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Hoshikuzu

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{ "en": "The former no longer exists, and the latter is regarded as \"Maka Hannya Haramitsu Daimyo Jukyo\" translated by Raju included in Tripitaka, but since Raju began to translate in 402 it could not have been translated in 385, when Doan SHAKU died.", "ja": "前者は現存せず、後者は大蔵経収録の羅什訳『摩訶般若波羅蜜大明咒經』とされるが、羅什の訳経開始が402年であるため、釈道安の没年385年には未訳出である。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, the majority of the text corresponds to the text of \"Maka Hannya Haramitsu-kyo Sutra\" translated by Kumaraju of Tripitaka in the Sung, Yuan and Ming editions, but since So-ban Daizo-kyo Sutra (Tripitaka in the Sung edition) was published in the latter part of the twelfth century it is doubtful that this text was translated by Raju.", "ja": "またそのテキストの主要部は宋・元・明大蔵経版の鳩摩羅什訳『摩訶般若波羅蜜経』のテキストと一致するが、宋版大蔵経の刊行は12世紀後半であるため、このテキストが羅什訳であるということも疑われている。" }

{ "en": "It is said that Genjo, who had returned from India in 649, also translated \"Hannya Shingyo.\"", "ja": "649年、インドより帰還した玄奘もまた『般若心経』を翻訳したとされている。" }

{ "en": "As an idea on the history of sutra translation, Buddhist sutras translated into Chinese before Kumaraju are called 'ancient translations,' those after Kumaraju and before Genjo are called 'old translations' and those after Genjo are called 'new translations' (as per the classification of sutra translations).", "ja": "訳経史の概念として鳩摩羅什までの漢訳経典を「古訳」鳩摩羅什以降、玄奘までを「旧訳（くやく）」玄奘以降を「新訳」と言う（訳経史区分）。" }

{ "en": "However, in the aspect of philology the majority of the text was an abstraction from \"Maka Hannya Haramitsu-kyo Sutra\" of Tripitaka in the Korean edition (in the first part of the thirteenth century) translated by Kumaraju, and was different from the corresponding part of the \"Mahaprajnaparamita-sutra\" translated by Genjo, so that there is also suspicion about whether it was translated by Genjo, as well as the Buddhist sutra, which was said to be a translation by Raju.", "ja": "しかし、文献学的にはテキストの主要部分が高麗大蔵経版（13世紀前半）の鳩摩羅什訳『摩訶般若波羅蜜経』からの抽出文そのものであり、玄奘が翻訳した『大般若波羅蜜多経』の該当部分とは異なるため、これも羅什訳と同様に玄奘訳であるということが疑われている。" }

{ "en": "The oldest text that is currently considered to be a translation by Genjo is the text that is added to the end of \"Shogyojo\" in the Shuo Shogyojo (Ji wang shen jiao xu, Shuji Shogyojo) monument at Hongfusi Temple (Kofukuji Temple), which was built in 672.", "ja": "現在、玄奘訳の最古のテキストとされるものは、672年に建てられた弘福寺（興福寺）の集王聖教序碑（集字聖教序碑）中の『聖教序』の後に付加されているテキストである。" }

{ "en": "However, because it had been a long time since 648 when Taiso (Tang tai zong) gave \"Shogyojo,\" and there is a description in the afterword that 'embroidered by order of the Emperor,\" there is a theory that this epigraph came to be assessed as a translation by Genjo based on Kumaraju's translation in order to glorify Genjo's great work after his death.", "ja": "しかしながら太宗(唐)が『聖教序』を下賜した648年から大幅に時間が経過している上、跋文に「勅を奉けて潤色せり」という記載があることから、この碑文は玄奘の没後にその偉業を讃えるために鳩摩羅什の訳文を元に玄奘訳としてまとめられたものではないかとする説もある。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, in \"Hannya Haramitashin-gyo Sutra Yusan,\" written by Jion Daishi Ki, a disciple of Genjo, there is a description to indicate that theory.", "ja": "また、玄奘の弟子である慈恩大師基(僧)の『般若波羅蜜多心経幽讃』にもその旨を示唆するような記述がある。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, although \"Hannya Shingyo,\" which is said to be a translation by Genjo, became the most widespread for reading and invocation, this is unusual considering that the Buddhist sutra translated by Raju had since ancient times been used more often than the Buddhist sutra translated by Genjo.", "ja": "また玄奘訳とされている『般若心経』は読誦用として最も広く普及しているが、これは羅什訳と玄奘訳との双方がある経典は、古来前者が依用されていることを考慮すると異例のことである。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, sloppy reading of \"the Mahaprajnaparamita-sutra\" is often performed but the text of the Buddhist sutra itself is rarely read and recited.", "ja": "なお『大般若波羅蜜多経』転読は頻繁に行われるが、経典のテキストそのものを読誦することは稀である。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, in both Raju's and Genjo's translations, 'Hannya Haramitsu (Hannya Haramita),' 'Sariputra,' '阿耨多羅三藐三菩提,' 'Bosatsu (菩提薩&22517)' and the last 'shu' were not translated into Chinese and showed transcriptions of Sanskrit without changes.", "ja": "なお、羅什訳・玄奘訳とも、「般若波羅蜜（多）」「舍利弗（子）」「阿耨多羅三藐三菩提」「菩薩（菩提薩&22517）」及び最後の「咒（しゅ）」の部分だけは漢訳せず、サンスクリットをそのまま音写している。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, in the text that is said to be a translation by Genjo there are more than 10 differences in words depending on the edition, examples of which are as follows:", "ja": "また、玄奘訳とされるテキストには版本によって、例えば下記の箇所のように、字句の異同が十数箇所存在する。" }

{ "en": "In Japan various sects, especially the Hosso-shu, Tendai, Shingon and Zen sects, use Hannya Shingyo and interpret it individually.", "ja": "日本では仏教各派、特に法相宗・天台宗・真言宗・禅宗が般若心経を使用し、その宗派独特の解釈を行っている。" }

{ "en": "However, the Jodo Shinshu sect regards \"Three Sutras of the Pure Land (Jodosanbu-kyo Sutra)\" as the fundamental Buddhist sutra, and the Nichiren and Hokke sects regard \"Myohorenge-kyo\" as that, so they don't recite the Hannya Shingyo.", "ja": "ただし、浄土真宗は『浄土三部経』を、日蓮宗・法華宗は『妙法蓮華経（法華経）』を根本経典としているため、般若心経を唱えることはない。" }

{ "en": "This is because they don't need to use it from the viewpoint of their dharma, not because they deny the Heart Sutra.", "ja": "これは当該宗派の教義上、用いる必要がないということであり、心経を否定しているのではない。" }

{ "en": "For example, Kozui OTANI, who was a chief priest of the Jodo Shinshu sect at Nishi Hongwan-ji Temple, wrote a commentary on the Hannya Shingyo.", "ja": "例えば、浄土真宗西本願寺の住職であった大谷光瑞は般若心経の注釈を表している。" }

{ "en": "It uses it as one of the Buddhist sutra for daily use (see the article of Hannyashin-gyo Hiken).", "ja": "日用経典（日課等通常行事用の経典）の1つとしている（般若心経秘鍵を参照）。" }

{ "en": "In the case where one reads and recites it repeatedly, traditionally he starts reading from 'Bussetsu' in the beginning for the first time but begins reading from 'Maka' for the second time without reading 'Bussetsu.'", "ja": "また、繰り返し読誦する場合は、一回目は、冒頭の「仏説」から読み始めるが、2回目以降の読誦では「仏説」を読まず、「摩訶」から読む慣わしとなっている。" }

{ "en": "Because Kukai, the founder of the sect, emphasized Hannya Shingyo, various priests of this sect have written commentaries.", "ja": "この宗派の僧侶には開祖空海が般若心経を重視したために注釈・解釈を著す僧が多く、著作が色々とある。" }

{ "en": "Among those, the works by Kakusho TAKAGAMI, Yuko MIYASAKA and others in the postwar period of Japan are well known.", "ja": "このうち、特に戦後の日本における高神覚昇・宮坂宥洪などの著作が知られている。" }

{ "en": "\"Lecture on Hannya Shingyo\" by TAKAGAMI, which was broadcasted via NHK radio in the prewar days, was very popular at that time.", "ja": "高神の『般若心経講義』は戦前、NHKラジオ放送で行われたものであり、当時好評を博した。" }

{ "en": "It is considered very highly among the commentaries written in modern Japanese, and it receives high praise from scholars and priests of other sects.", "ja": "現代日本語で書かれた解釈書としては非常に評価の高いものであり、異なる宗派の僧侶や仏教学者からも評価されている。" }

{ "en": "In the Jishu sect it is necessary to recite it three times in front of the shelf of gods that enshrines the soul of Kumano Taisha Shrine after worship of the shrine and morning devotions.", "ja": "時宗では、神社参拝及び本山での朝の勤行の後に熊野大社の御霊を祀る神棚に向かい三唱することが必須となっている。" }

{ "en": "It is often asserted that Hannya Shingyo is a Buddhist sutra that reveals the primary figure of one's heart.", "ja": "般若心経とは自分の心の本来の姿を現した経典であるという主張を行うことが多い。" }

{ "en": "While the founder Dogen interpreted it, Tenkei's interpretation 'Kanjizai Bosatsu is yourself' is famous.", "ja": "開祖道元が解釈しているほか、天桂の「観自在菩薩とは汝自身である」という解釈が有名である。" }

{ "en": "Ryokan left numerous manuscripts of the Hannya Shingyo, and TANEDA made haiku from the Hannya Shingyo.", "ja": "良寛は般若心経の大量の写経を残しており、種田は般若心経を俳句に読み込んでいる。" }

{ "en": "When it is read and recited in the shrine (in front of the gods), it is read from 'Maka' without reading 'Bussetsu' at the beginning.", "ja": "神社（神前）で読誦の際は、冒頭の「仏説」を読まずに、「摩訶」から読む。" }

{ "en": "For ordinary people it is regarded as a Buddhist sutra of 'miracle-working mantra' instead of a Buddhist sutra that preaches 'Ku,' and some people interpret that it 'erases (空ずる)' the power of evil spirits.", "ja": "一般の人々にとっては、「空」を説く経典と言うより、むしろ、「霊験あらたかな真言」の経典として受け止められており、一部には悪霊の力を「空ずる」という解釈もされた。" }

{ "en": "There is an old belief that Hannya Shingyo benefits the recovery from illness, which is seen in \"Nihon Ryoiki.\"", "ja": "古くから般若心経の利益で病気が治るという信仰があり、既に日本霊異記にその説話が残っている。" }

{ "en": "Many people carried it as a charm or hand-copied it in order to pray for recovery from illness.", "ja": "お守りとして所持したり、病気になったときに写経して平癒を祈願したりした人が多い。" }

{ "en": "It is well known that Hokiichi HANIWA read Hannya Shingyo at Kameido Temmangu Shrine and prayed for the success of \"Gunsho Ruiju.\"", "ja": "亀戸天満宮で塙保己一が般若心経を読んで『群書類従』の成功を祈願したことは有名である。" }

{ "en": "During the Edo period, E-shin-gyo (Heart Sutra in Picture Version), was produced for illiterates.", "ja": "江戸時代には、文字を読めない層のために、内容を絵に表した絵心経も製作された。" }

{ "en": "According to \"Hannyashin-gyo no Nazo,\" written by Meiji MOMOSE, this was created by Genemon YAWATA in Ninohe-gun, Iwate Prefecture from 1688 to 1703 for the sake of illiterates and became popular in various provinces through essays, and even literate people enjoyed it as a kind of rebus.", "ja": "百瀬明治『般若心経の謎』によれば、これは元禄年間に現在の岩手県二戸郡の八幡源右衛門という人が文字の読めない人向けに創作した後、随筆によって諸国に伝播されブームとなったものであり、文字か読める人たちの間でも判じ物的に楽しまれたという。" }

{ "en": "Although numerous commentaries have been published, some of them make the mistake of interpreting the original intension of Hannya Shingyo, so that Buddhist scholars sound the alarm.", "ja": "解釈書も大量に出版されており、中には般若心経の原意を取り違えたものさえあり、仏教学者が警鐘を鳴らしているような状態である。" }

{ "en": "As the major translation and commentary in modern times, a book of Iwanami-bunko, a translation from the original Sanskrit by Hajime NAKAMURA and Kazuyoshi KINO, \"Lecture on Hannya Shingyo,\" written by Kakusho TAKAGAMI and \"Hannyashin-gyo Nyumon,\" written by Taido MATSUBARA, which interprets from the viewpoint of a priest of the Rinzai sect, have been published and reprinted many times so that their paperback editions are easily obtainable.", "ja": "現代の主な翻訳及び解説としては、サンスクリット原文からの翻訳である中村元・紀野一義訳の岩波文庫本、高神覚昇の『般若心経講義』、また臨済宗の僧侶の立場から解釈した松原泰道の『般若心経入門』などがあり、それぞれ版を重ねて何れも文庫本として手軽に入手できる。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, Jun MIURA proposed outdoor Hannya Shingyo, which is near to pleasure.", "ja": "また遊びに近いものとしてみうらじゅんがアウトドア般若心経を提唱している。" }

{ "en": "Monju Bosatsu, or maJjuzrii in Sanskrit, is one of the Bosatsus which is worshiped in Mahayana Buddhism.", "ja": "文殊菩薩（もんじゅぼさつ）、サンスクリットマンジュシュリー(maJjuzrii)は、大乗仏教の崇拝の対象である菩薩の一尊。" }

{ "en": "The Sanmayagyo symbols are the shorenge (a blue tropical water lily), sharp sword and bonkyo (sutras written on coconut leaves).", "ja": "三昧耶形は青蓮華（青い熱帯スイレンの花）、利剣、梵篋（ヤシの葉に書かれた経典）など。" }

{ "en": "According to \"Monjushuri Nehan-kyo Sutra,\" it was born in a Brahmin family called Brahmadatta at Tara Juraku, in Sravasti.", "ja": "『文殊師利般涅槃経』によると、舎衛国の多羅聚落の梵徳というバラモンの家に生まれたとされる。" }

{ "en": "\"Yuima-kyo Sutra\" described that when nobody could argue with Yuima-koji, who was sick in bed, only Monju Bosatsu, who visited him in place of Shaka, exchanged questions and answers evenly, and this episode highlighted its character as the Bosatsu of wisdom.", "ja": "『維摩経』には、維摩居士に問答でかなう者がいなかった時、居士の病床を釈迦の代理として見舞った文殊菩薩のみが対等に問答を交えたと記され、智慧の菩薩としての性格を際立たせている。" }

{ "en": "Based on this theory, pictures or statues showing the scene in which Monju Bosatsu visited Yuima-koji were produced.", "ja": "この教説に基づき、維摩居士と相対した場面を表した造形も行われている。" }

{ "en": "Later, Monju Bosatsu was not seen as a realistic figure as described in \"Yuima-kyo Sutra\" but gradually became deified through later sutras.", "ja": "文殊菩薩はやがて『維摩経』に描かれたような現実的な姿から離れ、後の経典で徐々に神格化されていく。" }

{ "en": "It is said that although it is of the Bosatsu grade in order to benefit Shaka's teaching, once it became Buddha it was called Ryushu-nyorai, Daishin-butsu or Shinsen-butsu and will become Buddha (called Fuken-nyorai) in the future.", "ja": "釈迦の化導を扶助するために菩薩の地位にあるが、かつては成仏して龍種如来、大身仏、神仙仏などといったといわれ、また未来にも成仏して普見如来という。" }

{ "en": "In another theory, it exists in the joyful world (常喜世界) in the north at present and is called 歓喜蔵摩尼宝積如来, the name of which can diminish crimes of 四重禁等, or it is said that it lives at Qingliangshan (Wutai Shan Mountain) in Shanxi Province China with 10,000 Bosatsu.", "ja": "あるいは現在、北方の常喜世界に在って歓喜蔵摩尼宝積如来と名づけられ、その名前を聞けば四重禁等の罪を滅すといわれ、あるいは現に中国山西省の清涼山(五台山）に一万の菩薩と共に住しているともいわれる。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, according to \"Hokkekyo Sutra,\" after Nichigatsu Tomyo-butsu entered nirvana in the past life, its disciple Myoko Bosatsu was reborn as Monju Bosatsu.", "ja": "また『法華経』では、過去世に日月燈明仏が涅槃した後に、その弟子であった妙光菩薩の再誕が文殊であると説かれる。" }

{ "en": "However, these are based on descriptions in Mahayana Sutra; there is no evidence that Monju Bosatsu really existed.", "ja": "なお、これらはすべて大乗経典における記述によるものであり、文殊菩薩が実在したという事実はない。" }

{ "en": "As opposed to Kanzeon Bosatsu and others, it is thought that a real model person existed and that it was the Bosatsu who was created in Buddhist organizations.", "ja": "しかし文殊は観世音菩薩などとは異なり、モデルとされた人物が存在していたと考えられており、仏教教団内部で生まれた菩薩であると考えられている。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, many sutras praise Monju Bosatsu as 'Buddha's mother in the three periods,' and in \"Kegon-kyo Sutra\" it plays an important role to take out Zenzai-doshi on the path to seek Buddhism.", "ja": "また文殊菩薩を「三世の仏母（さんぜのぶつも）」と称える経典も多く、『華厳経』では善財童子を仏法求道の旅へ誘う重要な役で描かれるなど、" }

{ "en": "These sutras show that the moral nature of Monju Bosatsu is Hannya (wisdom), which is an important factor in attaining enlightenment.", "ja": "これらのことからもわかるように、文殊菩薩の徳性は悟りへ到る重要な要素、般若＝智慧である。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, developed from the original aspect of the wisdom to reach enlightenment, it became a symbol of wisdom in general (being smart and having much knowledge), which led to the proverb 'Two heads are better than one' in a later age.", "ja": "尚、本来悟りへ到るための智慧という側面の延長線上として、一般的な知恵（頭の良さや知識が優れること）の象徴ともなり、これが後に「三人寄れば文殊の智恵」ということわざを生むことになった。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, in \"Feng-Shen-Yen-I,\" a light novel of China, there appeared mountain hermitscalled Fugen Shinjin and Monju Koho Tenson, who believed Buddhism later and became Fugen Bosatsu and Monju Bosatsu respectively, but this is fiction of a later age.", "ja": "また、中国の娯楽小説『封神演義』には普賢真人、文殊広法天尊という仙人が登場しており、彼等が後に仏門に帰依しそれぞれ普賢菩薩、文殊菩薩となったという設定になっているが、これは後世の全くの創作である。" }

{ "en": "In China, Mt. Wutai Shan in Shanxi Province has been worshipped widely since ancient times as Qingliangshan, where Monju Bosatsu lives, and this was introduced by Ennin in Japan.", "ja": "中国においては、山西省の五台山が文殊菩薩の住する清涼山として古くより広く信仰を集めており、円仁によって日本にも伝えられている。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, in Vol. 29 of \"Bussotoki,\" which is a text of the Chinese Tendai sect, there is the description, 'Monju lives in Zhongnan Shan now and it is a priest Tojun,' which means that Tojun, a founder of the Chinese Kegon sect, was regarded as a reincarnation of Monju Bosatsu.", "ja": "また中国天台宗系の書である『仏祖統記』巻29には、「文殊は今、終南山に住み給えり。杜順和上はこれなり」と、中国華厳宗の祖である杜順を文殊菩薩の生まれ変わりであるとしている。" }

{ "en": "After Hung Taiji, Jianzhou Jurchen arrived at the name Manchus instead of Jurchen.", "ja": "ホンタイジ以降、全ての女真族の呼称に代え満洲族と呼称するようになった。" }

{ "en": "In Japan there is a legend that Gyoki, a priest in the Nara period, was a reincarnation of Monju Bosatsu.", "ja": "日本においては、奈良時代の僧行基が文殊菩薩の生まれ変わりだという伝説がある。" }

{ "en": "It is one of the kyoji (attendant figures) of Shakanyorai with Fugen Bosatsu (see \"Shaka Triad\") and is broadly worshiped by itself.", "ja": "普賢菩薩とともに釈迦如来の脇侍をつとめる（参照：釈迦三尊）ほか、単独でも広く信仰されている。" }

{ "en": "It is in the lotus position on a lion's back with a sharp sword (treasure sword) to symbolize wisdom in the right hand and a shorenge bearing the sutra in the left hand.", "ja": "獅子の背の蓮華座に結跏趺坐し、右手に智慧を象徴する利剣（宝剣）、左手に経典を乗せた青蓮華を持つ。" }

{ "en": "The number of buns can be one, five, six or eight, depending on the statue, and a statue that has one bun is regarded as a principle image in ascetic training for the increase of benefit; the one with five is for adoration, the one with six is for Chobuku (conquest, 調伏) and the one with eight is for safety.", "ja": "この髻の数は像によって一、五、六、八の四種類があり、それぞれ一＝増益、五＝敬愛、六＝調伏、八＝息災の修法の本尊とされる。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, the 'Monju quintet' Monju gosonzo was produced, consisting of Monju riding a lion, Zenzai-doshi as an usher, Udenno drawing the reins of the lion, Buddhapali, and the elder Saisho Ronin.", "ja": "また、騎獅の文殊、先導役の善財童子、獅子の手綱を握る優填王、仏陀波利、最勝老人を従える文殊五尊像も造形された。" }

{ "en": "In the Zen sect it is placed as 'Shoso,' which shows the complete figure of an ascetic monk in the monk hall (僧堂) and is shaped as a figure with hair cut engaged in the practice of seated meditation.", "ja": "また禅宗においては、修行僧の完全な姿を表す「聖僧」（しょうそう）として僧堂に安置され、剃髪し坐禅を組む僧形となる。" }

{ "en": "In this case, from the viewpoint that Monju is also on the way of ascetic training, it is sometimes called Monji Daishi, which avoids using the title of Bosatsu.", "ja": "この場合、文殊もまた修行の途上であるとの観点から、菩薩の呼称を避け文殊大士（だいし）と呼ぶことがある。" }

{ "en": "Major works in Japan are the seated statue at Kofuku-ji Temple Tokondo (Eastern Golden Hall) (made by Jokei, a national treasure), Gosonzo at Abe Monju-in Temple (made by Kaikei, an important cultural property) and Gosonzo at Chikurin-ji Temple in Kochi city (an important cultural property).", "ja": "日本における作例としては、奈良の興福寺東金堂の坐像（定慶作、国宝）や安倍文殊院の五尊像（快慶作、重要文化財）、高知の竹林寺(高知市)の五尊像（重要文化財）などが見られる。" }

{ "en": "It is the war god of Brahmin, Hindu and Zoroastrianism and the same god as Indra that is seen in the clauses of Hittite.", "ja": "バラモン教・ヒンドゥー教・ゾロアスター教の武神でヒッタイト条文にもみられるインドラと同一の神。" }

{ "en": "The name of Taishakuten (帝釈天) originated from Indra's name, Sakro Devanam Indrah, as follows: Sakuro is transliterated to 釈, Devanam is translated freely to 天, and Indrah is translated freely to 帝 and placed first.", "ja": "帝釈天の名はインドラの名前のサックロ・デヴァーナーム・インドラ（SakroDevanamIndrah）のうち、サックロを釈と音訳したものに、デヴァーナームを天と意訳して後部に付け足し、インドラを帝と意訳して冠したもの。" }

{ "en": "Originally, Indra was a war god that fought with Ashura, but it became one of the two good major deities of Buddhism with Bonten after it was incorporated to Buddhism, and it was considered to have helped Shaka before gaining enlightenment and hearing its preaching (see the article on Indra).", "ja": "本来のインドラ神は、阿修羅とも戦闘したという武勇の神であったが、仏教に取り入れられ、成道前から釈迦を助け、またその説法を聴聞したことで、梵天と並んで仏教の二大護法善神となった（インドラの項を参照）。" }

{ "en": "There are Buddhist pictures of Indra, in which Taishakuten, who follows Shaka, has been drawn.", "ja": "インドにおける仏伝図様においては、釈迦に従う帝釈天の様子が描かれることがある。" }

{ "en": "In Vol. 33 of Nehan-kyo Sutra (The Sutra of the Great Nirvana) and Vol. 56 of Daichidoron, there is a description that Taishakuten was called Kyoshika （Kauśika）when he was a human.", "ja": "涅槃経巻33や大智度論巻56には、帝釈天が人間だった頃の名前は憍尸迦（きょうしか、Kauśika）であると説かれている。" }

{ "en": "In ancient times, in Mahadh there was a Brahmin whose first name was Maka and family name was Kyoshika, and who did good deeds (福徳) and had great wisdom.", "ja": "かつて昔にマガダ国の中で名を摩伽（まか）、姓を憍尸迦という、福徳と大智慧あるバラモンがいた。" }

{ "en": "He had 32 acquaintances and friends with whom to learn and do good deeds, and after death he was reborn in the second world above on the top of Mt. Shumisen.", "ja": "彼には知人友人が32人いて共に福徳を修して命終して、須弥山の頂の第2の天上に生まれた。" }

{ "en": "Maka Brahmin became most high, and 32 acquaintances and friends became ministers to give advice so that 33 (including him) are called the 33 Ten.", "ja": "摩伽バラモンは天主となり、32人は輔相大臣となったため、彼を含めた33人を三十三天という。" }

{ "en": "In Japan it is often expressed as a statue with two upper arms (二臂像), its hair tied in a treasure bun (宝髻) atop the head, and dressed in Chinese formal clothes.", "ja": "日本では、頭上に宝髻を結び、中国式の礼服を着た二臂像として表現されることが多い。" }

{ "en": "In some cases he wears armor under the clothes and has a kongosho or a lotus root in his hand.", "ja": "また、着衣下に甲冑をつけることもあり、手には金剛杵や蓮茎などを執ることがある。" }

{ "en": "In Mikkyo (Esoteric Buddhism) there are some examples in which he has one face and two upper arms (一面二臂) with a crown on the head, armor on the body and a tokkosho, a pestle with a single sharp blade at each end--this being considered an attribute of Buddhist guardian figures as well as a symbolic item of Esoteric Buddhism--in his hand.", "ja": "密教においては、一面二臂で、冠を戴き、身体には甲冑を着け、手には独鈷杵を執る例が見られる。" }

{ "en": "The oldest work in Japan is seen in 'the picture of Seshin Monge, giving up the body to hear a verse of scripture,' drawn on Tamamushi no zushi, the Beetle Wing Shrine, (Asuka period) at Horyu-ji Temple.", "ja": "日本最古の遺存例は、法隆寺の玉虫厨子（飛鳥時代）に描かれた「施身聞偈図」（せしんもんげず）に見られるものである。" }

{ "en": "At Jiki-do in Horyu-ji Temple were placed statues of Bonten and Taishakuten (Nara period) (currently placed at Dai-Hozo-In (Great Treasure Gallery).", "ja": "同寺の食堂（じきどう）には梵天・帝釈天の塑像（奈良時代）が安置されている（現在は大宝蔵院に安置）。" }

{ "en": "At Hoke-do (Sangatsudo) in Todai-ji Temple there are statues of Bonten and Taishakuten of kanshitsu-zukuri, done in the dry lacquer technique (Nara period).", "ja": "東大寺法華堂（三月堂）には、乾漆造の梵天・帝釈天像（奈良時代）がある。" }

{ "en": "At the Toji Lecture Hall, in Kyoto, there is a wooden statue on a white elephant, which is characteristic of Mikkyo.（first stage of the Heian period)", "ja": "京都・東寺講堂には、密教系の白象に乗った木像（平安時代前期）が安置される。" }

{ "en": "For an example of the temple where Taishakuten is enshrined, Shibamata Taishakuten (Daikyo-ji Temple) in Tokyo's Katsushika Ward, has been made famous by the movie \"Otoko Wa Tsurai Yo (It's Tough Being a Man).\"", "ja": "帝釈天を安置する寺院としては、映画『男はつらいよ』で著名な東京都葛飾区の柴又帝釈天（題経寺）がある。" }

{ "en": "Since the lost Ita-honzon (wooden main deity) of Taishakuten was discovered during the restoration of the main hall of Daikyo-ji Temple one Koshin Day in the latter half of the eighteenth century, Ennichi became to be held on Koshin Day (for details, see \"Shibamata Taishakuten\").", "ja": "18世紀後半に題経寺の本堂を修復している際に、紛失していた帝釈天の板本尊が発見され、その日が庚申だったことから、庚申の日を縁日とするという（詳しくは柴又帝釈天を参照）。" }

{ "en": "In the Dankun myth, which originated in the Goryeo period of Korea, Dankun, a founder of Dankun (Korea) is regarded as a son who was born from Kanyu, a bastard child of Taishakuten (Kanin in 'Sangokuiji'), and a woman that had humanized from a female bear.", "ja": "朝鮮の高麗時代に成立した檀君神話においては、檀君朝鮮の始祖である檀君は、帝釈天（『三国遺事』では「桓因」）の庶子・桓雄と、雌熊が人間化した熊女との間に生まれた子ということになっている。" }

{ "en": "Yakushi Nyorai, bhaiSajya-guru in Sanskrit, is a Nyorai of Mahayana Buddhism.", "ja": "薬師如来(やくしにょらい)、サンスクリットバイシャジヤ・グル(bhaiSajya-guru）は、大乗仏教における如来の一尊。" }

{ "en": "It is also called Yakushi Ｒuriko Ｎyorai or Daiiobutsu.", "ja": "薬師瑠璃光如来（やくしるりこうにょらい）、または大医王仏とも称する。" }

{ "en": "Representative Buddhist scriptures that preach 'Yakushi Nyorai are Yakushi ruriko nyorai hongan kudokukyo (Yakushikyo),' which was translated by Genjo, and 'Yakushi ruriko shichibutsu hongan kudokukyo (Shichibutsu yakushikyo),' which was translated by Gijo.", "ja": "薬師如来が説かれている代表的な経典は、玄奘訳「薬師瑠璃光如来本願功徳経（薬師経）」と義浄訳の「薬師瑠璃光七佛本願功徳経（七仏薬師経）」がある。" }

{ "en": "According to Yakushi hongan kudokukyo, Yakushi Nyorai was a founder of a religious sect in Toho joruri sekai (Eastern Pure Land), and swore 12 oaths when it was Bodhisattva, lengthened people's lives by curing their diseases, removed disasters, provided clothes and food, practiced Buddhist ascetic training and finally became Buddha by attaining Mujo bodai (perfect Buddhist enlightenment).", "ja": "薬師本願功徳経では、薬師如来は東方浄瑠璃世界の教主で、菩薩の時に12の大願を発し、この世門における衆生の疾病を治癒して寿命を延べ、災禍を消去し、衣食などを満足せしめ、かつ仏行を行じては無上菩提の妙果を証らしめんと誓い仏と成ったと説かれる。" }

{ "en": "Unlike other Nyorai, it is the target of worship seeking worldly interests since it is the buddha of medicine which provides medicine to cure avidya disease.", "ja": "無明の病を直す法薬を与える医薬の仏として、如来には珍しく現世利益信仰を集める。" }

{ "en": "It is a Nyorai of exoteric Buddhism and the Japanese Shingon Sect (Shingon Esoteric Buddhism) basically does not emphasize it.", "ja": "顕教系の如来であり、日本の真言宗（真言密教）では本来あまり重視されない。" }

{ "en": "Although it is often treated as chuson (the center statue of three or more statues) in Besson mandara (Mandara of individual deities) of Zo-mitsu (the Mixed Esoteric Buddhism), it doesn't appear in Ryokai mandara (Mandara of the two Realms) of Jun-mitsu (The Pure Esoteric Buddhism).", "ja": "雑密系の別尊曼荼羅では中尊となる事も多いが、純密の両界曼荼羅には居場所は無い。" }

{ "en": "However, in the Tendai Sect (Tendai Esoteric Buddhism) which traditionally had close ties with the Emperor's family, it was sometimes linked with the Emperor, a king of the eastern country, because it was the founder of a religious sect in Toho joruri sekai.", "ja": "しかし伝統的に天皇家と結びつきが強かった天台宗（天台密教）では、薬師如来が東方浄瑠璃世界の教主であることから、東の国の王たる天皇と結び付けられもした。" }

{ "en": "Further, there exist views that assert it is the same Nyorai as Dainichi Nyorai and such views derive from the interpretation by Tendai Esoteric Buddhism that Shaka Nyorai of Kuon-jitsujo, advocated in Lotus Sutra of exoteric Buddhism, coincides with Dainichi Nyorai of Esoteric Buddhism or Shaka Nyorai appears in the shape of Dainichi Nyorai in order to save people.", "ja": "さらに大日如来と同体とする説があるが、これには天台密教において、顕教での妙法蓮華経に説かれる久遠実成の釈迦如来＝密教の大日如来との解釈と、釈迦如来の衆生救済の姿という二つの見方による。" }

{ "en": "As for the statue form, there exist both standing statues and seated statues and normally, their right hands make semui in (mudra for bestowing fearlessness), while the left hands make yogan in (wish-granting mudra) and hold a medicine vase.", "ja": "像容は、立像・坐像ともにあり、印相は右手を施無畏（せむい）印、左手を与願印とし、左手に薬壺（やくこ）を持つのが通例である。" }

{ "en": "However, many statues produced in ancient Japan, such as the statue in the main hall of the Yakushi-ji Temple in Nara and the statue in the main hall of the Toshodai-ji Temple in Nara, don't hold a medicine vase.", "ja": "ただし、日本での造像例を見ると、奈良・薬師寺金堂像、奈良・唐招提寺金堂像のように、古代の像では薬壷を持たないものも多い。" }

{ "en": "It is believed that the production of statues holding a medicine vase started after the introduction of 'Yakushi Nyorai nenju giki' translated by Fuku.", "ja": "これは、不空訳「薬師如来念誦儀軌」の伝来以降に薬壷を持つ像が造られるようになったと考えられている。" }

{ "en": "Yakushi Nyorai is enshrined not only as a single statue but also as Yakushi Sanzonzo (three statues) with Nikko Bosatsu and Gakko Bosatsu situated on both sides.", "ja": "単独像として祀られる場合と、日光菩薩・月光菩薩を脇侍とした薬師三尊像として安置される場合がある。" }

{ "en": "In the halo of Yakushi Nyorai, 6 or 7 statues of the same size are situated.", "ja": "薬師如来の光背には、七体または六体、もしくは七体の同じ大きさの像容がある。" }

{ "en": "The above practice is believed to have derived from 'Yakushiko' (religious meeting of worshipping Yakushi Nyorai) at which people learnt and praised the virtue of Yakushi Nyorai.", "ja": "これは、薬師如来の徳を講讃する「薬師講」に由来すると考えられている。" }

{ "en": "In 'Yakushi ruriko shichibutsu hongan kudokukyo (Shichibutsu Yakushikyo)' translated by Gijo and 'Yakushi Nyorai hongankyo' translated by Daruma Gyuta, original vows and bukkokudo (the land that Buddha has purified) of Shichibutsu, including Yakushi Nyorai, are advocated.", "ja": "義浄訳「薬師瑠璃光七仏本願功徳経（七仏薬師経）」や達磨笈多訳「薬師如来本願経」では、薬師如来を主体とした七尊の仏の本願と仏国土が説かれる。" }

{ "en": "Tendai Esoteric Buddhism emphasized Shichibutsu Yakushi ho (praying to the seven Yakushi Nyorai), which was believed to have originated by Ennin, as the one which brings about health and safe delivery, and prayer for safe delivery using Shichibutsu Yakushi ho was conducted at the Fujiwara sekkanke (the families which produced regents) in the 8th -9th century.", "ja": "天台密教では、円仁から始まったとされる七仏薬師法が息災・安産をもたらすとして重要視され、8-9世紀には藤原摂関家で同法による安産祈願が行われた。" }

{ "en": "Konjiki Hokomyogyo Jojuo Nyorai", "ja": "金色宝光妙行成就王如来（こんじきほうこうみょうぎょうじょうじゅおうにょらい）" }

{ "en": "In Japan where a creed seeking worldly interests was prevalent among people, Yakushi Nyorai scriptures were often produced for the purpose of praying for the healing of diseases.", "ja": "現世利益的信仰が有力な日本においては、薬師如来は病気平癒などを祈願しての造像例が多い。" }

{ "en": "Along with Amida Nyorai which promises peaceful death, Yakushi Nyorai attracted the most worshippers in Japan.", "ja": "極楽往生を約束する仏である阿弥陀如来とともに、日本においてはもっとも信仰されてきた如来である。" }