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40,378
I am performing 10-folds cross-validation to evaluate the performances of a series of models (variable selection + regression) with R. I created manually the folds with this [code](https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/61090/how-to-split-a-data-set-to-do-10-fold-cross-validation). At the moment I'm performing first variable selection, then hyperparameters tuning through cv, and finally testing the performance with RMSE and MAE for all the models, but I have a doubt. Is it correct to "use" the same fold for all the models? Or should I do a separate cv for each model?
2018/10/29
[ "https://datascience.stackexchange.com/questions/40378", "https://datascience.stackexchange.com", "https://datascience.stackexchange.com/users/56923/" ]
I recommend trying both (more than once), and exploring any differences. In my experience, using the same set of folds for all models or using a new set of folds for each model doesn't make any material difference. Post if you find different! Regarding "I'm performing first variable selection, then hyperparameters tuning through cv", maybe watch <https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=S06JpVoNaA0> to be sure you are not introducing any bias.
IMHO I would use the same fold for all models. First of all it can be reproducible and you are evaluating all models with the same data. So it's the same environment for benchmarking. Also you can use folds predictions for stacking. ps: You can try to use validation set for hyperparameters tuning.
155,161
I noticed that there are a list of Platforms/Vendors for which a CVE can be applied for. What happens if I find a CVE for a proprietary platform (that is commercially available), is there a way to get a CVE assigned for it?
2017/03/28
[ "https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/155161", "https://security.stackexchange.com", "https://security.stackexchange.com/users/12253/" ]
Different vendors require different steps to be taken in order to get a CVE ID assigned for vulnerabilities. If you check [the MITRE CVE ID Request page here](https://cve.mitre.org/cve/request_id.html) then you can follow the instructions to request an ID after locating the correct CVE Numbering Authority. If the vendor is not specifically mentioned in any of the tables and a relevant CNA is not listed then you have to contact MITRE directly to request a CVE ID by [filling out the form here](https://cveform.mitre.org/).
I think the main thing here is to make sure you follow Responsible Disclosure: From [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_disclosure): > > Responsible disclosure is a computer security term describing a vulnerability disclosure model. It is like full disclosure, with the addition that all stakeholders agree to allow a period of time for the vulnerability to be patched before publishing the details. > > > If you just go and publish details of the vulnerability without giving the vendor enough time to put out a patch, you will actually be doing more damage than good because you will be enabling attackers to hack otherwise secure systems. If this is your first time disclosing a vuln and it all seems a bit overwhelming then, as Ross Smith says, the MITRE organization than runs the CVE database can act as the mediator between you and the vendor.
6,008,304
I am using lua to administrate a firewall server and want to obfuscate sensible variables such as login data. I have tried luac but the variable content is still easily readable. Is there any way to encrypt/decrypt these sensible data?
2011/05/15
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6008304", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/752297/" ]
I'm assuming you have a lua script which contains both the commands to send as well as any "secret data", and you want to be able to run this script without having to type in anything interactively. If so, the script itself must be able to decrypt your secret data in order to use it - and if an attacker can read the script, he can do the same steps to decrypt your data (or run it in a debugger or similar). Thus, it is impossible to **really** hide the secret data in your script. Use your systems file permissions to ensure nobody but you and the process that executes it can read the script. That said, if you do not want to hinder real attackers, but only want to avoid casual lookers reading the password, any encoding scheme will do - from simple Rot13 over Base64 to hex-encoding. But you should be conscious that this is not a security measure.
If you're allowed to use compiled libraries (ie. LuaRocks), you can use the [Kepler MD5](http://www.keplerproject.org/md5) library to encrypt/decrypt the data- and if you can have the script prompt for a password, you can even make it (reasonably) secure. (If you can't prompt for a password, as Paulo says, obfuscation is the best you can hope for.)
59,065
First of all I just started doing barre chords after learning ordinary non-barre chords. Problem is they don't sound so well, so my question is, will training with hand grippers help me achieve this? Because I've been applying equal pressure and they still sound a bit off, only a bit off.
2017/07/09
[ "https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/59065", "https://music.stackexchange.com", "https://music.stackexchange.com/users/42610/" ]
No, training with hand grippers won't help you execute barre chords. Firstly, time spent squeezing grippers is time that you could be using to actually practise barre chords. Secondly, the physical action is markedly different and not about finger placement and subtleties of pressure. But hey, you could end up with a really impressive handshake, and all the other musicians will ask you to carry their gear. It's early days; hang in there and your barre chords will improve.
I don't find those hand-grippers very effective in teaching you how to make your barre chords sound better. The truth is, a large part of getting your barre chords to sound good comes from good technique. There are quite a number of tiny details that will help you achieve a good sounding barre chord with minimal effort. Many people think that in order to get your barre chords down, you need quite a lot of strength, and that is not true at all. Remember that precision beats power. Focus on getting the details of the technique correct. Another thing that may be preventing you from getting your barre chords down is your guitar's set up. If your strings are too far away from the fretboard, you're going to have a really tough time getting your chords to sound good. Make sure your guitar is properly set up.
59,065
First of all I just started doing barre chords after learning ordinary non-barre chords. Problem is they don't sound so well, so my question is, will training with hand grippers help me achieve this? Because I've been applying equal pressure and they still sound a bit off, only a bit off.
2017/07/09
[ "https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/59065", "https://music.stackexchange.com", "https://music.stackexchange.com/users/42610/" ]
No. Simple answer. Your hands could be stronger than a weightlifter's and still not play barre chords, or any other chords, well. Actually, hardly any finger strength is needed. Putting fingers as close as possible to the fretwire helps, accurate fingering helps, and a good action helps. If the strings are a long way above the fingerbaord, strength will help, but a better solution is to improve the action, or change guitars. If any muscles help, it's the arm muscles, as they should be used a little as levers, using the thumb as a fulcrum point - which also doesn't need to be clamped to the neck.
No, training with hand grippers won't help you execute barre chords. Firstly, time spent squeezing grippers is time that you could be using to actually practise barre chords. Secondly, the physical action is markedly different and not about finger placement and subtleties of pressure. But hey, you could end up with a really impressive handshake, and all the other musicians will ask you to carry their gear. It's early days; hang in there and your barre chords will improve.
59,065
First of all I just started doing barre chords after learning ordinary non-barre chords. Problem is they don't sound so well, so my question is, will training with hand grippers help me achieve this? Because I've been applying equal pressure and they still sound a bit off, only a bit off.
2017/07/09
[ "https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/59065", "https://music.stackexchange.com", "https://music.stackexchange.com/users/42610/" ]
No, training with hand grippers won't help you execute barre chords. Firstly, time spent squeezing grippers is time that you could be using to actually practise barre chords. Secondly, the physical action is markedly different and not about finger placement and subtleties of pressure. But hey, you could end up with a really impressive handshake, and all the other musicians will ask you to carry their gear. It's early days; hang in there and your barre chords will improve.
Grippers (hand squeezing exercisers) won't get you anywhere. It may sound trite, but the best exercise for improving your barre chords is to play barre chords. Work on correct technique and position, and eventually you'll see marked improvement. You can try to focus on 'power chords' initially (i.e. just the lowest 3 notes, the root, 5th and octave) but don't let this become a crutch. If you're like me, it's the notes that ought to be fretted by the index finger that are likely giving you trouble, but soon you'll come to 'grips' (forgive the pun) with the required touch to properly voice the notes and whole new worlds of playing joy and success will open up for you. Don't worry about voicing that high E string when playing an 'A' shape barre chord, almost no one gets their ring finger to back-bend sufficiently to let that high E string ring out while playing an 'A'-shape barre chord (eg x57775 for a D chord, most players wind up playing x5777x for this, unintentionally muting that high E string.) One last thing, don't fall into the bad habit of trying to 're-inforce' your index finger by overlapping your middle finger on top of it. You're gonna need that middle finger elsewhere soon enough, and unlearning bad habits is much harder once they're ingrained. Have fun and keep practicing.
59,065
First of all I just started doing barre chords after learning ordinary non-barre chords. Problem is they don't sound so well, so my question is, will training with hand grippers help me achieve this? Because I've been applying equal pressure and they still sound a bit off, only a bit off.
2017/07/09
[ "https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/59065", "https://music.stackexchange.com", "https://music.stackexchange.com/users/42610/" ]
No. Simple answer. Your hands could be stronger than a weightlifter's and still not play barre chords, or any other chords, well. Actually, hardly any finger strength is needed. Putting fingers as close as possible to the fretwire helps, accurate fingering helps, and a good action helps. If the strings are a long way above the fingerbaord, strength will help, but a better solution is to improve the action, or change guitars. If any muscles help, it's the arm muscles, as they should be used a little as levers, using the thumb as a fulcrum point - which also doesn't need to be clamped to the neck.
I don't find those hand-grippers very effective in teaching you how to make your barre chords sound better. The truth is, a large part of getting your barre chords to sound good comes from good technique. There are quite a number of tiny details that will help you achieve a good sounding barre chord with minimal effort. Many people think that in order to get your barre chords down, you need quite a lot of strength, and that is not true at all. Remember that precision beats power. Focus on getting the details of the technique correct. Another thing that may be preventing you from getting your barre chords down is your guitar's set up. If your strings are too far away from the fretboard, you're going to have a really tough time getting your chords to sound good. Make sure your guitar is properly set up.
59,065
First of all I just started doing barre chords after learning ordinary non-barre chords. Problem is they don't sound so well, so my question is, will training with hand grippers help me achieve this? Because I've been applying equal pressure and they still sound a bit off, only a bit off.
2017/07/09
[ "https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/59065", "https://music.stackexchange.com", "https://music.stackexchange.com/users/42610/" ]
It turns out that strength is not what is needed to improve your ability to finger barre chords, or any chords. It's mostly about precise placement and using the minimum amount of force to hold it down. It's not necessarily that equal pressure is correct. You just need the right amount of pressure for each fret and string.
guitars are all about practice, practice and practice. so yeah if you are performing for someone use them, if you are practicing then don't because today you might not be able to do it but even if you try 15 minutes a day( not at a go) try to hold the chord, check if each string is ringing, if not readjust your position(chances are that it is still not ringing), still you practice shifting and strumming, keep on doing it without losing hope and magically one fine day you will get up and notice that you have done it. it might take anywhere between a week to two months. I couldn't press the b string whenever I had the shape of e major for 3 months! so its just a matter of time. for some its less, for some its more. playing guitar has nothing to do with talent. but what comes after playing is. you can play each song you listen for the first time in first go but you may never be able to compose some( I know that cause I don't have the musician in me ) but nothing should ever stop you. if you believe you can, you will end up doing it some day and that might just not be today. Good Luck!
59,065
First of all I just started doing barre chords after learning ordinary non-barre chords. Problem is they don't sound so well, so my question is, will training with hand grippers help me achieve this? Because I've been applying equal pressure and they still sound a bit off, only a bit off.
2017/07/09
[ "https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/59065", "https://music.stackexchange.com", "https://music.stackexchange.com/users/42610/" ]
It turns out that strength is not what is needed to improve your ability to finger barre chords, or any chords. It's mostly about precise placement and using the minimum amount of force to hold it down. It's not necessarily that equal pressure is correct. You just need the right amount of pressure for each fret and string.
I don't find those hand-grippers very effective in teaching you how to make your barre chords sound better. The truth is, a large part of getting your barre chords to sound good comes from good technique. There are quite a number of tiny details that will help you achieve a good sounding barre chord with minimal effort. Many people think that in order to get your barre chords down, you need quite a lot of strength, and that is not true at all. Remember that precision beats power. Focus on getting the details of the technique correct. Another thing that may be preventing you from getting your barre chords down is your guitar's set up. If your strings are too far away from the fretboard, you're going to have a really tough time getting your chords to sound good. Make sure your guitar is properly set up.
59,065
First of all I just started doing barre chords after learning ordinary non-barre chords. Problem is they don't sound so well, so my question is, will training with hand grippers help me achieve this? Because I've been applying equal pressure and they still sound a bit off, only a bit off.
2017/07/09
[ "https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/59065", "https://music.stackexchange.com", "https://music.stackexchange.com/users/42610/" ]
It turns out that strength is not what is needed to improve your ability to finger barre chords, or any chords. It's mostly about precise placement and using the minimum amount of force to hold it down. It's not necessarily that equal pressure is correct. You just need the right amount of pressure for each fret and string.
No. Simple answer. Your hands could be stronger than a weightlifter's and still not play barre chords, or any other chords, well. Actually, hardly any finger strength is needed. Putting fingers as close as possible to the fretwire helps, accurate fingering helps, and a good action helps. If the strings are a long way above the fingerbaord, strength will help, but a better solution is to improve the action, or change guitars. If any muscles help, it's the arm muscles, as they should be used a little as levers, using the thumb as a fulcrum point - which also doesn't need to be clamped to the neck.
59,065
First of all I just started doing barre chords after learning ordinary non-barre chords. Problem is they don't sound so well, so my question is, will training with hand grippers help me achieve this? Because I've been applying equal pressure and they still sound a bit off, only a bit off.
2017/07/09
[ "https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/59065", "https://music.stackexchange.com", "https://music.stackexchange.com/users/42610/" ]
No. Simple answer. Your hands could be stronger than a weightlifter's and still not play barre chords, or any other chords, well. Actually, hardly any finger strength is needed. Putting fingers as close as possible to the fretwire helps, accurate fingering helps, and a good action helps. If the strings are a long way above the fingerbaord, strength will help, but a better solution is to improve the action, or change guitars. If any muscles help, it's the arm muscles, as they should be used a little as levers, using the thumb as a fulcrum point - which also doesn't need to be clamped to the neck.
Grippers (hand squeezing exercisers) won't get you anywhere. It may sound trite, but the best exercise for improving your barre chords is to play barre chords. Work on correct technique and position, and eventually you'll see marked improvement. You can try to focus on 'power chords' initially (i.e. just the lowest 3 notes, the root, 5th and octave) but don't let this become a crutch. If you're like me, it's the notes that ought to be fretted by the index finger that are likely giving you trouble, but soon you'll come to 'grips' (forgive the pun) with the required touch to properly voice the notes and whole new worlds of playing joy and success will open up for you. Don't worry about voicing that high E string when playing an 'A' shape barre chord, almost no one gets their ring finger to back-bend sufficiently to let that high E string ring out while playing an 'A'-shape barre chord (eg x57775 for a D chord, most players wind up playing x5777x for this, unintentionally muting that high E string.) One last thing, don't fall into the bad habit of trying to 're-inforce' your index finger by overlapping your middle finger on top of it. You're gonna need that middle finger elsewhere soon enough, and unlearning bad habits is much harder once they're ingrained. Have fun and keep practicing.
59,065
First of all I just started doing barre chords after learning ordinary non-barre chords. Problem is they don't sound so well, so my question is, will training with hand grippers help me achieve this? Because I've been applying equal pressure and they still sound a bit off, only a bit off.
2017/07/09
[ "https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/59065", "https://music.stackexchange.com", "https://music.stackexchange.com/users/42610/" ]
It turns out that strength is not what is needed to improve your ability to finger barre chords, or any chords. It's mostly about precise placement and using the minimum amount of force to hold it down. It's not necessarily that equal pressure is correct. You just need the right amount of pressure for each fret and string.
No, training with hand grippers won't help you execute barre chords. Firstly, time spent squeezing grippers is time that you could be using to actually practise barre chords. Secondly, the physical action is markedly different and not about finger placement and subtleties of pressure. But hey, you could end up with a really impressive handshake, and all the other musicians will ask you to carry their gear. It's early days; hang in there and your barre chords will improve.
59,065
First of all I just started doing barre chords after learning ordinary non-barre chords. Problem is they don't sound so well, so my question is, will training with hand grippers help me achieve this? Because I've been applying equal pressure and they still sound a bit off, only a bit off.
2017/07/09
[ "https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/59065", "https://music.stackexchange.com", "https://music.stackexchange.com/users/42610/" ]
No, training with hand grippers won't help you execute barre chords. Firstly, time spent squeezing grippers is time that you could be using to actually practise barre chords. Secondly, the physical action is markedly different and not about finger placement and subtleties of pressure. But hey, you could end up with a really impressive handshake, and all the other musicians will ask you to carry their gear. It's early days; hang in there and your barre chords will improve.
guitars are all about practice, practice and practice. so yeah if you are performing for someone use them, if you are practicing then don't because today you might not be able to do it but even if you try 15 minutes a day( not at a go) try to hold the chord, check if each string is ringing, if not readjust your position(chances are that it is still not ringing), still you practice shifting and strumming, keep on doing it without losing hope and magically one fine day you will get up and notice that you have done it. it might take anywhere between a week to two months. I couldn't press the b string whenever I had the shape of e major for 3 months! so its just a matter of time. for some its less, for some its more. playing guitar has nothing to do with talent. but what comes after playing is. you can play each song you listen for the first time in first go but you may never be able to compose some( I know that cause I don't have the musician in me ) but nothing should ever stop you. if you believe you can, you will end up doing it some day and that might just not be today. Good Luck!
82,435
Is the full version of Quake II free now? If so, where can I find it - I don't see it available on ID's site, even in the Store section. I see that there's a GPL source available. And I recall ID having made other's free as well. Is there an authoritative source?
2012/09/03
[ "https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/82435", "https://gaming.stackexchange.com", "https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/16833/" ]
While id has [open-sourced the *engine*](https://github.com/id-Software/Quake-2), the game itself is not free (as in beer or speech). > > All of the Q2 data files remain copyrighted and licensed under the > original terms, so you cannot redistribute data from the original game, but if > you do a true total conversion, you can create a standalone game based on > this code. > > > This essentially means that you can download the source code, and use it as long as you comply with the terms of the license. Additionally, you can download versions of the Q2 binaries/source that other people have modified or made available, if you so desire. If you want to play the *game,* you'll need the game files from the original disc or some other source. As far as the game is concerned, you can [pick it up on Steam](http://store.steampowered.com/app/2320/?snr=1_7_suggest__13), along with most of the rest of the id library.
Quake 2's engine has been released as an open source product. The best proof of this I can find is the id Software [public git repository](https://github.com/id-Software). The actual game content however has not and you still need to buy a copy from steam if you want to play it. The source code can also be found zipped on id Software's FTP site [here](ftp://ftp.idsoftware.com/idstuff/source/). This [link on slashdot](http://games.slashdot.org/story/01/12/22/053211/quake-2-source-code-released-under-the-gpl) points to the original id Software page, which has been updated since but which also point to the git repository.
377,189
I'm implementing my own simple database with disk storage, and I'm not sure how to go about modifying and deleting entries. The problem is that as you delete a record from arbitrary position within a file, a "hole" is left there. As you insert a new entry, you may or may not be able to plug it into the hole. Modifying an entry in-place may be possible if the new value is smaller, leaving another hole. Or the new one may be larger, so one has to insert it some place else and delete the old one. Another hole. If implemented like this, the database file starts looking like Swiss cheese after a while. The obvious solution is to run optimization every now and then to compact the file, but that is a tedious and not trivial to implement task as well. For instance, if the file is much larger than the amount of RAM, and you must carefully juggle the records in the file. My question is: are there other approaches to database storage file management? And how do the big database management systems store the data on persistent storage? How do they deal with these problems? I tried Googling but didn't get much info, possibly because I don't even know the right keywords.
2018/08/20
[ "https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/377189", "https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com", "https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/29016/" ]
The approach you describe is the same which is used, for instance, by SQL Server. With time, the data file grows, and you have to run a maintenance plan in order to [shrink it](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/databases/shrink-a-database?view=sql-server-2017) by moving pages from the end of the file to its beginning. The only difference is that you're talking about *records*, while the usual notion is the one of *pages*. Similarly, many file systems have a notion of *fragmentation*, which is eventually solved by performing a *defragmentation* on regular basis. Note that: * If you're creating your own database for learning purposes and shrinking looks too complicated, then maybe you can leave it alone and focus on the things which are fun for your learning project. Just let the file grow over time—it's not like you're expecting to store terabytes of data in a home made database system anyway. * If you're creating your own database because you think you can do a better job compared to all existent database software products, then you may want to reconsider your choice. Note that if relational databases don't fit your needs, you may be better using other types of databases: the ones which store records, the hierarchical ones, the key-value stores, etc.
> > are there other approaches to database storage file management? > > > Don't *actually* delete records. Only *mark* them as deleted, then have your "DBMS" ignore the "marked" ones. Of course, this means that your tables get "fragmented", with lots of "holes" that you're constantly skipping over as you try to read the useful ones. To counter this, you need maintenance processes that re-write the file, actually removing all the dead records. Postgres implements something akin to this in its VACUUM process. Trying to work with any shared resource (file) in a multi-user, multi-threaded fashion is scary. Here's a possible, small-scale, alternative, if you feel like *really* thrashing your file system: You might play with a "File per Record" implementation. Instead of trying to managing a shared file containing many records, you could put each (and every) record into a *file of its own* (a table is, therefore, represented by a directory). Want to delete a record? Delete the corresponding file. > > And how do the big database management systems store the data on persistent storage? How do they deal with these problems? > > > Every DBMS stores things differently and each has its own way of dealing with these problems ... but their owners are *not* very likely to give you chapter and verse on how they go about it.
50,905
One channel of my split audio is cutting out when the cables are plugged into two devices. I have a computer audio output that I have [this splitter](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B000067RC4) connected to. From the splitter I connect a cable to a standard headset. Then I connect the other cable from the splitter to [this bass amplifier](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B00HWINLAE)'s Input 1/4" jack (with an adapter). This is when the issue occurs. Before I plug into the amp, the headset has sound coming from both ears. After I plug in, all sound stops coming through the right ear of the headset. Unplugging from the amp restores the sound to the right ear. I can't duplicate the output into two separate jacks, so it has to be split from a single one somehow. The behavior is also not limited to that single headset, splitter, or cables. I've tried switching out every part of the setup except for the bass (since I only have one.) I'm sure this is some normal phenomenon, but I can't find anything about it to save my life.
2021/08/24
[ "https://sound.stackexchange.com/questions/50905", "https://sound.stackexchange.com", "https://sound.stackexchange.com/users/34185/" ]
Guitar amp input impedance ≅ 1MΩ Headset impedance ≅ 50 - 300Ω Totally mis-matched. However, this doesn't add up to what you're hearing. The amp should be the one suffering lack of signal, though it can make up the gain significantly. Best guess, as your amp is mono, it is shorting one side of the stereo signal, resulting in loss of one side on the headset. In short [pardon the pun] - you really don't want to be doing it that way. Splitters like this really need to be splitting to two very similar devices. You'll need some kind of passive mixer at least to do this even vaguely properly.
Welcome to Sound Design. Your bass amp is mono. The 1/4" input jack is mono. When you plug in to the 1/4" jack it shorts out your right channel so you lose the sound in the right channel of your headset. This amp also has a 3.5 mm (1/8") auxiliary jack which accepts a stereo connection. Use that instead of the 1/4" main input and your headset should retain the right channel. (Inside the amplifier the left and right channels will be combined to give a mono sound output. However this will be done in a way that doesn't short out the right channel.)
62,270
I have read the comments from [this question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/62191/questions-getting-closed-too-fast-within-hours-give-it-some-time-to-live) which gave me another proposal. So some people are 'annoyed' if some type of questions are on the front page. Is this a real problem? SO gets a lot of questions that the front page is a moving list. If you want the question out of the front page, have a voting system for moving it instead of closing it. A lot of people do not get the fact that a closed question is basically a signal to users NOT to bother adding more comments or answers to the question. A real DISSERVICE to the poster who is seeking a badly needed answer. A lot of people do not know about re-opening a question or not even care to offer any more help. (Why waste time with a closed questions. Let me run to the new ones) Having a single action, closing, is killing some good questions. Have some other actions like moving questions to another pile or away from the front page. Yeah I know about the bounty system. You lose the points even if you didn't get any answers. It's discouraging to use it unless you really need an answer.
2010/08/25
[ "https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/62270", "https://meta.stackexchange.com", "https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/134444/" ]
A closed question isn't moved off the front page, though, and can be bumped back onto it. Consequently, [a negatively voted question is barred from the front page](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/62261/are-edited-questions-no-longer-bumped-to-the-front-page/62262#62262), so we already have a non-closing-based mechanism for removing questions from the front page. For the purpose of front-page-management, I find that the downvotes are good enough and that we don't need to install yet another voting system separate from it.
Your points are valid, but I think your proposed solution is wrong. Implementing a separate voting system might alleviate some of the symptoms, but doesn't address the real problem. What we really need to do is educate users about what question closure really means. We should be more active in letting people know about the reopen feature, and the criteria that make a question a candidate for reopening. I know I read closed questions, and I encourage others to do the same. **I don't buy that SO users won't "even care to offer any more help" for closed questions if they understand the system**; they're here to answer questions, and what is answering questions if not caring and helping? You're right that bounties aren't the solution here; the contract with bounties is rep for increased exposure, not necessarily rep for good answers. (I've actually had a related feature request for closed questions brewing in my head for a few months; I haven't quite worked out the right wording and details for it yet.)
62,270
I have read the comments from [this question](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/62191/questions-getting-closed-too-fast-within-hours-give-it-some-time-to-live) which gave me another proposal. So some people are 'annoyed' if some type of questions are on the front page. Is this a real problem? SO gets a lot of questions that the front page is a moving list. If you want the question out of the front page, have a voting system for moving it instead of closing it. A lot of people do not get the fact that a closed question is basically a signal to users NOT to bother adding more comments or answers to the question. A real DISSERVICE to the poster who is seeking a badly needed answer. A lot of people do not know about re-opening a question or not even care to offer any more help. (Why waste time with a closed questions. Let me run to the new ones) Having a single action, closing, is killing some good questions. Have some other actions like moving questions to another pile or away from the front page. Yeah I know about the bounty system. You lose the points even if you didn't get any answers. It's discouraging to use it unless you really need an answer.
2010/08/25
[ "https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/62270", "https://meta.stackexchange.com", "https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/134444/" ]
Closing is not about whether or not a question is appropriate for the front page, it is about whether or not it is appropriate for the site at all. A separate but related issue. If a *question* is not appropriate for the front page, then it is **not** appropriate for the site at all. On Stack Overflow, all content is first tier. There isn't a section for good questions and a section for "off topic" questions. There are **only** good questions. Anything else *should* be removed and closed. > > A lot of people do not get the fact that a closed question is basically a signal to users NOT to bother adding more comments or answers to the question. > > > That is *literally* the purpose of closing questions. When I close something as a duplicate, or off topic, or subjective, I am saying that this questions does **not** belong and should **not** be answered or commented on. Adding a "move off front page" action implies that it is *acceptable* to have content which is *not good enough* to be presentable. We don't have tiers. It's got to be good enough or it's got to go.
Your points are valid, but I think your proposed solution is wrong. Implementing a separate voting system might alleviate some of the symptoms, but doesn't address the real problem. What we really need to do is educate users about what question closure really means. We should be more active in letting people know about the reopen feature, and the criteria that make a question a candidate for reopening. I know I read closed questions, and I encourage others to do the same. **I don't buy that SO users won't "even care to offer any more help" for closed questions if they understand the system**; they're here to answer questions, and what is answering questions if not caring and helping? You're right that bounties aren't the solution here; the contract with bounties is rep for increased exposure, not necessarily rep for good answers. (I've actually had a related feature request for closed questions brewing in my head for a few months; I haven't quite worked out the right wording and details for it yet.)
19,104
When making a roll on Majesty to Awe people, is a Vampire permitted to make use of the +2 (or +4) social bonus for the merit of being exceptionally attractive?
2012/11/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/19104", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/5649/" ]
Yes. ---- Unless explicitly forbidden, Merits (like Striking Looks) do apply to Discipline rolls.
I've gone with the rule of thumb that effects can be stacked unless the rules explicitly say they don't. I don't see anything in the rules saying they don't. Logically it makes sense that beauty would play a role in successfully Awing someone. If I were running the game, I'd allow it.
19,104
When making a roll on Majesty to Awe people, is a Vampire permitted to make use of the +2 (or +4) social bonus for the merit of being exceptionally attractive?
2012/11/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/19104", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/5649/" ]
I've gone with the rule of thumb that effects can be stacked unless the rules explicitly say they don't. I don't see anything in the rules saying they don't. Logically it makes sense that beauty would play a role in successfully Awing someone. If I were running the game, I'd allow it.
Striking Looks explicitly does add to Majesty rolls, as I recall. It's also a +1/+2 bonus, not a +2/+4.
19,104
When making a roll on Majesty to Awe people, is a Vampire permitted to make use of the +2 (or +4) social bonus for the merit of being exceptionally attractive?
2012/11/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/19104", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/5649/" ]
Yes. ---- Unless explicitly forbidden, Merits (like Striking Looks) do apply to Discipline rolls.
Striking Looks explicitly does add to Majesty rolls, as I recall. It's also a +1/+2 bonus, not a +2/+4.
445,436
A block is suspended from a string; does the gravitational force do any work on it?
2018/12/06
[ "https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/445436", "https://physics.stackexchange.com", "https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/215172/" ]
Work is performed when the point of application of a force travels through a distance in the direction of the force. An object suspended by a string in a gravitational field experiences the force of gravity but if it does not move, then no work is being done on it.
No, if the block is still, there is no work being done on it. There is a force on it, yes, but no work. Work is really a function of a period of time i.e. in 1 second, it did 1 Joule of work. It does not make sense to ask the value of such a quantity for any given moment.
43,741
I'm building a piece of software which will have a filtering system that involves multiple flags. The complication is that each flag has three possible states: 1. On 2. Off 3. N/A (i.e. It can't be applied, for whatever reason) Here's my current plan: ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xPbFC.png) So the "Size" and "Weight" flags are "on", "Height" is off and "Lid Width" is N/A (None of the products actually have a lid). Clicking each box toggles the flag, unless it is N/A. However this method has it's limitations: One of which is that it relies on colour, preventing use by colour-blind users. I could use checkboxes instead, but they take longer to read and absorb when there are a lot visible at once. N.B. The software will *only* be used by a small selection of experts for many hours a day. So it is less important for it to be easy to learn, and more important for it to be quick to use and visually clear what's going on at all times.
2013/08/15
[ "https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/43741", "https://ux.stackexchange.com", "https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/11647/" ]
Suggested solution: ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bgc2R.png) > > How should I visually represent multiple three-state flags? The > complication is that each flag has three possible states > > > Means there are only two states "on/off" for the component, but component itself can be disabled or enabled. So it is enough to have two state switch. ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fbxlS.png) Having that understanding it is possible to throw switch away and use ordinary check-boxes instead (preferred solution). ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/mXqQY.png)
Well, if you (rightly) don't rely on colours, you'll have to add another visual element. And I don't see the problem with using checkboxes (from Amazon.co.uk): ![Amazon Brand Filtering Grid](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kUKOh.png) You can gray out non-available options. Update ====== In respond to other posts, here's a comparison of all the ideas so far: ![Various options with regards to filter yes/no/disabled](https://i.stack.imgur.com/k2Ciz.png)
43,741
I'm building a piece of software which will have a filtering system that involves multiple flags. The complication is that each flag has three possible states: 1. On 2. Off 3. N/A (i.e. It can't be applied, for whatever reason) Here's my current plan: ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xPbFC.png) So the "Size" and "Weight" flags are "on", "Height" is off and "Lid Width" is N/A (None of the products actually have a lid). Clicking each box toggles the flag, unless it is N/A. However this method has it's limitations: One of which is that it relies on colour, preventing use by colour-blind users. I could use checkboxes instead, but they take longer to read and absorb when there are a lot visible at once. N.B. The software will *only* be used by a small selection of experts for many hours a day. So it is less important for it to be easy to learn, and more important for it to be quick to use and visually clear what's going on at all times.
2013/08/15
[ "https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/43741", "https://ux.stackexchange.com", "https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/11647/" ]
Good answers here, but they don't mention the common name for this UI element... These are called **"[tri-state checkboxes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkbox#Tri-state_checkbox)"** (wikipedia), and are often used to show a "mixed" or "other" state in toggle switches. ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/5znJJ.png) ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gnmqw.png) ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bqTXP.png) [**more examples here...**](https://www.google.com/search?q=tri-state%20checkbox&source=lnms&tbm=isch)
Well, if you (rightly) don't rely on colours, you'll have to add another visual element. And I don't see the problem with using checkboxes (from Amazon.co.uk): ![Amazon Brand Filtering Grid](https://i.stack.imgur.com/kUKOh.png) You can gray out non-available options. Update ====== In respond to other posts, here's a comparison of all the ideas so far: ![Various options with regards to filter yes/no/disabled](https://i.stack.imgur.com/k2Ciz.png)
43,741
I'm building a piece of software which will have a filtering system that involves multiple flags. The complication is that each flag has three possible states: 1. On 2. Off 3. N/A (i.e. It can't be applied, for whatever reason) Here's my current plan: ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xPbFC.png) So the "Size" and "Weight" flags are "on", "Height" is off and "Lid Width" is N/A (None of the products actually have a lid). Clicking each box toggles the flag, unless it is N/A. However this method has it's limitations: One of which is that it relies on colour, preventing use by colour-blind users. I could use checkboxes instead, but they take longer to read and absorb when there are a lot visible at once. N.B. The software will *only* be used by a small selection of experts for many hours a day. So it is less important for it to be easy to learn, and more important for it to be quick to use and visually clear what's going on at all times.
2013/08/15
[ "https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/43741", "https://ux.stackexchange.com", "https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/11647/" ]
Suggested solution: ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bgc2R.png) > > How should I visually represent multiple three-state flags? The > complication is that each flag has three possible states > > > Means there are only two states "on/off" for the component, but component itself can be disabled or enabled. So it is enough to have two state switch. ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fbxlS.png) Having that understanding it is possible to throw switch away and use ordinary check-boxes instead (preferred solution). ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/mXqQY.png)
Red color is eye-attractive although it is for off state. Besides it could be not pleasant while long observation. I suggest other styles for the states distinction. Dots allow quick eye-jumps and have some meaning (on-off). ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ss96M.png)
43,741
I'm building a piece of software which will have a filtering system that involves multiple flags. The complication is that each flag has three possible states: 1. On 2. Off 3. N/A (i.e. It can't be applied, for whatever reason) Here's my current plan: ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xPbFC.png) So the "Size" and "Weight" flags are "on", "Height" is off and "Lid Width" is N/A (None of the products actually have a lid). Clicking each box toggles the flag, unless it is N/A. However this method has it's limitations: One of which is that it relies on colour, preventing use by colour-blind users. I could use checkboxes instead, but they take longer to read and absorb when there are a lot visible at once. N.B. The software will *only* be used by a small selection of experts for many hours a day. So it is less important for it to be easy to learn, and more important for it to be quick to use and visually clear what's going on at all times.
2013/08/15
[ "https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/43741", "https://ux.stackexchange.com", "https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/11647/" ]
Suggested solution: ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bgc2R.png) > > How should I visually represent multiple three-state flags? The > complication is that each flag has three possible states > > > Means there are only two states "on/off" for the component, but component itself can be disabled or enabled. So it is enough to have two state switch. ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fbxlS.png) Having that understanding it is possible to throw switch away and use ordinary check-boxes instead (preferred solution). ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/mXqQY.png)
Good answers here, but they don't mention the common name for this UI element... These are called **"[tri-state checkboxes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkbox#Tri-state_checkbox)"** (wikipedia), and are often used to show a "mixed" or "other" state in toggle switches. ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/5znJJ.png) ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gnmqw.png) ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bqTXP.png) [**more examples here...**](https://www.google.com/search?q=tri-state%20checkbox&source=lnms&tbm=isch)
43,741
I'm building a piece of software which will have a filtering system that involves multiple flags. The complication is that each flag has three possible states: 1. On 2. Off 3. N/A (i.e. It can't be applied, for whatever reason) Here's my current plan: ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xPbFC.png) So the "Size" and "Weight" flags are "on", "Height" is off and "Lid Width" is N/A (None of the products actually have a lid). Clicking each box toggles the flag, unless it is N/A. However this method has it's limitations: One of which is that it relies on colour, preventing use by colour-blind users. I could use checkboxes instead, but they take longer to read and absorb when there are a lot visible at once. N.B. The software will *only* be used by a small selection of experts for many hours a day. So it is less important for it to be easy to learn, and more important for it to be quick to use and visually clear what's going on at all times.
2013/08/15
[ "https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/43741", "https://ux.stackexchange.com", "https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/11647/" ]
Good answers here, but they don't mention the common name for this UI element... These are called **"[tri-state checkboxes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkbox#Tri-state_checkbox)"** (wikipedia), and are often used to show a "mixed" or "other" state in toggle switches. ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/5znJJ.png) ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gnmqw.png) ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bqTXP.png) [**more examples here...**](https://www.google.com/search?q=tri-state%20checkbox&source=lnms&tbm=isch)
Red color is eye-attractive although it is for off state. Besides it could be not pleasant while long observation. I suggest other styles for the states distinction. Dots allow quick eye-jumps and have some meaning (on-off). ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Ss96M.png)
112,725
I've heard much about bitcoin maximalism. As I've googled it, a bitcoin maximalist is a person who believe that the only real cryptocurrency would really be needed in the future is the bitcoin. Is this correct? Can someone explain it in simple language to me and also the root causes of this belief? Why would some people believe that bitcoin is the only cryptocurrency ever man would need? Thanks in advance.
2022/03/04
[ "https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/112725", "https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com", "https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/101040/" ]
I think your question might be opinion-based and therefore off-topic on this site, but I'll still try to give a helpful answer. Bitcoin maximalists believe that bitcoin is the only cryptocurrency worth holding, studying and/or building upon. That belief comes from any of these and/or related claims (with varying degrees of verifiability): * Bitcoin is the only cryptocurrency that is truly decentralized. (Its creator is unknown and has not been involved with the project for many years, and there is no central authority saying what the protocol changes should be.) * Bitcoin is the only cryptocurrency that is distributed fairly. (There was no pre-sale for insiders, no pre-mine, everyone had the opportunity to mine right from the start.) * Any claimed improvements brought by other cryptocurrencies can be implemented in bitcoin as well if they are shown to be useful. * Bitcoin has the most proof of work going into it, making it the "most secure" chain.
Bitcoin maximalism became a thing after this blog post by Vitalik: <https://blog.ethereum.org/2014/11/20/bitcoin-maximalism-currency-platform-network-effects/> I do not agree with anything shared in the post which was written in 2014. It was a narrative to promote an altcoin. In 2022, maximalism is a meme on Twitter that some bitcoiners feel proud to be a part of. There is no team that represents bitcoin maximalists and people are free to associate themselves with different things.
53,124
What I understand of these two terms is that: Paratope is a portion of antibody that recognises and binds to specific antigen. Idiotype is an antigenic determinant of antibody formed of CDRs that have specificity for a particular epitope. Some authors call the antibodies recognising a particular epitope an idiotype. Well the CDRs, they actually form the paratope so is it right to say the CDR that acts as an paratope also forms the idiotypic determinant/ idiotype ?
2016/11/04
[ "https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/53124", "https://biology.stackexchange.com", "https://biology.stackexchange.com/users/16460/" ]
I have read that the unique amino acid sequence of the VH and VL domains of a given antibody can function not only as an antigen-binding site but also as a set of antigenic determinants. the idiotypic determinants are generated by the confomation of the heavy- and light-chain variable region. Each individual antigenic determinant of the variable region is referred to as an idiotope. In some cases an idiotope may be the actual antigen-binding site (The paratope), and in some cases an idiotope may comprise variable region sequences OUTSIDE of the antigen-binding site. Therefore, each antibody will present multiple idiotopes, and the sum of the individual idiotopes is called the IDIOTYPE of the antibody. I hope that had been helpful
The following was a reply by an expert from assignmentexpert.com : > > Paratope is only the part of Ab that binds to the epitope of an antigen. But this does not mean that every amino acid in the CDR should bind to epitope – it is possible that only 1-2 AAs per CDR bind directly to epitope. > Therefore, paratope is the part of the idiotype that binds to the epitope. > > >
546,205
I read various stats/biostats textbooks, including Casella and Lehmann's book chapter on regression. Most of time, the textbook will report a *p*-value for significance of the parameters after regressing against some model. Then there is a model selection procedure followed afterwards. However, those books will never touch upon cross validation (CV) or talk about using a test/training split. I learned CV and [Monte Carlo cross-validation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)#Repeated_random_sub-sampling_validation) (MCCV) from machine learning books and rarely have I seen stat books covering CV. Why were we not taught cross validation in stats? Or is it not practiced by statisticians in general? Or somehow that model selection procedure becomes superior to using testing data for model selection? Does a biostatistician/practicing statistician use CV in model selection in general?
2021/09/27
[ "https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/546205", "https://stats.stackexchange.com", "https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/79469/" ]
I can't say with 100% certainty, but I can give you my two cents. Let's start with the difference in philosophy between statistics (as practised in the books mentioned) and machine learning. The former is (usually, but not always) concerned with some sort of inference. There is usually a latent parameter, like the sample mean or the effect of a novel drug, which requires estimation as well as a statement on the precision of the estimate. The latter (usually, but not always) eschews estimating anything except the conditional mean (be it a regression or a probability in the case of some classification models). Thus "model selection" in each context means something slightly different by virtue of having different goals. Cross validation is a means of selecting models by means of estimating their generalization error. It is, therefore, primarily a tool for predictive modelling. But statistics (again usually, but always) is not concerned with generalization error as much as it is concerned with parsimony (for example), hence statistics don't use CV to select models. Prediction from a statisticians point of view is not absent of cross validation. Indeed, Frank Harrell's *Regression Modelling Strategies* mentions the technique, but that book is primarily concerned with the development of predictions models for use in the clinic.
### Probability If you consider a really strict delineation of **probability** and statistics, the former is about mathematically describing how likely it is for an event to occur, or a proposition to be true. You can have a textbook or a course that is about probability, without entering the field of statistics at all. Classical examples include drawing different colored balls out of an urn, combinations in a lottery, or drawing cards from a deck. ### Statistics **Statistics**, then, is about describing either probability distributions, populations or samples drawn from a population. Parameters that can be used to describe those are, for example, *mean* and *standard deviation*. In this sense, statistics is about describing the results of observations of random variables, or any sample or population that is not necessarily random. A textbook that takes this view of statistics would include the definitions for those terms, and then various estimators that can be used to get at the parameters that might have produced a certain sample (given a probability distribution, or a random process), and how to judge the correctness of those estimates. Now, it is entirely plausible that a textbook would stay entirely within this definition of statistics: Describing populations or samples, and using probability distributions to make inference on how like it is that we saw a certain sample -- without entering the world of **statistical modeling**, where cross validation belongs. ### Why not cross validation? Some textbooks, even holding the view described above, might still include linear regression: its parameters can still be considered estimates that can be calculated from a sample. It can be, of course, used as a predictive model, and thus subjected to [cross validation](https://stats.stackexchange.com/q/122476/107191) -- but once you start using cross validation to make judgements about what terms to include in your model, you step away from the strict definition of the parameters of the linear model being estimates of the population, calculated from a sample drawn from it. Thus you could say that cross validation is already venturing in to the field of **applied statistics**.
546,205
I read various stats/biostats textbooks, including Casella and Lehmann's book chapter on regression. Most of time, the textbook will report a *p*-value for significance of the parameters after regressing against some model. Then there is a model selection procedure followed afterwards. However, those books will never touch upon cross validation (CV) or talk about using a test/training split. I learned CV and [Monte Carlo cross-validation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)#Repeated_random_sub-sampling_validation) (MCCV) from machine learning books and rarely have I seen stat books covering CV. Why were we not taught cross validation in stats? Or is it not practiced by statisticians in general? Or somehow that model selection procedure becomes superior to using testing data for model selection? Does a biostatistician/practicing statistician use CV in model selection in general?
2021/09/27
[ "https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/546205", "https://stats.stackexchange.com", "https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/79469/" ]
I can't say with 100% certainty, but I can give you my two cents. Let's start with the difference in philosophy between statistics (as practised in the books mentioned) and machine learning. The former is (usually, but not always) concerned with some sort of inference. There is usually a latent parameter, like the sample mean or the effect of a novel drug, which requires estimation as well as a statement on the precision of the estimate. The latter (usually, but not always) eschews estimating anything except the conditional mean (be it a regression or a probability in the case of some classification models). Thus "model selection" in each context means something slightly different by virtue of having different goals. Cross validation is a means of selecting models by means of estimating their generalization error. It is, therefore, primarily a tool for predictive modelling. But statistics (again usually, but always) is not concerned with generalization error as much as it is concerned with parsimony (for example), hence statistics don't use CV to select models. Prediction from a statisticians point of view is not absent of cross validation. Indeed, Frank Harrell's *Regression Modelling Strategies* mentions the technique, but that book is primarily concerned with the development of predictions models for use in the clinic.
**Descriptive vs. predictive** In, say biology textbooks, the focus is on *describing* the relevant data; the sample mean was…, the p-value for this result is… etc. In machine learning texts, the focus is on producing models that can *generalize* beyond their training set; thus techniques like cross-validation are required in order to get a handle on that feature. This oversimplifies a bit, but I think captures the essence of the difference in approach that some works take relative to others. These differences are a reflection of the different priorities and goals for these different domains that apply statistics. Consider the [*Theory of Point Estimation* by Lehmann and Casella 1998](https://www.ctanujit.org/uploads/2/5/3/9/25393293/_theory_of_point_estimation.pdf). They start chapter 1 with the statement "Statistics is concerned with the collection of data and with their analysis and interpretation.", which reads to me that these authors have chosen to focus more on applying statistics for analysis and interpretation rather than on applying statistics in a manner that can be reliably generalized to other cases. Similarly, they describe the result of "classical inference and decision theory" as " Such a statement about [the estimated values of the model parameters] can be viewed as a summary of the information provided by the data and may be used as a guide to action." -- again the focus is more about how to describe the data (any maybe as a basis, with some interpretation, on how to guide actions), and less about the nature of the problems involved in ML. Finally, let me emphasize: this is a matter of what particular authors, problem domains etc. have chosen to focus on in different areas.
546,205
I read various stats/biostats textbooks, including Casella and Lehmann's book chapter on regression. Most of time, the textbook will report a *p*-value for significance of the parameters after regressing against some model. Then there is a model selection procedure followed afterwards. However, those books will never touch upon cross validation (CV) or talk about using a test/training split. I learned CV and [Monte Carlo cross-validation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)#Repeated_random_sub-sampling_validation) (MCCV) from machine learning books and rarely have I seen stat books covering CV. Why were we not taught cross validation in stats? Or is it not practiced by statisticians in general? Or somehow that model selection procedure becomes superior to using testing data for model selection? Does a biostatistician/practicing statistician use CV in model selection in general?
2021/09/27
[ "https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/546205", "https://stats.stackexchange.com", "https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/79469/" ]
I can't say with 100% certainty, but I can give you my two cents. Let's start with the difference in philosophy between statistics (as practised in the books mentioned) and machine learning. The former is (usually, but not always) concerned with some sort of inference. There is usually a latent parameter, like the sample mean or the effect of a novel drug, which requires estimation as well as a statement on the precision of the estimate. The latter (usually, but not always) eschews estimating anything except the conditional mean (be it a regression or a probability in the case of some classification models). Thus "model selection" in each context means something slightly different by virtue of having different goals. Cross validation is a means of selecting models by means of estimating their generalization error. It is, therefore, primarily a tool for predictive modelling. But statistics (again usually, but always) is not concerned with generalization error as much as it is concerned with parsimony (for example), hence statistics don't use CV to select models. Prediction from a statisticians point of view is not absent of cross validation. Indeed, Frank Harrell's *Regression Modelling Strategies* mentions the technique, but that book is primarily concerned with the development of predictions models for use in the clinic.
The main reason is that almost all book authors are in [inference statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference). In particular, bio statistics is heavy on this aspect. A lot of stats used in regulated industries, such as banking is guilty of this too. Question like "what caused this? Did this cause that?" are usually asked from the inference point of view. Cross-validation is of interest to forecasters. If you run into a book written by people who are in predictive field, then you should see the discussion of cross-validation. A good example is Hyndman's book, see [here](https://otexts.com/fpp3/tscv.html). I personally look at p-values mostly when asked to, in our industry we have governance folks who love this type of nonsense and request us to show a ton of pointless metrics.
546,205
I read various stats/biostats textbooks, including Casella and Lehmann's book chapter on regression. Most of time, the textbook will report a *p*-value for significance of the parameters after regressing against some model. Then there is a model selection procedure followed afterwards. However, those books will never touch upon cross validation (CV) or talk about using a test/training split. I learned CV and [Monte Carlo cross-validation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)#Repeated_random_sub-sampling_validation) (MCCV) from machine learning books and rarely have I seen stat books covering CV. Why were we not taught cross validation in stats? Or is it not practiced by statisticians in general? Or somehow that model selection procedure becomes superior to using testing data for model selection? Does a biostatistician/practicing statistician use CV in model selection in general?
2021/09/27
[ "https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/546205", "https://stats.stackexchange.com", "https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/79469/" ]
### Probability If you consider a really strict delineation of **probability** and statistics, the former is about mathematically describing how likely it is for an event to occur, or a proposition to be true. You can have a textbook or a course that is about probability, without entering the field of statistics at all. Classical examples include drawing different colored balls out of an urn, combinations in a lottery, or drawing cards from a deck. ### Statistics **Statistics**, then, is about describing either probability distributions, populations or samples drawn from a population. Parameters that can be used to describe those are, for example, *mean* and *standard deviation*. In this sense, statistics is about describing the results of observations of random variables, or any sample or population that is not necessarily random. A textbook that takes this view of statistics would include the definitions for those terms, and then various estimators that can be used to get at the parameters that might have produced a certain sample (given a probability distribution, or a random process), and how to judge the correctness of those estimates. Now, it is entirely plausible that a textbook would stay entirely within this definition of statistics: Describing populations or samples, and using probability distributions to make inference on how like it is that we saw a certain sample -- without entering the world of **statistical modeling**, where cross validation belongs. ### Why not cross validation? Some textbooks, even holding the view described above, might still include linear regression: its parameters can still be considered estimates that can be calculated from a sample. It can be, of course, used as a predictive model, and thus subjected to [cross validation](https://stats.stackexchange.com/q/122476/107191) -- but once you start using cross validation to make judgements about what terms to include in your model, you step away from the strict definition of the parameters of the linear model being estimates of the population, calculated from a sample drawn from it. Thus you could say that cross validation is already venturing in to the field of **applied statistics**.
**Descriptive vs. predictive** In, say biology textbooks, the focus is on *describing* the relevant data; the sample mean was…, the p-value for this result is… etc. In machine learning texts, the focus is on producing models that can *generalize* beyond their training set; thus techniques like cross-validation are required in order to get a handle on that feature. This oversimplifies a bit, but I think captures the essence of the difference in approach that some works take relative to others. These differences are a reflection of the different priorities and goals for these different domains that apply statistics. Consider the [*Theory of Point Estimation* by Lehmann and Casella 1998](https://www.ctanujit.org/uploads/2/5/3/9/25393293/_theory_of_point_estimation.pdf). They start chapter 1 with the statement "Statistics is concerned with the collection of data and with their analysis and interpretation.", which reads to me that these authors have chosen to focus more on applying statistics for analysis and interpretation rather than on applying statistics in a manner that can be reliably generalized to other cases. Similarly, they describe the result of "classical inference and decision theory" as " Such a statement about [the estimated values of the model parameters] can be viewed as a summary of the information provided by the data and may be used as a guide to action." -- again the focus is more about how to describe the data (any maybe as a basis, with some interpretation, on how to guide actions), and less about the nature of the problems involved in ML. Finally, let me emphasize: this is a matter of what particular authors, problem domains etc. have chosen to focus on in different areas.
546,205
I read various stats/biostats textbooks, including Casella and Lehmann's book chapter on regression. Most of time, the textbook will report a *p*-value for significance of the parameters after regressing against some model. Then there is a model selection procedure followed afterwards. However, those books will never touch upon cross validation (CV) or talk about using a test/training split. I learned CV and [Monte Carlo cross-validation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)#Repeated_random_sub-sampling_validation) (MCCV) from machine learning books and rarely have I seen stat books covering CV. Why were we not taught cross validation in stats? Or is it not practiced by statisticians in general? Or somehow that model selection procedure becomes superior to using testing data for model selection? Does a biostatistician/practicing statistician use CV in model selection in general?
2021/09/27
[ "https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/546205", "https://stats.stackexchange.com", "https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/79469/" ]
The main reason is that almost all book authors are in [inference statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference). In particular, bio statistics is heavy on this aspect. A lot of stats used in regulated industries, such as banking is guilty of this too. Question like "what caused this? Did this cause that?" are usually asked from the inference point of view. Cross-validation is of interest to forecasters. If you run into a book written by people who are in predictive field, then you should see the discussion of cross-validation. A good example is Hyndman's book, see [here](https://otexts.com/fpp3/tscv.html). I personally look at p-values mostly when asked to, in our industry we have governance folks who love this type of nonsense and request us to show a ton of pointless metrics.
### Probability If you consider a really strict delineation of **probability** and statistics, the former is about mathematically describing how likely it is for an event to occur, or a proposition to be true. You can have a textbook or a course that is about probability, without entering the field of statistics at all. Classical examples include drawing different colored balls out of an urn, combinations in a lottery, or drawing cards from a deck. ### Statistics **Statistics**, then, is about describing either probability distributions, populations or samples drawn from a population. Parameters that can be used to describe those are, for example, *mean* and *standard deviation*. In this sense, statistics is about describing the results of observations of random variables, or any sample or population that is not necessarily random. A textbook that takes this view of statistics would include the definitions for those terms, and then various estimators that can be used to get at the parameters that might have produced a certain sample (given a probability distribution, or a random process), and how to judge the correctness of those estimates. Now, it is entirely plausible that a textbook would stay entirely within this definition of statistics: Describing populations or samples, and using probability distributions to make inference on how like it is that we saw a certain sample -- without entering the world of **statistical modeling**, where cross validation belongs. ### Why not cross validation? Some textbooks, even holding the view described above, might still include linear regression: its parameters can still be considered estimates that can be calculated from a sample. It can be, of course, used as a predictive model, and thus subjected to [cross validation](https://stats.stackexchange.com/q/122476/107191) -- but once you start using cross validation to make judgements about what terms to include in your model, you step away from the strict definition of the parameters of the linear model being estimates of the population, calculated from a sample drawn from it. Thus you could say that cross validation is already venturing in to the field of **applied statistics**.
546,205
I read various stats/biostats textbooks, including Casella and Lehmann's book chapter on regression. Most of time, the textbook will report a *p*-value for significance of the parameters after regressing against some model. Then there is a model selection procedure followed afterwards. However, those books will never touch upon cross validation (CV) or talk about using a test/training split. I learned CV and [Monte Carlo cross-validation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)#Repeated_random_sub-sampling_validation) (MCCV) from machine learning books and rarely have I seen stat books covering CV. Why were we not taught cross validation in stats? Or is it not practiced by statisticians in general? Or somehow that model selection procedure becomes superior to using testing data for model selection? Does a biostatistician/practicing statistician use CV in model selection in general?
2021/09/27
[ "https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/546205", "https://stats.stackexchange.com", "https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/79469/" ]
The main reason is that almost all book authors are in [inference statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference). In particular, bio statistics is heavy on this aspect. A lot of stats used in regulated industries, such as banking is guilty of this too. Question like "what caused this? Did this cause that?" are usually asked from the inference point of view. Cross-validation is of interest to forecasters. If you run into a book written by people who are in predictive field, then you should see the discussion of cross-validation. A good example is Hyndman's book, see [here](https://otexts.com/fpp3/tscv.html). I personally look at p-values mostly when asked to, in our industry we have governance folks who love this type of nonsense and request us to show a ton of pointless metrics.
**Descriptive vs. predictive** In, say biology textbooks, the focus is on *describing* the relevant data; the sample mean was…, the p-value for this result is… etc. In machine learning texts, the focus is on producing models that can *generalize* beyond their training set; thus techniques like cross-validation are required in order to get a handle on that feature. This oversimplifies a bit, but I think captures the essence of the difference in approach that some works take relative to others. These differences are a reflection of the different priorities and goals for these different domains that apply statistics. Consider the [*Theory of Point Estimation* by Lehmann and Casella 1998](https://www.ctanujit.org/uploads/2/5/3/9/25393293/_theory_of_point_estimation.pdf). They start chapter 1 with the statement "Statistics is concerned with the collection of data and with their analysis and interpretation.", which reads to me that these authors have chosen to focus more on applying statistics for analysis and interpretation rather than on applying statistics in a manner that can be reliably generalized to other cases. Similarly, they describe the result of "classical inference and decision theory" as " Such a statement about [the estimated values of the model parameters] can be viewed as a summary of the information provided by the data and may be used as a guide to action." -- again the focus is more about how to describe the data (any maybe as a basis, with some interpretation, on how to guide actions), and less about the nature of the problems involved in ML. Finally, let me emphasize: this is a matter of what particular authors, problem domains etc. have chosen to focus on in different areas.
4,259,334
Will XCode installer automatically update my old version or do I need to uninstall old one first? Sorry, sort of newbie to Mac development. Going fine with Xcode 3.2.4, but new version is out as of today.
2010/11/23
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/4259334", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/483163/" ]
The new Xcode installer will normally overwrite the older version for you automatically
You don't need to uninstall the old XCode, it will update automatically.
4,259,334
Will XCode installer automatically update my old version or do I need to uninstall old one first? Sorry, sort of newbie to Mac development. Going fine with Xcode 3.2.4, but new version is out as of today.
2010/11/23
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/4259334", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/483163/" ]
You don't need to uninstall the old XCode, it will update automatically.
Considering that Xcode now supports installing versions side-by-side, I would suggest installing Xcode 3.2.5 in a folder called Dev325 or something and try it out first just to make sure. It's unlikely you will experience a problem, but it has been known to happen. Then, once you have used 3.2.5 for awhile and are comfortable that it is working correctly, uninstall 3.2.4 - *About Xcode.pdf* will tell you how to uninstall properly.
4,259,334
Will XCode installer automatically update my old version or do I need to uninstall old one first? Sorry, sort of newbie to Mac development. Going fine with Xcode 3.2.4, but new version is out as of today.
2010/11/23
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/4259334", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/483163/" ]
You don't need to uninstall the old XCode, it will update automatically.
I would suggest to install side by side, however, to retain the ability to run 3.2.4 should anything happen. I just upgraded to 3.2.5 and my application does not run in the simulator anymore, giving out an error as follows: > > Detected an attempt to call a symbol > in system libraries that is not > present on the iPhone: > nanosleep$UNIX2003 called from > function > \_ZN3irr16CIrrDeviceIPhone5yieldEv in image pw2009test\_dbg. If you are > encountering this problem running a > simulator binary within gdb, **make > sure you 'set start-with-shell off' > first**. > > > This is the same issue as reported [App crashes with 4.2 iPhone simulator 'set start-with-shell off'](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4271480/app-crashes-with-4-2-iphone-simulator-set-start-with-shell-off). This issue specifically started after 3.2.5 upgrade.
4,259,334
Will XCode installer automatically update my old version or do I need to uninstall old one first? Sorry, sort of newbie to Mac development. Going fine with Xcode 3.2.4, but new version is out as of today.
2010/11/23
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/4259334", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/483163/" ]
The new Xcode installer will normally overwrite the older version for you automatically
Considering that Xcode now supports installing versions side-by-side, I would suggest installing Xcode 3.2.5 in a folder called Dev325 or something and try it out first just to make sure. It's unlikely you will experience a problem, but it has been known to happen. Then, once you have used 3.2.5 for awhile and are comfortable that it is working correctly, uninstall 3.2.4 - *About Xcode.pdf* will tell you how to uninstall properly.
4,259,334
Will XCode installer automatically update my old version or do I need to uninstall old one first? Sorry, sort of newbie to Mac development. Going fine with Xcode 3.2.4, but new version is out as of today.
2010/11/23
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/4259334", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/483163/" ]
The new Xcode installer will normally overwrite the older version for you automatically
I would suggest to install side by side, however, to retain the ability to run 3.2.4 should anything happen. I just upgraded to 3.2.5 and my application does not run in the simulator anymore, giving out an error as follows: > > Detected an attempt to call a symbol > in system libraries that is not > present on the iPhone: > nanosleep$UNIX2003 called from > function > \_ZN3irr16CIrrDeviceIPhone5yieldEv in image pw2009test\_dbg. If you are > encountering this problem running a > simulator binary within gdb, **make > sure you 'set start-with-shell off' > first**. > > > This is the same issue as reported [App crashes with 4.2 iPhone simulator 'set start-with-shell off'](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4271480/app-crashes-with-4-2-iphone-simulator-set-start-with-shell-off). This issue specifically started after 3.2.5 upgrade.
542,428
Can anyone identify this connector? Female part: [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/iTFuz.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/iTFuz.jpg) [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gnLI1.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gnLI1.jpg) [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/TLYcc.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/TLYcc.jpg) [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/7mL0m.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/7mL0m.jpg) The crimp parts look like this: [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZYDU8.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ZYDU8.jpg) And the male part looks like this: [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/SYFKi.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/SYFKi.jpg) Context: These came with a Smoothieboard v1.1. I keep messing up the crimp connections, so I want to order some spare connectors. The documentation does not seems to identify them. If there's any sort of site that has a directory of connector types, that would be good to know too.
2021/01/13
[ "https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/542428", "https://electronics.stackexchange.com", "https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/200654/" ]
It looks like a “Molex” 4-position connector. It seems to be part connector series “2695” (if you look up ‘Molex 2695’, you get plenty of results). If you go to Molex’s page directly for that part, they even provide a nice “Mates with/use with” section detailing the corresponding headers / crimps / pre-crimped leads). Here is a link for what I think you want: [Molex 4-Position female connector](https://www.molex.com/molex/products/part-detail/crimp_housings/0022012041)
Molex "KK" series, I believe -- [link](https://www.molex.com/molex/products/family/kk_254_rpc_connector_system)
2,317,677
I am developing the smart device application. There are different screen resolution for different window mobile devices. I want to know that which is the standard screen resolution for windows mobile?
2010/02/23
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2317677", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/265103/" ]
There is no standard. Many possibilities exist and the recent devices usually have 800x480. Others have: 640x480, 320x240, 320x320, 400x240, etc.
The default controls scale pretty well across resolutions. I've created forms in Visual Studio and deployed to multiple resolutions without any modifications.
214,687
I'm looking for a library to save an array of colour data to a PNG file. (That's all there is to it, right? I know very little about the internals of a PNG.) This is for use in Nintendo DS development, so something lightweight is preferable. I don't need any other fancy features like rotation, etc.
2008/10/18
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/214687", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/55/" ]
To encode any kind of PNG file, libpng is the way of the walk. However, on small devices like the DS you really want to store your image data in the format which the display hardware expects. It is technically possible to get libpng working on the platform, but it will add significant overhead, both in terms of loadtimes and footprint.
Have you looked at libpng? <http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/libpng.html> I'm not sure whether the memory footprint will be acceptable, but you should probably be aware that PNG files are a lot more involved than just an array of colors. Performance is likely to be a concern on a DS. If you go with libpng, you'll also need zlib, and if you're using DevKitPro, you'll probably run into some missing functions (from playing with the code for 5 minutes, it looks like it relies on pow() which doesn't seem to be in libnds.) I have no idea what the official Nintendo SDK offers in the way of a standard library - you might be in better shape if that's what you're using.
214,687
I'm looking for a library to save an array of colour data to a PNG file. (That's all there is to it, right? I know very little about the internals of a PNG.) This is for use in Nintendo DS development, so something lightweight is preferable. I don't need any other fancy features like rotation, etc.
2008/10/18
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/214687", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/55/" ]
Have you looked at libpng? <http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/libpng.html> I'm not sure whether the memory footprint will be acceptable, but you should probably be aware that PNG files are a lot more involved than just an array of colors. Performance is likely to be a concern on a DS. If you go with libpng, you'll also need zlib, and if you're using DevKitPro, you'll probably run into some missing functions (from playing with the code for 5 minutes, it looks like it relies on pow() which doesn't seem to be in libnds.) I have no idea what the official Nintendo SDK offers in the way of a standard library - you might be in better shape if that's what you're using.
I managed to find a library that supports PNG (using libpng) and allows you to just give it raw image data. It's called [LibPicture](http://www.dragonminded.com/?loc=ndsdev/LibPicture). It's a bit hefty though: ~1MB.
214,687
I'm looking for a library to save an array of colour data to a PNG file. (That's all there is to it, right? I know very little about the internals of a PNG.) This is for use in Nintendo DS development, so something lightweight is preferable. I don't need any other fancy features like rotation, etc.
2008/10/18
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/214687", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/55/" ]
To encode any kind of PNG file, libpng is the way of the walk. However, on small devices like the DS you really want to store your image data in the format which the display hardware expects. It is technically possible to get libpng working on the platform, but it will add significant overhead, both in terms of loadtimes and footprint.
I managed to find a library that supports PNG (using libpng) and allows you to just give it raw image data. It's called [LibPicture](http://www.dragonminded.com/?loc=ndsdev/LibPicture). It's a bit hefty though: ~1MB.
41,506
There is a blind test that asks participants to distinguish Coke and Pepsi. A participant will test 6 cups of drink and tell whether it was Coke or Pepsi. Assuming that the participant can tell the difference between them, though not perfect, if he judged that the first three were all Coke, then he would think it is much more likely that the remaining three would be Pepsi rather than Coke. Then the last three experiments cannot give precise information about the participant's ability to distinguish. Such a problem can happen when the participant knows a priori that there would be equal numbers of Coke and Pepsi. Then the experimenter might think of flipping a coin six times to decide which cola is given to the participant. Then it is possible that all or most of 6 cups are Cokes. It may be problematic when the participant is good at telling Coke a Coke but not as good at telling Pepsi a Pepsi. Is there any methods to solve this problem?
2012/10/30
[ "https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/41506", "https://stats.stackexchange.com", "https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/15997/" ]
I do think it is a study design problem and a famous one in that some think RA Fisher did not actually realize it in making his famous Lady tasting cups of tea example and one that haunts clinical trials who try to prevent any unblinding of treatment assignment in clinical trials. A solution suggested from what is done there (choosing block size randomly) is to first randomly choose the ratio of coke to pepsi and then chose the order. Do make the choice of all coke or all pepsi very very low but not zero and then try to get "there is a chance that all will be coke or pepsi” into the informed consent.
You could (truthfully) tell the participants that you will flip a coin each time you provide a soda and that the coin flip will determine P vs C. You can go on to explain to them, "If the last five were Coke (or Pepsi), Coke and Pepsi are equally likely on the next test." One problem is that some of your participants won't believe the explanation and will remain convinced that five heads in a row makes tails more likely on the next flip. But you might want to carefully simulate how you will analyze the data once you get it because randomly scrambling three and three is not the same experiment as flipping a coin on each soda.
787,449
I have a modem+wireless router that my ISP gave that I use to connect to the internet as well as connect my IP TV box. I just bought a Time Capsule and I want to use it as the wireless access point. Unfortunately I am having difficulty getting the TC to connect to the internet. I have already turned off the wireless on the ISP router but I am afraid if I mess with any DHCP settings I might lose access to my TV set top box; ditto with bridge mode. However I am open to any suggestion. Isnt there a way for the TC to connect to the internet over my existing router and use a different IP range to allow wireless devices to connect to it?
2014/07/24
[ "https://superuser.com/questions/787449", "https://superuser.com", "https://superuser.com/users/59789/" ]
Well, as it turns out there IS a way to do this. Connect the TC to the ISP's router using an ethernet cable. This will cause the ISP's router to allocate an IP address for it. Go into your ISP router's settings and find the place where you can reserve an IP. It will probably ask you for the IP and MAC address. You can find these details on the page where the router shows all connected devices. Next, open the DHCP settings page on the ISP's router and reduce the allocated range. For eg: if the range allocated was from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.253 change the ending address to 192.168.1.150. This is just an example, you can change the end address to anything you want. After you have done this, go to your TC's internet settings and change the address allocation setting to Static; by default it would have been set to DHCP + NAT. Enter the IP address you reserved in the previous step, here. In all possibility it would already have be filled in. Next, go to the DHCP page of the TC and change the allocation range to 192.168.1.151 - 192.168.1.250. We are allocating the remaining range to the TC so that it can hand it out to any connected clients. Restart the ISP's router. Once that is up, restart the TC.
Put the time capsule in bridge mode: <https://discussions.apple.com/message/23393821> that turns off the 2nd router and let's your ISPs device perform router functions.
191,981
Can a civilization be highly evolved as far as culture, ethics, societal norms, laws, language, literature and arts, but not ever come to develop any sort of advanced technology besides main practical techniques for construction and agriculture? They have a culture-religion that is fully integrated with nature, and they are naturally frugal as they are isolated from the other cultures in their world, and live in a continent that is able to provide all they need to prosper. EDIT: Thanks all for all your amazing inputs. I sort of figured out by myself how to solve this issue I had with this civilization. I will explain it in the end. First, the clarifications: 1. They are not human. They are an intelligent species that evolved from warm-blooded reptiles. 2. They have math (a senary numeric system), literacy (their language is based on clicks like Khoisan), highly developed agriculture, steam, the wheel, levers, pumps, cranes, concrete, highly developed civil engineering and architecture, highly developed metalworks, mining, etc. What I meant by advanced technology was basically war machines, electricity, airplanes, ships, computers, post first industrial revolution technologies. 3. Their philosophical and ethical level is comparable to Ancient Athens/Ancient China but a little more advanced. So, they are basically very enlightened empiricists by nature observation BUT don't have a full empirical scientific method fully developed (and they can't have a western-like scientific method developed, or they will turn to imperialism, conquest and war. That was the main concern behind my question). 4. They have another reptilian species of "companions" (they are "slaves" in the economic sense - work for food and shelter -, but are not slaves in the sense we Americans think of slaves, like some people with another skin color that we can rape, abuse, force to work to death, and beat at will, whenever our White European selves feel frustrated and/or down). That reptilian species has an intelligence comparable to a combination of crows, chimpanzees and dogs. So, they are not able to develop abstract thinking, but are able to learn and execute any sort of tasks the main species need then to do. They also have sets of opposable fingers and toes like the main species. 5. The main species is integrated with nature through their culture/religion as they were essentially hunters gatherers before "the great cataclysm' (something like 70 million years BP). A little before that they had what they call "The 500,000 year march", when they left their original dying (due to basically extinction of resources caused by their own predatory actions) homeland and moved West and then South to this new continent where they been living for 70 million years, totally isolated from the rest of the world. During that "march", their culture of elders/scientists/priests ruling evolved, and they created their literary tradition of passing to the youngsters the knowledge of their whole history, and their nature worshipping religion. One of the main legends is that nature is a live and sentient organism that helps their species by providing and nourishing them. 6. This is another point. They have a culture (like us humans), so instructions needed for survival are not necessarily coded in their DNA like the other animals. They still have some basic survival needs and skills encoded in their DNA (as we still have too, like, for example, fear of spiders, which is not cultural, as all cultures in the world fear spiders), but most of the skills and needs are passed from the elders to the youngsters as culture. So, I basically figured out how to make them highly culturally advanced while keeping them without developing advanced technology and war machines what would have their culture necessarily changing to expansionism, imperialism, conquest and warmongering. I basically used two features from their lore, one geographic (their continent is rich in resources, as well as very isolated) and another cultural (their nature-worship religion). As result, like in Chinese Confucianism, to want to leave their parents/clan homeland is really frowned upon. Whoever leaves their original homeland becomes an outcast and a pariah. As they have all the resources they need, there is no need to trade for resources with other cultures. And as they worship nature, their local rivers, forests, mines, mountains, so forth, are very important to them, so they cannot be faraway from it, and must respect that nature, so not bring destruction or building anything that does not look able to fit into the natural environment. As Ming China, they can have a very advanced civilization, but without any need to contact the exterior world. And, unlike Ming China, they don't need to keep a strong military to protect their borders, because they are separated from the other cultures in their world by thousands of miles of open ocean. Thanks again for all your ideas. And if you have any other ideas that you think would provide any improvement to this way I found to solve this issue I had, I will be really happy to hear them.
2020/12/14
[ "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/191981", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/81238/" ]
**Maybe, if they can overcome population density issues.** The key way to develop all of those civilization issues is to have a very high density of people working together on shared ideas, without them needing to mine the landscape and so gaining greater technology as they get better at mining. As such, you need natural skyscrapers. One way to do this is with [Inosculation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosculation) where you can grow trees together. This civilization could have very advanced tree growing techniques where they can grow trees together to form houses and homes and platforms for their homes. The trees could naturally provide a large bounty for them. As such, they could have huge cities of tens or hundreds of thousands on shared trees, without having any technology that is useful on a scale of less than years. **The main problem is working out how they handle conflict and danger.** They can be peace loving sure, but what happens when a hostile pest destroys their food stocks, or a natural disaster wrecks their home, or a plague kills their people? When times are tough, people often resort to war to get new resources, no matter how peace loving. For this I would suggest [flower war.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_war) Rather than having costly and large engagements, small fights between mostly nobles and some commoners would be the norm. You meet on a set date, fight with proven weapons, and whoever is more skilled in melee combat wins. You can trade resources based off this. This would prevent the need for large scale costly wars which would advance technology.
Yes, technology and advanced civilisation are not related. The most advanced civilisations may have no recognisable technology and be completely integrated with nature, working with it instead of against it, without war, crime, poverty or hatred. Other cultures will sneer at them as mere hippies, or decry the entire concept as a reversion to the 'noble savage stereotype' ...while secretly envying their relaxed lifestyle.
191,981
Can a civilization be highly evolved as far as culture, ethics, societal norms, laws, language, literature and arts, but not ever come to develop any sort of advanced technology besides main practical techniques for construction and agriculture? They have a culture-religion that is fully integrated with nature, and they are naturally frugal as they are isolated from the other cultures in their world, and live in a continent that is able to provide all they need to prosper. EDIT: Thanks all for all your amazing inputs. I sort of figured out by myself how to solve this issue I had with this civilization. I will explain it in the end. First, the clarifications: 1. They are not human. They are an intelligent species that evolved from warm-blooded reptiles. 2. They have math (a senary numeric system), literacy (their language is based on clicks like Khoisan), highly developed agriculture, steam, the wheel, levers, pumps, cranes, concrete, highly developed civil engineering and architecture, highly developed metalworks, mining, etc. What I meant by advanced technology was basically war machines, electricity, airplanes, ships, computers, post first industrial revolution technologies. 3. Their philosophical and ethical level is comparable to Ancient Athens/Ancient China but a little more advanced. So, they are basically very enlightened empiricists by nature observation BUT don't have a full empirical scientific method fully developed (and they can't have a western-like scientific method developed, or they will turn to imperialism, conquest and war. That was the main concern behind my question). 4. They have another reptilian species of "companions" (they are "slaves" in the economic sense - work for food and shelter -, but are not slaves in the sense we Americans think of slaves, like some people with another skin color that we can rape, abuse, force to work to death, and beat at will, whenever our White European selves feel frustrated and/or down). That reptilian species has an intelligence comparable to a combination of crows, chimpanzees and dogs. So, they are not able to develop abstract thinking, but are able to learn and execute any sort of tasks the main species need then to do. They also have sets of opposable fingers and toes like the main species. 5. The main species is integrated with nature through their culture/religion as they were essentially hunters gatherers before "the great cataclysm' (something like 70 million years BP). A little before that they had what they call "The 500,000 year march", when they left their original dying (due to basically extinction of resources caused by their own predatory actions) homeland and moved West and then South to this new continent where they been living for 70 million years, totally isolated from the rest of the world. During that "march", their culture of elders/scientists/priests ruling evolved, and they created their literary tradition of passing to the youngsters the knowledge of their whole history, and their nature worshipping religion. One of the main legends is that nature is a live and sentient organism that helps their species by providing and nourishing them. 6. This is another point. They have a culture (like us humans), so instructions needed for survival are not necessarily coded in their DNA like the other animals. They still have some basic survival needs and skills encoded in their DNA (as we still have too, like, for example, fear of spiders, which is not cultural, as all cultures in the world fear spiders), but most of the skills and needs are passed from the elders to the youngsters as culture. So, I basically figured out how to make them highly culturally advanced while keeping them without developing advanced technology and war machines what would have their culture necessarily changing to expansionism, imperialism, conquest and warmongering. I basically used two features from their lore, one geographic (their continent is rich in resources, as well as very isolated) and another cultural (their nature-worship religion). As result, like in Chinese Confucianism, to want to leave their parents/clan homeland is really frowned upon. Whoever leaves their original homeland becomes an outcast and a pariah. As they have all the resources they need, there is no need to trade for resources with other cultures. And as they worship nature, their local rivers, forests, mines, mountains, so forth, are very important to them, so they cannot be faraway from it, and must respect that nature, so not bring destruction or building anything that does not look able to fit into the natural environment. As Ming China, they can have a very advanced civilization, but without any need to contact the exterior world. And, unlike Ming China, they don't need to keep a strong military to protect their borders, because they are separated from the other cultures in their world by thousands of miles of open ocean. Thanks again for all your ideas. And if you have any other ideas that you think would provide any improvement to this way I found to solve this issue I had, I will be really happy to hear them.
2020/12/14
[ "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/191981", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/81238/" ]
Maybe in the sea ---------------- I think it is possible, with aquatic species. Ocean is different from land in all the ways that makes rise of sapience possible (hello dolphins), but limits severely what kind of technology they can use. There's no fire, no metals, so your species population density might reach those critical stages where it kickstarts the necessity for regulations, etiquette and so on, in terms of the technology they would be restricted to hunter gatherers or early agriculture at best, since the easy paths that were available for us to start doing stuff like metal smelting would be closed off for them. Do keep in mind though that we really have little idea about how intricate were social and cultural interactions in our prehistoric ancestors. Nothing except physical artifacts remained, and writing was invented only seven thousand years later. I do not think that before "civilization" they were dumb brutes as they often depicted in media.
> > Can a civilization be highly evolved as far as culture, ethics, societal norms, ***laws***, language, ***literature*** and ***arts***, but not ever come to develop any sort of advanced technology besides main practical techniques for construction and agriculture? > > > I've added emphasis. How do you expect your civilisation to produce writing, drawing sculpting etc materials without technology? And what is the need for a complex set of laws when only a few hundred people who the land can support in proximity can interact? Does your technology level of "agriculture" include food storage? Processing of fresh food into preserved forms for winter? Transport of foodstuffs? The other issue is that if there is a similar civilisation nearby which has also developed all of these items, but has additionally developed weapons, then your civilisation will not last long before it is attacked and its resources are captured. However it is feasible, and has happened in the real world, that a geographically isolated civilisation could last a very long time with just enough technology to meet current needs whilst focussing on developing literature and arts. You will still need to think about how it would cope with unexpected events: famines, earthquakes etc. if there is little culture of problem-solving and technological development
191,981
Can a civilization be highly evolved as far as culture, ethics, societal norms, laws, language, literature and arts, but not ever come to develop any sort of advanced technology besides main practical techniques for construction and agriculture? They have a culture-religion that is fully integrated with nature, and they are naturally frugal as they are isolated from the other cultures in their world, and live in a continent that is able to provide all they need to prosper. EDIT: Thanks all for all your amazing inputs. I sort of figured out by myself how to solve this issue I had with this civilization. I will explain it in the end. First, the clarifications: 1. They are not human. They are an intelligent species that evolved from warm-blooded reptiles. 2. They have math (a senary numeric system), literacy (their language is based on clicks like Khoisan), highly developed agriculture, steam, the wheel, levers, pumps, cranes, concrete, highly developed civil engineering and architecture, highly developed metalworks, mining, etc. What I meant by advanced technology was basically war machines, electricity, airplanes, ships, computers, post first industrial revolution technologies. 3. Their philosophical and ethical level is comparable to Ancient Athens/Ancient China but a little more advanced. So, they are basically very enlightened empiricists by nature observation BUT don't have a full empirical scientific method fully developed (and they can't have a western-like scientific method developed, or they will turn to imperialism, conquest and war. That was the main concern behind my question). 4. They have another reptilian species of "companions" (they are "slaves" in the economic sense - work for food and shelter -, but are not slaves in the sense we Americans think of slaves, like some people with another skin color that we can rape, abuse, force to work to death, and beat at will, whenever our White European selves feel frustrated and/or down). That reptilian species has an intelligence comparable to a combination of crows, chimpanzees and dogs. So, they are not able to develop abstract thinking, but are able to learn and execute any sort of tasks the main species need then to do. They also have sets of opposable fingers and toes like the main species. 5. The main species is integrated with nature through their culture/religion as they were essentially hunters gatherers before "the great cataclysm' (something like 70 million years BP). A little before that they had what they call "The 500,000 year march", when they left their original dying (due to basically extinction of resources caused by their own predatory actions) homeland and moved West and then South to this new continent where they been living for 70 million years, totally isolated from the rest of the world. During that "march", their culture of elders/scientists/priests ruling evolved, and they created their literary tradition of passing to the youngsters the knowledge of their whole history, and their nature worshipping religion. One of the main legends is that nature is a live and sentient organism that helps their species by providing and nourishing them. 6. This is another point. They have a culture (like us humans), so instructions needed for survival are not necessarily coded in their DNA like the other animals. They still have some basic survival needs and skills encoded in their DNA (as we still have too, like, for example, fear of spiders, which is not cultural, as all cultures in the world fear spiders), but most of the skills and needs are passed from the elders to the youngsters as culture. So, I basically figured out how to make them highly culturally advanced while keeping them without developing advanced technology and war machines what would have their culture necessarily changing to expansionism, imperialism, conquest and warmongering. I basically used two features from their lore, one geographic (their continent is rich in resources, as well as very isolated) and another cultural (their nature-worship religion). As result, like in Chinese Confucianism, to want to leave their parents/clan homeland is really frowned upon. Whoever leaves their original homeland becomes an outcast and a pariah. As they have all the resources they need, there is no need to trade for resources with other cultures. And as they worship nature, their local rivers, forests, mines, mountains, so forth, are very important to them, so they cannot be faraway from it, and must respect that nature, so not bring destruction or building anything that does not look able to fit into the natural environment. As Ming China, they can have a very advanced civilization, but without any need to contact the exterior world. And, unlike Ming China, they don't need to keep a strong military to protect their borders, because they are separated from the other cultures in their world by thousands of miles of open ocean. Thanks again for all your ideas. And if you have any other ideas that you think would provide any improvement to this way I found to solve this issue I had, I will be really happy to hear them.
2020/12/14
[ "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/191981", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/81238/" ]
No, the other way round. ======================== Civilization is the inevitable consequence of technology. Specifically, the technology called "Literacy" As soon as a culture starts storing information for future generations, whether by actual Writing and Literacy or via very strict Oral Traditions, that culture starts to gather knowledge. And this gathering of knowledge is what makes civilization possible. And by gathering knowledge, it becomes easier to live, easier to grow, and....easier to gather more knowledge. More people, more knowledge, *is* civilization.
**Maybe, if they can overcome population density issues.** The key way to develop all of those civilization issues is to have a very high density of people working together on shared ideas, without them needing to mine the landscape and so gaining greater technology as they get better at mining. As such, you need natural skyscrapers. One way to do this is with [Inosculation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosculation) where you can grow trees together. This civilization could have very advanced tree growing techniques where they can grow trees together to form houses and homes and platforms for their homes. The trees could naturally provide a large bounty for them. As such, they could have huge cities of tens or hundreds of thousands on shared trees, without having any technology that is useful on a scale of less than years. **The main problem is working out how they handle conflict and danger.** They can be peace loving sure, but what happens when a hostile pest destroys their food stocks, or a natural disaster wrecks their home, or a plague kills their people? When times are tough, people often resort to war to get new resources, no matter how peace loving. For this I would suggest [flower war.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_war) Rather than having costly and large engagements, small fights between mostly nobles and some commoners would be the norm. You meet on a set date, fight with proven weapons, and whoever is more skilled in melee combat wins. You can trade resources based off this. This would prevent the need for large scale costly wars which would advance technology.
191,981
Can a civilization be highly evolved as far as culture, ethics, societal norms, laws, language, literature and arts, but not ever come to develop any sort of advanced technology besides main practical techniques for construction and agriculture? They have a culture-religion that is fully integrated with nature, and they are naturally frugal as they are isolated from the other cultures in their world, and live in a continent that is able to provide all they need to prosper. EDIT: Thanks all for all your amazing inputs. I sort of figured out by myself how to solve this issue I had with this civilization. I will explain it in the end. First, the clarifications: 1. They are not human. They are an intelligent species that evolved from warm-blooded reptiles. 2. They have math (a senary numeric system), literacy (their language is based on clicks like Khoisan), highly developed agriculture, steam, the wheel, levers, pumps, cranes, concrete, highly developed civil engineering and architecture, highly developed metalworks, mining, etc. What I meant by advanced technology was basically war machines, electricity, airplanes, ships, computers, post first industrial revolution technologies. 3. Their philosophical and ethical level is comparable to Ancient Athens/Ancient China but a little more advanced. So, they are basically very enlightened empiricists by nature observation BUT don't have a full empirical scientific method fully developed (and they can't have a western-like scientific method developed, or they will turn to imperialism, conquest and war. That was the main concern behind my question). 4. They have another reptilian species of "companions" (they are "slaves" in the economic sense - work for food and shelter -, but are not slaves in the sense we Americans think of slaves, like some people with another skin color that we can rape, abuse, force to work to death, and beat at will, whenever our White European selves feel frustrated and/or down). That reptilian species has an intelligence comparable to a combination of crows, chimpanzees and dogs. So, they are not able to develop abstract thinking, but are able to learn and execute any sort of tasks the main species need then to do. They also have sets of opposable fingers and toes like the main species. 5. The main species is integrated with nature through their culture/religion as they were essentially hunters gatherers before "the great cataclysm' (something like 70 million years BP). A little before that they had what they call "The 500,000 year march", when they left their original dying (due to basically extinction of resources caused by their own predatory actions) homeland and moved West and then South to this new continent where they been living for 70 million years, totally isolated from the rest of the world. During that "march", their culture of elders/scientists/priests ruling evolved, and they created their literary tradition of passing to the youngsters the knowledge of their whole history, and their nature worshipping religion. One of the main legends is that nature is a live and sentient organism that helps their species by providing and nourishing them. 6. This is another point. They have a culture (like us humans), so instructions needed for survival are not necessarily coded in their DNA like the other animals. They still have some basic survival needs and skills encoded in their DNA (as we still have too, like, for example, fear of spiders, which is not cultural, as all cultures in the world fear spiders), but most of the skills and needs are passed from the elders to the youngsters as culture. So, I basically figured out how to make them highly culturally advanced while keeping them without developing advanced technology and war machines what would have their culture necessarily changing to expansionism, imperialism, conquest and warmongering. I basically used two features from their lore, one geographic (their continent is rich in resources, as well as very isolated) and another cultural (their nature-worship religion). As result, like in Chinese Confucianism, to want to leave their parents/clan homeland is really frowned upon. Whoever leaves their original homeland becomes an outcast and a pariah. As they have all the resources they need, there is no need to trade for resources with other cultures. And as they worship nature, their local rivers, forests, mines, mountains, so forth, are very important to them, so they cannot be faraway from it, and must respect that nature, so not bring destruction or building anything that does not look able to fit into the natural environment. As Ming China, they can have a very advanced civilization, but without any need to contact the exterior world. And, unlike Ming China, they don't need to keep a strong military to protect their borders, because they are separated from the other cultures in their world by thousands of miles of open ocean. Thanks again for all your ideas. And if you have any other ideas that you think would provide any improvement to this way I found to solve this issue I had, I will be really happy to hear them.
2020/12/14
[ "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/191981", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/81238/" ]
No -- They're both the result of population density exceeding a critical level. Both to cause and maintain. This goes back to [Gobekli Tepe](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/gobekli-tepe-the-worlds-first-temple-83613665/) and the stories that go with it. One of them being that it's the first place where population density exceeded that capable of being sustained by a hunter gatherer lifestyle. The earliest evidence of farming is in the same area in the same period. Civilisation is a relationship between people, the rules of this relationship are dependent on how much people have to interact with each other. You need language, you need laws, you need communication. One person alone can do what they like and need never speak or write, the more people have to interact, the more structure is required, this is the basis for civilisation. As long as the population density never exceeds what your technological level comfortably supports, there's no driving incentive for increased technology, nor the manpower to support it. The aeolipile remains an interesting toy, not a critical proof of concept.
Yes, technology and advanced civilisation are not related. The most advanced civilisations may have no recognisable technology and be completely integrated with nature, working with it instead of against it, without war, crime, poverty or hatred. Other cultures will sneer at them as mere hippies, or decry the entire concept as a reversion to the 'noble savage stereotype' ...while secretly envying their relaxed lifestyle.
191,981
Can a civilization be highly evolved as far as culture, ethics, societal norms, laws, language, literature and arts, but not ever come to develop any sort of advanced technology besides main practical techniques for construction and agriculture? They have a culture-religion that is fully integrated with nature, and they are naturally frugal as they are isolated from the other cultures in their world, and live in a continent that is able to provide all they need to prosper. EDIT: Thanks all for all your amazing inputs. I sort of figured out by myself how to solve this issue I had with this civilization. I will explain it in the end. First, the clarifications: 1. They are not human. They are an intelligent species that evolved from warm-blooded reptiles. 2. They have math (a senary numeric system), literacy (their language is based on clicks like Khoisan), highly developed agriculture, steam, the wheel, levers, pumps, cranes, concrete, highly developed civil engineering and architecture, highly developed metalworks, mining, etc. What I meant by advanced technology was basically war machines, electricity, airplanes, ships, computers, post first industrial revolution technologies. 3. Their philosophical and ethical level is comparable to Ancient Athens/Ancient China but a little more advanced. So, they are basically very enlightened empiricists by nature observation BUT don't have a full empirical scientific method fully developed (and they can't have a western-like scientific method developed, or they will turn to imperialism, conquest and war. That was the main concern behind my question). 4. They have another reptilian species of "companions" (they are "slaves" in the economic sense - work for food and shelter -, but are not slaves in the sense we Americans think of slaves, like some people with another skin color that we can rape, abuse, force to work to death, and beat at will, whenever our White European selves feel frustrated and/or down). That reptilian species has an intelligence comparable to a combination of crows, chimpanzees and dogs. So, they are not able to develop abstract thinking, but are able to learn and execute any sort of tasks the main species need then to do. They also have sets of opposable fingers and toes like the main species. 5. The main species is integrated with nature through their culture/religion as they were essentially hunters gatherers before "the great cataclysm' (something like 70 million years BP). A little before that they had what they call "The 500,000 year march", when they left their original dying (due to basically extinction of resources caused by their own predatory actions) homeland and moved West and then South to this new continent where they been living for 70 million years, totally isolated from the rest of the world. During that "march", their culture of elders/scientists/priests ruling evolved, and they created their literary tradition of passing to the youngsters the knowledge of their whole history, and their nature worshipping religion. One of the main legends is that nature is a live and sentient organism that helps their species by providing and nourishing them. 6. This is another point. They have a culture (like us humans), so instructions needed for survival are not necessarily coded in their DNA like the other animals. They still have some basic survival needs and skills encoded in their DNA (as we still have too, like, for example, fear of spiders, which is not cultural, as all cultures in the world fear spiders), but most of the skills and needs are passed from the elders to the youngsters as culture. So, I basically figured out how to make them highly culturally advanced while keeping them without developing advanced technology and war machines what would have their culture necessarily changing to expansionism, imperialism, conquest and warmongering. I basically used two features from their lore, one geographic (their continent is rich in resources, as well as very isolated) and another cultural (their nature-worship religion). As result, like in Chinese Confucianism, to want to leave their parents/clan homeland is really frowned upon. Whoever leaves their original homeland becomes an outcast and a pariah. As they have all the resources they need, there is no need to trade for resources with other cultures. And as they worship nature, their local rivers, forests, mines, mountains, so forth, are very important to them, so they cannot be faraway from it, and must respect that nature, so not bring destruction or building anything that does not look able to fit into the natural environment. As Ming China, they can have a very advanced civilization, but without any need to contact the exterior world. And, unlike Ming China, they don't need to keep a strong military to protect their borders, because they are separated from the other cultures in their world by thousands of miles of open ocean. Thanks again for all your ideas. And if you have any other ideas that you think would provide any improvement to this way I found to solve this issue I had, I will be really happy to hear them.
2020/12/14
[ "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/191981", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/81238/" ]
No, the other way round. ======================== Civilization is the inevitable consequence of technology. Specifically, the technology called "Literacy" As soon as a culture starts storing information for future generations, whether by actual Writing and Literacy or via very strict Oral Traditions, that culture starts to gather knowledge. And this gathering of knowledge is what makes civilization possible. And by gathering knowledge, it becomes easier to live, easier to grow, and....easier to gather more knowledge. More people, more knowledge, *is* civilization.
Technology per se is a rather broad term. You can have civilization without certain technologies. The Mayas had a fairly developed civilization with respect to weapons, astronomy, religion, architecture and agriculture, all advanced to a quite good level. Despite that they never came out with the technology of a wheel for transportation, which I would say it's at the base of the practical techniques. So, yes, it's totally plausible.
191,981
Can a civilization be highly evolved as far as culture, ethics, societal norms, laws, language, literature and arts, but not ever come to develop any sort of advanced technology besides main practical techniques for construction and agriculture? They have a culture-religion that is fully integrated with nature, and they are naturally frugal as they are isolated from the other cultures in their world, and live in a continent that is able to provide all they need to prosper. EDIT: Thanks all for all your amazing inputs. I sort of figured out by myself how to solve this issue I had with this civilization. I will explain it in the end. First, the clarifications: 1. They are not human. They are an intelligent species that evolved from warm-blooded reptiles. 2. They have math (a senary numeric system), literacy (their language is based on clicks like Khoisan), highly developed agriculture, steam, the wheel, levers, pumps, cranes, concrete, highly developed civil engineering and architecture, highly developed metalworks, mining, etc. What I meant by advanced technology was basically war machines, electricity, airplanes, ships, computers, post first industrial revolution technologies. 3. Their philosophical and ethical level is comparable to Ancient Athens/Ancient China but a little more advanced. So, they are basically very enlightened empiricists by nature observation BUT don't have a full empirical scientific method fully developed (and they can't have a western-like scientific method developed, or they will turn to imperialism, conquest and war. That was the main concern behind my question). 4. They have another reptilian species of "companions" (they are "slaves" in the economic sense - work for food and shelter -, but are not slaves in the sense we Americans think of slaves, like some people with another skin color that we can rape, abuse, force to work to death, and beat at will, whenever our White European selves feel frustrated and/or down). That reptilian species has an intelligence comparable to a combination of crows, chimpanzees and dogs. So, they are not able to develop abstract thinking, but are able to learn and execute any sort of tasks the main species need then to do. They also have sets of opposable fingers and toes like the main species. 5. The main species is integrated with nature through their culture/religion as they were essentially hunters gatherers before "the great cataclysm' (something like 70 million years BP). A little before that they had what they call "The 500,000 year march", when they left their original dying (due to basically extinction of resources caused by their own predatory actions) homeland and moved West and then South to this new continent where they been living for 70 million years, totally isolated from the rest of the world. During that "march", their culture of elders/scientists/priests ruling evolved, and they created their literary tradition of passing to the youngsters the knowledge of their whole history, and their nature worshipping religion. One of the main legends is that nature is a live and sentient organism that helps their species by providing and nourishing them. 6. This is another point. They have a culture (like us humans), so instructions needed for survival are not necessarily coded in their DNA like the other animals. They still have some basic survival needs and skills encoded in their DNA (as we still have too, like, for example, fear of spiders, which is not cultural, as all cultures in the world fear spiders), but most of the skills and needs are passed from the elders to the youngsters as culture. So, I basically figured out how to make them highly culturally advanced while keeping them without developing advanced technology and war machines what would have their culture necessarily changing to expansionism, imperialism, conquest and warmongering. I basically used two features from their lore, one geographic (their continent is rich in resources, as well as very isolated) and another cultural (their nature-worship religion). As result, like in Chinese Confucianism, to want to leave their parents/clan homeland is really frowned upon. Whoever leaves their original homeland becomes an outcast and a pariah. As they have all the resources they need, there is no need to trade for resources with other cultures. And as they worship nature, their local rivers, forests, mines, mountains, so forth, are very important to them, so they cannot be faraway from it, and must respect that nature, so not bring destruction or building anything that does not look able to fit into the natural environment. As Ming China, they can have a very advanced civilization, but without any need to contact the exterior world. And, unlike Ming China, they don't need to keep a strong military to protect their borders, because they are separated from the other cultures in their world by thousands of miles of open ocean. Thanks again for all your ideas. And if you have any other ideas that you think would provide any improvement to this way I found to solve this issue I had, I will be really happy to hear them.
2020/12/14
[ "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/191981", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/81238/" ]
No, the other way round. ======================== Civilization is the inevitable consequence of technology. Specifically, the technology called "Literacy" As soon as a culture starts storing information for future generations, whether by actual Writing and Literacy or via very strict Oral Traditions, that culture starts to gather knowledge. And this gathering of knowledge is what makes civilization possible. And by gathering knowledge, it becomes easier to live, easier to grow, and....easier to gather more knowledge. More people, more knowledge, *is* civilization.
Technology far predates Civilization (and construction and agriculture) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Assuming a standard definition that nearly all scholars use for technology, it has existed since humans could first reasonably called humans, and probably even before that. Technology is: > > Technology is the sum of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. > > > ... > > The simplest form of technology is the development and use of basic tools. The prehistoric discovery of how to control fire and the later Neolithic Revolution increased the available sources of food, and the invention of the wheel helped humans to travel in and control their environment. > > > Basic tools date back to [2.6 million years ago](https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/stone-tools#:%7E:text=The%20earliest%20stone%20toolmaking%20developed,cores%2C%20and%20sharp%20stone%20flakes.). The earliest civilizations are only [thousands of years old](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_history#:%7E:text=Sumer%2C%20located%20in%20Mesopotamia%2C%20is,script%2C%20appeared%20around%203000%20BCE.). With that we can easily answer the question: -------------------------------------------- > > Is technology a natural consequence of civilization? > > > and > > Can a civilization be highly evolved as far as culture, ethics, societal norms, laws, language, literature and arts, but not ever come to develop any sort of advanced technology besides main practical techniques for construction and agriculture? > > > Technology is obviously not a consequence of civilization, it far predates it. Moreover, it is unthinkable that you would have civilization without technology, even with the caveats given. The technology used to create construction and agriculture would inevitably lead to those techniques being used for other things. We can see that tools were used millions of years before construction and agriculture were even conceived.
191,981
Can a civilization be highly evolved as far as culture, ethics, societal norms, laws, language, literature and arts, but not ever come to develop any sort of advanced technology besides main practical techniques for construction and agriculture? They have a culture-religion that is fully integrated with nature, and they are naturally frugal as they are isolated from the other cultures in their world, and live in a continent that is able to provide all they need to prosper. EDIT: Thanks all for all your amazing inputs. I sort of figured out by myself how to solve this issue I had with this civilization. I will explain it in the end. First, the clarifications: 1. They are not human. They are an intelligent species that evolved from warm-blooded reptiles. 2. They have math (a senary numeric system), literacy (their language is based on clicks like Khoisan), highly developed agriculture, steam, the wheel, levers, pumps, cranes, concrete, highly developed civil engineering and architecture, highly developed metalworks, mining, etc. What I meant by advanced technology was basically war machines, electricity, airplanes, ships, computers, post first industrial revolution technologies. 3. Their philosophical and ethical level is comparable to Ancient Athens/Ancient China but a little more advanced. So, they are basically very enlightened empiricists by nature observation BUT don't have a full empirical scientific method fully developed (and they can't have a western-like scientific method developed, or they will turn to imperialism, conquest and war. That was the main concern behind my question). 4. They have another reptilian species of "companions" (they are "slaves" in the economic sense - work for food and shelter -, but are not slaves in the sense we Americans think of slaves, like some people with another skin color that we can rape, abuse, force to work to death, and beat at will, whenever our White European selves feel frustrated and/or down). That reptilian species has an intelligence comparable to a combination of crows, chimpanzees and dogs. So, they are not able to develop abstract thinking, but are able to learn and execute any sort of tasks the main species need then to do. They also have sets of opposable fingers and toes like the main species. 5. The main species is integrated with nature through their culture/religion as they were essentially hunters gatherers before "the great cataclysm' (something like 70 million years BP). A little before that they had what they call "The 500,000 year march", when they left their original dying (due to basically extinction of resources caused by their own predatory actions) homeland and moved West and then South to this new continent where they been living for 70 million years, totally isolated from the rest of the world. During that "march", their culture of elders/scientists/priests ruling evolved, and they created their literary tradition of passing to the youngsters the knowledge of their whole history, and their nature worshipping religion. One of the main legends is that nature is a live and sentient organism that helps their species by providing and nourishing them. 6. This is another point. They have a culture (like us humans), so instructions needed for survival are not necessarily coded in their DNA like the other animals. They still have some basic survival needs and skills encoded in their DNA (as we still have too, like, for example, fear of spiders, which is not cultural, as all cultures in the world fear spiders), but most of the skills and needs are passed from the elders to the youngsters as culture. So, I basically figured out how to make them highly culturally advanced while keeping them without developing advanced technology and war machines what would have their culture necessarily changing to expansionism, imperialism, conquest and warmongering. I basically used two features from their lore, one geographic (their continent is rich in resources, as well as very isolated) and another cultural (their nature-worship religion). As result, like in Chinese Confucianism, to want to leave their parents/clan homeland is really frowned upon. Whoever leaves their original homeland becomes an outcast and a pariah. As they have all the resources they need, there is no need to trade for resources with other cultures. And as they worship nature, their local rivers, forests, mines, mountains, so forth, are very important to them, so they cannot be faraway from it, and must respect that nature, so not bring destruction or building anything that does not look able to fit into the natural environment. As Ming China, they can have a very advanced civilization, but without any need to contact the exterior world. And, unlike Ming China, they don't need to keep a strong military to protect their borders, because they are separated from the other cultures in their world by thousands of miles of open ocean. Thanks again for all your ideas. And if you have any other ideas that you think would provide any improvement to this way I found to solve this issue I had, I will be really happy to hear them.
2020/12/14
[ "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/191981", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/81238/" ]
### Maybe, in a magically-powered fantasy universe with inconsistent physics. In fantasy world where the laws of physics behave in an inconsistent fashion but there is sufficient amounts of magic to allow life to function despite that, it might be possible that a society doesn't develop much if any technology if it relies primarily on magic instead. For instance, if smelting iron ore into a consistently usable form isn't possible without magic, then they probably won't use non-magical iron tools. If gears randomly jam up and break, then you won't have clockwork or watermills. If refining flammable oil is as likely to result in an explosive as lantern fuel, then you won't see any oil lanterns.
in my opinion, i think its possible if we are not talking about human as the focus, but alien lifeform or other animals society, especially if they cant manipulate tools and depend on group work. for example ant and bee, at least from quick google they are considered as civilization with their society, and i think ant are quite advance regarding agriculture/domestication and building, but they dont develop any tools as far as i know, and only using their body feature or ability including using their larvae silk to glued the materials in case of weaver ants. i dont know why mine get downvote, after seeing OP edit it turn out not about human anyway and mean electronic technology specifically, but here copy paste some answer from [quora](https://www.quora.com/Do-ants-have-civilization), also i want to remind ppl that OP originally is fine with advance agriculture and architecture technology. > > I. Embryonic civilizations, which still only possess the basics of the elements of civilization (although they are still very advanced; > the Sumerians were embryonic and are famous for being the first > civilization and for being advanced) > > > II. Advanced civilizations, which feature advanced elements of the > keys. > > > The five key elements of civilization are: > > > I. Centralized Government > > > II. Organized Religion > > > III. Job Specialization > > > IV. Social Classes > > > V. Arts, architecture, writing > > > We can assume from this point that the ants are an embryonic > civilization. > > > Ants and Technological Advancement > > > Fun fact: Did you know that ants discovered agriculture? For millions > of years, in fact, ants have developed the skill to grow, harvest, and > eat several small plants. > > > Other fun fact: Ants & Vassals. > > > A vassal kingdom is an otherwise independent country which pays > tribute to a greater power. Tribute is essentially, in historical > cases, a portion of supplies and manpower. Vassals would pay their > rulers in soldiers, food, or labor. One species of ants, called > Slavemaking Ants, literally invade colonies and take 10% of their > larvae every month or so. This larvae is carried home and raised like > the slavemakers’ own children. These ants, after being birthed, > genuinely think that they are part of the colony, even if they’re > another species of ant, and will then join their kidnappers in raids > against even its home colony without any memory. Slavemaking ants use > this strategy to boost their numbers. > > > Social Heirarchy: > > > Simply put: > > > Queens—Alpha & Beta Males—Soldiers—Omega Males & Females. > > > Every ant knows its place. > > > Religion: > > > A hive mind, one could potentially argue that ants worship their > queens as if they were deities. Like chimpanzees, they cold > hypothetically possess a very primitive spirituality. Chimp religion, > however, is still under research. > > > Architecture & Arts: > > > Ants all have one uniform colony style: Tunnels and mounds. Larger > queendoms can be several interconnected mounds spanning multiple > acres. One of the largest ant Queendoms of all time, located in Japan, > spanned over 640 acres and possessed 45,000 different anthills. Its > population could’ve consisted of as many as 306 MILLION ants. > > >
191,981
Can a civilization be highly evolved as far as culture, ethics, societal norms, laws, language, literature and arts, but not ever come to develop any sort of advanced technology besides main practical techniques for construction and agriculture? They have a culture-religion that is fully integrated with nature, and they are naturally frugal as they are isolated from the other cultures in their world, and live in a continent that is able to provide all they need to prosper. EDIT: Thanks all for all your amazing inputs. I sort of figured out by myself how to solve this issue I had with this civilization. I will explain it in the end. First, the clarifications: 1. They are not human. They are an intelligent species that evolved from warm-blooded reptiles. 2. They have math (a senary numeric system), literacy (their language is based on clicks like Khoisan), highly developed agriculture, steam, the wheel, levers, pumps, cranes, concrete, highly developed civil engineering and architecture, highly developed metalworks, mining, etc. What I meant by advanced technology was basically war machines, electricity, airplanes, ships, computers, post first industrial revolution technologies. 3. Their philosophical and ethical level is comparable to Ancient Athens/Ancient China but a little more advanced. So, they are basically very enlightened empiricists by nature observation BUT don't have a full empirical scientific method fully developed (and they can't have a western-like scientific method developed, or they will turn to imperialism, conquest and war. That was the main concern behind my question). 4. They have another reptilian species of "companions" (they are "slaves" in the economic sense - work for food and shelter -, but are not slaves in the sense we Americans think of slaves, like some people with another skin color that we can rape, abuse, force to work to death, and beat at will, whenever our White European selves feel frustrated and/or down). That reptilian species has an intelligence comparable to a combination of crows, chimpanzees and dogs. So, they are not able to develop abstract thinking, but are able to learn and execute any sort of tasks the main species need then to do. They also have sets of opposable fingers and toes like the main species. 5. The main species is integrated with nature through their culture/religion as they were essentially hunters gatherers before "the great cataclysm' (something like 70 million years BP). A little before that they had what they call "The 500,000 year march", when they left their original dying (due to basically extinction of resources caused by their own predatory actions) homeland and moved West and then South to this new continent where they been living for 70 million years, totally isolated from the rest of the world. During that "march", their culture of elders/scientists/priests ruling evolved, and they created their literary tradition of passing to the youngsters the knowledge of their whole history, and their nature worshipping religion. One of the main legends is that nature is a live and sentient organism that helps their species by providing and nourishing them. 6. This is another point. They have a culture (like us humans), so instructions needed for survival are not necessarily coded in their DNA like the other animals. They still have some basic survival needs and skills encoded in their DNA (as we still have too, like, for example, fear of spiders, which is not cultural, as all cultures in the world fear spiders), but most of the skills and needs are passed from the elders to the youngsters as culture. So, I basically figured out how to make them highly culturally advanced while keeping them without developing advanced technology and war machines what would have their culture necessarily changing to expansionism, imperialism, conquest and warmongering. I basically used two features from their lore, one geographic (their continent is rich in resources, as well as very isolated) and another cultural (their nature-worship religion). As result, like in Chinese Confucianism, to want to leave their parents/clan homeland is really frowned upon. Whoever leaves their original homeland becomes an outcast and a pariah. As they have all the resources they need, there is no need to trade for resources with other cultures. And as they worship nature, their local rivers, forests, mines, mountains, so forth, are very important to them, so they cannot be faraway from it, and must respect that nature, so not bring destruction or building anything that does not look able to fit into the natural environment. As Ming China, they can have a very advanced civilization, but without any need to contact the exterior world. And, unlike Ming China, they don't need to keep a strong military to protect their borders, because they are separated from the other cultures in their world by thousands of miles of open ocean. Thanks again for all your ideas. And if you have any other ideas that you think would provide any improvement to this way I found to solve this issue I had, I will be really happy to hear them.
2020/12/14
[ "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/191981", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/81238/" ]
Technology is a *prerequisite* for civilization ----------------------------------------------- Civilization means cities. The word in fact [has a common root with city](https://www.etymonline.com/word/civil). To have a city requires a lot of assorted technologies. Building materials. Storage containers. Fire. One of the key ones you've identified is agriculture. In order to have cities, you have to have technologies and capabilities that go beyond strategies that will work for smaller-scale communities. Cities need an external food supply, and they need the wherewithal to get the food from the supply to them. Efficiency creates more efficiency ---------------------------------- I saw a very interesting proposition, which I can't find right now, that put one of reasons for the increase in the technological progress rate like this: Very roughly, the rate of technological progress is dependent on the number of people that have surplus time, folks whose immediate demands on their time and attention (subsistence, maintaining infrastructure, manning the army, etc) are not total. See, creating a new invention takes time, often for little short-term practical benefit. The benefits in the long term are astounding - computers, antibiotics, airplanes - but they can take a *very* long time to be realized. [John Dalton](https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dalton/Atomic-theory) discovered the atom around 1800 (although a Greek had hypothesized their existence long before). The first [nuclear power plant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power#First_nuclear_reactor) - a research reactor - came online in 1942. So a society has to be well off enough to be able to support folks that do nothing but pursue pie in the sky technological innovation and especially basic research. And the more of those folks you have, the more technology you have. You can't have a civilization *at all* without people discovering enough technology to make cities work. So you have to have some of them around. And the funny thing is, the more technology you have, the more productivity improves, the society will naturally produce more and more of these folks. (Generally speaking, of course.) TL;DR yes, technological advancement is a natural consequence of civilization. Necessity is the mother of invention.
Maybe in the sea ---------------- I think it is possible, with aquatic species. Ocean is different from land in all the ways that makes rise of sapience possible (hello dolphins), but limits severely what kind of technology they can use. There's no fire, no metals, so your species population density might reach those critical stages where it kickstarts the necessity for regulations, etiquette and so on, in terms of the technology they would be restricted to hunter gatherers or early agriculture at best, since the easy paths that were available for us to start doing stuff like metal smelting would be closed off for them. Do keep in mind though that we really have little idea about how intricate were social and cultural interactions in our prehistoric ancestors. Nothing except physical artifacts remained, and writing was invented only seven thousand years later. I do not think that before "civilization" they were dumb brutes as they often depicted in media.
191,981
Can a civilization be highly evolved as far as culture, ethics, societal norms, laws, language, literature and arts, but not ever come to develop any sort of advanced technology besides main practical techniques for construction and agriculture? They have a culture-religion that is fully integrated with nature, and they are naturally frugal as they are isolated from the other cultures in their world, and live in a continent that is able to provide all they need to prosper. EDIT: Thanks all for all your amazing inputs. I sort of figured out by myself how to solve this issue I had with this civilization. I will explain it in the end. First, the clarifications: 1. They are not human. They are an intelligent species that evolved from warm-blooded reptiles. 2. They have math (a senary numeric system), literacy (their language is based on clicks like Khoisan), highly developed agriculture, steam, the wheel, levers, pumps, cranes, concrete, highly developed civil engineering and architecture, highly developed metalworks, mining, etc. What I meant by advanced technology was basically war machines, electricity, airplanes, ships, computers, post first industrial revolution technologies. 3. Their philosophical and ethical level is comparable to Ancient Athens/Ancient China but a little more advanced. So, they are basically very enlightened empiricists by nature observation BUT don't have a full empirical scientific method fully developed (and they can't have a western-like scientific method developed, or they will turn to imperialism, conquest and war. That was the main concern behind my question). 4. They have another reptilian species of "companions" (they are "slaves" in the economic sense - work for food and shelter -, but are not slaves in the sense we Americans think of slaves, like some people with another skin color that we can rape, abuse, force to work to death, and beat at will, whenever our White European selves feel frustrated and/or down). That reptilian species has an intelligence comparable to a combination of crows, chimpanzees and dogs. So, they are not able to develop abstract thinking, but are able to learn and execute any sort of tasks the main species need then to do. They also have sets of opposable fingers and toes like the main species. 5. The main species is integrated with nature through their culture/religion as they were essentially hunters gatherers before "the great cataclysm' (something like 70 million years BP). A little before that they had what they call "The 500,000 year march", when they left their original dying (due to basically extinction of resources caused by their own predatory actions) homeland and moved West and then South to this new continent where they been living for 70 million years, totally isolated from the rest of the world. During that "march", their culture of elders/scientists/priests ruling evolved, and they created their literary tradition of passing to the youngsters the knowledge of their whole history, and their nature worshipping religion. One of the main legends is that nature is a live and sentient organism that helps their species by providing and nourishing them. 6. This is another point. They have a culture (like us humans), so instructions needed for survival are not necessarily coded in their DNA like the other animals. They still have some basic survival needs and skills encoded in their DNA (as we still have too, like, for example, fear of spiders, which is not cultural, as all cultures in the world fear spiders), but most of the skills and needs are passed from the elders to the youngsters as culture. So, I basically figured out how to make them highly culturally advanced while keeping them without developing advanced technology and war machines what would have their culture necessarily changing to expansionism, imperialism, conquest and warmongering. I basically used two features from their lore, one geographic (their continent is rich in resources, as well as very isolated) and another cultural (their nature-worship religion). As result, like in Chinese Confucianism, to want to leave their parents/clan homeland is really frowned upon. Whoever leaves their original homeland becomes an outcast and a pariah. As they have all the resources they need, there is no need to trade for resources with other cultures. And as they worship nature, their local rivers, forests, mines, mountains, so forth, are very important to them, so they cannot be faraway from it, and must respect that nature, so not bring destruction or building anything that does not look able to fit into the natural environment. As Ming China, they can have a very advanced civilization, but without any need to contact the exterior world. And, unlike Ming China, they don't need to keep a strong military to protect their borders, because they are separated from the other cultures in their world by thousands of miles of open ocean. Thanks again for all your ideas. And if you have any other ideas that you think would provide any improvement to this way I found to solve this issue I had, I will be really happy to hear them.
2020/12/14
[ "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/191981", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/81238/" ]
Maybe in the sea ---------------- I think it is possible, with aquatic species. Ocean is different from land in all the ways that makes rise of sapience possible (hello dolphins), but limits severely what kind of technology they can use. There's no fire, no metals, so your species population density might reach those critical stages where it kickstarts the necessity for regulations, etiquette and so on, in terms of the technology they would be restricted to hunter gatherers or early agriculture at best, since the easy paths that were available for us to start doing stuff like metal smelting would be closed off for them. Do keep in mind though that we really have little idea about how intricate were social and cultural interactions in our prehistoric ancestors. Nothing except physical artifacts remained, and writing was invented only seven thousand years later. I do not think that before "civilization" they were dumb brutes as they often depicted in media.
Yes, technology and advanced civilisation are not related. The most advanced civilisations may have no recognisable technology and be completely integrated with nature, working with it instead of against it, without war, crime, poverty or hatred. Other cultures will sneer at them as mere hippies, or decry the entire concept as a reversion to the 'noble savage stereotype' ...while secretly envying their relaxed lifestyle.
191,981
Can a civilization be highly evolved as far as culture, ethics, societal norms, laws, language, literature and arts, but not ever come to develop any sort of advanced technology besides main practical techniques for construction and agriculture? They have a culture-religion that is fully integrated with nature, and they are naturally frugal as they are isolated from the other cultures in their world, and live in a continent that is able to provide all they need to prosper. EDIT: Thanks all for all your amazing inputs. I sort of figured out by myself how to solve this issue I had with this civilization. I will explain it in the end. First, the clarifications: 1. They are not human. They are an intelligent species that evolved from warm-blooded reptiles. 2. They have math (a senary numeric system), literacy (their language is based on clicks like Khoisan), highly developed agriculture, steam, the wheel, levers, pumps, cranes, concrete, highly developed civil engineering and architecture, highly developed metalworks, mining, etc. What I meant by advanced technology was basically war machines, electricity, airplanes, ships, computers, post first industrial revolution technologies. 3. Their philosophical and ethical level is comparable to Ancient Athens/Ancient China but a little more advanced. So, they are basically very enlightened empiricists by nature observation BUT don't have a full empirical scientific method fully developed (and they can't have a western-like scientific method developed, or they will turn to imperialism, conquest and war. That was the main concern behind my question). 4. They have another reptilian species of "companions" (they are "slaves" in the economic sense - work for food and shelter -, but are not slaves in the sense we Americans think of slaves, like some people with another skin color that we can rape, abuse, force to work to death, and beat at will, whenever our White European selves feel frustrated and/or down). That reptilian species has an intelligence comparable to a combination of crows, chimpanzees and dogs. So, they are not able to develop abstract thinking, but are able to learn and execute any sort of tasks the main species need then to do. They also have sets of opposable fingers and toes like the main species. 5. The main species is integrated with nature through their culture/religion as they were essentially hunters gatherers before "the great cataclysm' (something like 70 million years BP). A little before that they had what they call "The 500,000 year march", when they left their original dying (due to basically extinction of resources caused by their own predatory actions) homeland and moved West and then South to this new continent where they been living for 70 million years, totally isolated from the rest of the world. During that "march", their culture of elders/scientists/priests ruling evolved, and they created their literary tradition of passing to the youngsters the knowledge of their whole history, and their nature worshipping religion. One of the main legends is that nature is a live and sentient organism that helps their species by providing and nourishing them. 6. This is another point. They have a culture (like us humans), so instructions needed for survival are not necessarily coded in their DNA like the other animals. They still have some basic survival needs and skills encoded in their DNA (as we still have too, like, for example, fear of spiders, which is not cultural, as all cultures in the world fear spiders), but most of the skills and needs are passed from the elders to the youngsters as culture. So, I basically figured out how to make them highly culturally advanced while keeping them without developing advanced technology and war machines what would have their culture necessarily changing to expansionism, imperialism, conquest and warmongering. I basically used two features from their lore, one geographic (their continent is rich in resources, as well as very isolated) and another cultural (their nature-worship religion). As result, like in Chinese Confucianism, to want to leave their parents/clan homeland is really frowned upon. Whoever leaves their original homeland becomes an outcast and a pariah. As they have all the resources they need, there is no need to trade for resources with other cultures. And as they worship nature, their local rivers, forests, mines, mountains, so forth, are very important to them, so they cannot be faraway from it, and must respect that nature, so not bring destruction or building anything that does not look able to fit into the natural environment. As Ming China, they can have a very advanced civilization, but without any need to contact the exterior world. And, unlike Ming China, they don't need to keep a strong military to protect their borders, because they are separated from the other cultures in their world by thousands of miles of open ocean. Thanks again for all your ideas. And if you have any other ideas that you think would provide any improvement to this way I found to solve this issue I had, I will be really happy to hear them.
2020/12/14
[ "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/191981", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com", "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/81238/" ]
**Maybe, if they can overcome population density issues.** The key way to develop all of those civilization issues is to have a very high density of people working together on shared ideas, without them needing to mine the landscape and so gaining greater technology as they get better at mining. As such, you need natural skyscrapers. One way to do this is with [Inosculation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosculation) where you can grow trees together. This civilization could have very advanced tree growing techniques where they can grow trees together to form houses and homes and platforms for their homes. The trees could naturally provide a large bounty for them. As such, they could have huge cities of tens or hundreds of thousands on shared trees, without having any technology that is useful on a scale of less than years. **The main problem is working out how they handle conflict and danger.** They can be peace loving sure, but what happens when a hostile pest destroys their food stocks, or a natural disaster wrecks their home, or a plague kills their people? When times are tough, people often resort to war to get new resources, no matter how peace loving. For this I would suggest [flower war.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_war) Rather than having costly and large engagements, small fights between mostly nobles and some commoners would be the norm. You meet on a set date, fight with proven weapons, and whoever is more skilled in melee combat wins. You can trade resources based off this. This would prevent the need for large scale costly wars which would advance technology.
### Maybe, in a magically-powered fantasy universe with inconsistent physics. In fantasy world where the laws of physics behave in an inconsistent fashion but there is sufficient amounts of magic to allow life to function despite that, it might be possible that a society doesn't develop much if any technology if it relies primarily on magic instead. For instance, if smelting iron ore into a consistently usable form isn't possible without magic, then they probably won't use non-magical iron tools. If gears randomly jam up and break, then you won't have clockwork or watermills. If refining flammable oil is as likely to result in an explosive as lantern fuel, then you won't see any oil lanterns.
32,774,235
My customers are not receiving SMS to verify their OTP. We have integrated Twilio with Parse and is using it for OTP Authentication. We are based out of India. We faced this during test account. It never used to send SMS in the night and received all SMS next day morning. Now we are using a paid account and still the same issue i.e. my customer did not get any SMS during night and also not in the morning. Kindly help. We will not be able to do business if our customers do not receive OTP SMS. Is this a known issue ?
2015/09/25
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32774235", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/5373344/" ]
India is difficult to get text messages to, there are lots of rules and restrictions Completed a project recently using a Twilio competitor (Clickatell) and it was the very same problem. Frow Twilio's website: **Are there limitations on sending SMS messages to Indian mobile devices?** > > **3. They are only delivered between the hours of 9 A.M. and 9 P.M. local Indian time** > > > If you’ve been seeing delivery delays when sending to Indian numbers, > make sure you are making the requests during the operational hours of > 9 A.M. to 9 P.M., as overnight messages are likely to be cached until > the next day. > > > <https://www.twilio.com/help/faq/sms/are-there-limitations-on-sending-sms-messages-to-indian-mobile-devices>
As E.J. said above, India has a lot of regulations to follow when sending SMS. This is not a Twilio specific issue.. Other SMS APIs will have the same outcome. For example, as stated on Nexmo's Country Specific Rules & Regulations webpage: "We can only guarantee message delivery between 9am to 9pm. Messages submitted after 9pm ***we will attempt to send***, but due to local regulations, these messages will be queued until the morning and you will be charged for them as usual." Here is some more in-detailed information: [India: Features & Restrictions](https://help.nexmo.com/hc/en-us/articles/204017423-India-Features-Restrictions)
3,403
I'm developing a dashboard for a client, and we have some users who fit into multiple roles within the company, ie. a Project Manager and a Department Manager. In this case they function as two separate roles in the company. Screen real estate is at a premium, so it is getting VERY difficult to squeeze the dashboard sections from both roles into one dashboard for these mutiple-role users. What is the best way to deal with this type of situation? Should we give them a toggle to view their dashboard as either a PM or a DM? To me that sort of defeats the purpose of a dashboard, an at-a-glance lazy view of all your pertinent information.
2011/02/08
[ "https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/3403", "https://ux.stackexchange.com", "https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/3473/" ]
If it is possible in this case I would try to use tab navigation with which these users can change the view between PM or DM view. So they only have 1 user, with acces to more dashboard styles. I wouldn't really try to mix them. If there are only two available ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/tB5RD.jpg)
Figure out what the most important information is for somebody with these two roles and create a dashboard with just that information. On that dashboard, provide links to the dashboard for each specific role. To them these links would function as a drill-down to more detailed information.
3,403
I'm developing a dashboard for a client, and we have some users who fit into multiple roles within the company, ie. a Project Manager and a Department Manager. In this case they function as two separate roles in the company. Screen real estate is at a premium, so it is getting VERY difficult to squeeze the dashboard sections from both roles into one dashboard for these mutiple-role users. What is the best way to deal with this type of situation? Should we give them a toggle to view their dashboard as either a PM or a DM? To me that sort of defeats the purpose of a dashboard, an at-a-glance lazy view of all your pertinent information.
2011/02/08
[ "https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/3403", "https://ux.stackexchange.com", "https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/3473/" ]
The point of a dashboard is to give the user pertinent information at a glance. The user's role is a good starting point however there is much more information you could collect to determine what dashboard elements are important to the user. For example your users may have two roles however seeing both dashboards may not be appropriate for them. They may be a Project Manager 90% of the time and a Department Manager 10%. So to show dashboard elements for both roles with the same importance on screen would not be ideal. It would be better to give the user the choice of what dashboard elements they wanted to see. For example you could allow them to select a profile from a predefined list or/and they could cherry pick elements form a central store. This approach allows the user to choose what elements are important to them. Another approach would be for the application to learn about the users habits and build the dashboard elements based on that information. For example the user goes to the Project Manager pages all the time but has never gone to the Department Manager screens. Therefore the application could tailor the dashboard more to a Project Manager with maybe a 'see more' link off to the other dashboard elements. A combination of all these would also work, allowing the user to pick and choose as they please but also the application suggesting dashboard elements based on their habits. For example if the user is always visiting the Project Manager pages as above but they have not chosen a Project Manager dashboard element the system could suggest that they add one.
Figure out what the most important information is for somebody with these two roles and create a dashboard with just that information. On that dashboard, provide links to the dashboard for each specific role. To them these links would function as a drill-down to more detailed information.
3,403
I'm developing a dashboard for a client, and we have some users who fit into multiple roles within the company, ie. a Project Manager and a Department Manager. In this case they function as two separate roles in the company. Screen real estate is at a premium, so it is getting VERY difficult to squeeze the dashboard sections from both roles into one dashboard for these mutiple-role users. What is the best way to deal with this type of situation? Should we give them a toggle to view their dashboard as either a PM or a DM? To me that sort of defeats the purpose of a dashboard, an at-a-glance lazy view of all your pertinent information.
2011/02/08
[ "https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/3403", "https://ux.stackexchange.com", "https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/3473/" ]
The point of a dashboard is to give the user pertinent information at a glance. The user's role is a good starting point however there is much more information you could collect to determine what dashboard elements are important to the user. For example your users may have two roles however seeing both dashboards may not be appropriate for them. They may be a Project Manager 90% of the time and a Department Manager 10%. So to show dashboard elements for both roles with the same importance on screen would not be ideal. It would be better to give the user the choice of what dashboard elements they wanted to see. For example you could allow them to select a profile from a predefined list or/and they could cherry pick elements form a central store. This approach allows the user to choose what elements are important to them. Another approach would be for the application to learn about the users habits and build the dashboard elements based on that information. For example the user goes to the Project Manager pages all the time but has never gone to the Department Manager screens. Therefore the application could tailor the dashboard more to a Project Manager with maybe a 'see more' link off to the other dashboard elements. A combination of all these would also work, allowing the user to pick and choose as they please but also the application suggesting dashboard elements based on their habits. For example if the user is always visiting the Project Manager pages as above but they have not chosen a Project Manager dashboard element the system could suggest that they add one.
If it is possible in this case I would try to use tab navigation with which these users can change the view between PM or DM view. So they only have 1 user, with acces to more dashboard styles. I wouldn't really try to mix them. If there are only two available ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/tB5RD.jpg)
204,711
We were migrating from [Java 6](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_version_history#Java_SE_6_.28December_11.2C_2006.29) to [Java 7](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_version_history#Java_SE_7_.28July_28.2C_2011.29). The project is behind schedule and risks being dropped, in which case it will continue to use Java 6. What are the specific improvements in Java 7 that we could go back to our manager with and convince him it is important to use JDK 7? Looking for bug fixes that I could highlight in Oracle Java 7 (with respect to Java 6). Fixes in security, performance, [Java 2D](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_2D)/printing, etc. will be more sellable in my case. Compiler fixes for example, will not of much use. [I am going through many sites like [Oracle adoption guide](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/webnotes/adoptionGuide/), bug database, [questions](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/741082/what-differences-will-java-7-have-from-java-6-and-what-will-it-mean-to-us-java?rq=1) on Stack Overflow]. Update: Thanks for the answers. We rescheduled the update to next release. Closest we got was security. Accepting the highest voted answer.
2013/07/13
[ "https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/204711", "https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com", "https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/3005/" ]
Java 6 has [reached EOL in February this year](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/eol-135779.html#Java6-end-public-updates) and will no longer receive public updates (including security) unless you buy very expensive enterprise support. That should be all the reason needed. Besides, overwhelming evidence suggests that backwards compatibility for Java runtimes is excellent. Chances are that you just have to replace the Java 6 installations with Java 7 and all applications will just continue to work without any problems. Of course this is not guaranteed and extensive tests are recommended to confirm that there will indeed be no problems.
[try-with-resources](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/tryResourceClose.html) is a feature that's worth upgrading to Java 7 for, all on it's own. Resource leaks / memory leaks are a big risk in Java development and TWR reduces that risk significantly. I'll add the that new [NIO.2](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/io/fileio.html) File abstraction and Asynchronous capabilities are also worth moving to if your application has File/Networking I/O features.
204,711
We were migrating from [Java 6](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_version_history#Java_SE_6_.28December_11.2C_2006.29) to [Java 7](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_version_history#Java_SE_7_.28July_28.2C_2011.29). The project is behind schedule and risks being dropped, in which case it will continue to use Java 6. What are the specific improvements in Java 7 that we could go back to our manager with and convince him it is important to use JDK 7? Looking for bug fixes that I could highlight in Oracle Java 7 (with respect to Java 6). Fixes in security, performance, [Java 2D](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_2D)/printing, etc. will be more sellable in my case. Compiler fixes for example, will not of much use. [I am going through many sites like [Oracle adoption guide](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/webnotes/adoptionGuide/), bug database, [questions](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/741082/what-differences-will-java-7-have-from-java-6-and-what-will-it-mean-to-us-java?rq=1) on Stack Overflow]. Update: Thanks for the answers. We rescheduled the update to next release. Closest we got was security. Accepting the highest voted answer.
2013/07/13
[ "https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/204711", "https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com", "https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/3005/" ]
Java 6 has [reached EOL in February this year](http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/eol-135779.html#Java6-end-public-updates) and will no longer receive public updates (including security) unless you buy very expensive enterprise support. That should be all the reason needed. Besides, overwhelming evidence suggests that backwards compatibility for Java runtimes is excellent. Chances are that you just have to replace the Java 6 installations with Java 7 and all applications will just continue to work without any problems. Of course this is not guaranteed and extensive tests are recommended to confirm that there will indeed be no problems.
There may be a reason why you should *not* switch to Java 7: If you have to use Oracle's VM and your software either runs on embedded hardware or you will distribute it with embedded hardware: Oracle changed the JRE's license so that it's *not* licensed if above conditions are met; you'll need to *buy* a Java SE embedded license. See [What does "general purpose system" mean for Java SE Embedded?](https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/q/166798/32523)
12,101
I have a Flex 3000 connected via RG-11 coax to a inverted V fan dipole tuned for 40m and 20m on my roof. I have an "ugly" balun up on the mast by the antenna. I further have the feed-line going into a lightning suppressor where the line enters into the house and is connected to my 8 foot ground rod. I realize that my coax is not 50ohm (it's 75ohm) but I'm operating at 80, 40, and 20m. My SWR is 1.1 on 40m and 1.4 on 20m and my ATU takes care of the rest. My understanding is that this should not be much of a factor on HF. In fact this coax is plenum rated so it has the extra shielding as well so it's very well guarded from external interference. Unless of course that extra shielding is having the reverse effect allowing even more RFI to flow down the shielding as it's acting as a fantastic antenna. Hence why I'm trying to do what I'll explain next... I'm trying to reduce various RFI on 80m and 40m (some 20m) coming into my shack (and also eliminate RFI going out to various devices by my transmissions) but have not had much success. I'm trying to use ferrite cores to help reduce some of this... I have these Fair-Rite ferrite cores from www.mouser.ca... [Mouser Link](https://www.mouser.ca/ProductDetail/Fair-Rite/2631803802?qs=%2Fha2pyFadui69ZHDvBYwaNp1oYkvVAjIv5TPhphggYvPCnPIGmFbbQ%3D%3D) Which should be these specific cores on the Fair-Rite Site... [Fair-Rite Link](https://www.fair-rite.com/product/round-cable-emi-suppression-cores-2631803802/) My understanding is that these are the #31 material as mentioned in numerous documents, not the least of which is Jim Brown's (K9YC) Guide to RFI, Ferrites, Baluns, and Audio Interfacing (often times noted as the "Bible" of RFI finding and reduction)... I've played with these toroid cores on an off for the past 3 years. I keep coming back to them as I'm hoping to reduce the RFI in my shack. However each time I've tried to use these cores, they've made exactly zero difference. For example I have a known source of RFI which is a birdie caused by my main 27" monitor (an Apple model). I see this birdie on 80m. I've tried wrapping the power cord multiple times and no luck. Zero effect. However this is just a birdie so I can deal with it. Another example is when I'm transmitting I hear the RFI over my speakers in the shack. This is a Logitech 5500 system. It all works from a main sub woofer that all the speakers then connect too. I've disconnected all the speakers and still get the RFI through the main woofer. I've wrapped the power cord of the woofer about a dozen times through two cores each. Zero difference on the RFI leaking into the speaker. As mentioned I use a Flex 3000 so having a PC and a speaker is essential. Again I can get around this and use wireless headphones but it's not ideal. I've also tried a Bifilar choke as detailed in a presentation PDF from K9YC again starting on page 45 here <https://www.qsl.net/w/wa3mej//Articles/K9YC/CoaxChokesPPT.pdf> I have a picture of the one I've made... [![My Bifilar Choke wound with #14 THHN wire](https://i.stack.imgur.com/MVgrg.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/MVgrg.jpg) This was done with #14 THHN wire as detailed in the presentation above on page 47. This was connected to my feed-line on one end and the other end went straight into my flex-3000. I have various other sources within my house that I'm attempting to deal with but I'm trying to mitigate a few of them with cores. But the cores just seem to make absolutely no difference. Either I've got the wrong cores or I'm missing something and am not doing it correctly? I bought these things and I would've thought I would have at least seen marginal improvements but so far they've been useless. Any suggestions on what I'm missing? **UPDATE 1** Here's some pictures of my antenna setup and my ugly balun. Obviously the height of the antenna is not ideal but this is up on the second floor. I've since added a vertical dipole (Comet 250B) which is not shown. As you can see the balun has coax seal all over it so I'll have to pull all that off and switch out the balun for my ferrite choke. I notice in the pictures that the coax seems to be drooping on my balun which I didn't notice earlier. Could this also be a factor? I've also included a picture of my new ground setup... [![Antenna Setup](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0PmlC.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0PmlC.jpg) Antenna Setup [![Ugly Balun](https://i.stack.imgur.com/erWei.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/erWei.jpg) Ugly Balun [![New Ground Setup](https://i.stack.imgur.com/E8ae9.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/E8ae9.jpg) New Ground Setup **Update 2** I've tried to make a quick and dirty version of the RFI detector that Phil Frost - W8II has pointed out. This is based not he link provided in the first answer below. Here's a couple of pictures of my detector. It include the snap on ferrite with 10 turns of wire through into a breadboard where I just plugged in the components for now. I'm using a 101 nf cap (I assume that it is nF as there is only the number on it) and a 47 Ω and 100 Ω resistor. You'll see a red LED. I don't have any diodes handy at the moment but have them on order. I thought I would try the LED to see if it would work. Unfortunately I don't get any reading on my multimeter. I have it set to 200mA and I put the ferrite beside my feed line. It just reads 00.0 all the time when I transmit. I'm not sure if that's good as I don't have any common mode current, or more likely I've done the detector wrong. Here is a picture of my detector and my multimeter. [![Detector](https://i.stack.imgur.com/cA7yZ.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/cA7yZ.jpg) Detector [![Multimeter](https://i.stack.imgur.com/GD9uZ.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/GD9uZ.jpg) Multimeter
2018/10/25
[ "https://ham.stackexchange.com/questions/12101", "https://ham.stackexchange.com", "https://ham.stackexchange.com/users/13444/" ]
That does look like a fine core to use, and the photo of your construction looks good. Your coax isn't causing any problems with noise. Try putting the choke at the *feedpoint*, not at the *radio*, in lieu of the ugly balun you have now. A choke at the radio will do little since the coax shield, connector, and enclosure of the radio already form a continuous shield around all the receiving circuitry. The objective with the balun is to [eliminate common-mode current on the feedline](https://ham.stackexchange.com/questions/538/using-a-balun-with-a-resonant-dipole). A feedline with common-mode current is part of the radiating and receiving antenna, and since it runs into the shack it's close to all kinds of noise generating electronics. A functional balun suppresses common-mode current on the feedline so only the antenna, which is farther away from noise sources, is the only part radiating or receiving. Often this reduces RFI. Ugly baluns can be ineffective. Since they are a purely reactive impedance they can't dissipate noise power, only redirect it. In some cases the reactance of the ugly balun combines with the common-mode reactance of the feedline or tower to make a resonant circuit which is worse than no balun. A properly selected ferrite on the other hand has a significant resistive component to its impedance, and thus works in all cases as it can convert noise power to heat. Fixing RFI problems like you describe can be difficult if you don't know what's working and what isn't. If you aren't certain that feedline common-mode problems have been eliminated, trying to fix a noise source by putting ferrites around it is a futile exercise since all the wiring in your home is part of the antenna. So I suggest you [measure the common-mode current](https://ham.stackexchange.com/q/1271/218) with the ugly balun, and then with the ferrite choke. You might try different ferrite choke designs to find one that works well. The number of turns, core material, and core geometry make a difference. The [K9YC presentation you referenced](https://www.qsl.net/w/wa3mej//Articles/K9YC/CoaxChokesPPT.pdf) discusses it in some detail. [G3TXQ also has some good data](http://www.karinya.net/g3txq/chokes/). You can use these resources as a starting point for a design and then confirm the results with measurement. Only after confirming feedline common-mode issues are resolved, go around the house and identify noise sources. Putting ferrites on the cables leaving a noisy device eliminates the "antenna" they use to radiate noise.
In addition to everything Phil wrote, a possible "quick fix" might result if you wrap several turns of every cable between the radio and the PC through a ferrite toroid. I have encountered several cases of RFI resulting from ground loops and other mismatches between pieces of connected equipment. You may need to "divide and conquer" the total, complex problem of multiple conductors and their interactions into multiple, simpler problems. For example, what happens if you replace the Flex+PC with a standalone rig operating off a battery? Eliminating conductors and their interactions, one by one, may be the only way to identify the culprit. My dad and Elemer, K1DXB (SK), suffered terrific RFI until he replaced his metal desk with a wooden unit. Apparently, the conductive desk created troublesome coupling paths!
12,101
I have a Flex 3000 connected via RG-11 coax to a inverted V fan dipole tuned for 40m and 20m on my roof. I have an "ugly" balun up on the mast by the antenna. I further have the feed-line going into a lightning suppressor where the line enters into the house and is connected to my 8 foot ground rod. I realize that my coax is not 50ohm (it's 75ohm) but I'm operating at 80, 40, and 20m. My SWR is 1.1 on 40m and 1.4 on 20m and my ATU takes care of the rest. My understanding is that this should not be much of a factor on HF. In fact this coax is plenum rated so it has the extra shielding as well so it's very well guarded from external interference. Unless of course that extra shielding is having the reverse effect allowing even more RFI to flow down the shielding as it's acting as a fantastic antenna. Hence why I'm trying to do what I'll explain next... I'm trying to reduce various RFI on 80m and 40m (some 20m) coming into my shack (and also eliminate RFI going out to various devices by my transmissions) but have not had much success. I'm trying to use ferrite cores to help reduce some of this... I have these Fair-Rite ferrite cores from www.mouser.ca... [Mouser Link](https://www.mouser.ca/ProductDetail/Fair-Rite/2631803802?qs=%2Fha2pyFadui69ZHDvBYwaNp1oYkvVAjIv5TPhphggYvPCnPIGmFbbQ%3D%3D) Which should be these specific cores on the Fair-Rite Site... [Fair-Rite Link](https://www.fair-rite.com/product/round-cable-emi-suppression-cores-2631803802/) My understanding is that these are the #31 material as mentioned in numerous documents, not the least of which is Jim Brown's (K9YC) Guide to RFI, Ferrites, Baluns, and Audio Interfacing (often times noted as the "Bible" of RFI finding and reduction)... I've played with these toroid cores on an off for the past 3 years. I keep coming back to them as I'm hoping to reduce the RFI in my shack. However each time I've tried to use these cores, they've made exactly zero difference. For example I have a known source of RFI which is a birdie caused by my main 27" monitor (an Apple model). I see this birdie on 80m. I've tried wrapping the power cord multiple times and no luck. Zero effect. However this is just a birdie so I can deal with it. Another example is when I'm transmitting I hear the RFI over my speakers in the shack. This is a Logitech 5500 system. It all works from a main sub woofer that all the speakers then connect too. I've disconnected all the speakers and still get the RFI through the main woofer. I've wrapped the power cord of the woofer about a dozen times through two cores each. Zero difference on the RFI leaking into the speaker. As mentioned I use a Flex 3000 so having a PC and a speaker is essential. Again I can get around this and use wireless headphones but it's not ideal. I've also tried a Bifilar choke as detailed in a presentation PDF from K9YC again starting on page 45 here <https://www.qsl.net/w/wa3mej//Articles/K9YC/CoaxChokesPPT.pdf> I have a picture of the one I've made... [![My Bifilar Choke wound with #14 THHN wire](https://i.stack.imgur.com/MVgrg.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/MVgrg.jpg) This was done with #14 THHN wire as detailed in the presentation above on page 47. This was connected to my feed-line on one end and the other end went straight into my flex-3000. I have various other sources within my house that I'm attempting to deal with but I'm trying to mitigate a few of them with cores. But the cores just seem to make absolutely no difference. Either I've got the wrong cores or I'm missing something and am not doing it correctly? I bought these things and I would've thought I would have at least seen marginal improvements but so far they've been useless. Any suggestions on what I'm missing? **UPDATE 1** Here's some pictures of my antenna setup and my ugly balun. Obviously the height of the antenna is not ideal but this is up on the second floor. I've since added a vertical dipole (Comet 250B) which is not shown. As you can see the balun has coax seal all over it so I'll have to pull all that off and switch out the balun for my ferrite choke. I notice in the pictures that the coax seems to be drooping on my balun which I didn't notice earlier. Could this also be a factor? I've also included a picture of my new ground setup... [![Antenna Setup](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0PmlC.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0PmlC.jpg) Antenna Setup [![Ugly Balun](https://i.stack.imgur.com/erWei.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/erWei.jpg) Ugly Balun [![New Ground Setup](https://i.stack.imgur.com/E8ae9.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/E8ae9.jpg) New Ground Setup **Update 2** I've tried to make a quick and dirty version of the RFI detector that Phil Frost - W8II has pointed out. This is based not he link provided in the first answer below. Here's a couple of pictures of my detector. It include the snap on ferrite with 10 turns of wire through into a breadboard where I just plugged in the components for now. I'm using a 101 nf cap (I assume that it is nF as there is only the number on it) and a 47 Ω and 100 Ω resistor. You'll see a red LED. I don't have any diodes handy at the moment but have them on order. I thought I would try the LED to see if it would work. Unfortunately I don't get any reading on my multimeter. I have it set to 200mA and I put the ferrite beside my feed line. It just reads 00.0 all the time when I transmit. I'm not sure if that's good as I don't have any common mode current, or more likely I've done the detector wrong. Here is a picture of my detector and my multimeter. [![Detector](https://i.stack.imgur.com/cA7yZ.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/cA7yZ.jpg) Detector [![Multimeter](https://i.stack.imgur.com/GD9uZ.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/GD9uZ.jpg) Multimeter
2018/10/25
[ "https://ham.stackexchange.com/questions/12101", "https://ham.stackexchange.com", "https://ham.stackexchange.com/users/13444/" ]
The answers here are excellent and I have little to add other than to emphasise / RFI problems are hard / Consider the case of the RFI problem discussed in Electronics Stack Exchange ( <https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/402021/how-do-i-specify-a-low-rfi-led-driver/402029#402029> ). Everything has been ferrited to death (5000 ohm common mode chokes surrounding all wires connected to the source and the receiver) and yet S9-11 noise levels appear across multiple bands when the device operates. A tiny little transformer, being fed an unfiltered sawtooth current, is radiating enough to make it 30 feet to the properly-choked receiving antenna, ruining several bands. The fix is to replace the offending device. Sometimes you do everything "right" and it still just is not enough.
In addition to everything Phil wrote, a possible "quick fix" might result if you wrap several turns of every cable between the radio and the PC through a ferrite toroid. I have encountered several cases of RFI resulting from ground loops and other mismatches between pieces of connected equipment. You may need to "divide and conquer" the total, complex problem of multiple conductors and their interactions into multiple, simpler problems. For example, what happens if you replace the Flex+PC with a standalone rig operating off a battery? Eliminating conductors and their interactions, one by one, may be the only way to identify the culprit. My dad and Elemer, K1DXB (SK), suffered terrific RFI until he replaced his metal desk with a wooden unit. Apparently, the conductive desk created troublesome coupling paths!
91,669
I have a single select drop down and need to enable the user to clear his selection too. Is it elegant to do this: [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UgB2z.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UgB2z.png) Or, on selection of an option should the drop down be hidden, showing the selected items text along with the `X` mark beside it clicking on which the drop down would be shown again?
2016/03/21
[ "https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/91669", "https://ux.stackexchange.com", "https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/80261/" ]
The phrase 'Please select a thing' implies that the user has not selected anything from the dropdown yet. To clear a selection, you can have two alternatives: 1. Add a 'Clear selection' choice in the dropdown. 2. Allow the user to switch back to 'Please select a thing' which will imply that the selection previously made has been undone. The [x] next to your dropdown confuses me. It seems like it would remove the entire dropdown, instead of just clearing the selection. My suggestion would be to use the dropdown itself for clearing options, staying within recognised UI patterns.
Your proposal looks fine to me as it is. I would say that you should not mess about with the interface. Do not have it morphing unless it is absolutely warranted... because that makes for a confusing user experience. Also in this particular case: no, do not force the user to click the [x] in order to make a new selection. It will be particularly annoying in case of mis-clicks.
91,669
I have a single select drop down and need to enable the user to clear his selection too. Is it elegant to do this: [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UgB2z.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UgB2z.png) Or, on selection of an option should the drop down be hidden, showing the selected items text along with the `X` mark beside it clicking on which the drop down would be shown again?
2016/03/21
[ "https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/91669", "https://ux.stackexchange.com", "https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/80261/" ]
Your proposal looks fine to me as it is. I would say that you should not mess about with the interface. Do not have it morphing unless it is absolutely warranted... because that makes for a confusing user experience. Also in this particular case: no, do not force the user to click the [x] in order to make a new selection. It will be particularly annoying in case of mis-clicks.
One option would be to use the phrase 'Please select a thing' as a label above the field, and to include a 'blank' (as in empty) option in the dropdown or a "none". That way a user could select an option, and if they change their mind they can select the 'blank'/"none" option again. I would say one possible advantage of using a blank option, is that when the user scans over their entered information, it is easier for them to see that they have not entered a selection for this dropdown. It quickly and easily visible as an empty field, as there is no placeholder text in the field. This of course depends on implementation, and whether you want a label above the field. As for the 'X', I would lose it (certainly in my above suggestion), and if you really want it, change it to a small text link that says 'clear selection' or something similar.
91,669
I have a single select drop down and need to enable the user to clear his selection too. Is it elegant to do this: [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UgB2z.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UgB2z.png) Or, on selection of an option should the drop down be hidden, showing the selected items text along with the `X` mark beside it clicking on which the drop down would be shown again?
2016/03/21
[ "https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/91669", "https://ux.stackexchange.com", "https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/80261/" ]
The phrase 'Please select a thing' implies that the user has not selected anything from the dropdown yet. To clear a selection, you can have two alternatives: 1. Add a 'Clear selection' choice in the dropdown. 2. Allow the user to switch back to 'Please select a thing' which will imply that the selection previously made has been undone. The [x] next to your dropdown confuses me. It seems like it would remove the entire dropdown, instead of just clearing the selection. My suggestion would be to use the dropdown itself for clearing options, staying within recognised UI patterns.
One option would be to use the phrase 'Please select a thing' as a label above the field, and to include a 'blank' (as in empty) option in the dropdown or a "none". That way a user could select an option, and if they change their mind they can select the 'blank'/"none" option again. I would say one possible advantage of using a blank option, is that when the user scans over their entered information, it is easier for them to see that they have not entered a selection for this dropdown. It quickly and easily visible as an empty field, as there is no placeholder text in the field. This of course depends on implementation, and whether you want a label above the field. As for the 'X', I would lose it (certainly in my above suggestion), and if you really want it, change it to a small text link that says 'clear selection' or something similar.
20,937
I recently started playing with reverse macro with my canon 50mm f1.8. A couple things I noticed immediately is: * Shallow depth of field * No control over aperture * difficult to shoot handheld I believe these are the common problems with this type of shooting Are there any techniques that I can use to improve/help with Reverse Macro shooting besides buying a Macro lens as they are kind of expensive. Here is what I've tried so far ![example](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bt4g3.jpg) ps. I have read [Are there macro focusing techniques for handheld shots?](https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/18746/are-there-macro-focusing-techniques-for-handheld-shots) but focusing isn't really a problem.
2012/03/06
[ "https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/20937", "https://photo.stackexchange.com", "https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/3782/" ]
I've faced similar problems and also was able to overcome a few of them. A few techniques that has proved to be efficient for me are: * Focus changes even if you move a millimeter. I tried so hard to keep my body as stiff as possible but that did NOT work. So, I just let it go. I start by looking at the blur image through the viewfinder, slowly move forward and start shooting as soon as the image looks clearer, keep shooting and moving all the way upto the point the image becomes blurry again. Do NOT move using your whole body/waist, instead try inhaling and exhaling slowly. * I always shoot in continuous mode which enables me to increase the chance of getting a better focused shot. * IS wont work, nor will aperture control. So, you'll need to set the aperture before detaching the lens. I usually use higher than normal ISO to be able to use a higher shutter speed, thus remove any chance of shake blur. * Not sure if you're using a reverse mount ring, if not, get one asap. It helps a lot and you can concentrate on things other than keeping your lens safe from falling. * DOF stacking is another technique you can apply. Its true I wasn't able to plan and execute DOF stacking yet, but if you take a lot of pictures of the same subject, chances are you'll find a couple or two which you can use to stack and gain greater DOF. * Use of external flash is also very helpful and let you use smaller aperture as well as higher shutter speed while keeping the ISO low. Generally you'd like to use a diffuser along with it. Use [this link](http://www.fredmiranda.com/forum/topic/621087) to get an idea about how to make your own DIY lighting setup for better macro shooting.
A tripod can be useful. Beside normal way you can focus moving your subject then :) I guess DOF can't be increased since you have no way of changing the aperture In my experience a dedicated macro lens gives better images (obvious), not much easier to focus without a tripod. Has an aperture that increases DOF. You can also try stacked lens, which result in rather small aperture and greater DOF. You need a long lens mounted on your camera and a short lens reverse mounted (or just placed) on the first one.
20,937
I recently started playing with reverse macro with my canon 50mm f1.8. A couple things I noticed immediately is: * Shallow depth of field * No control over aperture * difficult to shoot handheld I believe these are the common problems with this type of shooting Are there any techniques that I can use to improve/help with Reverse Macro shooting besides buying a Macro lens as they are kind of expensive. Here is what I've tried so far ![example](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bt4g3.jpg) ps. I have read [Are there macro focusing techniques for handheld shots?](https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/18746/are-there-macro-focusing-techniques-for-handheld-shots) but focusing isn't really a problem.
2012/03/06
[ "https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/20937", "https://photo.stackexchange.com", "https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/3782/" ]
I'd consider looking for a lens that has an aperture ring so you *can* (manually) control the aperture. Since you're mounting it reversed, it doesn't really matter what mount it uses -- just for example, an old manual-focus lens will be fine. At least in the US these are often available quite inexpensively ($10-15 is quite common, but probably half that with some looking). If you can't afford a tripod, for some macro work a bean bag (or sand bag) can work quite nicely. This trades off some versatility in favor of being small and inexpensive.
A tripod can be useful. Beside normal way you can focus moving your subject then :) I guess DOF can't be increased since you have no way of changing the aperture In my experience a dedicated macro lens gives better images (obvious), not much easier to focus without a tripod. Has an aperture that increases DOF. You can also try stacked lens, which result in rather small aperture and greater DOF. You need a long lens mounted on your camera and a short lens reverse mounted (or just placed) on the first one.
20,937
I recently started playing with reverse macro with my canon 50mm f1.8. A couple things I noticed immediately is: * Shallow depth of field * No control over aperture * difficult to shoot handheld I believe these are the common problems with this type of shooting Are there any techniques that I can use to improve/help with Reverse Macro shooting besides buying a Macro lens as they are kind of expensive. Here is what I've tried so far ![example](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bt4g3.jpg) ps. I have read [Are there macro focusing techniques for handheld shots?](https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/18746/are-there-macro-focusing-techniques-for-handheld-shots) but focusing isn't really a problem.
2012/03/06
[ "https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/20937", "https://photo.stackexchange.com", "https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/3782/" ]
I've faced similar problems and also was able to overcome a few of them. A few techniques that has proved to be efficient for me are: * Focus changes even if you move a millimeter. I tried so hard to keep my body as stiff as possible but that did NOT work. So, I just let it go. I start by looking at the blur image through the viewfinder, slowly move forward and start shooting as soon as the image looks clearer, keep shooting and moving all the way upto the point the image becomes blurry again. Do NOT move using your whole body/waist, instead try inhaling and exhaling slowly. * I always shoot in continuous mode which enables me to increase the chance of getting a better focused shot. * IS wont work, nor will aperture control. So, you'll need to set the aperture before detaching the lens. I usually use higher than normal ISO to be able to use a higher shutter speed, thus remove any chance of shake blur. * Not sure if you're using a reverse mount ring, if not, get one asap. It helps a lot and you can concentrate on things other than keeping your lens safe from falling. * DOF stacking is another technique you can apply. Its true I wasn't able to plan and execute DOF stacking yet, but if you take a lot of pictures of the same subject, chances are you'll find a couple or two which you can use to stack and gain greater DOF. * Use of external flash is also very helpful and let you use smaller aperture as well as higher shutter speed while keeping the ISO low. Generally you'd like to use a diffuser along with it. Use [this link](http://www.fredmiranda.com/forum/topic/621087) to get an idea about how to make your own DIY lighting setup for better macro shooting.
I'd consider looking for a lens that has an aperture ring so you *can* (manually) control the aperture. Since you're mounting it reversed, it doesn't really matter what mount it uses -- just for example, an old manual-focus lens will be fine. At least in the US these are often available quite inexpensively ($10-15 is quite common, but probably half that with some looking). If you can't afford a tripod, for some macro work a bean bag (or sand bag) can work quite nicely. This trades off some versatility in favor of being small and inexpensive.
2,697
I have heard both interpretations, for me it would make more sense to be something from the mind as there is no creator God or its opposite in Buddhism, the image of a "temptator creature" like Satan sounds strange when we think about impermanence, on the other hand, some suttas that mention Mara may fit better with the concept of an external creature, I know this interpretation is questionable, so I'm making the question!
2014/08/15
[ "https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/2697", "https://buddhism.stackexchange.com", "https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/533/" ]
Two snippets from suttas refering to Mara as an entity/position: MN 115: > > "But, venerable sir, in what way can a bhikkhu be called skilled in what is possible and what is impossible?" > > > "Here, Ananda, a bhikkhu undersands [...]: "It is possible that a man might occupy the position of Māra [...]" > > > MN 50: > > The venerable Maha Moggallana saw him [Māra] standing there and said: "I see you there too, Evil One. Do not think 'He does not see me.' You are standing against the door bar, Evil One. > > > "It happened once, Evil One, that I was a Māra named Dusi [...] > > > A sutta where a disciple directly asks what is Māra (SN 23.1): > > "Venerable sir, it is said, 'Māra, Māra.' In what way, venerable sir, might Māra be?" > > > "When there is form, Radha, there might be Māra, or the killer, or the one who is killed." > > > The above are from Nanamoli/Bodhi translations. Bhikkhu Bodhi also writes in a note of the Majjhima Nikaya: > > The name means "the Corrupter" or "the Corrupted One". In the Buddhist conception of the universe, the position of Mara, like that of Maha Brahma, is a fixed one that is assumed by different individuals in accordance with their kamma. > > >
There are multiple [Maras](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)) in Buddhism. One of them is a Deva. Other others being death, conditioned existence, and unskillful emotions.
2,697
I have heard both interpretations, for me it would make more sense to be something from the mind as there is no creator God or its opposite in Buddhism, the image of a "temptator creature" like Satan sounds strange when we think about impermanence, on the other hand, some suttas that mention Mara may fit better with the concept of an external creature, I know this interpretation is questionable, so I'm making the question!
2014/08/15
[ "https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/2697", "https://buddhism.stackexchange.com", "https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/533/" ]
There are multiple [Maras](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_(demon)) in Buddhism. One of them is a Deva. Other others being death, conditioned existence, and unskillful emotions.
Using the Three Universal Characteristics of impermanence, suffering and non-self, you can see that "mara" is a creation of the mind, this is why "mara" is in or attached to everything!! It is only a cultivation of wisdom ( The Noble Eightfold Path) which can defeat mara, but also one needs mindfulness in each and every moment, as the experience changes from rebirth to rebirth via one of our six senses!! Metta.
2,697
I have heard both interpretations, for me it would make more sense to be something from the mind as there is no creator God or its opposite in Buddhism, the image of a "temptator creature" like Satan sounds strange when we think about impermanence, on the other hand, some suttas that mention Mara may fit better with the concept of an external creature, I know this interpretation is questionable, so I'm making the question!
2014/08/15
[ "https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/2697", "https://buddhism.stackexchange.com", "https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/533/" ]
Two snippets from suttas refering to Mara as an entity/position: MN 115: > > "But, venerable sir, in what way can a bhikkhu be called skilled in what is possible and what is impossible?" > > > "Here, Ananda, a bhikkhu undersands [...]: "It is possible that a man might occupy the position of Māra [...]" > > > MN 50: > > The venerable Maha Moggallana saw him [Māra] standing there and said: "I see you there too, Evil One. Do not think 'He does not see me.' You are standing against the door bar, Evil One. > > > "It happened once, Evil One, that I was a Māra named Dusi [...] > > > A sutta where a disciple directly asks what is Māra (SN 23.1): > > "Venerable sir, it is said, 'Māra, Māra.' In what way, venerable sir, might Māra be?" > > > "When there is form, Radha, there might be Māra, or the killer, or the one who is killed." > > > The above are from Nanamoli/Bodhi translations. Bhikkhu Bodhi also writes in a note of the Majjhima Nikaya: > > The name means "the Corrupter" or "the Corrupted One". In the Buddhist conception of the universe, the position of Mara, like that of Maha Brahma, is a fixed one that is assumed by different individuals in accordance with their kamma. > > >
Using the Three Universal Characteristics of impermanence, suffering and non-self, you can see that "mara" is a creation of the mind, this is why "mara" is in or attached to everything!! It is only a cultivation of wisdom ( The Noble Eightfold Path) which can defeat mara, but also one needs mindfulness in each and every moment, as the experience changes from rebirth to rebirth via one of our six senses!! Metta.
132,892
In the 1987 *[Robocop](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093870/)* movie, Alex Murphy was shot by some gangsters. When OCP was making Robocop using Alex Murphy's body, **was Alex Murphy still alive, or did OCP use his *dead body* to make Robocop?**
2016/06/25
[ "https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/132892", "https://scifi.stackexchange.com", "https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/64716/" ]
**Murphy was dead.** When the doctors are operating on him, the line is > > **Surgeon #1 -** *Ok, let's shock him to flatline, then quit.* > > > [They shock him] > > > **Surgeon #2** - *No pulse!* > > > **Surgeon #1** - *I'm calling it* [[medical slang for declaring the time of death](https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/76601/call-it-what-does-this-term-mean-context-i-cant-im-calling-it-im-calli)]. > > > which tallies very nicely with what we see in the film's official novelisation > > A loud voice crashed through the fog. The dreams shattered. “I’ve got a straight line. Crash cart! 10 cc Adrenalin. Stand clear!” > > > He felt cold grease on his chest. A surge of electricity slammed into his muscles. There was the ferret-faced thug. > > > “Hit him again!” someone screamed. A sudden jolt conjured up the face of the Asian hit man. Another jolt. The farmboy. And another. The black man. And another. The high-foreheaded clown who blew his hand to shreds. His killers. He bade farewell to them all. Only blackness filled his life, now. A void. > > > **“That’s it. He’s gone,”** he heard someone say from another planet. > > > We see later see in the film that he was officially declared dead by the State. He had a funeral and his widow was provided with a pension. [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/r92r8.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/r92r8.jpg) and this from the film's [original script](http://www.awesomefilm.com/script/robocop-script.pdf) [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/l0zrZ.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/l0zrZ.png) --- If you take the later [TV series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboCop:_The_Series) as canon, we actually *see* his body in the DPD morgue [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0l77m.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/0l77m.jpg)
I think that Murphy's body is gone. They used his face to honor him, says Robocop in the film *Robocop 2*. However, I think they used his face because they used his brain. It makes sense that if they used his brain in the creation of Robocop, they would use the face that used that brain, i.e. Murphy. So in my book, Murphy lives on in Robocop. The reason Robocop says (while gesturing his face), "They did this to honor him," is because he doesn't want to hurt his wife anymore, knowing that her husband is still alive, but never coming home because he works 24/7. Anyway, that's my take on it.
64,626
I'm trying to follow some of the best practices of the "open science" movement. In my thesis, I've performed all of the analyses in R (a non-proprietary, open-source program for analyzing data), and my datasets are in the non-proprietary CSV format. I would like to be as transparent as possible, by sharing my datasets and R analysis/code files with my thesis committee, and ultimately with the public once my thesis is finalized and placed in a repository. How can I best do this? I was thinking about uploading my files to the Open Science Framework (<http://osf.io>) and citing them with a regular HTTPS link. Once my thesis is finalized, I would then "freeze" them on the OSF website (as I understand, this would prevent post-hoc changes), then get a DOI that points to the frozen files and cite that. Are there any better options?
2016/03/05
[ "https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/64626", "https://academia.stackexchange.com", "https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/50325/" ]
First, best compliments for your intent on open and reproducible research! Your code and datasets ought to bring you better visibility for your research. GitHub is a good alternative to publish your code. If your datasets involve elements of machine learning you may donate it to the UCI Machine Learning Repository.
Check [figshare](https://figshare.com). I have no complaints, but I still under the free quota. Recently, I came across more 3 interesting data repository: * [The Dataverse project](http://dataverse.org/); * [mlData](http://mldata.org/); and * [OpenMl](http://www.openml.org/).
64,626
I'm trying to follow some of the best practices of the "open science" movement. In my thesis, I've performed all of the analyses in R (a non-proprietary, open-source program for analyzing data), and my datasets are in the non-proprietary CSV format. I would like to be as transparent as possible, by sharing my datasets and R analysis/code files with my thesis committee, and ultimately with the public once my thesis is finalized and placed in a repository. How can I best do this? I was thinking about uploading my files to the Open Science Framework (<http://osf.io>) and citing them with a regular HTTPS link. Once my thesis is finalized, I would then "freeze" them on the OSF website (as I understand, this would prevent post-hoc changes), then get a DOI that points to the frozen files and cite that. Are there any better options?
2016/03/05
[ "https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/64626", "https://academia.stackexchange.com", "https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/50325/" ]
First, best compliments for your intent on open and reproducible research! Your code and datasets ought to bring you better visibility for your research. GitHub is a good alternative to publish your code. If your datasets involve elements of machine learning you may donate it to the UCI Machine Learning Repository.
I understand that this question is old but allow me to share my opinion. The OSF is one of the stable open data repository, just like Figshare, Zenodo, and many other similar free services. Many scientists have used it and I heard no complaints so far regarding its link or DOI stability over time. So it is very good for students or any scientist to post their dataset and code separately in this repository. I know that you can also do it the old way by embedding the code and data directly in the document (paper or thesis), but by making them available separately is highly advised to increase the visibility of your work. Other scientist can cite it just like they cite other scientific document, by adding the link and the DOI. You can always contact OSF team to seek for advise on how to maximise your OSF account or how to cite documents on OSF properly. Just do it again for your future research, considering you must be graduated by now. Best wishes.
64,626
I'm trying to follow some of the best practices of the "open science" movement. In my thesis, I've performed all of the analyses in R (a non-proprietary, open-source program for analyzing data), and my datasets are in the non-proprietary CSV format. I would like to be as transparent as possible, by sharing my datasets and R analysis/code files with my thesis committee, and ultimately with the public once my thesis is finalized and placed in a repository. How can I best do this? I was thinking about uploading my files to the Open Science Framework (<http://osf.io>) and citing them with a regular HTTPS link. Once my thesis is finalized, I would then "freeze" them on the OSF website (as I understand, this would prevent post-hoc changes), then get a DOI that points to the frozen files and cite that. Are there any better options?
2016/03/05
[ "https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/64626", "https://academia.stackexchange.com", "https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/50325/" ]
Check [figshare](https://figshare.com). I have no complaints, but I still under the free quota. Recently, I came across more 3 interesting data repository: * [The Dataverse project](http://dataverse.org/); * [mlData](http://mldata.org/); and * [OpenMl](http://www.openml.org/).
I understand that this question is old but allow me to share my opinion. The OSF is one of the stable open data repository, just like Figshare, Zenodo, and many other similar free services. Many scientists have used it and I heard no complaints so far regarding its link or DOI stability over time. So it is very good for students or any scientist to post their dataset and code separately in this repository. I know that you can also do it the old way by embedding the code and data directly in the document (paper or thesis), but by making them available separately is highly advised to increase the visibility of your work. Other scientist can cite it just like they cite other scientific document, by adding the link and the DOI. You can always contact OSF team to seek for advise on how to maximise your OSF account or how to cite documents on OSF properly. Just do it again for your future research, considering you must be graduated by now. Best wishes.
171,023
According to the sequence of tenses in the following sentence, which should be used, 'is' or 'was'? > > She got a well-paid job as she is/was proficient in both English and Chinese. > > >
2018/07/02
[ "https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/171023", "https://ell.stackexchange.com", "https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/76987/" ]
Depends on the context. If it is recent and the effects are still applied, I'd use *'is.'* > > She got the job as she's proficient in both English and Chinese > > > But, should it be a distant past, I'd use *was* (especially in storytelling). > > He got the job as a gym trainer as he *was* very strong and in shape > > >
Although it seems logical to apply the present tense, which can imply a continuous state of being, to her dual qualifications of speaking both English and Chinese, the correct choice in context is to use the past tense of *was*. The usage in the balance of the sentence is determined by the opening usage of what her qualifications *were* at the time, in the past, when she received the well-paid job.
74,435
What is the function of the two segnos in the following score? At the start of measure 7 there is a segno, and in measure 70 there is a second segno together with a Da Capo. In the following measure there is this indication (in Spanish): > > *Se toca otra vez la primera parte y luego la tercera* > > > Which translates as: > > "The first part is played again and then the third one" > > > [![Score of "Teresita - Valse"](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2cMTx.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2cMTx.jpg) (see [here](https://drive.google.com/open?id=1EjN20nnXGzrgLUFGaxVaDpIBbuH1O34g) for larger image)
2018/09/06
[ "https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/74435", "https://music.stackexchange.com", "https://music.stackexchange.com/users/52590/" ]
This piece seems to have several mistakes in instructions and in notation. "The first part is played again and then the third one" doesn't seem to make sense. It's too vague. Also, the D.C. should be a D.S. al Fine. That makes more sense of the two segnos. There should logically be a Fine half way along the 5th line, the bar before the repeat. In this way, the format makes more logical sense - play the page from beginning to end, then do the repeat from half way through the 5th line, until the D.S. al Fine (beginning of second to bottom line), then from the sign (b.7) and finish half way through line 5. In notation, b.16 right hand should, I think, be the same as in b.32. Also, b.20 left hand should be the same as in b.19, and finally the 'B' in the left hand of the first bar in the final line should be a 'C'. That's my interpretation of what may have been meant in this little piece, anyway.
Jomiddnz is probably correct, but here's a possible alternative. Play thru to the end, then to the repeat to the end, then back to the repeat a third time, but this time hit the DS (written DC) and then finish off at the double bar in third desk. That might explain what the editor was thinking so far as "third time" goes.
352,352
I would like some input on some refactoring I am to do on a mobile backend (API). I have been tossed a mobile API which I need to refactor and improve upon, especially in the area of performance. One (of the many) place where I can improve the performance while also improve the architecture is how the backend currently deals with push notifications. Let me briefly describe how it currently works, and then how I intent to restructure it. This is how it works now. The example is about the user submitting a comment to a feed post: 1. The user clicks send in the mobile app. The app shows a spinner and meanwhile sends a request to the backend. 2. The backend receives the request and starts handling it. It inserts a row in the comments table, does some other bookkeeping stuff, and then for the affected mobile devices it makes a request to either the Apple Push Notification server or the Google Firebase Service (or both if the receiver has both an Android and an iPhone). 3. On success the backend returns a 200 to the mobile app. 4. Upon receiving status code 200 from the backend, the mobile app removes the spinner and updates the UI with the submitted comment. It is simple but the issue with the above as I see it is a) Currently this sample endpoint has too many responsibilities. It deals with saving a comment, and also with sending out push notifications to devices. b) The performance is not the best since the mobile app waits for the backend to both save a comment (which is pretty fast) and send a notification which requires a HTTP request (which can be anything from fast to slow). So my idea is to remove all about notifications from the backend, and host that in a separate backend app (you might call it a microservice). So what I am thinking is to do it like this: 1. The user clicks "Send" in the mobile app. The app shows a spinner and meanwhile sends a request to the main API backend. 2. The mobile app also sends of another HTTP request, this time to a notification service which is separate from the main API backend. This is kind of a fire and forget request. So the app does not wait for this in anyway, and it can be send in the background (in iOS using e.g. GCD). 3. The main backend receives the request about the comment, and starts handling it. It inserts a row in the comments table, perhaps does some other bookkeeping stuff, and then it returns the response to the mobile app. 4. The notification service receives the request about the comment, and inserts a row in a notification table (this is for historical reasons, e.g. to make an Activity view or something like that), and then puts a message on some queue (or on Redis). A separate job takes whatever is on the queue/Redis and handles it (this is where we actually send a request to Apple Push Notification Server and Googles Firebase Service). By not having the HTTP notification service do the talking with these external services it will be easier to scale the HTTP resources. 5. Upon receiving the 200 from the main backend, the mobile app removes the spinner and updates the UI with the submitted comment. Again note that the mobile app does not wait on the second request it send off (it's not like it can do anything if that fails anyway). So this is way more complex. But the main API backend is now only concerned actually saving the comment. The mobile app also needs to send two requests instead of just one, but it doesn't need to wait for the second request. So overall it should giver better performance I think. With regards to the notification service it could be simpler by not using a queue/Redis but just have the notification service call up Apple and Google with the push notifications. But I am thinking that by separating that out into a simple HTTP service that only does some basic bookkeeping stuff and putting stuff on a queue/Redis it can be fast and simple, and the separate job would then do the actual work of calling up Apple and Google. Does it makes sense? Or have I over complicated things? All comments appreciated.
2017/07/07
[ "https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/352352", "https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com", "https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/219850/" ]
An API is high level enough to expect it to do multiple things with a single action. If I have an endpoint that does a "Buy Product" then I would expect it to handle all of the transaction handling, logging, and updating balances rather than breaking them up into services the client needs to contact individually. You have the right idea of making the push notification a fire and forget operation, but it can be done with a single endpoint on your API. If you use a work queue just make two separate jobs and execute both: wait for one and forget the other.
There are several things that could go wrong and mess with the requests. For example network issues, cpu overload, running out of memory, internet traffic, db server running out of space, inefficient SQL statements, inefficient db mappings, data tables too huge and poorly indexed, bottlenecks somewhere, running out of workers, etc... Develop a plan first. You have to identify the source and do act accordingly with the issue. KISS!!! Start by the simplest solution and test. Do implement load tests for a representative measurament of the performance. Get metrics. Later, these test will measure the quality of the solution too. Regarding the solution you suggest. Hell no! Why don't you try first with parallel executions? Execute the notifications on another thread. Don't wait for it to be finished. As you say, fire and forget. But still, you will need a way to prove that the solution has fixed the problem and its order of magnitude.
32,140,042
Is there a way to detect the SIM phone number on a mobile device while using Meteor? Moreover, what is the correct behavior to have and precautions to make to log users using their phone number (like in Whatsapp or Viber for example)? Thank you in advance.
2015/08/21
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32140042", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/3104373/" ]
You have two options: 1. Install Microsoft Windows SDK 2. Copy these files to the machine you are trying to build. take a look at these answers: [Task could not find "AxImp.exe"](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5923258/task-could-not-find-aximp-exe) ["Task failed because AXImp.exe was not found" when using MSBuild 12 to build a MVC 4.0 project](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21373792/task-failed-because-aximp-exe-was-not-found-when-using-msbuild-12-to-build-a-m) [Task failed because "AxImp.exe" was not found, or the correct Microsoft Windows SDK is not installed](https://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/vstudio/en-US/e56fd9b3-dbea-4545-a5a5-f1af0e333ad7/task-failed-because-aximpexe-was-not-found-or-the-correct-microsoft-windows-sdk-is-not-installed?forum=tfsbuild)
I had the same issue when I try to build the VS2015 solution file with Jenkins on Windows 2012 server after commit to SVN. Tried to copy AxImp.exe and related binaries and settings but failed. SO I had to install the windows 8.1 SDK and that made the successful build via Jenkins CI server. Hope this helps someone.
32,140,042
Is there a way to detect the SIM phone number on a mobile device while using Meteor? Moreover, what is the correct behavior to have and precautions to make to log users using their phone number (like in Whatsapp or Viber for example)? Thank you in advance.
2015/08/21
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32140042", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/3104373/" ]
I solved my problem installing [Windows 8.1 SDK](https://developer.microsoft.com/pt-pt/windows/downloads/windows-8-1-sdk) In my case, I was trying to compile a **.csproj** using **MSBuild** on a CI **Windows 2012 R2** server (CI stands for Continuous Integration), although the most relevant web's issues on this subject suggested to install **Windows SDK**, they failed pointing EXACTLY which one. So, at first, I guessed they mean **Windows 10 SDK**, which is also the right version for **Windows 2012** server. Unfortunately, **Windows 10 SDK** does not include the missing **AxImp.exe** SDK file. So, as you can imagine, it took me quite a while to figure out that **Windows 8.1 SDK** was the key to this riddle. Again, hope it helps someone else ;-)
I had the same issue when I try to build the VS2015 solution file with Jenkins on Windows 2012 server after commit to SVN. Tried to copy AxImp.exe and related binaries and settings but failed. SO I had to install the windows 8.1 SDK and that made the successful build via Jenkins CI server. Hope this helps someone.
15,728
When I budget for me, I usually count savings part of the expenses. **Is it the correct way to do it?** Because of this, when I look at my budget at the end of the month, it feels like my expenses are a bit high.
2012/06/25
[ "https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/15728", "https://money.stackexchange.com", "https://money.stackexchange.com/users/4904/" ]
I have found it useful to have four (yes, four) categories in a budget, rather than the traditional two (income and expenses). This may not be the "correct" way to do it, but it makes sense to me. First, **income**. This one is a no-brainer and is needed in any budget. In this scheme income also includes money taken out of deferred-spending savings (see below). I don't consider money taken out of savings "income", however. Second, **expenses**. This is the money you actually *spent* in the given period (month, with most budgets, but if you are paid on a different schedule it may be bi-weekly, quarterly, or whatever else makes sense in your particular situation). Plain and simple whatever goes into "expenses" is money that is no longer available to you in any way shape or form. I'd put credit card spending into this category as well (treat it the same as debit card spending) but as long as you aren't carrying a balance, that's simply a matter of taste. I'd also put loan payments into this category since "getting the money back" then means taking out a new loan. Third, **deferred spending**. This category is for setting money aside for big-ticket items that you know are coming and which you either aren't sure exactly when they will turn into real expenses (money spent), or know when they will and they are simply too large to handle comfortably with the day-to-day cash flow. An example of the former might be a new car fund, and the latter might be something like my buying dog food about once every four months; the cost for such a batch is too large to handle comfortably within a single month's budget without making large adjustments elsewhere, so I set money aside each month and then use it every four months (or thereabouts). In this categorization, *setting the money aside* classifies as deferred spending, and *taking it back out* classifies as income. If done right, this category will trend toward zero over time, but may hold a substantial balance at times and will rarely or never actually *be at* zero. When you are just starting out, it may very well be negative unless you compensate by taking money from elsewhere. Note that some may refer to this category as targeted savings, which to me certainly is an overlapping term but does not carry quite the same meaning. Fourth, **savings**. This is long term savings and investments that are not earmarked for a particular purpose or the purpose for which it is earmarked is very far into the future. How you define "particular purpose" and "very far into the future" are really a matter of definition, here, and you will have to come up with distinctions that work for you. **The point is** to separate saving for the future (savings) from saving to cover upcoming expenses *that you have already decided on or committed to* (deferred spending). The deferred spending and savings categories can be further subdivided in much the same way as income and expenses, so you can keep track of the money going into your "new car" fund and your "travelling around the world" fund separately. The actual place where the money ends up is on your balance sheet, not the budget. (If you really want to keep track of your money, you will need both.) In the end, the budget's bottom line becomes **(income + money out of deferred spending) - (expenses + money into deferred spending + savings)**. Just like a regular income/expenses budget, this will be zero if your budget is balanced.
Savings isn't really an expense but I understand what your trying to say, you are allocating a specific amount to save. Which is definitely a good idea. If you're going over the budget then you have to decide what to cut down on. You can sacrifice some luxuries or if you feel comfortable enough you can cut back on how much you save. Clearly the more conservative choice would be to cut back on luxuries.
10,317,755
I am just curious to know if at all there is any technical/theoretical reasons for a windows NT service to be more stable that created with c++ rather than .Net application or vice versa. Actually I had two Nt Services one made with cpp and other with .Net application. I observe both as showing in start mode but I need to restart service created by .Net often(on average once every 2 days) to respond. When I tried to know about this strange behavior of .Net service some of my friends come up with answers related to OS internals and some say .Net was build like that. I am totally unaware of .Net platform so in finding the reason this forum is one of my attempt. Thanks Anil
2012/04/25
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/10317755", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/319048/" ]
You would probably gain some performance with C++ (if it is native) than with .NET, but this would be only during the startup. Once they are both up and running, there shouldn't be much of a difference. However, creating a service through native C++ (as far as I can remembe now) was really pain and it took quite a bit of time. With .NET it is much easier and faster. To be honest, I never had a need to create some super important high speed service. I have created quite a number of services in .NET and they successfully do their job. In these cases the business end result was more important than the actual performance. It is really all about your needs, but as someone said in the comment, the service will be as stable as the programmer wrote it. If you are more comfortable creating a service for controlling a nuclear reactor in .NET, do it in .NET. :-)
The C++ Service, or any win32 executable, will continue to work across multiple versions of windows, both future and past. This gives win32 longevity and near immunity to changes in the server. Your C++ service will likely not have very many, or none at all, dependencies on anything installed on the server. This reduces the number of points of failure. .Net applications are highly fragile and can cost a lot of money to repair a failed .net application. The fragilness comes from an application being finicky on the version of .net framework installed on the server. Microsoft has a short lifespan on .net versions. .Net has lots of dependencies that increase points of failure such as a high number or assembly files and sensitive config files. In conclusion, C++/Win32 will be much more stable due to the stability of win32 and having much fewer dependencies.
49,508
StackExchange uses "Tags" which I feel might be more geared towards a tech-savvy audience. For the mainstream users, do you think "Tags" works or would they understand "Topics" better?
2013/12/29
[ "https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/49508", "https://ux.stackexchange.com", "https://ux.stackexchange.com/users/39300/" ]
Topic could be used, but it would be wrong. A topic is an information structure which has relations to other topics and is often governed by some kind of authority. Tags are a folksonomy driven information entity, which has no authority and is governed by all users. Everyone in a community participates in the creation of tags, which is the very core of Stackexchange sites. > > ...topic is used to describe the information structure, or pragmatic structure of a clause and how it coheres with other clauses... > > > Source: Wikipedia [Topic](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_%28linguistics%29) I think it would be wrong to use the wrong words for our labels. We're all here since we love to learn, the right way.
I say "topics". Whenever possible use the most common language you can. "Tags" may be more meaningful to the technologically elite, but usually there's no useful reason to exclude the plebeians. While I agree with Benny Skogberg's contention that "Topic" has a different meaning than "Tag", the benefits of that precision are lost on someone that doesn't understand what "Tag" means. In fact the definition of "tag" used here at stackexchange might not be the precisely the same as used in other sites, and given that the utility of the precision comes into question. In general there's a lot of confusion around terms like "tag", and "keyword" and "search term", etc. In short I think, at least in the context of the stackexchanges, using the term "topics" in place of "tags" would reduce confusion.
41,759,273
I am converting html to pdf using jspdf library. i am facing two problems. 1. When i am using pagesplit: true ,it splits the page but the problem is half of data in li remains in first page and half comes in second page and so on. 2.in my image tag src link is not contains extension. It fetchs from url. For eg:"<http://pics.redblue.de/doi/pixelboxx-mss-55590672/fee_786_587_png>", but in pdf image not displaying. If i pass src link ends with extension it is displaying in pdf.But i am using not extension format. I searched much for both but didn't find any solution. Please help me ... Thanks in advance
2017/01/20
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/41759273", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/7125183/" ]
For your 2nd question: You can use base64 encoded images. It works with jspdf. To convert image into base64, check this: [How to convert image into base64 string using javascript](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6150289/how-to-convert-image-into-base64-string-using-javascript)
1 You need to check the pdf size and adjust it. 2 The base64 image renders in the jspdf. You can use this link for getting base64 code and paste it in img src value <https://www.base64-image.de/>
78,798
An API design is actually a programming question, but it can't be answered like "replace `=` by `==` on line 10". Moreover, the asking person has some idea how it should look like and has to start with presenting the idea, otherwise the answers would explore many different directions and not fit together. Starting with such a presentation makes the question appear like no question at all, so it collects closing votes. Maybe it's just a matter of how the question should be formulated? But I've read the FAQ and have no idea how to make it better. I'm curios if you can advice me. Maybe is SO not the right place for such questions? If so, I'd see it as a needless constraint. To be more concrete, this is the [question](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4914774/better-regex-syntax-ideas), which lead me to this one. Please, spare me comments about whining. I'm old enough not to whine because of some critiques. I'm just asking how to solve a problem of mine.
2011/02/10
[ "https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/78798", "https://meta.stackexchange.com", "https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/155925/" ]
I would say programmers.stackexchange.com This is from its FAQ (emphasis mine): * **Software engineering** * Developer testing * Algorithm and data structure concepts * **Design patterns** * **Architecture** * Development methodologies * Quality assurance * Software law * Programming puzzles * Freelancing and business concerns
Stack Exchange, in general is setup for questions and answers rather than a discussion. So you are going to have to be tactful in the formulation of your question to avoid close votes. Plus you are going to have to give a clear goal ("question") of what you are looking to solve so that everyone stays on the same course with answers.
10,102,998
When I use emacs, I often meet some errors in my code. When there are some errors in my code, emacs ask me whether I want to "abort" or "terminate-thread". I want to know what the difference is between "abort" and "terminate-thread" in emacs. Which one should I choose that will be better? ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/82fN9.png)
2012/04/11
[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/10102998", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1326134/" ]
I don't think this question comes from Emacs. So please give us more information (OS in which you run Emacs, which processes you might be running within Emacs, what kind of error happens, where is the actual question displayed (within Emacs's minibuffer, or some popup dialog), ...
Are you using SLIME? In that case, "abort" will just stop your program, whereas "terminate-thread" will also kill the Lisp thread that SLIME is talking to.
169,692
I recently ran an encounter on a "restaurant boat" where my players had to obtain info from a noble on board. They successfully bluffed/bribed/sneaked their way on board. Certain areas of the ship were off limits to guest, such as the crew's quarter's, the captain's cabin, and the lower deck with rowers moving the ship along. My players found a somewhat quiet spot on deck. They proclaimed they wanted to sneak past the guests, who were busy with eating/socializing/etc., into the forbidden areas. One of them cast *pass without trace*, and I asked them to all roll for Stealth. No one got less than 19 on their Stealth check (after modifiers). They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests into the upper areas (not forbidden per se) and then further into "Staff Only" areas. How do I adjudicate this? Obviously, they pose as guests, no weapons or armor on, so they would just blend into the crowd and then, in an opportune moment, sneak past a door/curtain/rope barrier. But they are still moving in plain sight of at least a dozen NPCs. The NPCs can probably see them, but they do not *perceive* them. The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd of - admittedly uninterested in you - NPCs?
2020/05/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/169692", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/56835/" ]
Stealth was most likely the wrong choice ======================================== Stealth implies that you are impossible to see. If you succeed on your stealth attempt, you are hidden, if you fail, you are not hidden. Your players aren't actually trying to be hidden, anybody can see them, they simply don't register them as *somebody who shouldn't be there*. Blending in with the crowd really shouldn't require a stealth check at all. It might, however, if you like, entail any of the following: * Persuasion: To get other guests to cooperate if they at some point figure out things are fishy. * Deception: To bluff their way past guards who are suspicious about the players actually being guests * Performance: Deception works great for pretending to be a guest when you are not, but performance could also work, depending on who you ask. None of these things require stealth, because you aren't trying to be unseen, you're trying to blend in. Stealth doesn't enter the ordeal until they actually try to go somewhere a normal guest would not be allowed. The moment they want to pass into Staff Only areas and the guards would react if a normal guest did that, then they have to actually use their stealth skill, and they would obviously have to do so in a way that makes sense, you can't stealth your way through a door in plain sight, regardless of how well you rolled. Blending into a crowd to escape from somebody else is a completely different thing than blending into a crowd to not stand out. Once your target no longer has line of sight to you, you can try to stealth. If you succeed, the target no longer knows where you are and you can keep moving in the crowd until they have direct line of sight of you again, at which point you are no longer hidden and the chase most likely continues. It's the difference between: "I need to hide in the crowd because I'm a wanted man and if I'm spotted they will arrest me!" and "I need to blend in because I don't want to look out of place and get asked questions by nosy guards."
A Charisma (Deception) vs Wisdom (Insight) check ================================================ I'm guessing that you're referring to a *certain location* in Storm King's Thunder. If I'm right, the book suggests the following on page 216: > > The adventurers might try to replace one or more of the workers [of the Grand Dame] [...] A character who wants to get aboard in this fashion must **succeed on a Charisma (Deception) check contested by Captain Storn's Wisdom (Insight) check**. A character who wins the contest can board the ship without raising suspicion. > > > The informational text on this page is talking about getting on board from the docks while it is tied up between trips, not getting into the *CREW ONLY* sections of the ship while it is underway and entertaining guests onboard but I think the Charisma (Deception) vs Wisdom (Insight) check works for both situations. It might not be the Captain's Insight they are trying to oppose but that of whomever sees them attempting to access the off limits areas. This could be a crew member or the pit boss Pow Ming). Even if I'm totally wrong on the campaign, I think the recommendation is still universally applicable.
169,692
I recently ran an encounter on a "restaurant boat" where my players had to obtain info from a noble on board. They successfully bluffed/bribed/sneaked their way on board. Certain areas of the ship were off limits to guest, such as the crew's quarter's, the captain's cabin, and the lower deck with rowers moving the ship along. My players found a somewhat quiet spot on deck. They proclaimed they wanted to sneak past the guests, who were busy with eating/socializing/etc., into the forbidden areas. One of them cast *pass without trace*, and I asked them to all roll for Stealth. No one got less than 19 on their Stealth check (after modifiers). They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests into the upper areas (not forbidden per se) and then further into "Staff Only" areas. How do I adjudicate this? Obviously, they pose as guests, no weapons or armor on, so they would just blend into the crowd and then, in an opportune moment, sneak past a door/curtain/rope barrier. But they are still moving in plain sight of at least a dozen NPCs. The NPCs can probably see them, but they do not *perceive* them. The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd of - admittedly uninterested in you - NPCs?
2020/05/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/169692", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/56835/" ]
Stealth was most likely the wrong choice ======================================== Stealth implies that you are impossible to see. If you succeed on your stealth attempt, you are hidden, if you fail, you are not hidden. Your players aren't actually trying to be hidden, anybody can see them, they simply don't register them as *somebody who shouldn't be there*. Blending in with the crowd really shouldn't require a stealth check at all. It might, however, if you like, entail any of the following: * Persuasion: To get other guests to cooperate if they at some point figure out things are fishy. * Deception: To bluff their way past guards who are suspicious about the players actually being guests * Performance: Deception works great for pretending to be a guest when you are not, but performance could also work, depending on who you ask. None of these things require stealth, because you aren't trying to be unseen, you're trying to blend in. Stealth doesn't enter the ordeal until they actually try to go somewhere a normal guest would not be allowed. The moment they want to pass into Staff Only areas and the guards would react if a normal guest did that, then they have to actually use their stealth skill, and they would obviously have to do so in a way that makes sense, you can't stealth your way through a door in plain sight, regardless of how well you rolled. Blending into a crowd to escape from somebody else is a completely different thing than blending into a crowd to not stand out. Once your target no longer has line of sight to you, you can try to stealth. If you succeed, the target no longer knows where you are and you can keep moving in the crowd until they have direct line of sight of you again, at which point you are no longer hidden and the chase most likely continues. It's the difference between: "I need to hide in the crowd because I'm a wanted man and if I'm spotted they will arrest me!" and "I need to blend in because I don't want to look out of place and get asked questions by nosy guards."
Pass without trace probably wouldn't help ----------------------------------------- [![a sniper camo suit](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1noz5.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1noz5.jpg) Does this camo suit make you more stealthy? I bet it does. Would it help you to blend in with crowds better? I don't think so. But let's start with the basics first. The DM should always explicitly ask for checks ---------------------------------------------- > > One of them cast pass without trace and they all rolled for Stealth > > > Why did they roll? In 5e the only way would be the DM asksing "make a X check", and the DM shouldn't ask for the Dexterity (Stealth) check *before* characters actually do something sneaky. I think this is the primary thing you made "wrong", all other is just a follow-up. [Characters do not "use skills" in 5e anymore](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/159361/). Actions like "I use my stealth skill" followed up by a inevitable dice roll was the 3.x thing. In 5e players describe, what their character do, then DM can optionally ask for a dice roll, then DM describes the outcome. This is how the game is described in the "How to play" chapter of the PHB. So, in this case, you should ask "what do you do", "how do you do that", "what are you trying to accomplish". Then players describe, what their characters do and why. Then you describe the outcome. Maybe you won't ask for any check in the process, it is perfectly fine according to the DMG. > > One of them cast pass without trace... They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests > > > How do I adjudicate this? > > > You follow the [spell description](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/pass-without-trace). It says "A veil of shadows and silence radiates from you". Since [there is no ignorable text in 5e spells](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/78012/), this is the part of the spell effect. So the characters followed by magical "veil of shadows and silence" enter the crowd. I doubt this could stay unnoticed, unless common people in your world are blatantly ignorant about magic. > > The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd > > > DMG suggests Dexterity (Stealth) check with advantage, see page 253 "Ending a Chase". It also says "Other factors might help or hinder the quarry's ability to escape, at your discretion". Ultimately it is up to you, the DM, as long as you follow the common sense and be consistent in your adjudications. ### Summary: * You ask for a check, not players * Ask for a check when the consequences are imminent; do not ask beforehand * When you hesitate, ask players for clarifications. "How do you do that?" * Pay attention to details in spell descriptions; they might give a hint about how the spell works * "Dexterity (Stealth)" is fine, also is "Charisma (Stealth)" or any other ability check; RAW you can't choose "wrong" check here — ultimately it's up to the DM, use common sense when adjudicating ability checks; you might also not to ask for a check at all
169,692
I recently ran an encounter on a "restaurant boat" where my players had to obtain info from a noble on board. They successfully bluffed/bribed/sneaked their way on board. Certain areas of the ship were off limits to guest, such as the crew's quarter's, the captain's cabin, and the lower deck with rowers moving the ship along. My players found a somewhat quiet spot on deck. They proclaimed they wanted to sneak past the guests, who were busy with eating/socializing/etc., into the forbidden areas. One of them cast *pass without trace*, and I asked them to all roll for Stealth. No one got less than 19 on their Stealth check (after modifiers). They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests into the upper areas (not forbidden per se) and then further into "Staff Only" areas. How do I adjudicate this? Obviously, they pose as guests, no weapons or armor on, so they would just blend into the crowd and then, in an opportune moment, sneak past a door/curtain/rope barrier. But they are still moving in plain sight of at least a dozen NPCs. The NPCs can probably see them, but they do not *perceive* them. The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd of - admittedly uninterested in you - NPCs?
2020/05/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/169692", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/56835/" ]
Stealth was most likely the wrong choice ======================================== Stealth implies that you are impossible to see. If you succeed on your stealth attempt, you are hidden, if you fail, you are not hidden. Your players aren't actually trying to be hidden, anybody can see them, they simply don't register them as *somebody who shouldn't be there*. Blending in with the crowd really shouldn't require a stealth check at all. It might, however, if you like, entail any of the following: * Persuasion: To get other guests to cooperate if they at some point figure out things are fishy. * Deception: To bluff their way past guards who are suspicious about the players actually being guests * Performance: Deception works great for pretending to be a guest when you are not, but performance could also work, depending on who you ask. None of these things require stealth, because you aren't trying to be unseen, you're trying to blend in. Stealth doesn't enter the ordeal until they actually try to go somewhere a normal guest would not be allowed. The moment they want to pass into Staff Only areas and the guards would react if a normal guest did that, then they have to actually use their stealth skill, and they would obviously have to do so in a way that makes sense, you can't stealth your way through a door in plain sight, regardless of how well you rolled. Blending into a crowd to escape from somebody else is a completely different thing than blending into a crowd to not stand out. Once your target no longer has line of sight to you, you can try to stealth. If you succeed, the target no longer knows where you are and you can keep moving in the crowd until they have direct line of sight of you again, at which point you are no longer hidden and the chase most likely continues. It's the difference between: "I need to hide in the crowd because I'm a wanted man and if I'm spotted they will arrest me!" and "I need to blend in because I don't want to look out of place and get asked questions by nosy guards."
There are some clear rules concerning hiding in the PHB: > > The GM decides when circumstances are appropriate for hiding. > > > And > > You can't hide from a creature that can see you clearly. > > > When you find that waiting for an opportune moment to slip past someone is appropriate, that is covered by the rules. It is also worth noting that an opportune moment is probably one when there is specifically no person looking in the exact relevant direction. From your question I gather that the players need to conceal their entry to the forbidden areas and not their presence in general. Additionally, Pass without Trace is a one hour concentration spell giving a bonus to stealth for the duration. It does not say that the check must be made immediately. Therefore, you can also demand the check as they enter a forbidden area. In that case, sneaking through the crowd is unnecessary. If there is ever, realistically, a moment when no one looks in a specific direction would depend on the number of people in the room (unless a distraction was provided). But this is not clearly ruled by the book and you can decide this as the GM.
169,692
I recently ran an encounter on a "restaurant boat" where my players had to obtain info from a noble on board. They successfully bluffed/bribed/sneaked their way on board. Certain areas of the ship were off limits to guest, such as the crew's quarter's, the captain's cabin, and the lower deck with rowers moving the ship along. My players found a somewhat quiet spot on deck. They proclaimed they wanted to sneak past the guests, who were busy with eating/socializing/etc., into the forbidden areas. One of them cast *pass without trace*, and I asked them to all roll for Stealth. No one got less than 19 on their Stealth check (after modifiers). They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests into the upper areas (not forbidden per se) and then further into "Staff Only" areas. How do I adjudicate this? Obviously, they pose as guests, no weapons or armor on, so they would just blend into the crowd and then, in an opportune moment, sneak past a door/curtain/rope barrier. But they are still moving in plain sight of at least a dozen NPCs. The NPCs can probably see them, but they do not *perceive* them. The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd of - admittedly uninterested in you - NPCs?
2020/05/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/169692", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/56835/" ]
A Stealth check is appropriate for this, but probably Charisma (Stealth) as opposed to the usual Dexterity (Stealth). It should probably be opposed by a Perception or Insight check on the pursuers part. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stealth is described as (***emphasis mine***): > > Make a Dexterity (Stealth) check ***when you attempt to conceal yourself from enemies***, slink past guards, ***slip away without being noticed***, or sneak up on someone without being seen or heard. > > > You might, in this case, change the base ability required for the stealth check to something more appropriate, like a Charisma (Stealth) check. The DMG specifically allows for this in the section on Using Ability Scores: > > Under certain circumstances, you can decide a character’s proficiency in a skill can be applied to a different ability check. For example, you might decide that a character forced to swim from an island to the mainland must succeed on a Constitution check (as opposed to a Strength check) because of the distance involved. The character is proficient in the Athletics skill, which covers swimming, so you allow the character’s proficiency bonus to apply to this ability check. In effect, you’re asking for a Constitution (Athletics) check, instead of a Strength (Athletics) check. > > > Often, players ask whether they can apply a skill proficiency to an ability check. If a player can provide a good justification for why a character’s training and aptitude in a skill should apply to the check, go ahead and allow it, rewarding the player’s creative thinking. > > > Why Charisma? Well Charisma is a measure of your personality. It states: > > Charisma measures your ability to interact effectively with others. It includes such factors as confidence and eloquence, and it can represent a charming or commanding personality. > > > From what you have described, your characters are in a social situation, and one in which they need to interact with people (blending in to the point of non-notability is still interacting with the room). This would be opposed by one of: * Insight > > Your Wisdom (Insight) check decides whether you can determine the true intentions of a creature, such as when searching out a lie or predicting someone’s next move. Doing so involves gleaning clues from body language, speech habits, and changes in mannerisms. > > > * Perception [either Wisdom (Perception) or Charisma (Perception)] > > Your Wisdom (Perception) check lets you spot, hear, or otherwise detect the presence of something. It measures your general awareness of your surroundings and the keenness of your senses. > > > * Investigation: > > When you look around for clues and make deductions based on those clues, you make an Intelligence (Investigation) check. > > > * An Intelligence or Charisma (Survival) check + Intelligence for making deductions, or Charisma for how well someone could read the room. + Survival for following someone through a crowd (akin to tracking someone using their footprints, you track them by other people's reactions to them) + Wisdom (Survival) may even still be appropriate here. ### So what caused the weird disconnect? The bit that caused the problem, and was likely inappropriate is the Pass without a Trace spell. It's designed specifically for dark situations where silence is key. Pass without a Trace states(***emphasis*** and *emphasis* mine): > > ***A veil of shadows and silence radiates from you, masking you and your companions from detection***. For the duration, each creature you choose within 30 feet of you (including you) *has a +10 bonus to Dexterity (Stealth) checks* and ***can't be tracked except by magical means***. A creature that receives this bonus leaves behind no tracks or other traces of its passage. > > > Pass without a Trace, in an urban setting, coincidentally makes you cause a significant disturbance in a crowd (as opposed to just regularly walking through a crowd). Imagine you were a commoner and a shadowy, indiscernible, mass of figures surrounds you making no sound (as the characters walk around you). What are you going to do...probably scream your head off at the terrifying mass that is around you! 5e does not have fluff text, it is rules text all the way down. Pass without a Trace doesn't make you invisible. It doesn't make the people on the street beside you *not see you*. It makes *you* not disturb your surroundings, easier to hide in the shadows and not make any noise. By making it a Charisma (Stealth) check you still allow the characters to use their Stealth skill, but Pass without a Trace *no longer gives a bonus to the check* as it's not Dexterity (Stealth).
Stealth fits the situation ========================== The [Stealth](https://www.dndbeyond.com/sources/basic-rules/using-ability-scores#Stealth) section lists the situation you describe as an example: > > Make a Dexterity (Stealth) check when you attempt to **conceal yourself from enemies, slink past guards, slip away without being noticed**, or sneak up on someone without being seen or heard. > > > We can see that 3 out of 4 of the examples listed under this skill directly apply to the situation you are describing. The players are concealing themselves, slinking past guards, and slipping away without being noticed. It's a perfect fit. Clearly, Stealth is the right choice for this situation. Taking ques from Hiding ----------------------- Hiding is a mechanic that uses Stealth checks. The abridged version of hiding is: roll a stealth check, enemies contest this with their passive perception, or with their perception if they make an active attempt. Until enemies succeed this check (or the hider leaves hiding), they can't be seen. It would be reasonable to use something similar in this situation too. Your players rolled well, and the (perhaps intoxicated and distracted) party guests weren't too observant. It doesn't sound like anyone was particularly suspicious of the PCs, and so no one was actively hunting them. The plan has succeeded. Good job players!
169,692
I recently ran an encounter on a "restaurant boat" where my players had to obtain info from a noble on board. They successfully bluffed/bribed/sneaked their way on board. Certain areas of the ship were off limits to guest, such as the crew's quarter's, the captain's cabin, and the lower deck with rowers moving the ship along. My players found a somewhat quiet spot on deck. They proclaimed they wanted to sneak past the guests, who were busy with eating/socializing/etc., into the forbidden areas. One of them cast *pass without trace*, and I asked them to all roll for Stealth. No one got less than 19 on their Stealth check (after modifiers). They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests into the upper areas (not forbidden per se) and then further into "Staff Only" areas. How do I adjudicate this? Obviously, they pose as guests, no weapons or armor on, so they would just blend into the crowd and then, in an opportune moment, sneak past a door/curtain/rope barrier. But they are still moving in plain sight of at least a dozen NPCs. The NPCs can probably see them, but they do not *perceive* them. The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd of - admittedly uninterested in you - NPCs?
2020/05/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/169692", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/56835/" ]
Pass without trace probably wouldn't help ----------------------------------------- [![a sniper camo suit](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1noz5.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1noz5.jpg) Does this camo suit make you more stealthy? I bet it does. Would it help you to blend in with crowds better? I don't think so. But let's start with the basics first. The DM should always explicitly ask for checks ---------------------------------------------- > > One of them cast pass without trace and they all rolled for Stealth > > > Why did they roll? In 5e the only way would be the DM asksing "make a X check", and the DM shouldn't ask for the Dexterity (Stealth) check *before* characters actually do something sneaky. I think this is the primary thing you made "wrong", all other is just a follow-up. [Characters do not "use skills" in 5e anymore](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/159361/). Actions like "I use my stealth skill" followed up by a inevitable dice roll was the 3.x thing. In 5e players describe, what their character do, then DM can optionally ask for a dice roll, then DM describes the outcome. This is how the game is described in the "How to play" chapter of the PHB. So, in this case, you should ask "what do you do", "how do you do that", "what are you trying to accomplish". Then players describe, what their characters do and why. Then you describe the outcome. Maybe you won't ask for any check in the process, it is perfectly fine according to the DMG. > > One of them cast pass without trace... They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests > > > How do I adjudicate this? > > > You follow the [spell description](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/pass-without-trace). It says "A veil of shadows and silence radiates from you". Since [there is no ignorable text in 5e spells](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/78012/), this is the part of the spell effect. So the characters followed by magical "veil of shadows and silence" enter the crowd. I doubt this could stay unnoticed, unless common people in your world are blatantly ignorant about magic. > > The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd > > > DMG suggests Dexterity (Stealth) check with advantage, see page 253 "Ending a Chase". It also says "Other factors might help or hinder the quarry's ability to escape, at your discretion". Ultimately it is up to you, the DM, as long as you follow the common sense and be consistent in your adjudications. ### Summary: * You ask for a check, not players * Ask for a check when the consequences are imminent; do not ask beforehand * When you hesitate, ask players for clarifications. "How do you do that?" * Pay attention to details in spell descriptions; they might give a hint about how the spell works * "Dexterity (Stealth)" is fine, also is "Charisma (Stealth)" or any other ability check; RAW you can't choose "wrong" check here — ultimately it's up to the DM, use common sense when adjudicating ability checks; you might also not to ask for a check at all
Stealth fits the situation ========================== The [Stealth](https://www.dndbeyond.com/sources/basic-rules/using-ability-scores#Stealth) section lists the situation you describe as an example: > > Make a Dexterity (Stealth) check when you attempt to **conceal yourself from enemies, slink past guards, slip away without being noticed**, or sneak up on someone without being seen or heard. > > > We can see that 3 out of 4 of the examples listed under this skill directly apply to the situation you are describing. The players are concealing themselves, slinking past guards, and slipping away without being noticed. It's a perfect fit. Clearly, Stealth is the right choice for this situation. Taking ques from Hiding ----------------------- Hiding is a mechanic that uses Stealth checks. The abridged version of hiding is: roll a stealth check, enemies contest this with their passive perception, or with their perception if they make an active attempt. Until enemies succeed this check (or the hider leaves hiding), they can't be seen. It would be reasonable to use something similar in this situation too. Your players rolled well, and the (perhaps intoxicated and distracted) party guests weren't too observant. It doesn't sound like anyone was particularly suspicious of the PCs, and so no one was actively hunting them. The plan has succeeded. Good job players!
169,692
I recently ran an encounter on a "restaurant boat" where my players had to obtain info from a noble on board. They successfully bluffed/bribed/sneaked their way on board. Certain areas of the ship were off limits to guest, such as the crew's quarter's, the captain's cabin, and the lower deck with rowers moving the ship along. My players found a somewhat quiet spot on deck. They proclaimed they wanted to sneak past the guests, who were busy with eating/socializing/etc., into the forbidden areas. One of them cast *pass without trace*, and I asked them to all roll for Stealth. No one got less than 19 on their Stealth check (after modifiers). They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests into the upper areas (not forbidden per se) and then further into "Staff Only" areas. How do I adjudicate this? Obviously, they pose as guests, no weapons or armor on, so they would just blend into the crowd and then, in an opportune moment, sneak past a door/curtain/rope barrier. But they are still moving in plain sight of at least a dozen NPCs. The NPCs can probably see them, but they do not *perceive* them. The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd of - admittedly uninterested in you - NPCs?
2020/05/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/169692", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/56835/" ]
Pass without trace probably wouldn't help ----------------------------------------- [![a sniper camo suit](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1noz5.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1noz5.jpg) Does this camo suit make you more stealthy? I bet it does. Would it help you to blend in with crowds better? I don't think so. But let's start with the basics first. The DM should always explicitly ask for checks ---------------------------------------------- > > One of them cast pass without trace and they all rolled for Stealth > > > Why did they roll? In 5e the only way would be the DM asksing "make a X check", and the DM shouldn't ask for the Dexterity (Stealth) check *before* characters actually do something sneaky. I think this is the primary thing you made "wrong", all other is just a follow-up. [Characters do not "use skills" in 5e anymore](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/159361/). Actions like "I use my stealth skill" followed up by a inevitable dice roll was the 3.x thing. In 5e players describe, what their character do, then DM can optionally ask for a dice roll, then DM describes the outcome. This is how the game is described in the "How to play" chapter of the PHB. So, in this case, you should ask "what do you do", "how do you do that", "what are you trying to accomplish". Then players describe, what their characters do and why. Then you describe the outcome. Maybe you won't ask for any check in the process, it is perfectly fine according to the DMG. > > One of them cast pass without trace... They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests > > > How do I adjudicate this? > > > You follow the [spell description](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/pass-without-trace). It says "A veil of shadows and silence radiates from you". Since [there is no ignorable text in 5e spells](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/78012/), this is the part of the spell effect. So the characters followed by magical "veil of shadows and silence" enter the crowd. I doubt this could stay unnoticed, unless common people in your world are blatantly ignorant about magic. > > The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd > > > DMG suggests Dexterity (Stealth) check with advantage, see page 253 "Ending a Chase". It also says "Other factors might help or hinder the quarry's ability to escape, at your discretion". Ultimately it is up to you, the DM, as long as you follow the common sense and be consistent in your adjudications. ### Summary: * You ask for a check, not players * Ask for a check when the consequences are imminent; do not ask beforehand * When you hesitate, ask players for clarifications. "How do you do that?" * Pay attention to details in spell descriptions; they might give a hint about how the spell works * "Dexterity (Stealth)" is fine, also is "Charisma (Stealth)" or any other ability check; RAW you can't choose "wrong" check here — ultimately it's up to the DM, use common sense when adjudicating ability checks; you might also not to ask for a check at all
A Charisma (Deception) vs Wisdom (Insight) check ================================================ I'm guessing that you're referring to a *certain location* in Storm King's Thunder. If I'm right, the book suggests the following on page 216: > > The adventurers might try to replace one or more of the workers [of the Grand Dame] [...] A character who wants to get aboard in this fashion must **succeed on a Charisma (Deception) check contested by Captain Storn's Wisdom (Insight) check**. A character who wins the contest can board the ship without raising suspicion. > > > The informational text on this page is talking about getting on board from the docks while it is tied up between trips, not getting into the *CREW ONLY* sections of the ship while it is underway and entertaining guests onboard but I think the Charisma (Deception) vs Wisdom (Insight) check works for both situations. It might not be the Captain's Insight they are trying to oppose but that of whomever sees them attempting to access the off limits areas. This could be a crew member or the pit boss Pow Ming). Even if I'm totally wrong on the campaign, I think the recommendation is still universally applicable.
169,692
I recently ran an encounter on a "restaurant boat" where my players had to obtain info from a noble on board. They successfully bluffed/bribed/sneaked their way on board. Certain areas of the ship were off limits to guest, such as the crew's quarter's, the captain's cabin, and the lower deck with rowers moving the ship along. My players found a somewhat quiet spot on deck. They proclaimed they wanted to sneak past the guests, who were busy with eating/socializing/etc., into the forbidden areas. One of them cast *pass without trace*, and I asked them to all roll for Stealth. No one got less than 19 on their Stealth check (after modifiers). They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests into the upper areas (not forbidden per se) and then further into "Staff Only" areas. How do I adjudicate this? Obviously, they pose as guests, no weapons or armor on, so they would just blend into the crowd and then, in an opportune moment, sneak past a door/curtain/rope barrier. But they are still moving in plain sight of at least a dozen NPCs. The NPCs can probably see them, but they do not *perceive* them. The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd of - admittedly uninterested in you - NPCs?
2020/05/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/169692", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/56835/" ]
A Charisma (Deception) vs Wisdom (Insight) check ================================================ I'm guessing that you're referring to a *certain location* in Storm King's Thunder. If I'm right, the book suggests the following on page 216: > > The adventurers might try to replace one or more of the workers [of the Grand Dame] [...] A character who wants to get aboard in this fashion must **succeed on a Charisma (Deception) check contested by Captain Storn's Wisdom (Insight) check**. A character who wins the contest can board the ship without raising suspicion. > > > The informational text on this page is talking about getting on board from the docks while it is tied up between trips, not getting into the *CREW ONLY* sections of the ship while it is underway and entertaining guests onboard but I think the Charisma (Deception) vs Wisdom (Insight) check works for both situations. It might not be the Captain's Insight they are trying to oppose but that of whomever sees them attempting to access the off limits areas. This could be a crew member or the pit boss Pow Ming). Even if I'm totally wrong on the campaign, I think the recommendation is still universally applicable.
Stealth fits the situation ========================== The [Stealth](https://www.dndbeyond.com/sources/basic-rules/using-ability-scores#Stealth) section lists the situation you describe as an example: > > Make a Dexterity (Stealth) check when you attempt to **conceal yourself from enemies, slink past guards, slip away without being noticed**, or sneak up on someone without being seen or heard. > > > We can see that 3 out of 4 of the examples listed under this skill directly apply to the situation you are describing. The players are concealing themselves, slinking past guards, and slipping away without being noticed. It's a perfect fit. Clearly, Stealth is the right choice for this situation. Taking ques from Hiding ----------------------- Hiding is a mechanic that uses Stealth checks. The abridged version of hiding is: roll a stealth check, enemies contest this with their passive perception, or with their perception if they make an active attempt. Until enemies succeed this check (or the hider leaves hiding), they can't be seen. It would be reasonable to use something similar in this situation too. Your players rolled well, and the (perhaps intoxicated and distracted) party guests weren't too observant. It doesn't sound like anyone was particularly suspicious of the PCs, and so no one was actively hunting them. The plan has succeeded. Good job players!
169,692
I recently ran an encounter on a "restaurant boat" where my players had to obtain info from a noble on board. They successfully bluffed/bribed/sneaked their way on board. Certain areas of the ship were off limits to guest, such as the crew's quarter's, the captain's cabin, and the lower deck with rowers moving the ship along. My players found a somewhat quiet spot on deck. They proclaimed they wanted to sneak past the guests, who were busy with eating/socializing/etc., into the forbidden areas. One of them cast *pass without trace*, and I asked them to all roll for Stealth. No one got less than 19 on their Stealth check (after modifiers). They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests into the upper areas (not forbidden per se) and then further into "Staff Only" areas. How do I adjudicate this? Obviously, they pose as guests, no weapons or armor on, so they would just blend into the crowd and then, in an opportune moment, sneak past a door/curtain/rope barrier. But they are still moving in plain sight of at least a dozen NPCs. The NPCs can probably see them, but they do not *perceive* them. The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd of - admittedly uninterested in you - NPCs?
2020/05/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/169692", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/56835/" ]
Pass without trace probably wouldn't help ----------------------------------------- [![a sniper camo suit](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1noz5.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1noz5.jpg) Does this camo suit make you more stealthy? I bet it does. Would it help you to blend in with crowds better? I don't think so. But let's start with the basics first. The DM should always explicitly ask for checks ---------------------------------------------- > > One of them cast pass without trace and they all rolled for Stealth > > > Why did they roll? In 5e the only way would be the DM asksing "make a X check", and the DM shouldn't ask for the Dexterity (Stealth) check *before* characters actually do something sneaky. I think this is the primary thing you made "wrong", all other is just a follow-up. [Characters do not "use skills" in 5e anymore](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/159361/). Actions like "I use my stealth skill" followed up by a inevitable dice roll was the 3.x thing. In 5e players describe, what their character do, then DM can optionally ask for a dice roll, then DM describes the outcome. This is how the game is described in the "How to play" chapter of the PHB. So, in this case, you should ask "what do you do", "how do you do that", "what are you trying to accomplish". Then players describe, what their characters do and why. Then you describe the outcome. Maybe you won't ask for any check in the process, it is perfectly fine according to the DMG. > > One of them cast pass without trace... They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests > > > How do I adjudicate this? > > > You follow the [spell description](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/pass-without-trace). It says "A veil of shadows and silence radiates from you". Since [there is no ignorable text in 5e spells](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/78012/), this is the part of the spell effect. So the characters followed by magical "veil of shadows and silence" enter the crowd. I doubt this could stay unnoticed, unless common people in your world are blatantly ignorant about magic. > > The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd > > > DMG suggests Dexterity (Stealth) check with advantage, see page 253 "Ending a Chase". It also says "Other factors might help or hinder the quarry's ability to escape, at your discretion". Ultimately it is up to you, the DM, as long as you follow the common sense and be consistent in your adjudications. ### Summary: * You ask for a check, not players * Ask for a check when the consequences are imminent; do not ask beforehand * When you hesitate, ask players for clarifications. "How do you do that?" * Pay attention to details in spell descriptions; they might give a hint about how the spell works * "Dexterity (Stealth)" is fine, also is "Charisma (Stealth)" or any other ability check; RAW you can't choose "wrong" check here — ultimately it's up to the DM, use common sense when adjudicating ability checks; you might also not to ask for a check at all
There are some clear rules concerning hiding in the PHB: > > The GM decides when circumstances are appropriate for hiding. > > > And > > You can't hide from a creature that can see you clearly. > > > When you find that waiting for an opportune moment to slip past someone is appropriate, that is covered by the rules. It is also worth noting that an opportune moment is probably one when there is specifically no person looking in the exact relevant direction. From your question I gather that the players need to conceal their entry to the forbidden areas and not their presence in general. Additionally, Pass without Trace is a one hour concentration spell giving a bonus to stealth for the duration. It does not say that the check must be made immediately. Therefore, you can also demand the check as they enter a forbidden area. In that case, sneaking through the crowd is unnecessary. If there is ever, realistically, a moment when no one looks in a specific direction would depend on the number of people in the room (unless a distraction was provided). But this is not clearly ruled by the book and you can decide this as the GM.
169,692
I recently ran an encounter on a "restaurant boat" where my players had to obtain info from a noble on board. They successfully bluffed/bribed/sneaked their way on board. Certain areas of the ship were off limits to guest, such as the crew's quarter's, the captain's cabin, and the lower deck with rowers moving the ship along. My players found a somewhat quiet spot on deck. They proclaimed they wanted to sneak past the guests, who were busy with eating/socializing/etc., into the forbidden areas. One of them cast *pass without trace*, and I asked them to all roll for Stealth. No one got less than 19 on their Stealth check (after modifiers). They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests into the upper areas (not forbidden per se) and then further into "Staff Only" areas. How do I adjudicate this? Obviously, they pose as guests, no weapons or armor on, so they would just blend into the crowd and then, in an opportune moment, sneak past a door/curtain/rope barrier. But they are still moving in plain sight of at least a dozen NPCs. The NPCs can probably see them, but they do not *perceive* them. The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd of - admittedly uninterested in you - NPCs?
2020/05/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/169692", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/56835/" ]
A Charisma (Deception) vs Wisdom (Insight) check ================================================ I'm guessing that you're referring to a *certain location* in Storm King's Thunder. If I'm right, the book suggests the following on page 216: > > The adventurers might try to replace one or more of the workers [of the Grand Dame] [...] A character who wants to get aboard in this fashion must **succeed on a Charisma (Deception) check contested by Captain Storn's Wisdom (Insight) check**. A character who wins the contest can board the ship without raising suspicion. > > > The informational text on this page is talking about getting on board from the docks while it is tied up between trips, not getting into the *CREW ONLY* sections of the ship while it is underway and entertaining guests onboard but I think the Charisma (Deception) vs Wisdom (Insight) check works for both situations. It might not be the Captain's Insight they are trying to oppose but that of whomever sees them attempting to access the off limits areas. This could be a crew member or the pit boss Pow Ming). Even if I'm totally wrong on the campaign, I think the recommendation is still universally applicable.
There are some clear rules concerning hiding in the PHB: > > The GM decides when circumstances are appropriate for hiding. > > > And > > You can't hide from a creature that can see you clearly. > > > When you find that waiting for an opportune moment to slip past someone is appropriate, that is covered by the rules. It is also worth noting that an opportune moment is probably one when there is specifically no person looking in the exact relevant direction. From your question I gather that the players need to conceal their entry to the forbidden areas and not their presence in general. Additionally, Pass without Trace is a one hour concentration spell giving a bonus to stealth for the duration. It does not say that the check must be made immediately. Therefore, you can also demand the check as they enter a forbidden area. In that case, sneaking through the crowd is unnecessary. If there is ever, realistically, a moment when no one looks in a specific direction would depend on the number of people in the room (unless a distraction was provided). But this is not clearly ruled by the book and you can decide this as the GM.
169,692
I recently ran an encounter on a "restaurant boat" where my players had to obtain info from a noble on board. They successfully bluffed/bribed/sneaked their way on board. Certain areas of the ship were off limits to guest, such as the crew's quarter's, the captain's cabin, and the lower deck with rowers moving the ship along. My players found a somewhat quiet spot on deck. They proclaimed they wanted to sneak past the guests, who were busy with eating/socializing/etc., into the forbidden areas. One of them cast *pass without trace*, and I asked them to all roll for Stealth. No one got less than 19 on their Stealth check (after modifiers). They then proceeded to "sneak" past guests into the upper areas (not forbidden per se) and then further into "Staff Only" areas. How do I adjudicate this? Obviously, they pose as guests, no weapons or armor on, so they would just blend into the crowd and then, in an opportune moment, sneak past a door/curtain/rope barrier. But they are still moving in plain sight of at least a dozen NPCs. The NPCs can probably see them, but they do not *perceive* them. The same problem would arise for me if they wanted to escape someone following them in a dense marketplace or in a crowded tavern. How can you Hide/roll for Stealth in a crowd of - admittedly uninterested in you - NPCs?
2020/05/29
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/169692", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/56835/" ]
A Stealth check is appropriate for this, but probably Charisma (Stealth) as opposed to the usual Dexterity (Stealth). It should probably be opposed by a Perception or Insight check on the pursuers part. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stealth is described as (***emphasis mine***): > > Make a Dexterity (Stealth) check ***when you attempt to conceal yourself from enemies***, slink past guards, ***slip away without being noticed***, or sneak up on someone without being seen or heard. > > > You might, in this case, change the base ability required for the stealth check to something more appropriate, like a Charisma (Stealth) check. The DMG specifically allows for this in the section on Using Ability Scores: > > Under certain circumstances, you can decide a character’s proficiency in a skill can be applied to a different ability check. For example, you might decide that a character forced to swim from an island to the mainland must succeed on a Constitution check (as opposed to a Strength check) because of the distance involved. The character is proficient in the Athletics skill, which covers swimming, so you allow the character’s proficiency bonus to apply to this ability check. In effect, you’re asking for a Constitution (Athletics) check, instead of a Strength (Athletics) check. > > > Often, players ask whether they can apply a skill proficiency to an ability check. If a player can provide a good justification for why a character’s training and aptitude in a skill should apply to the check, go ahead and allow it, rewarding the player’s creative thinking. > > > Why Charisma? Well Charisma is a measure of your personality. It states: > > Charisma measures your ability to interact effectively with others. It includes such factors as confidence and eloquence, and it can represent a charming or commanding personality. > > > From what you have described, your characters are in a social situation, and one in which they need to interact with people (blending in to the point of non-notability is still interacting with the room). This would be opposed by one of: * Insight > > Your Wisdom (Insight) check decides whether you can determine the true intentions of a creature, such as when searching out a lie or predicting someone’s next move. Doing so involves gleaning clues from body language, speech habits, and changes in mannerisms. > > > * Perception [either Wisdom (Perception) or Charisma (Perception)] > > Your Wisdom (Perception) check lets you spot, hear, or otherwise detect the presence of something. It measures your general awareness of your surroundings and the keenness of your senses. > > > * Investigation: > > When you look around for clues and make deductions based on those clues, you make an Intelligence (Investigation) check. > > > * An Intelligence or Charisma (Survival) check + Intelligence for making deductions, or Charisma for how well someone could read the room. + Survival for following someone through a crowd (akin to tracking someone using their footprints, you track them by other people's reactions to them) + Wisdom (Survival) may even still be appropriate here. ### So what caused the weird disconnect? The bit that caused the problem, and was likely inappropriate is the Pass without a Trace spell. It's designed specifically for dark situations where silence is key. Pass without a Trace states(***emphasis*** and *emphasis* mine): > > ***A veil of shadows and silence radiates from you, masking you and your companions from detection***. For the duration, each creature you choose within 30 feet of you (including you) *has a +10 bonus to Dexterity (Stealth) checks* and ***can't be tracked except by magical means***. A creature that receives this bonus leaves behind no tracks or other traces of its passage. > > > Pass without a Trace, in an urban setting, coincidentally makes you cause a significant disturbance in a crowd (as opposed to just regularly walking through a crowd). Imagine you were a commoner and a shadowy, indiscernible, mass of figures surrounds you making no sound (as the characters walk around you). What are you going to do...probably scream your head off at the terrifying mass that is around you! 5e does not have fluff text, it is rules text all the way down. Pass without a Trace doesn't make you invisible. It doesn't make the people on the street beside you *not see you*. It makes *you* not disturb your surroundings, easier to hide in the shadows and not make any noise. By making it a Charisma (Stealth) check you still allow the characters to use their Stealth skill, but Pass without a Trace *no longer gives a bonus to the check* as it's not Dexterity (Stealth).
There are some clear rules concerning hiding in the PHB: > > The GM decides when circumstances are appropriate for hiding. > > > And > > You can't hide from a creature that can see you clearly. > > > When you find that waiting for an opportune moment to slip past someone is appropriate, that is covered by the rules. It is also worth noting that an opportune moment is probably one when there is specifically no person looking in the exact relevant direction. From your question I gather that the players need to conceal their entry to the forbidden areas and not their presence in general. Additionally, Pass without Trace is a one hour concentration spell giving a bonus to stealth for the duration. It does not say that the check must be made immediately. Therefore, you can also demand the check as they enter a forbidden area. In that case, sneaking through the crowd is unnecessary. If there is ever, realistically, a moment when no one looks in a specific direction would depend on the number of people in the room (unless a distraction was provided). But this is not clearly ruled by the book and you can decide this as the GM.
180,579
If the caster is in the radius of a harmful area of effect, such as a fireball spell, will the illusory duplicates exist after damage is taken or will they be destroyed?
2021/02/09
[ "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/180579", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com", "https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/60697/" ]
### The spell description explicitly states only attacks can destroy a duplicate. The spell description of *mirror image* states: > > A duplicate can be destroyed only by an attack that hits it. It ignores all other damage and effects. > > > Area of effect spells such as *fireball* are “other damage and effects”, not attacks.
No—they are only destroyed when you are targeted with an *attack* ----------------------------------------------------------------- The spell's [description](https://www.dndbeyond.com/spells/mirror-image) states, in relevant part: > > Each time a creature targets you with an attack during the spell's duration, roll a d20 to determine whether the attack instead targets one of your duplicates. > > > ### Fireball is not an attack, because it uses a saving throw instead of an attack roll The [Sage Advice Compendium](https://media.wizards.com/2019/dnd/downloads/SA-Compendium.pdf) specifically addresses whether Fireball is an attack when describing its interaction with Uncanny Dodge (emphasis added): > > A use of Uncanny Dodge works against only one attack, since it expends your reaction, and only if you can see the attacker. ***It works against attacks of all sorts, including spell attacks, but it is no help against a spell or other effect, such as fireball, that delivers its damage after a saving throw rather than after an attack roll***. > > > This is pretty clear that it is not an attack, because it is unaffected by something that "works against attacks of all sorts, including spell attacks." The underlying reasoning is described well by [xanderh](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/users/21315/xanderh) [here](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/a/71247/66046)—the *Player's Handbook* states: > > If there's ever any question whether something you're doing counts as an attack, the rule is simple: if you're making an attack roll, you're making an attack. > > > There's no attack roll, so there's no attack. As additional (though unofficial) evidence, a directly on-point [tweet](https://twitter.com/JeremyECrawford/status/804783094813163520) from Jeremy Crawford: > > Fireball is not an attack. > > > --- Side note: I had initially thought that, since Fireball targets a point, you wouldn't be "targeted" by it. However, this was [incorrect](https://twitter.com/JeremyECrawford/status/609233888523649024): > > Look carefully at the text of fireball: every creature affected is called a target. > > > The relevant text is: > > A target takes 8d6 fire damage on a failed save, or half as much damage on a successful one. > > >