Datasets:

Hoshikuzu

/

KFTT

like 1

{ "en": "Furthermore, there exists a new religion related to Jodo Shinshu, which is connected to folk beliefs over a long period of history.", "ja": "また、長い歴史の中で土俗信仰などと結びついた、浄土真宗系の新宗教も存在している。" }

{ "en": "Currently, it is made up of 10 schools affiliated to Jodo Shinshu sects and other schools, and as a whole sect, it has the most temples (about 22,000 temples) and followers among Japanese Buddhist sects.", "ja": "現在、浄土真宗宗派加盟の10派ほか諸派に分かれているが、宗全体としては、日本の仏教諸宗中、最も多くの寺院（約22,000ヶ寺）、信徒を擁する。" }

{ "en": "Shinshu Kyodan Rengo was organized as an association of Shinshu sects to promote cooperation and coordination among the sects in 1923, the 750th anniversary of Shinran Sho'nin's birth and the 700th anniversary of foundation of the religion.", "ja": "真宗教団連合は、親鸞聖人生誕750年・立教開宗700年にあたる1923年（大正12年）、真宗各派の協調・連携を図る為に、真宗各派協和会として結成された。" }

{ "en": "Sainen-ji Temple (Kasama City, Ibaraki Prefecture) - which has Inada Soan, associated with Shinran, as its origin", "ja": "西念寺(笠間市)（茨城県笠間市）-親鸞ゆかりの稲田草庵を由緒とする。" }

{ "en": "Higashi Hongan-ji Temple (Taito-ku, Tokyo) - the oldest son Kosho OTANI, 324 branch and affiliated temples.", "ja": "東本願寺(東京都台東区)（東京都台東区）-長男大谷光紹、末寺・崇敬寺院数　324" }

{ "en": "Higashi Hongan-ji Higashiyama Joen (Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto City) - the second son Chojun OTANI, the current head-priest is his oldest son Narishige (Korin) OTANI.", "ja": "東本願寺東山浄苑（京都市東山区）-2男大谷暢順、現門主は長男大谷業成（光輪）。" }

{ "en": "Jurakudai (or Jurakutei) was a large residence built by Hideyoshi TOYOTOMI in Uchino, Kyoto (the site of the Outer Palace Precincts in Heiankyo, present-day Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City) during the Azuchi-Momoyama period.", "ja": "聚楽第（じゅらくだい／じゅらくてい）は、安土桃山時代に豊臣秀吉が京都の内野（平安京の大内裏跡、現在の京都市上京区にあたる）に建設した大邸宅。" }

{ "en": "It is a kind of castle with a moat, and thus sometimes called Juraku-jo Castle.", "ja": "堀をめぐらした一種の城であり、聚楽城（じゅらくじょう）ともいわれる。" }

{ "en": "The construction of Jurakudai began in February 1586, as an office and an official residence of Hideyoshi, who became Kanpaku (chief advisor to the emperor), a chief councilor to the Emperor, and completed in September 1586.", "ja": "聚楽第は関白になった秀吉の政庁兼邸宅として1586年（天正14年）2月に着工され、翌1586年9月には完成。" }

{ "en": "On May 9, 1588, he was visited by Emperor Go-Yozei and entertained him in Jurakudai.", "ja": "1588年5月9日（旧暦天正16年4月14日）には後陽成天皇の行幸を迎えてこれを饗応している。" }

{ "en": "Although being called \"-dai\" (meaning tei/house), Jurakudai was in fact a castle on a plain, since it included several enclosed areas such as a donjon with a castle tower in the center and a secondary enclosure around it, and was surrounded with a moat.", "ja": "「第」（＝邸）とあるが、天守を持つ本丸を中心に二の丸などの曲輪を持ち、堀を巡らしており、実際は平城であった。" }

{ "en": "Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine, where the Kitano Grand Tea Ceremony was held in October 1587, is located nearby Uchino, where Jurakudai was.", "ja": "1587年10月に北野大茶会が催された北野神社社頭はこの聚楽第のあった内野からほど近い土地にある。" }

{ "en": "In December 1591, when Hideyoshi resigned as Kanpaku, his nephew Hidetsugu TOYOTOMI succeeded him as Kampaku and took over Jurakudai, at which time Emperor Go-Yozei visited again.", "ja": "1591年12月に秀吉が関白職を甥の豊臣秀次に譲ると聚楽第も秀次のものとなり、その際後陽成天皇を再び迎えている。" }

{ "en": "In 1594, Hideyoshi began construction of Fushimi-jo Castle for his residence after his retirement, and in 1595, because of an adverse relationship with Hideyoshi, Hidetsugu was sent to Mt. Koya-san and then ordered to commit suicide, thereafter Jurakudai was demolished.", "ja": "秀吉は隠居後の居所として1594年には伏見城の築城を始めるが、翌1595年に関係が悪化していた秀次を高野山に追放した後切腹を命じるに及んで、聚楽第も破却された。" }

{ "en": "Many buildings of Jurakudai were relocated into Fushimi-jo Castle, but some other buildings such as Hiunkaku of Nishi-Hongan-ji Temple, Karamon of Daitoku-ji Temple, Daimon of Myokaku-ji Temple (Kyoto City), and the entrance of Hanto-in of Myoshin-ji Temple, are also reported to have been relocated from Jurakudai.", "ja": "聚楽第の建造物の多くは伏見城内へ移築されたが、西本願寺の飛雲閣、大徳寺の唐門、妙覚寺(京都市)の大門、妙心寺播桃院玄関など、聚楽第から移築されたという伝承がある建造物も少なくない。" }

{ "en": "It is known that Jurakudai was once called \"Uchino Okamai\" (or Uchino no Onkamae) during construction, which first appears in \"Tamon-in Nikki\" (The Diary of Tamon-in Temple), in the section of February 27, 1586, 'the construction of Uchino Okamai began on the last 21st.'", "ja": "聚楽第は、建造中は「内野御構」（うちのおかまい／うちののおんかまえ）と呼ばれていたことが知られており、その初見は『多聞院日記』天正14年2月27日の条にある「去廿一日ヨリ内野御構普請」。" }

{ "en": "As to the origin of the name \"Juraku,\" there is a description of 'the place for gathering (ju) songs and dances (raku) for longevity' in \"Jurakudai Gyoko-ki\" (The Diary of Visit to Jurakudai) written by Hideyoshi's aide, Yuko OMURA, one of \"Tensho-ki\" (The Diary of Tensho).", "ja": "「聚楽」という名の由来については、秀吉が御伽衆の大村由己に書かせた『天正記』のひとつ『聚楽第行幸記』に「長生不老の樂（うたまい）を聚（あつ）むるものなり」とある。" }

{ "en": "Since no other sources have been found so far, historians generally believe that the term \"Juraku\" was created by Hideyoshi.", "ja": "これ以外に「聚楽」の出典が見いだせないことから、史家のあいだではこれが秀吉の造語によるものだとする見方が一般的となっている。" }

{ "en": "There is no recognizable structure of Jurakudai remaining today, except that the landscape bears its mark.", "ja": "聚楽第は現在では地形にわずかに痕跡をとどめる程度で、整然とした遺構は残っていない。" }

{ "en": "In Matsuyamachi-dori, Shimo-chojamachi-dori, Agaru, Higashi Iru, Higashihori-cho, there is a historic site supposedly of \"Tsuyu-no-I,\" but there is no evidence to show that it is a remnant of Jurakudai.", "ja": "かろうじて「梅雨の井」跡と伝える史跡が松屋町通下長者町通上ル東入ル東堀町内にあるが聚楽第遺構との確証はない。" }

{ "en": "In addition, there remains a garden stone supposedly contributed by Kiyomasa KATO in Bundo-cho, to the north of Kyoto City, Demizu, Day Service Center in Chiekoin-dori, Demizu-dori, Sagaru, but there is also no evidence to show that it is a remnant of Jurakudai.", "ja": "また智恵光院通出水通下ルの京都市出水老人デイサービスセンターの北向かい（分銅町）に加藤清正寄贈という庭石も残るがこれも確証はない。" }

{ "en": "Meanwhile, names of towns such as Suhama-cho, Suhamaike-cho, Tenbinmaru-cho, Yamazato-cho, Kitanogomon-cho, Kodaiin-cho, and Higashihori-cho markedly preserve vestiges of those days.", "ja": "ただし、地名には、「須浜町」「須浜池町」「天秤丸町」「山里町」「北之御門町」「高台院町」「東堀町」などなお当時の名残を色濃く残している。" }

{ "en": "Also, there are many towns named after warlords who served under Hideyoshi, such as Nyosui-cho, Kodera-cho, Ukita-cho, Hidadono-cho, Tamura-Bizen-cho, Fukushima-cho, Chusho-cho, and Naoie-cho.", "ja": "また「如水町」「小寺町」「浮田町」「飛弾殿町」「田村備前町」「福島町」「中書町」「直家町」など秀吉騎下の武将の名を冠した地名も多く見られる。" }

{ "en": "Note that in recent investigation, remains of a moat and tiles with gold leaf have been found.", "ja": "なお近年行なわれた調査では堀の跡などが発掘され、金箔瓦なども出土した。" }

{ "en": "The term \"Shijin-so-o\" refers to the topography and land physiognomy that are traditionally believed to be the best suited for the 'Four Gods' that govern the four directions of the heavens in China, Korea and Japan.", "ja": "四神相応（しじんそうおう）は、中国・朝鮮・日本において、天の四方の方角を司る「四神」の存在に最もふさわしいと伝統的に信じられてきた地勢や地相のことをいう。" }

{ "en": "The Four Gods with an 'Oryu' (yellow dragon) or Kirin at their center are called the 'Go-jin' (Five Gods).", "ja": "なお四神に中央に「黄龍」（おうりゅう）、あるいは麒麟を加えたものが「五神」（ごじん）と呼ばれている。" }

{ "en": "However, the correspondence between the Four Gods and actual geography in Japan differs greatly from that in China, South Korea, and North Korea.", "ja": "ただし現代では、その四神と現実の地形との対応付けについて、中国や韓国・朝鮮と日本では大きく異なっている。" }

{ "en": "Shijin-so-o topography in the feng shui of China and Korea indicates the form of Zofujusui (storing wind and collecting water) in which the terrain is enclosed by having tall mountains at the back (Haizan-Rinsui), a lake, river, or sea in the front (Sui), and smaller hills or mountains (Sa) on both sides.", "ja": "中国や朝鮮での風水における四神相応は、背後に山、前方に海、湖沼、河川の水（すい）が配置されている背山臨水の地を、左右から砂（さ）と呼ばれる丘陵もしくは背後の山よりも低い山で囲むことで蔵風聚水（風を蓄え水を集める）の形態となっているものをいう。" }

{ "en": "The Four Gods in this case are as follows: the mountains in the back are Genbu (black warrior); Sui in front is Suzaku (a red phoenix); the left Sa with Genbu in the background is Seiryu (a blue dragon) and the right Sa is Byakko (a white tiger).", "ja": "この場合の四神は、背後の山が玄武、前方の水が朱雀、玄武を背にして左側の砂が青龍、右側が白虎である。" }

{ "en": "In Kyoto, Japan it was possible to have the following association: the Tanzawa Mountains in the north as Genbu, Mt. Hidari-Daimonji as Seiryusa, Arashiyama in the west as Byakkosa and Ogura-ike Pond in the south as Suzaku; therefore, Kyoto was a land of Shijin-so-o topography exactly from the perspective of the feng shui standard.", "ja": "日本の京都においても、北の丹沢山地を玄武、東の左大文字山を青龍砂、西の嵐山を白虎砂、南にあった巨椋池を朱雀とする対応付けが可能で、標準的な風水の観点から正しく京都は四神相応の地であった。" }

{ "en": "However, Ogura-ike Pond was completely consumed by landfills, which broke the Shijin-so-o topography of Kyoto.", "ja": "ただし巨椋池が完全に埋め立てられてしまったために、京都の四神相応は破壊されている。" }

{ "en": "Mt. Funaoka, which once overlooked Suzaku-oji Avenue, is a little too small for Genbu.", "ja": "なおかって朱雀大路を見通すことのできた船岡山は、玄武とするには小規模である。" }

{ "en": "In the standard viewpoint of feng shui, Mt. Funaoka is interpreted as Seiho, to which Sanryu, a dragon of mountains, is headed via Genbu.", "ja": "標準的な風水の観点では、船岡山を玄武を伝ってやってくる山龍が目指す星峰と解釈している。" }

{ "en": "In modern Japan, the interpretation that the Four Gods are related to 'mountain, river, road and lake,' as shown in the following table, is generally accepted.", "ja": "現代の日本では次表のような、四神を「山川道澤」に対応させる解釈が一般に流布している。" }

{ "en": "\"Sakuteiki Gardening Book\" explains how to create a garden, taking Shinden-zukuri (a style of architecture for the residence of court nobles) into consideration, in which the theory of 'Four Gods = Mountain, river, road and lake' is described as the ideal basis for such a garden.", "ja": "『作庭記』は寝殿造を念頭においた庭園の作り方を述べた書物であり、理想の庭園の姿として「四神＝山川道澤」説を記述する。" }

{ "en": "It also explains that planting certain kinds of trees can substitute 'The Four Gods = Mountain, river, road and lake' in the event there is no mountain, river, road and lake to represent the Four Gods.", "ja": "そして四神としての山川道澤がない場合に、特定の種類の樹木を特定の本数植えることで「四神＝山川道澤」の代用となることを説いている。" }

{ "en": "The interpretation that the Four Gods are related to 'mountain, river, road and lake' has been generally accepted in modern Japan, since the association of Seiryu=Kamo-gawa River (the Yodo-gawa River system), Byakko=Sanin-do Road, Suzaku=Ogura-ike Pond and Genbu=Mt. Funaoka was relatively successful with Heian-kyo as a model.", "ja": "現在の日本で四神を「山川道澤」に対応させる解釈が一般的となったのは、平安京をモデルとして、青龍＝鴨川(淀川水系)、白虎＝山陰道、朱雀＝巨椋池(おぐらいけ)、玄武＝船岡山の対応付けが比較的うまく行ったと考えられるようになってからである。" }

{ "en": "In fact, \"Sakuteiki Gardening Book\" mentions nothing about Heian-kyo, much less the specific places of the mountain, river, road and lake.", "ja": "しかし『作庭記』自体には平安京についての言及はなく、ましてや山川道澤の具体的地名などはまったく記されていない。" }

{ "en": "It is said that \"Sakuteiki Gardening Book\" was created at the end of the Heian period, judging by its content, which is why the theory of 'Four Gods = Mountain, river, road and lake' can only date back to the end of the Heian period.", "ja": "『作庭記』はその内容から平安時代末期の作とされており、「四神＝山川道澤」説は平安時代末期までしか遡り得ないのが現状である。" }

{ "en": "Therefore, we need to pay attention to the fact that there is no proof of the argument based on the assumption that this theory is the ideological background for choosing the land for Heian-kyo, which was built in the late eighth century.", "ja": "そのため、同説が8世紀後葉に建設された平安京選地の思想的背景であるとの前提に立った主張については裏付けがないことに注意が必要である。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, the association of mountain, river, road and lake, as allegedly done well into the Heian-kyo, has been claimed since the Edo period, which became the general interpretation later in the Meiji period.", "ja": "さらに、平安京でうまく行ったとされる山川道澤との対応付けは、江戸時代以降に主張されるようになったものであり、それが一般的な解釈とされるようになったのはようやく明治時代になってからである。" }

{ "en": "In fact, even though a city prior to the Edo period would have been designed to match the Shijin-so-o topography, it is very unlikely that the Four Gods were Mountain, River, Road and Lake.", "ja": "つまり、江戸時代以前の都市デザインが四神相応となるように設計されていても、その四神が山川道澤であるとは考えにくい。" }

{ "en": "For example, in the imperial rescript, when building the capital, Heijo-kyo is described as follows:", "ja": "例えば平城京はその建都にあたっての詔勅に、「方今、平城之地、四禽叶図、三山作鎮、亀筮並従。" }

{ "en": "Right now, the place of Heijo is in accordance with the painting of four beasts; three mountains assuage things, and turtle augury tells the same.'", "ja": "（方に今、平城の地、四禽図に叶ひ、三山鎮を作し、亀筮並に従ふ。）」とある。" }

{ "en": "The phrase 'accordance with the painting of four beasts' here means Shijin-so-o topography, which confirms that during the Nara period Heijo-kyo was considered to be the place having Shijin-so-o topography.", "ja": "この「四禽図に叶ひ」とは四神相応のことであり、奈良時代には平城京が四神相応の地であると考えられていたことを確認できる。" }

{ "en": "However, as long as it is associated with Shijin-so-o topography it is likely that another interpretation would have been accepted during the Nara period.", "ja": "しかしそれを四神相応とする以上、奈良時代には別の解釈がとられていたことになる。" }

{ "en": "Shirin Saiyo-sho commentary in the late Kamakura period mentions that 'the central mountains are related to Genbu, and the people, panoply and oven are related to Suzaku...,' which shows that Suzaku was associated with 'people, panoply and oven.'", "ja": "また、鎌倉時代後期の詞林采葉抄では「その中山を玄武に当て、貴人金爐を朱雀に当て、・・・」とあり、朱雀に「貴人金爐」が対応付けられていることがわかる。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, \"Ryueihikan\" mentions that 'Winds of the Edo Castle merit the position of the world's castle, and its land coincides with Shijin-so-o topography'.", "ja": "さらに『柳営秘鑑』によれば、「風此江戸城、天下の城の格に叶ひ、其土地は四神相応に相叶ゑり」と記されている。" }

{ "en": "The author of \"Ryueihikan\", Yamon KIKUCHI, considered that Edo Castle was built on the land coinciding with Shijin-so-o topography.", "ja": "『柳営秘鑑』の著者である菊池弥門にとって、江戸城は四神相応の地に建設された城郭である。" }

{ "en": "But if applying the theory that 'Four Gods = Mountain, river, road and lake', then Tokyo Bay, which is likely to be Suzaku (god said to rule over the southern heavens), spreads from east to south-by-southeast, and Koshu-kaido Road, which is likely to be Byakko (god said to rule over the western heavens), only stretches to the west no matter how you see them in their favor.\"", "ja": "しかし、「四神＝山川道澤」説を採用するとすれば、どう贔屓目にみても朱雀となりそうな東京湾は東から南東を経て南への広りがあるわけだし、白虎となりそうな甲州街道も単に西に延びているだけである。" }

{ "en": "It is far-fetched to say that such geography matches the theory of 'Four Gods = Mountain, river, road and lake.'", "ja": "このような地形をもって、「四神＝山川道澤」説に合致しているとするのは、牽強付会というべきだろう。" }

{ "en": "Furthermore, the interpretation that Himeji Castle, Fukuyama Castle (Bingo-no-kuni) or Kumamoto Castle matches the Shijin-so-o topography of 'Mountain, river, road and lake' theory emerged later.", "ja": "さらに言えば、姫路城や福山城(備後国)、熊本城などを「山川道澤」の四神相応とするもの同様に後世に創られた解釈である。" }

{ "en": "As for Nagoya Castle, \"Kinjo-onko-roku records\" mentions that 'Your great castle has roads open to four directions, and people gather from all over the world; like the world's castle, it places chokepoints at about 40 kilometers; it has mountains in the east, the sea in the south, Kiso-gawa River in the northwest, and in between it installs strategic stops at a distance of about 140 kilometers (omission); lying ahead, a fort on Mt. Yagoto in the east, Saya and the armed camp in Kiyosu in the west (omission); with the castle, camps and walls, these indicate the key castle of Shijin-so-o topography.'", "ja": "名古屋城についても『金城温古録』では、「名府御城の如きは、道を四道に開かれて、四方より人民輻湊する事、恰も天下の城の如く十里に嶮地を置き、東は山、南は海、西北は木曾川あり、その中間、三五里を隔て要害設し給ふ（中略）、先は東は八事山の砦柵、西は佐屋、清州の陣屋（中略）、城、場、郭の三を備へ、四神相応の要地の城とは、これを申奉るなるべし」と記述されている。" }

{ "en": "There is no concept of certain fortune on a certain direction in the feng shui of ancient China, so it is an original Japanese concept to abhor Kimon (the direction of northeast, called an ogre gate) and Urakimon (the direction of southwest which is the opposite side of Kimon).", "ja": "また古代中国の風水では特定の方位について固定した吉凶をとる考えはなく、鬼門・裏鬼門を忌むのは日本独自の考え方である。" }

{ "en": "In this sense, one must doubt the theory expressed in \"Kamadoyama Kyuki histroy book\" that Dazaifu Tenmangu Shrine was made based on feng shui according to the description that Kamado-jinja Shrine was made to protect Kimon of Dazaifu Tenmangu Shrine at the time of its construction.", "ja": "そういう点で『竈門山旧記』を根拠として、竈門神社が大宰府の鬼門を護るために大宰府建設時に創建されたという記述から、大宰府が風水に則って作られたとする説は問題が多い。" }

{ "en": "This is how the interpretation of Shijin-so-o topography has changed from ancient times to the early modern times, and it is believed to be unique and different from the feng shui of ancient China.", "ja": "このように四神相応の解釈は古代から近世にかけて変化していき、古代中国の風水とは異なる独自のものであったと考えられる。" }

{ "en": "Grand Sumo - The four tassels with different colors above the sumo ring were relics of four pillars that originally held up the roof of Kataya, indicating the Four Gods.", "ja": "大相撲-土俵上にある4つの色分けされた房は元来方屋の屋根を支えた4柱の名残であり四神を表している。" }

{ "en": "Emperor Uda (June 14, 867 - September 8, 931), the fifty-ninth Japanese Emperor, was in power from December 9, 887 to August 8, 897.", "ja": "宇多天皇（うだてんのう、貞観9年5月5日（867年6月10日）-承平元年7月19日（931年9月3日））は、日本の第59代天皇（在位：仁和3年11月17日（887年12月5日）-寛平9年7月3日（897年8月4日））。" }

{ "en": "Although he once left the Imperial Family and was granted the surname of Genji and called MINAMOTO no Sadami, he returned to the Imperial Family on August 29, 887 with the help of Kampaku, chief adviser to the Emperor, FUJIWARA no Mototsune, and became a prince on August 30, 888.", "ja": "一度臣籍降下し、源氏の姓を賜って源定省を称したが、後に実力者の関白藤原基経の後押しで887年（仁和3年）8月25日に皇族に復帰し、翌8月26日に皇太子に立てられる。" }

{ "en": "This is strongly related to the fact that Emperor Uda was the adopted son of Naishi no Tsukasa FUJIWARA no Yoshiko, who was Mototsune's half-sister.", "ja": "これには宇多天皇が基経の異母妹である内侍司藤原淑子の猶子であったことが大きい。" }

{ "en": "The first child, Imperial Prince Atsugimi (later called Emperor Daigo), was the son of Nyogo (Empress Dowager Zo), FUJIWARA no Inshi (Taneko).", "ja": "第一皇子敦仁親王（のちの醍醐天皇）は、女御（贈皇太后）藤原胤子の子。" }

{ "en": "After Nyogo FUJIWARA no Inshi died of illness, Imperial Prince Atsugimi was adopted and she became the prince's wife when Emperor Daigo was enthroned.", "ja": "女御藤原胤子が病没後、皇太子敦仁親王を猶子とし、醍醐天皇即位に伴い、皇太夫人となる。" }

{ "en": "Shinjaku-Hosshinno was the son of TACHIBANA no Gishi (Noriko), whose wife was the daughter of SUGAWARA no Michizane; the name became apparent years later, when SUGAWARA no Michizane had a false charge brought against him.", "ja": "橘義子からは真寂法親王があり、菅原道真女を妻としたことから、後年菅原道真の誣告に際してその名が出た。" }

{ "en": "The Genji clan, which originated from the Emperor Uda Family, is called Uda-Genji; those who came from the Genji group of FUJIWARA no Inshi's daughter, Imperial Prince Atsumi, had the most power.", "ja": "宇多天皇から出た源氏を宇多源氏といい、藤原胤子の子・敦実親王から出た系列が最も栄えた。" }

{ "en": "MINAMOTO no Masanobu, Imperial Prince Atsumi's son, became Sadaijin; his daughter, MINAMOTO no Rinshi, was a wife of FUJIWARA no Michinaga and mother of Emperor Ichijo Chugu FUJIWARA no Shoshi and Kampaku FUJIWARA no Yorimichi.", "ja": "敦実親王の子・源雅信は左大臣を務め、その女・源倫子は藤原道長の正室となり、一条天皇中宮藤原彰子や関白藤原頼通の母となった。" }

{ "en": "The lords of the Imperial Palace who kept their positions were the AYANOKOJI Family and the SASAKI clan, who were descendents of the Masanobu, who had originally moved to Ohmi and were indigenized and gave themselves the name SASAKI.", "ja": "朝廷貴族としての地位を維持した子孫としては、公家の綾小路家などがあり、また雅信から近江に土着した佐々木氏が出ている。" }

{ "en": "In the old days it was believed that Emperor Uda came to power due to his strict Buddhist belief; however, one recent theory says the reason was that dominant political control had been taken away from the Fujiwara clan, or that it was done to stop the complaints from the royal families after Emperor Uda came into power by coming back to the Imperial Family, although he had become an allegiant (as indicated by the retired Emperor Yozei in his remark in \"Okagami (The Great Mirror),\" which is described below).", "ja": "天皇の譲位については古くは仏道専心説が有力であったが、近年では藤原氏からの政治的自由を確保するためとする説、一旦臣下から皇族に復帰して即位したためにこれに不満を抱く他の皇族の皇位要求の動きに先んじた説などがある（後述の『大鏡』の陽成上皇の発言はその暗示ともされる）。" }

{ "en": "Emperor Uda mentioned in \"Kampyo-Goyuikai\"/\"Kampyo-no-Goyuikai (a group of precepts for governing)\" that he was greatly shocked by the death of Udaijin, MINAMOTO no Yoshiari, which could have been one of the reasons he left the throne.", "ja": "また『寛平御遺誡』には右大臣源能有の死による強い衝撃について書かれており、退位と結びつける見方もある。" }

{ "en": "According to an anecdotal story in \"Okagami (The Great Mirror),\" the retired Emperor Yozei said that Emperor Uda used to serve him. It is also said to have been a big headache for the retired Emperor Uda as Emperor Yozei had tried to restore his government.", "ja": "『大鏡』には、陽成上皇が宇多天皇のことを、「あれはかつて私に仕えていた者ではないか」と言ったという逸話が残っているが、陽成上皇が復位を画策しているという風説は天皇を悩ませた。" }

{ "en": "According to the \"Chousyu-ki\" (an article of June 7, 1135) written during the Hoei period, when the retired Emperor Yozei had tried to enter the palace, Emperor Uda forbade the retired Emperor Yozei from entering the palace without his permission; however, later on Emperor Uda tried to enter the palace when the Shotai-no-Hen/Shotai Incident happened, and he tried to ask Emperor Daigo to stop SUGAWARA no Michizane's degradation, but could not do so because of the regulation that he himself had made.", "ja": "保延年間に書かれた『長秋記』（保延元年6月7日条）によれば、陽成上皇が宇多天皇の内裏に勝手に押し入ろうとしたために、上皇といえども天皇の許しなく内裏に入る事が禁じられたが、後に昌泰の変が起きた時に醍醐天皇に菅原道真の左遷を止めさせようとして内裏に入ろうとした宇多上皇がこの決まりを盾に阻まれたと記されている。" }

{ "en": "This was an example of a member of the Imperial Family who abdicated and then returned and became the Emperor because there was no one to succeed the enthronement; it is said that the event of Emperor Uda's enthronement could have been set up by FUJIWARA no Yoshiko and Mototsune, although Imperial Prince Motoyoshi was still alive.", "ja": "皇位継承者不在の危機にあたり、臣籍降下した者が即位した例であるが、当時在世中の元良親王らを超越しての即位であり、藤原淑子・基経による擁立劇という側面もある。" }

{ "en": "A power struggle occurred after the young Emperor Uda was enthroned, when he and Yoshitsune, who wanted control over the Emperor, fought against each other in the \"Ako Affair.\"", "ja": "即位直後におきた「阿衡事件」は、天皇を自らの傀儡にしたい基経と、若き天皇との主導権争いでもある。" }

{ "en": "Although the affair was settled by Emperor's concession, the Emperor was smarter than Mototsune believed he was, and he changed the government into the \"Shinse\" style; for example, he appointed SUGAWARA no Michizane to a position of trust.", "ja": "事件は天皇の譲歩に終わったものの、基経が想像するよりは英明な人物であったから、菅原道真を重用するなど、次第に「親政」色を強めてゆくことに成功した。" }

{ "en": "It is said that the Emperor Uda took actual control of the government while Emperor Daigo remained sick in his last years.", "ja": "晩年は病気がちの醍醐天皇に代わって、実際の政務を執っていたいう説もある。" }

{ "en": "Some people said that \"Engi-Tenryaku-no-chi,\" which was supposed to be governed well by Emperor Daigo and Emperor Murakami, should be called \"Kampyo-no-chi,\" since the actual politics were based on Emperor Uda's (priest in a high position) style.", "ja": "「延喜天暦の治」と賞せられる醍醐天皇・村上天皇の「善政」とされるものの多くは宇多天皇（法皇）の政策の延長上に過ぎず「寛平の治」と呼ぶのが妥当ではないかという説もある。" }

{ "en": "There was a big waka (Japanese poetry) ceremony called \"Teiji-in Uta-awase,\" which was held after Emperor Uda came to power, thus representing the great influence of the Kokufu Bunka (Japan's original national culture).", "ja": "譲位後に行った大掛かりな和歌の行事である「亭子院歌合」は、国風文化の盛行の流れを後押しするものである。" }

{ "en": "It is said that the name of Emperor Uda came from the place where he abdicated (Tsuigo is sometimes considered to be a type of posthumous name, but strictly speaking these are two different names); however, he spent most of the time at Ninna-ji Temple Omuro, Teijino-in and Rokujo-in (though another theory says the reason was that Emperor Uda spent his childhood at Uda-in, which was the house of his father, Emperor Koko, when he was the Imperial Prince).", "ja": "通説では譲位後の在所の名称より宇多天皇と追号された（追号も諡号の一種とする場合もあるが、厳密には両者は異なる）と言われているが、実際の居宅は仁和寺御室・亭子院・六条院を主としていたという（宇多院は元は父の光孝天皇の親王時代の邸宅で、宇多天皇はここで成長したからだという異説もある）。" }

{ "en": "He was also called Kampyo-Hoo, Teijinoin and Dajo-emperor Suzakuin.", "ja": "また、寛平法皇、亭子院（ていじのいん）、朱雀院太上天皇などの名称でも呼ばれた。" }

{ "en": "The Imperial Mausoleum is located at Ouchiyama no misasagi, in Uda-no-tani, Narutaki, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto City.", "ja": "陵墓は京都市右京区鳴滝宇多野谷にある大内山陵（おおうちやまのみささぎ）とされる。" }

{ "en": "The surname of Sumitomo originates from Kotaro (Tadashige), the twenty-second-generation descendant of Takamochi-oh, a great grandson of Emperor Kanmu, who took the surname \"Sumitomo\" after the surname and given name of his father, Masami Hirauchi Tomosada, who lived at the end of the Sengoku period; and Kotaro served Shogun Muromachi and was appointed as the Bichumori guard.", "ja": "住友の姓は、戦国の末、もともと先祖に順美平内友定という人物がおり、桓武天皇の曾孫・高望王の二十二代目にその子・小太郎（忠重）が父の姓と名をとって「住友」の姓を称して室町将軍に仕えて、備中守に任じられたのに始まる。" }

{ "en": "The ancestors of the Sumitomo Family, who were Sengoku samurai and descendants of Heike, lived during the tumultuous period of Japanese history known as the Sengoku period (Period of Warring States), when warriors fought each other in order to expand their lands.", "ja": "平家の末裔である戦国武士だった住友家の先祖は、国取り物語の戦国時代(日本)を有為転変の歴史を生きる。" }

{ "en": "The \"earliest ancestor,\" Tadashige SUMITOMO, who served Shogun Muromachi, had a son called Yorisada who served Yoshiharu ASHIKAGA, and Yorisada's son Sadanobu called himself Osakabe-sho.", "ja": "室町将軍に仕えた「始祖」・住友忠重の子・頼定は、足利義晴に仕え、頼定の子・定信は刑部承と称した。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, Sadanobu's son Sadashige served Yoshitada IMAGAWA (the grandfather of Yoshimoto IMAGAWA). After the Imagawa clan was destroyed during Nobusada's lifetime, Sadashige's son served Kiyohide NAKAGAWA in Settsu, calling himself the guardian of Irie Tosanokami. He was known as one of the \"sixteen horses of Nakagawa\", but died during the Battle of Ozaki.", "ja": "そして、定信の子・定重は、今川義忠（今川義元の祖父）に仕えるが、定重の子・信定の代になり、今川氏が滅んでしまったので、摂津の中川清秀に仕え、入江土佐守と称し、中川十六騎の一人として知られたが、尾崎の陣で戦死してしまう。" }

{ "en": "Then, Irie Tosanokami guard (Nobusada)'s son Masatoshi served the Shibata clan in Echizen-no-kuni, called himself the Wakasamori guard; he was stationed in Echizen-Maruoka-jo Castle but died in Hokujo-jo Castle together with Katsuie SHIBATA.", "ja": "また入江土佐守（信定）の子・政俊は越前国の柴田氏に仕え、若狭守と称し越前丸岡城にあったが、柴田勝家と共に北庄城で滅んでしまった。" }

{ "en": "Masatoshi's son Nagamichi was employed by Hideyasu YUKI, who was a son of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA and was adopted as a son-in-law by the Yuki Family, thus ending the history of the Sumitomo as a Samurai family.", "ja": "政俊の子・長行は、徳川家康の子で結城家へ養子入りした結城秀康に用いられるが、住友家の武家の歴史はここまでである。" }

{ "en": "Nagamichi, who might have felt the severity and heartlessness of the ups and downs of the society of samurai families (although that was the way of Sengoku), ordered his children to leave the world of samurai families.", "ja": "戦国の習いとはいえ、武家社会の興亡の激しさと無情を感じたのか長行は、自分の子供たちに武家の世界から足を洗わせた。" }

{ "en": "Nagamichi's second son, Masatomo SUMITOMO, who had inherited the family estate instead of his elder brother Kobe, was born during the Tensho era, studied under Giyuishonin-Kugen (the founder of the Nehan-shu sect) and became a Buddhist who called himself \"Monjuin Kuzen.\"", "ja": "長行の二男で兄の興兵衛に代わって家督を継いだ住友政友は、天正年間に生まれ、涅槃宗(日本)の開祖、空源乃意上人にしたがって仏門に入り「文殊院空禅」と称した。" }

{ "en": "Masatomo, who was considered the omniscient successor of the Nehan-shu sect, returned to secular life after the Nehan-shu sect was absorbed into the Tendai-shu sect during the Kanei era and opened \"Fujiya,\" a business dealing with books and pharmaceuticals in Rakuchu (called himself Kakyu), and started a hardworking life.", "ja": "宏学達識で涅槃宗の後継者と見られていたが、寛永年間に涅槃宗が天台宗に吸収されたのを機に還俗し、洛中に、書籍と医薬品を商う「富士屋」を開き、号を嘉休と称し修道三昧の生活を始めた。" }

{ "en": "Masatomo wrote instructions pertaining to business in \"Monjuin's Directions,\" which remains the prototype for company codes in each company of the Sumitomo Group to the present day.", "ja": "政友は商売上の心得を『文殊院旨意書』にまとめたが、これは現在に至るまで住友グループ各社の社是の原型となっている。" }

{ "en": "In the Sumitomo Family there are two distinctions: the \"founder of a family\" in the Sumitomo Family, and the \"founder of a business\" of the Sumitomo Family.", "ja": "住友家には、住友家の「家祖」と、住友家の事業の「業祖」の2人がいる。" }

{ "en": "Masatomo SUMITOMO (the founder of a family), who was called Kakyu, had one son and one daughter: the son Seii inherited \"Fujiya\"; the daughter.", "ja": "嘉休こと住友政友（家祖）には一男一女があり、男の子政以には「富士屋」の跡を継がせ、女の子には、" }

{ "en": "Riemon Soga, who was the husband of Kakyu's elder sister and a dealer in copper who believed in the Nehan-shu sect and was a Buddhist parishioner of Ku-zen (Masatomo), gave Masatomo material and mental support when Masatomo returned to the secular life and opened \"Fujiya.\"", "ja": "嘉休の姉婿にあたる銅師で、涅槃宗の信徒であり、空禅（政友）の檀家であった蘇我理右衛門は、空禅が還俗して「富士屋」を開く際、物心両面で政友を助けた。" }

{ "en": "The eldest son of Riemon SOGA (the founder of a business), Riemon Tomomochi (Tomomochi SUMITOMO) was adopted by the Sumitomo Family, which turned out to be an encounter of the Sumitomo Family with copper.", "ja": "そして蘇我理右衛門（業祖）の長子理兵衛友以（住友友以）を養子に迎えたことが、住友家と銅との出会いであった。" }

{ "en": "The Sumitomo Family is closely connected with copper refining, which began in the year 19 of Tensho when Riemon learned the refining method used to separate silver from crude copper, which was called the \"Nanban-fuki copper refining method\" by Hakusui of Minjin (from Min), who had come to Senshu-Sakaiura.", "ja": "住友家と精銅とは、切っても切り離せないものがあるが、その端緒となったのは、理右衛門が、天正19年、泉州堺浦に来た明人の白水から「南蛮吹き」と称される粗銅から銀を分離する精錬法を学んだことに始まる。" }

{ "en": "At that time it wasn't known in Japan that gold, silver and the like were contained in crude copper, nor was the refining technique for separating gold and silver known.", "ja": "当時の日本では、粗銅の中に、金・銀などが含まれていることが知られておらず、また金や銀を分離するその精錬技術も未知のものだった。" }

{ "en": "Riemon learned from Hakusui of Minjin the refining method and kept it secret, and thanks to the Nanban-fuki copper refining method the Sumitomo Family gained enormous profit by extracting silver from crude copper.", "ja": "理右衛門は、明人の白水からその精錬方法を学ぶと、その技術を秘伝としてたが、この「南蛮吹き」のおかげで、住友家は粗銅から銀を取り出して、膨大な利益を上げるようになった。" }

{ "en": "Excavation at the Besshidozan copper mine in Iyo was started in the 4th year of Genroku, which was during the lifetime of Tomoyoshi SUMITOMO, a grandchild of Riemon Tomomochi SUMITOMO.", "ja": "住友理兵衛友以の孫にあたる住友友芳の代には、元禄4年に伊予の別子銅山の開堀に着手。" }

{ "en": "This developed into a mine that boasted the world's greatest copper production, supporting Japan as an important export item and serving as the major Sumitomo business for approximately 280 years.", "ja": "これが世界最大級の産銅量を誇る鉱山に成長し、重要な輸出品として日本を支えることとなると共に約280年にもわたって住友の重要な事業の柱となった。" }

{ "en": "The foundation of today's Sumitomo Family, or the starting point of Sumitomo Zaibatsu, can be said to have been built by the Besshidozan copper mine that Tomoyoshi SUMITOMO developed; and in fact, in the history of the Sumitomo Family, the fourth-generation kichizaemon Tomoyoshi is considered to be the \"restorer of the Sumitomo Family.\"", "ja": "今日の住友家の基礎、住友財閥の出発点は、この住友友芳が開発した別子銅山によって築き上げられたものであると言ってよく、事実、住友家の歴史の中では、この四世吉左衛門友芳をもって、「住友家中興の祖」としている。" }

{ "en": "During the Meiji era the Sumitomo family was engaged in cultural enterprises, and the fifteenth-generation kichizaemon Tomoito SUMITOMO donated the building that would become the Osaka Prefectural Nakanoshima Library.", "ja": "明治時代に入ってからは文化事業にも関わり、十五代目吉左衛門住友友純（ともいと）は大阪府立中之島図書館の建物を寄贈。" }