sqlserver
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plsql
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IF OBJECT_ID('get_employee_salary', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION get_employee_salary; GO CREATE FUNCTION get_employee_salary(@id IN NUMBERDECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN NUMBER RETURN NULL; END; IS salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @salary = salary FROM employees WHERE id = id; RETURN salary; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN RETURN -1; END END; IF OBJECT_ID('update_employee_salary', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE update_employee_salary; GO CREATE PROCEDURE update_employee_salary(@id IN AS NUMBER, salary IN NUMBER) IS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary WHERE id = id; EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN RAISERROR('-20001 Duplicate value on unique index', 16, 1); END;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_employee_salary(id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT salary INTO salary FROM employees WHERE id = id; RETURN salary; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RETURN -1; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_employee_salary(id IN NUMBER, salary IN NUMBER) IS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary WHERE id = id; EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Duplicate value on unique index'); END;
CREATE PROCEDURE update_employee_salary(@emp_id IN AS NUMBER, new_salary IN NUMBER) IS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = new_salary WHERE employee_id = emp_id; COMMIT; END; *** late the total salary of all employees CREATE FUNCTION get_total_salary() RETURNS FLOAT AS BEGIN DECLARE @total_salary FLOAT = 0; SELECT @total_salary = SUM(salary) FROM employees; RETURN @total_salary; END; *** create a new table CREATE TABLE orders ( order_id FLOAT PRIMARY KEY, customer_id FLOAT REFERENCES customers(customer_id), order_date DATE, total_amount FLOAT ); *** truct to handle different cases IF total_salary > 100000 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total salary is greater than 100,000'); END ELSE IF total_salary > 50000 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total salary is greater than 50,000'); END ELSE BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total salary is less than or equal to 50,000'); END *** enario BEGIN *** a duplicate record INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, name, salary) VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 50000); EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: Duplicate value on unique index'); END;
PROCEDURE update_employee_salary(emp_id IN NUMBER, new_salary IN NUMBER) IS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = new_salary WHERE employee_id = emp_id; COMMIT; END; -- Function to calculate the total salary of all employees FUNCTION get_total_salary() RETURN NUMBER IS total_salary NUMBER := 0; BEGIN SELECT SUM(salary) INTO total_salary FROM employees; RETURN total_salary; END; -- SQL statement to create a new table CREATE TABLE orders ( order_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY, customer_id NUMBER REFERENCES customers(customer_id), order_date DATE, total_amount NUMBER ); -- Control flow construct to handle different cases IF total_salary > 100000 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total salary is greater than 100,000'); ELSIF total_salary > 50000 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total salary is greater than 50,000'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total salary is less than or equal to 50,000'); END IF; -- Error handling scenario BEGIN -- Attempt to insert a duplicate record INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, name, salary) VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 50000); EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: Duplicate value on unique index'); END;
DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_emp_id = employee_id, @v_salary = salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 10; IF v_salary > 50000 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary is greater than 50000'); END ELSE BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary is less than or equal to 50000'); END BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = v_salary + (v_salary * 0.1) WHERE employee_id = @v_emp_id; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary updated successfully'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error occurred while updating salary'); END; END;
DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT employee_id, salary INTO v_emp_id, v_salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 10; IF v_salary > 50000 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary is greater than 50000'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary is less than or equal to 50000'); END IF; BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = v_salary + (v_salary * 0.1) WHERE employee_id = v_emp_id; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary updated successfully'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error occurred while updating salary'); END; END;
DECLARE @v_empno FLOAT; v_ename dbo.VARCHAR2(10); v_job dbo.VARCHAR2(10); v_sal NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_empno = empno, @v_ename = ename, @v_job = job, @v_sal = sal FROM emp WHERE empno = 7369; IF v_sal > 2000 BEGIN UPDATE emp SET sal = sal * 1.10 WHERE empno = @v_empno; END DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee: ' + isnull(v_ename, '') + ', Job: ' + isnull(v_job, '') + ', Salary: ' + isnull(v_sal, '')); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee not found'); END END;
DECLARE v_empno NUMBER; v_ename VARCHAR2(10); v_job VARCHAR2(10); v_sal NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT empno, ename, job, sal INTO v_empno, v_ename, v_job, v_sal FROM emp WHERE empno = 7369; IF v_sal > 2000 THEN UPDATE emp SET sal = sal * 1.10 WHERE empno = v_empno; END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee: ' || v_ename || ', Job: ' || v_job || ', Salary: ' || v_sal); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee not found'); END;
DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT := 100; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_salary = salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = @v_emp_id; IF v_salary > 50000 BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = v_salary + 1000 WHERE employee_id = @v_emp_id; END ELSE BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Salary too low for bonus', 16, 1); END COMMIT; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN NULL; END END;
DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER := 100; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT salary INTO v_salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = v_emp_id; IF v_salary > 50000 THEN UPDATE employees SET salary = v_salary + 1000 WHERE employee_id = v_emp_id; ELSE RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Salary too low for bonus'); END IF; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN NULL; END;
DECLARE @v_deptno FLOAT := 20; v_ename dbo.VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN SELECT @v_ename = ename FROM emp WHERE deptno = @v_deptno; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' + isnull(v_ename, '')); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found for deptno ' + isnull(@v_deptno, '')); END END;
DECLARE v_deptno NUMBER := 20; v_ename VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN SELECT ename INTO v_ename FROM emp WHERE deptno = v_deptno; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || v_ename); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found for deptno ' || v_deptno); END;
DECLARE @v_empno FLOAT; v_ename dbo.VARCHAR2(20); v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_ename = ename, @v_salary = salary FROM emp WHERE empno = 7369; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' + isnull(v_ename, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' + isnull(v_salary, '')); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee not found'); END END;
DECLARE v_empno NUMBER; v_ename VARCHAR2(20); v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT ename, salary INTO v_ename, v_salary FROM emp WHERE empno = 7369; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || v_ename); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' || v_salary); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee not found'); END;
DECLARE @emp_id FLOAT; salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @emp_id = employee_id, @salary = salary FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'King'; IF salary > 10000 BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE employee_id = @emp_id; END EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END; /
DECLARE emp_id NUMBER; salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT employee_id, salary INTO emp_id, salary FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'King'; IF salary > 10000 THEN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE employee_id = emp_id; END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END; /
DECLARE @name VARCHAR(50); salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @name = @name, @salary = salary FROM employees WHERE id = 1; IF salary IS NULL BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Employee not found', 16, 1); END UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + (salary * 0.10) WHERE id = 1; COMMIT; END;
DECLARE name VARCHAR2(50); salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT name, salary INTO name, salary FROM employees WHERE id = 1; IF salary IS NULL THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Employee not found'); END IF; UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + (salary * 0.10) WHERE id = 1; COMMIT; END;
IF OBJECT_ID('emp_bonus', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE emp_bonus; GO CREATE PROCEDURE emp_bonus(@emp_id IN AS NUMBER, bonus_amt IN NUMBER) AS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + bonus_amt WHERE employee_id = emp_id; COMMIT; END; DECLARE @emp_id FLOAT; bonus_amt NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @emp_id = employee_id, @bonus_amt = salary FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Jones'; dbo.emp_bonus(@emp_id, bonus_amt); END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE emp_bonus(emp_id IN NUMBER, bonus_amt IN NUMBER) AS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + bonus_amt WHERE employee_id = emp_id; COMMIT; END; DECLARE emp_id NUMBER; bonus_amt NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT employee_id, salary INTO emp_id, bonus_amt FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Jones'; emp_bonus(emp_id, bonus_amt); END;
IF OBJECT_ID('get_employee_name', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION get_employee_name; GO CREATE FUNCTION get_employee_name(@id FLOAT) RETURNS VARCHAR(4000) AS BEGIN DECLARE @name VARCHAR(100); SELECT @name = ename FROM emp WHERE empno = @id; RETURN @name; IF @@fetch_status <> 0 BEGIN RETURN NULL; END END; DECLARE @ename VARCHAR(100); BEGIN SET @ename = dbo.get_employee_name(10); IF @ename IS NULL BEGIN -- Em... *** END ELSE BEGIN -- Em... *** END -- Ot... *** END;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_employee_name(id NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS name VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN SELECT ename INTO name FROM emp WHERE empno = id; RETURN name; EXCEPTION WHEN no_data_found THEN RETURN NULL; END; DECLARE ename VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN ename := get_employee_name(10); IF ename IS NULL THEN -- Employee not found ELSE -- Employee found END IF; -- Other statements... END;
IF OBJECT_ID('my_proc', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE my_proc; GO CREATE PROCEDURE my_proc AS NUMBER, p2 VARCHAR2, OUT p3 OUT NUMBER l_var1 NUMBER; BEGIN set p1 2; set l_var1; p2 BEGIN RAERR p2, , 16, 1; END INTO my_tablecol1, col2 p1, p2; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAE; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE my_proc( p1 IN NUMBER, p2 IN VARCHAR2, OUT p3 OUT NUMBER) IS l_var1 NUMBER; BEGIN l_var1 := p1 * 2; p3 := l_var1; IF p2 = 'Y' THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Invalid parameter value: ' || p2); END IF; INSERT INTO my_table(col1, col2) VALUES(p1, p2); COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE my_proc (@param1 IN AS VARCHAR2, param2 OUT NUMBER) AS BEGIN SELECT @param2 = COUNT(*) FROM my_table WHERE name LIKE param1; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN set @param2 = -1; ROLLBACK; END; DECLARE @my_var1 VARCHAR(20); BEGIN dbo.my_proc('John', @my_var1); IF @my_var1 > 0 BEGIN UPDATE my_table SET age = age + 1 WHERE name LIKE 'John'; END END;
CREATE PROCEDURE my_proc (param1 IN VARCHAR2, param2 OUT NUMBER) AS BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO param2 FROM my_table WHERE name LIKE param1; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN param2 := -1; ROLLBACK; END; DECLARE my_var1 VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN my_proc('John', my_var1); IF my_var1 > 0 THEN UPDATE my_table SET age = age + 1 WHERE name LIKE 'John'; END IF; END;
DECLARE @v_name VARCHAR(20); v_age ROW_NUMBER(2); BEGIN SELECT @v_name = name, @v_age = age FROM employees WHERE id = 1; IF v_age > 18 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Adult'); END ELSE BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Minor'); END IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee not found'); END END; END;
DECLARE v_name VARCHAR2(20); v_age NUMBER(2); BEGIN SELECT name, age INTO v_name, v_age FROM employees WHERE id = 1; IF v_age > 18 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Adult'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Minor'); END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee not found'); END; END;
CREATE TABLE users ( id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL ); CREATE PROCEDURE insert_user ( @p_name VARCHAR(4000) ) AS BEGIN SET NOCOUNT ON; INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (@p_name); END; BEGIN dbo.INSERT_USER('John Doe'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error inserting user: ' + ISNULL(SQLERRM, '')); END; SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE '%John%';
CREATE TABLE users ( id NUMBER(10) PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR2(255) NOT NULL ); CREATE PROCEDURE insert_user ( p_name VARCHAR2 ) AS BEGIN INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (p_name); END; BEGIN INSERT_USER('John Doe'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error inserting user: ' || SQLERRM); END; SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE '%John%';
*** rocedure to calculate the factorial of a number CREATE PROCEDURE GetFactorial(@Num IN AS NUMBER, OUT Result OUT NUMBER) AS BEGIN Set @Result = 1; DECLARE @I INT = 1 ; WHILE @I <= Num BEGIN Set @Result = Result * I; END; END; / *** to check if a number is even CREATE FUNCTION IsEven(@Num IN NUMBERDECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN BOOLEAN RETURN NULL; END; AS BEGIN RETURN (Num % 2 = 0); END; / *** e and assign a value DECLARE @v_num FLOAT := 5; BEGIN *** a table INSERT INTO Employees (ID, Name, Salary) VALUES (@v_num, 'John Doe', 10000); *** table UPDATE Employees SET Salary = 15000 WHERE ID = @v_num; *** a table DELETE FROM Employees WHERE ID = @v_num; *** test error handling RAISERROR('-20000 Custom error message', 16, 1); END; /
-- Create a stored procedure to calculate the factorial of a number CREATE PROCEDURE GetFactorial(Num IN NUMBER, OUT Result OUT NUMBER) AS BEGIN Result := 1; FOR I IN 1 .. Num LOOP Result := Result * I; END LOOP; END; / -- Create a function to check if a number is even CREATE FUNCTION IsEven(Num IN NUMBER) RETURN BOOLEAN AS BEGIN RETURN (Num % 2 = 0); END; / -- Declare a variable and assign a value DECLARE v_num NUMBER := 5; BEGIN -- Insert a row into a table INSERT INTO Employees (ID, Name, Salary) VALUES (v_num, 'John Doe', 10000); -- Update a row in a table UPDATE Employees SET Salary = 15000 WHERE ID = v_num; -- Delete a row from a table DELETE FROM Employees WHERE ID = v_num; -- Raise an error to test error handling RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20000, 'Custom error message'); END; /
CREATE PROCEDURE get_employee_salary( @employee_id IN AS NUMBER, salary OUT NUMBER ) AS BEGIN SELECT @salary = salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = employee_id; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN set @salary = 0; END END;
CREATE PROCEDURE get_employee_salary( employee_id IN NUMBER, salary OUT NUMBER ) AS BEGIN SELECT salary INTO salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = employee_id; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN salary := 0; END;
DECLARE -- Va... *** @v_emp_id FLOAT; v_salary NUMBER; v_commission NUMBER; v_bonus NUMBER; BEGIN *** Call PRC_GET_EMPLOYEE_INFO(@v_emp_id, v_salary, OUT v_commission, OUT v_bonus); -- Co... *** IF v_commission > 0 BEGIN -- SQ... *** UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + v_commission WHERE employee_id = @v_emp_id; END ELSE BEGIN -- Er... *** RAISERROR('-20001 No commission earned.', 16, 1); END END; /
DECLARE -- Variables v_emp_id NUMBER; v_salary NUMBER; v_commission NUMBER; v_bonus NUMBER; BEGIN -- Stored Procedure Call PRC_GET_EMPLOYEE_INFO(v_emp_id, v_salary, OUT v_commission, OUT v_bonus); -- Control Flow IF v_commission > 0 THEN -- SQL Statement UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + v_commission WHERE employee_id = v_emp_id; ELSE -- Error Handling RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'No commission earned.'); END IF; END; /
DECLARE @v_sal FLOAT; BEGIN SELECT @v_sal = salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 1; IF @v_sal > 10000 BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = 11000 WHERE employee_id = 1; END ELSE BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = 9000 WHERE employee_id = 1; END END;
DECLARE v_sal NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT salary INTO v_sal FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 1; IF v_sal > 10000 THEN UPDATE employees SET salary = 11000 WHERE employee_id = 1; ELSE UPDATE employees SET salary = 9000 WHERE employee_id = 1; END IF; END;
[ BEGIN FOR rec IN (SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE ...) LOOP -- Do something with the row END LOOP; IF (ERROR_CODE() = 20000) THEN -- Log error and return false RETURN FALSE; END IF; -- Continue executing code FUNCTION my_func(param1, param2) RETURN NUMBER IS DECLARE local_var NUMBER; BEGIN local_var := param1 + param2; RETURN local_var; END; END my_func; CALL my_func('A', 5); IF (CONDITION) THEN -- Do something EXIT; END IF; -- More code PROCEDURE my_proc(param1, param2) IS BEGIN -- Do something RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20000, 'Error message'); END; END my_proc; BEGIN my_proc('A', 5); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Handle error END; END;]
` BEGIN FOR rec IN (SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE ...) LOOP -- Do something with the row END LOOP; IF (ERROR_CODE() = 20000) THEN -- Log error and return false RETURN FALSE; END IF; -- Continue executing code FUNCTION my_func(param1, param2) RETURN NUMBER IS DECLARE local_var NUMBER; BEGIN local_var := param1 + param2; RETURN local_var; END; END my_func; CALL my_func('A', 5); IF (CONDITION) THEN -- Do something EXIT; END IF; -- More code PROCEDURE my_proc(param1, param2) IS BEGIN -- Do something RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20000, 'Error message'); END; END my_proc; BEGIN my_proc('A', 5); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Handle error END; END;`
IF OBJECT_ID('get_employee_info', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION get_employee_info; GO CREATE FUNCTION get_employee_info(@emp_id IN NUMBERDECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN SYS_REFCURSOR RETURN NULL; END; AS rc SYS_REFCURSOR; BEGIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id = emp_id; RETURN rc; END get_employee_info; BEGIN DECLARE @emp_info SYS_REFCURSOR; emp_id SET @NUMBER = 100; BEGIN SET @emp_info = dbo.get_employee_info(emp_id); WHILE 1=1 BEGIN FETCH emp_info INTO @emp_id, @first_name, @last_name; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BREAK; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ID: ' + ISNULL(CONVERT(VARCHAR, emp_id), '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('First Name: ' + isnull(first_name, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Last Name: ' + isnull(last_name, '')); END; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee information retrieved successfully.'); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found with ID: ' + isnull(emp_id, '')); END END; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_employee_info(emp_id IN NUMBER) RETURN SYS_REFCURSOR AS rc SYS_REFCURSOR; BEGIN OPEN rc FOR SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id = emp_id; RETURN rc; END get_employee_info; BEGIN DECLARE emp_info SYS_REFCURSOR; emp_id NUMBER := 100; BEGIN emp_info := get_employee_info(emp_id); LOOP FETCH emp_info INTO emp_id, first_name, last_name; EXIT WHEN emp_info%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ID: ' || TO_CHAR(emp_id)); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('First Name: ' || first_name); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Last Name: ' || last_name); END LOOP; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee information retrieved successfully.'); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found with ID: ' || emp_id); END; END;
IF OBJECT_ID('sample_proc', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE sample_proc; GO CREATE PROCEDURE sample_proc ( @p_id IN AS NUMBER, OUT p_name OUT VARCHAR2 ) AS BEGIN SELECT @p_name = name FROM table_name WHERE id = p_id; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN raiserror('-20000 No data found for id ' + isnull(p_id, ''), 16, 1); END WHEN OTHERS THEN raise; END; IF OBJECT_ID('get_max_id', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION get_max_id; GO CREATE FUNCTION get_max_id ( @t_name IN VARCHAR2 DECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN NUMBER RETURN NULL; END; AS BEGIN RETURN ( SELECT MAX(id) FROM t_name ); END; BEGIN DECLARE @emp_count FLOAT; BEGIN SELECT @emp_count = COUNT(*) FROM employees; IF @emp_count > 10000 BEGIN raiserror('-20100 Employee count is too high', 16, 1); END IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN SET @emp_count = 0; END END; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE sample_proc ( p_id IN NUMBER, OUT p_name OUT VARCHAR2 ) AS BEGIN SELECT name INTO p_name FROM table_name WHERE id = p_id; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN raise_application_error(-20000, 'No data found for id ' || p_id); WHEN OTHERS THEN raise; END; CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_max_id ( t_name IN VARCHAR2 ) RETURN NUMBER AS BEGIN RETURN ( SELECT MAX(id) FROM t_name ); END; BEGIN DECLARE emp_count NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO emp_count FROM employees; IF emp_count > 10000 THEN raise_application_error(-20100, 'Employee count is too high'); END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN emp_count := 0; END; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE update_sales( @IN customer_id AS NUMBER, IN product_id NUMBER, IN quantity NUMBER ) AS BEGIN UPDATE sales SET quantity = quantity + :quantity WHERE customer_id = :customer_id AND product_id = :product_id; IF @@ROWCOUNT = 0 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 No such sale found', 16, 1); END COMMIT; END; BEGIN dbo.update_sales(1, 2, 10); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE update_sales( IN customer_id NUMBER, IN product_id NUMBER, IN quantity NUMBER ) AS BEGIN UPDATE sales SET quantity = quantity + :quantity WHERE customer_id = :customer_id AND product_id = :product_id; IF SQL%ROWCOUNT = 0 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'No such sale found'); END IF; COMMIT; END; BEGIN update_sales(1, 2, 10); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END;
IF OBJECT_ID('emp_bonus', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE emp_bonus; GO CREATE PROCEDURE emp_bonus( @emp_id IN AS NUMBER, bonus OUT NUMBER ) AS BEGIN SELECT @bonus = bonus FROM employees WHERE emp_id = emp_id; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN set @bonus = 0; END END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE emp_bonus( emp_id IN NUMBER, bonus OUT NUMBER ) AS BEGIN SELECT bonus INTO bonus FROM employees WHERE emp_id = emp_id; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN bonus := 0; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE InsertCustomer( @cust_name IN AS VARCHAR2, cust_address IN VARCHAR2, cust_email IN VARCHAR2, cust_phone IN VARCHAR2 ) AS v_id NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_id = customer_id FROM customers WHERE customer_email = cust_email; IF v_id IS NULL BEGIN INSERT INTO customers(customer_name, customer_address, customer_email, customer_phone) VALUES(cust_name, cust_address, cust_email, cust_phone); COMMIT; END ELSE BEGIN RAISERROR('-20000 Customer already exists', 16, 1); END END; CREATE FUNCTION GetAverageOrderValue(@customer_id IN NUMBERDECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN NUMBER RETURN NULL; END; AS v_total_amount NUMBER; v_order_count NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_total_amount = SUM(order_amount) COUNT(*) INTO v_order_count FROM orders WHERE customer_id = customer_id; RETURN v_total_amount / v_order_count; END; SQL> BEGIN TRY INSERT INTO customers(customer_name, customer_address, customer_email, customer_phone) VALUES('John Doe', '123 Main Street', 'john.doe@example.com', '555-123-4567'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error inserting customer: ' + ISNULL(SQLERRM, '')); END; END; /
CREATE PROCEDURE InsertCustomer( cust_name IN VARCHAR2, cust_address IN VARCHAR2, cust_email IN VARCHAR2, cust_phone IN VARCHAR2 ) AS v_id NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT customer_id INTO v_id FROM customers WHERE customer_email = cust_email; IF v_id IS NULL THEN INSERT INTO customers(customer_name, customer_address, customer_email, customer_phone) VALUES(cust_name, cust_address, cust_email, cust_phone); COMMIT; ELSE RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20000, 'Customer already exists'); END IF; END; CREATE FUNCTION GetAverageOrderValue(customer_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER AS v_total_amount NUMBER; v_order_count NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT SUM(order_amount) INTO v_total_amount, COUNT(*) INTO v_order_count FROM orders WHERE customer_id = customer_id; RETURN v_total_amount / v_order_count; END; SQL> BEGIN TRY INSERT INTO customers(customer_name, customer_address, customer_email, customer_phone) VALUES('John Doe', '123 Main Street', 'john.doe@example.com', '555-123-4567'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error inserting customer: ' || SQLERRM); END; END; /
DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT := 10; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_salary = salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = @v_emp_id; IF v_salary < 10000 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20101 Salary below minimum threshold', 16, 1); END UPDATE employees SET salary = v_salary * 1.1 WHERE employee_id = @v_emp_id; COMMIT; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found with ID: ' + isnull(@v_emp_id, '')); END WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An unexpected error occurred'); ROLLBACK; END;
DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER := 10; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT salary INTO v_salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = v_emp_id; IF v_salary < 10000 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20101, 'Salary below minimum threshold'); END IF; UPDATE employees SET salary = v_salary * 1.1 WHERE employee_id = v_emp_id; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found with ID: ' || v_emp_id); WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An unexpected error occurred'); ROLLBACK; END;
DECLARE @v_empno VARCHAR(4000) /* Use -meta option EMPLOYEE.empno%TYPE */; v_salary EMPLOYEE.salary%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT @v_empno = empno, @v_salary = salary FROM employee WHERE empno = 100; IF v_salary > 10000 BEGIN UPDATE employee SET salary = v_salary * 1.1 WHERE empno = @v_empno; COMMIT; END ELSE BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Salary too low for a raise', 16, 1); END END;
DECLARE v_empno EMPLOYEE.empno%TYPE; v_salary EMPLOYEE.salary%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT empno, salary INTO v_empno, v_salary FROM employee WHERE empno = 100; IF v_salary > 10000 THEN UPDATE employee SET salary = v_salary * 1.1 WHERE empno = v_empno; COMMIT; ELSE RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Salary too low for a raise'); END IF; END;
BEGIN *** definition CREATE PROCEDURE my_proc( @p_in IN AS NUMBER, p_out OUT NUMBER ) IS BEGIN set @p_out = p_in * 2; END; -- Fu... *** CREATE FUNCTION my_func(@p_in FLOAT) RETURNS FLOAT AS BEGIN RETURN @p_in + 1; END; -- SQ... *** SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE id = 1; *** truct IF p_in > 0 BEGIN set @p_out = p_in * 2; END -- Er... *** BEGIN *** se an error EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Er... *** END; END;
BEGIN -- Stored procedure definition PROCEDURE my_proc( p_in IN NUMBER, p_out OUT NUMBER ) IS BEGIN p_out := p_in * 2; END; -- Function definition FUNCTION my_func(p_in NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS BEGIN RETURN p_in + 1; END; -- SQL statement SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE id = 1; -- Control flow construct IF p_in > 0 THEN p_out := p_in * 2; END IF; -- Error handling BEGIN -- Code that may raise an error EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Error handling code END; END;
IF OBJECT_ID('increment_sales_by_product_category', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE increment_sales_by_product_category; GO CREATE PROCEDURE increment_sales_by_product_category( @category_id IN AS NUMBER, amount IN NUMBER) IS BEGIN UPDATE products SET sales = sales + amount WHERE product_category_id = category_id; COMMIT; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE increment_sales_by_product_category( category_id IN NUMBER, amount IN NUMBER) IS BEGIN UPDATE products SET sales = sales + amount WHERE product_category_id = category_id; COMMIT; END;
DECLARE @v_empno FLOAT; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_empno = empno, @v_salary = salary FROM emp WHERE empno = 7369; IF v_salary > 10000 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Salary too high', 16, 1); END ELSE BEGIN UPDATE emp SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE empno = @v_empno; END COMMIT; END;
DECLARE v_empno NUMBER; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT empno, salary INTO v_empno, v_salary FROM emp WHERE empno = 7369; IF v_salary > 10000 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Salary too high'); ELSE UPDATE emp SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE empno = v_empno; END IF; COMMIT; END;
DECLARE @v_empno FLOAT; v_ename dbo.VARCHAR2(20); v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_empno = empno, @v_ename = ename, @v_salary = salary FROM emp WHERE empno = 7839; IF v_salary > 10000 BEGIN UPDATE emp SET salary = salary * 1.1 WHERE empno = @v_empno; END ELSE BEGIN UPDATE emp SET salary = salary * 1.05 WHERE empno = @v_empno; END COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END;
DECLARE v_empno NUMBER; v_ename VARCHAR2(20); v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT empno, ename, salary INTO v_empno, v_ename, v_salary FROM emp WHERE empno = 7839; IF v_salary > 10000 THEN UPDATE emp SET salary = salary * 1.1 WHERE empno = v_empno; ELSE UPDATE emp SET salary = salary * 1.05 WHERE empno = v_empno; END IF; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END;
DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT := 10; v_emp_name dbo.VARCHAR2(50); v_emp_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_emp_name = ename, @v_emp_salary = sal FROM emp WHERE empno = @v_emp_id; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' + isnull(v_emp_name, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Salary: ' + ISNULL(CONVERT(VARCHAR, v_emp_salary), '')); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error occurred: ' + ISNULL(SQLERRM, '')); END;
DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER := 10; v_emp_name VARCHAR2(50); v_emp_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT ename, sal INTO v_emp_name, v_emp_salary FROM emp WHERE empno = v_emp_id; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || v_emp_name); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Salary: ' || TO_CHAR(v_emp_salary)); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error occurred: ' || SQLERRM); END;
CREATE PROCEDURE update_salary ( @emp_id IN AS NUMBER, new_salary IN NUMBER ) AS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = new_salary WHERE employee_id = emp_id; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END; CREATE FUNCTION get_employee_name ( @emp_id IN NUMBER DECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN VARCHAR2 RETURN NULL; END; AS BEGIN RETURN ( SELECT name FROM employees WHERE employee_id = emp_id ); END; DECLARE @employee_id FLOAT := 100; new_salary SET @NUMBER = 10000; emp_name dbo.VARCHAR2(50); BEGIN dbo.update_salary(@employee_id, new_salary); SET @emp_name = dbo.get_employee_name(@employee_id); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary updated successfully for employee ' + isnull(emp_name, '')); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error occurred while updating salary.'); END;
CREATE PROCEDURE update_salary ( emp_id IN NUMBER, new_salary IN NUMBER ) AS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = new_salary WHERE employee_id = emp_id; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END; CREATE FUNCTION get_employee_name ( emp_id IN NUMBER ) RETURN VARCHAR2 AS BEGIN RETURN ( SELECT name FROM employees WHERE employee_id = emp_id ); END; DECLARE employee_id NUMBER := 100; new_salary NUMBER := 10000; emp_name VARCHAR2(50); BEGIN update_salary(employee_id, new_salary); emp_name := get_employee_name(employee_id); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary updated successfully for employee ' || emp_name); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error occurred while updating salary.'); END;
CREATE PROCEDURE test_proc (@id IN AS VARCHAR2) AS x NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @x = COUNT(*) FROM t WHERE id = id; IF x = 0 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 No rows found', 16, 1); END UPDATE t SET name = 'updated name' WHERE id = id; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE test_proc (id IN VARCHAR2) AS x NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO x FROM t WHERE id = id; IF x = 0 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'No rows found'); END IF; UPDATE t SET name = 'updated name' WHERE id = id; END;
IF OBJECT_ID('update_customer', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE update_customer; GO CREATE PROCEDURE update_customer(@id IN AS NUMBER, name IN VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN UPDATE customers SET name = name WHERE id = id; COMMIT; END; / DECLARE @name VARCHAR(50); BEGIN SELECT @name = @name FROM customers WHERE id = 1; IF @name IS NOT NULL BEGIN dbo.UPDATE_CUSTOMER(1, 'New Name'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Customer updated.'); END ELSE BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Customer not found.'); END END; /
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_customer(id IN NUMBER, name IN VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN UPDATE customers SET name = name WHERE id = id; COMMIT; END; / DECLARE name VARCHAR2(50); BEGIN SELECT name INTO name FROM customers WHERE id = 1; IF name IS NOT NULL THEN UPDATE_CUSTOMER(1, 'New Name'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Customer updated.'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Customer not found.'); END IF; END; /
DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT; BEGIN SELECT @v_emp_id = employee_id FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'King'; IF @v_emp_id IS NULL BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 No employee with last name King', 16, 1); END UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE employee_id = @v_emp_id; COMMIT; END; /
DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT employee_id INTO v_emp_id FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'King'; IF v_emp_id IS NULL THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'No employee with last name King'); END IF; UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE employee_id = v_emp_id; COMMIT; END; /
CREATE FUNCTION get_employee_info(@employee_id IN NUMBERDECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN employee_record return null; end; IS emp employee_record; BEGIN SELECT @emp = * FROM employees WHERE employee_id = employee_id; RETURN emp; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN RETURN NULL; END END; BEGIN DECLARE @i INT = 1; WHILE @i <= 5 BEGIN set @emp = dbo.get_employee_info(i); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(isnull(emp.first_name, '') + ' ' + isnull(emp.last_name, '')); END; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error occurred while fetching employee info.'); END;
CREATE FUNCTION get_employee_info(employee_id IN NUMBER) RETURN employee_record IS emp employee_record; BEGIN SELECT * INTO emp FROM employees WHERE employee_id = employee_id; RETURN emp; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RETURN NULL; END; BEGIN FOR i IN 1..5 LOOP emp := get_employee_info(i); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(emp.first_name || ' ' || emp.last_name); END LOOP; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error occurred while fetching employee info.'); END;
DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_emp_id = emp_id, @v_salary = salary FROM emp WHERE emp_id = 10; IF v_salary > 10000 BEGIN *** by 10% UPDATE emp SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE emp_id = @v_emp_id; END *** that may have occurred IF @@ERROR <> 0 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Error updating employee salary', 16, 1); END END;
DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT emp_id, salary INTO v_emp_id, v_salary FROM emp WHERE emp_id = 10; IF v_salary > 10000 THEN -- Raise the salary by 10% UPDATE emp SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE emp_id = v_emp_id; END IF; -- Handle any errors that may have occurred IF SQLCODE <> 0 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Error updating employee salary'); END IF; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE get_employee_info ( @emp_id IN AS NUMBER, OUT emp_name VARCHAR2, OUT emp_salary NUMBER ) AS BEGIN SELECT @emp_name = ename, @emp_salary = sal FROM emp WHERE empno = emp_id; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN set @emp_name = NULL; set @emp_salary = 0; END END; / DECLARE @emp_name VARCHAR(20); emp_salary NUMBER; BEGIN dbo.get_employee_info(100, @emp_name, emp_salary); IF @emp_name IS NULL BEGIN RAISERROR('-20000 Employee not found', 16, 1); END DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' + isnull(@emp_name, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Salary: ' + isnull(emp_salary, '')); END; /
CREATE PROCEDURE get_employee_info ( emp_id IN NUMBER, OUT emp_name VARCHAR2, OUT emp_salary NUMBER ) AS BEGIN SELECT ename, sal INTO emp_name, emp_salary FROM emp WHERE empno = emp_id; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN emp_name := NULL; emp_salary := 0; END; / DECLARE emp_name VARCHAR2(20); emp_salary NUMBER; BEGIN get_employee_info(100, emp_name, emp_salary); IF emp_name IS NULL THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20000, 'Employee not found'); END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || emp_name); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Salary: ' || emp_salary); END; /
DECLARE @sal FLOAT := 70000; comm SET @NUMBER = @sal * 0.1; tax SET @NUMBER = 0; BEGIN IF @sal <= 50000 BEGIN SET @tax = @sal * 0.15; END ELSE IF @sal <= 70000 BEGIN SET @tax = @sal * 0.20; END ELSE BEGIN SET @tax = @sal * 0.25; END UPDATE employees SET tax = tax WHERE salary = @sal; COMMIT; END;
DECLARE sal NUMBER := 70000; comm NUMBER := sal * 0.1; tax NUMBER := 0; BEGIN IF sal <= 50000 THEN tax := sal * 0.15; ELSIF sal <= 70000 THEN tax := sal * 0.20; ELSE tax := sal * 0.25; END IF; UPDATE employees SET tax = tax WHERE salary = sal; COMMIT; END;
DECLARE @TYPE numbers_table IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; emp_salaries SET @numbers_table = dbo.numbers_table(); emp_average SET @NUMBER = 0; BEGIN DECLARE @emp_id INT = 1 ; WHILE @emp_id <= 100 BEGIN dbo.emp_salaries(emp_id) := DBMS_RANDOM.RANDOM; END; DECLARE @emp_id INT = 1 ; WHILE @emp_id <= 100 BEGIN SET @emp_average = emp_average + dbo.emp_salaries(emp_id); END; SET @emp_average = emp_average / 100; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Average salary: ' + isnull(emp_average, '')); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred.'); END;
DECLARE TYPE numbers_table IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY BINARY_INTEGER; emp_salaries numbers_table := numbers_table(); emp_average NUMBER := 0; BEGIN FOR emp_id IN 1 .. 100 LOOP emp_salaries(emp_id) := DBMS_RANDOM.RANDOM; END LOOP; FOR emp_id IN 1 .. 100 LOOP emp_average := emp_average + emp_salaries(emp_id); END LOOP; emp_average := emp_average / 100; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Average salary: ' || emp_average); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred.'); END;
IF OBJECT_ID('sproc_name', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE sproc_name; GO CREATE PROCEDURE sproc_name( @param1 IN AS NUMBER, param2 IN OUT VARCHAR2 ) IS BEGIN *** ecords. UPDATE table_name SET column_name = param1 WHERE column_name = param2; -- Er... *** IF @@ERROR <> 0 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Update failed', 16, 1); END *** ameter set @param2 = 'Updated successfully'; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Ha... *** RAISERROR('-20002 An error occurred', 16, 1); END; SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition; WHILE 1=1 BEGIN FETCH table_name INTO @rec; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BREAK; *** the record. END; CREATE FUNCTION func_name( @param1 IN NUMBER DECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN NUMBER RETURN NULL; END; IS BEGIN *** ulations. RETURN param1 + 10; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE sproc_name( param1 IN NUMBER, param2 IN OUT VARCHAR2 ) IS BEGIN -- Update database records. UPDATE table_name SET column_name = param1 WHERE column_name = param2; -- Error handling IF SQLCODE <> 0 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Update failed'); END IF; -- Return output parameter param2 := 'Updated successfully'; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Handle errors here. RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20002, 'An error occurred'); END; SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition; LOOP FETCH table_name INTO rec; EXIT WHEN table_name%NOTFOUND; -- Do something with the record. END LOOP; CREATE FUNCTION func_name( param1 IN NUMBER ) RETURN NUMBER IS BEGIN -- Perform some calculations. RETURN param1 + 10; END;
if object_id('add_employee', 'P') is not null drop procedure add_employee; go create procedure add_employee( @ename in as varchar2, job in varchar2, mgr in number, sal in number ) as empno integer; begin select @empno = max(empno)+1 from emp; insert into emp(empno, ename, job, mgr, sal) values(empno, ename, job, mgr, sal); commit; exception when dup_val_on_index then rollback; end;
create or replace procedure add_employee( ename in varchar2, job in varchar2, mgr in number, sal in number ) as empno integer; begin select max(empno)+1 into empno from emp; insert into emp(empno, ename, job, mgr, sal) values(empno, ename, job, mgr, sal); commit; exception when dup_val_on_index then rollback; end;
CREATE PROCEDURE get_customer_orders(@cust_id IN AS NUMBER) AS order_cursor SYS_REFCURSOR; BEGIN SELECT order_id, order_date, total_price FROM orders WHERE customer_id = cust_id; RETURN order_cursor; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 No orders found for customer.', 16, 1); END END;
CREATE PROCEDURE get_customer_orders(cust_id IN NUMBER) AS order_cursor SYS_REFCURSOR; BEGIN OPEN order_cursor FOR SELECT order_id, order_date, total_price FROM orders WHERE customer_id = cust_id; RETURN order_cursor; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'No orders found for customer.'); END;
IF OBJECT_ID('my_proc', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE my_proc; GO CREATE PROCEDURE my_proc (@id IN AS INTEGER) AS v_name VARCHAR(100); BEGIN SELECT @v_name = name FROM t_names WHERE id = id; IF v_name IS NULL BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Name not found', 16, 1); END ELSE BEGIN dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' + isnull(v_name, '')); END END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE my_proc (id IN INTEGER) AS v_name VARCHAR(100); BEGIN SELECT name INTO v_name FROM t_names WHERE id = id; IF v_name IS NULL THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Name not found'); ELSE dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' || v_name); END IF; END;
*** rocedure CREATE PROCEDURE my_proc (@p_id IN AS NUMBER, p_name IN VARCHAR2) AS BEGIN -- Lo... *** v_id NUMBER; v_name dbo.VARCHAR2(20); *** ameters set @v_id = p_id; set @v_name = p_name; *** ations -- ..... *** -- Re... *** RETURN; END; *** rocedure BEGIN dbo.my_proc(10, 'John Doe'); END; -- Cr... *** CREATE FUNCTION my_func (@p_id IN NUMBERDECLARE , p_name begin IN RETURN NULL; END; VARCHAR2) RETURN VARCHAR2 AS BEGIN -- Lo... *** v_id NUMBER; v_name dbo.VARCHAR2(20); *** ameters set @v_id = p_id; set @v_name = p_name; *** ations -- ..... *** -- Re... *** RETURN v_name; END; -- Ca... *** BEGIN DECLARE @v_result VARCHAR(20); BEGIN SET @v_result = dbo.my_func(10, 'John Doe'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Ha... *** NULL; END; END; *** ement SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE id = 10; *** tructs IF v_id > 10 BEGIN -- Do... *** END ELSE BEGIN -- Do... *** END *** enarios BEGIN *** me code -- ..... *** EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Ha... *** NULL; END;
-- Create a stored procedure CREATE PROCEDURE my_proc (p_id IN NUMBER, p_name IN VARCHAR2) AS BEGIN -- Local variables v_id NUMBER; v_name VARCHAR2(20); -- Get the input parameters v_id := p_id; v_name := p_name; -- Perform some operations -- ... -- Return the results RETURN; END; -- Call the stored procedure BEGIN my_proc(10, 'John Doe'); END; -- Create a function CREATE FUNCTION my_func (p_id IN NUMBER, p_name IN VARCHAR2) RETURN VARCHAR2 AS BEGIN -- Local variables v_id NUMBER; v_name VARCHAR2(20); -- Get the input parameters v_id := p_id; v_name := p_name; -- Perform some operations -- ... -- Return the result RETURN v_name; END; -- Call the function BEGIN DECLARE v_result VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN v_result := my_func(10, 'John Doe'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Handle the error NULL; END; END; -- Create a SQL statement SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE id = 10; -- Control flow constructs IF v_id > 10 THEN -- Do something ELSE -- Do something else END IF; -- Error handling scenarios BEGIN -- Try to execute some code -- ... EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Handle the error NULL; END;
DECLARE cur_employees CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM employees; rec_employee employees%ROWTYPE; v_emp_id SET @NUMBER = &emp_id; BEGIN OPEN cur_employees; FETCH cur_employees INTO @rec_employee; WHILE cur_employees%FOUND BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.1 WHERE employee_id = rec_employee.employee_id; FETCH cur_employees INTO @rec_employee; END; CLOSE cur_employees; COMMIT; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 No employee found with the specified ID.', 16, 1); END END;
DECLARE cur_employees CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM employees; rec_employee employees%ROWTYPE; v_emp_id NUMBER := &emp_id; BEGIN OPEN cur_employees; FETCH cur_employees INTO rec_employee; WHILE cur_employees%FOUND LOOP UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.1 WHERE employee_id = rec_employee.employee_id; FETCH cur_employees INTO rec_employee; END LOOP; CLOSE cur_employees; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'No employee found with the specified ID.'); END;
-- De... *** v_emp_id NUMBER; v_emp_name dbo.VARCHAR2(100); v_salary NUMBER; -- Op... *** BEGIN SELECT @v_emp_id = emp_id, @v_emp_name = emp_name, @v_salary = salary FROM employees WHERE emp_id = 100; -- Pr... *** WHILE 1=1 BEGIN -- Fe... *** FETCH employees INTO @v_emp_id, @v_emp_name, @v_salary; *** no more data IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BREAK; -- Pr... *** DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' + isnull(v_emp_name, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ID: ' + isnull(v_emp_id, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Salary: ' + isnull(v_salary, '')); END; -- Cl... *** CLOSE employees; END;
-- Declare variables v_emp_id NUMBER; v_emp_name VARCHAR2(100); v_salary NUMBER; -- Open the cursor BEGIN SELECT emp_id, emp_name, salary INTO v_emp_id, v_emp_name, v_salary FROM employees WHERE emp_id = 100; -- Process the cursor LOOP -- Fetch the data FETCH employees INTO v_emp_id, v_emp_name, v_salary; -- Exit the loop if no more data EXIT WHEN employees%NOTFOUND; -- Process the data DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || v_emp_name); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ID: ' || v_emp_id); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Salary: ' || v_salary); END LOOP; -- Close the cursor CLOSE employees; END;
sql CREATE PROCEDURE update_dept ( @deptno IN AS NUMBER, dname IN VARCHAR2, loc IN VARCHAR2 ) AS BEGIN UPDATE dept SET dname = dname, loc = loc WHERE deptno = deptno; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN RAISERROR('-20000 Too many rows updated!', 16, 1); END; DECLARE @sal VARCHAR(4000) /* Use -meta option BONUS.bonus%TYPE */; BEGIN SET @sal = BONUS.calc_bonus(7521); DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(@sal); END; CREATE FUNCTION format_date ( @date IN DATE DECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN VARCHAR2 RETURN NULL; END; AS BEGIN RETURN CONVERT(VARCHAR(10), date, 103); END; BEGIN DECLARE r CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM emp; OPEN r; FETCH r INTO; WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS=0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(isnull(@r_empno, '') + ' ' + isnull(@r_ename, '')); FETCH r INTO; END; CLOSE r; DEALLOCATE r; END;
sql CREATE PROCEDURE update_dept ( deptno IN NUMBER, dname IN VARCHAR2, loc IN VARCHAR2 ) AS BEGIN UPDATE dept SET dname = dname, loc = loc WHERE deptno = deptno; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20000, 'Too many rows updated!'); END; DECLARE sal BONUS.bonus%TYPE; BEGIN sal := BONUS.calc_bonus(7521); DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(sal); END; CREATE FUNCTION format_date ( date IN DATE ) RETURN VARCHAR2 AS BEGIN RETURN TO_CHAR(date, 'DD/MM/YYYY'); END; BEGIN FOR r IN (SELECT * FROM emp) LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.put_line(r.empno || ' ' || r.ename); END LOOP; END;
IF OBJECT_ID('sales_report_by_date', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE sales_report_by_date; GO CREATE PROCEDURE sales_report_by_date( @p_start_date IN AS DATE, p_end_date IN DATE ) AS CURSOR c_sales IS SELECT * FROM sales WHERE sale_date BETWEEN p_start_date AND p_end_date; BEGIN DECLARE rec CURSOR FOR c_sales LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE( 'Sale ID: ' + isnull(@rec_sale_id, '') + ', Customer ID: ' + isnull(@rec_customer_id, '') + ', Amount: ' + isnull(@rec_amount, '') ); FETCH rec INTO; END; CLOSE rec; DEALLOCATE rec; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred while processing the sales report.'); END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE sales_report_by_date( p_start_date IN DATE, p_end_date IN DATE ) AS CURSOR c_sales IS SELECT * FROM sales WHERE sale_date BETWEEN p_start_date AND p_end_date; BEGIN FOR rec IN c_sales LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE( 'Sale ID: ' || rec.sale_id || ', Customer ID: ' || rec.customer_id || ', Amount: ' || rec.amount ); END LOOP; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred while processing the sales report.'); END;
IF OBJECT_ID('get_employee_salary', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION get_employee_salary; GO CREATE FUNCTION get_employee_salary(@emp_id IN NUMBERDECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN NUMBER RETURN NULL; END; IS salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @salary = salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = emp_id; IF salary IS NULL BEGIN RETURN -1; END RETURN salary; END; BEGIN DECLARE @bonus FLOAT := 1000; DECLARE @emp_salary FLOAT; BEGIN SET @emp_salary = dbo.get_employee_salary(12345); IF @emp_salary > 5000 BEGIN SET @bonus = @bonus * 2; END UPDATE employees SET bonus = @bonus WHERE employee_id = 12345; END; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found with the given ID.'); END END;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_employee_salary(emp_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT salary INTO salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = emp_id; IF salary IS NULL THEN RETURN -1; END IF; RETURN salary; END; BEGIN DECLARE bonus NUMBER := 1000; DECLARE emp_salary NUMBER; BEGIN emp_salary := get_employee_salary(12345); IF emp_salary > 5000 THEN bonus := bonus * 2; END IF; UPDATE employees SET bonus = bonus WHERE employee_id = 12345; END; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found with the given ID.'); END;
IF OBJECT_ID('get_customer_orders', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION get_customer_orders; GO CREATE FUNCTION get_customer_orders(@customer_id FLOAT) RETURNS SYS_REFCURSOR AS BEGIN DECLARE @orders_cur SYS_REFCURSOR; SELECT order_id, order_date, total_amount FROM orders WHERE @customer_id = @customer_id; RETURN @orders_cur; END; GO DECLARE @orders_refcur SYS_REFCURSOR; BEGIN SET @orders_refcur = dbo.get_customer_orders(100); WHILE 1=1 BEGIN FETCH orders_refcur INTO @order_id, @order_date, @total_amount; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BREAK; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(isnull(order_id, '') + ' ' + isnull(order_date, '') + ' ' + isnull(total_amount, '')); END; CLOSE orders_refcur; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END; /
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_customer_orders(customer_id NUMBER) RETURN SYS_REFCURSOR IS orders_cur SYS_REFCURSOR; BEGIN OPEN orders_cur FOR SELECT order_id, order_date, total_amount FROM orders WHERE customer_id = customer_id; RETURN orders_cur; END; / DECLARE orders_refcur SYS_REFCURSOR; BEGIN orders_refcur := get_customer_orders(100); LOOP FETCH orders_refcur INTO order_id, order_date, total_amount; EXIT WHEN orders_refcur%NOTFOUND; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(order_id || ' ' || order_date || ' ' || total_amount); END LOOP; CLOSE orders_refcur; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END; /
*** information BEGIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE emp_id IN ( SELECT emp_id FROM departments WHERE dept_name = 'Sales' ); END; / -- In... *** DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT; BEGIN INSERT INTO employees (emp_name, emp_email) VALUES ('John Doe', 'john.doe@example.com'); *** newly inserted employee SELECT @v_emp_id = dbo.LAST_INSERT_ID(); END; / *** nformation DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT := 100; BEGIN UPDATE employees SET emp_name = 'Jane Doe' WHERE emp_id = @v_emp_id; END; / -- De... *** DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT := 105; BEGIN DELETE FROM employees WHERE emp_id = @v_emp_id; *** oyee was successfully deleted IF EXISTS ( SELECT 1 FROM employees WHERE emp_id = @v_emp_id ) BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Employee was not deleted', 16, 1); END END; / *** to calculate employee bonus IF OBJECT_ID('CalcBonus', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE CalcBonus; GO CREATE PROCEDURE CalcBonus (@p_emp_id IN AS NUMBER) IS v_bonus NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_bonus = bonus FROM employees WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id; IF v_bonus IS NULL BEGIN RAISERROR('-20002 Invalid employee ID', 16, 1); END ELSE BEGIN *** ere END END CalcBonus; / *** if a string is palindrome IF OBJECT_ID('IsPalindrome', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION IsPalindrome; GO CREATE FUNCTION IsPalindrome (@p_str VARCHAR(4000)) RETURNS BIT AS BEGIN RETURN NULL; *** k palindrome END; GO *** truct IF dbo.IsPalindrome('racecar') BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('racecar is a palindrome'); END ELSE BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('racecar is not a palindrome'); END *** enario BEGIN *** se an exception EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Er... *** DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred: ' + ISNULL(SQLERRM, '')); END;
-- Retrieve employee information BEGIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE emp_id IN ( SELECT emp_id FROM departments WHERE dept_name = 'Sales' ); END; / -- Insert new employee DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER; BEGIN INSERT INTO employees (emp_name, emp_email) VALUES ('John Doe', 'john.doe@example.com'); -- Get the ID of the newly inserted employee SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID() INTO v_emp_id; END; / -- Update employee information DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER := 100; BEGIN UPDATE employees SET emp_name = 'Jane Doe' WHERE emp_id = v_emp_id; END; / -- Delete employee DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER := 105; BEGIN DELETE FROM employees WHERE emp_id = v_emp_id; -- Check if the employee was successfully deleted IF EXISTS ( SELECT 1 FROM employees WHERE emp_id = v_emp_id ) THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Employee was not deleted'); END IF; END; / -- Stored procedure to calculate employee bonus CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE CalcBonus (p_emp_id IN NUMBER) IS v_bonus NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT bonus INTO v_bonus FROM employees WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id; IF v_bonus IS NULL THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20002, 'Invalid employee ID'); ELSE -- Calculate bonus here END IF; END CalcBonus; / -- Function to check if a string is palindrome CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION IsPalindrome (p_str VARCHAR2) RETURN BOOLEAN IS BEGIN -- Code here to check palindrome END IsPalindrome; / -- Control flow construct IF IsPalindrome('racecar') THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('racecar is a palindrome'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('racecar is not a palindrome'); END IF; -- Error handling scenario BEGIN -- Code that may raise an exception EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Error handling code DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred: ' || SQLERRM); END;
CREATE TABLE orders ( order_id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY, customer_id BIGINT NOT NULL, product_id BIGINT NOT NULL, quantity INT NOT NULL, order_date DATE NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE customers ( customer_id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY, customer_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, customer_address VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, customer_phone VARCHAR(20) ); CREATE TABLE products ( product_id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY, product_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, product_description VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, product_price DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL ); CREATE PROCEDURE create_order ( @p_customer_id IN AS NUMBER, p_product_id IN NUMBER, p_quantity IN NUMBER ) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO orders ( customer_id, product_id, quantity, order_date ) VALUES ( p_customer_id, p_product_id, p_quantity, GETDATE() ); EXCEPTION WHEN others THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END create_order; CREATE FUNCTION get_order_total ( @p_order_id IN NUMBER DECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN NUMBER RETURN NULL; END; IS l_total ROW_NUMBER(10,2); BEGIN SELECT @l_total = SUM ( quantity * product_price ) FROM orders o JOIN products p ON o.product_id = p.product_id WHERE order_id = p_order_id; RETURN l_total; END get_order_total;
CREATE TABLE orders ( order_id NUMBER(10) PRIMARY KEY, customer_id NUMBER(10) NOT NULL, product_id NUMBER(10) NOT NULL, quantity NUMBER(5) NOT NULL, order_date DATE NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE customers ( customer_id NUMBER(10) PRIMARY KEY, customer_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL, customer_address VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL, customer_phone VARCHAR2(20) ); CREATE TABLE products ( product_id NUMBER(10) PRIMARY KEY, product_name VARCHAR2(50) NOT NULL, product_description VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL, product_price NUMBER(10,2) NOT NULL ); PROCEDURE create_order ( p_customer_id IN NUMBER, p_product_id IN NUMBER, p_quantity IN NUMBER ) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO orders ( order_id, customer_id, product_id, quantity, order_date ) VALUES ( order_id_seq.NEXTVAL, p_customer_id, p_product_id, p_quantity, SYSDATE ); EXCEPTION WHEN others THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END create_order; FUNCTION get_order_total ( p_order_id IN NUMBER ) RETURN NUMBER IS l_total NUMBER(10,2); BEGIN SELECT SUM ( quantity * product_price ) INTO l_total FROM orders o JOIN products p ON o.product_id = p.product_id WHERE order_id = p_order_id; RETURN l_total; END get_order_total;
IF OBJECT_ID('get_employee_salary', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION get_employee_salary; GO CREATE FUNCTION get_employee_salary(@emp_id IN NUMBERDECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN NUMBER RETURN NULL; END; IS salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @salary = salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = emp_id; IF salary IS NULL BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Employee not found', 16, 1); END RETURN salary; END get_employee_salary; BEGIN DECLARE @bonus FLOAT := 1000; DECLARE @commission FLOAT; SELECT @commission = @commission FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 10; IF @commission IS NULL BEGIN SET @bonus = 0; END UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + @bonus WHERE employee_id = 10; COMMIT; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_employee_salary(emp_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT salary INTO salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = emp_id; IF salary IS NULL THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Employee not found'); END IF; RETURN salary; END get_employee_salary; BEGIN DECLARE bonus NUMBER := 1000; DECLARE commission NUMBER; SELECT commission INTO commission FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 10; IF commission IS NULL THEN bonus := 0; END IF; UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + bonus WHERE employee_id = 10; COMMIT; END;
DECLARE @v_empno FLOAT := 100; v_ename dbo.VARCHAR2(20); v_sal NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_ename = ename, @v_sal = sal FROM emp WHERE empno = @v_empno; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' + isnull(v_ename, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' + isnull(v_sal, '')); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee not found.'); END END;
DECLARE v_empno NUMBER := 100; v_ename VARCHAR2(20); v_sal NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT ename, sal INTO v_ename, v_sal FROM emp WHERE empno = v_empno; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || v_ename); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' || v_sal); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee not found.'); END;
PL/SQL IF OBJECT_ID('GET_EMPLOYEE_SALARY', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION GET_EMPLOYEE_SALARY; GO CREATE FUNCTION GET_EMPLOYEE_SALARY(@EMP_ID FLOAT) RETURNS FLOAT AS BEGIN DECLARE @SALARY FLOAT; SELECT @SALARY = @SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID = @EMP_ID; IF @SALARY IS NULL BEGIN RETURN 0; *** hen the employee doesn't exist END RETURN @SALARY; END;
PL/SQL CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION GET_EMPLOYEE_SALARY(EMP_ID NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS SALARY NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT SALARY INTO SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID = EMP_ID; IF SALARY IS NULL THEN RETURN 0; -- Handle the case when the employee doesn't exist END IF; RETURN SALARY; END GET_EMPLOYEE_SALARY;
DECLARE @v_empno FLOAT; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_empno = empno, @v_salary = salary FROM emp WHERE deptno = 20; IF v_salary > 10000 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Salary too high.', 16, 1); END UPDATE emp SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE empno = @v_empno; COMMIT; END;
DECLARE v_empno NUMBER; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT empno, salary INTO v_empno, v_salary FROM emp WHERE deptno = 20; IF v_salary > 10000 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Salary too high.'); END IF; UPDATE emp SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE empno = v_empno; COMMIT; END;
IF OBJECT_ID('calc_bonus', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE calc_bonus; GO CREATE PROCEDURE calc_bonus(@employee_id IN AS NUMBER, bonus_amount OUT NUMBER) IS BEGIN SELECT @bonus_amount = bonus FROM employees WHERE employee_id = employee_id; IF bonus_amount IS NULL BEGIN set @bonus_amount = 0; END set @bonus_amount = bonus_amount * 1.10; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN set @bonus_amount = 0; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No data found for employee ID: ' + isnull(employee_id, '')); END END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE calc_bonus(employee_id IN NUMBER, bonus_amount OUT NUMBER) IS BEGIN SELECT bonus INTO bonus_amount FROM employees WHERE employee_id = employee_id; IF bonus_amount IS NULL THEN bonus_amount := 0; END IF; bonus_amount := bonus_amount * 1.10; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN bonus_amount := 0; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No data found for employee ID: ' || employee_id); END;
CREATE PROCEDURE get_customer_order_history(@customer_id IN AS NUMBER) AS BEGIN orders customer_id customer_id; END; CREATE FUNCTION calculate_total_amount NUMBERDECLARE RETURNS BEGIN NUMBER RETURN ; END; AS BEGIN RETURN quantity unit_price order_items order_id order_id; END; BEGIN DECLARE BIT : FALSE; WHILE FALSE BEGIN condition TRUE BEGIN SET TRUE; END END; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN END; BEGIN customers name 0 BEGIN END ELSE BEGIN END END;
CREATE PROCEDURE get_customer_order_history(customer_id IN NUMBER) AS BEGIN SELECT * FROM orders WHERE customer_id = customer_id; END; CREATE FUNCTION calculate_total_amount(order_id IN NUMBER) RETURNS NUMBER AS BEGIN RETURN (SELECT SUM(quantity * unit_price) FROM order_items WHERE order_id = order_id); END; BEGIN DECLARE exit_flag BOOLEAN := FALSE; WHILE exit_flag = FALSE LOOP -- Perform some operations IF condition = TRUE THEN exit_flag := TRUE; END IF; END LOOP; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Handle any unexpected errors END; BEGIN IF (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM customers WHERE name = 'John Doe') > 0 THEN -- Update customer information -- ... ELSE -- Insert new customer -- ... END IF; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE myproc (@id IN AS NUMBER) AS BEGIN DECLARE @local_var FLOAT; BEGIN SELECT @local_var = name FROM mytable WHERE id = id; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name: ' + isnull(@local_var, '')); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Record not found'); END END; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE myproc (id IN NUMBER) AS BEGIN DECLARE local_var NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT name INTO local_var FROM mytable WHERE id = id; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name: ' || local_var); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Record not found'); END; END;
create table my_table (id float, name varchar(255)); insert into my_table values (1, 'John'); insert into my_table values (2, 'Mary'); commit; create procedure get_name(@id in as number, name out varchar2) as begin select @name = name from my_table where id = id; end; declare @name varchar(255); begin dbo.get_name(1, @name); dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' + isnull(@name, '')); if @@fetch_status <> 0 begin dbms_output.put_line('No data found for the given id.'); end end;
create table my_table (id number, name varchar2(255)); insert into my_table values (1, 'John'); insert into my_table values (2, 'Mary'); commit; create procedure get_name(id in number, name out varchar2) as begin select name into name from my_table where id = id; end; declare name varchar2(255); begin get_name(1, name); dbms_output.put_line('Name: ' || name); exception when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line('No data found for the given id.'); end;
DECLARE @x INT = 10; SET @x = @x / 0; BEGIN CATCH PRINT 'Division by zero is not allowed.'; END CATCH;
DECLARE @x INT = 10; SET @x = @x / 0; BEGIN CATCH PRINT 'Division by zero is not allowed.'; END CATCH;
DECLARE @v_id FLOAT; v_name dbo.VARCHAR2(25); v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_id = id, @v_name = name, @v_salary = salary FROM employees WHERE id = 1; IF v_salary > 5000 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Salary too high', 16, 1); END UPDATE employees SET salary = v_salary * 1.1 WHERE id = @v_id; COMMIT; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20002 Employee not found', 16, 1); END END;
DECLARE v_id NUMBER; v_name VARCHAR2(25); v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT id, name, salary INTO v_id, v_name, v_salary FROM employees WHERE id = 1; IF v_salary > 5000 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Salary too high'); END IF; UPDATE employees SET salary = v_salary * 1.1 WHERE id = v_id; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20002, 'Employee not found'); END;
DECLARE @v_emp_id INT; v_salary ROW_NUMBER(10,2); BEGIN SELECT @v_emp_id = employee_id, @v_salary = salary FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'KING'; IF v_salary > 10000 BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = v_salary + 1000 WHERE employee_id = @v_emp_id; END ELSE BEGIN RAISERROR('-20101 Salary is too low to increase', 16, 1); END COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END;
DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER(6); v_salary NUMBER(10,2); BEGIN SELECT employee_id, salary INTO v_emp_id, v_salary FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'KING'; IF v_salary > 10000 THEN UPDATE employees SET salary = v_salary + 1000 WHERE employee_id = v_emp_id; ELSE RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20101, 'Salary is too low to increase'); END IF; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END;
DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT := 100; v_emp_name dbo.VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN SELECT @v_emp_name = ename FROM emp WHERE empno = @v_emp_id; IF v_emp_name IS NULL BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Employee not found', 16, 1); END DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee name: ' + isnull(v_emp_name, '')); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No data found for employee ID: ' + isnull(@v_emp_id, '')); END END; /
DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER := 100; v_emp_name VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN SELECT ename INTO v_emp_name FROM emp WHERE empno = v_emp_id; IF v_emp_name IS NULL THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Employee not found'); END IF; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee name: ' || v_emp_name); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No data found for employee ID: ' || v_emp_id); END; /
IF OBJECT_ID('emp_details', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE emp_details; GO CREATE PROCEDURE emp_details (@empno IN AS NUMBER) IS ename dbo.VARCHAR2(20); sal NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @ename = ename, @sal = sal FROM emp WHERE empno = empno; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' + isnull(ename, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' + isnull(sal, '')); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee not found'); END END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE emp_details (empno IN NUMBER) IS ename VARCHAR2(20); sal NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT ename, sal INTO ename, sal FROM emp WHERE empno = empno; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || ename); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' || sal); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee not found'); END;
DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT := 10; BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE employee_id = @v_emp_id; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END;
DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER := 10; BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.10 WHERE employee_id = v_emp_id; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END;
IF OBJECT_ID('insert_employee', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE insert_employee; GO CREATE PROCEDURE insert_employee( @in_first_name in AS varchar2, in_last_name in varchar2, in_salary in number ) IS err_code number; exception when others then set @err_code = @@error; dbms_output.put_line('Error code: ' + isnull(convert(varchar, err_code), '')); dbms_output.put_line('Error message: ' + isnull(sqlerrm, '')); end; BEGIN INSERT INTO employees (first_name, last_name, salary) VALUES (in_first_name, in_last_name, in_salary); EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN dbms_output.put_line('Duplicate value on unique index'); END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE insert_employee( in_first_name in varchar2, in_last_name in varchar2, in_salary in number ) IS err_code number; exception when others then err_code := sqlcode; dbms_output.put_line('Error code: ' || to_char(err_code)); dbms_output.put_line('Error message: ' || sqlerrm); end; BEGIN INSERT INTO employees (first_name, last_name, salary) VALUES (in_first_name, in_last_name, in_salary); EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN dbms_output.put_line('Duplicate value on unique index'); END;
IF OBJECT_ID('emp_salary_avg', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION emp_salary_avg; GO CREATE FUNCTION emp_salary_avg(@dept_no IN NUMBERDECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN NUMBER RETURN NULL; END; IS avg_sal NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @avg_sal = AVG(salary) FROM emp WHERE dept_no = dept_no; RETURN avg_sal; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN RETURN NULL; END END; /
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION emp_salary_avg(dept_no IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS avg_sal NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT AVG(salary) INTO avg_sal FROM emp WHERE dept_no = dept_no; RETURN avg_sal; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RETURN NULL; END; /
IF OBJECT_ID('GetCustomerName', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION GetCustomerName; GO CREATE FUNCTION GetCustomerName(@id FLOAT) RETURNS VARCHAR(4000) AS BEGIN DECLARE @name VARCHAR(50); SELECT @name = isnull(first_name, '') + ' ' + isnull(last_name, '') FROM customers WHERE @id = @id; RETURN @name; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN RETURN NULL; END END; BEGIN DECLARE @customer_name VARCHAR(50); BEGIN SET @customer_name = dbo.GetCustomerName(12345); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Customer name: ' + isnull(@customer_name, '')); END; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION GetCustomerName(id NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2 IS name VARCHAR2(50); BEGIN SELECT first_name || ' ' || last_name INTO name FROM customers WHERE id = id; RETURN name; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RETURN NULL; END; BEGIN DECLARE customer_name VARCHAR2(50); BEGIN customer_name := GetCustomerName(12345); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Customer name: ' || customer_name); END; END;
IF OBJECT_ID('sp_UpdateEmployee', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE sp_UpdateEmployee; GO CREATE PROCEDURE sp_UpdateEmployee( @i_EmployeeID IN AS NUMBER, i_FirstName IN VARCHAR2, i_LastName IN VARCHAR2, o_Success OUT BOOLEAN ) AS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET first_name = i_FirstName, last_name = i_LastName WHERE employee_id = i_EmployeeID; SET @o_Success = @@ROWCOUNT > 0; END sp_UpdateEmployee;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE sp_UpdateEmployee( i_EmployeeID IN NUMBER, i_FirstName IN VARCHAR2, i_LastName IN VARCHAR2, o_Success OUT BOOLEAN ) AS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET first_name = i_FirstName, last_name = i_LastName WHERE employee_id = i_EmployeeID; o_Success := SQL%ROWCOUNT > 0; END sp_UpdateEmployee;
IF OBJECT_ID('my_procedure', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE my_procedure; GO CREATE PROCEDURE my_procedure ( @input_parameter IN AS VARCHAR2 ) IS v_cursor SYS_REFCURSOR; v_row_count INTEGER; BEGIN SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE column_name = input_parameter; FETCH v_cursor INTO @v_row_count; IF v_row_count = 0 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 No rows found for input parameter: ' + isnull(input_parameter, ''), 16, 1); END CLOSE v_cursor; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE my_procedure ( input_parameter IN VARCHAR2 ) IS v_cursor SYS_REFCURSOR; v_row_count INTEGER; BEGIN OPEN v_cursor FOR SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE column_name = input_parameter; FETCH v_cursor INTO v_row_count; IF v_row_count = 0 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'No rows found for input parameter: ' || input_parameter); END IF; CLOSE v_cursor; END;
IF OBJECT_ID('update_customer', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE update_customer; GO CREATE PROCEDURE update_customer ( @in_customer_id IN AS NUMBER, in_new_name IN VARCHAR2, out_status OUT VARCHAR2 ) AS v_old_name dbo.VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN SELECT @v_old_name = name FROM customers WHERE customer_id = in_customer_id; UPDATE customers SET name = in_new_name WHERE customer_id = in_customer_id; set @out_status = 'Customer name updated from ' + isnull(v_old_name, '') + ' to ' + isnull(in_new_name, ''); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN set @out_status = 'Customer not found'; END WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN set @out_status = 'Multiple customers found with same ID'; WHEN OTHERS THEN set @out_status = 'Unexpected error occurred'; END; DECLARE @v_customer_id FLOAT := 1001; v_new_name dbo.VARCHAR2(100) := 'John Doe'; v_status dbo.VARCHAR2(200); BEGIN dbo.update_customer(@v_customer_id, v_new_name, v_status); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_status); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred: ' + ISNULL(SQLERRM, '')); END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_customer ( in_customer_id IN NUMBER, in_new_name IN VARCHAR2, out_status OUT VARCHAR2 ) AS v_old_name VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN SELECT name INTO v_old_name FROM customers WHERE customer_id = in_customer_id; UPDATE customers SET name = in_new_name WHERE customer_id = in_customer_id; out_status := 'Customer name updated from ' || v_old_name || ' to ' || in_new_name; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN out_status := 'Customer not found'; WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN out_status := 'Multiple customers found with same ID'; WHEN OTHERS THEN out_status := 'Unexpected error occurred'; END; DECLARE v_customer_id NUMBER := 1001; v_new_name VARCHAR2(100) := 'John Doe'; v_status VARCHAR2(200); BEGIN update_customer(v_customer_id, v_new_name, v_status); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_status); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred: ' || SQLERRM); END;
IF OBJECT_ID('get_employee_info', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION get_employee_info; GO CREATE FUNCTION get_employee_info(@emp_id FLOAT) RETURNS employeeDECLARE %ROWTYPE BEGIN IS RETURN NULL; END; BEGIN RETURN (SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_id = emp_id); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN RETURN employee%ROWTYPE(); END END get_employee_info; IF OBJECT_ID('update_employee', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE update_employee; GO CREATE PROCEDURE update_employee(@emp_id FLOAT, @new_salary FLOAT) AS BEGIN SET NOCOUNT ON; UPDATE employee SET salary = @new_salary WHERE @emp_id = @emp_id; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN RAISERROR('-20000 Error updating employee', 16, 1); END; BEGIN DECLARE BEGIN SET @emp_info = dbo.get_employee_info(100); IF @emp_info_salary < 50000 BEGIN dbo.update_employee(100, 50000); END END; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred'); END;
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_employee_info(emp_id NUMBER) RETURN employee%ROWTYPE IS BEGIN RETURN (SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_id = emp_id); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RETURN employee%ROWTYPE(); END get_employee_info; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_employee(emp_id NUMBER, new_salary NUMBER) IS BEGIN UPDATE employee SET salary = new_salary WHERE emp_id = emp_id; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20000, 'Error updating employee'); END update_employee; BEGIN DECLARE emp_info employee%ROWTYPE; BEGIN emp_info := get_employee_info(100); IF emp_info.salary < 50000 THEN update_employee(100, 50000); END IF; END; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred'); END;
IF OBJECT_ID('EMP_BONUS', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE EMP_BONUS; GO CREATE PROCEDURE EMP_BONUS( @bonus_rate IN AS NUMBER, emp_id IN NUMBER) IS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * (1 + bonus_rate) WHERE employee_id = emp_id; COMMIT; END; / BEGIN DECLARE @bonus_pct FLOAT; BEGIN SELECT @bonus_pct = bonus_rate FROM bonus_rates WHERE level = 'MANAGER'; EMP_BONUS(bonus_rate := @bonus_pct, SET @emp_id = 100); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN RAISERROR('-20000 No bonus rate found for MANAGER level', 16, 1); END END; END; /
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE EMP_BONUS( bonus_rate IN NUMBER, emp_id IN NUMBER) IS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * (1 + bonus_rate) WHERE employee_id = emp_id; COMMIT; END; / BEGIN DECLARE bonus_pct NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT bonus_rate INTO bonus_pct FROM bonus_rates WHERE level = 'MANAGER'; EMP_BONUS(bonus_rate := bonus_pct, emp_id := 100); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20000, 'No bonus rate found for MANAGER level'); END; END; /
IF OBJECT_ID('proc_example', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE proc_example; GO CREATE PROCEDURE proc_example( @param1 IN AS NUMBER, param2 OUT VARCHAR2 ) AS BEGIN SELECT @param2 = name FROM table1 WHERE id = param1; IF param2 IS NULL BEGIN RAISERROR('-20100 No record found for ID: ' + isnull(param1, ''), 16, 1); END END; IF OBJECT_ID('func_example', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION func_example; GO CREATE FUNCTION func_example( @param1 IN NUMBER DECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN VARCHAR2 RETURN NULL; END; AS BEGIN RETURN (SELECT name FROM table1 WHERE id = param1); END; BEGIN DECLARE @v_param2 VARCHAR(100); BEGIN dbo.proc_example(12345, @v_param2); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(@v_param2); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No record found.'); END END; END; SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3) UNION SELECT * FROM table2 WHERE name LIKE '%XYZ%';
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE proc_example( param1 IN NUMBER, param2 OUT VARCHAR2 ) AS BEGIN SELECT name INTO param2 FROM table1 WHERE id = param1; IF param2 IS NULL THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20100, 'No record found for ID: ' || param1); END IF; END; CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION func_example( param1 IN NUMBER ) RETURN VARCHAR2 AS BEGIN RETURN (SELECT name FROM table1 WHERE id = param1); END; BEGIN DECLARE v_param2 VARCHAR2(100); BEGIN proc_example(12345, v_param2); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_param2); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No record found.'); END; END; SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3) UNION SELECT * FROM table2 WHERE name LIKE '%XYZ%';
BEGIN DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT; DECLARE @v_emp_name VARCHAR(100); DECLARE @v_emp_salary FLOAT; DECLARE @v_bonus FLOAT; BEGIN SET @v_emp_id = 100; SET @v_emp_name = 'John Doe'; SET @v_emp_salary = 10000; SET @v_bonus = 0; IF @v_emp_salary > 5000 BEGIN SET @v_bonus = @v_emp_salary * 0.1; END SELECT @v_emp_id, @v_emp_name, @v_emp_salary, @v_bonus; END;
BEGIN DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER; DECLARE v_emp_name VARCHAR2(100); DECLARE v_emp_salary NUMBER; DECLARE v_bonus NUMBER; BEGIN v_emp_id := 100; v_emp_name := 'John Doe'; v_emp_salary := 10000; v_bonus := 0; IF v_emp_salary > 5000 THEN v_bonus := v_emp_salary * 0.1; END IF; SELECT v_emp_id, v_emp_name, v_emp_salary, v_bonus FROM dual; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE GetCustomerOrders(@custID IN AS NUMBER) IS CURSOR cust_orders IS SELECT order_id, order_date, total_amount FROM orders WHERE customer_id = custID; BEGIN DECLARE rec CURSOR FOR cust_orders LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Order ID: ' + isnull(@rec_order_id, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Order Date: ' + isnull(@rec_order_date, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total Amount: ' + isnull(@rec_total_amount, '')); FETCH rec INTO; END; CLOSE rec; DEALLOCATE rec; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No orders found for customer ' + ISNULL(custID, '')); END END;
CREATE PROCEDURE GetCustomerOrders(custID IN NUMBER) IS CURSOR cust_orders IS SELECT order_id, order_date, total_amount FROM orders WHERE customer_id = custID; BEGIN FOR rec IN cust_orders LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Order ID: ' || rec.order_id); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Order Date: ' || rec.order_date); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total Amount: ' || rec.total_amount); END LOOP; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No orders found for customer ' || custID); END;
DECLARE @v_empno FLOAT; BEGIN SELECT @v_empno = empno FROM emp WHERE ename = 'SCOTT'; IF @v_empno IS NOT NULL BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ' + isnull(@v_empno, '') + ' found.'); UPDATE emp SET sal = sal * 1.10 WHERE empno = @v_empno; COMMIT; END ELSE BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee not found.'); END END;
DECLARE v_empno NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT empno INTO v_empno FROM emp WHERE ename = 'SCOTT'; IF v_empno IS NOT NULL THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee ' || v_empno || ' found.'); UPDATE emp SET sal = sal * 1.10 WHERE empno = v_empno; COMMIT; ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee not found.'); END IF; END;
if object_id('usp_update_employee', 'P') is not null drop procedure usp_update_employee; go create procedure usp_update_employee(@emp_id in as number, emp_name in varchar2, emp_salary in number) is begin update employees set employee_name = emp_name, salary = emp_salary where employee_id = emp_id; commit; end usp_update_employee; /
create or replace procedure usp_update_employee(emp_id in number, emp_name in varchar2, emp_salary in number) is begin update employees set employee_name = emp_name, salary = emp_salary where employee_id = emp_id; commit; end usp_update_employee; /
DECLARE @name VARCHAR(20); salary ROW_NUMBER(10,2); bonus ROW_NUMBER(10,2); BEGIN SELECT @name = ename, @salary = sal, @bonus = comm FROM emp WHERE empno = 7369; IF bonus IS NULL BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No bonus for ' + isnull(@name, '')); END ELSE BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(isnull(@name, '') + ' Earns ' + isnull(bonus, '') + ' Bonus'); END END;
DECLARE name VARCHAR2(20); salary NUMBER(10,2); bonus NUMBER(10,2); BEGIN SELECT ename, sal, comm INTO name, salary, bonus FROM emp WHERE empno = 7369; IF bonus IS NULL THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No bonus for ' || name); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(name || ' Earns ' || bonus || ' Bonus'); END IF; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE my_proc (@p_in IN AS VARCHAR2) AS BEGIN *** iables v_local1 dbo.VARCHAR2(20); *** a local variable set @v_local1 = 'Hello, ' + isnull(p_in, ''); *** a table INSERT INTO my_table (col1, col2) VALUES (v_local1, GETDATE()); -- Co... *** COMMIT; END; /
CREATE PROCEDURE my_proc (p_in IN VARCHAR2) AS BEGIN -- Declare local variables v_local1 VARCHAR2(20); -- Assign a value to a local variable v_local1 := 'Hello, ' || p_in; -- Insert a row into a table INSERT INTO my_table (col1, col2) VALUES (v_local1, SYSDATE); -- Commit the changes COMMIT; END; /
IF OBJECT_ID('add_employee', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE add_employee; GO CREATE PROCEDURE add_employee( @first_name IN AS VARCHAR2, last_name IN VARCHAR2, salary IN NUMBER ) AS BEGIN INSERT INTO employees ( first_name, last_name, salary ) VALUES (first_name, last_name, salary); EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN RAISERROR('-20001 Duplicate value in unique index', 16, 1); WHEN OTHERS THEN RAISE; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE add_employee( first_name IN VARCHAR2, last_name IN VARCHAR2, salary IN NUMBER ) AS BEGIN INSERT INTO employees ( first_name, last_name, salary ) VALUES (first_name, last_name, salary); EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Duplicate value in unique index'); WHEN OTHERS THEN RAISE; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_example(@p_in IN AS NUMBER) AS BEGIN UPDATE table SET col = col + 1 WHERE id = p_in; COMMIT; END; CREATE FUNCTION fn_example(@p_in IN NUMBERDECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN NUMBER RETURN NULL; END; AS BEGIN RETURN p_in * 2; END; BEGIN DECLARE @v_var FLOAT; BEGIN SELECT @v_var = col FROM table WHERE id = 1; dbms_output.put_line('Value: ' + isnull(@v_var, '')); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN dbms_output.put_line('Error occurred: ' + ISNULL(SQLERRM, '')); END; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_example(p_in IN NUMBER) AS BEGIN UPDATE table SET col = col + 1 WHERE id = p_in; COMMIT; END; CREATE FUNCTION fn_example(p_in IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER AS BEGIN RETURN p_in * 2; END; BEGIN DECLARE v_var NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT col INTO v_var FROM table WHERE id = 1; dbms_output.put_line('Value: ' || v_var); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN dbms_output.put_line('Error occurred: ' || SQLERRM); END; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE get_customer_orders(@cust_id IN AS NUMBER) IS orders_ref CURSOR FOR SELECT order_id, order_date FROM orders WHERE customer_id = cust_id; BEGIN OPEN orders_ref; WHILE 1=1 BEGIN FETCH orders_ref INTO @order_id, @order_date; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BREAK; -- Pr... *** END; CLOSE orders_ref; END; / DECLARE @order_id FLOAT; order_date DATE; BEGIN dbo.get_customer_orders(12345); *** the orders END; / CREATE FUNCTION get_total_sales() RETURNS FLOAT AS BEGIN DECLARE @total_sales FLOAT; SELECT @total_sales = SUM(sales) FROM sales; RETURN @total_sales; END; GO SELECT dbo.get_total_sales();
CREATE PROCEDURE get_customer_orders(cust_id IN NUMBER) IS orders_ref CURSOR FOR SELECT order_id, order_date FROM orders WHERE customer_id = cust_id; BEGIN OPEN orders_ref; LOOP FETCH orders_ref INTO order_id, order_date; EXIT WHEN orders_ref%NOTFOUND; -- Process the order END LOOP; CLOSE orders_ref; END; / DECLARE order_id NUMBER; order_date DATE; BEGIN get_customer_orders(12345); -- Do something with the orders END; / CREATE FUNCTION get_total_sales() RETURN NUMBER IS total_sales NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT SUM(sales) INTO total_sales FROM sales; RETURN total_sales; END; / SELECT get_total_sales();
IF OBJECT_ID('update_employee', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE update_employee; GO CREATE PROCEDURE update_employee( @emp_id IN AS NUMBER, new_salary IN NUMBER ) AS BEGIN *** of the employee UPDATE employees SET salary = new_salary WHERE employee_id = emp_id; -- Co... *** COMMIT; END;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_employee( emp_id IN NUMBER, new_salary IN NUMBER ) AS BEGIN -- Update the salary of the employee UPDATE employees SET salary = new_salary WHERE employee_id = emp_id; -- Commit the changes COMMIT; END;
BEGIN DECLARE @num_rows INTEGER; DECLARE @cursor_name SYS_REFCURSOR; BEGIN SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition; WHILE 1=1 BEGIN FETCH cursor_name INTO @variable_list; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BREAK; *** here END; CLOSE cursor_name; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN END *** und error WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN *** ows error END; END;
BEGIN DECLARE num_rows INTEGER; DECLARE cursor_name SYS_REFCURSOR; BEGIN OPEN cursor_name FOR SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition; LOOP FETCH cursor_name INTO variable_list; EXIT WHEN cursor_name%NOTFOUND; -- process each row here END LOOP; CLOSE cursor_name; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN -- handle no data found error WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN -- handle too many rows error END; END;
DECLARE -- De... *** @v_emp_id FLOAT; v_emp_name dbo.VARCHAR2(50); v_emp_salary NUMBER; BEGIN *** ils SELECT @v_emp_id = emp_id, @v_emp_name = emp_name, @v_emp_salary = emp_salary FROM employees WHERE emp_id = 10; *** alary UPDATE employees SET emp_salary = v_emp_salary * 1.10 WHERE emp_id = @v_emp_id; -- Co... *** COMMIT; *** sage DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee salary updated successfully.'); EXCEPTION -- Ha... *** WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Pr... *** DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred while updating the employee salary.'); END;
DECLARE -- Define variables v_emp_id NUMBER; v_emp_name VARCHAR2(50); v_emp_salary NUMBER; BEGIN -- Get employee details SELECT emp_id, emp_name, emp_salary INTO v_emp_id, v_emp_name, v_emp_salary FROM employees WHERE emp_id = 10; -- Update employee salary UPDATE employees SET emp_salary = v_emp_salary * 1.10 WHERE emp_id = v_emp_id; -- Commit the changes COMMIT; -- Print success message DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee salary updated successfully.'); EXCEPTION -- Handle exceptions WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Print error message DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An error occurred while updating the employee salary.'); END;
DECLARE @v_empno FLOAT; BEGIN SELECT @v_empno = COUNT(*) FROM employees; IF @v_empno > 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employees found!'); END ELSE BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employees found!'); END IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No data found in the table!'); END END;
DECLARE v_empno NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT COUNT(*) INTO v_empno FROM employees; IF v_empno > 0 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employees found!'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employees found!'); END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No data found in the table!'); END;
DECLARE @emp_name VARCHAR(20); BEGIN SELECT @emp_name = ename FROM emp WHERE empno = 7788; dbms_output.put_line('Employee Name: ' + isnull(@emp_name, '')); IF @emp_name IS NULL BEGIN RAISERROR('-20001 Employee not found', 16, 1); END END; /
DECLARE emp_name VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN SELECT ename INTO emp_name FROM emp WHERE empno = 7788; dbms_output.put_line('Employee Name: ' || emp_name); IF emp_name IS NULL THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Employee not found'); END IF; END; /
DECLARE @v_salary FLOAT; v_bonus NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_salary = salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 1; IF @v_salary > 5000 BEGIN SET @v_bonus = @v_salary * 0.10; END ELSE BEGIN SET @v_bonus = @v_salary * 0.05; END UPDATE employees SET bonus = v_bonus WHERE employee_id = 1; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END;
DECLARE v_salary NUMBER; v_bonus NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT salary INTO v_salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 1; IF v_salary > 5000 THEN v_bonus := v_salary * 0.10; ELSE v_bonus := v_salary * 0.05; END IF; UPDATE employees SET bonus = v_bonus WHERE employee_id = 1; COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RAISE; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_my_proc ( @param1 IN AS NUMBER, param2 IN OUT VARCHAR2 ) AS BEGIN -- So... *** set @param2 = 'Updated value'; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Er... *** END; -- Us... *** DECLARE @v_param2 VARCHAR(255); BEGIN dbo.sp_my_proc(1, @v_param2); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(@v_param2); END;
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_my_proc ( param1 IN NUMBER, param2 IN OUT VARCHAR2 ) AS BEGIN -- Some logic param2 := 'Updated value'; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Error handling END; -- Usage DECLARE v_param2 VARCHAR2(255); BEGIN sp_my_proc(1, v_param2); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_param2); END;
CREATE PROCEDURE emp_salary_update( @emp_id IN AS NUMBER, salary IN NUMBER ) AS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + ? WHERE employee_id = ?; COMMIT; END; DECLARE @v_emp_id FLOAT; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_emp_id = employee_id, @v_salary = salary FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Doe'; IF v_salary < 50000 BEGIN dbo.emp_salary_update(@v_emp_id, 5000); END EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN RAISERROR('-20001 Error updating employee salary', 16, 1); END;
CREATE PROCEDURE emp_salary_update( emp_id IN NUMBER, salary IN NUMBER ) AS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + ? WHERE employee_id = ?; COMMIT; END; DECLARE v_emp_id NUMBER; v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT employee_id, salary INTO v_emp_id, v_salary FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Doe'; IF v_salary < 50000 THEN emp_salary_update(v_emp_id, 5000); END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Error updating employee salary'); END;
CREATE TABLE employees ( employee_id FLOAT PRIMARY KEY, first_name VARCHAR(25), last_name VARCHAR(25), salary FLOAT ); CREATE PROCEDURE get_employee_info( @emp_id IN AS employees.employee_id%TYPE, emp_fn OUT employees.first_name%TYPE, emp_ln OUT employees.last_name%TYPE, emp_sal OUT employees.salary%TYPE ) IS BEGIN SELECT @emp_fn = first_name, @emp_ln = last_name, @emp_sal = salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = emp_id; END; DECLARE @emp_id FLOAT := 12345; emp_fname dbo.VARCHAR2(25); emp_lname dbo.VARCHAR2(25); emp_sal NUMBER; BEGIN dbo.get_employee_info(@emp_id, emp_fname, emp_lname, emp_sal); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Information:'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name: ' + isnull(emp_fname, '') + ' ' + isnull(emp_lname, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' + isnull(emp_sal, '')); IF emp_sal > 50000 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('High Earner'); END END;
CREATE TABLE employees ( employee_id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY, first_name VARCHAR2(25), last_name VARCHAR2(25), salary NUMBER ); CREATE PROCEDURE get_employee_info( emp_id IN employees.employee_id%TYPE, emp_fn OUT employees.first_name%TYPE, emp_ln OUT employees.last_name%TYPE, emp_sal OUT employees.salary%TYPE ) IS BEGIN SELECT first_name, last_name, salary INTO emp_fn, emp_ln, emp_sal FROM employees WHERE employee_id = emp_id; END; DECLARE emp_id NUMBER := 12345; emp_fname VARCHAR2(25); emp_lname VARCHAR2(25); emp_sal NUMBER; BEGIN get_employee_info(emp_id, emp_fname, emp_lname, emp_sal); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Information:'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name: ' || emp_fname || ' ' || emp_lname); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' || emp_sal); IF emp_sal > 50000 THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('High Earner'); END IF; END;
CREATE PROCEDURE ADD_EMPLOYEE(@p_emp_id IN AS NUMBER, p_name IN VARCHAR2, p_dept_id IN NUMBER) AS BEGIN INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES (EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT_ID) VALUES (p_emp_id, p_name, p_dept_id); COMMIT; END; / DECLARE @emp_id FLOAT := 100; emp_name dbo.VARCHAR2(20) := 'John Doe'; dept_id SET @NUMBER = 10; BEGIN dbo.ADD_EMPLOYEE(@emp_id, emp_name, dept_id); SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE @emp_id = @emp_id; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error occurred: ' + ISNULL(SQLERRM, '')); END; /
CREATE PROCEDURE ADD_EMPLOYEE(p_emp_id IN NUMBER, p_name IN VARCHAR2, p_dept_id IN NUMBER) AS BEGIN INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES (EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT_ID) VALUES (p_emp_id, p_name, p_dept_id); COMMIT; END; / DECLARE emp_id NUMBER := 100; emp_name VARCHAR2(20) := 'John Doe'; dept_id NUMBER := 10; BEGIN ADD_EMPLOYEE(emp_id, emp_name, dept_id); SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES WHERE EMP_ID = emp_id; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error occurred: ' || SQLERRM); END; /
CREATE PROCEDURE InsertEmployee( @p_first_name IN AS VARCHAR2, p_last_name IN VARCHAR2, p_email IN VARCHAR2) IS v_employee_id NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT @v_employee_id = ISNULL(MAX(employee_id), 0) + 1 FROM employees; INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, email) VALUES (v_employee_id, p_first_name, p_last_name, p_email); COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN RAISERROR('-20001 Duplicate email address', 16, 1); END InsertEmployee;
PROCEDURE InsertEmployee( p_first_name IN VARCHAR2, p_last_name IN VARCHAR2, p_email IN VARCHAR2) IS v_employee_id NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT NVL(MAX(employee_id), 0) + 1 INTO v_employee_id FROM employees; INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, email) VALUES (v_employee_id, p_first_name, p_last_name, p_email); COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Duplicate email address'); END InsertEmployee;
IF OBJECT_ID('fetch_employee_details', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE fetch_employee_details; GO CREATE PROCEDURE fetch_employee_details(@p_employee_id IN AS NUMBER) IS v_employee_name dbo.VARCHAR2(50); BEGIN SELECT @v_employee_name = employee_name FROM employees WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' + isnull(v_employee_name, '')); IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found with the given ID.'); END WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An unexpected error occurred.'); END; /
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE fetch_employee_details(p_employee_id IN NUMBER) IS v_employee_name VARCHAR2(50); BEGIN SELECT employee_name INTO v_employee_name FROM employees WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || v_employee_name); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found with the given ID.'); WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('An unexpected error occurred.'); END; /
*** rocedure to insert a new customer IF OBJECT_ID('insert_customer', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE insert_customer; GO CREATE PROCEDURE insert_customer ( @first_name IN AS VARCHAR2, last_name IN VARCHAR2, email IN VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN *** stomer into the database INSERT INTO customers (first_name, last_name, email) VALUES (first_name, last_name, email); -- Co... *** COMMIT; END; *** rocedure to insert a new customer BEGIN dbo.insert_customer('John', 'Doe', 'john.doe@example.com'); END; *** to calculate the total sales for a given customer IF OBJECT_ID('calculate_total_sales', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION calculate_total_sales; GO CREATE FUNCTION calculate_total_sales ( @customer_id IN NUMBERDECLARE ) RETURN BEGIN NUMBER RETURN NULL; END; IS total_sales NUMBER; BEGIN *** al sales for the given customer SELECT @total_sales = SUM(amount) FROM sales WHERE customer_id = customer_id; *** sales RETURN total_sales; END; *** to calculate the total sales for a given customer DECLARE @total_sales FLOAT; BEGIN SET @total_sales = dbo.calculate_total_sales(1); *** the total sales DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total sales: ' + isnull(@total_sales, '')); END; *** ement to select all customers SELECT * FROM customers; *** flow construct to loop through all customers DECLARE @CURSOR customers_cursor IS SELECT customer_id, first_name, last_name FROM customers; customer_record customers_cursor%ROWTYPE; BEGIN *** customers OPEN customers_cursor; WHILE 1=1 BEGIN FETCH customers_cursor INTO @customer_record; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BREAK; *** the customer record DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Customer ID: ' + isnull(customer_record.customer_id, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('First Name: ' + isnull(customer_record.first_name, '')); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Last Name: ' + isnull(customer_record.last_name, '')); END; -- Cl... *** CLOSE customers_cursor; END; *** andling scenario BEGIN *** a new customer with an invalid email address INSERT INTO customers (first_name, last_name, email) VALUES ('John', 'Doe', 'invalid email address'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Ha... *** DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: ' + ISNULL(SQLERRM, '')); END;
-- Create a stored procedure to insert a new customer CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE insert_customer ( first_name IN VARCHAR2, last_name IN VARCHAR2, email IN VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN -- Insert the new customer into the database INSERT INTO customers (first_name, last_name, email) VALUES (first_name, last_name, email); -- Commit the changes COMMIT; END; -- Call the stored procedure to insert a new customer BEGIN insert_customer('John', 'Doe', 'john.doe@example.com'); END; -- Create a function to calculate the total sales for a given customer CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION calculate_total_sales ( customer_id IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS total_sales NUMBER; BEGIN -- Calculate the total sales for the given customer SELECT SUM(amount) INTO total_sales FROM sales WHERE customer_id = customer_id; -- Return the total sales RETURN total_sales; END; -- Call the function to calculate the total sales for a given customer DECLARE total_sales NUMBER; BEGIN total_sales := calculate_total_sales(1); -- Do something with the total sales DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total sales: ' || total_sales); END; -- Create a SQL statement to select all customers SELECT * FROM customers; -- Create a control flow construct to loop through all customers DECLARE CURSOR customers_cursor IS SELECT customer_id, first_name, last_name FROM customers; customer_record customers_cursor%ROWTYPE; BEGIN -- Loop through all customers OPEN customers_cursor; LOOP FETCH customers_cursor INTO customer_record; EXIT WHEN customers_cursor%NOTFOUND; -- Do something with the customer record DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Customer ID: ' || customer_record.customer_id); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('First Name: ' || customer_record.first_name); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Last Name: ' || customer_record.last_name); END LOOP; -- Close the cursor CLOSE customers_cursor; END; -- Create an error handling scenario BEGIN -- Attempt to insert a new customer with an invalid email address INSERT INTO customers (first_name, last_name, email) VALUES ('John', 'Doe', 'invalid email address'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN -- Handle the error DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: ' || SQLERRM); END;
CREATE TABLE employees ( employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY, first_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, last_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, salary DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL, department_id SMALLINT REFERENCES departments(department_id) ); CREATE TABLE departments ( department_id SMALLINT PRIMARY KEY, department_name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, location_id SMALLINT REFERENCES locations(location_id) ); CREATE TABLE locations ( location_id SMALLINT PRIMARY KEY, city VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, state_province VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, country_id VARCHAR(2) NOT NULL REFERENCES countries(country_id) ); CREATE TABLE countries ( country_id VARCHAR(2) PRIMARY KEY, country_name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL ); INSERT INTO countries (country_id, country_name) VALUES ('US', 'United States'); INSERT INTO countries (country_id, country_name) VALUES ('CA', 'Canada'); INSERT INTO countries (country_id, country_name) VALUES ('MX', 'Mexico'); INSERT INTO locations (location_id, city, state_province, country_id) VALUES (10, 'New York', 'New York', 'US'); INSERT INTO locations (location_id, city, state_province, country_id) VALUES (20, 'San Francisco', 'California', 'US'); INSERT INTO locations (location_id, city, state_province, country_id) VALUES (30, 'Toronto', 'Ontario', 'CA'); INSERT INTO departments (department_id, department_name, location_id) VALUES (10, 'Sales', 10); INSERT INTO departments (department_id, department_name, location_id) VALUES (20, 'Marketing', 20); INSERT INTO departments (department_id, department_name, location_id) VALUES (30, 'Engineering', 30); INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, department_id) VALUES (100, 'John', 'Doe', 50000, 10); INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, department_id) VALUES (200, 'Jane', 'Smith', 60000, 20); INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, department_id) VALUES (300, 'Michael', 'Jones', 70000, 30); *** to get employee details by employee ID IF OBJECT_ID('get_employee_details', 'P') IS NOT NULL DROP PROCEDURE get_employee_details; GO CREATE PROCEDURE get_employee_details ( @p_employee_id IN AS employees.employee_id%TYPE, p_first_name OUT employees.first_name%TYPE, p_last_name OUT employees.last_name%TYPE, p_salary OUT employees.salary%TYPE, p_department_id OUT employees.department_id%TYPE ) IS BEGIN SELECT @p_first_name = first_name, @p_last_name = last_name, @p_salary = salary, @p_department_id = department_id FROM employees WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id; END; *** late total salary for a department IF OBJECT_ID('get_total_salary', 'FN') IS NOT NULL DROP FUNCTION get_total_salary; GO CREATE FUNCTION get_total_salary ( @p_department_id IN departments.department_idDECLARE %TYPE BEGIN ) RETURN NULL; END; RETURN employees.salary%TYPE IS total_salary employees.salary%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT @total_salary = SUM(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = p_department_id; RETURN total_salary; END; *** get employees with salary greater than a certain amount SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 55000; *** truct to check if a department has any employees DECLARE @dept_id SMALLINT; BEGIN SELECT @dept_id = department_id FROM departments WHERE department_id = 40; IF @dept_id IS NULL BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Department does not exist.'); END ELSE BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Department exists.'); END END; *** enario to check for invalid department ID BEGIN SELECT department_name FROM departments WHERE department_id = 40; IF @@FETCH_STATUS <> 0 BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid department ID.'); END END;
CREATE TABLE employees ( employee_id NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY, first_name VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL, last_name VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL, salary NUMBER(10,2) NOT NULL, department_id NUMBER(4) REFERENCES departments(department_id) ); CREATE TABLE departments ( department_id NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY, department_name VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL, location_id NUMBER(4) REFERENCES locations(location_id) ); CREATE TABLE locations ( location_id NUMBER(4) PRIMARY KEY, city VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL, state_province VARCHAR2(25) NOT NULL, country_id VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL REFERENCES countries(country_id) ); CREATE TABLE countries ( country_id VARCHAR2(2) PRIMARY KEY, country_name VARCHAR2(40) NOT NULL ); INSERT INTO countries (country_id, country_name) VALUES ('US', 'United States'); INSERT INTO countries (country_id, country_name) VALUES ('CA', 'Canada'); INSERT INTO countries (country_id, country_name) VALUES ('MX', 'Mexico'); INSERT INTO locations (location_id, city, state_province, country_id) VALUES (10, 'New York', 'New York', 'US'); INSERT INTO locations (location_id, city, state_province, country_id) VALUES (20, 'San Francisco', 'California', 'US'); INSERT INTO locations (location_id, city, state_province, country_id) VALUES (30, 'Toronto', 'Ontario', 'CA'); INSERT INTO departments (department_id, department_name, location_id) VALUES (10, 'Sales', 10); INSERT INTO departments (department_id, department_name, location_id) VALUES (20, 'Marketing', 20); INSERT INTO departments (department_id, department_name, location_id) VALUES (30, 'Engineering', 30); INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, department_id) VALUES (100, 'John', 'Doe', 50000, 10); INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, department_id) VALUES (200, 'Jane', 'Smith', 60000, 20); INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, salary, department_id) VALUES (300, 'Michael', 'Jones', 70000, 30); -- Stored procedure to get employee details by employee ID CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE get_employee_details ( p_employee_id IN employees.employee_id%TYPE, p_first_name OUT employees.first_name%TYPE, p_last_name OUT employees.last_name%TYPE, p_salary OUT employees.salary%TYPE, p_department_id OUT employees.department_id%TYPE ) IS BEGIN SELECT first_name, last_name, salary, department_id INTO p_first_name, p_last_name, p_salary, p_department_id FROM employees WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id; END; -- Function to calculate total salary for a department CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_total_salary ( p_department_id IN departments.department_id%TYPE ) RETURN employees.salary%TYPE IS total_salary employees.salary%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT SUM(salary) INTO total_salary FROM employees WHERE department_id = p_department_id; RETURN total_salary; END; -- SQL statement to get employees with salary greater than a certain amount SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 55000; -- Control flow construct to check if a department has any employees DECLARE dept_id NUMBER(4); BEGIN SELECT department_id INTO dept_id FROM departments WHERE department_id = 40; IF dept_id IS NULL THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Department does not exist.'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Department exists.'); END IF; END; -- Error handling scenario to check for invalid department ID BEGIN SELECT department_name FROM departments WHERE department_id = 40; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid department ID.'); END;