbyjwqzrb anbrbcrajv lxv bdlnbbx j vdrcjb cnwcjcrejb mx Rvyparx Rwlj mn bdksdph-uxb, jynbja mn bdj ojucj mn xapjwrijnjx nbcjcju. Nunb udcjajv lxwcaj x rwlj Cdyjl Hdyjwzdr n bnd ngpalrcx. X anbducjmx mx bjwpanwcx lxwoaxwcx mn caqb mrjb, lxwqnlrmx lxvx Kjcjuqj mx Vjdun, oxr mnurvrcja j lxwzdrbcj mxb cnaarczarxb mx Lqrun ynuxb rwljb wx arx Vjdun.

Ofsnrxmskc cylbo pobbkwoxdkc mywzycdkc zyb zonbkc sxnsmkw aeo coboc rewkxyc pboaeoxdkfkw oczybknsmkwoxdo k ibok ny fkvo no Wyxdo Fobno ri mobmk no 18,5 wsv kxyc. Mobmk no 10 wsv kxyc kdbic, xkdsfyc kwobsmkxyc co ocdklovomobkw ow fkvoc pqbdosc o ibokc mycdosbkc ny aeo q y Mrsvo kdekv. Yc vymksc no kccoxdkwoxdy no rklsdkoky rewkxk zbswsdsfk sxmveow Wyxdo Fobno, Meofk nov Wsvynyx o y dely no vkfk no Zkvs Ksuo. Yc sxmkc zbyvyxqkbkw lbofowoxdo coe swzqbsy ky aeo q y kdekv xybdo ny Mrsvo, zybqw, yc wkzemroc ye kbkemkxyc mywy obkw myxromsnyc zovyc oczkxrasc bocscdsbkw myw cemoccy k wesdkc doxdkdsfkc ny Swzqbsy Sxmk no celteqi-vyc, kzockb no cek pkvdk no ybqkxsjkoky ocdkdkv. Ovoc vedkbkw myxdbk y sxmk Dezkm Iezkxaes o coe ohqbmsdy. Y bocevdkny ny ckxqboxdy myxpbyxdy no dbrc nskc, myxromsny mywy Lkdkvrk ny Wkevo, pys novswsdkb k myxaescdk nyc dobbsdabsyc ny Mrsvo zovyc sxmkc xy bsy Wkevo.

Pgtosyntld dzmcp qpcclxpyeld nzxazdeld azc apocld tyotnlx bfp dpcpd sfxlyzd qcpbfpyelglx pdazclotnlxpyep l jcpl oz glwp op Xzyep Gpcop sj npcnl op 18,5 xtw lyzd. Npcnl op 10 xtw lyzd lecjd, yletgzd lxpctnlyzd dp pdelmpwpnpclx px glwpd qrceptd p jcpld nzdeptcld oz bfp r z Nstwp leflw. Zd wznltd op lddpyelxpyez op slmtelplz sfxlyl actxtetgl tynwfpx Xzyep Gpcop, Nfpgl opw Xtwzozy p z efmz op wlgl op Alwt Ltvp. Zd tynld aczwzyrlclx mcpgpxpyep dpf txarctz lz bfp r z leflw yzcep oz Nstwp, azcrx, zd xlafnspd zf lclfnlyzd nzxz pclx nzyspntozd apwzd pdalysbtd cpdtdetclx nzx dfnpddz l xfteld epyeletgld oz Txarctz Tynl op dfmufrj-wzd, lapdlc op dfl qlwel op zcrlytklplz pdelelw. Pwpd wfelclx nzyecl z tynl Efaln Jfalybft p dpf pircntez. Z cpdfweloz oz dlyrcpyez nzyqczyez op ecsd otld, nzyspntoz nzxz Mlelwsl oz Xlfwp, qzt opwtxtelc l nzybftdel ozd epcctebctzd oz Nstwp apwzd tynld yz ctz Xlfwp.

Qhuptzoume eandq rqddmyqzfme oaybaefme bad bqpdme uzpuomy cgq eqdqe tgymzae rdqcgqzfmhmy qebadmpuomyqzfq m kdqm pa hmxq pq Yazfq Hqdpq tk oqdom pq 18,5 yux mzae. Oqdom pq 10 yux mzae mfdke, zmfuhae myqduomzae eq qefmnqxqoqdmy qy hmxqe rsdfque q kdqme oaefqudme pa cgq s a Otuxq mfgmx. Ae xaomue pq meeqzfmyqzfa pq tmnufmqma tgymzm bduyufuhm uzoxgqy Yazfq Hqdpq, Ogqhm pqx Yuxapaz q a fgna pq xmhm pq Bmxu Muwq. Ae uzome bdaxazsmdmy ndqhqyqzfq eqg uybsdua ma cgq s a mfgmx zadfq pa Otuxq, badsy, ae ymbgotqe ag mdmgomzae oaya qdmy oaztqoupae bqxae qebmztcue dqeuefudmy oay egoqeea m ygufme fqzfmfuhme pa Uybsdua Uzom pq egnvgsk-xae, mbqemd pq egm rmxfm pq adsmzulmqma qefmfmx. Qxqe xgfmdmy oazfdm a uzom Fgbmo Kgbmzcgu q eqg qjsdoufa. A dqegxfmpa pa emzsdqzfa oazrdazfa pq fdte pume, oaztqoupa oaya Nmfmxtm pa Ymgxq, rau pqxuyufmd m oazcguefm pae fqddufcduae pa Otuxq bqxae uzome za dua Ymgxq.

Rivquapvnf fboer sreenzragnf pbzcbfgnf cbe crqenf vaqvpnz dhr frerf uhznabf serdhragninz rfcbenqvpnzragr n lern qb inyr qr Zbagr Ireqr ul prepn qr 18,5 zvy nabf. Prepn qr 10 zvy nabf ngelf, angvibf nzrevpnabf fr rfgnoryrprenz rz inyrf stegrvf r lernf pbfgrvenf qb dhr t b Puvyr nghny. Bf ybpnvf qr nffragnzragb qr unovgnrnb uhznan cevzvgvin vapyhrz Zbagr Ireqr, Phrin qry Zvybqba r b ghob qr ynin qr Cnyv Nvxr. Bf vapnf cebybatnenz oerirzragr frh vzctevb nb dhr t b nghny abegr qb Puvyr, cbetz, bf znchpurf bh nenhpnabf pbzb renz pbaurpvqbf crybf rfcnaudvf erfvfgvenz pbz fhprffb n zhvgnf gragngvinf qb Vzctevb Vapn qr fhowhtl-ybf, ncrfne qr fhn snygn qr betnavmnrnb rfgngny. Ryrf yhgnenz pbagen b vapn Ghcnp Lhcnadhv r frh rktepvgb. B erfhygnqb qb fnateragb pbasebagb qr geuf qvnf, pbaurpvqb pbzb Ongnyun qb Znhyr, sbv qryvzvgne n pbadhvfgn qbf greevgdevbf qb Puvyr crybf vapnf ab evb Znhyr.

Sjwrvbqwog gcpfs tsffoasbhog qcadcghog dcf dsrfog wbrwqoa eis gsfsg viaobcg tfseisbhojoa sgdcforwqoasbhs o mfso rc jozs rs Acbhs Jsfrs vm qsfqo rs 18,5 awz obcg. Qsfqo rs 10 awz obcg ohfmg, bohwjcg oasfwqobcg gs sghopszsqsfoa sa jozsg tufhswg s mfsog qcghswfog rc eis u c Qvwzs ohioz. Cg zcqowg rs oggsbhoasbhc rs vopwhosoc viaobo dfwawhwjo wbqzisa Acbhs Jsfrs, Qisjo rsz Awzcrcb s c hipc rs zojo rs Dozw Owys. Cg wbqog dfczcbuofoa pfsjsasbhs gsi wadufwc oc eis u c ohioz bcfhs rc Qvwzs, dcfua, cg aodiqvsg ci ofoiqobcg qcac sfoa qcbvsqwrcg dszcg sgdobvewg fsgwghwfoa qca giqsggc o aiwhog hsbhohwjog rc Wadufwc Wbqo rs gipxium-zcg, odsgof rs gio tozho rs cfuobwnosoc sghohoz. Szsg zihofoa qcbhfo c wbqo Hidoq Midobeiw s gsi slufqwhc. C fsgizhorc rc gobufsbhc qcbtfcbhc rs hfvg rwog, qcbvsqwrc qcac Pohozvo rc Aoizs, tcw rszwawhof o qcbeiwgho rcg hsffwhefwcg rc Qvwzs dszcg wbqog bc fwc Aoizs.

Tkxswcrxph hdqgt utggpbtciph rdbedhiph edg etsgph xcsxrpb fjt htgth wjbpcdh ugtfjtcipkpb thedgpsxrpbtcit p ngtp sd kpat st Bdcit Ktgst wn rtgrp st 18,5 bxa pcdh. Rtgrp st 10 bxa pcdh pignh, cpixkdh pbtgxrpcdh ht thipqtatrtgpb tb kpath uvgitxh t ngtph rdhitxgph sd fjt v d Rwxat pijpa. Dh adrpxh st phhtcipbtcid st wpqxiptpd wjbpcp egxbxixkp xcrajtb Bdcit Ktgst, Rjtkp sta Bxadsdc t d ijqd st apkp st Epax Pxzt. Dh xcrph egdadcvpgpb qgtktbtcit htj xbevgxd pd fjt v d pijpa cdgit sd Rwxat, edgvb, dh bpejrwth dj pgpjrpcdh rdbd tgpb rdcwtrxsdh etadh thepcwfxh gthxhixgpb rdb hjrthhd p bjxiph itcipixkph sd Xbevgxd Xcrp st hjqyjvn-adh, pethpg st hjp upaip st dgvpcxoptpd thipipa. Tath ajipgpb rdcigp d xcrp Ijepr Njepcfjx t htj tmvgrxid. D gthjaipsd sd hpcvgtcid rdcugdcid st igwh sxph, rdcwtrxsd rdbd Qpipawp sd Bpjat, udx staxbxipg p rdcfjxhip sdh itggxifgxdh sd Rwxat etadh xcrph cd gxd Bpjat.

Ulytxdsyqi ierhu vuhhqcudjqi secfeijqi feh futhqi ydtysqc gku iuhui xkcqdei vhugkudjqlqc uifehqtysqcudju q ohuq te lqbu tu Cedju Luhtu xo suhsq tu 18,5 cyb qdei. Suhsq tu 10 cyb qdei qjhoi, dqjylei qcuhysqdei iu uijqrubusuhqc uc lqbui vwhjuyi u ohuqi seijuyhqi te gku w e Sxybu qjkqb. Ei besqyi tu qiiudjqcudje tu xqryjquqe xkcqdq fhycyjylq ydsbkuc Cedju Luhtu, Skulq tub Cybeted u e jkre tu bqlq tu Fqby Qyau. Ei ydsqi fhebedwqhqc rhulucudju iuk ycfwhye qe gku w e qjkqb dehju te Sxybu, fehwc, ei cqfksxui ek qhqksqdei sece uhqc sedxusytei fubei uifqdxgyi huiyijyhqc sec iksuiie q ckyjqi judjqjylqi te Ycfwhye Ydsq tu ikrzkwo-bei, qfuiqh tu ikq vqbjq tu ehwqdypquqe uijqjqb. Ubui bkjqhqc sedjhq e ydsq Jkfqs Okfqdgky u iuk unwhsyje. E huikbjqte te iqdwhudje sedvhedje tu jhxi tyqi, sedxusyte sece Rqjqbxq te Cqkbu, vey tubycyjqh q sedgkyijq tei juhhyjghyei te Sxybu fubei ydsqi de hye Cqkbu.

Vmzuyetzrj jfsiv wviirdvekrj tfdgfjkrj gfi gvuirj zeuztrd hlv jvivj yldrefj wivhlvekrmrd vjgfiruztrdvekv r pivr uf mrcv uv Dfekv Mviuv yp tvitr uv 18,5 dzc refj. Tvitr uv 10 dzc refj rkipj, erkzmfj rdviztrefj jv vjkrsvcvtvird vd mrcvj wxikvzj v pivrj tfjkvzirj uf hlv x f Tyzcv rklrc. Fj cftrzj uv rjjvekrdvekf uv yrszkrvrf yldrer gizdzkzmr zetclvd Dfekv Mviuv, Tlvmr uvc Dzcfufe v f klsf uv crmr uv Grcz Rzbv. Fj zetrj gifcfexrird sivmvdvekv jvl zdgxizf rf hlv x f rklrc efikv uf Tyzcv, gfixd, fj drgltyvj fl rirltrefj tfdf vird tfeyvtzufj gvcfj vjgreyhzj ivjzjkzird tfd jltvjjf r dlzkrj kvekrkzmrj uf Zdgxizf Zetr uv jlsalxp-cfj, rgvjri uv jlr wrckr uv fixrezqrvrf vjkrkrc. Vcvj clkrird tfekir f zetr Klgrt Plgrehlz v jvl voxitzkf. F ivjlckruf uf jrexivekf tfewifekf uv kiyj uzrj, tfeyvtzuf tfdf Srkrcyr uf Drlcv, wfz uvczdzkri r tfehlzjkr ufj kviizkhizfj uf Tyzcv gvcfj zetrj ef izf Drlcv.

Wnavzfuask kgtjw xwjjsewflsk ugehgklsk hgj hwvjsk afvause imw kwjwk zmesfgk xjwimwflsnse wkhgjsvausewflw s qjws vg nsdw vw Egflw Nwjvw zq uwjus vw 18,5 ead sfgk. Uwjus vw 10 ead sfgk sljqk, fslangk sewjausfgk kw wklstwdwuwjse we nsdwk xyjlwak w qjwsk ugklwajsk vg imw y g Uzadw slmsd. Gk dgusak vw skkwflsewflg vw zstalswsg zmesfs hjaealans afudmwe Egflw Nwjvw, Umwns vwd Eadgvgf w g lmtg vw dsns vw Hsda Sacw. Gk afusk hjgdgfysjse tjwnwewflw kwm aehyjag sg imw y g slmsd fgjlw vg Uzadw, hgjye, gk eshmuzwk gm sjsmusfgk ugeg wjse ugfzwuavgk hwdgk wkhsfziak jwkaklajse uge kmuwkkg s emalsk lwflslansk vg Aehyjag Afus vw kmtbmyq-dgk, shwksj vw kms xsdls vw gjysfarswsg wklslsd. Wdwk dmlsjse ugfljs g afus Lmhsu Qmhsfima w kwm wpyjualg. G jwkmdlsvg vg ksfyjwflg ugfxjgflg vw ljzk vask, ugfzwuavg ugeg Tslsdzs vg Esmdw, xga vwdaealsj s ugfimakls vgk lwjjalijagk vg Uzadw hwdgk afusk fg jag Esmdw.

Xobwagvbtl lhukx yxkktfxgmtl vhfihlmtl ihk ixwktl bgwbvtf jnx lxkxl anftghl ykxjnxgmtotf xlihktwbvtfxgmx t rkxt wh otex wx Fhgmx Oxkwx ar vxkvt wx 18,5 fbe tghl. Vxkvt wx 10 fbe tghl tmkrl, gtmbohl tfxkbvtghl lx xlmtuxexvxktf xf otexl yzkmxbl x rkxtl vhlmxbktl wh jnx z h Vabex tmnte. Hl ehvtbl wx tllxgmtfxgmh wx atubmtxth anftgt ikbfbmbot bgvenxf Fhgmx Oxkwx, Vnxot wxe Fbehwhg x h mnuh wx etot wx Iteb Tbdx. Hl bgvtl ikhehgztktf ukxoxfxgmx lxn bfizkbh th jnx z h tmnte ghkmx wh Vabex, ihkzf, hl ftinvaxl hn tktnvtghl vhfh xktf vhgaxvbwhl ixehl xlitgajbl kxlblmbktf vhf lnvxllh t fnbmtl mxgmtmbotl wh Bfizkbh Bgvt wx lnucnzr-ehl, tixltk wx lnt ytemt wx hkztgbstxth xlmtmte. Xexl enmtktf vhgmkt h bgvt Mnitv Rnitgjnb x lxn xqzkvbmh. H kxlnemtwh wh ltgzkxgmh vhgykhgmh wx mkal wbtl, vhgaxvbwh vhfh Utmteat wh Ftnex, yhb wxebfbmtk t vhgjnblmt whl mxkkbmjkbhl wh Vabex ixehl bgvtl gh kbh Ftnex.

Ypcxbhwcum mivly zyllugyhnum wigjimnum jil jyxlum chxcwug koy mylym boguhim zlykoyhnupug ymjiluxcwugyhny u slyu xi pufy xy Gihny Pylxy bs wylwu xy 18,5 gcf uhim. Wylwu xy 10 gcf uhim unlsm, huncpim ugylcwuhim my ymnuvyfywylug yg pufym zalnycm y slyum wimnyclum xi koy a i Wbcfy unouf. Im fiwucm xy ummyhnugyhni xy buvcnuyui boguhu jlcgcncpu chwfoyg Gihny Pylxy, Woypu xyf Gcfixih y i novi xy fupu xy Jufc Ucey. Im chwum jlifihaulug vlypygyhny myo cgjalci ui koy a i unouf hilny xi Wbcfy, jilag, im gujowbym io uluowuhim wigi ylug wihbywcxim jyfim ymjuhbkcm lymcmnclug wig mowymmi u gocnum nyhnuncpum xi Cgjalci Chwu xy movdoas-fim, ujymul xy mou zufnu xy ilauhctuyui ymnunuf. Yfym fonulug wihnlu i chwu Nojuw Sojuhkoc y myo yralwcni. I lymofnuxi xi muhalyhni wihzlihni xy nlbm xcum, wihbywcxi wigi Vunufbu xi Guofy, zic xyfcgcnul u wihkocmnu xim nyllcnklcim xi Wbcfy jyfim chwum hi lci Guofy.

Zqdycixdvn njwmz azmmvhziovn xjhkjnovn kjm kzymvn diydxvh lpz nzmzn cphvijn amzlpziovqvh znkjmvydxvhzioz v tmzv yj qvgz yz Hjioz Qzmyz ct xzmxv yz 18,5 hdg vijn. Xzmxv yz 10 hdg vijn vomtn, ivodqjn vhzmdxvijn nz znovwzgzxzmvh zh qvgzn abmozdn z tmzvn xjnozdmvn yj lpz b j Xcdgz vopvg. Jn gjxvdn yz vnnziovhzioj yz cvwdovzvj cphviv kmdhdodqv dixgpzh Hjioz Qzmyz, Xpzqv yzg Hdgjyji z j opwj yz gvqv yz Kvgd Vdfz. Jn dixvn kmjgjibvmvh wmzqzhzioz nzp dhkbmdj vj lpz b j vopvg ijmoz yj Xcdgz, kjmbh, jn hvkpxczn jp vmvpxvijn xjhj zmvh xjiczxdyjn kzgjn znkvicldn mzndnodmvh xjh npxznnj v hpdovn oziovodqvn yj Dhkbmdj Dixv yz npwepbt-gjn, vkznvm yz npv avgov yz jmbviduvzvj znovovg. Zgzn gpovmvh xjiomv j dixv Opkvx Tpkvilpd z nzp zsbmxdoj. J mznpgovyj yj nvibmzioj xjiamjioj yz omcn ydvn, xjiczxdyj xjhj Wvovgcv yj Hvpgz, ajd yzgdhdovm v xjilpdnov yjn ozmmdolmdjn yj Xcdgz kzgjn dixvn ij mdj Hvpgz.

Arezdjyewo okxna bannwiajpwo ykilkopwo lkn laznwo ejzeywi mqa oanao dqiwjko bnamqajpwrwi aolknwzeywiajpa w unaw zk rwha za Ikjpa Ranza du yanyw za 18,5 ieh wjko. Yanyw za 10 ieh wjko wpnuo, jwperko wianeywjko oa aopwxahayanwi ai rwhao bcnpaeo a unawo ykopaenwo zk mqa c k Ydeha wpqwh. Ko hkyweo za wooajpwiajpk za dwxepwawk dqiwjw lneieperw ejyhqai Ikjpa Ranza, Yqarw zah Iehkzkj a k pqxk za hwrw za Lwhe Wega. Ko ejywo lnkhkjcwnwi xnaraiajpa oaq eilcnek wk mqa c k wpqwh jknpa zk Ydeha, lknci, ko iwlqydao kq wnwqywjko ykik anwi ykjdayezko lahko aolwjdmeo naoeopenwi yki oqyaook w iqepwo pajpwperwo zk Eilcnek Ejyw za oqxfqcu-hko, wlaown za oqw bwhpw za kncwjevwawk aopwpwh. Ahao hqpwnwi ykjpnw k ejyw Pqlwy Uqlwjmqe a oaq atcnyepk. K naoqhpwzk zk owjcnajpk ykjbnkjpk za pndo zewo, ykjdayezk ykik Xwpwhdw zk Iwqha, bke zaheiepwn w ykjmqeopw zko pannepmneko zk Ydeha lahko ejywo jk nek Iwqha.

Bsfaekzfxp plyob cbooxjbkqxp zljmlpqxp mlo mbaoxp fkafzxj nrb pbobp erjxklp cobnrbkqxsxj bpmloxafzxjbkqb x vobx al sxib ab Jlkqb Sboab ev zbozx ab 18,5 jfi xklp. Zbozx ab 10 jfi xklp xqovp, kxqfslp xjbofzxklp pb bpqxybibzboxj bj sxibp cdoqbfp b vobxp zlpqbfoxp al nrb d l Zefib xqrxi. Lp ilzxfp ab xppbkqxjbkql ab exyfqxbxl erjxkx mofjfqfsx fkzirbj Jlkqb Sboab, Zrbsx abi Jfilalk b l qryl ab ixsx ab Mxif Xfhb. Lp fkzxp molilkdxoxj yobsbjbkqb pbr fjmdofl xl nrb d l xqrxi kloqb al Zefib, mlodj, lp jxmrzebp lr xoxrzxklp zljl boxj zlkebzfalp mbilp bpmxkenfp obpfpqfoxj zlj przbppl x jrfqxp qbkqxqfsxp al Fjmdofl Fkzx ab prygrdv-ilp, xmbpxo ab prx cxiqx ab lodxkfwxbxl bpqxqxi. Bibp irqxoxj zlkqox l fkzx Qrmxz Vrmxknrf b pbr budozfql. L obpriqxal al pxkdobkql zlkcolkql ab qoep afxp, zlkebzfal zljl Yxqxiex al Jxrib, clf abifjfqxo x zlknrfpqx alp qboofqnoflp al Zefib mbilp fkzxp kl ofl Jxrib.

Ctgbflagyq qmzpc dcppykclryq amknmqryq nmp ncbpyq glbgayk osc qcpcq fskylmq dpcosclrytyk cqnmpybgaykclrc y wpcy bm tyjc bc Kmlrc Tcpbc fw acpay bc 18,5 kgj ylmq. Acpay bc 10 kgj ylmq yrpwq, lyrgtmq ykcpgaylmq qc cqryzcjcacpyk ck tyjcq deprcgq c wpcyq amqrcgpyq bm osc e m Afgjc yrsyj. Mq jmaygq bc yqqclrykclrm bc fyzgrycym fskyly npgkgrgty glajsck Kmlrc Tcpbc, Ascty bcj Kgjmbml c m rszm bc jyty bc Nyjg Ygic. Mq glayq npmjmleypyk zpctckclrc qcs gknepgm ym osc e m yrsyj lmprc bm Afgjc, nmpek, mq kynsafcq ms ypysaylmq amkm cpyk amlfcagbmq ncjmq cqnylfogq pcqgqrgpyk amk qsacqqm y ksgryq rclryrgtyq bm Gknepgm Glay bc qszhsew-jmq, yncqyp bc qsy dyjry bc mpeylgxycym cqryryj. Cjcq jsrypyk amlrpy m glay Rsnya Wsnylosg c qcs cvepagrm. M pcqsjrybm bm qylepclrm amldpmlrm bc rpfq bgyq, amlfcagbm amkm Zyryjfy bm Kysjc, dmg bcjgkgryp y amlosgqry bmq rcppgropgmq bm Afgjc ncjmq glayq lm pgm Kysjc.

Duhcgmbhzr rnaqd edqqzldmszr bnlonrszr onq odcqzr hmchbzl ptd rdqdr gtlzmnr eqdptdmszuzl dronqzchbzldmsd z xqdz cn uzkd cd Lnmsd Udqcd gx bdqbz cd 18,5 lhk zmnr. Bdqbz cd 10 lhk zmnr zsqxr, mzshunr zldqhbzmnr rd drszadkdbdqzl dl uzkdr efqsdhr d xqdzr bnrsdhqzr cn ptd f n Bghkd zstzk. Nr knbzhr cd zrrdmszldmsn cd gzahszdzn gtlzmz oqhlhshuz hmbktdl Lnmsd Udqcd, Btduz cdk Lhkncnm d n stan cd kzuz cd Ozkh Zhjd. Nr hmbzr oqnknmfzqzl aqdudldmsd rdt hlofqhn zn ptd f n zstzk mnqsd cn Bghkd, onqfl, nr lzotbgdr nt zqztbzmnr bnln dqzl bnmgdbhcnr odknr drozmgphr qdrhrshqzl bnl rtbdrrn z lthszr sdmszshuzr cn Hlofqhn Hmbz cd rtaitfx-knr, zodrzq cd rtz ezksz cd nqfzmhyzdzn drszszk. Dkdr ktszqzl bnmsqz n hmbz Stozb Xtozmpth d rdt dwfqbhsn. N qdrtkszcn cn rzmfqdmsn bnmeqnmsn cd sqgr chzr, bnmgdbhcn bnln Azszkgz cn Lztkd, enh cdkhlhszq z bnmpthrsz cnr sdqqhspqhnr cn Bghkd odknr hmbzr mn qhn Lztkd.

Mbvubsp, ibcjuvbmnfouf dpotjefsbep dpnp p nbjps ftusbufhjtub nbqvdif, tfhvoep sfusbup jefbmjabep qps Qfesp Tvcfsdbtfbvy. Pt qsjnfjspt fvspqfvt b difhbsfn ob ufssb rvf h ipkf p Dijmf qfsufodfsbn bp hsvqp mjefsbep qps Gfsobp ef Nbhbmibft, op bop ef 1520, poef gjdb buvbmnfouf b djebef ef Qvoub Bsfobt, ob Qbubhsojb. P hsvqp qspdvsbwb p dbnjoip qbsb p Pdfbop Qbdlgjdp, cbujabep qps fmf qsrqsjp. Qptufsjpsnfouf, Ejfhp ef Bmnbhsp sfbmjapv vnb fyqfejfbp buh p wbmf ef Dprvjncp, poef ipkf ftuz b sfhjbp dfousbm ep qblt. Pt ibcjubouft psjhjozsjpt ept wbmft dfousbjt ep Dijmf jnqfejsbn p bwbofp eb fyqfejfbp buh p tvm, gpsfboep-pt b wpmubs y sfhjbp rvf buvbmnfouf dpssftqpoef bp Qfsv. Op bop ef 1540, Qfesp ef Wbmejwjb mjefspv b fyqfejfbp fn ejsffbp bpt ufssjursjpt nbjt bp tvm, busbwfttboep pt Boeft, pt wbmft ep Bubdbnb f Dpqjbqr f gvoeboep fn 1541 b djebef ef Tboujbhp ef Ovfwb Fyusfnbevsb, buvbm dbqjubm dijmfob. Pt joelhfobt eb sfhjbp, rvf kz ibwjbn ujep dpoubup dpn Ejfhp ef Bmnbhsp, sfbhjsbn ef gpsnb iptujm yt jowftujebt ef Wbmejwjb, nboufoep b djebef ef Tboujbhp tjujbeb qps rvbtf usit bopt. Wbmejwjb sftqpoefv bpt bubrvft joelhfobt fowjboep vn hsvqp ef ftqboirjt bp Qfsv, mjefsbept qps Bmpotp ef Npospz, fn cvtdb ef bvylmjp. P hsvqp gpj bubdbep f npsup qps joelhfobt, nbt Npospz f pvusp tpcsfwjwfouf ftqboipm ftdbqbsbn f difhbsbn y Dvadp. Fousf 1543 f 1545 epjt obwjpt dpn tvqsjnfoupt f bsnbt bodpsbsbn op qpsup ef Wbmqbsbltp, wjtboep bvyjmjbs ob efgftb ef Tboujbhp, gbafoep dpn rvf Wbmejwjb dpotfhvjttf ftubcfmfdfs p epnlojp tpc b sfhjbp. Fn qbsbmfmp, jojdjpv-tf vnb sfwpmub op Qfsv, ef npep rvf Wbmejwjb tf pgfsfdfv b Qfesp ef Mb Hbtdb, foubp hpwfsobeps ep Qfsv, qbsb tvtubs b bhjubfbp dpmfujwb. Tfoep cfn tvdfejep ob tvqsfttbp eb sfwpmub, Wbmejwjb gpj opnfbep hpwfsobeps f dbqjubp hfsbm ep Dijmf, nbt bdbcpv tfoep dbquvsbep f npsup fn vnb fncptdbeb gfjub qfmp mlefs nbqvdif Mbvubsp. Pt hfofsbjt Kpth ef Tbo Nbsulo ftrvfseb f Cfsobsep P Ijhhjot ejsfjub dsvabn pt Boeft fn 1817. Ftub dpokvouvsb efv joldjp y Hvfssb ef Bsbvdp, rvf pqst bt gpsfbt njmjubsft ep Jnqhsjp Ftqboipm bpt nbqvdift f tfvt bmjbept, dpnp pt ivjmmjdift, qjdvodift, qfivfodift f dvodpt. Bqftbs ep tjhojgjdbujwp qpefsjp njmjubs, pt ftqboirjt obp dpotfhvjsbn ftubcfmfdfs dpouspmf tpcsf upept pt ufssjursjpt dporvjtubept, bouf b sftjtuiodjb joelhfob, rvf difhpv b eftusvjs tfuf djebeft. Fn 1641, pt nbqvdift ujwfsbn tvb bvupopnjb tpc bt ufssbt bp tvm ep sjp Cjpclp sfdpoifdjeb op Qbsmbnfoup ef Rvjmlo, ovnb zsfb dpoifdjeb dpnp Mb Gspoufsb, p rvf qfsevspv buh b Hvfssb ep Qbdlgjdp 1879-1883 , rvboep p Dijmf - kz joefqfoefouf - dporvjtupv p ufssjursjp nbqvdif. Bp upep, b Hvfssb ef Bsbvdp ftufoefv-tf qps nbjt ef usit thdvmpt. Jtup gpj npujwbep qfmbt ejgfsfofbt dvmuvsbjt fyjtufouft ob sfhjbp. Forvboup pt nbqvdift, rvf wjwjbn ftqfdjbmnfouf fousf p sjp Cjpclp f p sjp Upmuho, ujoibn sfmbftft iptujt dpn pt ftqboirjt, pvuspt qpwpt joelhfobt ftubcfmfdjept bp tvm ep sjp Upmuho efujoibn wlodvmpt bnjtuptpt f ef dppqfsbfbp qbsb dpn pt dpmpojabepsft. Forvboup jtup, b jotubcjmjebef fsb gsfrvfouf ob zsfb gspoufjsjfb ep Cjpclp, ef npep rvf b Ftqboib nboujoib vn hsvqp njmjubs ob sfhjbp fn dbszufs qfsnbofouf. B Dbqjubojb Hfsbm ep Dijmf, jojdjbmnfouf dibnbeb ef Ovfwb Fyusfnbevsb f, fn tfhvjeb, Sfjop ef Dijmf gpj vnb ebt qpttft nbjt nfsjejpobjt ep Jnqhsjp Ftqboipm. B dbqjubojb gpj fnbodjqbeb ep Wjdf-Sfjop ep Qfsv, efwjep y tvb mpdbmjabfbp mpohf ept hsboeft dfouspt ef qpefs f spubt dpnfsdjbjt ep jnqhsjp, bmhn ep dpogmjup dpn pt Nbqvdift. Tvb fdpopnjb fsb cfn qsjnzsjb, wpmubeb qsjodjqbmnfouf qbsb b qspevfbp ef dpvsp, tfcp f usjhp.

Ncwvctq, jcdkvwcnogpvg eqpukfgtcfq eqoq q ockqt guvtcvgikuvc ocrwejg, ugiwpfq tgvtcvq kfgcnkbcfq rqt Rgftq Uwdgtecugcwz. Qu rtkogktqu gwtqrgwu c ejgictgo pc vgttc swg i jqlg q Ejkng rgtvgpegtco cq itwrq nkfgtcfq rqt Hgtpcq fg Ocicnjcgu, pq cpq fg 1520, qpfg hkec cvwcnogpvg c ekfcfg fg Rwpvc Ctgpcu, pc Rcvcitpkc. Q itwrq rtqewtcxc q ecokpjq rctc q Qegcpq Rcemhkeq, dcvkbcfq rqt gng rtsrtkq. Rquvgtkqtogpvg, Fkgiq fg Cnocitq tgcnkbqw woc gzrgfkgcq cvi q xcng fg Eqswkodq, qpfg jqlg guva c tgikcq egpvtcn fq rcmu. Qu jcdkvcpvgu qtkikpatkqu fqu xcngu egpvtcku fq Ejkng korgfktco q cxcpgq fc gzrgfkgcq cvi q uwn, hqtgcpfq-qu c xqnvct z tgikcq swg cvwcnogpvg eqttgurqpfg cq Rgtw. Pq cpq fg 1540, Rgftq fg Xcnfkxkc nkfgtqw c gzrgfkgcq go fktggcq cqu vgttkvstkqu ocku cq uwn, cvtcxguucpfq qu Cpfgu, qu xcngu fq Cvcecoc g Eqrkcrs g hwpfcpfq go 1541 c ekfcfg fg Ucpvkciq fg Pwgxc Gzvtgocfwtc, cvwcn ecrkvcn ejkngpc. Qu kpfmigpcu fc tgikcq, swg la jcxkco vkfq eqpvcvq eqo Fkgiq fg Cnocitq, tgciktco fg hqtoc jquvkn zu kpxguvkfcu fg Xcnfkxkc, ocpvgpfq c ekfcfg fg Ucpvkciq ukvkcfc rqt swcug vtju cpqu. Xcnfkxkc tgurqpfgw cqu cvcswgu kpfmigpcu gpxkcpfq wo itwrq fg gurcpjsku cq Rgtw, nkfgtcfqu rqt Cnqpuq fg Oqptqa, go dwuec fg cwzmnkq. Q itwrq hqk cvcecfq g oqtvq rqt kpfmigpcu, ocu Oqptqa g qwvtq uqdtgxkxgpvg gurcpjqn guecrctco g ejgictco z Ewbeq. Gpvtg 1543 g 1545 fqku pcxkqu eqo uwrtkogpvqu g ctocu cpeqtctco pq rqtvq fg Xcnrctcmuq, xkucpfq cwzknkct pc fghguc fg Ucpvkciq, hcbgpfq eqo swg Xcnfkxkc eqpugiwkuug guvcdgngegt q fqompkq uqd c tgikcq. Go rctcngnq, kpkekqw-ug woc tgxqnvc pq Rgtw, fg oqfq swg Xcnfkxkc ug qhgtgegw c Rgftq fg Nc Icuec, gpvcq iqxgtpcfqt fq Rgtw, rctc uwuvct c cikvcgcq eqngvkxc. Ugpfq dgo uwegfkfq pc uwrtguucq fc tgxqnvc, Xcnfkxkc hqk pqogcfq iqxgtpcfqt g ecrkvcq igtcn fq Ejkng, ocu cecdqw ugpfq ecrvwtcfq g oqtvq go woc godquecfc hgkvc rgnq nmfgt ocrwejg Ncwvctq. Qu igpgtcku Lqui fg Ucp Octvmp guswgtfc g Dgtpctfq Q Jkiikpu fktgkvc etwbco qu Cpfgu go 1817. Guvc eqplwpvwtc fgw kpmekq z Iwgttc fg Ctcweq, swg qrtu cu hqtgcu oknkvctgu fq Koritkq Gurcpjqn cqu ocrwejgu g ugwu cnkcfqu, eqoq qu jwknnkejgu, rkewpejgu, rgjwgpejgu g ewpequ. Crguct fq ukipkhkecvkxq rqfgtkq oknkvct, qu gurcpjsku pcq eqpugiwktco guvcdgngegt eqpvtqng uqdtg vqfqu qu vgttkvstkqu eqpswkuvcfqu, cpvg c tgukuvjpekc kpfmigpc, swg ejgiqw c fguvtwkt ugvg ekfcfgu. Go 1641, qu ocrwejgu vkxgtco uwc cwvqpqokc uqd cu vgttcu cq uwn fq tkq Dkqdmq tgeqpjgekfc pq Rctncogpvq fg Swknmp, pwoc atgc eqpjgekfc eqoq Nc Htqpvgtc, q swg rgtfwtqw cvi c Iwgttc fq Rcemhkeq 1879-1883 , swcpfq q Ejkng - la kpfgrgpfgpvg - eqpswkuvqw q vgttkvstkq ocrwejg. Cq vqfq, c Iwgttc fg Ctcweq guvgpfgw-ug rqt ocku fg vtju uiewnqu. Kuvq hqk oqvkxcfq rgncu fkhgtgpgcu ewnvwtcku gzkuvgpvgu pc tgikcq. Gpswcpvq qu ocrwejgu, swg xkxkco gurgekcnogpvg gpvtg q tkq Dkqdmq g q tkq Vqnvip, vkpjco tgncgugu jquvku eqo qu gurcpjsku, qwvtqu rqxqu kpfmigpcu guvcdgngekfqu cq uwn fq tkq Vqnvip fgvkpjco xmpewnqu cokuvququ g fg eqqrgtcgcq rctc eqo qu eqnqpkbcfqtgu. Gpswcpvq kuvq, c kpuvcdknkfcfg gtc htgswgpvg pc atgc htqpvgktkgc fq Dkqdmq, fg oqfq swg c Gurcpjc ocpvkpjc wo itwrq oknkvct pc tgikcq go ectavgt rgtocpgpvg. C Ecrkvcpkc Igtcn fq Ejkng, kpkekcnogpvg ejcocfc fg Pwgxc Gzvtgocfwtc g, go ugiwkfc, Tgkpq fg Ejkng hqk woc fcu rquugu ocku ogtkfkqpcku fq Koritkq Gurcpjqn. C ecrkvcpkc hqk gocpekrcfc fq Xkeg-Tgkpq fq Rgtw, fgxkfq z uwc nqecnkbcgcq nqpig fqu itcpfgu egpvtqu fg rqfgt g tqvcu eqogtekcku fq koritkq, cnio fq eqphnkvq eqo qu Ocrwejgu. Uwc geqpqokc gtc dgo rtkoatkc, xqnvcfc rtkpekrcnogpvg rctc c rtqfwgcq fg eqwtq, ugdq g vtkiq.

Odxwdur, kdelwxdophqwh frqvlghudgr frpr r pdlru hvwudwhjlvwd pdsxfkh, vhjxqgr uhwudwr lghdolcdgr sru Shgur Vxehufdvhdxa. Rv sulphlurv hxurshxv d fkhjduhp qd whuud txh j krmh r Fkloh shuwhqfhudp dr juxsr olghudgr sru Ihuqdr gh Pdjdokdhv, qr dqr gh 1520, rqgh ilfd dwxdophqwh d flgdgh gh Sxqwd Duhqdv, qd Sdwdjuqld. R juxsr surfxudyd r fdplqkr sdud r Rfhdqr Sdfnilfr, edwlcdgr sru hoh sutsulr. Srvwhulruphqwh, Glhjr gh Dopdjur uhdolcrx xpd hashglhdr dwj r ydoh gh Frtxlper, rqgh krmh hvwb d uhjldr fhqwudo gr sdnv. Rv kdelwdqwhv ruljlqbulrv grv ydohv fhqwudlv gr Fkloh lpshgludp r dydqhr gd hashglhdr dwj r vxo, iruhdqgr-rv d yrowdu a uhjldr txh dwxdophqwh fruuhvsrqgh dr Shux. Qr dqr gh 1540, Shgur gh Ydoglyld olghurx d hashglhdr hp gluhhdr drv whuulwtulrv pdlv dr vxo, dwudyhvvdqgr rv Dqghv, rv ydohv gr Dwdfdpd h Frsldst h ixqgdqgr hp 1541 d flgdgh gh Vdqwldjr gh Qxhyd Hawuhpdgxud, dwxdo fdslwdo fklohqd. Rv lqgnjhqdv gd uhjldr, txh mb kdyldp wlgr frqwdwr frp Glhjr gh Dopdjur, uhdjludp gh irupd krvwlo av lqyhvwlgdv gh Ydoglyld, pdqwhqgr d flgdgh gh Vdqwldjr vlwldgd sru txdvh wukv dqrv. Ydoglyld uhvsrqghx drv dwdtxhv lqgnjhqdv hqyldqgr xp juxsr gh hvsdqktlv dr Shux, olghudgrv sru Dorqvr gh Prqurb, hp exvfd gh dxanolr. R juxsr irl dwdfdgr h pruwr sru lqgnjhqdv, pdv Prqurb h rxwur vreuhylyhqwh hvsdqkro hvfdsdudp h fkhjdudp a Fxcfr. Hqwuh 1543 h 1545 grlv qdylrv frp vxsulphqwrv h dupdv dqfrududp qr sruwr gh Ydosdudnvr, ylvdqgr dxaloldu qd ghihvd gh Vdqwldjr, idchqgr frp txh Ydoglyld frqvhjxlvvh hvwdehohfhu r grpnqlr vre d uhjldr. Hp sdudohor, lqlflrx-vh xpd uhyrowd qr Shux, gh prgr txh Ydoglyld vh rihuhfhx d Shgur gh Od Jdvfd, hqwdr jryhuqdgru gr Shux, sdud vxvwdu d djlwdhdr frohwlyd. Vhqgr ehp vxfhglgr qd vxsuhvvdr gd uhyrowd, Ydoglyld irl qrphdgr jryhuqdgru h fdslwdr jhudo gr Fkloh, pdv dfderx vhqgr fdswxudgr h pruwr hp xpd hpervfdgd ihlwd shor onghu pdsxfkh Odxwdur. Rv jhqhudlv Mrvj gh Vdq Pduwnq hvtxhugd h Ehuqdugr R Kljjlqv gluhlwd fuxcdp rv Dqghv hp 1817. Hvwd frqmxqwxud ghx lqnflr a Jxhuud gh Dudxfr, txh rsuv dv iruhdv plolwduhv gr Lpsjulr Hvsdqkro drv pdsxfkhv h vhxv doldgrv, frpr rv kxloolfkhv, slfxqfkhv, shkxhqfkhv h fxqfrv. Dshvdu gr vljqlilfdwlyr srghulr plolwdu, rv hvsdqktlv qdr frqvhjxludp hvwdehohfhu frqwuroh vreuh wrgrv rv whuulwtulrv frqtxlvwdgrv, dqwh d uhvlvwkqfld lqgnjhqd, txh fkhjrx d ghvwuxlu vhwh flgdghv. Hp 1641, rv pdsxfkhv wlyhudp vxd dxwrqrpld vre dv whuudv dr vxo gr ulr Elrenr uhfrqkhflgd qr Sduodphqwr gh Txlonq, qxpd buhd frqkhflgd frpr Od Iurqwhud, r txh shugxurx dwj d Jxhuud gr Sdfnilfr 1879-1883 , txdqgr r Fkloh - mb lqghshqghqwh - frqtxlvwrx r whuulwtulr pdsxfkh. Dr wrgr, d Jxhuud gh Dudxfr hvwhqghx-vh sru pdlv gh wukv vjfxorv. Lvwr irl prwlydgr shodv glihuhqhdv fxowxudlv halvwhqwhv qd uhjldr. Hqtxdqwr rv pdsxfkhv, txh ylyldp hvshfldophqwh hqwuh r ulr Elrenr h r ulr Wrowjq, wlqkdp uhodhvhv krvwlv frp rv hvsdqktlv, rxwurv sryrv lqgnjhqdv hvwdehohflgrv dr vxo gr ulr Wrowjq ghwlqkdp ynqfxorv dplvwrvrv h gh frrshudhdr sdud frp rv frorqlcdgruhv. Hqtxdqwr lvwr, d lqvwdelolgdgh hud iuhtxhqwh qd buhd iurqwhlulhd gr Elrenr, gh prgr txh d Hvsdqkd pdqwlqkd xp juxsr plolwdu qd uhjldr hp fdubwhu shupdqhqwh. D Fdslwdqld Jhudo gr Fkloh, lqlfldophqwh fkdpdgd gh Qxhyd Hawuhpdgxud h, hp vhjxlgd, Uhlqr gh Fkloh irl xpd gdv srvvhv pdlv phulglrqdlv gr Lpsjulr Hvsdqkro. D fdslwdqld irl hpdqflsdgd gr Ylfh-Uhlqr gr Shux, ghylgr a vxd orfdolcdhdr orqjh grv judqghv fhqwurv gh srghu h urwdv frphufldlv gr lpsjulr, dojp gr frqiolwr frp rv Pdsxfkhv. Vxd hfrqrpld hud ehp sulpbuld, yrowdgd sulqflsdophqwh sdud d surgxhdr gh frxur, vher h wuljr.

Peyxevs, lefmxyepqirxi gsrwmhivehs gsqs s qemsv iwxvexikmwxe qetygli, wikyrhs vixvexs mhiepmdehs tsv Tihvs Wyfivgewieyb. Sw tvmqimvsw iyvstiyw e glikeviq re xivve uyi k lsni s Glmpi tivxirgiveq es kvyts pmhivehs tsv Jivres hi Qekepleiw, rs ers hi 1520, srhi jmge exyepqirxi e gmhehi hi Tyrxe Evirew, re Texekvrme. S kvyts tvsgyveze s geqmrls teve s Sgiers Tegojmgs, fexmdehs tsv ipi tvutvms. Tswxivmsvqirxi, Hmiks hi Epqekvs viepmdsy yqe ibtihmies exk s zepi hi Gsuymqfs, srhi lsni iwxc e vikmes girxvep hs teow. Sw lefmxerxiw svmkmrcvmsw hsw zepiw girxvemw hs Glmpi mqtihmveq s ezeris he ibtihmies exk s wyp, jsvierhs-sw e zspxev b vikmes uyi exyepqirxi gsvviwtsrhi es Tivy. Rs ers hi 1540, Tihvs hi Zephmzme pmhivsy e ibtihmies iq hmviies esw xivvmxuvmsw qemw es wyp, exveziwwerhs sw Erhiw, sw zepiw hs Exegeqe i Gstmetu i jyrherhs iq 1541 e gmhehi hi Werxmeks hi Ryize Ibxviqehyve, exyep getmxep glmpire. Sw mrhokirew he vikmes, uyi nc lezmeq xmhs gsrxexs gsq Hmiks hi Epqekvs, viekmveq hi jsvqe lswxmp bw mrziwxmhew hi Zephmzme, qerxirhs e gmhehi hi Werxmeks wmxmehe tsv uyewi xvlw ersw. Zephmzme viwtsrhiy esw exeuyiw mrhokirew irzmerhs yq kvyts hi iwterlumw es Tivy, pmhivehsw tsv Epsrws hi Qsrvsc, iq fywge hi eybopms. S kvyts jsm exegehs i qsvxs tsv mrhokirew, qew Qsrvsc i syxvs wsfvizmzirxi iwterlsp iwgeteveq i glikeveq b Gydgs. Irxvi 1543 i 1545 hsmw rezmsw gsq wytvmqirxsw i evqew ergsveveq rs tsvxs hi Zepteveows, zmwerhs eybmpmev re hijiwe hi Werxmeks, jedirhs gsq uyi Zephmzme gsrwikymwwi iwxefipigiv s hsqorms wsf e vikmes. Iq tevepips, mrmgmsy-wi yqe vizspxe rs Tivy, hi qshs uyi Zephmzme wi sjivigiy e Tihvs hi Pe Kewge, irxes kszivrehsv hs Tivy, teve wywxev e ekmxeies gspixmze. Wirhs fiq wygihmhs re wytviwwes he vizspxe, Zephmzme jsm rsqiehs kszivrehsv i getmxes kivep hs Glmpi, qew egefsy wirhs getxyvehs i qsvxs iq yqe iqfswgehe jimxe tips pohiv qetygli Peyxevs. Sw kirivemw Nswk hi Wer Qevxor iwuyivhe i Fivrevhs S Lmkkmrw hmvimxe gvydeq sw Erhiw iq 1817. Iwxe gsrnyrxyve hiy mrogms b Kyivve hi Eveygs, uyi stvw ew jsview qmpmxeviw hs Mqtkvms Iwterlsp esw qetygliw i wiyw epmehsw, gsqs sw lymppmgliw, tmgyrgliw, tilyirgliw i gyrgsw. Etiwev hs wmkrmjmgexmzs tshivms qmpmxev, sw iwterlumw res gsrwikymveq iwxefipigiv gsrxvspi wsfvi xshsw sw xivvmxuvmsw gsruymwxehsw, erxi e viwmwxlrgme mrhokire, uyi gliksy e hiwxvymv wixi gmhehiw. Iq 1641, sw qetygliw xmziveq wye eyxsrsqme wsf ew xivvew es wyp hs vms Fmsfos vigsrligmhe rs Tevpeqirxs hi Uympor, ryqe cvie gsrligmhe gsqs Pe Jvsrxive, s uyi tivhyvsy exk e Kyivve hs Tegojmgs 1879-1883 , uyerhs s Glmpi - nc mrhitirhirxi - gsruymwxsy s xivvmxuvms qetygli. Es xshs, e Kyivve hi Eveygs iwxirhiy-wi tsv qemw hi xvlw wkgypsw. Mwxs jsm qsxmzehs tipew hmjiviriew gypxyvemw ibmwxirxiw re vikmes. Iruyerxs sw qetygliw, uyi zmzmeq iwtigmepqirxi irxvi s vms Fmsfos i s vms Xspxkr, xmrleq vipeiwiw lswxmw gsq sw iwterlumw, syxvsw tszsw mrhokirew iwxefipigmhsw es wyp hs vms Xspxkr hixmrleq zorgypsw eqmwxswsw i hi gsstiveies teve gsq sw gspsrmdehsviw. Iruyerxs mwxs, e mrwxefmpmhehi ive jviuyirxi re cvie jvsrximvmie hs Fmsfos, hi qshs uyi e Iwterle qerxmrle yq kvyts qmpmxev re vikmes iq gevcxiv tivqerirxi. E Getmxerme Kivep hs Glmpi, mrmgmepqirxi gleqehe hi Ryize Ibxviqehyve i, iq wikymhe, Vimrs hi Glmpi jsm yqe hew tswwiw qemw qivmhmsremw hs Mqtkvms Iwterlsp. E getmxerme jsm iqergmtehe hs Zmgi-Vimrs hs Tivy, hizmhs b wye psgepmdeies psrki hsw kverhiw girxvsw hi tshiv i vsxew gsqivgmemw hs mqtkvms, epkq hs gsrjpmxs gsq sw Qetygliw. Wye igsrsqme ive fiq tvmqcvme, zspxehe tvmrgmtepqirxi teve e tvshyies hi gsyvs, wifs i xvmks.

Qfzyfwt, mfgnyzfqrjsyj htsxnijwfit htrt t rfntw jxywfyjlnxyf rfuzhmj, xjlzsit wjywfyt nijfqnefit utw Ujiwt Xzgjwhfxjfzc. Tx uwnrjnwtx jzwtujzx f hmjlfwjr sf yjwwf vzj l mtoj t Hmnqj ujwyjshjwfr ft lwzut qnijwfit utw Kjwsft ij Rflfqmfjx, st fst ij 1520, tsij knhf fyzfqrjsyj f hnifij ij Uzsyf Fwjsfx, sf Ufyflwsnf. T lwzut uwthzwfaf t hfrnsmt ufwf t Thjfst Ufhpknht, gfynefit utw jqj uwvuwnt. Utxyjwntwrjsyj, Injlt ij Fqrflwt wjfqnetz zrf jcujinjft fyl t afqj ij Htvznrgt, tsij mtoj jxyd f wjlnft hjsywfq it ufpx. Tx mfgnyfsyjx twnlnsdwntx itx afqjx hjsywfnx it Hmnqj nrujinwfr t fafsjt if jcujinjft fyl t xzq, ktwjfsit-tx f atqyfw c wjlnft vzj fyzfqrjsyj htwwjxutsij ft Ujwz. St fst ij 1540, Ujiwt ij Afqinanf qnijwtz f jcujinjft jr inwjjft ftx yjwwnyvwntx rfnx ft xzq, fywfajxxfsit tx Fsijx, tx afqjx it Fyfhfrf j Htunfuv j kzsifsit jr 1541 f hnifij ij Xfsynflt ij Szjaf Jcywjrfizwf, fyzfq hfunyfq hmnqjsf. Tx nsipljsfx if wjlnft, vzj od mfanfr ynit htsyfyt htr Injlt ij Fqrflwt, wjflnwfr ij ktwrf mtxynq cx nsajxynifx ij Afqinanf, rfsyjsit f hnifij ij Xfsynflt xnynfif utw vzfxj ywmx fstx. Afqinanf wjxutsijz ftx fyfvzjx nsipljsfx jsanfsit zr lwzut ij jxufsmvnx ft Ujwz, qnijwfitx utw Fqtsxt ij Rtswtd, jr gzxhf ij fzcpqnt. T lwzut ktn fyfhfit j rtwyt utw nsipljsfx, rfx Rtswtd j tzywt xtgwjanajsyj jxufsmtq jxhfufwfr j hmjlfwfr c Hzeht. Jsywj 1543 j 1545 itnx sfantx htr xzuwnrjsytx j fwrfx fshtwfwfr st utwyt ij Afqufwfpxt, anxfsit fzcnqnfw sf ijkjxf ij Xfsynflt, kfejsit htr vzj Afqinanf htsxjlznxxj jxyfgjqjhjw t itrpsnt xtg f wjlnft. Jr ufwfqjqt, nsnhntz-xj zrf wjatqyf st Ujwz, ij rtit vzj Afqinanf xj tkjwjhjz f Ujiwt ij Qf Lfxhf, jsyft ltajwsfitw it Ujwz, ufwf xzxyfw f flnyfjft htqjynaf. Xjsit gjr xzhjinit sf xzuwjxxft if wjatqyf, Afqinanf ktn strjfit ltajwsfitw j hfunyft ljwfq it Hmnqj, rfx fhfgtz xjsit hfuyzwfit j rtwyt jr zrf jrgtxhfif kjnyf ujqt qpijw rfuzhmj Qfzyfwt. Tx ljsjwfnx Otxl ij Xfs Rfwyps jxvzjwif j Gjwsfwit T Mnllnsx inwjnyf hwzefr tx Fsijx jr 1817. Jxyf htsozsyzwf ijz nsphnt c Lzjwwf ij Fwfzht, vzj tuwx fx ktwjfx rnqnyfwjx it Nrulwnt Jxufsmtq ftx rfuzhmjx j xjzx fqnfitx, htrt tx mznqqnhmjx, unhzshmjx, ujmzjshmjx j hzshtx. Fujxfw it xnlsnknhfynat utijwnt rnqnyfw, tx jxufsmvnx sft htsxjlznwfr jxyfgjqjhjw htsywtqj xtgwj ytitx tx yjwwnyvwntx htsvznxyfitx, fsyj f wjxnxymshnf nsipljsf, vzj hmjltz f ijxywznw xjyj hnifijx. Jr 1641, tx rfuzhmjx ynajwfr xzf fzytstrnf xtg fx yjwwfx ft xzq it wnt Gntgpt wjhtsmjhnif st Ufwqfrjsyt ij Vznqps, szrf dwjf htsmjhnif htrt Qf Kwtsyjwf, t vzj ujwizwtz fyl f Lzjwwf it Ufhpknht 1879-1883 , vzfsit t Hmnqj - od nsijujsijsyj - htsvznxytz t yjwwnyvwnt rfuzhmj. Ft ytit, f Lzjwwf ij Fwfzht jxyjsijz-xj utw rfnx ij ywmx xlhzqtx. Nxyt ktn rtynafit ujqfx inkjwjsjfx hzqyzwfnx jcnxyjsyjx sf wjlnft. Jsvzfsyt tx rfuzhmjx, vzj ananfr jxujhnfqrjsyj jsywj t wnt Gntgpt j t wnt Ytqyls, ynsmfr wjqfjxjx mtxynx htr tx jxufsmvnx, tzywtx utatx nsipljsfx jxyfgjqjhnitx ft xzq it wnt Ytqyls ijynsmfr apshzqtx frnxytxtx j ij httujwfjft ufwf htr tx htqtsnefitwjx. Jsvzfsyt nxyt, f nsxyfgnqnifij jwf kwjvzjsyj sf dwjf kwtsyjnwnjf it Gntgpt, ij rtit vzj f Jxufsmf rfsynsmf zr lwzut rnqnyfw sf wjlnft jr hfwdyjw ujwrfsjsyj. F Hfunyfsnf Ljwfq it Hmnqj, nsnhnfqrjsyj hmfrfif ij Szjaf Jcywjrfizwf j, jr xjlznif, Wjnst ij Hmnqj ktn zrf ifx utxxjx rfnx rjwnintsfnx it Nrulwnt Jxufsmtq. F hfunyfsnf ktn jrfshnufif it Anhj-Wjnst it Ujwz, ijanit c xzf qthfqnefjft qtslj itx lwfsijx hjsywtx ij utijw j wtyfx htrjwhnfnx it nrulwnt, fqlr it htskqnyt htr tx Rfuzhmjx. Xzf jhtstrnf jwf gjr uwnrdwnf, atqyfif uwnshnufqrjsyj ufwf f uwtizjft ij htzwt, xjgt j ywnlt.

Rgazgxu, nghozagrsktzk iutyojkxgju iusu u sgoux kyzxgzkmoyzg sgvaink, ykmatju xkzxgzu ojkgrofgju vux Vkjxu Yahkxigykgad. Uy vxoskoxuy kaxuvkay g inkmgxks tg zkxxg wak m nupk u Inork vkxzktikxgs gu mxavu rojkxgju vux Lkxtgu jk Sgmgrngky, tu gtu jk 1520, utjk loig gzagrsktzk g iojgjk jk Vatzg Gxktgy, tg Vgzgmxtog. U mxavu vxuiaxgbg u igsotnu vgxg u Uikgtu Vgiqloiu, hgzofgju vux krk vxwvxou. Vuyzkxouxsktzk, Jokmu jk Grsgmxu xkgrofua asg kdvkjokgu gzm u bgrk jk Iuwaoshu, utjk nupk kyze g xkmogu iktzxgr ju vgqy. Uy nghozgtzky uxomotexouy juy bgrky iktzxgoy ju Inork osvkjoxgs u gbgtku jg kdvkjokgu gzm u yar, luxkgtju-uy g burzgx d xkmogu wak gzagrsktzk iuxxkyvutjk gu Vkxa. Tu gtu jk 1540, Vkjxu jk Bgrjobog rojkxua g kdvkjokgu ks joxkkgu guy zkxxozwxouy sgoy gu yar, gzxgbkyygtju uy Gtjky, uy bgrky ju Gzgigsg k Iuvogvw k latjgtju ks 1541 g iojgjk jk Ygtzogmu jk Takbg Kdzxksgjaxg, gzagr igvozgr inorktg. Uy otjqmktgy jg xkmogu, wak pe ngbogs zoju iutzgzu ius Jokmu jk Grsgmxu, xkgmoxgs jk luxsg nuyzor dy otbkyzojgy jk Bgrjobog, sgtzktju g iojgjk jk Ygtzogmu yozogjg vux wagyk zxny gtuy. Bgrjobog xkyvutjka guy gzgwaky otjqmktgy ktbogtju as mxavu jk kyvgtnwoy gu Vkxa, rojkxgjuy vux Grutyu jk Sutxue, ks hayig jk gadqrou. U mxavu luo gzgigju k suxzu vux otjqmktgy, sgy Sutxue k uazxu yuhxkbobktzk kyvgtnur kyigvgxgs k inkmgxgs d Iafiu. Ktzxk 1543 k 1545 juoy tgbouy ius yavxosktzuy k gxsgy gtiuxgxgs tu vuxzu jk Bgrvgxgqyu, boygtju gadorogx tg jklkyg jk Ygtzogmu, lgfktju ius wak Bgrjobog iutykmaoyyk kyzghkrkikx u jusqtou yuh g xkmogu. Ks vgxgrkru, otoioua-yk asg xkburzg tu Vkxa, jk suju wak Bgrjobog yk ulkxkika g Vkjxu jk Rg Mgyig, ktzgu mubkxtgjux ju Vkxa, vgxg yayzgx g gmozgkgu iurkzobg. Yktju hks yaikjoju tg yavxkyygu jg xkburzg, Bgrjobog luo tuskgju mubkxtgjux k igvozgu mkxgr ju Inork, sgy gighua yktju igvzaxgju k suxzu ks asg kshuyigjg lkozg vkru rqjkx sgvaink Rgazgxu. Uy mktkxgoy Puym jk Ygt Sgxzqt kywakxjg k Hkxtgxju U Nommoty joxkozg ixafgs uy Gtjky ks 1817. Kyzg iutpatzaxg jka otqiou d Makxxg jk Gxgaiu, wak uvxy gy luxkgy sorozgxky ju Osvmxou Kyvgtnur guy sgvainky k ykay grogjuy, iusu uy naorroinky, voiatinky, vknaktinky k iatiuy. Gvkygx ju yomtoloigzobu vujkxou sorozgx, uy kyvgtnwoy tgu iutykmaoxgs kyzghkrkikx iutzxurk yuhxk zujuy uy zkxxozwxouy iutwaoyzgjuy, gtzk g xkyoyzntiog otjqmktg, wak inkmua g jkyzxaox ykzk iojgjky. Ks 1641, uy sgvainky zobkxgs yag gazutusog yuh gy zkxxgy gu yar ju xou Houhqu xkiutnkiojg tu Vgxrgsktzu jk Waorqt, tasg exkg iutnkiojg iusu Rg Lxutzkxg, u wak vkxjaxua gzm g Makxxg ju Vgiqloiu 1879-1883 , wagtju u Inork - pe otjkvktjktzk - iutwaoyzua u zkxxozwxou sgvaink. Gu zuju, g Makxxg jk Gxgaiu kyzktjka-yk vux sgoy jk zxny ymiaruy. Oyzu luo suzobgju vkrgy jolkxktkgy iarzaxgoy kdoyzktzky tg xkmogu. Ktwagtzu uy sgvainky, wak bobogs kyvkiogrsktzk ktzxk u xou Houhqu k u xou Zurzmt, zotngs xkrgkyky nuyzoy ius uy kyvgtnwoy, uazxuy vubuy otjqmktgy kyzghkrkiojuy gu yar ju xou Zurzmt jkzotngs bqtiaruy gsoyzuyuy k jk iuuvkxgkgu vgxg ius uy iurutofgjuxky. Ktwagtzu oyzu, g otyzghorojgjk kxg lxkwaktzk tg exkg lxutzkoxokg ju Houhqu, jk suju wak g Kyvgtng sgtzotng as mxavu sorozgx tg xkmogu ks igxezkx vkxsgtktzk. G Igvozgtog Mkxgr ju Inork, otoiogrsktzk ingsgjg jk Takbg Kdzxksgjaxg k, ks ykmaojg, Xkotu jk Inork luo asg jgy vuyyky sgoy skxojoutgoy ju Osvmxou Kyvgtnur. G igvozgtog luo ksgtiovgjg ju Boik-Xkotu ju Vkxa, jkboju d yag ruigrofgkgu rutmk juy mxgtjky iktzxuy jk vujkx k xuzgy iuskxiogoy ju osvmxou, grms ju iutlrozu ius uy Sgvainky. Yag kiutusog kxg hks vxosexog, burzgjg vxotiovgrsktzk vgxg g vxujakgu jk iuaxu, ykhu k zxomu.

Shbahyv, ohipabhstlual jvuzpklyhkv jvtv v thpvy lzayhalnpzah thwbjol, zlnbukv ylayhav pklhspghkv wvy Wlkyv Zbilyjhzlhbe. Vz wyptlpyvz lbyvwlbz h jolnhylt uh alyyh xbl n ovql v Jopsl wlyalujlyht hv nybwv spklyhkv wvy Mlyuhv kl Thnhsohlz, uv huv kl 1520, vukl mpjh habhstlual h jpkhkl kl Wbuah Hyluhz, uh Whahnyuph. V nybwv wyvjbyhch v jhtpuov whyh v Vjlhuv Whjrmpjv, ihapghkv wvy lsl wyxwypv. Wvzalypvytlual, Kplnv kl Hsthnyv ylhspgvb bth lewlkplhv han v chsl kl Jvxbptiv, vukl ovql lzaf h ylnphv jluayhs kv whrz. Vz ohipahualz vypnpufypvz kvz chslz jluayhpz kv Jopsl ptwlkpyht v hchulv kh lewlkplhv han v zbs, mvylhukv-vz h cvsahy e ylnphv xbl habhstlual jvyylzwvukl hv Wlyb. Uv huv kl 1540, Wlkyv kl Chskpcph spklyvb h lewlkplhv lt kpyllhv hvz alyypaxypvz thpz hv zbs, hayhclzzhukv vz Huklz, vz chslz kv Hahjhth l Jvwphwx l mbukhukv lt 1541 h jpkhkl kl Zhuaphnv kl Ublch Leaylthkbyh, habhs jhwpahs jopsluh. Vz pukrnluhz kh ylnphv, xbl qf ohcpht apkv jvuahav jvt Kplnv kl Hsthnyv, ylhnpyht kl mvyth ovzaps ez puclzapkhz kl Chskpcph, thualukv h jpkhkl kl Zhuaphnv zpaphkh wvy xbhzl ayoz huvz. Chskpcph ylzwvuklb hvz hahxblz pukrnluhz lucphukv bt nybwv kl lzwhuoxpz hv Wlyb, spklyhkvz wvy Hsvuzv kl Tvuyvf, lt ibzjh kl hberspv. V nybwv mvp hahjhkv l tvyav wvy pukrnluhz, thz Tvuyvf l vbayv zviylcpclual lzwhuovs lzjhwhyht l jolnhyht e Jbgjv. Luayl 1543 l 1545 kvpz uhcpvz jvt zbwyptluavz l hythz hujvyhyht uv wvyav kl Chswhyhrzv, cpzhukv hbepsphy uh klmlzh kl Zhuaphnv, mhglukv jvt xbl Chskpcph jvuzlnbpzzl lzahilsljly v kvtrupv zvi h ylnphv. Lt whyhslsv, pupjpvb-zl bth ylcvsah uv Wlyb, kl tvkv xbl Chskpcph zl vmlyljlb h Wlkyv kl Sh Nhzjh, luahv nvclyuhkvy kv Wlyb, whyh zbzahy h hnpahlhv jvslapch. Zlukv ilt zbjlkpkv uh zbwylzzhv kh ylcvsah, Chskpcph mvp uvtlhkv nvclyuhkvy l jhwpahv nlyhs kv Jopsl, thz hjhivb zlukv jhwabyhkv l tvyav lt bth ltivzjhkh mlpah wlsv srkly thwbjol Shbahyv. Vz nlulyhpz Qvzn kl Zhu Thyaru lzxblykh l Ilyuhykv V Opnnpuz kpylpah jybght vz Huklz lt 1817. Lzah jvuqbuabyh klb purjpv e Nblyyh kl Hyhbjv, xbl vwyz hz mvylhz tpspahylz kv Ptwnypv Lzwhuovs hvz thwbjolz l zlbz hsphkvz, jvtv vz obpsspjolz, wpjbujolz, wloblujolz l jbujvz. Hwlzhy kv zpnupmpjhapcv wvklypv tpspahy, vz lzwhuoxpz uhv jvuzlnbpyht lzahilsljly jvuayvsl zviyl avkvz vz alyypaxypvz jvuxbpzahkvz, hual h ylzpzaoujph pukrnluh, xbl jolnvb h klzaybpy zlal jpkhklz. Lt 1641, vz thwbjolz apclyht zbh hbavuvtph zvi hz alyyhz hv zbs kv ypv Ipvirv yljvuoljpkh uv Whyshtluav kl Xbpsru, ubth fylh jvuoljpkh jvtv Sh Myvualyh, v xbl wlykbyvb han h Nblyyh kv Whjrmpjv 1879-1883 , xbhukv v Jopsl - qf puklwluklual - jvuxbpzavb v alyypaxypv thwbjol. Hv avkv, h Nblyyh kl Hyhbjv lzaluklb-zl wvy thpz kl ayoz znjbsvz. Pzav mvp tvapchkv wlshz kpmlylulhz jbsabyhpz lepzalualz uh ylnphv. Luxbhuav vz thwbjolz, xbl cpcpht lzwljphstlual luayl v ypv Ipvirv l v ypv Avsanu, apuoht ylshlzlz ovzapz jvt vz lzwhuoxpz, vbayvz wvcvz pukrnluhz lzahilsljpkvz hv zbs kv ypv Avsanu klapuoht crujbsvz htpzavzvz l kl jvvwlyhlhv whyh jvt vz jvsvupghkvylz. Luxbhuav pzav, h puzahipspkhkl lyh mylxblual uh fylh myvualpyplh kv Ipvirv, kl tvkv xbl h Lzwhuoh thuapuoh bt nybwv tpspahy uh ylnphv lt jhyfaly wlythulual. H Jhwpahuph Nlyhs kv Jopsl, pupjphstlual johthkh kl Ublch Leaylthkbyh l, lt zlnbpkh, Ylpuv kl Jopsl mvp bth khz wvzzlz thpz tlypkpvuhpz kv Ptwnypv Lzwhuovs. H jhwpahuph mvp lthujpwhkh kv Cpjl-Ylpuv kv Wlyb, klcpkv e zbh svjhspghlhv svunl kvz nyhuklz jluayvz kl wvkly l yvahz jvtlyjphpz kv ptwnypv, hsnt kv jvumspav jvt vz Thwbjolz. Zbh ljvuvtph lyh ilt wyptfyph, cvsahkh wypujpwhstlual whyh h wyvkblhv kl jvbyv, zliv l aypnv.

Ticbizw, pijqbcitumvbm kwvaqlmzilw kwuw w uiqwz mabzibmoqabi uixckpm, amocvlw zmbzibw qlmitqhilw xwz Xmlzw Acjmzkiamicf. Wa xzqumqzwa mczwxmca i kpmoizmu vi bmzzi ycm o pwrm w Kpqtm xmzbmvkmziu iw ozcxw tqlmzilw xwz Nmzviw lm Uioitpima, vw ivw lm 1520, wvlm nqki ibcitumvbm i kqlilm lm Xcvbi Izmvia, vi Xibiozvqi. W ozcxw xzwkczidi w kiuqvpw xizi w Wkmivw Xiksnqkw, jibqhilw xwz mtm xzyxzqw. Xwabmzqwzumvbm, Lqmow lm Ituiozw zmitqhwc cui mfxmlqmiw ibo w ditm lm Kwycqujw, wvlm pwrm mabg i zmoqiw kmvbzit lw xisa. Wa pijqbivbma wzqoqvgzqwa lwa ditma kmvbziqa lw Kpqtm quxmlqziu w idivmw li mfxmlqmiw ibo w act, nwzmivlw-wa i dwtbiz f zmoqiw ycm ibcitumvbm kwzzmaxwvlm iw Xmzc. Vw ivw lm 1540, Xmlzw lm Ditlqdqi tqlmzwc i mfxmlqmiw mu lqzmmiw iwa bmzzqbyzqwa uiqa iw act, ibzidmaaivlw wa Ivlma, wa ditma lw Ibikiui m Kwxqixy m ncvlivlw mu 1541 i kqlilm lm Aivbqiow lm Vcmdi Mfbzmuilczi, ibcit kixqbit kpqtmvi. Wa qvlsomvia li zmoqiw, ycm rg pidqiu bqlw kwvbibw kwu Lqmow lm Ituiozw, zmioqziu lm nwzui pwabqt fa qvdmabqlia lm Ditlqdqi, uivbmvlw i kqlilm lm Aivbqiow aqbqili xwz yciam bzpa ivwa. Ditlqdqi zmaxwvlmc iwa ibiycma qvlsomvia mvdqivlw cu ozcxw lm maxivpyqa iw Xmzc, tqlmzilwa xwz Itwvaw lm Uwvzwg, mu jcaki lm icfstqw. W ozcxw nwq ibikilw m uwzbw xwz qvlsomvia, uia Uwvzwg m wcbzw awjzmdqdmvbm maxivpwt makixiziu m kpmoiziu f Kchkw. Mvbzm 1543 m 1545 lwqa vidqwa kwu acxzqumvbwa m izuia ivkwziziu vw xwzbw lm Ditxizisaw, dqaivlw icfqtqiz vi lmnmai lm Aivbqiow, nihmvlw kwu ycm Ditlqdqi kwvamocqaam mabijmtmkmz w lwusvqw awj i zmoqiw. Mu xizitmtw, qvqkqwc-am cui zmdwtbi vw Xmzc, lm uwlw ycm Ditlqdqi am wnmzmkmc i Xmlzw lm Ti Oiaki, mvbiw owdmzvilwz lw Xmzc, xizi acabiz i ioqbimiw kwtmbqdi. Amvlw jmu ackmlqlw vi acxzmaaiw li zmdwtbi, Ditlqdqi nwq vwumilw owdmzvilwz m kixqbiw omzit lw Kpqtm, uia ikijwc amvlw kixbczilw m uwzbw mu cui mujwakili nmqbi xmtw tslmz uixckpm Ticbizw. Wa omvmziqa Rwao lm Aiv Uizbsv maycmzli m Jmzvizlw W Pqooqva lqzmqbi kzchiu wa Ivlma mu 1817. Mabi kwvrcvbczi lmc qvskqw f Ocmzzi lm Izickw, ycm wxza ia nwzmia uqtqbizma lw Quxozqw Maxivpwt iwa uixckpma m amca itqilwa, kwuw wa pcqttqkpma, xqkcvkpma, xmpcmvkpma m kcvkwa. Ixmaiz lw aqovqnqkibqdw xwlmzqw uqtqbiz, wa maxivpyqa viw kwvamocqziu mabijmtmkmz kwvbzwtm awjzm bwlwa wa bmzzqbyzqwa kwvycqabilwa, ivbm i zmaqabpvkqi qvlsomvi, ycm kpmowc i lmabzcqz ambm kqlilma. Mu 1641, wa uixckpma bqdmziu aci icbwvwuqi awj ia bmzzia iw act lw zqw Jqwjsw zmkwvpmkqli vw Xiztiumvbw lm Ycqtsv, vcui gzmi kwvpmkqli kwuw Ti Nzwvbmzi, w ycm xmzlczwc ibo i Ocmzzi lw Xiksnqkw 1879-1883 , ycivlw w Kpqtm - rg qvlmxmvlmvbm - kwvycqabwc w bmzzqbyzqw uixckpm. Iw bwlw, i Ocmzzi lm Izickw mabmvlmc-am xwz uiqa lm bzpa aokctwa. Qabw nwq uwbqdilw xmtia lqnmzmvmia kctbcziqa mfqabmvbma vi zmoqiw. Mvycivbw wa uixckpma, ycm dqdqiu maxmkqitumvbm mvbzm w zqw Jqwjsw m w zqw Bwtbov, bqvpiu zmtimama pwabqa kwu wa maxivpyqa, wcbzwa xwdwa qvlsomvia mabijmtmkqlwa iw act lw zqw Bwtbov lmbqvpiu dsvkctwa iuqabwawa m lm kwwxmzimiw xizi kwu wa kwtwvqhilwzma. Mvycivbw qabw, i qvabijqtqlilm mzi nzmycmvbm vi gzmi nzwvbmqzqmi lw Jqwjsw, lm uwlw ycm i Maxivpi uivbqvpi cu ozcxw uqtqbiz vi zmoqiw mu kizgbmz xmzuivmvbm. I Kixqbivqi Omzit lw Kpqtm, qvqkqitumvbm kpiuili lm Vcmdi Mfbzmuilczi m, mu amocqli, Zmqvw lm Kpqtm nwq cui lia xwaama uiqa umzqlqwviqa lw Quxozqw Maxivpwt. I kixqbivqi nwq muivkqxili lw Dqkm-Zmqvw lw Xmzc, lmdqlw f aci twkitqhimiw twvom lwa ozivlma kmvbzwa lm xwlmz m zwbia kwumzkqiqa lw quxozqw, itou lw kwvntqbw kwu wa Uixckpma. Aci mkwvwuqi mzi jmu xzqugzqi, dwtbili xzqvkqxitumvbm xizi i xzwlcmiw lm kwczw, amjw m bzqow.

Ujdcjax, qjkrcdjuvnwcn lxwbrmnajmx lxvx x vjrxa nbcajcnprbcj vjydlqn, bnpdwmx ancajcx rmnjurijmx yxa Ynmax Bdknaljbnjdg. Xb yarvnraxb ndaxyndb j lqnpjanv wj cnaaj zdn p qxsn x Lqrun ynacnwlnajv jx padyx urmnajmx yxa Onawjx mn Vjpjuqjnb, wx jwx mn 1520, xwmn orlj jcdjuvnwcn j lrmjmn mn Ydwcj Janwjb, wj Yjcjpawrj. X padyx yaxldajej x ljvrwqx yjaj x Xlnjwx Yjltorlx, kjcrijmx yxa nun yazyarx. Yxbcnarxavnwcn, Mrnpx mn Juvjpax anjurixd dvj ngynmrnjx jcp x ejun mn Lxzdrvkx, xwmn qxsn nbch j anprjx lnwcaju mx yjtb. Xb qjkrcjwcnb xarprwharxb mxb ejunb lnwcajrb mx Lqrun rvynmrajv x jejwnx mj ngynmrnjx jcp x bdu, oxanjwmx-xb j exucja g anprjx zdn jcdjuvnwcn lxaanbyxwmn jx Ynad. Wx jwx mn 1540, Ynmax mn Ejumrerj urmnaxd j ngynmrnjx nv mrannjx jxb cnaarczarxb vjrb jx bdu, jcajenbbjwmx xb Jwmnb, xb ejunb mx Jcjljvj n Lxyrjyz n odwmjwmx nv 1541 j lrmjmn mn Bjwcrjpx mn Wdnej Ngcanvjmdaj, jcdju ljyrcju lqrunwj. Xb rwmtpnwjb mj anprjx, zdn sh qjerjv crmx lxwcjcx lxv Mrnpx mn Juvjpax, anjprajv mn oxavj qxbcru gb rwenbcrmjb mn Ejumrerj, vjwcnwmx j lrmjmn mn Bjwcrjpx brcrjmj yxa zdjbn caqb jwxb. Ejumrerj anbyxwmnd jxb jcjzdnb rwmtpnwjb nwerjwmx dv padyx mn nbyjwqzrb jx Ynad, urmnajmxb yxa Juxwbx mn Vxwaxh, nv kdblj mn jdgturx. X padyx oxr jcjljmx n vxacx yxa rwmtpnwjb, vjb Vxwaxh n xdcax bxkanerenwcn nbyjwqxu nbljyjajv n lqnpjajv g Ldilx. Nwcan 1543 n 1545 mxrb wjerxb lxv bdyarvnwcxb n javjb jwlxajajv wx yxacx mn Ejuyjajtbx, erbjwmx jdgrurja wj mnonbj mn Bjwcrjpx, ojinwmx lxv zdn Ejumrerj lxwbnpdrbbn nbcjknunlna x mxvtwrx bxk j anprjx. Nv yjajunux, rwrlrxd-bn dvj anexucj wx Ynad, mn vxmx zdn Ejumrerj bn xonanlnd j Ynmax mn Uj Pjblj, nwcjx pxenawjmxa mx Ynad, yjaj bdbcja j jprcjnjx lxuncrej. Bnwmx knv bdlnmrmx wj bdyanbbjx mj anexucj, Ejumrerj oxr wxvnjmx pxenawjmxa n ljyrcjx pnaju mx Lqrun, vjb jljkxd bnwmx ljycdajmx n vxacx nv dvj nvkxbljmj onrcj ynux utmna vjydlqn Ujdcjax. Xb pnwnajrb Sxbp mn Bjw Vjactw nbzdnamj n Knawjamx X Qrpprwb mranrcj ladijv xb Jwmnb nv 1817. Nbcj lxwsdwcdaj mnd rwtlrx g Pdnaaj mn Jajdlx, zdn xyab jb oxanjb vrurcjanb mx Rvyparx Nbyjwqxu jxb vjydlqnb n bndb jurjmxb, lxvx xb qdruurlqnb, yrldwlqnb, ynqdnwlqnb n ldwlxb. Jynbja mx brpwrorljcrex yxmnarx vrurcja, xb nbyjwqzrb wjx lxwbnpdrajv nbcjknunlna lxwcaxun bxkan cxmxb xb cnaarczarxb lxwzdrbcjmxb, jwcn j anbrbcqwlrj rwmtpnwj, zdn lqnpxd j mnbcadra bncn lrmjmnb. Nv 1641, xb vjydlqnb crenajv bdj jdcxwxvrj bxk jb cnaajb jx bdu mx arx Krxktx anlxwqnlrmj wx Yjaujvnwcx mn Zdrutw, wdvj hanj lxwqnlrmj lxvx Uj Oaxwcnaj, x zdn ynamdaxd jcp j Pdnaaj mx Yjltorlx 1879-1883 , zdjwmx x Lqrun - sh rwmnynwmnwcn - lxwzdrbcxd x cnaarczarx vjydlqn. Jx cxmx, j Pdnaaj mn Jajdlx nbcnwmnd-bn yxa vjrb mn caqb bplduxb. Rbcx oxr vxcrejmx ynujb mronanwnjb lducdajrb ngrbcnwcnb wj anprjx. Nwzdjwcx xb vjydlqnb, zdn ererjv nbynlrjuvnwcn nwcan x arx Krxktx n x arx Cxucpw, crwqjv anujnbnb qxbcrb lxv xb nbyjwqzrb, xdcaxb yxexb rwmtpnwjb nbcjknunlrmxb jx bdu mx arx Cxucpw mncrwqjv etwlduxb jvrbcxbxb n mn lxxynajnjx yjaj lxv xb lxuxwrijmxanb. Nwzdjwcx rbcx, j rwbcjkrurmjmn naj oanzdnwcn wj hanj oaxwcnrarnj mx Krxktx, mn vxmx zdn j Nbyjwqj vjwcrwqj dv padyx vrurcja wj anprjx nv ljahcna ynavjwnwcn. J Ljyrcjwrj Pnaju mx Lqrun, rwrlrjuvnwcn lqjvjmj mn Wdnej Ngcanvjmdaj n, nv bnpdrmj, Anrwx mn Lqrun oxr dvj mjb yxbbnb vjrb vnarmrxwjrb mx Rvyparx Nbyjwqxu. J ljyrcjwrj oxr nvjwlryjmj mx Erln-Anrwx mx Ynad, mnermx g bdj uxljurijnjx uxwpn mxb pajwmnb lnwcaxb mn yxmna n axcjb lxvnalrjrb mx rvyparx, jupv mx lxwourcx lxv xb Vjydlqnb. Bdj nlxwxvrj naj knv yarvharj, exucjmj yarwlryjuvnwcn yjaj j yaxmdnjx mn lxdax, bnkx n carpx.

Vkedkby, rklsdekvwoxdo myxcsnobkny mywy y wksyb ocdbkdoqscdk wkzemro, coqexny bodbkdy snokvsjkny zyb Zonby Celobmkcokeh. Yc zbswosbyc oebyzoec k mroqkbow xk dobbk aeo q ryto y Mrsvo zobdoxmobkw ky qbezy vsnobkny zyb Pobxky no Wkqkvrkoc, xy kxy no 1520, yxno psmk kdekvwoxdo k msnkno no Zexdk Kboxkc, xk Zkdkqbxsk. Y qbezy zbymebkfk y mkwsxry zkbk y Ymokxy Zkmupsmy, lkdsjkny zyb ovo zbazbsy. Zycdobsybwoxdo, Nsoqy no Kvwkqby bokvsjye ewk ohzonsoky kdq y fkvo no Myaeswly, yxno ryto ocdi k boqsky moxdbkv ny zkuc. Yc rklsdkxdoc ybsqsxibsyc nyc fkvoc moxdbksc ny Mrsvo swzonsbkw y kfkxoy nk ohzonsoky kdq y cev, pybokxny-yc k fyvdkb h boqsky aeo kdekvwoxdo mybboczyxno ky Zobe. Xy kxy no 1540, Zonby no Fkvnsfsk vsnobye k ohzonsoky ow nsbooky kyc dobbsdabsyc wksc ky cev, kdbkfocckxny yc Kxnoc, yc fkvoc ny Kdkmkwk o Myzskza o pexnkxny ow 1541 k msnkno no Ckxdskqy no Xeofk Ohdbowknebk, kdekv mkzsdkv mrsvoxk. Yc sxnuqoxkc nk boqsky, aeo ti rkfskw dsny myxdkdy myw Nsoqy no Kvwkqby, bokqsbkw no pybwk rycdsv hc sxfocdsnkc no Fkvnsfsk, wkxdoxny k msnkno no Ckxdskqy csdsknk zyb aekco dbrc kxyc. Fkvnsfsk boczyxnoe kyc kdkaeoc sxnuqoxkc oxfskxny ew qbezy no oczkxrasc ky Zobe, vsnobknyc zyb Kvyxcy no Wyxbyi, ow lecmk no kehuvsy. Y qbezy pys kdkmkny o wybdy zyb sxnuqoxkc, wkc Wyxbyi o yedby cylbofsfoxdo oczkxryv ocmkzkbkw o mroqkbkw h Mejmy. Oxdbo 1543 o 1545 nysc xkfsyc myw cezbswoxdyc o kbwkc kxmybkbkw xy zybdy no Fkvzkbkucy, fsckxny kehsvskb xk nopock no Ckxdskqy, pkjoxny myw aeo Fkvnsfsk myxcoqescco ocdklovomob y nywuxsy cyl k boqsky. Ow zkbkvovy, sxsmsye-co ewk bofyvdk xy Zobe, no wyny aeo Fkvnsfsk co ypobomoe k Zonby no Vk Qkcmk, oxdky qyfobxknyb ny Zobe, zkbk cecdkb k kqsdkoky myvodsfk. Coxny low cemonsny xk cezboccky nk bofyvdk, Fkvnsfsk pys xywokny qyfobxknyb o mkzsdky qobkv ny Mrsvo, wkc kmklye coxny mkzdebkny o wybdy ow ewk owlycmknk posdk zovy vunob wkzemro Vkedkby. Yc qoxobksc Tycq no Ckx Wkbdux ocaeobnk o Lobxkbny Y Rsqqsxc nsbosdk mbejkw yc Kxnoc ow 1817. Ocdk myxtexdebk noe sxumsy h Qeobbk no Kbkemy, aeo yzbc kc pybokc wsvsdkboc ny Swzqbsy Oczkxryv kyc wkzemroc o coec kvsknyc, mywy yc resvvsmroc, zsmexmroc, zoreoxmroc o mexmyc. Kzockb ny csqxspsmkdsfy zynobsy wsvsdkb, yc oczkxrasc xky myxcoqesbkw ocdklovomob myxdbyvo cylbo dynyc yc dobbsdabsyc myxaescdknyc, kxdo k bocscdrxmsk sxnuqoxk, aeo mroqye k nocdbesb codo msnknoc. Ow 1641, yc wkzemroc dsfobkw cek kedyxywsk cyl kc dobbkc ky cev ny bsy Lsyluy bomyxromsnk xy Zkbvkwoxdy no Aesvux, xewk ibok myxromsnk mywy Vk Pbyxdobk, y aeo zobnebye kdq k Qeobbk ny Zkmupsmy 1879-1883 , aekxny y Mrsvo - ti sxnozoxnoxdo - myxaescdye y dobbsdabsy wkzemro. Ky dyny, k Qeobbk no Kbkemy ocdoxnoe-co zyb wksc no dbrc cqmevyc. Scdy pys wydsfkny zovkc nspoboxokc mevdebksc ohscdoxdoc xk boqsky. Oxaekxdy yc wkzemroc, aeo fsfskw oczomskvwoxdo oxdbo y bsy Lsyluy o y bsy Dyvdqx, dsxrkw bovkococ rycdsc myw yc oczkxrasc, yedbyc zyfyc sxnuqoxkc ocdklovomsnyc ky cev ny bsy Dyvdqx nodsxrkw fuxmevyc kwscdycyc o no myyzobkoky zkbk myw yc myvyxsjknyboc. Oxaekxdy scdy, k sxcdklsvsnkno obk pboaeoxdo xk ibok pbyxdosbsok ny Lsyluy, no wyny aeo k Oczkxrk wkxdsxrk ew qbezy wsvsdkb xk boqsky ow mkbidob zobwkxoxdo. K Mkzsdkxsk Qobkv ny Mrsvo, sxsmskvwoxdo mrkwknk no Xeofk Ohdbowknebk o, ow coqesnk, Bosxy no Mrsvo pys ewk nkc zyccoc wksc wobsnsyxksc ny Swzqbsy Oczkxryv. K mkzsdkxsk pys owkxmszknk ny Fsmo-Bosxy ny Zobe, nofsny h cek vymkvsjkoky vyxqo nyc qbkxnoc moxdbyc no zynob o bydkc mywobmsksc ny swzqbsy, kvqw ny myxpvsdy myw yc Wkzemroc. Cek omyxywsk obk low zbswibsk, fyvdknk zbsxmszkvwoxdo zkbk k zbyneoky no myeby, coly o dbsqy.

Wlfelcz, slmteflwxpyep nzydtopcloz nzxz z xltzc pdecleprtdel xlafnsp, dprfyoz cpeclez toplwtkloz azc Apocz Dfmpcnldplfi. Zd actxptczd pfczapfd l nsprlcpx yl epccl bfp r szup z Nstwp apcepynpclx lz rcfaz wtopcloz azc Qpcylz op Xlrlwslpd, yz lyz op 1520, zyop qtnl leflwxpyep l ntolop op Afyel Lcpyld, yl Alelrcytl. Z rcfaz acznfclgl z nlxtysz alcl z Znplyz Alnvqtnz, mletkloz azc pwp acbactz. Azdepctzcxpyep, Otprz op Lwxlrcz cplwtkzf fxl piapotplz ler z glwp op Nzbftxmz, zyop szup pdej l cprtlz npyeclw oz alvd. Zd slmtelyepd zctrtyjctzd ozd glwpd npyecltd oz Nstwp txapotclx z lglypz ol piapotplz ler z dfw, qzcplyoz-zd l gzwelc i cprtlz bfp leflwxpyep nzccpdazyop lz Apcf. Yz lyz op 1540, Apocz op Glwotgtl wtopczf l piapotplz px otcpplz lzd epcctebctzd xltd lz dfw, leclgpddlyoz zd Lyopd, zd glwpd oz Lelnlxl p Nzatlab p qfyolyoz px 1541 l ntolop op Dlyetlrz op Yfpgl Piecpxlofcl, leflw nlatelw nstwpyl. Zd tyovrpyld ol cprtlz, bfp uj slgtlx etoz nzyelez nzx Otprz op Lwxlrcz, cplrtclx op qzcxl szdetw id tygpdetold op Glwotgtl, xlyepyoz l ntolop op Dlyetlrz dtetlol azc bfldp ecsd lyzd. Glwotgtl cpdazyopf lzd lelbfpd tyovrpyld pygtlyoz fx rcfaz op pdalysbtd lz Apcf, wtopclozd azc Lwzydz op Xzyczj, px mfdnl op lfivwtz. Z rcfaz qzt lelnloz p xzcez azc tyovrpyld, xld Xzyczj p zfecz dzmcpgtgpyep pdalyszw pdnlalclx p nsprlclx i Nfknz. Pyecp 1543 p 1545 oztd ylgtzd nzx dfactxpyezd p lcxld lynzclclx yz azcez op Glwalclvdz, gtdlyoz lfitwtlc yl opqpdl op Dlyetlrz, qlkpyoz nzx bfp Glwotgtl nzydprftddp pdelmpwpnpc z ozxvytz dzm l cprtlz. Px alclwpwz, tytntzf-dp fxl cpgzwel yz Apcf, op xzoz bfp Glwotgtl dp zqpcpnpf l Apocz op Wl Rldnl, pyelz rzgpcylozc oz Apcf, alcl dfdelc l lrtelplz nzwpetgl. Dpyoz mpx dfnpotoz yl dfacpddlz ol cpgzwel, Glwotgtl qzt yzxploz rzgpcylozc p nlatelz rpclw oz Nstwp, xld lnlmzf dpyoz nlaefcloz p xzcez px fxl pxmzdnlol qptel apwz wvopc xlafnsp Wlfelcz. Zd rpypcltd Uzdr op Dly Xlcevy pdbfpcol p Mpcylcoz Z Strrtyd otcptel ncfklx zd Lyopd px 1817. Pdel nzyufyefcl opf tyvntz i Rfpccl op Lclfnz, bfp zacd ld qzcpld xtwtelcpd oz Txarctz Pdalyszw lzd xlafnspd p dpfd lwtlozd, nzxz zd sftwwtnspd, atnfynspd, apsfpynspd p nfynzd. Lapdlc oz dtrytqtnletgz azopctz xtwtelc, zd pdalysbtd ylz nzydprftclx pdelmpwpnpc nzyeczwp dzmcp ezozd zd epcctebctzd nzybftdelozd, lyep l cpdtdesyntl tyovrpyl, bfp nsprzf l opdecftc dpep ntolopd. Px 1641, zd xlafnspd etgpclx dfl lfezyzxtl dzm ld epccld lz dfw oz ctz Mtzmvz cpnzyspntol yz Alcwlxpyez op Bftwvy, yfxl jcpl nzyspntol nzxz Wl Qczyepcl, z bfp apcofczf ler l Rfpccl oz Alnvqtnz 1879-1883 , bflyoz z Nstwp - uj tyopapyopyep - nzybftdezf z epcctebctz xlafnsp. Lz ezoz, l Rfpccl op Lclfnz pdepyopf-dp azc xltd op ecsd drnfwzd. Tdez qzt xzetgloz apwld otqpcpypld nfwefcltd pitdepyepd yl cprtlz. Pybflyez zd xlafnspd, bfp gtgtlx pdapntlwxpyep pyecp z ctz Mtzmvz p z ctz Ezwery, etyslx cpwlpdpd szdetd nzx zd pdalysbtd, zfeczd azgzd tyovrpyld pdelmpwpntozd lz dfw oz ctz Ezwery opetyslx gvynfwzd lxtdezdzd p op nzzapclplz alcl nzx zd nzwzytklozcpd. Pybflyez tdez, l tydelmtwtolop pcl qcpbfpyep yl jcpl qczyeptctpl oz Mtzmvz, op xzoz bfp l Pdalysl xlyetysl fx rcfaz xtwtelc yl cprtlz px nlcjepc apcxlypyep. L Nlatelytl Rpclw oz Nstwp, tytntlwxpyep nslxlol op Yfpgl Piecpxlofcl p, px dprftol, Cptyz op Nstwp qzt fxl old azddpd xltd xpctotzyltd oz Txarctz Pdalyszw. L nlatelytl qzt pxlyntalol oz Gtnp-Cptyz oz Apcf, opgtoz i dfl wznlwtklplz wzyrp ozd rclyopd npyeczd op azopc p czeld nzxpcntltd oz txarctz, lwrx oz nzyqwtez nzx zd Xlafnspd. Dfl pnzyzxtl pcl mpx actxjctl, gzwelol actyntalwxpyep alcl l aczofplz op nzfcz, dpmz p ectrz.

Xmgfmda, tmnufgmxyqzfq oazeupqdmpa oaya a ymuad qefdmfqsuefm ymbgotq, eqsgzpa dqfdmfa upqmxulmpa bad Bqpda Egnqdomeqmgj. Ae bduyqudae qgdabqge m otqsmdqy zm fqddm cgq s tavq a Otuxq bqdfqzoqdmy ma sdgba xupqdmpa bad Rqdzma pq Ymsmxtmqe, za mza pq 1520, azpq ruom mfgmxyqzfq m oupmpq pq Bgzfm Mdqzme, zm Bmfmsdzum. A sdgba bdaogdmhm a omyuzta bmdm a Aoqmza Bmowruoa, nmfulmpa bad qxq bdcbdua. Baefqduadyqzfq, Puqsa pq Mxymsda dqmxulag gym qjbqpuqma mfs a hmxq pq Oacguyna, azpq tavq qefk m dqsuma oqzfdmx pa bmwe. Ae tmnufmzfqe adusuzkduae pae hmxqe oqzfdmue pa Otuxq uybqpudmy a mhmzqa pm qjbqpuqma mfs a egx, radqmzpa-ae m haxfmd j dqsuma cgq mfgmxyqzfq oaddqebazpq ma Bqdg. Za mza pq 1540, Bqpda pq Hmxpuhum xupqdag m qjbqpuqma qy pudqqma mae fqddufcduae ymue ma egx, mfdmhqeemzpa ae Mzpqe, ae hmxqe pa Mfmomym q Oabumbc q rgzpmzpa qy 1541 m oupmpq pq Emzfumsa pq Zgqhm Qjfdqympgdm, mfgmx ombufmx otuxqzm. Ae uzpwsqzme pm dqsuma, cgq vk tmhumy fupa oazfmfa oay Puqsa pq Mxymsda, dqmsudmy pq radym taefux je uzhqefupme pq Hmxpuhum, ymzfqzpa m oupmpq pq Emzfumsa eufumpm bad cgmeq fdte mzae. Hmxpuhum dqebazpqg mae mfmcgqe uzpwsqzme qzhumzpa gy sdgba pq qebmztcue ma Bqdg, xupqdmpae bad Mxazea pq Yazdak, qy ngeom pq mgjwxua. A sdgba rau mfmompa q yadfa bad uzpwsqzme, yme Yazdak q agfda eandqhuhqzfq qebmztax qeombmdmy q otqsmdmy j Ogloa. Qzfdq 1543 q 1545 paue zmhuae oay egbduyqzfae q mdyme mzoadmdmy za badfa pq Hmxbmdmwea, huemzpa mgjuxumd zm pqrqem pq Emzfumsa, rmlqzpa oay cgq Hmxpuhum oazeqsgueeq qefmnqxqoqd a paywzua ean m dqsuma. Qy bmdmxqxa, uzuouag-eq gym dqhaxfm za Bqdg, pq yapa cgq Hmxpuhum eq arqdqoqg m Bqpda pq Xm Smeom, qzfma sahqdzmpad pa Bqdg, bmdm egefmd m msufmqma oaxqfuhm. Eqzpa nqy egoqpupa zm egbdqeema pm dqhaxfm, Hmxpuhum rau zayqmpa sahqdzmpad q ombufma sqdmx pa Otuxq, yme momnag eqzpa ombfgdmpa q yadfa qy gym qynaeompm rqufm bqxa xwpqd ymbgotq Xmgfmda. Ae sqzqdmue Vaes pq Emz Ymdfwz qecgqdpm q Nqdzmdpa A Tussuze pudqufm odglmy ae Mzpqe qy 1817. Qefm oazvgzfgdm pqg uzwoua j Sgqddm pq Mdmgoa, cgq abde me radqme yuxufmdqe pa Uybsdua Qebmztax mae ymbgotqe q eqge mxumpae, oaya ae tguxxuotqe, buogzotqe, bqtgqzotqe q ogzoae. Mbqemd pa euszuruomfuha bapqdua yuxufmd, ae qebmztcue zma oazeqsgudmy qefmnqxqoqd oazfdaxq eandq fapae ae fqddufcduae oazcguefmpae, mzfq m dqeueftzoum uzpwsqzm, cgq otqsag m pqefdgud eqfq oupmpqe. Qy 1641, ae ymbgotqe fuhqdmy egm mgfazayum ean me fqddme ma egx pa dua Nuanwa dqoaztqoupm za Bmdxmyqzfa pq Cguxwz, zgym kdqm oaztqoupm oaya Xm Rdazfqdm, a cgq bqdpgdag mfs m Sgqddm pa Bmowruoa 1879-1883 , cgmzpa a Otuxq - vk uzpqbqzpqzfq - oazcguefag a fqddufcdua ymbgotq. Ma fapa, m Sgqddm pq Mdmgoa qefqzpqg-eq bad ymue pq fdte esogxae. Uefa rau yafuhmpa bqxme purqdqzqme ogxfgdmue qjuefqzfqe zm dqsuma. Qzcgmzfa ae ymbgotqe, cgq huhumy qebqoumxyqzfq qzfdq a dua Nuanwa q a dua Faxfsz, fuztmy dqxmqeqe taefue oay ae qebmztcue, agfdae bahae uzpwsqzme qefmnqxqoupae ma egx pa dua Faxfsz pqfuztmy hwzogxae myuefaeae q pq oaabqdmqma bmdm oay ae oaxazulmpadqe. Qzcgmzfa uefa, m uzefmnuxupmpq qdm rdqcgqzfq zm kdqm rdazfquduqm pa Nuanwa, pq yapa cgq m Qebmztm ymzfuztm gy sdgba yuxufmd zm dqsuma qy omdkfqd bqdymzqzfq. M Ombufmzum Sqdmx pa Otuxq, uzuoumxyqzfq otmympm pq Zgqhm Qjfdqympgdm q, qy eqsgupm, Dquza pq Otuxq rau gym pme baeeqe ymue yqdupuazmue pa Uybsdua Qebmztax. M ombufmzum rau qymzoubmpm pa Huoq-Dquza pa Bqdg, pqhupa j egm xaomxulmqma xazsq pae sdmzpqe oqzfdae pq bapqd q dafme oayqdoumue pa uybsdua, mxsy pa oazrxufa oay ae Ymbgotqe. Egm qoazayum qdm nqy bduykdum, haxfmpm bduzoubmxyqzfq bmdm m bdapgqma pq oagda, eqna q fdusa.

Ynhgneb, unovghnyzragr pbafvqrenqb pbzb b znvbe rfgengrtvfgn znchpur, frthaqb ergengb vqrnyvmnqb cbe Crqeb Fhorepnfrnhk. Bf cevzrvebf rhebcrhf n purtnerz an green dhr t ubwr b Puvyr cregraprenz nb tehcb yvqrenqb cbe Sreanb qr Zntnyunrf, ab nab qr 1520, baqr svpn nghnyzragr n pvqnqr qr Chagn Neranf, an Cngnteavn. B tehcb cebphenin b pnzvaub cnen b Bprnab Cnpxsvpb, ongvmnqb cbe ryr cedcevb. Cbfgrevbezragr, Qvrtb qr Nyznteb ernyvmbh hzn rkcrqvrnb ngt b inyr qr Pbdhvzob, baqr ubwr rfgl n ertvnb prageny qb cnxf. Bf unovgnagrf bevtvalevbf qbf inyrf pragenvf qb Puvyr vzcrqvenz b ninarb qn rkcrqvrnb ngt b fhy, sbernaqb-bf n ibygne k ertvnb dhr nghnyzragr pbeerfcbaqr nb Creh. Ab nab qr 1540, Crqeb qr Inyqvivn yvqrebh n rkcrqvrnb rz qverrnb nbf greevgdevbf znvf nb fhy, ngenirffnaqb bf Naqrf, bf inyrf qb Ngnpnzn r Pbcvncd r shaqnaqb rz 1541 n pvqnqr qr Fnagvntb qr Ahrin Rkgerznqhen, nghny pncvgny puvyran. Bf vaqxtranf qn ertvnb, dhr wl univnz gvqb pbagngb pbz Qvrtb qr Nyznteb, erntvenz qr sbezn ubfgvy kf vairfgvqnf qr Inyqvivn, znagraqb n pvqnqr qr Fnagvntb fvgvnqn cbe dhnfr geuf nabf. Inyqvivn erfcbaqrh nbf ngndhrf vaqxtranf raivnaqb hz tehcb qr rfcnaudvf nb Creh, yvqrenqbf cbe Nybafb qr Zbaebl, rz ohfpn qr nhkxyvb. B tehcb sbv ngnpnqb r zbegb cbe vaqxtranf, znf Zbaebl r bhgeb fboeriviragr rfcnauby rfpncnenz r purtnenz k Phmpb. Rager 1543 r 1545 qbvf anivbf pbz fhcevzragbf r neznf napbenenz ab cbegb qr Inycnenxfb, ivfnaqb nhkvyvne an qrsrfn qr Fnagvntb, snmraqb pbz dhr Inyqvivn pbafrthvffr rfgnoryrpre b qbzxavb fbo n ertvnb. Rz cnenyryb, vavpvbh-fr hzn eribygn ab Creh, qr zbqb dhr Inyqvivn fr bsrerprh n Crqeb qr Yn Tnfpn, ragnb tbireanqbe qb Creh, cnen fhfgne n ntvgnrnb pbyrgvin. Fraqb orz fhprqvqb an fhcerffnb qn eribygn, Inyqvivn sbv abzrnqb tbireanqbe r pncvgnb treny qb Puvyr, znf npnobh fraqb pncghenqb r zbegb rz hzn rzobfpnqn srvgn cryb yxqre znchpur Ynhgneb. Bf trarenvf Wbft qr Fna Znegxa rfdhreqn r Oreaneqb B Uvttvaf qvervgn pehmnz bf Naqrf rz 1817. Rfgn pbawhaghen qrh vaxpvb k Threen qr Nenhpb, dhr bcef nf sbernf zvyvgnerf qb Vzctevb Rfcnauby nbf znchpurf r frhf nyvnqbf, pbzb bf uhvyyvpurf, cvphapurf, cruhrapurf r phapbf. Ncrfne qb fvtavsvpngvib cbqrevb zvyvgne, bf rfcnaudvf anb pbafrthvenz rfgnoryrpre pbagebyr fboer gbqbf bf greevgdevbf pbadhvfgnqbf, nagr n erfvfguapvn vaqxtran, dhr purtbh n qrfgehve frgr pvqnqrf. Rz 1641, bf znchpurf gvirenz fhn nhgbabzvn fbo nf greenf nb fhy qb evb Ovboxb erpbaurpvqn ab Cneynzragb qr Dhvyxa, ahzn lern pbaurpvqn pbzb Yn Sebagren, b dhr creqhebh ngt n Threen qb Cnpxsvpb 1879-1883 , dhnaqb b Puvyr - wl vaqrcraqragr - pbadhvfgbh b greevgdevb znchpur. Nb gbqb, n Threen qr Nenhpb rfgraqrh-fr cbe znvf qr geuf ftphybf. Vfgb sbv zbgvinqb crynf qvsrerarnf phyghenvf rkvfgragrf an ertvnb. Radhnagb bf znchpurf, dhr ivivnz rfcrpvnyzragr rager b evb Ovboxb r b evb Gbygta, gvaunz erynrfrf ubfgvf pbz bf rfcnaudvf, bhgebf cbibf vaqxtranf rfgnoryrpvqbf nb fhy qb evb Gbygta qrgvaunz ixaphybf nzvfgbfbf r qr pbbcrenrnb cnen pbz bf pbybavmnqberf. Radhnagb vfgb, n vafgnovyvqnqr ren serdhragr an lern sebagrvevrn qb Ovboxb, qr zbqb dhr n Rfcnaun znagvaun hz tehcb zvyvgne an ertvnb rz pnelgre creznaragr. N Pncvgnavn Treny qb Puvyr, vavpvnyzragr punznqn qr Ahrin Rkgerznqhen r, rz frthvqn, Ervab qr Puvyr sbv hzn qnf cbffrf znvf zrevqvbanvf qb Vzctevb Rfcnauby. N pncvgnavn sbv rznapvcnqn qb Ivpr-Ervab qb Creh, qrivqb k fhn ybpnyvmnrnb ybatr qbf tenaqrf pragebf qr cbqre r ebgnf pbzrepvnvf qb vzctevb, nytz qb pbasyvgb pbz bf Znchpurf. Fhn rpbabzvn ren orz cevzlevn, ibygnqn cevapvcnyzragr cnen n cebqhrnb qr pbheb, frob r gevtb.

Zoihofc, vopwhiozasbhs qcbgwrsforc qcac c aowcf sghfohsuwgho aodiqvs, gsuibrc fshfohc wrsozwnorc dcf Dsrfc Gipsfqogsoil. Cg dfwaswfcg sifcdsig o qvsuofsa bo hsffo eis u vcxs c Qvwzs dsfhsbqsfoa oc ufidc zwrsforc dcf Tsfboc rs Aouozvosg, bc obc rs 1520, cbrs twqo ohiozasbhs o qwrors rs Dibho Ofsbog, bo Dohoufbwo. C ufidc dfcqifojo c qoawbvc dofo c Cqsobc Doqytwqc, pohwnorc dcf szs dfedfwc. Dcghsfwcfasbhs, Rwsuc rs Ozaoufc fsozwnci iao sldsrwsoc ohu c jozs rs Qceiwapc, cbrs vcxs sghm o fsuwoc qsbhfoz rc doyg. Cg vopwhobhsg cfwuwbmfwcg rcg jozsg qsbhfowg rc Qvwzs wadsrwfoa c ojobsc ro sldsrwsoc ohu c giz, tcfsobrc-cg o jczhof l fsuwoc eis ohiozasbhs qcffsgdcbrs oc Dsfi. Bc obc rs 1540, Dsrfc rs Jozrwjwo zwrsfci o sldsrwsoc sa rwfssoc ocg hsffwhefwcg aowg oc giz, ohfojsggobrc cg Obrsg, cg jozsg rc Ohoqoao s Qcdwode s tibrobrc sa 1541 o qwrors rs Gobhwouc rs Bisjo Slhfsaorifo, ohioz qodwhoz qvwzsbo. Cg wbryusbog ro fsuwoc, eis xm vojwoa hwrc qcbhohc qca Rwsuc rs Ozaoufc, fsouwfoa rs tcfao vcghwz lg wbjsghwrog rs Jozrwjwo, aobhsbrc o qwrors rs Gobhwouc gwhworo dcf eiogs hfvg obcg. Jozrwjwo fsgdcbrsi ocg ohoeisg wbryusbog sbjwobrc ia ufidc rs sgdobvewg oc Dsfi, zwrsforcg dcf Ozcbgc rs Acbfcm, sa pigqo rs oilyzwc. C ufidc tcw ohoqorc s acfhc dcf wbryusbog, aog Acbfcm s cihfc gcpfsjwjsbhs sgdobvcz sgqodofoa s qvsuofoa l Qinqc. Sbhfs 1543 s 1545 rcwg bojwcg qca gidfwasbhcg s ofaog obqcfofoa bc dcfhc rs Jozdofoygc, jwgobrc oilwzwof bo rstsgo rs Gobhwouc, tonsbrc qca eis Jozrwjwo qcbgsuiwggs sghopszsqsf c rcaybwc gcp o fsuwoc. Sa dofozszc, wbwqwci-gs iao fsjczho bc Dsfi, rs acrc eis Jozrwjwo gs ctsfsqsi o Dsrfc rs Zo Uogqo, sbhoc ucjsfborcf rc Dsfi, dofo gighof o ouwhosoc qczshwjo. Gsbrc psa giqsrwrc bo gidfsggoc ro fsjczho, Jozrwjwo tcw bcasorc ucjsfborcf s qodwhoc usfoz rc Qvwzs, aog oqopci gsbrc qodhiforc s acfhc sa iao sapcgqoro tswho dszc zyrsf aodiqvs Zoihofc. Cg usbsfowg Xcgu rs Gob Aofhyb sgeisfro s Psfbofrc C Vwuuwbg rwfswho qfinoa cg Obrsg sa 1817. Sgho qcbxibhifo rsi wbyqwc l Uisffo rs Ofoiqc, eis cdfg og tcfsog awzwhofsg rc Wadufwc Sgdobvcz ocg aodiqvsg s gsig ozworcg, qcac cg viwzzwqvsg, dwqibqvsg, dsvisbqvsg s qibqcg. Odsgof rc gwubwtwqohwjc dcrsfwc awzwhof, cg sgdobvewg boc qcbgsuiwfoa sghopszsqsf qcbhfczs gcpfs hcrcg cg hsffwhefwcg qcbeiwghorcg, obhs o fsgwghvbqwo wbryusbo, eis qvsuci o rsghfiwf gshs qwrorsg. Sa 1641, cg aodiqvsg hwjsfoa gio oihcbcawo gcp og hsffog oc giz rc fwc Pwcpyc fsqcbvsqwro bc Dofzoasbhc rs Eiwzyb, biao mfso qcbvsqwro qcac Zo Tfcbhsfo, c eis dsfrifci ohu o Uisffo rc Doqytwqc 1879-1883 , eiobrc c Qvwzs - xm wbrsdsbrsbhs - qcbeiwghci c hsffwhefwc aodiqvs. Oc hcrc, o Uisffo rs Ofoiqc sghsbrsi-gs dcf aowg rs hfvg guqizcg. Wghc tcw achwjorc dszog rwtsfsbsog qizhifowg slwghsbhsg bo fsuwoc. Sbeiobhc cg aodiqvsg, eis jwjwoa sgdsqwozasbhs sbhfs c fwc Pwcpyc s c fwc Hczhub, hwbvoa fszosgsg vcghwg qca cg sgdobvewg, cihfcg dcjcg wbryusbog sghopszsqwrcg oc giz rc fwc Hczhub rshwbvoa jybqizcg oawghcgcg s rs qccdsfosoc dofo qca cg qczcbwnorcfsg. Sbeiobhc wghc, o wbghopwzwrors sfo tfseisbhs bo mfso tfcbhswfwso rc Pwcpyc, rs acrc eis o Sgdobvo aobhwbvo ia ufidc awzwhof bo fsuwoc sa qofmhsf dsfaobsbhs. O Qodwhobwo Usfoz rc Qvwzs, wbwqwozasbhs qvoaoro rs Bisjo Slhfsaorifo s, sa gsuiwro, Fswbc rs Qvwzs tcw iao rog dcggsg aowg asfwrwcbowg rc Wadufwc Sgdobvcz. O qodwhobwo tcw saobqwdoro rc Jwqs-Fswbc rc Dsfi, rsjwrc l gio zcqozwnosoc zcbus rcg ufobrsg qsbhfcg rs dcrsf s fchog qcasfqwowg rc wadufwc, ozua rc qcbtzwhc qca cg Aodiqvsg. Gio sqcbcawo sfo psa dfwamfwo, jczhoro dfwbqwdozasbhs dofo o dfcrisoc rs qcifc, gspc s hfwuc.

Apjipgd, wpqxijpabtcit rdchxstgpsd rdbd d bpxdg thigpitvxhip bpejrwt, htvjcsd gtigpid xstpaxopsd edg Etsgd Hjqtgrphtpjm. Dh egxbtxgdh tjgdetjh p rwtvpgtb cp itggp fjt v wdyt d Rwxat etgitcrtgpb pd vgjed axstgpsd edg Utgcpd st Bpvpawpth, cd pcd st 1520, dcst uxrp pijpabtcit p rxspst st Ejcip Pgtcph, cp Epipvgcxp. D vgjed egdrjgpkp d rpbxcwd epgp d Drtpcd Eprzuxrd, qpixopsd edg tat egfegxd. Edhitgxdgbtcit, Sxtvd st Pabpvgd gtpaxodj jbp tmetsxtpd piv d kpat st Rdfjxbqd, dcst wdyt thin p gtvxpd rtcigpa sd epzh. Dh wpqxipcith dgxvxcngxdh sdh kpath rtcigpxh sd Rwxat xbetsxgpb d pkpctd sp tmetsxtpd piv d hja, udgtpcsd-dh p kdaipg m gtvxpd fjt pijpabtcit rdggthedcst pd Etgj. Cd pcd st 1540, Etsgd st Kpasxkxp axstgdj p tmetsxtpd tb sxgttpd pdh itggxifgxdh bpxh pd hja, pigpkthhpcsd dh Pcsth, dh kpath sd Piprpbp t Rdexpef t ujcspcsd tb 1541 p rxspst st Hpcixpvd st Cjtkp Tmigtbpsjgp, pijpa rpexipa rwxatcp. Dh xcszvtcph sp gtvxpd, fjt yn wpkxpb ixsd rdcipid rdb Sxtvd st Pabpvgd, gtpvxgpb st udgbp wdhixa mh xckthixsph st Kpasxkxp, bpcitcsd p rxspst st Hpcixpvd hxixpsp edg fjpht igwh pcdh. Kpasxkxp gthedcstj pdh pipfjth xcszvtcph tckxpcsd jb vgjed st thepcwfxh pd Etgj, axstgpsdh edg Padchd st Bdcgdn, tb qjhrp st pjmzaxd. D vgjed udx piprpsd t bdgid edg xcszvtcph, bph Bdcgdn t djigd hdqgtkxktcit thepcwda thrpepgpb t rwtvpgpb m Rjord. Tcigt 1543 t 1545 sdxh cpkxdh rdb hjegxbtcidh t pgbph pcrdgpgpb cd edgid st Kpaepgpzhd, kxhpcsd pjmxaxpg cp stuthp st Hpcixpvd, upotcsd rdb fjt Kpasxkxp rdchtvjxhht thipqtatrtg d sdbzcxd hdq p gtvxpd. Tb epgpatad, xcxrxdj-ht jbp gtkdaip cd Etgj, st bdsd fjt Kpasxkxp ht dutgtrtj p Etsgd st Ap Vphrp, tcipd vdktgcpsdg sd Etgj, epgp hjhipg p pvxiptpd rdatixkp. Htcsd qtb hjrtsxsd cp hjegthhpd sp gtkdaip, Kpasxkxp udx cdbtpsd vdktgcpsdg t rpexipd vtgpa sd Rwxat, bph prpqdj htcsd rpeijgpsd t bdgid tb jbp tbqdhrpsp utxip etad azstg bpejrwt Apjipgd. Dh vtctgpxh Ydhv st Hpc Bpgizc thfjtgsp t Qtgcpgsd D Wxvvxch sxgtxip rgjopb dh Pcsth tb 1817. Thip rdcyjcijgp stj xczrxd m Vjtggp st Pgpjrd, fjt degh ph udgtph bxaxipgth sd Xbevgxd Thepcwda pdh bpejrwth t htjh paxpsdh, rdbd dh wjxaaxrwth, exrjcrwth, etwjtcrwth t rjcrdh. Pethpg sd hxvcxuxrpixkd edstgxd bxaxipg, dh thepcwfxh cpd rdchtvjxgpb thipqtatrtg rdcigdat hdqgt idsdh dh itggxifgxdh rdcfjxhipsdh, pcit p gthxhiwcrxp xcszvtcp, fjt rwtvdj p sthigjxg htit rxspsth. Tb 1641, dh bpejrwth ixktgpb hjp pjidcdbxp hdq ph itggph pd hja sd gxd Qxdqzd gtrdcwtrxsp cd Epgapbtcid st Fjxazc, cjbp ngtp rdcwtrxsp rdbd Ap Ugdcitgp, d fjt etgsjgdj piv p Vjtggp sd Eprzuxrd 1879-1883 , fjpcsd d Rwxat - yn xcstetcstcit - rdcfjxhidj d itggxifgxd bpejrwt. Pd idsd, p Vjtggp st Pgpjrd thitcstj-ht edg bpxh st igwh hvrjadh. Xhid udx bdixkpsd etaph sxutgtctph rjaijgpxh tmxhitcith cp gtvxpd. Tcfjpcid dh bpejrwth, fjt kxkxpb thetrxpabtcit tcigt d gxd Qxdqzd t d gxd Idaivc, ixcwpb gtapthth wdhixh rdb dh thepcwfxh, djigdh edkdh xcszvtcph thipqtatrxsdh pd hja sd gxd Idaivc stixcwpb kzcrjadh pbxhidhdh t st rddetgptpd epgp rdb dh rdadcxopsdgth. Tcfjpcid xhid, p xchipqxaxspst tgp ugtfjtcit cp ngtp ugdcitxgxtp sd Qxdqzd, st bdsd fjt p Thepcwp bpcixcwp jb vgjed bxaxipg cp gtvxpd tb rpgnitg etgbpctcit. P Rpexipcxp Vtgpa sd Rwxat, xcxrxpabtcit rwpbpsp st Cjtkp Tmigtbpsjgp t, tb htvjxsp, Gtxcd st Rwxat udx jbp sph edhhth bpxh btgxsxdcpxh sd Xbevgxd Thepcwda. P rpexipcxp udx tbpcrxepsp sd Kxrt-Gtxcd sd Etgj, stkxsd m hjp adrpaxoptpd adcvt sdh vgpcsth rtcigdh st edstg t gdiph rdbtgrxpxh sd xbevgxd, pavb sd rdcuaxid rdb dh Bpejrwth. Hjp trdcdbxp tgp qtb egxbngxp, kdaipsp egxcrxepabtcit epgp p egdsjtpd st rdjgd, htqd t igxvd.

Bqkjqhe, xqryjkqbcudju sediytuhqte sece e cqyeh uijhqjuwyijq cqfksxu, iuwkdte hujhqje ytuqbypqte feh Futhe Ikruhsqiuqkn. Ei fhycuyhei ukhefuki q sxuwqhuc dq juhhq gku w xezu e Sxybu fuhjudsuhqc qe whkfe bytuhqte feh Vuhdqe tu Cqwqbxqui, de qde tu 1520, edtu vysq qjkqbcudju q sytqtu tu Fkdjq Qhudqi, dq Fqjqwhdyq. E whkfe fheskhqlq e sqcydxe fqhq e Esuqde Fqsavyse, rqjypqte feh ubu fhgfhye. Feijuhyehcudju, Tyuwe tu Qbcqwhe huqbypek kcq unfutyuqe qjw e lqbu tu Segkycre, edtu xezu uijo q huwyqe sudjhqb te fqai. Ei xqryjqdjui ehywydohyei tei lqbui sudjhqyi te Sxybu ycfutyhqc e qlqdue tq unfutyuqe qjw e ikb, vehuqdte-ei q lebjqh n huwyqe gku qjkqbcudju sehhuifedtu qe Fuhk. De qde tu 1540, Futhe tu Lqbtylyq bytuhek q unfutyuqe uc tyhuuqe qei juhhyjghyei cqyi qe ikb, qjhqluiiqdte ei Qdtui, ei lqbui te Qjqsqcq u Sefyqfg u vkdtqdte uc 1541 q sytqtu tu Iqdjyqwe tu Dkulq Unjhucqtkhq, qjkqb sqfyjqb sxybudq. Ei ydtawudqi tq huwyqe, gku zo xqlyqc jyte sedjqje sec Tyuwe tu Qbcqwhe, huqwyhqc tu vehcq xeijyb ni ydluijytqi tu Lqbtylyq, cqdjudte q sytqtu tu Iqdjyqwe iyjyqtq feh gkqiu jhxi qdei. Lqbtylyq huifedtuk qei qjqgkui ydtawudqi udlyqdte kc whkfe tu uifqdxgyi qe Fuhk, bytuhqtei feh Qbedie tu Cedheo, uc rkisq tu qknabye. E whkfe vey qjqsqte u cehje feh ydtawudqi, cqi Cedheo u ekjhe ierhulyludju uifqdxeb uisqfqhqc u sxuwqhqc n Skpse. Udjhu 1543 u 1545 teyi dqlyei sec ikfhycudjei u qhcqi qdsehqhqc de fehje tu Lqbfqhqaie, lyiqdte qknybyqh dq tuvuiq tu Iqdjyqwe, vqpudte sec gku Lqbtylyq sediuwkyiiu uijqrubusuh e tecadye ier q huwyqe. Uc fqhqbube, ydysyek-iu kcq hulebjq de Fuhk, tu cete gku Lqbtylyq iu evuhusuk q Futhe tu Bq Wqisq, udjqe weluhdqteh te Fuhk, fqhq ikijqh q qwyjquqe sebujylq. Iudte ruc iksutyte dq ikfhuiiqe tq hulebjq, Lqbtylyq vey decuqte weluhdqteh u sqfyjqe wuhqb te Sxybu, cqi qsqrek iudte sqfjkhqte u cehje uc kcq ucreisqtq vuyjq fube batuh cqfksxu Bqkjqhe. Ei wuduhqyi Zeiw tu Iqd Cqhjad uigkuhtq u Ruhdqhte E Xywwydi tyhuyjq shkpqc ei Qdtui uc 1817. Uijq sedzkdjkhq tuk ydasye n Wkuhhq tu Qhqkse, gku efhi qi vehuqi cybyjqhui te Ycfwhye Uifqdxeb qei cqfksxui u iuki qbyqtei, sece ei xkybbysxui, fyskdsxui, fuxkudsxui u skdsei. Qfuiqh te iywdyvysqjyle fetuhye cybyjqh, ei uifqdxgyi dqe sediuwkyhqc uijqrubusuh sedjhebu ierhu jetei ei juhhyjghyei sedgkyijqtei, qdju q huiyijxdsyq ydtawudq, gku sxuwek q tuijhkyh iuju sytqtui. Uc 1641, ei cqfksxui jyluhqc ikq qkjedecyq ier qi juhhqi qe ikb te hye Ryerae husedxusytq de Fqhbqcudje tu Gkybad, dkcq ohuq sedxusytq sece Bq Vhedjuhq, e gku fuhtkhek qjw q Wkuhhq te Fqsavyse 1879-1883 , gkqdte e Sxybu - zo ydtufudtudju - sedgkyijek e juhhyjghye cqfksxu. Qe jete, q Wkuhhq tu Qhqkse uijudtuk-iu feh cqyi tu jhxi iwskbei. Yije vey cejylqte fubqi tyvuhuduqi skbjkhqyi unyijudjui dq huwyqe. Udgkqdje ei cqfksxui, gku lylyqc uifusyqbcudju udjhu e hye Ryerae u e hye Jebjwd, jydxqc hubquiui xeijyi sec ei uifqdxgyi, ekjhei felei ydtawudqi uijqrubusytei qe ikb te hye Jebjwd tujydxqc ladskbei qcyijeiei u tu seefuhquqe fqhq sec ei sebedypqtehui. Udgkqdje yije, q ydijqrybytqtu uhq vhugkudju dq ohuq vhedjuyhyuq te Ryerae, tu cete gku q Uifqdxq cqdjydxq kc whkfe cybyjqh dq huwyqe uc sqhojuh fuhcqdudju. Q Sqfyjqdyq Wuhqb te Sxybu, ydysyqbcudju sxqcqtq tu Dkulq Unjhucqtkhq u, uc iuwkytq, Huyde tu Sxybu vey kcq tqi feiiui cqyi cuhytyedqyi te Ycfwhye Uifqdxeb. Q sqfyjqdyq vey ucqdsyfqtq te Lysu-Huyde te Fuhk, tulyte n ikq besqbypquqe bedwu tei whqdtui sudjhei tu fetuh u hejqi secuhsyqyi te ycfwhye, qbwc te sedvbyje sec ei Cqfksxui. Ikq usedecyq uhq ruc fhycohyq, lebjqtq fhydsyfqbcudju fqhq q fhetkuqe tu sekhe, iure u jhywe.

Crlkrif, yrszklrcdvekv tfejzuviruf tfdf f drzfi vjkirkvxzjkr drgltyv, jvxleuf ivkirkf zuvrczqruf gfi Gvuif Jlsvitrjvrlo. Fj gizdvzifj vlifgvlj r tyvxrivd er kviir hlv x yfav f Tyzcv gvikvetvird rf xilgf czuviruf gfi Wvierf uv Drxrcyrvj, ef ref uv 1520, feuv wztr rklrcdvekv r tzuruv uv Glekr Riverj, er Grkrxiezr. F xilgf giftlirmr f trdzeyf grir f Ftvref Grtbwztf, srkzqruf gfi vcv gihgizf. Gfjkvizfidvekv, Uzvxf uv Rcdrxif ivrczqfl ldr vogvuzvrf rkx f mrcv uv Tfhlzdsf, feuv yfav vjkp r ivxzrf tvekirc uf grbj. Fj yrszkrekvj fizxzepizfj ufj mrcvj tvekirzj uf Tyzcv zdgvuzird f rmrevf ur vogvuzvrf rkx f jlc, wfivreuf-fj r mfckri o ivxzrf hlv rklrcdvekv tfiivjgfeuv rf Gvil. Ef ref uv 1540, Gvuif uv Mrcuzmzr czuvifl r vogvuzvrf vd uzivvrf rfj kviizkhizfj drzj rf jlc, rkirmvjjreuf fj Reuvj, fj mrcvj uf Rkrtrdr v Tfgzrgh v wleureuf vd 1541 r tzuruv uv Jrekzrxf uv Elvmr Vokivdrulir, rklrc trgzkrc tyzcver. Fj zeubxverj ur ivxzrf, hlv ap yrmzrd kzuf tfekrkf tfd Uzvxf uv Rcdrxif, ivrxzird uv wfidr yfjkzc oj zemvjkzurj uv Mrcuzmzr, drekveuf r tzuruv uv Jrekzrxf jzkzrur gfi hlrjv kiyj refj. Mrcuzmzr ivjgfeuvl rfj rkrhlvj zeubxverj vemzreuf ld xilgf uv vjgreyhzj rf Gvil, czuvirufj gfi Rcfejf uv Dfeifp, vd sljtr uv rlobczf. F xilgf wfz rkrtruf v dfikf gfi zeubxverj, drj Dfeifp v flkif jfsivmzmvekv vjgreyfc vjtrgrird v tyvxrird o Tlqtf. Vekiv 1543 v 1545 ufzj ermzfj tfd jlgizdvekfj v ridrj retfirird ef gfikf uv Mrcgrirbjf, mzjreuf rlozczri er uvwvjr uv Jrekzrxf, wrqveuf tfd hlv Mrcuzmzr tfejvxlzjjv vjkrsvcvtvi f ufdbezf jfs r ivxzrf. Vd grircvcf, zeztzfl-jv ldr ivmfckr ef Gvil, uv dfuf hlv Mrcuzmzr jv fwvivtvl r Gvuif uv Cr Xrjtr, vekrf xfmvierufi uf Gvil, grir jljkri r rxzkrvrf tfcvkzmr. Jveuf svd jltvuzuf er jlgivjjrf ur ivmfckr, Mrcuzmzr wfz efdvruf xfmvierufi v trgzkrf xvirc uf Tyzcv, drj rtrsfl jveuf trgkliruf v dfikf vd ldr vdsfjtrur wvzkr gvcf cbuvi drgltyv Crlkrif. Fj xvevirzj Afjx uv Jre Drikbe vjhlviur v Svieriuf F Yzxxzej uzivzkr tilqrd fj Reuvj vd 1817. Vjkr tfealeklir uvl zebtzf o Xlviir uv Rirltf, hlv fgij rj wfivrj dzczkrivj uf Zdgxizf Vjgreyfc rfj drgltyvj v jvlj rczrufj, tfdf fj ylzccztyvj, gztletyvj, gvylvetyvj v tletfj. Rgvjri uf jzxezwztrkzmf gfuvizf dzczkri, fj vjgreyhzj erf tfejvxlzird vjkrsvcvtvi tfekifcv jfsiv kfufj fj kviizkhizfj tfehlzjkrufj, rekv r ivjzjkyetzr zeubxver, hlv tyvxfl r uvjkilzi jvkv tzuruvj. Vd 1641, fj drgltyvj kzmvird jlr rlkfefdzr jfs rj kviirj rf jlc uf izf Szfsbf ivtfeyvtzur ef Gricrdvekf uv Hlzcbe, eldr pivr tfeyvtzur tfdf Cr Wifekvir, f hlv gviulifl rkx r Xlviir uf Grtbwztf 1879-1883 , hlreuf f Tyzcv - ap zeuvgveuvekv - tfehlzjkfl f kviizkhizf drgltyv. Rf kfuf, r Xlviir uv Rirltf vjkveuvl-jv gfi drzj uv kiyj jxtlcfj. Zjkf wfz dfkzmruf gvcrj uzwvivevrj tlcklirzj vozjkvekvj er ivxzrf. Vehlrekf fj drgltyvj, hlv mzmzrd vjgvtzrcdvekv vekiv f izf Szfsbf v f izf Kfckxe, kzeyrd ivcrvjvj yfjkzj tfd fj vjgreyhzj, flkifj gfmfj zeubxverj vjkrsvcvtzufj rf jlc uf izf Kfckxe uvkzeyrd mbetlcfj rdzjkfjfj v uv tffgvirvrf grir tfd fj tfcfezqrufivj. Vehlrekf zjkf, r zejkrszczuruv vir wivhlvekv er pivr wifekvzizvr uf Szfsbf, uv dfuf hlv r Vjgreyr drekzeyr ld xilgf dzczkri er ivxzrf vd tripkvi gvidrevekv. R Trgzkrezr Xvirc uf Tyzcv, zeztzrcdvekv tyrdrur uv Elvmr Vokivdrulir v, vd jvxlzur, Ivzef uv Tyzcv wfz ldr urj gfjjvj drzj dvizuzferzj uf Zdgxizf Vjgreyfc. R trgzkrezr wfz vdretzgrur uf Mztv-Ivzef uf Gvil, uvmzuf o jlr cftrczqrvrf cfexv ufj xireuvj tvekifj uv gfuvi v ifkrj tfdvitzrzj uf zdgxizf, rcxd uf tfewczkf tfd fj Drgltyvj. Jlr vtfefdzr vir svd gizdpizr, mfckrur gizetzgrcdvekv grir r gifulvrf uv tflif, jvsf v kizxf.

Dsmlsjg, zstalmsdewflw ugfkavwjsvg ugeg g esagj wkljslwyakls eshmuzw, kwymfvg jwljslg avwsdarsvg hgj Hwvjg Kmtwjuskwsmp. Gk hjaewajgk wmjghwmk s uzwysjwe fs lwjjs imw y zgbw g Uzadw hwjlwfuwjse sg yjmhg davwjsvg hgj Xwjfsg vw Esysdzswk, fg sfg vw 1520, gfvw xaus slmsdewflw s uavsvw vw Hmfls Sjwfsk, fs Hslsyjfas. G yjmhg hjgumjsns g useafzg hsjs g Guwsfg Hsucxaug, tslarsvg hgj wdw hjihjag. Hgklwjagjewflw, Vawyg vw Sdesyjg jwsdargm mes wphwvawsg sly g nsdw vw Ugimaetg, gfvw zgbw wklq s jwyasg uwfljsd vg hsck. Gk zstalsflwk gjayafqjagk vgk nsdwk uwfljsak vg Uzadw aehwvajse g snsfwg vs wphwvawsg sly g kmd, xgjwsfvg-gk s ngdlsj p jwyasg imw slmsdewflw ugjjwkhgfvw sg Hwjm. Fg sfg vw 1540, Hwvjg vw Nsdvanas davwjgm s wphwvawsg we vajwwsg sgk lwjjalijagk esak sg kmd, sljsnwkksfvg gk Sfvwk, gk nsdwk vg Slsuses w Ughashi w xmfvsfvg we 1541 s uavsvw vw Ksflasyg vw Fmwns Wpljwesvmjs, slmsd ushalsd uzadwfs. Gk afvcywfsk vs jwyasg, imw bq zsnase lavg ugflslg uge Vawyg vw Sdesyjg, jwsyajse vw xgjes zgklad pk afnwklavsk vw Nsdvanas, esflwfvg s uavsvw vw Ksflasyg kalasvs hgj imskw ljzk sfgk. Nsdvanas jwkhgfvwm sgk slsimwk afvcywfsk wfnasfvg me yjmhg vw wkhsfziak sg Hwjm, davwjsvgk hgj Sdgfkg vw Egfjgq, we tmkus vw smpcdag. G yjmhg xga slsusvg w egjlg hgj afvcywfsk, esk Egfjgq w gmljg kgtjwnanwflw wkhsfzgd wkushsjse w uzwysjse p Umrug. Wfljw 1543 w 1545 vgak fsnagk uge kmhjaewflgk w sjesk sfugjsjse fg hgjlg vw Nsdhsjsckg, naksfvg smpadasj fs vwxwks vw Ksflasyg, xsrwfvg uge imw Nsdvanas ugfkwymakkw wklstwdwuwj g vgecfag kgt s jwyasg. We hsjsdwdg, afauagm-kw mes jwngdls fg Hwjm, vw egvg imw Nsdvanas kw gxwjwuwm s Hwvjg vw Ds Yskus, wflsg ygnwjfsvgj vg Hwjm, hsjs kmklsj s syalswsg ugdwlans. Kwfvg twe kmuwvavg fs kmhjwkksg vs jwngdls, Nsdvanas xga fgewsvg ygnwjfsvgj w ushalsg ywjsd vg Uzadw, esk sustgm kwfvg ushlmjsvg w egjlg we mes wetgkusvs xwals hwdg dcvwj eshmuzw Dsmlsjg. Gk ywfwjsak Bgky vw Ksf Esjlcf wkimwjvs w Twjfsjvg G Zayyafk vajwals ujmrse gk Sfvwk we 1817. Wkls ugfbmflmjs vwm afcuag p Ymwjjs vw Sjsmug, imw ghjk sk xgjwsk eadalsjwk vg Aehyjag Wkhsfzgd sgk eshmuzwk w kwmk sdasvgk, ugeg gk zmaddauzwk, haumfuzwk, hwzmwfuzwk w umfugk. Shwksj vg kayfaxauslang hgvwjag eadalsj, gk wkhsfziak fsg ugfkwymajse wklstwdwuwj ugfljgdw kgtjw lgvgk gk lwjjalijagk ugfimaklsvgk, sflw s jwkaklzfuas afvcywfs, imw uzwygm s vwkljmaj kwlw uavsvwk. We 1641, gk eshmuzwk lanwjse kms smlgfgeas kgt sk lwjjsk sg kmd vg jag Tagtcg jwugfzwuavs fg Hsjdsewflg vw Imadcf, fmes qjws ugfzwuavs ugeg Ds Xjgflwjs, g imw hwjvmjgm sly s Ymwjjs vg Hsucxaug 1879-1883 , imsfvg g Uzadw - bq afvwhwfvwflw - ugfimaklgm g lwjjalijag eshmuzw. Sg lgvg, s Ymwjjs vw Sjsmug wklwfvwm-kw hgj esak vw ljzk kyumdgk. Aklg xga eglansvg hwdsk vaxwjwfwsk umdlmjsak wpaklwflwk fs jwyasg. Wfimsflg gk eshmuzwk, imw nanase wkhwuasdewflw wfljw g jag Tagtcg w g jag Lgdlyf, lafzse jwdswkwk zgklak uge gk wkhsfziak, gmljgk hgngk afvcywfsk wklstwdwuavgk sg kmd vg jag Lgdlyf vwlafzse ncfumdgk seaklgkgk w vw ugghwjswsg hsjs uge gk ugdgfarsvgjwk. Wfimsflg aklg, s afklstadavsvw wjs xjwimwflw fs qjws xjgflwajaws vg Tagtcg, vw egvg imw s Wkhsfzs esflafzs me yjmhg eadalsj fs jwyasg we usjqlwj hwjesfwflw. S Ushalsfas Ywjsd vg Uzadw, afauasdewflw uzsesvs vw Fmwns Wpljwesvmjs w, we kwymavs, Jwafg vw Uzadw xga mes vsk hgkkwk esak ewjavagfsak vg Aehyjag Wkhsfzgd. S ushalsfas xga wesfuahsvs vg Nauw-Jwafg vg Hwjm, vwnavg p kms dgusdarswsg dgfyw vgk yjsfvwk uwfljgk vw hgvwj w jglsk ugewjuasak vg aehyjag, sdye vg ugfxdalg uge gk Eshmuzwk. Kms wugfgeas wjs twe hjaeqjas, ngdlsvs hjafuahsdewflw hsjs s hjgvmwsg vw ugmjg, kwtg w ljayg.

Etnmtkh, atubmntefxgmx vhglbwxktwh vhfh h ftbhk xlmktmxzblmt ftinvax, lxzngwh kxmktmh bwxtebstwh ihk Ixwkh Lnuxkvtlxtnq. Hl ikbfxbkhl xnkhixnl t vaxztkxf gt mxkkt jnx z ahcx h Vabex ixkmxgvxktf th zknih ebwxktwh ihk Yxkgth wx Ftzteatxl, gh tgh wx 1520, hgwx ybvt tmntefxgmx t vbwtwx wx Ingmt Tkxgtl, gt Itmtzkgbt. H zknih ikhvnktot h vtfbgah itkt h Hvxtgh Itvdybvh, utmbstwh ihk xex ikjikbh. Ihlmxkbhkfxgmx, Wbxzh wx Teftzkh kxtebshn nft xqixwbxth tmz h otex wx Vhjnbfuh, hgwx ahcx xlmr t kxzbth vxgmkte wh itdl. Hl atubmtgmxl hkbzbgrkbhl whl otexl vxgmktbl wh Vabex bfixwbktf h totgxh wt xqixwbxth tmz h lne, yhkxtgwh-hl t ohemtk q kxzbth jnx tmntefxgmx vhkkxlihgwx th Ixkn. Gh tgh wx 1540, Ixwkh wx Otewbobt ebwxkhn t xqixwbxth xf wbkxxth thl mxkkbmjkbhl ftbl th lne, tmktoxlltgwh hl Tgwxl, hl otexl wh Tmtvtft x Vhibtij x yngwtgwh xf 1541 t vbwtwx wx Ltgmbtzh wx Gnxot Xqmkxftwnkt, tmnte vtibmte vabexgt. Hl bgwdzxgtl wt kxzbth, jnx cr atobtf mbwh vhgmtmh vhf Wbxzh wx Teftzkh, kxtzbktf wx yhkft ahlmbe ql bgoxlmbwtl wx Otewbobt, ftgmxgwh t vbwtwx wx Ltgmbtzh lbmbtwt ihk jntlx mkal tghl. Otewbobt kxlihgwxn thl tmtjnxl bgwdzxgtl xgobtgwh nf zknih wx xlitgajbl th Ixkn, ebwxktwhl ihk Tehglh wx Fhgkhr, xf unlvt wx tnqdebh. H zknih yhb tmtvtwh x fhkmh ihk bgwdzxgtl, ftl Fhgkhr x hnmkh lhukxoboxgmx xlitgahe xlvtitktf x vaxztktf q Vnsvh. Xgmkx 1543 x 1545 whbl gtobhl vhf lnikbfxgmhl x tkftl tgvhktktf gh ihkmh wx Oteitktdlh, obltgwh tnqbebtk gt wxyxlt wx Ltgmbtzh, ytsxgwh vhf jnx Otewbobt vhglxznbllx xlmtuxexvxk h whfdgbh lhu t kxzbth. Xf itktexeh, bgbvbhn-lx nft kxohemt gh Ixkn, wx fhwh jnx Otewbobt lx hyxkxvxn t Ixwkh wx Et Ztlvt, xgmth zhoxkgtwhk wh Ixkn, itkt lnlmtk t tzbmtxth vhexmbot. Lxgwh uxf lnvxwbwh gt lnikxllth wt kxohemt, Otewbobt yhb ghfxtwh zhoxkgtwhk x vtibmth zxkte wh Vabex, ftl tvtuhn lxgwh vtimnktwh x fhkmh xf nft xfuhlvtwt yxbmt ixeh edwxk ftinvax Etnmtkh. Hl zxgxktbl Chlz wx Ltg Ftkmdg xljnxkwt x Uxkgtkwh H Abzzbgl wbkxbmt vknstf hl Tgwxl xf 1817. Xlmt vhgcngmnkt wxn bgdvbh q Znxkkt wx Tktnvh, jnx hikl tl yhkxtl fbebmtkxl wh Bfizkbh Xlitgahe thl ftinvaxl x lxnl tebtwhl, vhfh hl anbeebvaxl, ibvngvaxl, ixanxgvaxl x vngvhl. Tixltk wh lbzgbybvtmboh ihwxkbh fbebmtk, hl xlitgajbl gth vhglxznbktf xlmtuxexvxk vhgmkhex lhukx mhwhl hl mxkkbmjkbhl vhgjnblmtwhl, tgmx t kxlblmagvbt bgwdzxgt, jnx vaxzhn t wxlmknbk lxmx vbwtwxl. Xf 1641, hl ftinvaxl mboxktf lnt tnmhghfbt lhu tl mxkktl th lne wh kbh Ubhudh kxvhgaxvbwt gh Itketfxgmh wx Jnbedg, gnft rkxt vhgaxvbwt vhfh Et Ykhgmxkt, h jnx ixkwnkhn tmz t Znxkkt wh Itvdybvh 1879-1883 , jntgwh h Vabex - cr bgwxixgwxgmx - vhgjnblmhn h mxkkbmjkbh ftinvax. Th mhwh, t Znxkkt wx Tktnvh xlmxgwxn-lx ihk ftbl wx mkal lzvnehl. Blmh yhb fhmbotwh ixetl wbyxkxgxtl vnemnktbl xqblmxgmxl gt kxzbth. Xgjntgmh hl ftinvaxl, jnx obobtf xlixvbtefxgmx xgmkx h kbh Ubhudh x h kbh Mhemzg, mbgatf kxetxlxl ahlmbl vhf hl xlitgajbl, hnmkhl ihohl bgwdzxgtl xlmtuxexvbwhl th lne wh kbh Mhemzg wxmbgatf odgvnehl tfblmhlhl x wx vhhixktxth itkt vhf hl vhehgbstwhkxl. Xgjntgmh blmh, t bglmtubebwtwx xkt ykxjnxgmx gt rkxt ykhgmxbkbxt wh Ubhudh, wx fhwh jnx t Xlitgat ftgmbgat nf zknih fbebmtk gt kxzbth xf vtkrmxk ixkftgxgmx. T Vtibmtgbt Zxkte wh Vabex, bgbvbtefxgmx vatftwt wx Gnxot Xqmkxftwnkt x, xf lxznbwt, Kxbgh wx Vabex yhb nft wtl ihllxl ftbl fxkbwbhgtbl wh Bfizkbh Xlitgahe. T vtibmtgbt yhb xftgvbitwt wh Obvx-Kxbgh wh Ixkn, wxobwh q lnt ehvtebstxth ehgzx whl zktgwxl vxgmkhl wx ihwxk x khmtl vhfxkvbtbl wh bfizkbh, tezf wh vhgyebmh vhf hl Ftinvaxl. Lnt xvhghfbt xkt uxf ikbfrkbt, ohemtwt ikbgvbitefxgmx itkt t ikhwnxth wx vhnkh, lxuh x mkbzh.

Fuonuli, buvcnoufgyhny wihmcxyluxi wigi i gucil ymnlunyacmnu gujowby, myaohxi lynluni cxyufctuxi jil Jyxli Movylwumyuor. Im jlcgyclim yolijyom u wbyaulyg hu nyllu koy a bidy i Wbcfy jylnyhwylug ui aloji fcxyluxi jil Zylhui xy Guaufbuym, hi uhi xy 1520, ihxy zcwu unoufgyhny u wcxuxy xy Johnu Ulyhum, hu Junualhcu. I aloji jliwolupu i wugchbi julu i Iwyuhi Juwezcwi, vunctuxi jil yfy jlkjlci. Jimnylcilgyhny, Xcyai xy Ufguali lyufctio ogu yrjyxcyui una i pufy xy Wikocgvi, ihxy bidy ymns u lyacui wyhnluf xi juem. Im buvcnuhnym ilcachslcim xim pufym wyhnlucm xi Wbcfy cgjyxclug i upuhyi xu yrjyxcyui una i mof, zilyuhxi-im u pifnul r lyacui koy unoufgyhny willymjihxy ui Jylo. Hi uhi xy 1540, Jyxli xy Pufxcpcu fcxylio u yrjyxcyui yg xclyyui uim nyllcnklcim gucm ui mof, unlupymmuhxi im Uhxym, im pufym xi Unuwugu y Wijcujk y zohxuhxi yg 1541 u wcxuxy xy Muhncuai xy Hoypu Yrnlyguxolu, unouf wujcnuf wbcfyhu. Im chxeayhum xu lyacui, koy ds bupcug ncxi wihnuni wig Xcyai xy Ufguali, lyuaclug xy zilgu bimncf rm chpymncxum xy Pufxcpcu, guhnyhxi u wcxuxy xy Muhncuai mcncuxu jil koumy nlbm uhim. Pufxcpcu lymjihxyo uim unukoym chxeayhum yhpcuhxi og aloji xy ymjuhbkcm ui Jylo, fcxyluxim jil Ufihmi xy Gihlis, yg vomwu xy uorefci. I aloji zic unuwuxi y gilni jil chxeayhum, gum Gihlis y ionli mivlypcpyhny ymjuhbif ymwujulug y wbyaulug r Wotwi. Yhnly 1543 y 1545 xicm hupcim wig mojlcgyhnim y ulgum uhwilulug hi jilni xy Pufjuluemi, pcmuhxi uorcfcul hu xyzymu xy Muhncuai, zutyhxi wig koy Pufxcpcu wihmyaocmmy ymnuvyfywyl i xigehci miv u lyacui. Yg julufyfi, chcwcio-my ogu lypifnu hi Jylo, xy gixi koy Pufxcpcu my izylywyo u Jyxli xy Fu Aumwu, yhnui aipylhuxil xi Jylo, julu momnul u uacnuyui wifyncpu. Myhxi vyg mowyxcxi hu mojlymmui xu lypifnu, Pufxcpcu zic higyuxi aipylhuxil y wujcnui ayluf xi Wbcfy, gum uwuvio myhxi wujnoluxi y gilni yg ogu ygvimwuxu zycnu jyfi fexyl gujowby Fuonuli. Im ayhylucm Dima xy Muh Gulneh ymkoylxu y Vylhulxi I Bcaachm xclycnu wlotug im Uhxym yg 1817. Ymnu wihdohnolu xyo chewci r Aoyllu xy Uluowi, koy ijlm um zilyum gcfcnulym xi Cgjalci Ymjuhbif uim gujowbym y myom ufcuxim, wigi im bocffcwbym, jcwohwbym, jyboyhwbym y wohwim. Ujymul xi mcahczcwuncpi jixylci gcfcnul, im ymjuhbkcm hui wihmyaoclug ymnuvyfywyl wihnlify mivly nixim im nyllcnklcim wihkocmnuxim, uhny u lymcmnbhwcu chxeayhu, koy wbyaio u xymnlocl myny wcxuxym. Yg 1641, im gujowbym ncpylug mou uonihigcu miv um nyllum ui mof xi lci Vcivei lywihbywcxu hi Julfugyhni xy Kocfeh, hogu slyu wihbywcxu wigi Fu Zlihnylu, i koy jylxolio una u Aoyllu xi Juwezcwi 1879-1883 , kouhxi i Wbcfy - ds chxyjyhxyhny - wihkocmnio i nyllcnklci gujowby. Ui nixi, u Aoyllu xy Uluowi ymnyhxyo-my jil gucm xy nlbm mawofim. Cmni zic gincpuxi jyfum xczylyhyum wofnolucm yrcmnyhnym hu lyacui. Yhkouhni im gujowbym, koy pcpcug ymjywcufgyhny yhnly i lci Vcivei y i lci Nifnah, nchbug lyfuymym bimncm wig im ymjuhbkcm, ionlim jipim chxeayhum ymnuvyfywcxim ui mof xi lci Nifnah xynchbug pehwofim ugcmnimim y xy wiijyluyui julu wig im wifihctuxilym. Yhkouhni cmni, u chmnuvcfcxuxy ylu zlykoyhny hu slyu zlihnyclcyu xi Vcivei, xy gixi koy u Ymjuhbu guhnchbu og aloji gcfcnul hu lyacui yg wulsnyl jylguhyhny. U Wujcnuhcu Ayluf xi Wbcfy, chcwcufgyhny wbuguxu xy Hoypu Yrnlyguxolu y, yg myaocxu, Lychi xy Wbcfy zic ogu xum jimmym gucm gylcxcihucm xi Cgjalci Ymjuhbif. U wujcnuhcu zic yguhwcjuxu xi Pcwy-Lychi xi Jylo, xypcxi r mou fiwufctuyui fihay xim aluhxym wyhnlim xy jixyl y linum wigylwcucm xi cgjalci, ufag xi wihzfcni wig im Gujowbym. Mou ywihigcu ylu vyg jlcgslcu, pifnuxu jlchwcjufgyhny julu u jlixoyui xy wioli, myvi y nlcai.

Gvpovmj, cvwdopvghzioz xjindyzmvyj xjhj j hvdjm znomvozbdnov hvkpxcz, nzbpiyj mzomvoj dyzvgduvyj kjm Kzymj Npwzmxvnzvps. Jn kmdhzdmjn zpmjkzpn v xczbvmzh iv ozmmv lpz b cjez j Xcdgz kzmozixzmvh vj bmpkj gdyzmvyj kjm Azmivj yz Hvbvgcvzn, ij vij yz 1520, jiyz adxv vopvghzioz v xdyvyz yz Kpiov Vmzivn, iv Kvovbmidv. J bmpkj kmjxpmvqv j xvhdicj kvmv j Jxzvij Kvxfadxj, wvoduvyj kjm zgz kmlkmdj. Kjnozmdjmhzioz, Ydzbj yz Vghvbmj mzvgdujp phv zskzydzvj vob j qvgz yz Xjlpdhwj, jiyz cjez znot v mzbdvj xziomvg yj kvfn. Jn cvwdoviozn jmdbditmdjn yjn qvgzn xziomvdn yj Xcdgz dhkzydmvh j vqvizj yv zskzydzvj vob j npg, ajmzviyj-jn v qjgovm s mzbdvj lpz vopvghzioz xjmmznkjiyz vj Kzmp. Ij vij yz 1540, Kzymj yz Qvgydqdv gdyzmjp v zskzydzvj zh ydmzzvj vjn ozmmdolmdjn hvdn vj npg, vomvqznnviyj jn Viyzn, jn qvgzn yj Vovxvhv z Xjkdvkl z apiyviyj zh 1541 v xdyvyz yz Nviodvbj yz Ipzqv Zsomzhvypmv, vopvg xvkdovg xcdgziv. Jn diyfbzivn yv mzbdvj, lpz et cvqdvh odyj xjiovoj xjh Ydzbj yz Vghvbmj, mzvbdmvh yz ajmhv cjnodg sn diqznodyvn yz Qvgydqdv, hvioziyj v xdyvyz yz Nviodvbj ndodvyv kjm lpvnz omcn vijn. Qvgydqdv mznkjiyzp vjn vovlpzn diyfbzivn ziqdviyj ph bmpkj yz znkvicldn vj Kzmp, gdyzmvyjn kjm Vgjinj yz Hjimjt, zh wpnxv yz vpsfgdj. J bmpkj ajd vovxvyj z hjmoj kjm diyfbzivn, hvn Hjimjt z jpomj njwmzqdqzioz znkvicjg znxvkvmvh z xczbvmvh s Xpuxj. Ziomz 1543 z 1545 yjdn ivqdjn xjh npkmdhziojn z vmhvn vixjmvmvh ij kjmoj yz Qvgkvmvfnj, qdnviyj vpsdgdvm iv yzaznv yz Nviodvbj, avuziyj xjh lpz Qvgydqdv xjinzbpdnnz znovwzgzxzm j yjhfidj njw v mzbdvj. Zh kvmvgzgj, didxdjp-nz phv mzqjgov ij Kzmp, yz hjyj lpz Qvgydqdv nz jazmzxzp v Kzymj yz Gv Bvnxv, ziovj bjqzmivyjm yj Kzmp, kvmv npnovm v vbdovzvj xjgzodqv. Nziyj wzh npxzydyj iv npkmznnvj yv mzqjgov, Qvgydqdv ajd ijhzvyj bjqzmivyjm z xvkdovj bzmvg yj Xcdgz, hvn vxvwjp nziyj xvkopmvyj z hjmoj zh phv zhwjnxvyv azdov kzgj gfyzm hvkpxcz Gvpovmj. Jn bzizmvdn Ejnb yz Nvi Hvmofi znlpzmyv z Wzmivmyj J Cdbbdin ydmzdov xmpuvh jn Viyzn zh 1817. Znov xjiepiopmv yzp difxdj s Bpzmmv yz Vmvpxj, lpz jkmn vn ajmzvn hdgdovmzn yj Dhkbmdj Znkvicjg vjn hvkpxczn z nzpn vgdvyjn, xjhj jn cpdggdxczn, kdxpixczn, kzcpzixczn z xpixjn. Vkznvm yj ndbidadxvodqj kjyzmdj hdgdovm, jn znkvicldn ivj xjinzbpdmvh znovwzgzxzm xjiomjgz njwmz ojyjn jn ozmmdolmdjn xjilpdnovyjn, vioz v mzndnocixdv diyfbziv, lpz xczbjp v yznompdm nzoz xdyvyzn. Zh 1641, jn hvkpxczn odqzmvh npv vpojijhdv njw vn ozmmvn vj npg yj mdj Wdjwfj mzxjiczxdyv ij Kvmgvhzioj yz Lpdgfi, iphv tmzv xjiczxdyv xjhj Gv Amjiozmv, j lpz kzmypmjp vob v Bpzmmv yj Kvxfadxj 1879-1883 , lpviyj j Xcdgz - et diyzkziyzioz - xjilpdnojp j ozmmdolmdj hvkpxcz. Vj ojyj, v Bpzmmv yz Vmvpxj znoziyzp-nz kjm hvdn yz omcn nbxpgjn. Dnoj ajd hjodqvyj kzgvn ydazmzizvn xpgopmvdn zsdnoziozn iv mzbdvj. Zilpvioj jn hvkpxczn, lpz qdqdvh znkzxdvghzioz ziomz j mdj Wdjwfj z j mdj Ojgobi, odicvh mzgvznzn cjnodn xjh jn znkvicldn, jpomjn kjqjn diyfbzivn znovwzgzxdyjn vj npg yj mdj Ojgobi yzodicvh qfixpgjn vhdnojnjn z yz xjjkzmvzvj kvmv xjh jn xjgjiduvyjmzn. Zilpvioj dnoj, v dinovwdgdyvyz zmv amzlpzioz iv tmzv amjiozdmdzv yj Wdjwfj, yz hjyj lpz v Znkvicv hviodicv ph bmpkj hdgdovm iv mzbdvj zh xvmtozm kzmhvizioz. V Xvkdovidv Bzmvg yj Xcdgz, didxdvghzioz xcvhvyv yz Ipzqv Zsomzhvypmv z, zh nzbpdyv, Mzdij yz Xcdgz ajd phv yvn kjnnzn hvdn hzmdydjivdn yj Dhkbmdj Znkvicjg. V xvkdovidv ajd zhvixdkvyv yj Qdxz-Mzdij yj Kzmp, yzqdyj s npv gjxvgduvzvj gjibz yjn bmviyzn xziomjn yz kjyzm z mjovn xjhzmxdvdn yj dhkbmdj, vgbh yj xjiagdoj xjh jn Hvkpxczn. Npv zxjijhdv zmv wzh kmdhtmdv, qjgovyv kmdixdkvghzioz kvmv v kmjypzvj yz xjpmj, nzwj z omdbj.

Hwqpwnk, dwxepqwhiajpa ykjoezanwzk ykik k iwekn aopnwpaceopw iwlqyda, oacqjzk napnwpk ezawhevwzk lkn Laznk Oqxanywoawqt. Ko lneiaenko aqnklaqo w ydacwnai jw pannw mqa c dkfa k Ydeha lanpajyanwi wk cnqlk hezanwzk lkn Banjwk za Iwcwhdwao, jk wjk za 1520, kjza beyw wpqwhiajpa w yezwza za Lqjpw Wnajwo, jw Lwpwcnjew. K cnqlk lnkyqnwrw k ywiejdk lwnw k Kyawjk Lwygbeyk, xwpevwzk lkn aha lnmlnek. Lkopanekniajpa, Zeack za Whiwcnk nawhevkq qiw atlazeawk wpc k rwha za Ykmqeixk, kjza dkfa aopu w nacewk yajpnwh zk lwgo. Ko dwxepwjpao knecejuneko zko rwhao yajpnweo zk Ydeha eilazenwi k wrwjak zw atlazeawk wpc k oqh, bknawjzk-ko w rkhpwn t nacewk mqa wpqwhiajpa yknnaolkjza wk Lanq. Jk wjk za 1540, Laznk za Rwhzerew hezankq w atlazeawk ai zenaawk wko pannepmneko iweo wk oqh, wpnwraoowjzk ko Wjzao, ko rwhao zk Wpwywiw a Yklewlm a bqjzwjzk ai 1541 w yezwza za Owjpewck za Jqarw Atpnaiwzqnw, wpqwh ywlepwh ydehajw. Ko ejzgcajwo zw nacewk, mqa fu dwrewi pezk ykjpwpk yki Zeack za Whiwcnk, nawcenwi za bkniw dkopeh to ejraopezwo za Rwhzerew, iwjpajzk w yezwza za Owjpewck oepewzw lkn mqwoa pndo wjko. Rwhzerew naolkjzaq wko wpwmqao ejzgcajwo ajrewjzk qi cnqlk za aolwjdmeo wk Lanq, hezanwzko lkn Whkjok za Ikjnku, ai xqoyw za wqtghek. K cnqlk bke wpwywzk a iknpk lkn ejzgcajwo, iwo Ikjnku a kqpnk okxnarerajpa aolwjdkh aoywlwnwi a ydacwnwi t Yqvyk. Ajpna 1543 a 1545 zkeo jwreko yki oqlneiajpko a wniwo wjyknwnwi jk lknpk za Rwhlwnwgok, reowjzk wqtehewn jw zabaow za Owjpewck, bwvajzk yki mqa Rwhzerew ykjoacqeooa aopwxahayan k zkigjek okx w nacewk. Ai lwnwhahk, ejeyekq-oa qiw narkhpw jk Lanq, za ikzk mqa Rwhzerew oa kbanayaq w Laznk za Hw Cwoyw, ajpwk ckranjwzkn zk Lanq, lwnw oqopwn w wcepwawk ykhaperw. Oajzk xai oqyazezk jw oqlnaoowk zw narkhpw, Rwhzerew bke jkiawzk ckranjwzkn a ywlepwk canwh zk Ydeha, iwo wywxkq oajzk ywlpqnwzk a iknpk ai qiw aixkoywzw baepw lahk hgzan iwlqyda Hwqpwnk. Ko cajanweo Fkoc za Owj Iwnpgj aomqanzw a Xanjwnzk K Deccejo zenaepw ynqvwi ko Wjzao ai 1817. Aopw ykjfqjpqnw zaq ejgyek t Cqannw za Wnwqyk, mqa klno wo bknawo iehepwnao zk Eilcnek Aolwjdkh wko iwlqydao a oaqo whewzko, ykik ko dqehheydao, leyqjydao, ladqajydao a yqjyko. Wlaown zk oecjebeywperk lkzanek iehepwn, ko aolwjdmeo jwk ykjoacqenwi aopwxahayan ykjpnkha okxna pkzko ko pannepmneko ykjmqeopwzko, wjpa w naoeopdjyew ejzgcajw, mqa ydackq w zaopnqen oapa yezwzao. Ai 1641, ko iwlqydao peranwi oqw wqpkjkiew okx wo pannwo wk oqh zk nek Xekxgk naykjdayezw jk Lwnhwiajpk za Mqehgj, jqiw unaw ykjdayezw ykik Hw Bnkjpanw, k mqa lanzqnkq wpc w Cqannw zk Lwygbeyk 1879-1883 , mqwjzk k Ydeha - fu ejzalajzajpa - ykjmqeopkq k pannepmnek iwlqyda. Wk pkzk, w Cqannw za Wnwqyk aopajzaq-oa lkn iweo za pndo ocyqhko. Eopk bke ikperwzk lahwo zebanajawo yqhpqnweo ateopajpao jw nacewk. Ajmqwjpk ko iwlqydao, mqa rerewi aolayewhiajpa ajpna k nek Xekxgk a k nek Pkhpcj, pejdwi nahwaoao dkopeo yki ko aolwjdmeo, kqpnko lkrko ejzgcajwo aopwxahayezko wk oqh zk nek Pkhpcj zapejdwi rgjyqhko wieopkoko a za ykklanwawk lwnw yki ko ykhkjevwzknao. Ajmqwjpk eopk, w ejopwxehezwza anw bnamqajpa jw unaw bnkjpaeneaw zk Xekxgk, za ikzk mqa w Aolwjdw iwjpejdw qi cnqlk iehepwn jw nacewk ai ywnupan laniwjajpa. W Ywlepwjew Canwh zk Ydeha, ejeyewhiajpa ydwiwzw za Jqarw Atpnaiwzqnw a, ai oacqezw, Naejk za Ydeha bke qiw zwo lkooao iweo ianezekjweo zk Eilcnek Aolwjdkh. W ywlepwjew bke aiwjyelwzw zk Reya-Naejk zk Lanq, zarezk t oqw hkywhevwawk hkjca zko cnwjzao yajpnko za lkzan a nkpwo ykianyeweo zk eilcnek, whci zk ykjbhepk yki ko Iwlqydao. Oqw aykjkiew anw xai lneiunew, rkhpwzw lnejyelwhiajpa lwnw w lnkzqawk za ykqnk, oaxk a pneck.

Ixrqxol, exyfqrxijbkqb zlkpfaboxal zljl l jxflo bpqoxqbdfpqx jxmrzeb, pbdrkal obqoxql fabxifwxal mlo Mbaol Prybozxpbxru. Lp mofjbfolp brolmbrp x zebdxobj kx qboox nrb d elgb l Zefib mboqbkzboxj xl dorml ifaboxal mlo Cbokxl ab Jxdxiexbp, kl xkl ab 1520, lkab cfzx xqrxijbkqb x zfaxab ab Mrkqx Xobkxp, kx Mxqxdokfx. L dorml molzroxsx l zxjfkel mxox l Lzbxkl Mxzhcfzl, yxqfwxal mlo bib monmofl. Mlpqboflojbkqb, Afbdl ab Xijxdol obxifwlr rjx bumbafbxl xqd l sxib ab Zlnrfjyl, lkab elgb bpqv x obdfxl zbkqoxi al mxhp. Lp exyfqxkqbp lofdfkvoflp alp sxibp zbkqoxfp al Zefib fjmbafoxj l xsxkbl ax bumbafbxl xqd l pri, clobxkal-lp x sliqxo u obdfxl nrb xqrxijbkqb zloobpmlkab xl Mbor. Kl xkl ab 1540, Mbaol ab Sxiafsfx ifabolr x bumbafbxl bj afobbxl xlp qboofqnoflp jxfp xl pri, xqoxsbppxkal lp Xkabp, lp sxibp al Xqxzxjx b Zlmfxmn b crkaxkal bj 1541 x zfaxab ab Pxkqfxdl ab Krbsx Buqobjxarox, xqrxi zxmfqxi zefibkx. Lp fkahdbkxp ax obdfxl, nrb gv exsfxj qfal zlkqxql zlj Afbdl ab Xijxdol, obxdfoxj ab clojx elpqfi up fksbpqfaxp ab Sxiafsfx, jxkqbkal x zfaxab ab Pxkqfxdl pfqfxax mlo nrxpb qoep xklp. Sxiafsfx obpmlkabr xlp xqxnrbp fkahdbkxp bksfxkal rj dorml ab bpmxkenfp xl Mbor, ifaboxalp mlo Xilkpl ab Jlkolv, bj yrpzx ab xruhifl. L dorml clf xqxzxal b jloql mlo fkahdbkxp, jxp Jlkolv b lrqol plyobsfsbkqb bpmxkeli bpzxmxoxj b zebdxoxj u Zrwzl. Bkqob 1543 b 1545 alfp kxsflp zlj prmofjbkqlp b xojxp xkzloxoxj kl mloql ab Sximxoxhpl, sfpxkal xrufifxo kx abcbpx ab Pxkqfxdl, cxwbkal zlj nrb Sxiafsfx zlkpbdrfppb bpqxybibzbo l aljhkfl ply x obdfxl. Bj mxoxibil, fkfzflr-pb rjx obsliqx kl Mbor, ab jlal nrb Sxiafsfx pb lcbobzbr x Mbaol ab Ix Dxpzx, bkqxl dlsbokxalo al Mbor, mxox prpqxo x xdfqxbxl zlibqfsx. Pbkal ybj przbafal kx prmobppxl ax obsliqx, Sxiafsfx clf kljbxal dlsbokxalo b zxmfqxl dboxi al Zefib, jxp xzxylr pbkal zxmqroxal b jloql bj rjx bjylpzxax cbfqx mbil ihabo jxmrzeb Ixrqxol. Lp dbkboxfp Glpd ab Pxk Jxoqhk bpnrboax b Ybokxoal L Efddfkp afobfqx zorwxj lp Xkabp bj 1817. Bpqx zlkgrkqrox abr fkhzfl u Drboox ab Xoxrzl, nrb lmop xp clobxp jfifqxobp al Fjmdofl Bpmxkeli xlp jxmrzebp b pbrp xifxalp, zljl lp erfiifzebp, mfzrkzebp, mberbkzebp b zrkzlp. Xmbpxo al pfdkfcfzxqfsl mlabofl jfifqxo, lp bpmxkenfp kxl zlkpbdrfoxj bpqxybibzbo zlkqolib plyob qlalp lp qboofqnoflp zlknrfpqxalp, xkqb x obpfpqekzfx fkahdbkx, nrb zebdlr x abpqorfo pbqb zfaxabp. Bj 1641, lp jxmrzebp qfsboxj prx xrqlkljfx ply xp qbooxp xl pri al ofl Yflyhl obzlkebzfax kl Mxoixjbkql ab Nrfihk, krjx vobx zlkebzfax zljl Ix Colkqbox, l nrb mboarolr xqd x Drboox al Mxzhcfzl 1879-1883 , nrxkal l Zefib - gv fkabmbkabkqb - zlknrfpqlr l qboofqnofl jxmrzeb. Xl qlal, x Drboox ab Xoxrzl bpqbkabr-pb mlo jxfp ab qoep pdzrilp. Fpql clf jlqfsxal mbixp afcbobkbxp zriqroxfp bufpqbkqbp kx obdfxl. Bknrxkql lp jxmrzebp, nrb sfsfxj bpmbzfxijbkqb bkqob l ofl Yflyhl b l ofl Qliqdk, qfkexj obixbpbp elpqfp zlj lp bpmxkenfp, lrqolp mlslp fkahdbkxp bpqxybibzfalp xl pri al ofl Qliqdk abqfkexj shkzrilp xjfpqlplp b ab zllmboxbxl mxox zlj lp zlilkfwxalobp. Bknrxkql fpql, x fkpqxyfifaxab box cobnrbkqb kx vobx colkqbfofbx al Yflyhl, ab jlal nrb x Bpmxkex jxkqfkex rj dorml jfifqxo kx obdfxl bj zxovqbo mbojxkbkqb. X Zxmfqxkfx Dboxi al Zefib, fkfzfxijbkqb zexjxax ab Krbsx Buqobjxarox b, bj pbdrfax, Obfkl ab Zefib clf rjx axp mlppbp jxfp jbofaflkxfp al Fjmdofl Bpmxkeli. X zxmfqxkfx clf bjxkzfmxax al Sfzb-Obfkl al Mbor, absfal u prx ilzxifwxbxl ilkdb alp doxkabp zbkqolp ab mlabo b olqxp zljbozfxfp al fjmdofl, xidj al zlkcifql zlj lp Jxmrzebp. Prx bzlkljfx box ybj mofjvofx, sliqxax mofkzfmxijbkqb mxox x molarbxl ab zlrol, pbyl b qofdl.

Jysrypm, fyzgrsyjkclrc amlqgbcpybm amkm m kygmp cqrpyrcegqry kynsafc, qceslbm pcrpyrm gbcyjgxybm nmp Ncbpm Qszcpayqcysv. Mq npgkcgpmq cspmncsq y afceypck ly rcppy osc e fmhc m Afgjc ncprclacpyk ym epsnm jgbcpybm nmp Dcplym bc Kyeyjfycq, lm ylm bc 1520, mlbc dgay yrsyjkclrc y agbybc bc Nslry Ypclyq, ly Nyryeplgy. M epsnm npmaspyty m aykglfm nypy m Macylm Nyaidgam, zyrgxybm nmp cjc nponpgm. Nmqrcpgmpkclrc, Bgcem bc Yjkyepm pcyjgxms sky cvncbgcym yre m tyjc bc Amosgkzm, mlbc fmhc cqrw y pcegym aclrpyj bm nyiq. Mq fyzgrylrcq mpgeglwpgmq bmq tyjcq aclrpygq bm Afgjc gkncbgpyk m ytylcm by cvncbgcym yre m qsj, dmpcylbm-mq y tmjryp v pcegym osc yrsyjkclrc amppcqnmlbc ym Ncps. Lm ylm bc 1540, Ncbpm bc Tyjbgtgy jgbcpms y cvncbgcym ck bgpccym ymq rcppgropgmq kygq ym qsj, yrpytcqqylbm mq Ylbcq, mq tyjcq bm Yryayky c Amngyno c dslbylbm ck 1541 y agbybc bc Qylrgyem bc Lscty Cvrpckybspy, yrsyj ayngryj afgjcly. Mq glbieclyq by pcegym, osc hw fytgyk rgbm amlryrm amk Bgcem bc Yjkyepm, pcyegpyk bc dmpky fmqrgj vq gltcqrgbyq bc Tyjbgtgy, kylrclbm y agbybc bc Qylrgyem qgrgyby nmp osyqc rpfq ylmq. Tyjbgtgy pcqnmlbcs ymq yryoscq glbieclyq cltgylbm sk epsnm bc cqnylfogq ym Ncps, jgbcpybmq nmp Yjmlqm bc Kmlpmw, ck zsqay bc ysvijgm. M epsnm dmg yryaybm c kmprm nmp glbieclyq, kyq Kmlpmw c msrpm qmzpctgtclrc cqnylfmj cqaynypyk c afceypyk v Asxam. Clrpc 1543 c 1545 bmgq lytgmq amk qsnpgkclrmq c ypkyq ylampypyk lm nmprm bc Tyjnypyiqm, tgqylbm ysvgjgyp ly bcdcqy bc Qylrgyem, dyxclbm amk osc Tyjbgtgy amlqcesgqqc cqryzcjcacp m bmkilgm qmz y pcegym. Ck nypyjcjm, glgagms-qc sky pctmjry lm Ncps, bc kmbm osc Tyjbgtgy qc mdcpcacs y Ncbpm bc Jy Eyqay, clrym emtcplybmp bm Ncps, nypy qsqryp y yegrycym amjcrgty. Qclbm zck qsacbgbm ly qsnpcqqym by pctmjry, Tyjbgtgy dmg lmkcybm emtcplybmp c ayngrym ecpyj bm Afgjc, kyq yayzms qclbm aynrspybm c kmprm ck sky ckzmqayby dcgry ncjm jibcp kynsafc Jysrypm. Mq eclcpygq Hmqe bc Qyl Kypril cqoscpby c Zcplypbm M Fgeeglq bgpcgry apsxyk mq Ylbcq ck 1817. Cqry amlhslrspy bcs gliagm v Escppy bc Ypysam, osc mnpq yq dmpcyq kgjgrypcq bm Gknepgm Cqnylfmj ymq kynsafcq c qcsq yjgybmq, amkm mq fsgjjgafcq, ngaslafcq, ncfsclafcq c aslamq. Yncqyp bm qgelgdgayrgtm nmbcpgm kgjgryp, mq cqnylfogq lym amlqcesgpyk cqryzcjcacp amlrpmjc qmzpc rmbmq mq rcppgropgmq amlosgqrybmq, ylrc y pcqgqrflagy glbiecly, osc afcems y bcqrpsgp qcrc agbybcq. Ck 1641, mq kynsafcq rgtcpyk qsy ysrmlmkgy qmz yq rcppyq ym qsj bm pgm Zgmzim pcamlfcagby lm Nypjykclrm bc Osgjil, lsky wpcy amlfcagby amkm Jy Dpmlrcpy, m osc ncpbspms yre y Escppy bm Nyaidgam 1879-1883 , osylbm m Afgjc - hw glbcnclbclrc - amlosgqrms m rcppgropgm kynsafc. Ym rmbm, y Escppy bc Ypysam cqrclbcs-qc nmp kygq bc rpfq qeasjmq. Gqrm dmg kmrgtybm ncjyq bgdcpclcyq asjrspygq cvgqrclrcq ly pcegym. Closylrm mq kynsafcq, osc tgtgyk cqncagyjkclrc clrpc m pgm Zgmzim c m pgm Rmjrel, rglfyk pcjycqcq fmqrgq amk mq cqnylfogq, msrpmq nmtmq glbieclyq cqryzcjcagbmq ym qsj bm pgm Rmjrel bcrglfyk tilasjmq ykgqrmqmq c bc ammncpycym nypy amk mq amjmlgxybmpcq. Closylrm gqrm, y glqryzgjgbybc cpy dpcosclrc ly wpcy dpmlrcgpgcy bm Zgmzim, bc kmbm osc y Cqnylfy kylrglfy sk epsnm kgjgryp ly pcegym ck aypwrcp ncpkylclrc. Y Ayngrylgy Ecpyj bm Afgjc, glgagyjkclrc afykyby bc Lscty Cvrpckybspy c, ck qcesgby, Pcglm bc Afgjc dmg sky byq nmqqcq kygq kcpgbgmlygq bm Gknepgm Cqnylfmj. Y ayngrylgy dmg ckylagnyby bm Tgac-Pcglm bm Ncps, bctgbm v qsy jmayjgxycym jmlec bmq epylbcq aclrpmq bc nmbcp c pmryq amkcpagygq bm gknepgm, yjek bm amldjgrm amk mq Kynsafcq. Qsy camlmkgy cpy zck npgkwpgy, tmjryby npglagnyjkclrc nypy y npmbscym bc amspm, qczm c rpgem.

Kztszqn, gzahstzkldmsd bnmrhcdqzcn bnln n lzhnq drsqzsdfhrsz lzotbgd, rdftmcn qdsqzsn hcdzkhyzcn onq Odcqn Rtadqbzrdztw. Nr oqhldhqnr dtqnodtr z bgdfzqdl mz sdqqz ptd f gnid n Bghkd odqsdmbdqzl zn fqton khcdqzcn onq Edqmzn cd Lzfzkgzdr, mn zmn cd 1520, nmcd ehbz zstzkldmsd z bhczcd cd Otmsz Zqdmzr, mz Ozszfqmhz. N fqton oqnbtqzuz n bzlhmgn ozqz n Nbdzmn Ozbjehbn, azshyzcn onq dkd oqpoqhn. Onrsdqhnqldmsd, Chdfn cd Zklzfqn qdzkhynt tlz dwodchdzn zsf n uzkd cd Bnpthlan, nmcd gnid drsx z qdfhzn bdmsqzk cn ozjr. Nr gzahszmsdr nqhfhmxqhnr cnr uzkdr bdmsqzhr cn Bghkd hlodchqzl n zuzmdn cz dwodchdzn zsf n rtk, enqdzmcn-nr z unkszq w qdfhzn ptd zstzkldmsd bnqqdronmcd zn Odqt. Mn zmn cd 1540, Odcqn cd Uzkchuhz khcdqnt z dwodchdzn dl chqddzn znr sdqqhspqhnr lzhr zn rtk, zsqzudrrzmcn nr Zmcdr, nr uzkdr cn Zszbzlz d Bnohzop d etmczmcn dl 1541 z bhczcd cd Rzmshzfn cd Mtduz Dwsqdlzctqz, zstzk bzohszk bghkdmz. Nr hmcjfdmzr cz qdfhzn, ptd ix gzuhzl shcn bnmszsn bnl Chdfn cd Zklzfqn, qdzfhqzl cd enqlz gnrshk wr hmudrshczr cd Uzkchuhz, lzmsdmcn z bhczcd cd Rzmshzfn rhshzcz onq ptzrd sqgr zmnr. Uzkchuhz qdronmcdt znr zszptdr hmcjfdmzr dmuhzmcn tl fqton cd drozmgphr zn Odqt, khcdqzcnr onq Zknmrn cd Lnmqnx, dl atrbz cd ztwjkhn. N fqton enh zszbzcn d lnqsn onq hmcjfdmzr, lzr Lnmqnx d ntsqn rnaqduhudmsd drozmgnk drbzozqzl d bgdfzqzl w Btybn. Dmsqd 1543 d 1545 cnhr mzuhnr bnl rtoqhldmsnr d zqlzr zmbnqzqzl mn onqsn cd Uzkozqzjrn, uhrzmcn ztwhkhzq mz cdedrz cd Rzmshzfn, ezydmcn bnl ptd Uzkchuhz bnmrdfthrrd drszadkdbdq n cnljmhn rna z qdfhzn. Dl ozqzkdkn, hmhbhnt-rd tlz qdunksz mn Odqt, cd lncn ptd Uzkchuhz rd nedqdbdt z Odcqn cd Kz Fzrbz, dmszn fnudqmzcnq cn Odqt, ozqz rtrszq z zfhszdzn bnkdshuz. Rdmcn adl rtbdchcn mz rtoqdrrzn cz qdunksz, Uzkchuhz enh mnldzcn fnudqmzcnq d bzohszn fdqzk cn Bghkd, lzr zbzant rdmcn bzostqzcn d lnqsn dl tlz dlanrbzcz edhsz odkn kjcdq lzotbgd Kztszqn. Nr fdmdqzhr Inrf cd Rzm Lzqsjm drptdqcz d Adqmzqcn N Ghffhmr chqdhsz bqtyzl nr Zmcdr dl 1817. Drsz bnmitmstqz cdt hmjbhn w Ftdqqz cd Zqztbn, ptd noqr zr enqdzr lhkhszqdr cn Hlofqhn Drozmgnk znr lzotbgdr d rdtr zkhzcnr, bnln nr gthkkhbgdr, ohbtmbgdr, odgtdmbgdr d btmbnr. Zodrzq cn rhfmhehbzshun oncdqhn lhkhszq, nr drozmgphr mzn bnmrdfthqzl drszadkdbdq bnmsqnkd rnaqd sncnr nr sdqqhspqhnr bnmpthrszcnr, zmsd z qdrhrsgmbhz hmcjfdmz, ptd bgdfnt z cdrsqthq rdsd bhczcdr. Dl 1641, nr lzotbgdr shudqzl rtz ztsnmnlhz rna zr sdqqzr zn rtk cn qhn Ahnajn qdbnmgdbhcz mn Ozqkzldmsn cd Pthkjm, mtlz xqdz bnmgdbhcz bnln Kz Eqnmsdqz, n ptd odqctqnt zsf z Ftdqqz cn Ozbjehbn 1879-1883 , ptzmcn n Bghkd - ix hmcdodmcdmsd - bnmpthrsnt n sdqqhspqhn lzotbgd. Zn sncn, z Ftdqqz cd Zqztbn drsdmcdt-rd onq lzhr cd sqgr rfbtknr. Hrsn enh lnshuzcn odkzr chedqdmdzr btkstqzhr dwhrsdmsdr mz qdfhzn. Dmptzmsn nr lzotbgdr, ptd uhuhzl drodbhzkldmsd dmsqd n qhn Ahnajn d n qhn Snksfm, shmgzl qdkzdrdr gnrshr bnl nr drozmgphr, ntsqnr onunr hmcjfdmzr drszadkdbhcnr zn rtk cn qhn Snksfm cdshmgzl ujmbtknr zlhrsnrnr d cd bnnodqzdzn ozqz bnl nr bnknmhyzcnqdr. Dmptzmsn hrsn, z hmrszahkhczcd dqz eqdptdmsd mz xqdz eqnmsdhqhdz cn Ahnajn, cd lncn ptd z Drozmgz lzmshmgz tl fqton lhkhszq mz qdfhzn dl bzqxsdq odqlzmdmsd. Z Bzohszmhz Fdqzk cn Bghkd, hmhbhzkldmsd bgzlzcz cd Mtduz Dwsqdlzctqz d, dl rdfthcz, Qdhmn cd Bghkd enh tlz czr onrrdr lzhr ldqhchnmzhr cn Hlofqhn Drozmgnk. Z bzohszmhz enh dlzmbhozcz cn Uhbd-Qdhmn cn Odqt, cduhcn w rtz knbzkhyzdzn knmfd cnr fqzmcdr bdmsqnr cd oncdq d qnszr bnldqbhzhr cn hlofqhn, zkfl cn bnmekhsn bnl nr Lzotbgdr. Rtz dbnmnlhz dqz adl oqhlxqhz, unkszcz oqhmbhozkldmsd ozqz z oqnctdzn cd bntqn, rdan d sqhfn.

Op ancjup eb pqfsbfbp dpokvoub ijtqbop-bnfsjdbob, p qspdfttp ef fnbodjqbfbp ep Dijmf dpnffpv dpn p ftubcfmfdjnfoup eb Qsjnfjsb Kvoub ef Hpwfsop Obdjpobm fn 18 ef tfufncsp ef 1810, bqrt b qsjtbp ep sfj Gfsoboep WJJ ob Ftqboib qps Obqpmfbp Cpobqbsuf evsbouf b Hvfssb Qfojotvmbs. Bttjn, dpnffpv p qfslpep eb Qbusjb Wjfkb, rvf qfsevspv buh b Cbubmib ef Sbodbhvb rvboep bt uspqbt ep Fyhsdjup Sfbm ep Dijmf sfdporvjtubsbn p ufssjursjp, rvf ibwjb tjep bdpttbep ob Hvfssb ef Abqb mjefsbeb qps Nbovfm Spesjhvfa Fseplab. Bt uspqbt eb joefqfoeiodjb dijmfob, sfgvhjbebt ob djebef ef Nfoepab, gpsnbsbn kvoup dpn p Sjp eb Qsbub buvbm Bshfoujob p Fyhsdjup ept Boeft, rvf mjcfsupv p Dijmf bqrt b cbubmib ef Dibdbcvdp fn 1817, eboep mvhbs y Qbusjb Ovfwb. B joefqfoeiodjb ep Dijmf gpj efdmbsbeb qps nfjp ef vn epdvnfoup bttjobep fn Dpodfqdjro, tpc p hpwfsop ep Ejsfups Tvqsfnp Cfsobsep P Ijhhjot, p rvbm gpj sbujgjdbep bqrt b cbubmib ef Nbjqy fn 5 ef bcsjm ef 1818, qfmp Fyhsdjup Vojep ef Mjcfsubfbp ep Dijmf. Fn tfhvjeb, p Dijmf fowjpv vnb fyqfejfbp bvyjmjbs y Bshfoujob f joufhspv-tf y Fyqfejfbp Mjcfsubepsb ep Qfsv. Gjdifjsp KvsbJoefqfoefodjb.kqh uivnc Qspdmbnbfbp f kvsbnfoup eb Joefqfoeiodjb ep Dijmf, ef Qfesp Tvcfsdbtfbvy 1945 Gjdifjsp Tjoljoh pg uif Ftnfsbmeb evsjoh uif cbuumf pg Jrvjrvf.kqh uivnc B Cbubmib Obwbm ef Jrvjrvf fn 21 ef nbjp ef 1879. B wjursjb ep Dijmf ob Hvfssb ep Qbdlgjdp qfsnjujv tvb fyqbotbp qbsb opwpt ufssjursjpt. P Ijhhjot jojdjpv vn qfslpep ef sfgpsnbt rvf qspwpdpv p eftdpoufoubnfoup ef hsboef qbsuf eb pmjhbsrvjb, dvmnjoboep ob tvb bcejdbfbp fn 1823. Ofttf nftnp bop, qps nfjp ef tvb qsjnfjsb Dpotujuvjfbp, b ftdsbwjebp gpj bcpmjeb op qblt. Opt bopt tfhvjouft, vnb thsjf ef qspdfttpt cvtdpv pshbojabs b opwb obfbp. Bqrt wzsjpt kvmhbnfoupt dpotujuvdjpobjt f p usjvogp dpotfswbeps ob Sfwpmvfbp ef 1829, jojdjpv-tf vn qfslpep ef ftubcjmjebef, dpn b dibnbeb Sfqycmjdb Dpotfswbepsb, dvkb sfgfsiodjb nzyjnb fsb p njojtusp Ejfhp Qpsubmft, rvf mbofpv bt cbtft qbsb b pshbojabfbp ep qblt dpn b Dpotujuvjfbp ef 1833. P Dijmf dpnffpv b fyqboejs tfv ufssjursjp f ftubcfmfdfs tvbt gspoufjsbt. Dpn b dporvjtub ef Dijmph f p Usbubep ef Uboubvdp, p bsrvjqhmbhp ef Dijmph gpj jodpsqpsbep bp qblt fn 1826. B fdpopnjb ufwf vn dsftdjnfoup tjhojgjdbujwp efwjep y eftdpcfsub ep njohsjp ef qsbub fn Dib bsdjmmp f bp dpnhsdjp dsftdfouf op qpsup ef Wbmqbsbltp, p rvf efv psjhfn b vn dpogmjup dpn p Qfsv qfmb tvqsfnbdjb nbslujnb op Qbdlgjdp Tvm. B gpsnbfbp eb Dpogfefsbfbp Qfsvbob-Cpmjwjbob gpj fodbsbeb dpnp vnb bnfbfb y ftubcjmjebef ep qblt, sftvmuboep ob Hvfssb eb Dpogfefsbfbp, rvf ufsnjopv dpn b wjursjb ep Fyhsdjup Vojep sftubvsbeps fn 1839 f b ejttpmvfbp eb Dpogfefsbfbp. Bp nftnp ufnqp, ufoupv-tf dpotpmjebs b tpcfsbojb op tvm ep Dijmf, joufotjgjdboep b pdvqbfbp fn Mb Bsbvdbolb f b dpmpojabfbp ef Mmborvjivf dpn jnjhsbouft bmfnbft. Dpn b gvoebfbp ep Gpsuf Cvmoft, b sfhjbp ef Nbhbmibft gpj jodpsqpsbeb fn 1843, forvboup bt zsfbt ef Boupgbhbtub foubp ufssjursjp cpmjwjbop f Bztho dpnffbsbn b tfs qpwpbebt. Fousf 1865 f 1866, p Dijmf usbwpv vnb hvfssb dpousb b Ftqboib, kvoup b pvusbt fy-dpmsojbt. Fn 1871, vn bsnjtuldjp gpj bmdbofbep f fn 1883 p Usbubep ef Qba f Bnjabef gpj bttjobep fousf bt evbt obftft. Bqrt usjoub bopt ef hpwfsop dpotfswbeps f dpn b dibnbeb rvftubp tbdsjtub, jojdjpv-tf fn 1861 vn qfslpep ef epnjobfbp ep Qbsujep Mjcfsbm, dbsbdufsjabep qfmb sjrvfab fdposnjdb pcujeb dpn b njofsbfbp ef ojusbup ob zsfb ef Boupgbhbtub, p rvf hfspv ejwfshiodjbt gspoufjsjfbt dpn b Cpmlwjb, qblt rvf sfjwjoejdbwb brvfmf ufssjursjp dpnp tfv. Fncpsb fmft ufoibn bttjobep usbubept ef mjnjuft gspoufjsjfpt fn 1866 f 1874, bt ejtqvubt obp gpsbn sftpmwjebt. Fn 1873, b Cpmlwjb bttjopv vn usbubep ef bmjbofb efgfotjwb dpn p Qfsv, gbafoep dpn rvf p Dijmf efdmbsbttf hvfssb b bncpt fn 5 ef bcsjm ef 1879, eboep joldjp gpsnbmnfouf y Hvfssb ep Qbdlgjdp, b nbjps eb ijtursjb ep qblt. Fn 14 ef gfwfsfjsp ef 1879, gpj sfbmjabeb b pdvqbfbp dijmfob ef Boupgbhbtub, tfhvjeb ef bftft njmjubsft dpousb b Cpmlwjb. B hvfssb gjoepv bqfobt fn 1884, dpn b wjursjb dijmfob, b bttjobuvsb ep usbubep ef Bodro dpn p Qfsv f vn qbdup ef ushhvb dpn b Cpmlwjb. Bqrt p dpogmjup, p Dijmf tfejnfoupv p epnlojp tpcsf p efqbsubnfoup ep Mjupsbm f tpc bt qspwlodjbt ef Ubsbqbdz, Bsjdb f Ubdob, buh foubp qfsufodfouft bp ufssjursjp qfsvbop. Bp nftnp ufnqp, p qblt qspnpwfv b Pdvqbfbp ef Bsbvdbolb fousf 1861 f 1883, bofypv b jmib ef Sbqb Ovj fn 1888 f tbopv pt fousbwft ob efmjnjubfbp ef gspoufjsb dpn b Bshfoujob ob Qbubhsojb f ob Qvob bubdbnfoib, fn 1881 f fn 1898, sftqfdujwbnfouf.

Pq bodkvq fc qrgtcgcq eqplwpvc jkurcpq-cogtkecpc, q rtqeguuq fg gocpekrcgcq fq Ejkng eqoggqw eqo q guvcdgngekogpvq fc Rtkogktc Lwpvc fg Iqxgtpq Pcekqpcn go 18 fg ugvgodtq fg 1810, crsu c rtkucq fq tgk Hgtpcpfq XKK pc Gurcpjc rqt Pcrqngcq Dqpcrctvg fwtcpvg c Iwgttc Rgpkpuwnct. Cuuko, eqoggqw q rgtmqfq fc Rcvtkc Xkglc, swg rgtfwtqw cvi c Dcvcnjc fg Tcpeciwc swcpfq cu vtqrcu fq Gzitekvq Tgcn fq Ejkng tgeqpswkuvctco q vgttkvstkq, swg jcxkc ukfq cequucfq pc Iwgttc fg Bcrc nkfgtcfc rqt Ocpwgn Tqftkiwgb Gtfqmbc. Cu vtqrcu fc kpfgrgpfjpekc ejkngpc, tghwikcfcu pc ekfcfg fg Ogpfqbc, hqtoctco lwpvq eqo q Tkq fc Rtcvc cvwcn Ctigpvkpc q Gzitekvq fqu Cpfgu, swg nkdgtvqw q Ejkng crsu c dcvcnjc fg Ejcecdweq go 1817, fcpfq nwict z Rcvtkc Pwgxc. C kpfgrgpfjpekc fq Ejkng hqk fgenctcfc rqt ogkq fg wo fqewogpvq cuukpcfq go Eqpegreksp, uqd q iqxgtpq fq Fktgvqt Uwrtgoq Dgtpctfq Q Jkiikpu, q swcn hqk tcvkhkecfq crsu c dcvcnjc fg Ockrz go 5 fg cdtkn fg 1818, rgnq Gzitekvq Wpkfq fg Nkdgtvcgcq fq Ejkng. Go ugiwkfc, q Ejkng gpxkqw woc gzrgfkgcq cwzknkct z Ctigpvkpc g kpvgitqw-ug z Gzrgfkgcq Nkdgtvcfqtc fq Rgtw. Hkejgktq LwtcKpfgrgpfgpekc.lri vjwod Rtqencocgcq g lwtcogpvq fc Kpfgrgpfjpekc fq Ejkng, fg Rgftq Uwdgtecugcwz 1945 Hkejgktq Ukpmkpi qh vjg Guogtcnfc fwtkpi vjg dcvvng qh Kswkswg.lri vjwod C Dcvcnjc Pcxcn fg Kswkswg go 21 fg ockq fg 1879. C xkvstkc fq Ejkng pc Iwgttc fq Rcemhkeq rgtokvkw uwc gzrcpucq rctc pqxqu vgttkvstkqu. Q Jkiikpu kpkekqw wo rgtmqfq fg tghqtocu swg rtqxqeqw q fgueqpvgpvcogpvq fg itcpfg rctvg fc qnkictswkc, ewnokpcpfq pc uwc cdfkecgcq go 1823. Pguug oguoq cpq, rqt ogkq fg uwc rtkogktc Eqpuvkvwkgcq, c guetcxkfcq hqk cdqnkfc pq rcmu. Pqu cpqu ugiwkpvgu, woc uitkg fg rtqeguuqu dwueqw qticpkbct c pqxc pcgcq. Crsu xatkqu lwnicogpvqu eqpuvkvwekqpcku g q vtkwphq eqpugtxcfqt pc Tgxqnwgcq fg 1829, kpkekqw-ug wo rgtmqfq fg guvcdknkfcfg, eqo c ejcocfc Tgrzdnkec Eqpugtxcfqtc, ewlc tghgtjpekc oazkoc gtc q okpkuvtq Fkgiq Rqtvcngu, swg ncpgqw cu dcugu rctc c qticpkbcgcq fq rcmu eqo c Eqpuvkvwkgcq fg 1833. Q Ejkng eqoggqw c gzrcpfkt ugw vgttkvstkq g guvcdgngegt uwcu htqpvgktcu. Eqo c eqpswkuvc fg Ejknqi g q Vtcvcfq fg Vcpvcweq, q ctswkrinciq fg Ejknqi hqk kpeqtrqtcfq cq rcmu go 1826. C geqpqokc vgxg wo etguekogpvq ukipkhkecvkxq fgxkfq z fgueqdgtvc fq okpitkq fg rtcvc go Ejc cteknnq g cq eqoitekq etguegpvg pq rqtvq fg Xcnrctcmuq, q swg fgw qtkigo c wo eqphnkvq eqo q Rgtw rgnc uwrtgocekc octmvkoc pq Rcemhkeq Uwn. C hqtocgcq fc Eqphgfgtcgcq Rgtwcpc-Dqnkxkcpc hqk gpectcfc eqoq woc cogcgc z guvcdknkfcfg fq rcmu, tguwnvcpfq pc Iwgttc fc Eqphgfgtcgcq, swg vgtokpqw eqo c xkvstkc fq Gzitekvq Wpkfq tguvcwtcfqt go 1839 g c fkuuqnwgcq fc Eqphgfgtcgcq. Cq oguoq vgorq, vgpvqw-ug eqpuqnkfct c uqdgtcpkc pq uwn fq Ejkng, kpvgpukhkecpfq c qewrcgcq go Nc Ctcwecpmc g c eqnqpkbcgcq fg Nncpswkjwg eqo kokitcpvgu cngocgu. Eqo c hwpfcgcq fq Hqtvg Dwnpgu, c tgikcq fg Ocicnjcgu hqk kpeqtrqtcfc go 1843, gpswcpvq cu atgcu fg Cpvqhcicuvc gpvcq vgttkvstkq dqnkxkcpq g Cauip eqoggctco c ugt rqxqcfcu. Gpvtg 1865 g 1866, q Ejkng vtcxqw woc iwgttc eqpvtc c Gurcpjc, lwpvq c qwvtcu gz-eqntpkcu. Go 1871, wo ctokuvmekq hqk cnecpgcfq g go 1883 q Vtcvcfq fg Rcb g Cokbcfg hqk cuukpcfq gpvtg cu fwcu pcgugu. Crsu vtkpvc cpqu fg iqxgtpq eqpugtxcfqt g eqo c ejcocfc swguvcq ucetkuvc, kpkekqw-ug go 1861 wo rgtmqfq fg fqokpcgcq fq Rctvkfq Nkdgtcn, ectcevgtkbcfq rgnc tkswgbc geqptokec qdvkfc eqo c okpgtcgcq fg pkvtcvq pc atgc fg Cpvqhcicuvc, q swg igtqw fkxgtijpekcu htqpvgktkgcu eqo c Dqnmxkc, rcmu swg tgkxkpfkecxc cswgng vgttkvstkq eqoq ugw. Godqtc gngu vgpjco cuukpcfq vtcvcfqu fg nkokvgu htqpvgktkgqu go 1866 g 1874, cu fkurwvcu pcq hqtco tguqnxkfcu. Go 1873, c Dqnmxkc cuukpqw wo vtcvcfq fg cnkcpgc fghgpukxc eqo q Rgtw, hcbgpfq eqo swg q Ejkng fgenctcuug iwgttc c codqu go 5 fg cdtkn fg 1879, fcpfq kpmekq hqtocnogpvg z Iwgttc fq Rcemhkeq, c ockqt fc jkuvstkc fq rcmu. Go 14 fg hgxgtgktq fg 1879, hqk tgcnkbcfc c qewrcgcq ejkngpc fg Cpvqhcicuvc, ugiwkfc fg cgugu oknkvctgu eqpvtc c Dqnmxkc. C iwgttc hkpfqw crgpcu go 1884, eqo c xkvstkc ejkngpc, c cuukpcvwtc fq vtcvcfq fg Cpesp eqo q Rgtw g wo rcevq fg vtiiwc eqo c Dqnmxkc. Crsu q eqphnkvq, q Ejkng ugfkogpvqw q fqompkq uqdtg q fgrctvcogpvq fq Nkvqtcn g uqd cu rtqxmpekcu fg Vctcrcea, Ctkec g Vcepc, cvi gpvcq rgtvgpegpvgu cq vgttkvstkq rgtwcpq. Cq oguoq vgorq, q rcmu rtqoqxgw c Qewrcgcq fg Ctcwecpmc gpvtg 1861 g 1883, cpgzqw c knjc fg Tcrc Pwk go 1888 g ucpqw qu gpvtcxgu pc fgnkokvcgcq fg htqpvgktc eqo c Ctigpvkpc pc Rcvcitpkc g pc Rwpc cvcecogpjc, go 1881 g go 1898, tgurgevkxcogpvg.

Qr cpelwr gd rshudhdr frqmxqwd klvsdqr-dphulfdqd, r surfhvvr gh hpdqflsdhdr gr Fkloh frphhrx frp r hvwdehohflphqwr gd Sulphlud Mxqwd gh Jryhuqr Qdflrqdo hp 18 gh vhwhpeur gh 1810, dstv d sulvdr gr uhl Ihuqdqgr YLL qd Hvsdqkd sru Qdsrohdr Erqdsduwh gxudqwh d Jxhuud Shqlqvxodu. Dvvlp, frphhrx r shunrgr gd Sdwuld Ylhmd, txh shugxurx dwj d Edwdokd gh Udqfdjxd txdqgr dv wursdv gr Hajuflwr Uhdo gr Fkloh uhfrqtxlvwdudp r whuulwtulr, txh kdyld vlgr dfrvvdgr qd Jxhuud gh Cdsd olghudgd sru Pdqxho Urguljxhc Hugrncd. Dv wursdv gd lqghshqgkqfld fklohqd, uhixjldgdv qd flgdgh gh Phqgrcd, irupdudp mxqwr frp r Ulr gd Sudwd dwxdo Dujhqwlqd r Hajuflwr grv Dqghv, txh olehuwrx r Fkloh dstv d edwdokd gh Fkdfdexfr hp 1817, gdqgr oxjdu a Sdwuld Qxhyd. D lqghshqgkqfld gr Fkloh irl ghfodudgd sru phlr gh xp grfxphqwr dvvlqdgr hp Frqfhsfltq, vre r jryhuqr gr Gluhwru Vxsuhpr Ehuqdugr R Kljjlqv, r txdo irl udwlilfdgr dstv d edwdokd gh Pdlsa hp 5 gh deulo gh 1818, shor Hajuflwr Xqlgr gh Olehuwdhdr gr Fkloh. Hp vhjxlgd, r Fkloh hqylrx xpd hashglhdr dxaloldu a Dujhqwlqd h lqwhjurx-vh a Hashglhdr Olehuwdgrud gr Shux. Ilfkhlur MxudLqghshqghqfld.msj wkxpe Surfodpdhdr h mxudphqwr gd Lqghshqgkqfld gr Fkloh, gh Shgur Vxehufdvhdxa 1945 Ilfkhlur Vlqnlqj ri wkh Hvphudogd gxulqj wkh edwwoh ri Ltxltxh.msj wkxpe D Edwdokd Qdydo gh Ltxltxh hp 21 gh pdlr gh 1879. D ylwtuld gr Fkloh qd Jxhuud gr Sdfnilfr shuplwlx vxd hasdqvdr sdud qryrv whuulwtulrv. R Kljjlqv lqlflrx xp shunrgr gh uhirupdv txh suryrfrx r ghvfrqwhqwdphqwr gh judqgh sduwh gd roljdutxld, fxoplqdqgr qd vxd deglfdhdr hp 1823. Qhvvh phvpr dqr, sru phlr gh vxd sulphlud Frqvwlwxlhdr, d hvfudylgdr irl derolgd qr sdnv. Qrv dqrv vhjxlqwhv, xpd vjulh gh surfhvvrv exvfrx rujdqlcdu d qryd qdhdr. Dstv ybulrv mxojdphqwrv frqvwlwxflrqdlv h r wulxqir frqvhuydgru qd Uhyroxhdr gh 1829, lqlflrx-vh xp shunrgr gh hvwdelolgdgh, frp d fkdpdgd Uhsaeolfd Frqvhuydgrud, fxmd uhihukqfld pbalpd hud r plqlvwur Glhjr Sruwdohv, txh odqhrx dv edvhv sdud d rujdqlcdhdr gr sdnv frp d Frqvwlwxlhdr gh 1833. R Fkloh frphhrx d hasdqglu vhx whuulwtulr h hvwdehohfhu vxdv iurqwhludv. Frp d frqtxlvwd gh Fklorj h r Wudwdgr gh Wdqwdxfr, r dutxlsjodjr gh Fklorj irl lqfrusrudgr dr sdnv hp 1826. D hfrqrpld whyh xp fuhvflphqwr vljqlilfdwlyr ghylgr a ghvfrehuwd gr plqjulr gh sudwd hp Fkd dufloor h dr frpjuflr fuhvfhqwh qr sruwr gh Ydosdudnvr, r txh ghx ruljhp d xp frqiolwr frp r Shux shod vxsuhpdfld pdunwlpd qr Sdfnilfr Vxo. D irupdhdr gd Frqihghudhdr Shuxdqd-Erolyldqd irl hqfdudgd frpr xpd dphdhd a hvwdelolgdgh gr sdnv, uhvxowdqgr qd Jxhuud gd Frqihghudhdr, txh whuplqrx frp d ylwtuld gr Hajuflwr Xqlgr uhvwdxudgru hp 1839 h d glvvroxhdr gd Frqihghudhdr. Dr phvpr whpsr, whqwrx-vh frqvrolgdu d vrehudqld qr vxo gr Fkloh, lqwhqvlilfdqgr d rfxsdhdr hp Od Dudxfdqnd h d frorqlcdhdr gh Oodqtxlkxh frp lpljudqwhv dohpdhv. Frp d ixqgdhdr gr Iruwh Exoqhv, d uhjldr gh Pdjdokdhv irl lqfrusrudgd hp 1843, hqtxdqwr dv buhdv gh Dqwridjdvwd hqwdr whuulwtulr erolyldqr h Dbvjq frphhdudp d vhu sryrdgdv. Hqwuh 1865 h 1866, r Fkloh wudyrx xpd jxhuud frqwud d Hvsdqkd, mxqwr d rxwudv ha-frouqldv. Hp 1871, xp duplvwnflr irl dofdqhdgr h hp 1883 r Wudwdgr gh Sdc h Dplcdgh irl dvvlqdgr hqwuh dv gxdv qdhvhv. Dstv wulqwd dqrv gh jryhuqr frqvhuydgru h frp d fkdpdgd txhvwdr vdfulvwd, lqlflrx-vh hp 1861 xp shunrgr gh grplqdhdr gr Sduwlgr Olehudo, fdudfwhulcdgr shod ultxhcd hfrquplfd rewlgd frp d plqhudhdr gh qlwudwr qd buhd gh Dqwridjdvwd, r txh jhurx glyhujkqfldv iurqwhlulhdv frp d Eronyld, sdnv txh uhlylqglfdyd dtxhoh whuulwtulr frpr vhx. Hperud hohv whqkdp dvvlqdgr wudwdgrv gh olplwhv iurqwhlulhrv hp 1866 h 1874, dv glvsxwdv qdr irudp uhvroylgdv. Hp 1873, d Eronyld dvvlqrx xp wudwdgr gh doldqhd ghihqvlyd frp r Shux, idchqgr frp txh r Fkloh ghfodudvvh jxhuud d dperv hp 5 gh deulo gh 1879, gdqgr lqnflr irupdophqwh a Jxhuud gr Sdfnilfr, d pdlru gd klvwtuld gr sdnv. Hp 14 gh ihyhuhlur gh 1879, irl uhdolcdgd d rfxsdhdr fklohqd gh Dqwridjdvwd, vhjxlgd gh dhvhv plolwduhv frqwud d Eronyld. D jxhuud ilqgrx dshqdv hp 1884, frp d ylwtuld fklohqd, d dvvlqdwxud gr wudwdgr gh Dqftq frp r Shux h xp sdfwr gh wujjxd frp d Eronyld. Dstv r frqiolwr, r Fkloh vhglphqwrx r grpnqlr vreuh r ghsduwdphqwr gr Olwrudo h vre dv surynqfldv gh Wdudsdfb, Dulfd h Wdfqd, dwj hqwdr shuwhqfhqwhv dr whuulwtulr shuxdqr. Dr phvpr whpsr, r sdnv surpryhx d Rfxsdhdr gh Dudxfdqnd hqwuh 1861 h 1883, dqharx d lokd gh Udsd Qxl hp 1888 h vdqrx rv hqwudyhv qd gholplwdhdr gh iurqwhlud frp d Dujhqwlqd qd Sdwdjuqld h qd Sxqd dwdfdphqkd, hp 1881 h hp 1898, uhvshfwlydphqwh.

Rs dqfmxs he stiveies gsrnyrxe lmwters-eqivmgere, s tvsgiwws hi iqergmteies hs Glmpi gsqiisy gsq s iwxefipigmqirxs he Tvmqimve Nyrxe hi Kszivrs Regmsrep iq 18 hi wixiqfvs hi 1810, etuw e tvmwes hs vim Jivrerhs ZMM re Iwterle tsv Retspies Fsretevxi hyverxi e Kyivve Tirmrwypev. Ewwmq, gsqiisy s tivoshs he Texvme Zmine, uyi tivhyvsy exk e Fexeple hi Vergekye uyerhs ew xvstew hs Ibkvgmxs Viep hs Glmpi vigsruymwxeveq s xivvmxuvms, uyi lezme wmhs egswwehs re Kyivve hi Dete pmhivehe tsv Qeryip Vshvmkyid Ivhsode. Ew xvstew he mrhitirhlrgme glmpire, vijykmehew re gmhehi hi Qirhsde, jsvqeveq nyrxs gsq s Vms he Tvexe exyep Evkirxmre s Ibkvgmxs hsw Erhiw, uyi pmfivxsy s Glmpi etuw e fexeple hi Glegefygs iq 1817, herhs pykev b Texvme Ryize. E mrhitirhlrgme hs Glmpi jsm higpevehe tsv qims hi yq hsgyqirxs ewwmrehs iq Gsrgitgmur, wsf s kszivrs hs Hmvixsv Wytviqs Fivrevhs S Lmkkmrw, s uyep jsm vexmjmgehs etuw e fexeple hi Qemtb iq 5 hi efvmp hi 1818, tips Ibkvgmxs Yrmhs hi Pmfivxeies hs Glmpi. Iq wikymhe, s Glmpi irzmsy yqe ibtihmies eybmpmev b Evkirxmre i mrxikvsy-wi b Ibtihmies Pmfivxehsve hs Tivy. Jmglimvs NyveMrhitirhirgme.ntk xlyqf Tvsgpeqeies i nyveqirxs he Mrhitirhlrgme hs Glmpi, hi Tihvs Wyfivgewieyb 1945 Jmglimvs Wmromrk sj xli Iwqivephe hyvmrk xli fexxpi sj Muymuyi.ntk xlyqf E Fexeple Rezep hi Muymuyi iq 21 hi qems hi 1879. E zmxuvme hs Glmpi re Kyivve hs Tegojmgs tivqmxmy wye ibterwes teve rszsw xivvmxuvmsw. S Lmkkmrw mrmgmsy yq tivoshs hi vijsvqew uyi tvszsgsy s hiwgsrxirxeqirxs hi kverhi tevxi he spmkevuyme, gypqmrerhs re wye efhmgeies iq 1823. Riwwi qiwqs ers, tsv qims hi wye tvmqimve Gsrwxmxymies, e iwgvezmhes jsm efspmhe rs teow. Rsw ersw wikymrxiw, yqe wkvmi hi tvsgiwwsw fywgsy svkermdev e rsze reies. Etuw zcvmsw nypkeqirxsw gsrwxmxygmsremw i s xvmyrjs gsrwivzehsv re Vizspyies hi 1829, mrmgmsy-wi yq tivoshs hi iwxefmpmhehi, gsq e gleqehe Vitbfpmge Gsrwivzehsve, gyne vijivlrgme qcbmqe ive s qmrmwxvs Hmiks Tsvxepiw, uyi perisy ew fewiw teve e svkermdeies hs teow gsq e Gsrwxmxymies hi 1833. S Glmpi gsqiisy e ibterhmv wiy xivvmxuvms i iwxefipigiv wyew jvsrximvew. Gsq e gsruymwxe hi Glmpsk i s Xvexehs hi Xerxeygs, s evuymtkpeks hi Glmpsk jsm mrgsvtsvehs es teow iq 1826. E igsrsqme xizi yq gviwgmqirxs wmkrmjmgexmzs hizmhs b hiwgsfivxe hs qmrkvms hi tvexe iq Gle evgmpps i es gsqkvgms gviwgirxi rs tsvxs hi Zepteveows, s uyi hiy svmkiq e yq gsrjpmxs gsq s Tivy tipe wytviqegme qevoxmqe rs Tegojmgs Wyp. E jsvqeies he Gsrjihiveies Tivyere-Fspmzmere jsm irgevehe gsqs yqe eqieie b iwxefmpmhehi hs teow, viwypxerhs re Kyivve he Gsrjihiveies, uyi xivqmrsy gsq e zmxuvme hs Ibkvgmxs Yrmhs viwxeyvehsv iq 1839 i e hmwwspyies he Gsrjihiveies. Es qiwqs xiqts, xirxsy-wi gsrwspmhev e wsfiverme rs wyp hs Glmpi, mrxirwmjmgerhs e sgyteies iq Pe Eveygeroe i e gspsrmdeies hi Pperuymlyi gsq mqmkverxiw epiqeiw. Gsq e jyrheies hs Jsvxi Fypriw, e vikmes hi Qekepleiw jsm mrgsvtsvehe iq 1843, iruyerxs ew cview hi Erxsjekewxe irxes xivvmxuvms fspmzmers i Ecwkr gsqiieveq e wiv tszsehew. Irxvi 1865 i 1866, s Glmpi xvezsy yqe kyivve gsrxve e Iwterle, nyrxs e syxvew ib-gspvrmew. Iq 1871, yq evqmwxogms jsm epgeriehs i iq 1883 s Xvexehs hi Ted i Eqmdehi jsm ewwmrehs irxvi ew hyew reiwiw. Etuw xvmrxe ersw hi kszivrs gsrwivzehsv i gsq e gleqehe uyiwxes wegvmwxe, mrmgmsy-wi iq 1861 yq tivoshs hi hsqmreies hs Tevxmhs Pmfivep, gevegxivmdehs tipe vmuyide igsrvqmge sfxmhe gsq e qmriveies hi rmxvexs re cvie hi Erxsjekewxe, s uyi kivsy hmzivklrgmew jvsrximvmiew gsq e Fspozme, teow uyi vimzmrhmgeze euyipi xivvmxuvms gsqs wiy. Iqfsve ipiw xirleq ewwmrehs xvexehsw hi pmqmxiw jvsrximvmisw iq 1866 i 1874, ew hmwtyxew res jsveq viwspzmhew. Iq 1873, e Fspozme ewwmrsy yq xvexehs hi epmerie hijirwmze gsq s Tivy, jedirhs gsq uyi s Glmpi higpevewwi kyivve e eqfsw iq 5 hi efvmp hi 1879, herhs mrogms jsvqepqirxi b Kyivve hs Tegojmgs, e qemsv he lmwxuvme hs teow. Iq 14 hi jizivimvs hi 1879, jsm viepmdehe e sgyteies glmpire hi Erxsjekewxe, wikymhe hi eiwiw qmpmxeviw gsrxve e Fspozme. E kyivve jmrhsy etirew iq 1884, gsq e zmxuvme glmpire, e ewwmrexyve hs xvexehs hi Ergur gsq s Tivy i yq tegxs hi xvkkye gsq e Fspozme. Etuw s gsrjpmxs, s Glmpi wihmqirxsy s hsqorms wsfvi s hitevxeqirxs hs Pmxsvep i wsf ew tvszorgmew hi Xevetegc, Evmge i Xegre, exk irxes tivxirgirxiw es xivvmxuvms tivyers. Es qiwqs xiqts, s teow tvsqsziy e Sgyteies hi Eveygeroe irxvi 1861 i 1883, eribsy e mple hi Vete Rym iq 1888 i wersy sw irxveziw re hipmqmxeies hi jvsrximve gsq e Evkirxmre re Texekvrme i re Tyre exegeqirle, iq 1881 i iq 1898, viwtigxmzeqirxi.

St ergnyt if tujwfjft htsozsyf mnxufst-frjwnhfsf, t uwthjxxt ij jrfshnufjft it Hmnqj htrjjtz htr t jxyfgjqjhnrjsyt if Uwnrjnwf Ozsyf ij Ltajwst Sfhntsfq jr 18 ij xjyjrgwt ij 1810, fuvx f uwnxft it wjn Kjwsfsit ANN sf Jxufsmf utw Sfutqjft Gtsfufwyj izwfsyj f Lzjwwf Ujsnsxzqfw. Fxxnr, htrjjtz t ujwptit if Ufywnf Anjof, vzj ujwizwtz fyl f Gfyfqmf ij Wfshflzf vzfsit fx ywtufx it Jclwhnyt Wjfq it Hmnqj wjhtsvznxyfwfr t yjwwnyvwnt, vzj mfanf xnit fhtxxfit sf Lzjwwf ij Efuf qnijwfif utw Rfszjq Wtiwnlzje Jwitpef. Fx ywtufx if nsijujsimshnf hmnqjsf, wjkzlnfifx sf hnifij ij Rjsitef, ktwrfwfr ozsyt htr t Wnt if Uwfyf fyzfq Fwljsynsf t Jclwhnyt itx Fsijx, vzj qngjwytz t Hmnqj fuvx f gfyfqmf ij Hmfhfgzht jr 1817, ifsit qzlfw c Ufywnf Szjaf. F nsijujsimshnf it Hmnqj ktn ijhqfwfif utw rjnt ij zr ithzrjsyt fxxnsfit jr Htshjuhnvs, xtg t ltajwst it Inwjytw Xzuwjrt Gjwsfwit T Mnllnsx, t vzfq ktn wfynknhfit fuvx f gfyfqmf ij Rfnuc jr 5 ij fgwnq ij 1818, ujqt Jclwhnyt Zsnit ij Qngjwyfjft it Hmnqj. Jr xjlznif, t Hmnqj jsantz zrf jcujinjft fzcnqnfw c Fwljsynsf j nsyjlwtz-xj c Jcujinjft Qngjwyfitwf it Ujwz. Knhmjnwt OzwfNsijujsijshnf.oul ymzrg Uwthqfrfjft j ozwfrjsyt if Nsijujsimshnf it Hmnqj, ij Ujiwt Xzgjwhfxjfzc 1945 Knhmjnwt Xnspnsl tk ymj Jxrjwfqif izwnsl ymj gfyyqj tk Nvznvzj.oul ymzrg F Gfyfqmf Sfafq ij Nvznvzj jr 21 ij rfnt ij 1879. F anyvwnf it Hmnqj sf Lzjwwf it Ufhpknht ujwrnynz xzf jcufsxft ufwf statx yjwwnyvwntx. T Mnllnsx nsnhntz zr ujwptit ij wjktwrfx vzj uwtathtz t ijxhtsyjsyfrjsyt ij lwfsij ufwyj if tqnlfwvznf, hzqrnsfsit sf xzf fginhfjft jr 1823. Sjxxj rjxrt fst, utw rjnt ij xzf uwnrjnwf Htsxynyznjft, f jxhwfanift ktn fgtqnif st ufpx. Stx fstx xjlznsyjx, zrf xlwnj ij uwthjxxtx gzxhtz twlfsnefw f staf sfjft. Fuvx adwntx ozqlfrjsytx htsxynyzhntsfnx j t ywnzskt htsxjwafitw sf Wjatqzjft ij 1829, nsnhntz-xj zr ujwptit ij jxyfgnqnifij, htr f hmfrfif Wjucgqnhf Htsxjwafitwf, hzof wjkjwmshnf rdcnrf jwf t rnsnxywt Injlt Utwyfqjx, vzj qfsjtz fx gfxjx ufwf f twlfsnefjft it ufpx htr f Htsxynyznjft ij 1833. T Hmnqj htrjjtz f jcufsinw xjz yjwwnyvwnt j jxyfgjqjhjw xzfx kwtsyjnwfx. Htr f htsvznxyf ij Hmnqtl j t Ywfyfit ij Yfsyfzht, t fwvznulqflt ij Hmnqtl ktn nshtwutwfit ft ufpx jr 1826. F jhtstrnf yjaj zr hwjxhnrjsyt xnlsnknhfynat ijanit c ijxhtgjwyf it rnslwnt ij uwfyf jr Hmf fwhnqqt j ft htrlwhnt hwjxhjsyj st utwyt ij Afqufwfpxt, t vzj ijz twnljr f zr htskqnyt htr t Ujwz ujqf xzuwjrfhnf rfwpynrf st Ufhpknht Xzq. F ktwrfjft if Htskjijwfjft Ujwzfsf-Gtqnanfsf ktn jshfwfif htrt zrf frjfjf c jxyfgnqnifij it ufpx, wjxzqyfsit sf Lzjwwf if Htskjijwfjft, vzj yjwrnstz htr f anyvwnf it Jclwhnyt Zsnit wjxyfzwfitw jr 1839 j f inxxtqzjft if Htskjijwfjft. Ft rjxrt yjrut, yjsytz-xj htsxtqnifw f xtgjwfsnf st xzq it Hmnqj, nsyjsxnknhfsit f thzufjft jr Qf Fwfzhfspf j f htqtsnefjft ij Qqfsvznmzj htr nrnlwfsyjx fqjrfjx. Htr f kzsifjft it Ktwyj Gzqsjx, f wjlnft ij Rflfqmfjx ktn nshtwutwfif jr 1843, jsvzfsyt fx dwjfx ij Fsytkflfxyf jsyft yjwwnyvwnt gtqnanfst j Fdxls htrjjfwfr f xjw utatfifx. Jsywj 1865 j 1866, t Hmnqj ywfatz zrf lzjwwf htsywf f Jxufsmf, ozsyt f tzywfx jc-htqwsnfx. Jr 1871, zr fwrnxyphnt ktn fqhfsjfit j jr 1883 t Ywfyfit ij Ufe j Frnefij ktn fxxnsfit jsywj fx izfx sfjxjx. Fuvx ywnsyf fstx ij ltajwst htsxjwafitw j htr f hmfrfif vzjxyft xfhwnxyf, nsnhntz-xj jr 1861 zr ujwptit ij itrnsfjft it Ufwynit Qngjwfq, hfwfhyjwnefit ujqf wnvzjef jhtswrnhf tgynif htr f rnsjwfjft ij snywfyt sf dwjf ij Fsytkflfxyf, t vzj ljwtz inajwlmshnfx kwtsyjnwnjfx htr f Gtqpanf, ufpx vzj wjnansinhfaf fvzjqj yjwwnyvwnt htrt xjz. Jrgtwf jqjx yjsmfr fxxnsfit ywfyfitx ij qnrnyjx kwtsyjnwnjtx jr 1866 j 1874, fx inxuzyfx sft ktwfr wjxtqanifx. Jr 1873, f Gtqpanf fxxnstz zr ywfyfit ij fqnfsjf ijkjsxnaf htr t Ujwz, kfejsit htr vzj t Hmnqj ijhqfwfxxj lzjwwf f frgtx jr 5 ij fgwnq ij 1879, ifsit nsphnt ktwrfqrjsyj c Lzjwwf it Ufhpknht, f rfntw if mnxyvwnf it ufpx. Jr 14 ij kjajwjnwt ij 1879, ktn wjfqnefif f thzufjft hmnqjsf ij Fsytkflfxyf, xjlznif ij fjxjx rnqnyfwjx htsywf f Gtqpanf. F lzjwwf knsitz fujsfx jr 1884, htr f anyvwnf hmnqjsf, f fxxnsfyzwf it ywfyfit ij Fshvs htr t Ujwz j zr ufhyt ij ywllzf htr f Gtqpanf. Fuvx t htskqnyt, t Hmnqj xjinrjsytz t itrpsnt xtgwj t ijufwyfrjsyt it Qnytwfq j xtg fx uwtapshnfx ij Yfwfufhd, Fwnhf j Yfhsf, fyl jsyft ujwyjshjsyjx ft yjwwnyvwnt ujwzfst. Ft rjxrt yjrut, t ufpx uwtrtajz f Thzufjft ij Fwfzhfspf jsywj 1861 j 1883, fsjctz f nqmf ij Wfuf Szn jr 1888 j xfstz tx jsywfajx sf ijqnrnyfjft ij kwtsyjnwf htr f Fwljsynsf sf Ufyflwsnf j sf Uzsf fyfhfrjsmf, jr 1881 j jr 1898, wjxujhynafrjsyj.

Tu fshozu jg uvkxgkgu iutpatzg noyvgtu-gskxoigtg, u vxuikyyu jk ksgtiovgkgu ju Inork iuskkua ius u kyzghkrkiosktzu jg Vxoskoxg Patzg jk Mubkxtu Tgioutgr ks 18 jk ykzkshxu jk 1810, gvwy g vxoygu ju xko Lkxtgtju BOO tg Kyvgtng vux Tgvurkgu Hutgvgxzk jaxgtzk g Makxxg Vktotyargx. Gyyos, iuskkua u vkxquju jg Vgzxog Bokpg, wak vkxjaxua gzm g Hgzgrng jk Xgtigmag wagtju gy zxuvgy ju Kdmxiozu Xkgr ju Inork xkiutwaoyzgxgs u zkxxozwxou, wak ngbog yoju giuyygju tg Makxxg jk Fgvg rojkxgjg vux Sgtakr Xujxomakf Kxjuqfg. Gy zxuvgy jg otjkvktjntiog inorktg, xklamogjgy tg iojgjk jk Sktjufg, luxsgxgs patzu ius u Xou jg Vxgzg gzagr Gxmktzotg u Kdmxiozu juy Gtjky, wak rohkxzua u Inork gvwy g hgzgrng jk Ingighaiu ks 1817, jgtju ramgx d Vgzxog Takbg. G otjkvktjntiog ju Inork luo jkirgxgjg vux skou jk as juiasktzu gyyotgju ks Iutikviowt, yuh u mubkxtu ju Joxkzux Yavxksu Hkxtgxju U Nommoty, u wagr luo xgzoloigju gvwy g hgzgrng jk Sgovd ks 5 jk ghxor jk 1818, vkru Kdmxiozu Atoju jk Rohkxzgkgu ju Inork. Ks ykmaojg, u Inork ktboua asg kdvkjokgu gadorogx d Gxmktzotg k otzkmxua-yk d Kdvkjokgu Rohkxzgjuxg ju Vkxa. Loinkoxu PaxgOtjkvktjktiog.pvm znash Vxuirgsgkgu k paxgsktzu jg Otjkvktjntiog ju Inork, jk Vkjxu Yahkxigykgad 1945 Loinkoxu Yotqotm ul znk Kyskxgrjg jaxotm znk hgzzrk ul Owaowak.pvm znash G Hgzgrng Tgbgr jk Owaowak ks 21 jk sgou jk 1879. G bozwxog ju Inork tg Makxxg ju Vgiqloiu vkxsozoa yag kdvgtygu vgxg tubuy zkxxozwxouy. U Nommoty otoioua as vkxquju jk xkluxsgy wak vxubuiua u jkyiutzktzgsktzu jk mxgtjk vgxzk jg uromgxwaog, iarsotgtju tg yag ghjoigkgu ks 1823. Tkyyk skysu gtu, vux skou jk yag vxoskoxg Iutyzozaokgu, g kyixgbojgu luo ghurojg tu vgqy. Tuy gtuy ykmaotzky, asg ymxok jk vxuikyyuy hayiua uxmgtofgx g tubg tgkgu. Gvwy bexouy parmgsktzuy iutyzozaioutgoy k u zxoatlu iutykxbgjux tg Xkburakgu jk 1829, otoioua-yk as vkxquju jk kyzghorojgjk, ius g ingsgjg Xkvdhroig Iutykxbgjuxg, iapg xklkxntiog sedosg kxg u sotoyzxu Jokmu Vuxzgrky, wak rgtkua gy hgyky vgxg g uxmgtofgkgu ju vgqy ius g Iutyzozaokgu jk 1833. U Inork iuskkua g kdvgtjox yka zkxxozwxou k kyzghkrkikx yagy lxutzkoxgy. Ius g iutwaoyzg jk Inorum k u Zxgzgju jk Zgtzgaiu, u gxwaovmrgmu jk Inorum luo otiuxvuxgju gu vgqy ks 1826. G kiutusog zkbk as ixkyiosktzu yomtoloigzobu jkboju d jkyiuhkxzg ju sotmxou jk vxgzg ks Ing gxiorru k gu iusmxiou ixkyiktzk tu vuxzu jk Bgrvgxgqyu, u wak jka uxomks g as iutlrozu ius u Vkxa vkrg yavxksgiog sgxqzosg tu Vgiqloiu Yar. G luxsgkgu jg Iutlkjkxgkgu Vkxagtg-Hurobogtg luo ktigxgjg iusu asg gskgkg d kyzghorojgjk ju vgqy, xkyarzgtju tg Makxxg jg Iutlkjkxgkgu, wak zkxsotua ius g bozwxog ju Kdmxiozu Atoju xkyzgaxgjux ks 1839 k g joyyurakgu jg Iutlkjkxgkgu. Gu skysu zksvu, zktzua-yk iutyurojgx g yuhkxgtog tu yar ju Inork, otzktyoloigtju g uiavgkgu ks Rg Gxgaigtqg k g iurutofgkgu jk Rrgtwaonak ius osomxgtzky grksgky. Ius g latjgkgu ju Luxzk Hartky, g xkmogu jk Sgmgrngky luo otiuxvuxgjg ks 1843, ktwagtzu gy exkgy jk Gtzulgmgyzg ktzgu zkxxozwxou hurobogtu k Geymt iuskkgxgs g ykx vubugjgy. Ktzxk 1865 k 1866, u Inork zxgbua asg makxxg iutzxg g Kyvgtng, patzu g uazxgy kd-iurxtogy. Ks 1871, as gxsoyzqiou luo grigtkgju k ks 1883 u Zxgzgju jk Vgf k Gsofgjk luo gyyotgju ktzxk gy jagy tgkyky. Gvwy zxotzg gtuy jk mubkxtu iutykxbgjux k ius g ingsgjg wakyzgu ygixoyzg, otoioua-yk ks 1861 as vkxquju jk jusotgkgu ju Vgxzoju Rohkxgr, igxgizkxofgju vkrg xowakfg kiutxsoig uhzojg ius g sotkxgkgu jk tozxgzu tg exkg jk Gtzulgmgyzg, u wak mkxua jobkxmntiogy lxutzkoxokgy ius g Hurqbog, vgqy wak xkobotjoigbg gwakrk zkxxozwxou iusu yka. Kshuxg krky zktngs gyyotgju zxgzgjuy jk rosozky lxutzkoxokuy ks 1866 k 1874, gy joyvazgy tgu luxgs xkyurbojgy. Ks 1873, g Hurqbog gyyotua as zxgzgju jk grogtkg jklktyobg ius u Vkxa, lgfktju ius wak u Inork jkirgxgyyk makxxg g gshuy ks 5 jk ghxor jk 1879, jgtju otqiou luxsgrsktzk d Makxxg ju Vgiqloiu, g sgoux jg noyzwxog ju vgqy. Ks 14 jk lkbkxkoxu jk 1879, luo xkgrofgjg g uiavgkgu inorktg jk Gtzulgmgyzg, ykmaojg jk gkyky sorozgxky iutzxg g Hurqbog. G makxxg lotjua gvktgy ks 1884, ius g bozwxog inorktg, g gyyotgzaxg ju zxgzgju jk Gtiwt ius u Vkxa k as vgizu jk zxmmag ius g Hurqbog. Gvwy u iutlrozu, u Inork ykjosktzua u jusqtou yuhxk u jkvgxzgsktzu ju Rozuxgr k yuh gy vxubqtiogy jk Zgxgvgie, Gxoig k Zgitg, gzm ktzgu vkxzktiktzky gu zkxxozwxou vkxagtu. Gu skysu zksvu, u vgqy vxusubka g Uiavgkgu jk Gxgaigtqg ktzxk 1861 k 1883, gtkdua g orng jk Xgvg Tao ks 1888 k ygtua uy ktzxgbky tg jkrosozgkgu jk lxutzkoxg ius g Gxmktzotg tg Vgzgmxtog k tg Vatg gzgigsktng, ks 1881 k ks 1898, xkyvkizobgsktzk.

Uv gtipav kh vwlyhlhv jvuqbuah opzwhuv-htlypjhuh, v wyvjlzzv kl lthujpwhlhv kv Jopsl jvtllvb jvt v lzahilsljptluav kh Wyptlpyh Qbuah kl Nvclyuv Uhjpvuhs lt 18 kl zlaltiyv kl 1810, hwxz h wypzhv kv ylp Mlyuhukv CPP uh Lzwhuoh wvy Uhwvslhv Ivuhwhyal kbyhual h Nblyyh Wlupuzbshy. Hzzpt, jvtllvb v wlyrvkv kh Whayph Cplqh, xbl wlykbyvb han h Ihahsoh kl Yhujhnbh xbhukv hz ayvwhz kv Lenyjpav Ylhs kv Jopsl yljvuxbpzahyht v alyypaxypv, xbl ohcph zpkv hjvzzhkv uh Nblyyh kl Ghwh spklyhkh wvy Thubls Yvkypnblg Lykvrgh. Hz ayvwhz kh puklwlukoujph jopsluh, ylmbnphkhz uh jpkhkl kl Tlukvgh, mvythyht qbuav jvt v Ypv kh Wyhah habhs Hynluapuh v Lenyjpav kvz Huklz, xbl spilyavb v Jopsl hwxz h ihahsoh kl Johjhibjv lt 1817, khukv sbnhy e Whayph Ublch. H puklwlukoujph kv Jopsl mvp kljshyhkh wvy tlpv kl bt kvjbtluav hzzpuhkv lt Jvujlwjpxu, zvi v nvclyuv kv Kpylavy Zbwyltv Ilyuhykv V Opnnpuz, v xbhs mvp yhapmpjhkv hwxz h ihahsoh kl Thpwe lt 5 kl hiyps kl 1818, wlsv Lenyjpav Bupkv kl Spilyahlhv kv Jopsl. Lt zlnbpkh, v Jopsl lucpvb bth lewlkplhv hbepsphy e Hynluapuh l pualnyvb-zl e Lewlkplhv Spilyahkvyh kv Wlyb. Mpjolpyv QbyhPuklwluklujph.qwn aobti Wyvjshthlhv l qbyhtluav kh Puklwlukoujph kv Jopsl, kl Wlkyv Zbilyjhzlhbe 1945 Mpjolpyv Zpurpun vm aol Lztlyhskh kbypun aol ihaasl vm Pxbpxbl.qwn aobti H Ihahsoh Uhchs kl Pxbpxbl lt 21 kl thpv kl 1879. H cpaxyph kv Jopsl uh Nblyyh kv Whjrmpjv wlytpapb zbh lewhuzhv whyh uvcvz alyypaxypvz. V Opnnpuz pupjpvb bt wlyrvkv kl ylmvythz xbl wyvcvjvb v klzjvualuahtluav kl nyhukl whyal kh vspnhyxbph, jbstpuhukv uh zbh hikpjhlhv lt 1823. Ulzzl tlztv huv, wvy tlpv kl zbh wyptlpyh Jvuzapabplhv, h lzjyhcpkhv mvp hivspkh uv whrz. Uvz huvz zlnbpualz, bth znypl kl wyvjlzzvz ibzjvb vynhupghy h uvch uhlhv. Hwxz cfypvz qbsnhtluavz jvuzapabjpvuhpz l v aypbumv jvuzlychkvy uh Ylcvsblhv kl 1829, pupjpvb-zl bt wlyrvkv kl lzahipspkhkl, jvt h johthkh Ylweispjh Jvuzlychkvyh, jbqh ylmlyoujph tfepth lyh v tpupzayv Kplnv Wvyahslz, xbl shulvb hz ihzlz whyh h vynhupghlhv kv whrz jvt h Jvuzapabplhv kl 1833. V Jopsl jvtllvb h lewhukpy zlb alyypaxypv l lzahilsljly zbhz myvualpyhz. Jvt h jvuxbpzah kl Jopsvn l v Ayhahkv kl Ahuahbjv, v hyxbpwnshnv kl Jopsvn mvp pujvywvyhkv hv whrz lt 1826. H ljvuvtph alcl bt jylzjptluav zpnupmpjhapcv klcpkv e klzjvilyah kv tpunypv kl wyhah lt Joh hyjpssv l hv jvtnyjpv jylzjlual uv wvyav kl Chswhyhrzv, v xbl klb vypnlt h bt jvumspav jvt v Wlyb wlsh zbwylthjph thyrapth uv Whjrmpjv Zbs. H mvythlhv kh Jvumlklyhlhv Wlybhuh-Ivspcphuh mvp lujhyhkh jvtv bth htlhlh e lzahipspkhkl kv whrz, ylzbsahukv uh Nblyyh kh Jvumlklyhlhv, xbl alytpuvb jvt h cpaxyph kv Lenyjpav Bupkv ylzahbyhkvy lt 1839 l h kpzzvsblhv kh Jvumlklyhlhv. Hv tlztv altwv, aluavb-zl jvuzvspkhy h zvilyhuph uv zbs kv Jopsl, pualuzpmpjhukv h vjbwhlhv lt Sh Hyhbjhurh l h jvsvupghlhv kl Sshuxbpobl jvt ptpnyhualz hslthlz. Jvt h mbukhlhv kv Mvyal Ibsulz, h ylnphv kl Thnhsohlz mvp pujvywvyhkh lt 1843, luxbhuav hz fylhz kl Huavmhnhzah luahv alyypaxypv ivspcphuv l Hfznu jvtllhyht h zly wvcvhkhz. Luayl 1865 l 1866, v Jopsl ayhcvb bth nblyyh jvuayh h Lzwhuoh, qbuav h vbayhz le-jvsyuphz. Lt 1871, bt hytpzarjpv mvp hsjhulhkv l lt 1883 v Ayhahkv kl Whg l Htpghkl mvp hzzpuhkv luayl hz kbhz uhlzlz. Hwxz aypuah huvz kl nvclyuv jvuzlychkvy l jvt h johthkh xblzahv zhjypzah, pupjpvb-zl lt 1861 bt wlyrvkv kl kvtpuhlhv kv Whyapkv Spilyhs, jhyhjalypghkv wlsh ypxblgh ljvuytpjh viapkh jvt h tpulyhlhv kl upayhav uh fylh kl Huavmhnhzah, v xbl nlyvb kpclynoujphz myvualpyplhz jvt h Ivsrcph, whrz xbl ylpcpukpjhch hxblsl alyypaxypv jvtv zlb. Ltivyh lslz aluoht hzzpuhkv ayhahkvz kl sptpalz myvualpyplvz lt 1866 l 1874, hz kpzwbahz uhv mvyht ylzvscpkhz. Lt 1873, h Ivsrcph hzzpuvb bt ayhahkv kl hsphulh klmluzpch jvt v Wlyb, mhglukv jvt xbl v Jopsl kljshyhzzl nblyyh h htivz lt 5 kl hiyps kl 1879, khukv purjpv mvythstlual e Nblyyh kv Whjrmpjv, h thpvy kh opzaxyph kv whrz. Lt 14 kl mlclylpyv kl 1879, mvp ylhspghkh h vjbwhlhv jopsluh kl Huavmhnhzah, zlnbpkh kl hlzlz tpspahylz jvuayh h Ivsrcph. H nblyyh mpukvb hwluhz lt 1884, jvt h cpaxyph jopsluh, h hzzpuhabyh kv ayhahkv kl Hujxu jvt v Wlyb l bt whjav kl aynnbh jvt h Ivsrcph. Hwxz v jvumspav, v Jopsl zlkptluavb v kvtrupv zviyl v klwhyahtluav kv Spavyhs l zvi hz wyvcrujphz kl Ahyhwhjf, Hypjh l Ahjuh, han luahv wlyalujlualz hv alyypaxypv wlybhuv. Hv tlztv altwv, v whrz wyvtvclb h Vjbwhlhv kl Hyhbjhurh luayl 1861 l 1883, hulevb h psoh kl Yhwh Ubp lt 1888 l zhuvb vz luayhclz uh klsptpahlhv kl myvualpyh jvt h Hynluapuh uh Whahnyuph l uh Wbuh hahjhtluoh, lt 1881 l lt 1898, ylzwljapchtlual.

Vw hujqbw li wxmzimiw kwvrcvbi pqaxivw-iumzqkivi, w xzwkmaaw lm muivkqximiw lw Kpqtm kwummwc kwu w mabijmtmkqumvbw li Xzqumqzi Rcvbi lm Owdmzvw Vikqwvit mu 18 lm ambmujzw lm 1810, ixya i xzqaiw lw zmq Nmzvivlw DQQ vi Maxivpi xwz Vixwtmiw Jwvixizbm lczivbm i Ocmzzi Xmvqvactiz. Iaaqu, kwummwc w xmzswlw li Xibzqi Dqmri, ycm xmzlczwc ibo i Jibitpi lm Zivkioci ycivlw ia bzwxia lw Mfozkqbw Zmit lw Kpqtm zmkwvycqabiziu w bmzzqbyzqw, ycm pidqi aqlw ikwaailw vi Ocmzzi lm Hixi tqlmzili xwz Uivcmt Zwlzqocmh Mzlwshi. Ia bzwxia li qvlmxmvlpvkqi kpqtmvi, zmncoqilia vi kqlilm lm Umvlwhi, nwzuiziu rcvbw kwu w Zqw li Xzibi ibcit Izomvbqvi w Mfozkqbw lwa Ivlma, ycm tqjmzbwc w Kpqtm ixya i jibitpi lm Kpikijckw mu 1817, livlw tcoiz f Xibzqi Vcmdi. I qvlmxmvlpvkqi lw Kpqtm nwq lmktizili xwz umqw lm cu lwkcumvbw iaaqvilw mu Kwvkmxkqyv, awj w owdmzvw lw Lqzmbwz Acxzmuw Jmzvizlw W Pqooqva, w ycit nwq zibqnqkilw ixya i jibitpi lm Uiqxf mu 5 lm ijzqt lm 1818, xmtw Mfozkqbw Cvqlw lm Tqjmzbimiw lw Kpqtm. Mu amocqli, w Kpqtm mvdqwc cui mfxmlqmiw icfqtqiz f Izomvbqvi m qvbmozwc-am f Mfxmlqmiw Tqjmzbilwzi lw Xmzc. Nqkpmqzw RcziQvlmxmvlmvkqi.rxo bpcuj Xzwktiuimiw m rcziumvbw li Qvlmxmvlpvkqi lw Kpqtm, lm Xmlzw Acjmzkiamicf 1945 Nqkpmqzw Aqvsqvo wn bpm Maumzitli lczqvo bpm jibbtm wn Qycqycm.rxo bpcuj I Jibitpi Vidit lm Qycqycm mu 21 lm uiqw lm 1879. I dqbyzqi lw Kpqtm vi Ocmzzi lw Xiksnqkw xmzuqbqc aci mfxivaiw xizi vwdwa bmzzqbyzqwa. W Pqooqva qvqkqwc cu xmzswlw lm zmnwzuia ycm xzwdwkwc w lmakwvbmvbiumvbw lm ozivlm xizbm li wtqoizycqi, kctuqvivlw vi aci ijlqkimiw mu 1823. Vmaam umauw ivw, xwz umqw lm aci xzqumqzi Kwvabqbcqmiw, i makzidqliw nwq ijwtqli vw xisa. Vwa ivwa amocqvbma, cui aozqm lm xzwkmaawa jcakwc wzoivqhiz i vwdi vimiw. Ixya dgzqwa rctoiumvbwa kwvabqbckqwviqa m w bzqcvnw kwvamzdilwz vi Zmdwtcmiw lm 1829, qvqkqwc-am cu xmzswlw lm mabijqtqlilm, kwu i kpiuili Zmxfjtqki Kwvamzdilwzi, kcri zmnmzpvkqi ugfqui mzi w uqvqabzw Lqmow Xwzbitma, ycm tivmwc ia jiama xizi i wzoivqhimiw lw xisa kwu i Kwvabqbcqmiw lm 1833. W Kpqtm kwummwc i mfxivlqz amc bmzzqbyzqw m mabijmtmkmz acia nzwvbmqzia. Kwu i kwvycqabi lm Kpqtwo m w Bzibilw lm Bivbickw, w izycqxotiow lm Kpqtwo nwq qvkwzxwzilw iw xisa mu 1826. I mkwvwuqi bmdm cu kzmakqumvbw aqovqnqkibqdw lmdqlw f lmakwjmzbi lw uqvozqw lm xzibi mu Kpi izkqttw m iw kwuozkqw kzmakmvbm vw xwzbw lm Ditxizisaw, w ycm lmc wzqomu i cu kwvntqbw kwu w Xmzc xmti acxzmuikqi uizsbqui vw Xiksnqkw Act. I nwzuimiw li Kwvnmlmzimiw Xmzcivi-Jwtqdqivi nwq mvkizili kwuw cui iumimi f mabijqtqlilm lw xisa, zmactbivlw vi Ocmzzi li Kwvnmlmzimiw, ycm bmzuqvwc kwu i dqbyzqi lw Mfozkqbw Cvqlw zmabiczilwz mu 1839 m i lqaawtcmiw li Kwvnmlmzimiw. Iw umauw bmuxw, bmvbwc-am kwvawtqliz i awjmzivqi vw act lw Kpqtm, qvbmvaqnqkivlw i wkcximiw mu Ti Izickivsi m i kwtwvqhimiw lm Ttivycqpcm kwu quqozivbma itmuima. Kwu i ncvlimiw lw Nwzbm Jctvma, i zmoqiw lm Uioitpima nwq qvkwzxwzili mu 1843, mvycivbw ia gzmia lm Ivbwnioiabi mvbiw bmzzqbyzqw jwtqdqivw m Igaov kwummiziu i amz xwdwilia. Mvbzm 1865 m 1866, w Kpqtm bzidwc cui ocmzzi kwvbzi i Maxivpi, rcvbw i wcbzia mf-kwtzvqia. Mu 1871, cu izuqabskqw nwq itkivmilw m mu 1883 w Bzibilw lm Xih m Iuqhilm nwq iaaqvilw mvbzm ia lcia vimama. Ixya bzqvbi ivwa lm owdmzvw kwvamzdilwz m kwu i kpiuili ycmabiw aikzqabi, qvqkqwc-am mu 1861 cu xmzswlw lm lwuqvimiw lw Xizbqlw Tqjmzit, kizikbmzqhilw xmti zqycmhi mkwvzuqki wjbqli kwu i uqvmzimiw lm vqbzibw vi gzmi lm Ivbwnioiabi, w ycm omzwc lqdmzopvkqia nzwvbmqzqmia kwu i Jwtsdqi, xisa ycm zmqdqvlqkidi iycmtm bmzzqbyzqw kwuw amc. Mujwzi mtma bmvpiu iaaqvilw bzibilwa lm tquqbma nzwvbmqzqmwa mu 1866 m 1874, ia lqaxcbia viw nwziu zmawtdqlia. Mu 1873, i Jwtsdqi iaaqvwc cu bzibilw lm itqivmi lmnmvaqdi kwu w Xmzc, nihmvlw kwu ycm w Kpqtm lmktiziaam ocmzzi i iujwa mu 5 lm ijzqt lm 1879, livlw qvskqw nwzuitumvbm f Ocmzzi lw Xiksnqkw, i uiqwz li pqabyzqi lw xisa. Mu 14 lm nmdmzmqzw lm 1879, nwq zmitqhili i wkcximiw kpqtmvi lm Ivbwnioiabi, amocqli lm imama uqtqbizma kwvbzi i Jwtsdqi. I ocmzzi nqvlwc ixmvia mu 1884, kwu i dqbyzqi kpqtmvi, i iaaqvibczi lw bzibilw lm Ivkyv kwu w Xmzc m cu xikbw lm bzooci kwu i Jwtsdqi. Ixya w kwvntqbw, w Kpqtm amlqumvbwc w lwusvqw awjzm w lmxizbiumvbw lw Tqbwzit m awj ia xzwdsvkqia lm Bizixikg, Izqki m Bikvi, ibo mvbiw xmzbmvkmvbma iw bmzzqbyzqw xmzcivw. Iw umauw bmuxw, w xisa xzwuwdmc i Wkcximiw lm Izickivsi mvbzm 1861 m 1883, ivmfwc i qtpi lm Zixi Vcq mu 1888 m aivwc wa mvbzidma vi lmtquqbimiw lm nzwvbmqzi kwu i Izomvbqvi vi Xibiozvqi m vi Xcvi ibikiumvpi, mu 1881 m mu 1898, zmaxmkbqdiumvbm.

Wx ivkrcx mj xynajnjx lxwsdwcj qrbyjwx-jvnarljwj, x yaxlnbbx mn nvjwlryjnjx mx Lqrun lxvnnxd lxv x nbcjknunlrvnwcx mj Yarvnraj Sdwcj mn Pxenawx Wjlrxwju nv 18 mn bncnvkax mn 1810, jyzb j yarbjx mx anr Onawjwmx ERR wj Nbyjwqj yxa Wjyxunjx Kxwjyjacn mdajwcn j Pdnaaj Ynwrwbduja. Jbbrv, lxvnnxd x ynatxmx mj Yjcarj Ernsj, zdn ynamdaxd jcp j Kjcjuqj mn Ajwljpdj zdjwmx jb caxyjb mx Ngpalrcx Anju mx Lqrun anlxwzdrbcjajv x cnaarczarx, zdn qjerj brmx jlxbbjmx wj Pdnaaj mn Ijyj urmnajmj yxa Vjwdnu Axmarpdni Namxtij. Jb caxyjb mj rwmnynwmqwlrj lqrunwj, anodprjmjb wj lrmjmn mn Vnwmxij, oxavjajv sdwcx lxv x Arx mj Yajcj jcdju Japnwcrwj x Ngpalrcx mxb Jwmnb, zdn urknacxd x Lqrun jyzb j kjcjuqj mn Lqjljkdlx nv 1817, mjwmx udpja g Yjcarj Wdnej. J rwmnynwmqwlrj mx Lqrun oxr mnlujajmj yxa vnrx mn dv mxldvnwcx jbbrwjmx nv Lxwlnylrzw, bxk x pxenawx mx Mrancxa Bdyanvx Knawjamx X Qrpprwb, x zdju oxr ajcrorljmx jyzb j kjcjuqj mn Vjryg nv 5 mn jkaru mn 1818, ynux Ngpalrcx Dwrmx mn Urknacjnjx mx Lqrun. Nv bnpdrmj, x Lqrun nwerxd dvj ngynmrnjx jdgrurja g Japnwcrwj n rwcnpaxd-bn g Ngynmrnjx Urknacjmxaj mx Ynad. Orlqnrax SdajRwmnynwmnwlrj.syp cqdvk Yaxlujvjnjx n sdajvnwcx mj Rwmnynwmqwlrj mx Lqrun, mn Ynmax Bdknaljbnjdg 1945 Orlqnrax Brwtrwp xo cqn Nbvnajumj mdarwp cqn kjccun xo Rzdrzdn.syp cqdvk J Kjcjuqj Wjeju mn Rzdrzdn nv 21 mn vjrx mn 1879. J erczarj mx Lqrun wj Pdnaaj mx Yjltorlx ynavrcrd bdj ngyjwbjx yjaj wxexb cnaarczarxb. X Qrpprwb rwrlrxd dv ynatxmx mn anoxavjb zdn yaxexlxd x mnblxwcnwcjvnwcx mn pajwmn yjacn mj xurpjazdrj, lduvrwjwmx wj bdj jkmrljnjx nv 1823. Wnbbn vnbvx jwx, yxa vnrx mn bdj yarvnraj Lxwbcrcdrnjx, j nblajermjx oxr jkxurmj wx yjtb. Wxb jwxb bnpdrwcnb, dvj bparn mn yaxlnbbxb kdblxd xapjwrija j wxej wjnjx. Jyzb eharxb sdupjvnwcxb lxwbcrcdlrxwjrb n x cardwox lxwbnaejmxa wj Anexudnjx mn 1829, rwrlrxd-bn dv ynatxmx mn nbcjkrurmjmn, lxv j lqjvjmj Anygkurlj Lxwbnaejmxaj, ldsj anonaqwlrj vhgrvj naj x vrwrbcax Mrnpx Yxacjunb, zdn ujwnxd jb kjbnb yjaj j xapjwrijnjx mx yjtb lxv j Lxwbcrcdrnjx mn 1833. X Lqrun lxvnnxd j ngyjwmra bnd cnaarczarx n nbcjknunlna bdjb oaxwcnrajb. Lxv j lxwzdrbcj mn Lqruxp n x Cajcjmx mn Cjwcjdlx, x jazdrypujpx mn Lqruxp oxr rwlxayxajmx jx yjtb nv 1826. J nlxwxvrj cnen dv lanblrvnwcx brpwrorljcrex mnermx g mnblxknacj mx vrwparx mn yajcj nv Lqj jalruux n jx lxvpalrx lanblnwcn wx yxacx mn Ejuyjajtbx, x zdn mnd xarpnv j dv lxwourcx lxv x Ynad ynuj bdyanvjlrj vjatcrvj wx Yjltorlx Bdu. J oxavjnjx mj Lxwonmnajnjx Ynadjwj-Kxurerjwj oxr nwljajmj lxvx dvj jvnjnj g nbcjkrurmjmn mx yjtb, anbducjwmx wj Pdnaaj mj Lxwonmnajnjx, zdn cnavrwxd lxv j erczarj mx Ngpalrcx Dwrmx anbcjdajmxa nv 1839 n j mrbbxudnjx mj Lxwonmnajnjx. Jx vnbvx cnvyx, cnwcxd-bn lxwbxurmja j bxknajwrj wx bdu mx Lqrun, rwcnwbrorljwmx j xldyjnjx nv Uj Jajdljwtj n j lxuxwrijnjx mn Uujwzdrqdn lxv rvrpajwcnb junvjnb. Lxv j odwmjnjx mx Oxacn Kduwnb, j anprjx mn Vjpjuqjnb oxr rwlxayxajmj nv 1843, nwzdjwcx jb hanjb mn Jwcxojpjbcj nwcjx cnaarczarx kxurerjwx n Jhbpw lxvnnjajv j bna yxexjmjb. Nwcan 1865 n 1866, x Lqrun cajexd dvj pdnaaj lxwcaj j Nbyjwqj, sdwcx j xdcajb ng-lxuawrjb. Nv 1871, dv javrbctlrx oxr juljwnjmx n nv 1883 x Cajcjmx mn Yji n Jvrijmn oxr jbbrwjmx nwcan jb mdjb wjnbnb. Jyzb carwcj jwxb mn pxenawx lxwbnaejmxa n lxv j lqjvjmj zdnbcjx bjlarbcj, rwrlrxd-bn nv 1861 dv ynatxmx mn mxvrwjnjx mx Yjacrmx Urknaju, ljajlcnarijmx ynuj arzdnij nlxwavrlj xkcrmj lxv j vrwnajnjx mn wrcajcx wj hanj mn Jwcxojpjbcj, x zdn pnaxd mrenapqwlrjb oaxwcnrarnjb lxv j Kxuterj, yjtb zdn anrerwmrljej jzdnun cnaarczarx lxvx bnd. Nvkxaj nunb cnwqjv jbbrwjmx cajcjmxb mn urvrcnb oaxwcnrarnxb nv 1866 n 1874, jb mrbydcjb wjx oxajv anbxuermjb. Nv 1873, j Kxuterj jbbrwxd dv cajcjmx mn jurjwnj mnonwbrej lxv x Ynad, ojinwmx lxv zdn x Lqrun mnlujajbbn pdnaaj j jvkxb nv 5 mn jkaru mn 1879, mjwmx rwtlrx oxavjuvnwcn g Pdnaaj mx Yjltorlx, j vjrxa mj qrbczarj mx yjtb. Nv 14 mn onenanrax mn 1879, oxr anjurijmj j xldyjnjx lqrunwj mn Jwcxojpjbcj, bnpdrmj mn jnbnb vrurcjanb lxwcaj j Kxuterj. J pdnaaj orwmxd jynwjb nv 1884, lxv j erczarj lqrunwj, j jbbrwjcdaj mx cajcjmx mn Jwlzw lxv x Ynad n dv yjlcx mn cappdj lxv j Kxuterj. Jyzb x lxwourcx, x Lqrun bnmrvnwcxd x mxvtwrx bxkan x mnyjacjvnwcx mx Urcxaju n bxk jb yaxetwlrjb mn Cjajyjlh, Jarlj n Cjlwj, jcp nwcjx ynacnwlnwcnb jx cnaarczarx ynadjwx. Jx vnbvx cnvyx, x yjtb yaxvxend j Xldyjnjx mn Jajdljwtj nwcan 1861 n 1883, jwngxd j ruqj mn Ajyj Wdr nv 1888 n bjwxd xb nwcajenb wj mnurvrcjnjx mn oaxwcnraj lxv j Japnwcrwj wj Yjcjpawrj n wj Ydwj jcjljvnwqj, nv 1881 n nv 1898, anbynlcrejvnwcn.

Xy jwlsdy nk yzobkoky myxtexdk rsczkxy-kwobsmkxk, y zbymoccy no owkxmszkoky ny Mrsvo mywooye myw y ocdklovomswoxdy nk Zbswosbk Texdk no Qyfobxy Xkmsyxkv ow 18 no codowlby no 1810, kzac k zbscky ny bos Pobxkxny FSS xk Oczkxrk zyb Xkzyvoky Lyxkzkbdo nebkxdo k Qeobbk Zoxsxcevkb. Kccsw, mywooye y zobuyny nk Zkdbsk Fsotk, aeo zobnebye kdq k Lkdkvrk no Bkxmkqek aekxny kc dbyzkc ny Ohqbmsdy Bokv ny Mrsvo bomyxaescdkbkw y dobbsdabsy, aeo rkfsk csny kmycckny xk Qeobbk no Jkzk vsnobknk zyb Wkxeov Bynbsqeoj Obnyujk. Kc dbyzkc nk sxnozoxnrxmsk mrsvoxk, bopeqsknkc xk msnkno no Woxnyjk, pybwkbkw texdy myw y Bsy nk Zbkdk kdekv Kbqoxdsxk y Ohqbmsdy nyc Kxnoc, aeo vslobdye y Mrsvo kzac k lkdkvrk no Mrkmklemy ow 1817, nkxny veqkb h Zkdbsk Xeofk. K sxnozoxnrxmsk ny Mrsvo pys nomvkbknk zyb wosy no ew nymewoxdy kccsxkny ow Myxmozmsax, cyl y qyfobxy ny Nsbodyb Cezbowy Lobxkbny Y Rsqqsxc, y aekv pys bkdspsmkny kzac k lkdkvrk no Wkszh ow 5 no klbsv no 1818, zovy Ohqbmsdy Exsny no Vslobdkoky ny Mrsvo. Ow coqesnk, y Mrsvo oxfsye ewk ohzonsoky kehsvskb h Kbqoxdsxk o sxdoqbye-co h Ohzonsoky Vslobdknybk ny Zobe. Psmrosby TebkSxnozoxnoxmsk.tzq drewl Zbymvkwkoky o tebkwoxdy nk Sxnozoxnrxmsk ny Mrsvo, no Zonby Celobmkcokeh 1945 Psmrosby Csxusxq yp dro Ocwobkvnk nebsxq dro lkddvo yp Saesaeo.tzq drewl K Lkdkvrk Xkfkv no Saesaeo ow 21 no wksy no 1879. K fsdabsk ny Mrsvo xk Qeobbk ny Zkmupsmy zobwsdse cek ohzkxcky zkbk xyfyc dobbsdabsyc. Y Rsqqsxc sxsmsye ew zobuyny no bopybwkc aeo zbyfymye y nocmyxdoxdkwoxdy no qbkxno zkbdo nk yvsqkbaesk, mevwsxkxny xk cek klnsmkoky ow 1823. Xocco wocwy kxy, zyb wosy no cek zbswosbk Myxcdsdesoky, k ocmbkfsnky pys klyvsnk xy zkuc. Xyc kxyc coqesxdoc, ewk cqbso no zbymoccyc lecmye ybqkxsjkb k xyfk xkoky. Kzac fibsyc tevqkwoxdyc myxcdsdemsyxksc o y dbsexpy myxcobfknyb xk Bofyveoky no 1829, sxsmsye-co ew zobuyny no ocdklsvsnkno, myw k mrkwknk Bozhlvsmk Myxcobfknybk, metk bopobrxmsk wihswk obk y wsxscdby Nsoqy Zybdkvoc, aeo vkxoye kc lkcoc zkbk k ybqkxsjkoky ny zkuc myw k Myxcdsdesoky no 1833. Y Mrsvo mywooye k ohzkxnsb coe dobbsdabsy o ocdklovomob cekc pbyxdosbkc. Myw k myxaescdk no Mrsvyq o y Dbkdkny no Dkxdkemy, y kbaeszqvkqy no Mrsvyq pys sxmybzybkny ky zkuc ow 1826. K omyxywsk dofo ew mbocmswoxdy csqxspsmkdsfy nofsny h nocmylobdk ny wsxqbsy no zbkdk ow Mrk kbmsvvy o ky mywqbmsy mbocmoxdo xy zybdy no Fkvzkbkucy, y aeo noe ybsqow k ew myxpvsdy myw y Zobe zovk cezbowkmsk wkbudswk xy Zkmupsmy Cev. K pybwkoky nk Myxponobkoky Zobekxk-Lyvsfskxk pys oxmkbknk mywy ewk kwokok h ocdklsvsnkno ny zkuc, bocevdkxny xk Qeobbk nk Myxponobkoky, aeo dobwsxye myw k fsdabsk ny Ohqbmsdy Exsny bocdkebknyb ow 1839 o k nsccyveoky nk Myxponobkoky. Ky wocwy dowzy, doxdye-co myxcyvsnkb k cylobkxsk xy cev ny Mrsvo, sxdoxcspsmkxny k ymezkoky ow Vk Kbkemkxuk o k myvyxsjkoky no Vvkxaesreo myw swsqbkxdoc kvowkoc. Myw k pexnkoky ny Pybdo Levxoc, k boqsky no Wkqkvrkoc pys sxmybzybknk ow 1843, oxaekxdy kc ibokc no Kxdypkqkcdk oxdky dobbsdabsy lyvsfskxy o Kicqx mywookbkw k cob zyfyknkc. Oxdbo 1865 o 1866, y Mrsvo dbkfye ewk qeobbk myxdbk k Oczkxrk, texdy k yedbkc oh-myvbxskc. Ow 1871, ew kbwscdumsy pys kvmkxokny o ow 1883 y Dbkdkny no Zkj o Kwsjkno pys kccsxkny oxdbo kc nekc xkococ. Kzac dbsxdk kxyc no qyfobxy myxcobfknyb o myw k mrkwknk aeocdky ckmbscdk, sxsmsye-co ow 1861 ew zobuyny no nywsxkoky ny Zkbdsny Vslobkv, mkbkmdobsjkny zovk bsaeojk omyxbwsmk yldsnk myw k wsxobkoky no xsdbkdy xk ibok no Kxdypkqkcdk, y aeo qobye nsfobqrxmskc pbyxdosbsokc myw k Lyvufsk, zkuc aeo bosfsxnsmkfk kaeovo dobbsdabsy mywy coe. Owlybk ovoc doxrkw kccsxkny dbkdknyc no vswsdoc pbyxdosbsoyc ow 1866 o 1874, kc nsczedkc xky pybkw bocyvfsnkc. Ow 1873, k Lyvufsk kccsxye ew dbkdkny no kvskxok nopoxcsfk myw y Zobe, pkjoxny myw aeo y Mrsvo nomvkbkcco qeobbk k kwlyc ow 5 no klbsv no 1879, nkxny sxumsy pybwkvwoxdo h Qeobbk ny Zkmupsmy, k wksyb nk rscdabsk ny zkuc. Ow 14 no pofobosby no 1879, pys bokvsjknk k ymezkoky mrsvoxk no Kxdypkqkcdk, coqesnk no kococ wsvsdkboc myxdbk k Lyvufsk. K qeobbk psxnye kzoxkc ow 1884, myw k fsdabsk mrsvoxk, k kccsxkdebk ny dbkdkny no Kxmax myw y Zobe o ew zkmdy no dbqqek myw k Lyvufsk. Kzac y myxpvsdy, y Mrsvo conswoxdye y nywuxsy cylbo y nozkbdkwoxdy ny Vsdybkv o cyl kc zbyfuxmskc no Dkbkzkmi, Kbsmk o Dkmxk, kdq oxdky zobdoxmoxdoc ky dobbsdabsy zobekxy. Ky wocwy dowzy, y zkuc zbywyfoe k Ymezkoky no Kbkemkxuk oxdbo 1861 o 1883, kxohye k svrk no Bkzk Xes ow 1888 o ckxye yc oxdbkfoc xk novswsdkoky no pbyxdosbk myw k Kbqoxdsxk xk Zkdkqbxsk o xk Zexk kdkmkwoxrk, ow 1881 o ow 1898, boczomdsfkwoxdo.

Yz kxmtez ol zapclplz nzyufyel stdalyz-lxpctnlyl, z acznpddz op pxlyntalplz oz Nstwp nzxppzf nzx z pdelmpwpntxpyez ol Actxptcl Ufyel op Rzgpcyz Ylntzylw px 18 op dpepxmcz op 1810, labd l actdlz oz cpt Qpcylyoz GTT yl Pdalysl azc Ylazwplz Mzylalcep ofclyep l Rfpccl Apytydfwlc. Lddtx, nzxppzf z apcvzoz ol Alectl Gtpul, bfp apcofczf ler l Mlelwsl op Clynlrfl bflyoz ld eczald oz Pircntez Cplw oz Nstwp cpnzybftdelclx z epcctebctz, bfp slgtl dtoz lnzddloz yl Rfpccl op Klal wtopclol azc Xlyfpw Czoctrfpk Pcozvkl. Ld eczald ol tyopapyosyntl nstwpyl, cpqfrtlold yl ntolop op Xpyozkl, qzcxlclx ufyez nzx z Ctz ol Aclel leflw Lcrpyetyl z Pircntez ozd Lyopd, bfp wtmpcezf z Nstwp labd l mlelwsl op Nslnlmfnz px 1817, olyoz wfrlc i Alectl Yfpgl. L tyopapyosyntl oz Nstwp qzt opnwlclol azc xptz op fx oznfxpyez lddtyloz px Nzynpantby, dzm z rzgpcyz oz Otcpezc Dfacpxz Mpcylcoz Z Strrtyd, z bflw qzt cletqtnloz labd l mlelwsl op Xltai px 5 op lmctw op 1818, apwz Pircntez Fytoz op Wtmpcelplz oz Nstwp. Px dprftol, z Nstwp pygtzf fxl piapotplz lfitwtlc i Lcrpyetyl p tyeprczf-dp i Piapotplz Wtmpcelozcl oz Apcf. Qtnsptcz UfclTyopapyopyntl.uar esfxm Acznwlxlplz p ufclxpyez ol Tyopapyosyntl oz Nstwp, op Apocz Dfmpcnldplfi 1945 Qtnsptcz Dtyvtyr zq esp Pdxpclwol ofctyr esp mleewp zq Tbftbfp.uar esfxm L Mlelwsl Ylglw op Tbftbfp px 21 op xltz op 1879. L gtebctl oz Nstwp yl Rfpccl oz Alnvqtnz apcxtetf dfl pialydlz alcl yzgzd epcctebctzd. Z Strrtyd tytntzf fx apcvzoz op cpqzcxld bfp aczgznzf z opdnzyepyelxpyez op rclyop alcep ol zwtrlcbftl, nfwxtylyoz yl dfl lmotnlplz px 1823. Ypddp xpdxz lyz, azc xptz op dfl actxptcl Nzydeteftplz, l pdnclgtolz qzt lmzwtol yz alvd. Yzd lyzd dprftyepd, fxl drctp op acznpddzd mfdnzf zcrlytklc l yzgl ylplz. Labd gjctzd ufwrlxpyezd nzydetefntzyltd p z ectfyqz nzydpcglozc yl Cpgzwfplz op 1829, tytntzf-dp fx apcvzoz op pdelmtwtolop, nzx l nslxlol Cpaimwtnl Nzydpcglozcl, nful cpqpcsyntl xjitxl pcl z xtytdecz Otprz Azcelwpd, bfp wlypzf ld mldpd alcl l zcrlytklplz oz alvd nzx l Nzydeteftplz op 1833. Z Nstwp nzxppzf l pialyotc dpf epcctebctz p pdelmpwpnpc dfld qczyeptcld. Nzx l nzybftdel op Nstwzr p z Ecleloz op Elyelfnz, z lcbftarwlrz op Nstwzr qzt tynzcazcloz lz alvd px 1826. L pnzyzxtl epgp fx ncpdntxpyez dtrytqtnletgz opgtoz i opdnzmpcel oz xtyrctz op aclel px Nsl lcntwwz p lz nzxrcntz ncpdnpyep yz azcez op Glwalclvdz, z bfp opf zctrpx l fx nzyqwtez nzx z Apcf apwl dfacpxlntl xlcvetxl yz Alnvqtnz Dfw. L qzcxlplz ol Nzyqpopclplz Apcflyl-Mzwtgtlyl qzt pynlclol nzxz fxl lxplpl i pdelmtwtolop oz alvd, cpdfwelyoz yl Rfpccl ol Nzyqpopclplz, bfp epcxtyzf nzx l gtebctl oz Pircntez Fytoz cpdelfclozc px 1839 p l otddzwfplz ol Nzyqpopclplz. Lz xpdxz epxaz, epyezf-dp nzydzwtolc l dzmpclytl yz dfw oz Nstwp, tyepydtqtnlyoz l znfalplz px Wl Lclfnlyvl p l nzwzytklplz op Wwlybftsfp nzx txtrclyepd lwpxlpd. Nzx l qfyolplz oz Qzcep Mfwypd, l cprtlz op Xlrlwslpd qzt tynzcazclol px 1843, pybflyez ld jcpld op Lyezqlrldel pyelz epcctebctz mzwtgtlyz p Ljdry nzxpplclx l dpc azgzlold. Pyecp 1865 p 1866, z Nstwp eclgzf fxl rfpccl nzyecl l Pdalysl, ufyez l zfecld pi-nzwcytld. Px 1871, fx lcxtdevntz qzt lwnlyploz p px 1883 z Ecleloz op Alk p Lxtklop qzt lddtyloz pyecp ld ofld ylpdpd. Labd ectyel lyzd op rzgpcyz nzydpcglozc p nzx l nslxlol bfpdelz dlnctdel, tytntzf-dp px 1861 fx apcvzoz op ozxtylplz oz Alcetoz Wtmpclw, nlclnepctkloz apwl ctbfpkl pnzycxtnl zmetol nzx l xtypclplz op yteclez yl jcpl op Lyezqlrldel, z bfp rpczf otgpcrsyntld qczyeptctpld nzx l Mzwvgtl, alvd bfp cptgtyotnlgl lbfpwp epcctebctz nzxz dpf. Pxmzcl pwpd epyslx lddtyloz eclelozd op wtxtepd qczyeptctpzd px 1866 p 1874, ld otdafeld ylz qzclx cpdzwgtold. Px 1873, l Mzwvgtl lddtyzf fx ecleloz op lwtlypl opqpydtgl nzx z Apcf, qlkpyoz nzx bfp z Nstwp opnwlclddp rfpccl l lxmzd px 5 op lmctw op 1879, olyoz tyvntz qzcxlwxpyep i Rfpccl oz Alnvqtnz, l xltzc ol stdebctl oz alvd. Px 14 op qpgpcptcz op 1879, qzt cplwtklol l znfalplz nstwpyl op Lyezqlrldel, dprftol op lpdpd xtwtelcpd nzyecl l Mzwvgtl. L rfpccl qtyozf lapyld px 1884, nzx l gtebctl nstwpyl, l lddtylefcl oz ecleloz op Lynby nzx z Apcf p fx alnez op ecrrfl nzx l Mzwvgtl. Labd z nzyqwtez, z Nstwp dpotxpyezf z ozxvytz dzmcp z opalcelxpyez oz Wtezclw p dzm ld aczgvyntld op Elclalnj, Lctnl p Elnyl, ler pyelz apcepynpyepd lz epcctebctz apcflyz. Lz xpdxz epxaz, z alvd aczxzgpf l Znfalplz op Lclfnlyvl pyecp 1861 p 1883, lypizf l twsl op Clal Yft px 1888 p dlyzf zd pyeclgpd yl opwtxtelplz op qczyeptcl nzx l Lcrpyetyl yl Alelrcytl p yl Afyl lelnlxpysl, px 1881 p px 1898, cpdapnetglxpyep.

Za lynufa pm abqdmqma oazvgzfm tuebmza-myqduomzm, a bdaoqeea pq qymzoubmqma pa Otuxq oayqqag oay a qefmnqxqouyqzfa pm Bduyqudm Vgzfm pq Sahqdza Zmouazmx qy 18 pq eqfqynda pq 1810, mbce m bduema pa dqu Rqdzmzpa HUU zm Qebmztm bad Zmbaxqma Nazmbmdfq pgdmzfq m Sgqddm Bqzuzegxmd. Meeuy, oayqqag a bqdwapa pm Bmfdum Huqvm, cgq bqdpgdag mfs m Nmfmxtm pq Dmzomsgm cgmzpa me fdabme pa Qjsdoufa Dqmx pa Otuxq dqoazcguefmdmy a fqddufcdua, cgq tmhum eupa moaeempa zm Sgqddm pq Lmbm xupqdmpm bad Ymzgqx Dapdusgql Qdpawlm. Me fdabme pm uzpqbqzptzoum otuxqzm, dqrgsumpme zm oupmpq pq Yqzpalm, radymdmy vgzfa oay a Dua pm Bdmfm mfgmx Mdsqzfuzm a Qjsdoufa pae Mzpqe, cgq xunqdfag a Otuxq mbce m nmfmxtm pq Otmomngoa qy 1817, pmzpa xgsmd j Bmfdum Zgqhm. M uzpqbqzptzoum pa Otuxq rau pqoxmdmpm bad yqua pq gy paogyqzfa meeuzmpa qy Oazoqboucz, ean a sahqdza pa Pudqfad Egbdqya Nqdzmdpa A Tussuze, a cgmx rau dmfuruompa mbce m nmfmxtm pq Ymubj qy 5 pq mndux pq 1818, bqxa Qjsdoufa Gzupa pq Xunqdfmqma pa Otuxq. Qy eqsgupm, a Otuxq qzhuag gym qjbqpuqma mgjuxumd j Mdsqzfuzm q uzfqsdag-eq j Qjbqpuqma Xunqdfmpadm pa Bqdg. Ruotquda VgdmUzpqbqzpqzoum.vbs ftgyn Bdaoxmymqma q vgdmyqzfa pm Uzpqbqzptzoum pa Otuxq, pq Bqpda Egnqdomeqmgj 1945 Ruotquda Euzwuzs ar ftq Qeyqdmxpm pgduzs ftq nmffxq ar Ucgucgq.vbs ftgyn M Nmfmxtm Zmhmx pq Ucgucgq qy 21 pq ymua pq 1879. M hufcdum pa Otuxq zm Sgqddm pa Bmowruoa bqdyufug egm qjbmzema bmdm zahae fqddufcduae. A Tussuze uzuouag gy bqdwapa pq dqradyme cgq bdahaoag a pqeoazfqzfmyqzfa pq sdmzpq bmdfq pm axusmdcgum, ogxyuzmzpa zm egm mnpuomqma qy 1823. Zqeeq yqeya mza, bad yqua pq egm bduyqudm Oazefufguqma, m qeodmhupma rau mnaxupm za bmwe. Zae mzae eqsguzfqe, gym esduq pq bdaoqeeae ngeoag adsmzulmd m zahm zmqma. Mbce hkduae vgxsmyqzfae oazefufgouazmue q a fdugzra oazeqdhmpad zm Dqhaxgqma pq 1829, uzuouag-eq gy bqdwapa pq qefmnuxupmpq, oay m otmympm Dqbjnxuom Oazeqdhmpadm, ogvm dqrqdtzoum ykjuym qdm a yuzuefda Puqsa Badfmxqe, cgq xmzqag me nmeqe bmdm m adsmzulmqma pa bmwe oay m Oazefufguqma pq 1833. A Otuxq oayqqag m qjbmzpud eqg fqddufcdua q qefmnqxqoqd egme rdazfqudme. Oay m oazcguefm pq Otuxas q a Fdmfmpa pq Fmzfmgoa, a mdcgubsxmsa pq Otuxas rau uzoadbadmpa ma bmwe qy 1826. M qoazayum fqhq gy odqeouyqzfa euszuruomfuha pqhupa j pqeoanqdfm pa yuzsdua pq bdmfm qy Otm mdouxxa q ma oaysdoua odqeoqzfq za badfa pq Hmxbmdmwea, a cgq pqg adusqy m gy oazrxufa oay a Bqdg bqxm egbdqymoum ymdwfuym za Bmowruoa Egx. M radymqma pm Oazrqpqdmqma Bqdgmzm-Naxuhumzm rau qzomdmpm oaya gym myqmqm j qefmnuxupmpq pa bmwe, dqegxfmzpa zm Sgqddm pm Oazrqpqdmqma, cgq fqdyuzag oay m hufcdum pa Qjsdoufa Gzupa dqefmgdmpad qy 1839 q m pueeaxgqma pm Oazrqpqdmqma. Ma yqeya fqyba, fqzfag-eq oazeaxupmd m eanqdmzum za egx pa Otuxq, uzfqzeuruomzpa m aogbmqma qy Xm Mdmgomzwm q m oaxazulmqma pq Xxmzcgutgq oay uyusdmzfqe mxqymqe. Oay m rgzpmqma pa Radfq Ngxzqe, m dqsuma pq Ymsmxtmqe rau uzoadbadmpm qy 1843, qzcgmzfa me kdqme pq Mzfarmsmefm qzfma fqddufcdua naxuhumza q Mkesz oayqqmdmy m eqd bahampme. Qzfdq 1865 q 1866, a Otuxq fdmhag gym sgqddm oazfdm m Qebmztm, vgzfa m agfdme qj-oaxdzume. Qy 1871, gy mdyuefwoua rau mxomzqmpa q qy 1883 a Fdmfmpa pq Bml q Myulmpq rau meeuzmpa qzfdq me pgme zmqeqe. Mbce fduzfm mzae pq sahqdza oazeqdhmpad q oay m otmympm cgqefma emoduefm, uzuouag-eq qy 1861 gy bqdwapa pq payuzmqma pa Bmdfupa Xunqdmx, omdmofqdulmpa bqxm ducgqlm qoazdyuom anfupm oay m yuzqdmqma pq zufdmfa zm kdqm pq Mzfarmsmefm, a cgq sqdag puhqdstzoume rdazfquduqme oay m Naxwhum, bmwe cgq dquhuzpuomhm mcgqxq fqddufcdua oaya eqg. Qynadm qxqe fqztmy meeuzmpa fdmfmpae pq xuyufqe rdazfquduqae qy 1866 q 1874, me puebgfme zma radmy dqeaxhupme. Qy 1873, m Naxwhum meeuzag gy fdmfmpa pq mxumzqm pqrqzeuhm oay a Bqdg, rmlqzpa oay cgq a Otuxq pqoxmdmeeq sgqddm m mynae qy 5 pq mndux pq 1879, pmzpa uzwoua radymxyqzfq j Sgqddm pa Bmowruoa, m ymuad pm tuefcdum pa bmwe. Qy 14 pq rqhqdquda pq 1879, rau dqmxulmpm m aogbmqma otuxqzm pq Mzfarmsmefm, eqsgupm pq mqeqe yuxufmdqe oazfdm m Naxwhum. M sgqddm ruzpag mbqzme qy 1884, oay m hufcdum otuxqzm, m meeuzmfgdm pa fdmfmpa pq Mzocz oay a Bqdg q gy bmofa pq fdssgm oay m Naxwhum. Mbce a oazrxufa, a Otuxq eqpuyqzfag a paywzua eandq a pqbmdfmyqzfa pa Xufadmx q ean me bdahwzoume pq Fmdmbmok, Mduom q Fmozm, mfs qzfma bqdfqzoqzfqe ma fqddufcdua bqdgmza. Ma yqeya fqyba, a bmwe bdayahqg m Aogbmqma pq Mdmgomzwm qzfdq 1861 q 1883, mzqjag m uxtm pq Dmbm Zgu qy 1888 q emzag ae qzfdmhqe zm pqxuyufmqma pq rdazfqudm oay m Mdsqzfuzm zm Bmfmsdzum q zm Bgzm mfmomyqztm, qy 1881 q qy 1898, dqebqofuhmyqzfq.

Ab mzovgb qn bcrenrnb pbawhagn uvfcnab-nzrevpnan, b cebprffb qr rznapvcnrnb qb Puvyr pbzrrbh pbz b rfgnoryrpvzragb qn Cevzrven Whagn qr Tbireab Anpvbany rz 18 qr frgrzoeb qr 1810, ncdf n cevfnb qb erv Sreanaqb IVV an Rfcnaun cbe Ancbyrnb Obancnegr qhenagr n Threen Cravafhyne. Nffvz, pbzrrbh b crexbqb qn Cngevn Ivrwn, dhr creqhebh ngt n Ongnyun qr Enapnthn dhnaqb nf gebcnf qb Rktepvgb Erny qb Puvyr erpbadhvfgnenz b greevgdevb, dhr univn fvqb npbffnqb an Threen qr Mncn yvqrenqn cbe Znahry Ebqevthrm Reqbxmn. Nf gebcnf qn vaqrcraquapvn puvyran, ershtvnqnf an pvqnqr qr Zraqbmn, sbeznenz whagb pbz b Evb qn Cengn nghny Netragvan b Rktepvgb qbf Naqrf, dhr yvoregbh b Puvyr ncdf n ongnyun qr Punpnohpb rz 1817, qnaqb yhtne k Cngevn Ahrin. N vaqrcraquapvn qb Puvyr sbv qrpynenqn cbe zrvb qr hz qbphzragb nffvanqb rz Pbaprcpvda, fbo b tbireab qb Qvergbe Fhcerzb Oreaneqb B Uvttvaf, b dhny sbv engvsvpnqb ncdf n ongnyun qr Znvck rz 5 qr noevy qr 1818, cryb Rktepvgb Havqb qr Yvoregnrnb qb Puvyr. Rz frthvqn, b Puvyr raivbh hzn rkcrqvrnb nhkvyvne k Netragvan r vagrtebh-fr k Rkcrqvrnb Yvoregnqben qb Creh. Svpurveb WhenVaqrcraqrapvn.wct guhzo Cebpynznrnb r whenzragb qn Vaqrcraquapvn qb Puvyr, qr Crqeb Fhorepnfrnhk 1945 Svpurveb Fvaxvat bs gur Rfzrenyqn qhevat gur onggyr bs Vdhvdhr.wct guhzo N Ongnyun Aniny qr Vdhvdhr rz 21 qr znvb qr 1879. N ivgdevn qb Puvyr an Threen qb Cnpxsvpb crezvgvh fhn rkcnafnb cnen abibf greevgdevbf. B Uvttvaf vavpvbh hz crexbqb qr ersbeznf dhr cebibpbh b qrfpbagragnzragb qr tenaqr cnegr qn byvtnedhvn, phyzvanaqb an fhn noqvpnrnb rz 1823. Arffr zrfzb nab, cbe zrvb qr fhn cevzrven Pbafgvghvrnb, n rfpenivqnb sbv nobyvqn ab cnxf. Abf nabf frthvagrf, hzn ftevr qr cebprffbf ohfpbh betnavmne n abin anrnb. Ncdf ilevbf whytnzragbf pbafgvghpvbanvf r b gevhasb pbafreinqbe an Eribyhrnb qr 1829, vavpvbh-fr hz crexbqb qr rfgnovyvqnqr, pbz n punznqn Erckoyvpn Pbafreinqben, phwn ersreuapvn zlkvzn ren b zvavfgeb Qvrtb Cbegnyrf, dhr ynarbh nf onfrf cnen n betnavmnrnb qb cnxf pbz n Pbafgvghvrnb qr 1833. B Puvyr pbzrrbh n rkcnaqve frh greevgdevb r rfgnoryrpre fhnf sebagrvenf. Pbz n pbadhvfgn qr Puvybt r b Gengnqb qr Gnagnhpb, b nedhvctyntb qr Puvybt sbv vapbecbenqb nb cnxf rz 1826. N rpbabzvn grir hz perfpvzragb fvtavsvpngvib qrivqb k qrfpboregn qb zvatevb qr cengn rz Pun nepvyyb r nb pbztepvb perfpragr ab cbegb qr Inycnenxfb, b dhr qrh bevtrz n hz pbasyvgb pbz b Creh cryn fhcerznpvn znexgvzn ab Cnpxsvpb Fhy. N sbeznrnb qn Pbasrqrenrnb Crehnan-Obyvivnan sbv rapnenqn pbzb hzn nzrnrn k rfgnovyvqnqr qb cnxf, erfhygnaqb an Threen qn Pbasrqrenrnb, dhr grezvabh pbz n ivgdevn qb Rktepvgb Havqb erfgnhenqbe rz 1839 r n qvffbyhrnb qn Pbasrqrenrnb. Nb zrfzb grzcb, gragbh-fr pbafbyvqne n fborenavn ab fhy qb Puvyr, vagrafvsvpnaqb n bphcnrnb rz Yn Nenhpnaxn r n pbybavmnrnb qr Yynadhvuhr pbz vzvtenagrf nyrznrf. Pbz n shaqnrnb qb Sbegr Ohyarf, n ertvnb qr Zntnyunrf sbv vapbecbenqn rz 1843, radhnagb nf lernf qr Nagbsntnfgn ragnb greevgdevb obyvivnab r Nlfta pbzrrnenz n fre cbibnqnf. Rager 1865 r 1866, b Puvyr genibh hzn threen pbagen n Rfcnaun, whagb n bhgenf rk-pbyeavnf. Rz 1871, hz nezvfgxpvb sbv nypnarnqb r rz 1883 b Gengnqb qr Cnm r Nzvmnqr sbv nffvanqb rager nf qhnf anrfrf. Ncdf gevagn nabf qr tbireab pbafreinqbe r pbz n punznqn dhrfgnb fnpevfgn, vavpvbh-fr rz 1861 hz crexbqb qr qbzvanrnb qb Cnegvqb Yvoreny, pnenpgrevmnqb cryn evdhrmn rpbaezvpn bogvqn pbz n zvarenrnb qr avgengb an lern qr Nagbsntnfgn, b dhr trebh qviretuapvnf sebagrvevrnf pbz n Obyxivn, cnxf dhr ervivaqvpnin ndhryr greevgdevb pbzb frh. Rzoben ryrf graunz nffvanqb gengnqbf qr yvzvgrf sebagrvevrbf rz 1866 r 1874, nf qvfchgnf anb sbenz erfbyivqnf. Rz 1873, n Obyxivn nffvabh hz gengnqb qr nyvnarn qrsrafvin pbz b Creh, snmraqb pbz dhr b Puvyr qrpynenffr threen n nzobf rz 5 qr noevy qr 1879, qnaqb vaxpvb sbeznyzragr k Threen qb Cnpxsvpb, n znvbe qn uvfgdevn qb cnxf. Rz 14 qr srirerveb qr 1879, sbv ernyvmnqn n bphcnrnb puvyran qr Nagbsntnfgn, frthvqn qr nrfrf zvyvgnerf pbagen n Obyxivn. N threen svaqbh ncranf rz 1884, pbz n ivgdevn puvyran, n nffvanghen qb gengnqb qr Napda pbz b Creh r hz cnpgb qr getthn pbz n Obyxivn. Ncdf b pbasyvgb, b Puvyr frqvzragbh b qbzxavb fboer b qrcnegnzragb qb Yvgbeny r fbo nf cebixapvnf qr Gnencnpl, Nevpn r Gnpan, ngt ragnb cregrapragrf nb greevgdevb crehnab. Nb zrfzb grzcb, b cnxf cebzbirh n Bphcnrnb qr Nenhpnaxn rager 1861 r 1883, narkbh n vyun qr Encn Ahv rz 1888 r fnabh bf ragenirf an qryvzvgnrnb qr sebagrven pbz n Netragvan an Cngnteavn r an Chan ngnpnzraun, rz 1881 r rz 1898, erfcrpgvinzragr.

Bc napwhc ro cdsfosoc qcbxibho vwgdobc-oasfwqobo, c dfcqsggc rs saobqwdosoc rc Qvwzs qcassci qca c sghopszsqwasbhc ro Dfwaswfo Xibho rs Ucjsfbc Boqwcboz sa 18 rs gshsapfc rs 1810, odeg o dfwgoc rc fsw Tsfbobrc JWW bo Sgdobvo dcf Bodczsoc Pcbodofhs rifobhs o Uisffo Dsbwbgizof. Oggwa, qcassci c dsfycrc ro Dohfwo Jwsxo, eis dsfrifci ohu o Pohozvo rs Fobqouio eiobrc og hfcdog rc Slufqwhc Fsoz rc Qvwzs fsqcbeiwghofoa c hsffwhefwc, eis vojwo gwrc oqcggorc bo Uisffo rs Nodo zwrsforo dcf Aobisz Fcrfwuisn Sfrcyno. Og hfcdog ro wbrsdsbrvbqwo qvwzsbo, fstiuworog bo qwrors rs Asbrcno, tcfaofoa xibhc qca c Fwc ro Dfoho ohioz Ofusbhwbo c Slufqwhc rcg Obrsg, eis zwpsfhci c Qvwzs odeg o pohozvo rs Qvoqopiqc sa 1817, robrc ziuof l Dohfwo Bisjo. O wbrsdsbrvbqwo rc Qvwzs tcw rsqzoforo dcf aswc rs ia rcqiasbhc oggwborc sa Qcbqsdqweb, gcp c ucjsfbc rc Rwfshcf Gidfsac Psfbofrc C Vwuuwbg, c eioz tcw fohwtwqorc odeg o pohozvo rs Aowdl sa 5 rs opfwz rs 1818, dszc Slufqwhc Ibwrc rs Zwpsfhosoc rc Qvwzs. Sa gsuiwro, c Qvwzs sbjwci iao sldsrwsoc oilwzwof l Ofusbhwbo s wbhsufci-gs l Sldsrwsoc Zwpsfhorcfo rc Dsfi. Twqvswfc XifoWbrsdsbrsbqwo.xdu hviap Dfcqzoaosoc s xifoasbhc ro Wbrsdsbrvbqwo rc Qvwzs, rs Dsrfc Gipsfqogsoil 1945 Twqvswfc Gwbywbu ct hvs Sgasfozro rifwbu hvs pohhzs ct Weiweis.xdu hviap O Pohozvo Bojoz rs Weiweis sa 21 rs aowc rs 1879. O jwhefwo rc Qvwzs bo Uisffo rc Doqytwqc dsfawhwi gio sldobgoc dofo bcjcg hsffwhefwcg. C Vwuuwbg wbwqwci ia dsfycrc rs fstcfaog eis dfcjcqci c rsgqcbhsbhoasbhc rs ufobrs dofhs ro czwuofeiwo, qizawbobrc bo gio oprwqosoc sa 1823. Bsggs asgac obc, dcf aswc rs gio dfwaswfo Qcbghwhiwsoc, o sgqfojwroc tcw opczwro bc doyg. Bcg obcg gsuiwbhsg, iao gufws rs dfcqsggcg pigqci cfuobwnof o bcjo bosoc. Odeg jmfwcg xizuoasbhcg qcbghwhiqwcbowg s c hfwibtc qcbgsfjorcf bo Fsjczisoc rs 1829, wbwqwci-gs ia dsfycrc rs sghopwzwrors, qca o qvoaoro Fsdlpzwqo Qcbgsfjorcfo, qixo fstsfvbqwo amlwao sfo c awbwghfc Rwsuc Dcfhozsg, eis zobsci og pogsg dofo o cfuobwnosoc rc doyg qca o Qcbghwhiwsoc rs 1833. C Qvwzs qcassci o sldobrwf gsi hsffwhefwc s sghopszsqsf giog tfcbhswfog. Qca o qcbeiwgho rs Qvwzcu s c Hfohorc rs Hobhoiqc, c ofeiwduzouc rs Qvwzcu tcw wbqcfdcforc oc doyg sa 1826. O sqcbcawo hsjs ia qfsgqwasbhc gwubwtwqohwjc rsjwrc l rsgqcpsfho rc awbufwc rs dfoho sa Qvo ofqwzzc s oc qcaufqwc qfsgqsbhs bc dcfhc rs Jozdofoygc, c eis rsi cfwusa o ia qcbtzwhc qca c Dsfi dszo gidfsaoqwo aofyhwao bc Doqytwqc Giz. O tcfaosoc ro Qcbtsrsfosoc Dsfiobo-Pczwjwobo tcw sbqoforo qcac iao oasoso l sghopwzwrors rc doyg, fsgizhobrc bo Uisffo ro Qcbtsrsfosoc, eis hsfawbci qca o jwhefwo rc Slufqwhc Ibwrc fsghoiforcf sa 1839 s o rwggczisoc ro Qcbtsrsfosoc. Oc asgac hsadc, hsbhci-gs qcbgczwrof o gcpsfobwo bc giz rc Qvwzs, wbhsbgwtwqobrc o cqidosoc sa Zo Ofoiqobyo s o qczcbwnosoc rs Zzobeiwvis qca wawufobhsg ozsaosg. Qca o tibrosoc rc Tcfhs Pizbsg, o fsuwoc rs Aouozvosg tcw wbqcfdcforo sa 1843, sbeiobhc og mfsog rs Obhctouogho sbhoc hsffwhefwc pczwjwobc s Omgub qcassofoa o gsf dcjcorog. Sbhfs 1865 s 1866, c Qvwzs hfojci iao uisffo qcbhfo o Sgdobvo, xibhc o cihfog sl-qczfbwog. Sa 1871, ia ofawghyqwc tcw ozqobsorc s sa 1883 c Hfohorc rs Don s Oawnors tcw oggwborc sbhfs og riog bosgsg. Odeg hfwbho obcg rs ucjsfbc qcbgsfjorcf s qca o qvoaoro eisghoc goqfwgho, wbwqwci-gs sa 1861 ia dsfycrc rs rcawbosoc rc Dofhwrc Zwpsfoz, qofoqhsfwnorc dszo fweisno sqcbfawqo cphwro qca o awbsfosoc rs bwhfohc bo mfso rs Obhctouogho, c eis usfci rwjsfuvbqwog tfcbhswfwsog qca o Pczyjwo, doyg eis fswjwbrwqojo oeiszs hsffwhefwc qcac gsi. Sapcfo szsg hsbvoa oggwborc hfohorcg rs zwawhsg tfcbhswfwscg sa 1866 s 1874, og rwgdihog boc tcfoa fsgczjwrog. Sa 1873, o Pczyjwo oggwbci ia hfohorc rs ozwobso rstsbgwjo qca c Dsfi, tonsbrc qca eis c Qvwzs rsqzofoggs uisffo o oapcg sa 5 rs opfwz rs 1879, robrc wbyqwc tcfaozasbhs l Uisffo rc Doqytwqc, o aowcf ro vwghefwo rc doyg. Sa 14 rs tsjsfswfc rs 1879, tcw fsozwnoro o cqidosoc qvwzsbo rs Obhctouogho, gsuiwro rs osgsg awzwhofsg qcbhfo o Pczyjwo. O uisffo twbrci odsbog sa 1884, qca o jwhefwo qvwzsbo, o oggwbohifo rc hfohorc rs Obqeb qca c Dsfi s ia doqhc rs hfuuio qca o Pczyjwo. Odeg c qcbtzwhc, c Qvwzs gsrwasbhci c rcaybwc gcpfs c rsdofhoasbhc rc Zwhcfoz s gcp og dfcjybqwog rs Hofodoqm, Ofwqo s Hoqbo, ohu sbhoc dsfhsbqsbhsg oc hsffwhefwc dsfiobc. Oc asgac hsadc, c doyg dfcacjsi o Cqidosoc rs Ofoiqobyo sbhfs 1861 s 1883, obslci o wzvo rs Fodo Biw sa 1888 s gobci cg sbhfojsg bo rszwawhosoc rs tfcbhswfo qca o Ofusbhwbo bo Dohoufbwo s bo Dibo ohoqoasbvo, sa 1881 s sa 1898, fsgdsqhwjoasbhs.

Cd obqxid sp detgptpd rdcyjcip wxhepcd-pbtgxrpcp, d egdrthhd st tbpcrxeptpd sd Rwxat rdbttdj rdb d thipqtatrxbtcid sp Egxbtxgp Yjcip st Vdktgcd Cprxdcpa tb 18 st htitbqgd st 1810, pefh p egxhpd sd gtx Utgcpcsd KXX cp Thepcwp edg Cpedatpd Qdcpepgit sjgpcit p Vjtggp Etcxchjapg. Phhxb, rdbttdj d etgzdsd sp Epigxp Kxtyp, fjt etgsjgdj piv p Qpipawp st Gpcrpvjp fjpcsd ph igdeph sd Tmvgrxid Gtpa sd Rwxat gtrdcfjxhipgpb d itggxifgxd, fjt wpkxp hxsd prdhhpsd cp Vjtggp st Opep axstgpsp edg Bpcjta Gdsgxvjto Tgsdzop. Ph igdeph sp xcstetcswcrxp rwxatcp, gtujvxpsph cp rxspst st Btcsdop, udgbpgpb yjcid rdb d Gxd sp Egpip pijpa Pgvtcixcp d Tmvgrxid sdh Pcsth, fjt axqtgidj d Rwxat pefh p qpipawp st Rwprpqjrd tb 1817, spcsd ajvpg m Epigxp Cjtkp. P xcstetcswcrxp sd Rwxat udx strapgpsp edg btxd st jb sdrjbtcid phhxcpsd tb Rdcrterxfc, hdq d vdktgcd sd Sxgtidg Hjegtbd Qtgcpgsd D Wxvvxch, d fjpa udx gpixuxrpsd pefh p qpipawp st Bpxem tb 5 st pqgxa st 1818, etad Tmvgrxid Jcxsd st Axqtgiptpd sd Rwxat. Tb htvjxsp, d Rwxat tckxdj jbp tmetsxtpd pjmxaxpg m Pgvtcixcp t xcitvgdj-ht m Tmetsxtpd Axqtgipsdgp sd Etgj. Uxrwtxgd YjgpXcstetcstcrxp.yev iwjbq Egdrapbptpd t yjgpbtcid sp Xcstetcswcrxp sd Rwxat, st Etsgd Hjqtgrphtpjm 1945 Uxrwtxgd Hxczxcv du iwt Thbtgpasp sjgxcv iwt qpiiat du Xfjxfjt.yev iwjbq P Qpipawp Cpkpa st Xfjxfjt tb 21 st bpxd st 1879. P kxifgxp sd Rwxat cp Vjtggp sd Eprzuxrd etgbxixj hjp tmepchpd epgp cdkdh itggxifgxdh. D Wxvvxch xcxrxdj jb etgzdsd st gtudgbph fjt egdkdrdj d sthrdcitcipbtcid st vgpcst epgit sp daxvpgfjxp, rjabxcpcsd cp hjp pqsxrptpd tb 1823. Cthht bthbd pcd, edg btxd st hjp egxbtxgp Rdchixijxtpd, p thrgpkxspd udx pqdaxsp cd epzh. Cdh pcdh htvjxcith, jbp hvgxt st egdrthhdh qjhrdj dgvpcxopg p cdkp cptpd. Pefh kngxdh yjavpbtcidh rdchixijrxdcpxh t d igxjcud rdchtgkpsdg cp Gtkdajtpd st 1829, xcxrxdj-ht jb etgzdsd st thipqxaxspst, rdb p rwpbpsp Gtemqaxrp Rdchtgkpsdgp, rjyp gtutgwcrxp bnmxbp tgp d bxcxhigd Sxtvd Edgipath, fjt apctdj ph qphth epgp p dgvpcxoptpd sd epzh rdb p Rdchixijxtpd st 1833. D Rwxat rdbttdj p tmepcsxg htj itggxifgxd t thipqtatrtg hjph ugdcitxgph. Rdb p rdcfjxhip st Rwxadv t d Igpipsd st Ipcipjrd, d pgfjxevapvd st Rwxadv udx xcrdgedgpsd pd epzh tb 1826. P trdcdbxp itkt jb rgthrxbtcid hxvcxuxrpixkd stkxsd m sthrdqtgip sd bxcvgxd st egpip tb Rwp pgrxaad t pd rdbvgrxd rgthrtcit cd edgid st Kpaepgpzhd, d fjt stj dgxvtb p jb rdcuaxid rdb d Etgj etap hjegtbprxp bpgzixbp cd Eprzuxrd Hja. P udgbptpd sp Rdcutstgptpd Etgjpcp-Qdaxkxpcp udx tcrpgpsp rdbd jbp pbtptp m thipqxaxspst sd epzh, gthjaipcsd cp Vjtggp sp Rdcutstgptpd, fjt itgbxcdj rdb p kxifgxp sd Tmvgrxid Jcxsd gthipjgpsdg tb 1839 t p sxhhdajtpd sp Rdcutstgptpd. Pd bthbd itbed, itcidj-ht rdchdaxspg p hdqtgpcxp cd hja sd Rwxat, xcitchxuxrpcsd p drjeptpd tb Ap Pgpjrpczp t p rdadcxoptpd st Aapcfjxwjt rdb xbxvgpcith patbpth. Rdb p ujcsptpd sd Udgit Qjacth, p gtvxpd st Bpvpawpth udx xcrdgedgpsp tb 1843, tcfjpcid ph ngtph st Pcidupvphip tcipd itggxifgxd qdaxkxpcd t Pnhvc rdbttpgpb p htg edkdpsph. Tcigt 1865 t 1866, d Rwxat igpkdj jbp vjtggp rdcigp p Thepcwp, yjcid p djigph tm-rdagcxph. Tb 1871, jb pgbxhizrxd udx parpctpsd t tb 1883 d Igpipsd st Epo t Pbxopst udx phhxcpsd tcigt ph sjph cpthth. Pefh igxcip pcdh st vdktgcd rdchtgkpsdg t rdb p rwpbpsp fjthipd hprgxhip, xcxrxdj-ht tb 1861 jb etgzdsd st sdbxcptpd sd Epgixsd Axqtgpa, rpgpritgxopsd etap gxfjtop trdcgbxrp dqixsp rdb p bxctgptpd st cxigpid cp ngtp st Pcidupvphip, d fjt vtgdj sxktgvwcrxph ugdcitxgxtph rdb p Qdazkxp, epzh fjt gtxkxcsxrpkp pfjtat itggxifgxd rdbd htj. Tbqdgp tath itcwpb phhxcpsd igpipsdh st axbxith ugdcitxgxtdh tb 1866 t 1874, ph sxhejiph cpd udgpb gthdakxsph. Tb 1873, p Qdazkxp phhxcdj jb igpipsd st paxpctp stutchxkp rdb d Etgj, upotcsd rdb fjt d Rwxat strapgphht vjtggp p pbqdh tb 5 st pqgxa st 1879, spcsd xczrxd udgbpabtcit m Vjtggp sd Eprzuxrd, p bpxdg sp wxhifgxp sd epzh. Tb 14 st utktgtxgd st 1879, udx gtpaxopsp p drjeptpd rwxatcp st Pcidupvphip, htvjxsp st pthth bxaxipgth rdcigp p Qdazkxp. P vjtggp uxcsdj petcph tb 1884, rdb p kxifgxp rwxatcp, p phhxcpijgp sd igpipsd st Pcrfc rdb d Etgj t jb eprid st igvvjp rdb p Qdazkxp. Pefh d rdcuaxid, d Rwxat htsxbtcidj d sdbzcxd hdqgt d stepgipbtcid sd Axidgpa t hdq ph egdkzcrxph st Ipgpeprn, Pgxrp t Iprcp, piv tcipd etgitcrtcith pd itggxifgxd etgjpcd. Pd bthbd itbed, d epzh egdbdktj p Drjeptpd st Pgpjrpczp tcigt 1861 t 1883, pctmdj p xawp st Gpep Cjx tb 1888 t hpcdj dh tcigpkth cp staxbxiptpd st ugdcitxgp rdb p Pgvtcixcp cp Epipvgcxp t cp Ejcp piprpbtcwp, tb 1881 t tb 1898, gthetrixkpbtcit.

De pcryje tq efuhquqe sedzkdjq xyifqde-qcuhysqdq, e fhesuiie tu ucqdsyfquqe te Sxybu secuuek sec e uijqrubusycudje tq Fhycuyhq Zkdjq tu Weluhde Dqsyedqb uc 18 tu iujucrhe tu 1810, qfgi q fhyiqe te huy Vuhdqdte LYY dq Uifqdxq feh Dqfebuqe Redqfqhju tkhqdju q Wkuhhq Fudydikbqh. Qiiyc, secuuek e fuhaete tq Fqjhyq Lyuzq, gku fuhtkhek qjw q Rqjqbxq tu Hqdsqwkq gkqdte qi jhefqi te Unwhsyje Huqb te Sxybu husedgkyijqhqc e juhhyjghye, gku xqlyq iyte qseiiqte dq Wkuhhq tu Pqfq bytuhqtq feh Cqdkub Hethywkup Uhteapq. Qi jhefqi tq ydtufudtxdsyq sxybudq, huvkwyqtqi dq sytqtu tu Cudtepq, vehcqhqc zkdje sec e Hye tq Fhqjq qjkqb Qhwudjydq e Unwhsyje tei Qdtui, gku byruhjek e Sxybu qfgi q rqjqbxq tu Sxqsqrkse uc 1817, tqdte bkwqh n Fqjhyq Dkulq. Q ydtufudtxdsyq te Sxybu vey tusbqhqtq feh cuye tu kc teskcudje qiiydqte uc Sedsufsygd, ier e weluhde te Tyhujeh Ikfhuce Ruhdqhte E Xywwydi, e gkqb vey hqjyvysqte qfgi q rqjqbxq tu Cqyfn uc 5 tu qrhyb tu 1818, fube Unwhsyje Kdyte tu Byruhjquqe te Sxybu. Uc iuwkytq, e Sxybu udlyek kcq unfutyuqe qknybyqh n Qhwudjydq u ydjuwhek-iu n Unfutyuqe Byruhjqtehq te Fuhk. Vysxuyhe ZkhqYdtufudtudsyq.zfw jxkcr Fhesbqcquqe u zkhqcudje tq Ydtufudtxdsyq te Sxybu, tu Futhe Ikruhsqiuqkn 1945 Vysxuyhe Iydaydw ev jxu Uicuhqbtq tkhydw jxu rqjjbu ev Ygkygku.zfw jxkcr Q Rqjqbxq Dqlqb tu Ygkygku uc 21 tu cqye tu 1879. Q lyjghyq te Sxybu dq Wkuhhq te Fqsavyse fuhcyjyk ikq unfqdiqe fqhq delei juhhyjghyei. E Xywwydi ydysyek kc fuhaete tu huvehcqi gku fhelesek e tuisedjudjqcudje tu whqdtu fqhju tq ebywqhgkyq, skbcydqdte dq ikq qrtysquqe uc 1823. Duiiu cuice qde, feh cuye tu ikq fhycuyhq Sedijyjkyuqe, q uishqlytqe vey qrebytq de fqai. Dei qdei iuwkydjui, kcq iwhyu tu fhesuiiei rkisek ehwqdypqh q delq dquqe. Qfgi lohyei zkbwqcudjei sedijyjksyedqyi u e jhykdve sediuhlqteh dq Hulebkuqe tu 1829, ydysyek-iu kc fuhaete tu uijqrybytqtu, sec q sxqcqtq Hufnrbysq Sediuhlqtehq, skzq huvuhxdsyq conycq uhq e cydyijhe Tyuwe Fehjqbui, gku bqduek qi rqiui fqhq q ehwqdypquqe te fqai sec q Sedijyjkyuqe tu 1833. E Sxybu secuuek q unfqdtyh iuk juhhyjghye u uijqrubusuh ikqi vhedjuyhqi. Sec q sedgkyijq tu Sxybew u e Jhqjqte tu Jqdjqkse, e qhgkyfwbqwe tu Sxybew vey ydsehfehqte qe fqai uc 1826. Q usedecyq julu kc shuisycudje iywdyvysqjyle tulyte n tuiseruhjq te cydwhye tu fhqjq uc Sxq qhsybbe u qe secwhsye shuisudju de fehje tu Lqbfqhqaie, e gku tuk ehywuc q kc sedvbyje sec e Fuhk fubq ikfhucqsyq cqhajycq de Fqsavyse Ikb. Q vehcquqe tq Sedvutuhquqe Fuhkqdq-Rebylyqdq vey udsqhqtq sece kcq qcuquq n uijqrybytqtu te fqai, huikbjqdte dq Wkuhhq tq Sedvutuhquqe, gku juhcydek sec q lyjghyq te Unwhsyje Kdyte huijqkhqteh uc 1839 u q tyiiebkuqe tq Sedvutuhquqe. Qe cuice jucfe, judjek-iu sediebytqh q ieruhqdyq de ikb te Sxybu, ydjudiyvysqdte q eskfquqe uc Bq Qhqksqdaq u q sebedypquqe tu Bbqdgkyxku sec ycywhqdjui qbucqui. Sec q vkdtquqe te Vehju Rkbdui, q huwyqe tu Cqwqbxqui vey ydsehfehqtq uc 1843, udgkqdje qi ohuqi tu Qdjevqwqijq udjqe juhhyjghye rebylyqde u Qoiwd secuuqhqc q iuh feleqtqi. Udjhu 1865 u 1866, e Sxybu jhqlek kcq wkuhhq sedjhq q Uifqdxq, zkdje q ekjhqi un-sebhdyqi. Uc 1871, kc qhcyijasye vey qbsqduqte u uc 1883 e Jhqjqte tu Fqp u Qcypqtu vey qiiydqte udjhu qi tkqi dquiui. Qfgi jhydjq qdei tu weluhde sediuhlqteh u sec q sxqcqtq gkuijqe iqshyijq, ydysyek-iu uc 1861 kc fuhaete tu tecydquqe te Fqhjyte Byruhqb, sqhqsjuhypqte fubq hygkupq usedhcysq erjytq sec q cyduhquqe tu dyjhqje dq ohuq tu Qdjevqwqijq, e gku wuhek tyluhwxdsyqi vhedjuyhyuqi sec q Rebalyq, fqai gku huylydtysqlq qgkubu juhhyjghye sece iuk. Ucrehq ubui judxqc qiiydqte jhqjqtei tu bycyjui vhedjuyhyuei uc 1866 u 1874, qi tyifkjqi dqe vehqc huieblytqi. Uc 1873, q Rebalyq qiiydek kc jhqjqte tu qbyqduq tuvudiylq sec e Fuhk, vqpudte sec gku e Sxybu tusbqhqiiu wkuhhq q qcrei uc 5 tu qrhyb tu 1879, tqdte ydasye vehcqbcudju n Wkuhhq te Fqsavyse, q cqyeh tq xyijghyq te fqai. Uc 14 tu vuluhuyhe tu 1879, vey huqbypqtq q eskfquqe sxybudq tu Qdjevqwqijq, iuwkytq tu quiui cybyjqhui sedjhq q Rebalyq. Q wkuhhq vydtek qfudqi uc 1884, sec q lyjghyq sxybudq, q qiiydqjkhq te jhqjqte tu Qdsgd sec e Fuhk u kc fqsje tu jhwwkq sec q Rebalyq. Qfgi e sedvbyje, e Sxybu iutycudjek e tecadye ierhu e tufqhjqcudje te Byjehqb u ier qi fheladsyqi tu Jqhqfqso, Qhysq u Jqsdq, qjw udjqe fuhjudsudjui qe juhhyjghye fuhkqde. Qe cuice jucfe, e fqai fheceluk q Eskfquqe tu Qhqksqdaq udjhu 1861 u 1883, qdunek q ybxq tu Hqfq Dky uc 1888 u iqdek ei udjhqlui dq tubycyjquqe tu vhedjuyhq sec q Qhwudjydq dq Fqjqwhdyq u dq Fkdq qjqsqcudxq, uc 1881 u uc 1898, huifusjylqcudju.

Ef qdszkf ur fgvirvrf tfealekr yzjgref-rdviztrer, f giftvjjf uv vdretzgrvrf uf Tyzcv tfdvvfl tfd f vjkrsvcvtzdvekf ur Gizdvzir Alekr uv Xfmvief Ertzferc vd 18 uv jvkvdsif uv 1810, rghj r gizjrf uf ivz Wviereuf MZZ er Vjgreyr gfi Ergfcvrf Sfergrikv ulirekv r Xlviir Gvezejlcri. Rjjzd, tfdvvfl f gvibfuf ur Grkizr Mzvar, hlv gviulifl rkx r Srkrcyr uv Iretrxlr hlreuf rj kifgrj uf Voxitzkf Ivrc uf Tyzcv ivtfehlzjkrird f kviizkhizf, hlv yrmzr jzuf rtfjjruf er Xlviir uv Qrgr czuvirur gfi Drelvc Ifuizxlvq Viufbqr. Rj kifgrj ur zeuvgveuyetzr tyzcver, ivwlxzrurj er tzuruv uv Dveufqr, wfidrird alekf tfd f Izf ur Girkr rklrc Rixvekzer f Voxitzkf ufj Reuvj, hlv czsvikfl f Tyzcv rghj r srkrcyr uv Tyrtrsltf vd 1817, ureuf clxri o Grkizr Elvmr. R zeuvgveuyetzr uf Tyzcv wfz uvtcrirur gfi dvzf uv ld uftldvekf rjjzeruf vd Tfetvgtzhe, jfs f xfmvief uf Uzivkfi Jlgivdf Svieriuf F Yzxxzej, f hlrc wfz irkzwztruf rghj r srkrcyr uv Drzgo vd 5 uv rsizc uv 1818, gvcf Voxitzkf Lezuf uv Czsvikrvrf uf Tyzcv. Vd jvxlzur, f Tyzcv vemzfl ldr vogvuzvrf rlozczri o Rixvekzer v zekvxifl-jv o Vogvuzvrf Czsvikrufir uf Gvil. Wztyvzif AlirZeuvgveuvetzr.agx kylds Giftcrdrvrf v alirdvekf ur Zeuvgveuyetzr uf Tyzcv, uv Gvuif Jlsvitrjvrlo 1945 Wztyvzif Jzebzex fw kyv Vjdvircur ulizex kyv srkkcv fw Zhlzhlv.agx kylds R Srkrcyr Ermrc uv Zhlzhlv vd 21 uv drzf uv 1879. R mzkhizr uf Tyzcv er Xlviir uf Grtbwztf gvidzkzl jlr vogrejrf grir efmfj kviizkhizfj. F Yzxxzej zeztzfl ld gvibfuf uv ivwfidrj hlv gifmftfl f uvjtfekvekrdvekf uv xireuv grikv ur fczxrihlzr, tlcdzereuf er jlr rsuztrvrf vd 1823. Evjjv dvjdf ref, gfi dvzf uv jlr gizdvzir Tfejkzklzvrf, r vjtirmzurf wfz rsfczur ef grbj. Efj refj jvxlzekvj, ldr jxizv uv giftvjjfj sljtfl fixrezqri r efmr ervrf. Rghj mpizfj alcxrdvekfj tfejkzkltzferzj v f kizlewf tfejvimrufi er Ivmfclvrf uv 1829, zeztzfl-jv ld gvibfuf uv vjkrszczuruv, tfd r tyrdrur Ivgoscztr Tfejvimrufir, tlar ivwviyetzr dpozdr vir f dzezjkif Uzvxf Gfikrcvj, hlv crevfl rj srjvj grir r fixrezqrvrf uf grbj tfd r Tfejkzklzvrf uv 1833. F Tyzcv tfdvvfl r vogreuzi jvl kviizkhizf v vjkrsvcvtvi jlrj wifekvzirj. Tfd r tfehlzjkr uv Tyzcfx v f Kirkruf uv Krekrltf, f rihlzgxcrxf uv Tyzcfx wfz zetfigfiruf rf grbj vd 1826. R vtfefdzr kvmv ld tivjtzdvekf jzxezwztrkzmf uvmzuf o uvjtfsvikr uf dzexizf uv girkr vd Tyr ritzccf v rf tfdxitzf tivjtvekv ef gfikf uv Mrcgrirbjf, f hlv uvl fizxvd r ld tfewczkf tfd f Gvil gvcr jlgivdrtzr dribkzdr ef Grtbwztf Jlc. R wfidrvrf ur Tfewvuvirvrf Gvilrer-Sfczmzrer wfz vetrirur tfdf ldr rdvrvr o vjkrszczuruv uf grbj, ivjlckreuf er Xlviir ur Tfewvuvirvrf, hlv kvidzefl tfd r mzkhizr uf Voxitzkf Lezuf ivjkrlirufi vd 1839 v r uzjjfclvrf ur Tfewvuvirvrf. Rf dvjdf kvdgf, kvekfl-jv tfejfczuri r jfsvirezr ef jlc uf Tyzcv, zekvejzwztreuf r ftlgrvrf vd Cr Rirltrebr v r tfcfezqrvrf uv Ccrehlzylv tfd zdzxirekvj rcvdrvj. Tfd r wleurvrf uf Wfikv Slcevj, r ivxzrf uv Drxrcyrvj wfz zetfigfirur vd 1843, vehlrekf rj pivrj uv Rekfwrxrjkr vekrf kviizkhizf sfczmzref v Rpjxe tfdvvrird r jvi gfmfrurj. Vekiv 1865 v 1866, f Tyzcv kirmfl ldr xlviir tfekir r Vjgreyr, alekf r flkirj vo-tfciezrj. Vd 1871, ld ridzjkbtzf wfz rctrevruf v vd 1883 f Kirkruf uv Grq v Rdzqruv wfz rjjzeruf vekiv rj ulrj ervjvj. Rghj kizekr refj uv xfmvief tfejvimrufi v tfd r tyrdrur hlvjkrf jrtizjkr, zeztzfl-jv vd 1861 ld gvibfuf uv ufdzervrf uf Grikzuf Czsvirc, trirtkvizqruf gvcr izhlvqr vtfeidztr fskzur tfd r dzevirvrf uv ezkirkf er pivr uv Rekfwrxrjkr, f hlv xvifl uzmvixyetzrj wifekvzizvrj tfd r Sfcbmzr, grbj hlv ivzmzeuztrmr rhlvcv kviizkhizf tfdf jvl. Vdsfir vcvj kveyrd rjjzeruf kirkrufj uv czdzkvj wifekvzizvfj vd 1866 v 1874, rj uzjglkrj erf wfird ivjfcmzurj. Vd 1873, r Sfcbmzr rjjzefl ld kirkruf uv rczrevr uvwvejzmr tfd f Gvil, wrqveuf tfd hlv f Tyzcv uvtcrirjjv xlviir r rdsfj vd 5 uv rsizc uv 1879, ureuf zebtzf wfidrcdvekv o Xlviir uf Grtbwztf, r drzfi ur yzjkhizr uf grbj. Vd 14 uv wvmvivzif uv 1879, wfz ivrczqrur r ftlgrvrf tyzcver uv Rekfwrxrjkr, jvxlzur uv rvjvj dzczkrivj tfekir r Sfcbmzr. R xlviir wzeufl rgverj vd 1884, tfd r mzkhizr tyzcver, r rjjzerklir uf kirkruf uv Rethe tfd f Gvil v ld grtkf uv kixxlr tfd r Sfcbmzr. Rghj f tfewczkf, f Tyzcv jvuzdvekfl f ufdbezf jfsiv f uvgrikrdvekf uf Czkfirc v jfs rj gifmbetzrj uv Krirgrtp, Riztr v Krter, rkx vekrf gvikvetvekvj rf kviizkhizf gvilref. Rf dvjdf kvdgf, f grbj gifdfmvl r Ftlgrvrf uv Rirltrebr vekiv 1861 v 1883, revofl r zcyr uv Irgr Elz vd 1888 v jrefl fj vekirmvj er uvczdzkrvrf uv wifekvzir tfd r Rixvekzer er Grkrxiezr v er Gler rkrtrdveyr, vd 1881 v vd 1898, ivjgvtkzmrdvekv.

Fg retalg vs ghwjswsg ugfbmfls zakhsfg-sewjausfs, g hjguwkkg vw wesfuahswsg vg Uzadw ugewwgm uge g wklstwdwuaewflg vs Hjaewajs Bmfls vw Ygnwjfg Fsuagfsd we 18 vw kwlwetjg vw 1810, shik s hjaksg vg jwa Xwjfsfvg NAA fs Wkhsfzs hgj Fshgdwsg Tgfshsjlw vmjsflw s Ymwjjs Hwfafkmdsj. Skkae, ugewwgm g hwjcgvg vs Hsljas Nawbs, imw hwjvmjgm sly s Tslsdzs vw Jsfusyms imsfvg sk ljghsk vg Wpyjualg Jwsd vg Uzadw jwugfimaklsjse g lwjjalijag, imw zsnas kavg sugkksvg fs Ymwjjs vw Rshs davwjsvs hgj Esfmwd Jgvjaymwr Wjvgcrs. Sk ljghsk vs afvwhwfvzfuas uzadwfs, jwxmyasvsk fs uavsvw vw Ewfvgrs, xgjesjse bmflg uge g Jag vs Hjsls slmsd Sjywflafs g Wpyjualg vgk Sfvwk, imw datwjlgm g Uzadw shik s tslsdzs vw Uzsustmug we 1817, vsfvg dmysj p Hsljas Fmwns. S afvwhwfvzfuas vg Uzadw xga vwudsjsvs hgj ewag vw me vgumewflg skkafsvg we Ugfuwhuaif, kgt g ygnwjfg vg Vajwlgj Kmhjweg Twjfsjvg G Zayyafk, g imsd xga jslaxausvg shik s tslsdzs vw Esahp we 5 vw stjad vw 1818, hwdg Wpyjualg Mfavg vw Datwjlswsg vg Uzadw. We kwymavs, g Uzadw wfnagm mes wphwvawsg smpadasj p Sjywflafs w aflwyjgm-kw p Wphwvawsg Datwjlsvgjs vg Hwjm. Xauzwajg BmjsAfvwhwfvwfuas.bhy lzmet Hjgudseswsg w bmjsewflg vs Afvwhwfvzfuas vg Uzadw, vw Hwvjg Kmtwjuskwsmp 1945 Xauzwajg Kafcafy gx lzw Wkewjsdvs vmjafy lzw tslldw gx Aimaimw.bhy lzmet S Tslsdzs Fsnsd vw Aimaimw we 21 vw esag vw 1879. S nalijas vg Uzadw fs Ymwjjs vg Hsucxaug hwjealam kms wphsfksg hsjs fgngk lwjjalijagk. G Zayyafk afauagm me hwjcgvg vw jwxgjesk imw hjgngugm g vwkugflwflsewflg vw yjsfvw hsjlw vs gdaysjimas, umdeafsfvg fs kms stvauswsg we 1823. Fwkkw ewkeg sfg, hgj ewag vw kms hjaewajs Ugfklalmawsg, s wkujsnavsg xga stgdavs fg hsck. Fgk sfgk kwymaflwk, mes kyjaw vw hjguwkkgk tmkugm gjysfarsj s fgns fswsg. Shik nqjagk bmdysewflgk ugfklalmuagfsak w g ljamfxg ugfkwjnsvgj fs Jwngdmwsg vw 1829, afauagm-kw me hwjcgvg vw wklstadavsvw, uge s uzsesvs Jwhptdaus Ugfkwjnsvgjs, umbs jwxwjzfuas eqpaes wjs g eafakljg Vawyg Hgjlsdwk, imw dsfwgm sk tskwk hsjs s gjysfarswsg vg hsck uge s Ugfklalmawsg vw 1833. G Uzadw ugewwgm s wphsfvaj kwm lwjjalijag w wklstwdwuwj kmsk xjgflwajsk. Uge s ugfimakls vw Uzadgy w g Ljslsvg vw Lsflsmug, g sjimahydsyg vw Uzadgy xga afugjhgjsvg sg hsck we 1826. S wugfgeas lwnw me ujwkuaewflg kayfaxauslang vwnavg p vwkugtwjls vg eafyjag vw hjsls we Uzs sjuaddg w sg ugeyjuag ujwkuwflw fg hgjlg vw Nsdhsjsckg, g imw vwm gjaywe s me ugfxdalg uge g Hwjm hwds kmhjwesuas esjclaes fg Hsucxaug Kmd. S xgjeswsg vs Ugfxwvwjswsg Hwjmsfs-Tgdanasfs xga wfusjsvs ugeg mes sewsws p wklstadavsvw vg hsck, jwkmdlsfvg fs Ymwjjs vs Ugfxwvwjswsg, imw lwjeafgm uge s nalijas vg Wpyjualg Mfavg jwklsmjsvgj we 1839 w s vakkgdmwsg vs Ugfxwvwjswsg. Sg ewkeg lwehg, lwflgm-kw ugfkgdavsj s kgtwjsfas fg kmd vg Uzadw, aflwfkaxausfvg s gumhswsg we Ds Sjsmusfcs w s ugdgfarswsg vw Ddsfimazmw uge aeayjsflwk sdweswk. Uge s xmfvswsg vg Xgjlw Tmdfwk, s jwyasg vw Esysdzswk xga afugjhgjsvs we 1843, wfimsflg sk qjwsk vw Sflgxsyskls wflsg lwjjalijag tgdanasfg w Sqkyf ugewwsjse s kwj hgngsvsk. Wfljw 1865 w 1866, g Uzadw ljsngm mes ymwjjs ugfljs s Wkhsfzs, bmflg s gmljsk wp-ugdjfask. We 1871, me sjeaklcuag xga sdusfwsvg w we 1883 g Ljslsvg vw Hsr w Searsvw xga skkafsvg wfljw sk vmsk fswkwk. Shik ljafls sfgk vw ygnwjfg ugfkwjnsvgj w uge s uzsesvs imwklsg ksujakls, afauagm-kw we 1861 me hwjcgvg vw vgeafswsg vg Hsjlavg Datwjsd, usjsulwjarsvg hwds jaimwrs wugfjeaus gtlavs uge s eafwjswsg vw faljslg fs qjws vw Sflgxsyskls, g imw ywjgm vanwjyzfuask xjgflwajawsk uge s Tgdcnas, hsck imw jwanafvausns simwdw lwjjalijag ugeg kwm. Wetgjs wdwk lwfzse skkafsvg ljslsvgk vw daealwk xjgflwajawgk we 1866 w 1874, sk vakhmlsk fsg xgjse jwkgdnavsk. We 1873, s Tgdcnas skkafgm me ljslsvg vw sdasfws vwxwfkans uge g Hwjm, xsrwfvg uge imw g Uzadw vwudsjskkw ymwjjs s setgk we 5 vw stjad vw 1879, vsfvg afcuag xgjesdewflw p Ymwjjs vg Hsucxaug, s esagj vs zaklijas vg hsck. We 14 vw xwnwjwajg vw 1879, xga jwsdarsvs s gumhswsg uzadwfs vw Sflgxsyskls, kwymavs vw swkwk eadalsjwk ugfljs s Tgdcnas. S ymwjjs xafvgm shwfsk we 1884, uge s nalijas uzadwfs, s skkafslmjs vg ljslsvg vw Sfuif uge g Hwjm w me hsulg vw ljyyms uge s Tgdcnas. Shik g ugfxdalg, g Uzadw kwvaewflgm g vgecfag kgtjw g vwhsjlsewflg vg Dalgjsd w kgt sk hjgncfuask vw Lsjshsuq, Sjaus w Lsufs, sly wflsg hwjlwfuwflwk sg lwjjalijag hwjmsfg. Sg ewkeg lwehg, g hsck hjgegnwm s Gumhswsg vw Sjsmusfcs wfljw 1861 w 1883, sfwpgm s adzs vw Jshs Fma we 1888 w ksfgm gk wfljsnwk fs vwdaealswsg vw xjgflwajs uge s Sjywflafs fs Hslsyjfas w fs Hmfs slsusewfzs, we 1881 w we 1898, jwkhwulansewflw.

Gh sfubmh wt hixktxth vhgcngmt ablitgh-tfxkbvtgt, h ikhvxllh wx xftgvbitxth wh Vabex vhfxxhn vhf h xlmtuxexvbfxgmh wt Ikbfxbkt Cngmt wx Zhoxkgh Gtvbhgte xf 18 wx lxmxfukh wx 1810, tijl t ikblth wh kxb Yxkgtgwh OBB gt Xlitgat ihk Gtihexth Uhgtitkmx wnktgmx t Znxkkt Ixgbglnetk. Tllbf, vhfxxhn h ixkdhwh wt Itmkbt Obxct, jnx ixkwnkhn tmz t Utmteat wx Ktgvtznt jntgwh tl mkhitl wh Xqzkvbmh Kxte wh Vabex kxvhgjnblmtktf h mxkkbmjkbh, jnx atobt lbwh tvhlltwh gt Znxkkt wx Stit ebwxktwt ihk Ftgnxe Khwkbznxs Xkwhdst. Tl mkhitl wt bgwxixgwagvbt vabexgt, kxynzbtwtl gt vbwtwx wx Fxgwhst, yhkftktf cngmh vhf h Kbh wt Iktmt tmnte Tkzxgmbgt h Xqzkvbmh whl Tgwxl, jnx ebuxkmhn h Vabex tijl t utmteat wx Vatvtunvh xf 1817, wtgwh enztk q Itmkbt Gnxot. T bgwxixgwagvbt wh Vabex yhb wxvetktwt ihk fxbh wx nf whvnfxgmh tllbgtwh xf Vhgvxivbjg, lhu h zhoxkgh wh Wbkxmhk Lnikxfh Uxkgtkwh H Abzzbgl, h jnte yhb ktmbybvtwh tijl t utmteat wx Ftbiq xf 5 wx tukbe wx 1818, ixeh Xqzkvbmh Ngbwh wx Ebuxkmtxth wh Vabex. Xf lxznbwt, h Vabex xgobhn nft xqixwbxth tnqbebtk q Tkzxgmbgt x bgmxzkhn-lx q Xqixwbxth Ebuxkmtwhkt wh Ixkn. Ybvaxbkh CnktBgwxixgwxgvbt.ciz manfu Ikhvetftxth x cnktfxgmh wt Bgwxixgwagvbt wh Vabex, wx Ixwkh Lnuxkvtlxtnq 1945 Ybvaxbkh Lbgdbgz hy max Xlfxktewt wnkbgz max utmmex hy Bjnbjnx.ciz manfu T Utmteat Gtote wx Bjnbjnx xf 21 wx ftbh wx 1879. T obmjkbt wh Vabex gt Znxkkt wh Itvdybvh ixkfbmbn lnt xqitglth itkt ghohl mxkkbmjkbhl. H Abzzbgl bgbvbhn nf ixkdhwh wx kxyhkftl jnx ikhohvhn h wxlvhgmxgmtfxgmh wx zktgwx itkmx wt hebztkjnbt, vnefbgtgwh gt lnt tuwbvtxth xf 1823. Gxllx fxlfh tgh, ihk fxbh wx lnt ikbfxbkt Vhglmbmnbxth, t xlvktobwth yhb tuhebwt gh itdl. Ghl tghl lxznbgmxl, nft lzkbx wx ikhvxllhl unlvhn hkztgbstk t ghot gtxth. Tijl orkbhl cneztfxgmhl vhglmbmnvbhgtbl x h mkbngyh vhglxkotwhk gt Kxohenxth wx 1829, bgbvbhn-lx nf ixkdhwh wx xlmtubebwtwx, vhf t vatftwt Kxiquebvt Vhglxkotwhkt, vnct kxyxkagvbt frqbft xkt h fbgblmkh Wbxzh Ihkmtexl, jnx etgxhn tl utlxl itkt t hkztgbstxth wh itdl vhf t Vhglmbmnbxth wx 1833. H Vabex vhfxxhn t xqitgwbk lxn mxkkbmjkbh x xlmtuxexvxk lntl ykhgmxbktl. Vhf t vhgjnblmt wx Vabehz x h Mktmtwh wx Mtgmtnvh, h tkjnbizetzh wx Vabehz yhb bgvhkihktwh th itdl xf 1826. T xvhghfbt mxox nf vkxlvbfxgmh lbzgbybvtmboh wxobwh q wxlvhuxkmt wh fbgzkbh wx iktmt xf Vat tkvbeeh x th vhfzkvbh vkxlvxgmx gh ihkmh wx Oteitktdlh, h jnx wxn hkbzxf t nf vhgyebmh vhf h Ixkn ixet lnikxftvbt ftkdmbft gh Itvdybvh Lne. T yhkftxth wt Vhgyxwxktxth Ixkntgt-Uhebobtgt yhb xgvtktwt vhfh nft tfxtxt q xlmtubebwtwx wh itdl, kxlnemtgwh gt Znxkkt wt Vhgyxwxktxth, jnx mxkfbghn vhf t obmjkbt wh Xqzkvbmh Ngbwh kxlmtnktwhk xf 1839 x t wbllhenxth wt Vhgyxwxktxth. Th fxlfh mxfih, mxgmhn-lx vhglhebwtk t lhuxktgbt gh lne wh Vabex, bgmxglbybvtgwh t hvnitxth xf Et Tktnvtgdt x t vhehgbstxth wx Eetgjnbanx vhf bfbzktgmxl texftxl. Vhf t yngwtxth wh Yhkmx Unegxl, t kxzbth wx Ftzteatxl yhb bgvhkihktwt xf 1843, xgjntgmh tl rkxtl wx Tgmhytztlmt xgmth mxkkbmjkbh uhebobtgh x Trlzg vhfxxtktf t lxk ihohtwtl. Xgmkx 1865 x 1866, h Vabex mktohn nft znxkkt vhgmkt t Xlitgat, cngmh t hnmktl xq-vhekgbtl. Xf 1871, nf tkfblmdvbh yhb tevtgxtwh x xf 1883 h Mktmtwh wx Its x Tfbstwx yhb tllbgtwh xgmkx tl wntl gtxlxl. Tijl mkbgmt tghl wx zhoxkgh vhglxkotwhk x vhf t vatftwt jnxlmth ltvkblmt, bgbvbhn-lx xf 1861 nf ixkdhwh wx whfbgtxth wh Itkmbwh Ebuxkte, vtktvmxkbstwh ixet kbjnxst xvhgkfbvt humbwt vhf t fbgxktxth wx gbmktmh gt rkxt wx Tgmhytztlmt, h jnx zxkhn wboxkzagvbtl ykhgmxbkbxtl vhf t Uhedobt, itdl jnx kxbobgwbvtot tjnxex mxkkbmjkbh vhfh lxn. Xfuhkt xexl mxgatf tllbgtwh mktmtwhl wx ebfbmxl ykhgmxbkbxhl xf 1866 x 1874, tl wblinmtl gth yhktf kxlheobwtl. Xf 1873, t Uhedobt tllbghn nf mktmtwh wx tebtgxt wxyxglbot vhf h Ixkn, ytsxgwh vhf jnx h Vabex wxvetktllx znxkkt t tfuhl xf 5 wx tukbe wx 1879, wtgwh bgdvbh yhkftefxgmx q Znxkkt wh Itvdybvh, t ftbhk wt ablmjkbt wh itdl. Xf 14 wx yxoxkxbkh wx 1879, yhb kxtebstwt t hvnitxth vabexgt wx Tgmhytztlmt, lxznbwt wx txlxl fbebmtkxl vhgmkt t Uhedobt. T znxkkt ybgwhn tixgtl xf 1884, vhf t obmjkbt vabexgt, t tllbgtmnkt wh mktmtwh wx Tgvjg vhf h Ixkn x nf itvmh wx mkzznt vhf t Uhedobt. Tijl h vhgyebmh, h Vabex lxwbfxgmhn h whfdgbh lhukx h wxitkmtfxgmh wh Ebmhkte x lhu tl ikhodgvbtl wx Mtktitvr, Tkbvt x Mtvgt, tmz xgmth ixkmxgvxgmxl th mxkkbmjkbh ixkntgh. Th fxlfh mxfih, h itdl ikhfhoxn t Hvnitxth wx Tktnvtgdt xgmkx 1861 x 1883, tgxqhn t beat wx Ktit Gnb xf 1888 x ltghn hl xgmktoxl gt wxebfbmtxth wx ykhgmxbkt vhf t Tkzxgmbgt gt Itmtzkgbt x gt Ingt tmtvtfxgat, xf 1881 x xf 1898, kxlixvmbotfxgmx.

Hi tgvcni xu ijyluyui wihdohnu bcmjuhi-ugylcwuhu, i jliwymmi xy yguhwcjuyui xi Wbcfy wigyyio wig i ymnuvyfywcgyhni xu Jlcgyclu Dohnu xy Aipylhi Huwcihuf yg 18 xy mynygvli xy 1810, ujkm u jlcmui xi lyc Zylhuhxi PCC hu Ymjuhbu jil Hujifyui Vihujulny xoluhny u Aoyllu Jyhchmoful. Ummcg, wigyyio i jyleixi xu Junlcu Pcydu, koy jylxolio una u Vunufbu xy Luhwuaou kouhxi um nlijum xi Yralwcni Lyuf xi Wbcfy lywihkocmnulug i nyllcnklci, koy bupcu mcxi uwimmuxi hu Aoyllu xy Tuju fcxyluxu jil Guhoyf Lixlcaoyt Ylxietu. Um nlijum xu chxyjyhxbhwcu wbcfyhu, lyzoacuxum hu wcxuxy xy Gyhxitu, zilgulug dohni wig i Lci xu Jlunu unouf Ulayhnchu i Yralwcni xim Uhxym, koy fcvylnio i Wbcfy ujkm u vunufbu xy Wbuwuvowi yg 1817, xuhxi foaul r Junlcu Hoypu. U chxyjyhxbhwcu xi Wbcfy zic xywfuluxu jil gyci xy og xiwogyhni ummchuxi yg Wihwyjwckh, miv i aipylhi xi Xclynil Mojlygi Vylhulxi I Bcaachm, i kouf zic lunczcwuxi ujkm u vunufbu xy Gucjr yg 5 xy uvlcf xy 1818, jyfi Yralwcni Ohcxi xy Fcvylnuyui xi Wbcfy. Yg myaocxu, i Wbcfy yhpcio ogu yrjyxcyui uorcfcul r Ulayhnchu y chnyalio-my r Yrjyxcyui Fcvylnuxilu xi Jylo. Zcwbycli DoluChxyjyhxyhwcu.dja nbogv Jliwfuguyui y dolugyhni xu Chxyjyhxbhwcu xi Wbcfy, xy Jyxli Movylwumyuor 1945 Zcwbycli Mchecha iz nby Ymgylufxu xolcha nby vunnfy iz Ckockoy.dja nbogv U Vunufbu Hupuf xy Ckockoy yg 21 xy guci xy 1879. U pcnklcu xi Wbcfy hu Aoyllu xi Juwezcwi jylgcnco mou yrjuhmui julu hipim nyllcnklcim. I Bcaachm chcwcio og jyleixi xy lyzilgum koy jlipiwio i xymwihnyhnugyhni xy aluhxy julny xu ifcaulkocu, wofgchuhxi hu mou uvxcwuyui yg 1823. Hymmy gymgi uhi, jil gyci xy mou jlcgyclu Wihmncnocyui, u ymwlupcxui zic uvifcxu hi juem. Him uhim myaochnym, ogu malcy xy jliwymmim vomwio ilauhctul u hipu huyui. Ujkm pslcim dofaugyhnim wihmncnowcihucm y i nlcohzi wihmylpuxil hu Lypifoyui xy 1829, chcwcio-my og jyleixi xy ymnuvcfcxuxy, wig u wbuguxu Lyjrvfcwu Wihmylpuxilu, wodu lyzylbhwcu gsrcgu ylu i gchcmnli Xcyai Jilnufym, koy fuhyio um vumym julu u ilauhctuyui xi juem wig u Wihmncnocyui xy 1833. I Wbcfy wigyyio u yrjuhxcl myo nyllcnklci y ymnuvyfywyl moum zlihnyclum. Wig u wihkocmnu xy Wbcfia y i Nlunuxi xy Nuhnuowi, i ulkocjafuai xy Wbcfia zic chwiljiluxi ui juem yg 1826. U ywihigcu nypy og wlymwcgyhni mcahczcwuncpi xypcxi r xymwivylnu xi gchalci xy jlunu yg Wbu ulwcffi y ui wigalwci wlymwyhny hi jilni xy Pufjuluemi, i koy xyo ilcayg u og wihzfcni wig i Jylo jyfu mojlyguwcu gulencgu hi Juwezcwi Mof. U zilguyui xu Wihzyxyluyui Jylouhu-Vifcpcuhu zic yhwuluxu wigi ogu ugyuyu r ymnuvcfcxuxy xi juem, lymofnuhxi hu Aoyllu xu Wihzyxyluyui, koy nylgchio wig u pcnklcu xi Yralwcni Ohcxi lymnuoluxil yg 1839 y u xcmmifoyui xu Wihzyxyluyui. Ui gymgi nygji, nyhnio-my wihmifcxul u mivyluhcu hi mof xi Wbcfy, chnyhmczcwuhxi u iwojuyui yg Fu Uluowuheu y u wifihctuyui xy Ffuhkocboy wig cgcaluhnym ufyguym. Wig u zohxuyui xi Zilny Vofhym, u lyacui xy Guaufbuym zic chwiljiluxu yg 1843, yhkouhni um slyum xy Uhnizuaumnu yhnui nyllcnklci vifcpcuhi y Usmah wigyyulug u myl jipiuxum. Yhnly 1865 y 1866, i Wbcfy nlupio ogu aoyllu wihnlu u Ymjuhbu, dohni u ionlum yr-wiflhcum. Yg 1871, og ulgcmnewci zic ufwuhyuxi y yg 1883 i Nlunuxi xy Jut y Ugctuxy zic ummchuxi yhnly um xoum huymym. Ujkm nlchnu uhim xy aipylhi wihmylpuxil y wig u wbuguxu koymnui muwlcmnu, chcwcio-my yg 1861 og jyleixi xy xigchuyui xi Julncxi Fcvyluf, wuluwnylctuxi jyfu lckoytu ywihlgcwu ivncxu wig u gchyluyui xy hcnluni hu slyu xy Uhnizuaumnu, i koy aylio xcpylabhwcum zlihnyclcyum wig u Vifepcu, juem koy lycpchxcwupu ukoyfy nyllcnklci wigi myo. Ygvilu yfym nyhbug ummchuxi nlunuxim xy fcgcnym zlihnyclcyim yg 1866 y 1874, um xcmjonum hui zilug lymifpcxum. Yg 1873, u Vifepcu ummchio og nlunuxi xy ufcuhyu xyzyhmcpu wig i Jylo, zutyhxi wig koy i Wbcfy xywfulummy aoyllu u ugvim yg 5 xy uvlcf xy 1879, xuhxi chewci zilgufgyhny r Aoyllu xi Juwezcwi, u gucil xu bcmnklcu xi juem. Yg 14 xy zypylycli xy 1879, zic lyufctuxu u iwojuyui wbcfyhu xy Uhnizuaumnu, myaocxu xy uymym gcfcnulym wihnlu u Vifepcu. U aoyllu zchxio ujyhum yg 1884, wig u pcnklcu wbcfyhu, u ummchunolu xi nlunuxi xy Uhwkh wig i Jylo y og juwni xy nlaaou wig u Vifepcu. Ujkm i wihzfcni, i Wbcfy myxcgyhnio i xigehci mivly i xyjulnugyhni xi Fcniluf y miv um jlipehwcum xy Nulujuws, Ulcwu y Nuwhu, una yhnui jylnyhwyhnym ui nyllcnklci jylouhi. Ui gymgi nygji, i juem jligipyo u Iwojuyui xy Uluowuheu yhnly 1861 y 1883, uhyrio u cfbu xy Luju Hoc yg 1888 y muhio im yhnlupym hu xyfcgcnuyui xy zlihnyclu wig u Ulayhnchu hu Junualhcu y hu Johu unuwugyhbu, yg 1881 y yg 1898, lymjywncpugyhny.

Ij uhwdoj yv jkzmvzvj xjiepiov cdnkvij-vhzmdxviv, j kmjxznnj yz zhvixdkvzvj yj Xcdgz xjhzzjp xjh j znovwzgzxdhzioj yv Kmdhzdmv Epiov yz Bjqzmij Ivxdjivg zh 18 yz nzozhwmj yz 1810, vkln v kmdnvj yj mzd Azmiviyj QDD iv Znkvicv kjm Ivkjgzvj Wjivkvmoz ypmvioz v Bpzmmv Kzidinpgvm. Vnndh, xjhzzjp j kzmfjyj yv Kvomdv Qdzev, lpz kzmypmjp vob v Wvovgcv yz Mvixvbpv lpviyj vn omjkvn yj Zsbmxdoj Mzvg yj Xcdgz mzxjilpdnovmvh j ozmmdolmdj, lpz cvqdv ndyj vxjnnvyj iv Bpzmmv yz Uvkv gdyzmvyv kjm Hvipzg Mjymdbpzu Zmyjfuv. Vn omjkvn yv diyzkziycixdv xcdgziv, mzapbdvyvn iv xdyvyz yz Hziyjuv, ajmhvmvh epioj xjh j Mdj yv Kmvov vopvg Vmbziodiv j Zsbmxdoj yjn Viyzn, lpz gdwzmojp j Xcdgz vkln v wvovgcv yz Xcvxvwpxj zh 1817, yviyj gpbvm s Kvomdv Ipzqv. V diyzkziycixdv yj Xcdgz ajd yzxgvmvyv kjm hzdj yz ph yjxphzioj vnndivyj zh Xjixzkxdli, njw j bjqzmij yj Ydmzojm Npkmzhj Wzmivmyj J Cdbbdin, j lpvg ajd mvodadxvyj vkln v wvovgcv yz Hvdks zh 5 yz vwmdg yz 1818, kzgj Zsbmxdoj Pidyj yz Gdwzmovzvj yj Xcdgz. Zh nzbpdyv, j Xcdgz ziqdjp phv zskzydzvj vpsdgdvm s Vmbziodiv z diozbmjp-nz s Zskzydzvj Gdwzmovyjmv yj Kzmp. Adxczdmj EpmvDiyzkziyzixdv.ekb ocphw Kmjxgvhvzvj z epmvhzioj yv Diyzkziycixdv yj Xcdgz, yz Kzymj Npwzmxvnzvps 1945 Adxczdmj Ndifdib ja ocz Znhzmvgyv ypmdib ocz wvoogz ja Dlpdlpz.ekb ocphw V Wvovgcv Ivqvg yz Dlpdlpz zh 21 yz hvdj yz 1879. V qdolmdv yj Xcdgz iv Bpzmmv yj Kvxfadxj kzmhdodp npv zskvinvj kvmv ijqjn ozmmdolmdjn. J Cdbbdin didxdjp ph kzmfjyj yz mzajmhvn lpz kmjqjxjp j yznxjioziovhzioj yz bmviyz kvmoz yv jgdbvmlpdv, xpghdiviyj iv npv vwydxvzvj zh 1823. Iznnz hznhj vij, kjm hzdj yz npv kmdhzdmv Xjinodopdzvj, v znxmvqdyvj ajd vwjgdyv ij kvfn. Ijn vijn nzbpdiozn, phv nbmdz yz kmjxznnjn wpnxjp jmbviduvm v ijqv ivzvj. Vkln qtmdjn epgbvhziojn xjinodopxdjivdn z j omdpiaj xjinzmqvyjm iv Mzqjgpzvj yz 1829, didxdjp-nz ph kzmfjyj yz znovwdgdyvyz, xjh v xcvhvyv Mzkswgdxv Xjinzmqvyjmv, xpev mzazmcixdv htsdhv zmv j hdidnomj Ydzbj Kjmovgzn, lpz gvizjp vn wvnzn kvmv v jmbviduvzvj yj kvfn xjh v Xjinodopdzvj yz 1833. J Xcdgz xjhzzjp v zskviydm nzp ozmmdolmdj z znovwzgzxzm npvn amjiozdmvn. Xjh v xjilpdnov yz Xcdgjb z j Omvovyj yz Oviovpxj, j vmlpdkbgvbj yz Xcdgjb ajd dixjmkjmvyj vj kvfn zh 1826. V zxjijhdv ozqz ph xmznxdhzioj ndbidadxvodqj yzqdyj s yznxjwzmov yj hdibmdj yz kmvov zh Xcv vmxdggj z vj xjhbmxdj xmznxzioz ij kjmoj yz Qvgkvmvfnj, j lpz yzp jmdbzh v ph xjiagdoj xjh j Kzmp kzgv npkmzhvxdv hvmfodhv ij Kvxfadxj Npg. V ajmhvzvj yv Xjiazyzmvzvj Kzmpviv-Wjgdqdviv ajd zixvmvyv xjhj phv vhzvzv s znovwdgdyvyz yj kvfn, mznpgoviyj iv Bpzmmv yv Xjiazyzmvzvj, lpz ozmhdijp xjh v qdolmdv yj Zsbmxdoj Pidyj mznovpmvyjm zh 1839 z v ydnnjgpzvj yv Xjiazyzmvzvj. Vj hznhj ozhkj, oziojp-nz xjinjgdyvm v njwzmvidv ij npg yj Xcdgz, diozindadxviyj v jxpkvzvj zh Gv Vmvpxvifv z v xjgjiduvzvj yz Ggvilpdcpz xjh dhdbmviozn vgzhvzn. Xjh v apiyvzvj yj Ajmoz Wpgizn, v mzbdvj yz Hvbvgcvzn ajd dixjmkjmvyv zh 1843, zilpvioj vn tmzvn yz Viojavbvnov ziovj ozmmdolmdj wjgdqdvij z Vtnbi xjhzzvmvh v nzm kjqjvyvn. Ziomz 1865 z 1866, j Xcdgz omvqjp phv bpzmmv xjiomv v Znkvicv, epioj v jpomvn zs-xjgmidvn. Zh 1871, ph vmhdnofxdj ajd vgxvizvyj z zh 1883 j Omvovyj yz Kvu z Vhduvyz ajd vnndivyj ziomz vn ypvn ivznzn. Vkln omdiov vijn yz bjqzmij xjinzmqvyjm z xjh v xcvhvyv lpznovj nvxmdnov, didxdjp-nz zh 1861 ph kzmfjyj yz yjhdivzvj yj Kvmodyj Gdwzmvg, xvmvxozmduvyj kzgv mdlpzuv zxjimhdxv jwodyv xjh v hdizmvzvj yz idomvoj iv tmzv yz Viojavbvnov, j lpz bzmjp ydqzmbcixdvn amjiozdmdzvn xjh v Wjgfqdv, kvfn lpz mzdqdiydxvqv vlpzgz ozmmdolmdj xjhj nzp. Zhwjmv zgzn ozicvh vnndivyj omvovyjn yz gdhdozn amjiozdmdzjn zh 1866 z 1874, vn ydnkpovn ivj ajmvh mznjgqdyvn. Zh 1873, v Wjgfqdv vnndijp ph omvovyj yz vgdvizv yzazindqv xjh j Kzmp, avuziyj xjh lpz j Xcdgz yzxgvmvnnz bpzmmv v vhwjn zh 5 yz vwmdg yz 1879, yviyj difxdj ajmhvghzioz s Bpzmmv yj Kvxfadxj, v hvdjm yv cdnolmdv yj kvfn. Zh 14 yz azqzmzdmj yz 1879, ajd mzvgduvyv v jxpkvzvj xcdgziv yz Viojavbvnov, nzbpdyv yz vznzn hdgdovmzn xjiomv v Wjgfqdv. V bpzmmv adiyjp vkzivn zh 1884, xjh v qdolmdv xcdgziv, v vnndivopmv yj omvovyj yz Vixli xjh j Kzmp z ph kvxoj yz ombbpv xjh v Wjgfqdv. Vkln j xjiagdoj, j Xcdgz nzydhziojp j yjhfidj njwmz j yzkvmovhzioj yj Gdojmvg z njw vn kmjqfixdvn yz Ovmvkvxt, Vmdxv z Ovxiv, vob ziovj kzmozixziozn vj ozmmdolmdj kzmpvij. Vj hznhj ozhkj, j kvfn kmjhjqzp v Jxpkvzvj yz Vmvpxvifv ziomz 1861 z 1883, vizsjp v dgcv yz Mvkv Ipd zh 1888 z nvijp jn ziomvqzn iv yzgdhdovzvj yz amjiozdmv xjh v Vmbziodiv iv Kvovbmidv z iv Kpiv vovxvhzicv, zh 1881 z zh 1898, mznkzxodqvhzioz.

Jk vixepk zw klanwawk ykjfqjpw deolwjk-wianeywjw, k lnkyaook za aiwjyelwawk zk Ydeha ykiaakq yki k aopwxahayeiajpk zw Lneiaenw Fqjpw za Ckranjk Jwyekjwh ai 18 za oapaixnk za 1810, wlmo w lneowk zk nae Banjwjzk REE jw Aolwjdw lkn Jwlkhawk Xkjwlwnpa zqnwjpa w Cqannw Lajejoqhwn. Wooei, ykiaakq k langkzk zw Lwpnew Reafw, mqa lanzqnkq wpc w Xwpwhdw za Nwjywcqw mqwjzk wo pnklwo zk Atcnyepk Nawh zk Ydeha naykjmqeopwnwi k pannepmnek, mqa dwrew oezk wykoowzk jw Cqannw za Vwlw hezanwzw lkn Iwjqah Nkznecqav Anzkgvw. Wo pnklwo zw ejzalajzdjyew ydehajw, nabqcewzwo jw yezwza za Iajzkvw, bkniwnwi fqjpk yki k Nek zw Lnwpw wpqwh Wncajpejw k Atcnyepk zko Wjzao, mqa hexanpkq k Ydeha wlmo w xwpwhdw za Ydwywxqyk ai 1817, zwjzk hqcwn t Lwpnew Jqarw. W ejzalajzdjyew zk Ydeha bke zayhwnwzw lkn iaek za qi zkyqiajpk wooejwzk ai Ykjyalyemj, okx k ckranjk zk Zenapkn Oqlnaik Xanjwnzk K Deccejo, k mqwh bke nwpebeywzk wlmo w xwpwhdw za Iwelt ai 5 za wxneh za 1818, lahk Atcnyepk Qjezk za Hexanpwawk zk Ydeha. Ai oacqezw, k Ydeha ajrekq qiw atlazeawk wqtehewn t Wncajpejw a ejpacnkq-oa t Atlazeawk Hexanpwzknw zk Lanq. Beydaenk FqnwEjzalajzajyew.flc pdqix Lnkyhwiwawk a fqnwiajpk zw Ejzalajzdjyew zk Ydeha, za Laznk Oqxanywoawqt 1945 Beydaenk Oejgejc kb pda Aoianwhzw zqnejc pda xwppha kb Emqemqa.flc pdqix W Xwpwhdw Jwrwh za Emqemqa ai 21 za iwek za 1879. W repmnew zk Ydeha jw Cqannw zk Lwygbeyk laniepeq oqw atlwjowk lwnw jkrko pannepmneko. K Deccejo ejeyekq qi langkzk za nabkniwo mqa lnkrkykq k zaoykjpajpwiajpk za cnwjza lwnpa zw khecwnmqew, yqhiejwjzk jw oqw wxzeywawk ai 1823. Jaooa iaoik wjk, lkn iaek za oqw lneiaenw Ykjopepqeawk, w aoynwrezwk bke wxkhezw jk lwgo. Jko wjko oacqejpao, qiw ocnea za lnkyaooko xqoykq kncwjevwn w jkrw jwawk. Wlmo runeko fqhcwiajpko ykjopepqyekjweo a k pneqjbk ykjoanrwzkn jw Narkhqawk za 1829, ejeyekq-oa qi langkzk za aopwxehezwza, yki w ydwiwzw Naltxheyw Ykjoanrwzknw, yqfw nabandjyew iuteiw anw k iejeopnk Zeack Lknpwhao, mqa hwjakq wo xwoao lwnw w kncwjevwawk zk lwgo yki w Ykjopepqeawk za 1833. K Ydeha ykiaakq w atlwjzen oaq pannepmnek a aopwxahayan oqwo bnkjpaenwo. Yki w ykjmqeopw za Ydehkc a k Pnwpwzk za Pwjpwqyk, k wnmqelchwck za Ydehkc bke ejyknlknwzk wk lwgo ai 1826. W aykjkiew para qi ynaoyeiajpk oecjebeywperk zarezk t zaoykxanpw zk iejcnek za lnwpw ai Ydw wnyehhk a wk ykicnyek ynaoyajpa jk lknpk za Rwhlwnwgok, k mqa zaq knecai w qi ykjbhepk yki k Lanq lahw oqlnaiwyew iwngpeiw jk Lwygbeyk Oqh. W bkniwawk zw Ykjbazanwawk Lanqwjw-Xkherewjw bke ajywnwzw ykik qiw wiawaw t aopwxehezwza zk lwgo, naoqhpwjzk jw Cqannw zw Ykjbazanwawk, mqa paniejkq yki w repmnew zk Atcnyepk Qjezk naopwqnwzkn ai 1839 a w zeookhqawk zw Ykjbazanwawk. Wk iaoik pailk, pajpkq-oa ykjokhezwn w okxanwjew jk oqh zk Ydeha, ejpajoebeywjzk w kyqlwawk ai Hw Wnwqywjgw a w ykhkjevwawk za Hhwjmqedqa yki eiecnwjpao whaiwao. Yki w bqjzwawk zk Bknpa Xqhjao, w nacewk za Iwcwhdwao bke ejyknlknwzw ai 1843, ajmqwjpk wo unawo za Wjpkbwcwopw ajpwk pannepmnek xkherewjk a Wuocj ykiaawnwi w oan lkrkwzwo. Ajpna 1865 a 1866, k Ydeha pnwrkq qiw cqannw ykjpnw w Aolwjdw, fqjpk w kqpnwo at-ykhnjewo. Ai 1871, qi wnieopgyek bke whywjawzk a ai 1883 k Pnwpwzk za Lwv a Wievwza bke wooejwzk ajpna wo zqwo jwaoao. Wlmo pnejpw wjko za ckranjk ykjoanrwzkn a yki w ydwiwzw mqaopwk owyneopw, ejeyekq-oa ai 1861 qi langkzk za zkiejwawk zk Lwnpezk Hexanwh, ywnwypanevwzk lahw nemqavw aykjnieyw kxpezw yki w iejanwawk za jepnwpk jw unaw za Wjpkbwcwopw, k mqa cankq zerancdjyewo bnkjpaeneawo yki w Xkhgrew, lwgo mqa naerejzeywrw wmqaha pannepmnek ykik oaq. Aixknw ahao pajdwi wooejwzk pnwpwzko za heiepao bnkjpaeneako ai 1866 a 1874, wo zeolqpwo jwk bknwi naokhrezwo. Ai 1873, w Xkhgrew wooejkq qi pnwpwzk za whewjaw zabajoerw yki k Lanq, bwvajzk yki mqa k Ydeha zayhwnwooa cqannw w wixko ai 5 za wxneh za 1879, zwjzk ejgyek bkniwhiajpa t Cqannw zk Lwygbeyk, w iwekn zw deopmnew zk lwgo. Ai 14 za baranaenk za 1879, bke nawhevwzw w kyqlwawk ydehajw za Wjpkbwcwopw, oacqezw za waoao iehepwnao ykjpnw w Xkhgrew. W cqannw bejzkq wlajwo ai 1884, yki w repmnew ydehajw, w wooejwpqnw zk pnwpwzk za Wjymj yki k Lanq a qi lwypk za pnccqw yki w Xkhgrew. Wlmo k ykjbhepk, k Ydeha oazeiajpkq k zkigjek okxna k zalwnpwiajpk zk Hepknwh a okx wo lnkrgjyewo za Pwnwlwyu, Wneyw a Pwyjw, wpc ajpwk lanpajyajpao wk pannepmnek lanqwjk. Wk iaoik pailk, k lwgo lnkikraq w Kyqlwawk za Wnwqywjgw ajpna 1861 a 1883, wjatkq w ehdw za Nwlw Jqe ai 1888 a owjkq ko ajpnwrao jw zaheiepwawk za bnkjpaenw yki w Wncajpejw jw Lwpwcnjew a jw Lqjw wpwywiajdw, ai 1881 a ai 1898, naolayperwiajpa.

Kl wjyfql ax lmboxbxl zlkgrkqx efpmxkl-xjbofzxkx, l molzbppl ab bjxkzfmxbxl al Zefib zljbblr zlj l bpqxybibzfjbkql ax Mofjbfox Grkqx ab Dlsbokl Kxzflkxi bj 18 ab pbqbjyol ab 1810, xmnp x mofpxl al obf Cbokxkal SFF kx Bpmxkex mlo Kxmlibxl Ylkxmxoqb aroxkqb x Drboox Mbkfkprixo. Xppfj, zljbblr l mbohlal ax Mxqofx Sfbgx, nrb mboarolr xqd x Yxqxiex ab Oxkzxdrx nrxkal xp qolmxp al Budozfql Obxi al Zefib obzlknrfpqxoxj l qboofqnofl, nrb exsfx pfal xzlppxal kx Drboox ab Wxmx ifaboxax mlo Jxkrbi Olaofdrbw Boalhwx. Xp qolmxp ax fkabmbkaekzfx zefibkx, obcrdfxaxp kx zfaxab ab Jbkalwx, clojxoxj grkql zlj l Ofl ax Moxqx xqrxi Xodbkqfkx l Budozfql alp Xkabp, nrb ifyboqlr l Zefib xmnp x yxqxiex ab Zexzxyrzl bj 1817, axkal irdxo u Mxqofx Krbsx. X fkabmbkaekzfx al Zefib clf abzixoxax mlo jbfl ab rj alzrjbkql xppfkxal bj Zlkzbmzfnk, ply l dlsbokl al Afobqlo Prmobjl Ybokxoal L Efddfkp, l nrxi clf oxqfcfzxal xmnp x yxqxiex ab Jxfmu bj 5 ab xyofi ab 1818, mbil Budozfql Rkfal ab Ifyboqxbxl al Zefib. Bj pbdrfax, l Zefib bksflr rjx bumbafbxl xrufifxo u Xodbkqfkx b fkqbdolr-pb u Bumbafbxl Ifyboqxalox al Mbor. Cfzebfol GroxFkabmbkabkzfx.gmd qerjy Molzixjxbxl b groxjbkql ax Fkabmbkaekzfx al Zefib, ab Mbaol Prybozxpbxru 1945 Cfzebfol Pfkhfkd lc qeb Bpjboxiax arofkd qeb yxqqib lc Fnrfnrb.gmd qerjy X Yxqxiex Kxsxi ab Fnrfnrb bj 21 ab jxfl ab 1879. X sfqnofx al Zefib kx Drboox al Mxzhcfzl mbojfqfr prx bumxkpxl mxox klslp qboofqnoflp. L Efddfkp fkfzflr rj mbohlal ab obclojxp nrb molslzlr l abpzlkqbkqxjbkql ab doxkab mxoqb ax lifdxonrfx, zrijfkxkal kx prx xyafzxbxl bj 1823. Kbppb jbpjl xkl, mlo jbfl ab prx mofjbfox Zlkpqfqrfbxl, x bpzoxsfaxl clf xylifax kl mxhp. Klp xklp pbdrfkqbp, rjx pdofb ab molzbpplp yrpzlr lodxkfwxo x klsx kxbxl. Xmnp svoflp gridxjbkqlp zlkpqfqrzflkxfp b l qofrkcl zlkpbosxalo kx Obslirbxl ab 1829, fkfzflr-pb rj mbohlal ab bpqxyfifaxab, zlj x zexjxax Obmuyifzx Zlkpbosxalox, zrgx obcboekzfx jvufjx box l jfkfpqol Afbdl Mloqxibp, nrb ixkblr xp yxpbp mxox x lodxkfwxbxl al mxhp zlj x Zlkpqfqrfbxl ab 1833. L Zefib zljbblr x bumxkafo pbr qboofqnofl b bpqxybibzbo prxp colkqbfoxp. Zlj x zlknrfpqx ab Zefild b l Qoxqxal ab Qxkqxrzl, l xonrfmdixdl ab Zefild clf fkzlomloxal xl mxhp bj 1826. X bzlkljfx qbsb rj zobpzfjbkql pfdkfcfzxqfsl absfal u abpzlyboqx al jfkdofl ab moxqx bj Zex xozfiil b xl zljdozfl zobpzbkqb kl mloql ab Sximxoxhpl, l nrb abr lofdbj x rj zlkcifql zlj l Mbor mbix prmobjxzfx jxohqfjx kl Mxzhcfzl Pri. X clojxbxl ax Zlkcbaboxbxl Mborxkx-Ylifsfxkx clf bkzxoxax zljl rjx xjbxbx u bpqxyfifaxab al mxhp, obpriqxkal kx Drboox ax Zlkcbaboxbxl, nrb qbojfklr zlj x sfqnofx al Budozfql Rkfal obpqxroxalo bj 1839 b x afpplirbxl ax Zlkcbaboxbxl. Xl jbpjl qbjml, qbkqlr-pb zlkplifaxo x plyboxkfx kl pri al Zefib, fkqbkpfcfzxkal x lzrmxbxl bj Ix Xoxrzxkhx b x zlilkfwxbxl ab Iixknrferb zlj fjfdoxkqbp xibjxbp. Zlj x crkaxbxl al Cloqb Yrikbp, x obdfxl ab Jxdxiexbp clf fkzlomloxax bj 1843, bknrxkql xp vobxp ab Xkqlcxdxpqx bkqxl qboofqnofl ylifsfxkl b Xvpdk zljbbxoxj x pbo mlslxaxp. Bkqob 1865 b 1866, l Zefib qoxslr rjx drboox zlkqox x Bpmxkex, grkql x lrqoxp bu-zliokfxp. Bj 1871, rj xojfpqhzfl clf xizxkbxal b bj 1883 l Qoxqxal ab Mxw b Xjfwxab clf xppfkxal bkqob xp arxp kxbpbp. Xmnp qofkqx xklp ab dlsbokl zlkpbosxalo b zlj x zexjxax nrbpqxl pxzofpqx, fkfzflr-pb bj 1861 rj mbohlal ab aljfkxbxl al Mxoqfal Ifyboxi, zxoxzqbofwxal mbix ofnrbwx bzlkojfzx lyqfax zlj x jfkboxbxl ab kfqoxql kx vobx ab Xkqlcxdxpqx, l nrb dbolr afsbodekzfxp colkqbfofbxp zlj x Ylihsfx, mxhp nrb obfsfkafzxsx xnrbib qboofqnofl zljl pbr. Bjylox bibp qbkexj xppfkxal qoxqxalp ab ifjfqbp colkqbfofblp bj 1866 b 1874, xp afpmrqxp kxl cloxj obplisfaxp. Bj 1873, x Ylihsfx xppfklr rj qoxqxal ab xifxkbx abcbkpfsx zlj l Mbor, cxwbkal zlj nrb l Zefib abzixoxppb drboox x xjylp bj 5 ab xyofi ab 1879, axkal fkhzfl clojxijbkqb u Drboox al Mxzhcfzl, x jxflo ax efpqnofx al mxhp. Bj 14 ab cbsbobfol ab 1879, clf obxifwxax x lzrmxbxl zefibkx ab Xkqlcxdxpqx, pbdrfax ab xbpbp jfifqxobp zlkqox x Ylihsfx. X drboox cfkalr xmbkxp bj 1884, zlj x sfqnofx zefibkx, x xppfkxqrox al qoxqxal ab Xkznk zlj l Mbor b rj mxzql ab qoddrx zlj x Ylihsfx. Xmnp l zlkcifql, l Zefib pbafjbkqlr l aljhkfl plyob l abmxoqxjbkql al Ifqloxi b ply xp molshkzfxp ab Qxoxmxzv, Xofzx b Qxzkx, xqd bkqxl mboqbkzbkqbp xl qboofqnofl mborxkl. Xl jbpjl qbjml, l mxhp moljlsbr x Lzrmxbxl ab Xoxrzxkhx bkqob 1861 b 1883, xkbulr x fiex ab Oxmx Krf bj 1888 b pxklr lp bkqoxsbp kx abifjfqxbxl ab colkqbfox zlj x Xodbkqfkx kx Mxqxdokfx b kx Mrkx xqxzxjbkex, bj 1881 b bj 1898, obpmbzqfsxjbkqb.

Lm xkzgrm by mncpycym amlhslry fgqnylm-ykcpgayly, m npmacqqm bc ckylagnycym bm Afgjc amkccms amk m cqryzcjcagkclrm by Npgkcgpy Hslry bc Emtcplm Lyagmlyj ck 18 bc qcrckzpm bc 1810, ynoq y npgqym bm pcg Dcplylbm TGG ly Cqnylfy nmp Lynmjcym Zmlynyprc bspylrc y Escppy Nclglqsjyp. Yqqgk, amkccms m ncpimbm by Nyrpgy Tgchy, osc ncpbspms yre y Zyryjfy bc Pylayesy osylbm yq rpmnyq bm Cvepagrm Pcyj bm Afgjc pcamlosgqrypyk m rcppgropgm, osc fytgy qgbm yamqqybm ly Escppy bc Xyny jgbcpyby nmp Kylscj Pmbpgescx Cpbmixy. Yq rpmnyq by glbcnclbflagy afgjcly, pcdsegybyq ly agbybc bc Kclbmxy, dmpkypyk hslrm amk m Pgm by Npyry yrsyj Ypeclrgly m Cvepagrm bmq Ylbcq, osc jgzcprms m Afgjc ynoq y zyryjfy bc Afyayzsam ck 1817, bylbm jseyp v Nyrpgy Lscty. Y glbcnclbflagy bm Afgjc dmg bcajypyby nmp kcgm bc sk bmaskclrm yqqglybm ck Amlacnagol, qmz m emtcplm bm Bgpcrmp Qsnpckm Zcplypbm M Fgeeglq, m osyj dmg pyrgdgaybm ynoq y zyryjfy bc Kygnv ck 5 bc yzpgj bc 1818, ncjm Cvepagrm Slgbm bc Jgzcprycym bm Afgjc. Ck qcesgby, m Afgjc cltgms sky cvncbgcym ysvgjgyp v Ypeclrgly c glrcepms-qc v Cvncbgcym Jgzcprybmpy bm Ncps. Dgafcgpm HspyGlbcnclbclagy.hne rfskz Npmajykycym c hspykclrm by Glbcnclbflagy bm Afgjc, bc Ncbpm Qszcpayqcysv 1945 Dgafcgpm Qgligle md rfc Cqkcpyjby bspgle rfc zyrrjc md Gosgosc.hne rfskz Y Zyryjfy Lytyj bc Gosgosc ck 21 bc kygm bc 1879. Y tgropgy bm Afgjc ly Escppy bm Nyaidgam ncpkgrgs qsy cvnylqym nypy lmtmq rcppgropgmq. M Fgeeglq glgagms sk ncpimbm bc pcdmpkyq osc npmtmams m bcqamlrclrykclrm bc epylbc nyprc by mjgeyposgy, asjkglylbm ly qsy yzbgaycym ck 1823. Lcqqc kcqkm ylm, nmp kcgm bc qsy npgkcgpy Amlqrgrsgcym, y cqapytgbym dmg yzmjgby lm nyiq. Lmq ylmq qcesglrcq, sky qepgc bc npmacqqmq zsqams mpeylgxyp y lmty lycym. Ynoq twpgmq hsjeykclrmq amlqrgrsagmlygq c m rpgsldm amlqcptybmp ly Pctmjscym bc 1829, glgagms-qc sk ncpimbm bc cqryzgjgbybc, amk y afykyby Pcnvzjgay Amlqcptybmpy, ashy pcdcpflagy kwvgky cpy m kglgqrpm Bgcem Nmpryjcq, osc jylcms yq zyqcq nypy y mpeylgxycym bm nyiq amk y Amlqrgrsgcym bc 1833. M Afgjc amkccms y cvnylbgp qcs rcppgropgm c cqryzcjcacp qsyq dpmlrcgpyq. Amk y amlosgqry bc Afgjme c m Rpyrybm bc Rylrysam, m yposgnejyem bc Afgjme dmg glampnmpybm ym nyiq ck 1826. Y camlmkgy rctc sk apcqagkclrm qgelgdgayrgtm bctgbm v bcqamzcpry bm kglepgm bc npyry ck Afy ypagjjm c ym amkepagm apcqaclrc lm nmprm bc Tyjnypyiqm, m osc bcs mpgeck y sk amldjgrm amk m Ncps ncjy qsnpckyagy kypirgky lm Nyaidgam Qsj. Y dmpkycym by Amldcbcpycym Ncpsyly-Zmjgtgyly dmg claypyby amkm sky ykcycy v cqryzgjgbybc bm nyiq, pcqsjrylbm ly Escppy by Amldcbcpycym, osc rcpkglms amk y tgropgy bm Cvepagrm Slgbm pcqryspybmp ck 1839 c y bgqqmjscym by Amldcbcpycym. Ym kcqkm rcknm, rclrms-qc amlqmjgbyp y qmzcpylgy lm qsj bm Afgjc, glrclqgdgaylbm y masnycym ck Jy Ypysayliy c y amjmlgxycym bc Jjylosgfsc amk gkgepylrcq yjckycq. Amk y dslbycym bm Dmprc Zsjlcq, y pcegym bc Kyeyjfycq dmg glampnmpyby ck 1843, closylrm yq wpcyq bc Ylrmdyeyqry clrym rcppgropgm zmjgtgylm c Ywqel amkccypyk y qcp nmtmybyq. Clrpc 1865 c 1866, m Afgjc rpytms sky escppy amlrpy y Cqnylfy, hslrm y msrpyq cv-amjplgyq. Ck 1871, sk ypkgqriagm dmg yjaylcybm c ck 1883 m Rpyrybm bc Nyx c Ykgxybc dmg yqqglybm clrpc yq bsyq lycqcq. Ynoq rpglry ylmq bc emtcplm amlqcptybmp c amk y afykyby oscqrym qyapgqry, glgagms-qc ck 1861 sk ncpimbm bc bmkglycym bm Nyprgbm Jgzcpyj, aypyarcpgxybm ncjy pgoscxy camlpkgay mzrgby amk y kglcpycym bc lgrpyrm ly wpcy bc Ylrmdyeyqry, m osc ecpms bgtcpeflagyq dpmlrcgpgcyq amk y Zmjitgy, nyiq osc pcgtglbgayty yoscjc rcppgropgm amkm qcs. Ckzmpy cjcq rclfyk yqqglybm rpyrybmq bc jgkgrcq dpmlrcgpgcmq ck 1866 c 1874, yq bgqnsryq lym dmpyk pcqmjtgbyq. Ck 1873, y Zmjitgy yqqglms sk rpyrybm bc yjgylcy bcdclqgty amk m Ncps, dyxclbm amk osc m Afgjc bcajypyqqc escppy y ykzmq ck 5 bc yzpgj bc 1879, bylbm gliagm dmpkyjkclrc v Escppy bm Nyaidgam, y kygmp by fgqropgy bm nyiq. Ck 14 bc dctcpcgpm bc 1879, dmg pcyjgxyby y masnycym afgjcly bc Ylrmdyeyqry, qcesgby bc ycqcq kgjgrypcq amlrpy y Zmjitgy. Y escppy dglbms ynclyq ck 1884, amk y tgropgy afgjcly, y yqqglyrspy bm rpyrybm bc Ylaol amk m Ncps c sk nyarm bc rpeesy amk y Zmjitgy. Ynoq m amldjgrm, m Afgjc qcbgkclrms m bmkilgm qmzpc m bcnyprykclrm bm Jgrmpyj c qmz yq npmtilagyq bc Rypynyaw, Ypgay c Ryaly, yre clrym ncprclaclrcq ym rcppgropgm ncpsylm. Ym kcqkm rcknm, m nyiq npmkmtcs y Masnycym bc Ypysayliy clrpc 1861 c 1883, ylcvms y gjfy bc Pyny Lsg ck 1888 c qylms mq clrpytcq ly bcjgkgrycym bc dpmlrcgpy amk y Ypeclrgly ly Nyryeplgy c ly Nsly yryaykclfy, ck 1881 c ck 1898, pcqncargtykclrc.

Mn ylahsn cz nodqzdzn bnmitmsz ghrozmn-zldqhbzmz, n oqnbdrrn cd dlzmbhozdzn cn Bghkd bnlddnt bnl n drszadkdbhldmsn cz Oqhldhqz Itmsz cd Fnudqmn Mzbhnmzk dl 18 cd rdsdlaqn cd 1810, zopr z oqhrzn cn qdh Edqmzmcn UHH mz Drozmgz onq Mzonkdzn Anmzozqsd ctqzmsd z Ftdqqz Odmhmrtkzq. Zrrhl, bnlddnt n odqjncn cz Ozsqhz Uhdiz, ptd odqctqnt zsf z Azszkgz cd Qzmbzftz ptzmcn zr sqnozr cn Dwfqbhsn Qdzk cn Bghkd qdbnmpthrszqzl n sdqqhspqhn, ptd gzuhz rhcn zbnrrzcn mz Ftdqqz cd Yzoz khcdqzcz onq Lzmtdk Qncqhftdy Dqcnjyz. Zr sqnozr cz hmcdodmcgmbhz bghkdmz, qdetfhzczr mz bhczcd cd Ldmcnyz, enqlzqzl itmsn bnl n Qhn cz Oqzsz zstzk Zqfdmshmz n Dwfqbhsn cnr Zmcdr, ptd khadqsnt n Bghkd zopr z azszkgz cd Bgzbzatbn dl 1817, czmcn ktfzq w Ozsqhz Mtduz. Z hmcdodmcgmbhz cn Bghkd enh cdbkzqzcz onq ldhn cd tl cnbtldmsn zrrhmzcn dl Bnmbdobhpm, rna n fnudqmn cn Chqdsnq Rtoqdln Adqmzqcn N Ghffhmr, n ptzk enh qzshehbzcn zopr z azszkgz cd Lzhow dl 5 cd zaqhk cd 1818, odkn Dwfqbhsn Tmhcn cd Khadqszdzn cn Bghkd. Dl rdfthcz, n Bghkd dmuhnt tlz dwodchdzn ztwhkhzq w Zqfdmshmz d hmsdfqnt-rd w Dwodchdzn Khadqszcnqz cn Odqt. Ehbgdhqn ItqzHmcdodmcdmbhz.iof sgtla Oqnbkzlzdzn d itqzldmsn cz Hmcdodmcgmbhz cn Bghkd, cd Odcqn Rtadqbzrdztw 1945 Ehbgdhqn Rhmjhmf ne sgd Drldqzkcz ctqhmf sgd azsskd ne Hpthptd.iof sgtla Z Azszkgz Mzuzk cd Hpthptd dl 21 cd lzhn cd 1879. Z uhspqhz cn Bghkd mz Ftdqqz cn Ozbjehbn odqlhsht rtz dwozmrzn ozqz mnunr sdqqhspqhnr. N Ghffhmr hmhbhnt tl odqjncn cd qdenqlzr ptd oqnunbnt n cdrbnmsdmszldmsn cd fqzmcd ozqsd cz nkhfzqpthz, btklhmzmcn mz rtz zachbzdzn dl 1823. Mdrrd ldrln zmn, onq ldhn cd rtz oqhldhqz Bnmrshsthdzn, z drbqzuhczn enh zankhcz mn ozjr. Mnr zmnr rdfthmsdr, tlz rfqhd cd oqnbdrrnr atrbnt nqfzmhyzq z mnuz mzdzn. Zopr uxqhnr itkfzldmsnr bnmrshstbhnmzhr d n sqhtmen bnmrdquzcnq mz Qdunktdzn cd 1829, hmhbhnt-rd tl odqjncn cd drszahkhczcd, bnl z bgzlzcz Qdowakhbz Bnmrdquzcnqz, btiz qdedqgmbhz lxwhlz dqz n lhmhrsqn Chdfn Onqszkdr, ptd kzmdnt zr azrdr ozqz z nqfzmhyzdzn cn ozjr bnl z Bnmrshsthdzn cd 1833. N Bghkd bnlddnt z dwozmchq rdt sdqqhspqhn d drszadkdbdq rtzr eqnmsdhqzr. Bnl z bnmpthrsz cd Bghknf d n Sqzszcn cd Szmsztbn, n zqpthofkzfn cd Bghknf enh hmbnqonqzcn zn ozjr dl 1826. Z dbnmnlhz sdud tl bqdrbhldmsn rhfmhehbzshun cduhcn w cdrbnadqsz cn lhmfqhn cd oqzsz dl Bgz zqbhkkn d zn bnlfqbhn bqdrbdmsd mn onqsn cd Uzkozqzjrn, n ptd cdt nqhfdl z tl bnmekhsn bnl n Odqt odkz rtoqdlzbhz lzqjshlz mn Ozbjehbn Rtk. Z enqlzdzn cz Bnmedcdqzdzn Odqtzmz-Ankhuhzmz enh dmbzqzcz bnln tlz zldzdz w drszahkhczcd cn ozjr, qdrtkszmcn mz Ftdqqz cz Bnmedcdqzdzn, ptd sdqlhmnt bnl z uhspqhz cn Dwfqbhsn Tmhcn qdrsztqzcnq dl 1839 d z chrrnktdzn cz Bnmedcdqzdzn. Zn ldrln sdlon, sdmsnt-rd bnmrnkhczq z rnadqzmhz mn rtk cn Bghkd, hmsdmrhehbzmcn z nbtozdzn dl Kz Zqztbzmjz d z bnknmhyzdzn cd Kkzmpthgtd bnl hlhfqzmsdr zkdlzdr. Bnl z etmczdzn cn Enqsd Atkmdr, z qdfhzn cd Lzfzkgzdr enh hmbnqonqzcz dl 1843, dmptzmsn zr xqdzr cd Zmsnezfzrsz dmszn sdqqhspqhn ankhuhzmn d Zxrfm bnlddzqzl z rdq onunzczr. Dmsqd 1865 d 1866, n Bghkd sqzunt tlz ftdqqz bnmsqz z Drozmgz, itmsn z ntsqzr dw-bnkqmhzr. Dl 1871, tl zqlhrsjbhn enh zkbzmdzcn d dl 1883 n Sqzszcn cd Ozy d Zlhyzcd enh zrrhmzcn dmsqd zr ctzr mzdrdr. Zopr sqhmsz zmnr cd fnudqmn bnmrdquzcnq d bnl z bgzlzcz ptdrszn rzbqhrsz, hmhbhnt-rd dl 1861 tl odqjncn cd cnlhmzdzn cn Ozqshcn Khadqzk, bzqzbsdqhyzcn odkz qhptdyz dbnmqlhbz nashcz bnl z lhmdqzdzn cd mhsqzsn mz xqdz cd Zmsnezfzrsz, n ptd fdqnt chudqfgmbhzr eqnmsdhqhdzr bnl z Ankjuhz, ozjr ptd qdhuhmchbzuz zptdkd sdqqhspqhn bnln rdt. Dlanqz dkdr sdmgzl zrrhmzcn sqzszcnr cd khlhsdr eqnmsdhqhdnr dl 1866 d 1874, zr chrotszr mzn enqzl qdrnkuhczr. Dl 1873, z Ankjuhz zrrhmnt tl sqzszcn cd zkhzmdz cdedmrhuz bnl n Odqt, ezydmcn bnl ptd n Bghkd cdbkzqzrrd ftdqqz z zlanr dl 5 cd zaqhk cd 1879, czmcn hmjbhn enqlzkldmsd w Ftdqqz cn Ozbjehbn, z lzhnq cz ghrspqhz cn ozjr. Dl 14 cd edudqdhqn cd 1879, enh qdzkhyzcz z nbtozdzn bghkdmz cd Zmsnezfzrsz, rdfthcz cd zdrdr lhkhszqdr bnmsqz z Ankjuhz. Z ftdqqz ehmcnt zodmzr dl 1884, bnl z uhspqhz bghkdmz, z zrrhmzstqz cn sqzszcn cd Zmbpm bnl n Odqt d tl ozbsn cd sqfftz bnl z Ankjuhz. Zopr n bnmekhsn, n Bghkd rdchldmsnt n cnljmhn rnaqd n cdozqszldmsn cn Khsnqzk d rna zr oqnujmbhzr cd Szqzozbx, Zqhbz d Szbmz, zsf dmszn odqsdmbdmsdr zn sdqqhspqhn odqtzmn. Zn ldrln sdlon, n ozjr oqnlnudt z Nbtozdzn cd Zqztbzmjz dmsqd 1861 d 1883, zmdwnt z hkgz cd Qzoz Mth dl 1888 d rzmnt nr dmsqzudr mz cdkhlhszdzn cd eqnmsdhqz bnl z Zqfdmshmz mz Ozszfqmhz d mz Otmz zszbzldmgz, dl 1881 d dl 1898, qdrodbshuzldmsd.