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[ [ "Pantyhose Potato Heads\nIntroduction: Pantyhose Potato Heads\nI'm old enough to remember the original <PERSON>. There was no plastic potato with strategically-placed holes where you could insert the blunt plastic rods that held facial features. Instead, you borrowed a potato from the kitchen and impaled sharp spikes into it to hold the eyes and mouth in place.\nThe potato heads in this Instructable are neither hard plastic nor real spuds. They are tubes cut from pantyhose, stuffed with fiberfill, and stitched to create facial features.\nSupplies\nA pair of pantyhose - One pair of Queen Size can make 4-6 potato heads\nSewing thread - for average shade- s darker hose might need darker thread\nSewing needle - I used a curved quilting needle\nScissors\nFiberfill - for filling the pantyhose segment. I used repurposed fluff from the unused sections of the stuffed plush animals I used to make my Frankenstuffed Feejee Mermaid.\nOPTIONAL - doll eye buttons, rouge for cheeks and shading\nStep 1: The First Cut Is the Deepest\nLay out the pantyhose and cut off the heavier toe section.\nMake another cut 6-8 inches along the leg, and tie one end, as close to the end of the segment as possible.\nStep 2: Get Stuffed!\nStart stuffing fiberfill into the pantyhose section , more and more, until it's semi-firm.\nTie off the open end.\nWEIRD IDEA\nIf you want to make your potato head as a shrunken head, you could leave the extra hose attached for hanging.\nStep 3: The Great Cover-Up\nStitch a circle around the knot where you tied off the pantyhose.\nPress the knot into the fiberfill and tighten the circle until it narrows and closes up over the knot, so it doesn't stick out. Tie off the thread.\nRepeat the procedure to cover the other knot.\nStep 4: The Eyes Have It\nPotatoes are lumpy, and they have the \"eyes\" where new potato plants sprout. To simulate this, randomly make small stitches and push the needle to other parts of your potato, tightening the thread as you go to make indentations in the surface.\nStep 5: The Nose Knows\nGather a lump of the fiberfill stuffing and sew a running stitch around the area, but do not tighten the thread as much as you did over the end knots. This will give you a nice lump of a nose.\nStep 6: Smile, Darn Ya', Smile!\nbring the needle out below and to the side of the nose, and stitch a curve going down and up to the other side of the nose. Tighten it, and you have a nice smile on the face.\nOF COURSE - If you want a grumpy potato head, stitch a curve going up and down to give the face a frown.\nStep 7: Here's Looking at You, Kid\nNow, it's time for the eyes.\nMETHOD 1 - Sew a running stitch in a teardrop pattern. Tighten it lightly.", "22" ], [ "Repeat for the other eye.\nMETHOD 2 - Knot the thread around the shank of a doll eye. Run the needle through the stuffing to the other side of the nose, and affix another eye.\nStep 8: \"Ear\" You Go!\nPinch a wad of stuffing through the fabric. Stitch tightly in a slight curve. Tie off, Run the needle through the fiberfill to the other side of the head, and repeat for the other ear.\nStep 9: There You Go!\nNow you have a Pantyhose Potato Head!\nHOWEVER - If you want, you can make garden-variety Pantyhose Potatoes. Follow the directions up through Step 4, and it will look like a potato, period. In fact, you could make a basket of \"potatoes,\" with one \"potato head\" as a surprise!\nStep 10: Don't Do This!\nThis was my first experimental Pantyhose Potato Head. I made a major mistake. I left the toe of the pantyhose as part of the head, and the darker fabric is very visible. Don't do this!\nI hope you enjoy this Instructable, and I hope you will give it a try and post your projects...but don't cut up your mother's best pantyhose!\nThis Instructable was made for the 2020 Potato Speed Challenge. Vote early and vote often!", "879" ] ]

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[ [ "Integrating the geodesic equation to obtain Newtonian energy of test particle\nI am studying General Relativity, and have come across a question that I am finding rather intractable:\nIn Newtonian Theory, the energy equation for a test particle in orbit around a point mass is: $$\\frac{v^{2}}{2} + \\frac{\\ell^{2}}{2r^{2}} - \\frac{GM}{r} = \\mathcal{E}$$ Where $r$ is the radius, $v$ is the radial velocity, $\\ell$ is the angular momentum per unit mass, $\\mathcal{E}$ is the constant energy per unit mass and $-GM/r$ is the gravitational potential. For the <PERSON> solution show that the integrated geodesic equation may also be written in the form: $$\\frac{v_{s}^{2}}{2} + \\frac{\\ell_{s}^{2}}{2r^{2}} + \\Phi_{s}(r) = \\mathcal{E}{s}$$ Where $v{s} = \\mathrm{d}r/\\mathrm{d}\\tau$, and $\\ell_{s}$ and $\\mathcal{E}_{s}$ are constants.\nI am not really sure what it means by integrating the geodesic equation. My understading is that the geodesic equation is given by:\n$$\\frac{\\mathrm{d}^{2} x^{\\lambda}}{\\mathrm{d} \\tau^{2}} + \\Gamma^{\\lambda}_{\\mu\\nu}\\frac{\\mathrm{d} x^{\\mu}}{\\mathrm{d} \\tau}\\frac{\\mathrm{d} x^{\\nu}}{\\mathrm{d} \\tau} = 0$$\nWhere $\\Gamma^{\\lambda}_{\\mu\\nu}$ is the affine connection. However, this leads to a system of equations, none of which, when integrated, yield the form given in the question.\nI'm sure that I am missing something fundamental and simple, but I just cannot find it in any of the references or materials that I have been given.\nI thought that perhaps integrating the geodesic equation directly would be the way to go, but I do not end up with the correct solution:\n$$\\int\\left(\\frac{\\mathrm{d}^{2} x^{\\lambda}}{\\mathrm{d} \\tau^{2}} + \\Gamma^{\\lambda}{\\mu\\nu}\\frac{\\mathrm{d} x^{\\mu}}{\\mathrm{d} \\tau}\\frac{\\mathrm{d} x^{\\nu}}{\\mathrm{d} \\tau}\\right)\\:\\mathrm{d}\\tau = \\mathcal{E}{s}$$\nWe note that as integration is distributive over addition, we find:\n$$\\frac{\\mathrm{d}x^{\\lambda}}{\\mathrm{d}\\tau} + \\int\\left(\\Gamma^{\\lambda}{\\mu\\nu}\\frac{\\mathrm{d} x^{\\mu}}{\\mathrm{d} \\tau}\\frac{\\mathrm{d} x^{\\nu}}{\\mathrm{d} \\tau}\\right)\\:\\mathrm{d}\\tau = \\mathcal{E}{s}$$\nWe note that if we let $\\lambda = r$, then this becomes proportional to $v_{s}$ and thus I am missing a factor of $v_{s}$.\nEdit 2: After the very helpful comments below, I went back and did the question again, this time getting stuck at a different point.\nSo we find that in the $\\lambda = t$ case, the only <PERSON> symbols $\\Gamma_{\\mu\\nu}^{t}$ that are non-zero are when $\\mu = t$, $\\nu = r$ or vice versa.", "394" ] ]

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[ [ "The question can be interpreted in a few different ways: both what you mean by having the $xy$ slices of the 3-space Euclidean, and what you mean by it being non-Euclidean in the $z$ direction.\nThe suggestion of taking a Euclidean plan and cross it with a non-Euclidean curve only works if you look at the global structure. Any (smooth) curve is locally Euclidean, i.e. you can straigten it out, so locally the 3-space will be Euclidean. However, if you take $\\mathbb{R}^2\\times S_1$, i.e. Euclidean plane times a circle, it will not be the same as Euclidean $\\mathbb{R}^3$.\nHowever, I suppose what you had in mind was local geometry, not global geometry. Normally, by saying locally Euclidean, we just mean that in an infinitessimal neighbourhood of any point, the space is Euclidean. I'm not completely sure if this necessarily will always allow you extend this to a bigger region (of positive size, although perhaps small).\nAnother question is if the $xy$ slice itself is Euclidean, i.e. has an Euclidean metric, or if the embedding into the 3-space should also be non-curved.\nLet me give you a few examples and discuss them. The way I describe the metric, i.e. distance function, on 3-space parametrised by $(x,y,z)$ is on the form $$ds^2=dx^2+dy^2+dz^2 \\iff s'=\\sqrt{(x')^2+(y')^2+(z')^2}$$ where $ds$ is the infinitesimal distance between $(x,y,z)$ and $(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz)$, and the length of a path $(x(t),y(t),z(t))$ is computed by integrating $s'$.", "586" ], [ "This is the Euclidean metric on 3-space.\nAn alternative metric I can make is $$ds^2=f(z)^2\\cdot(dx^2+dy^2)+dz^2$$ which means the $xy$ plane is scaled by a factor $f(z)$. Note that if we enter new coordinates $u=f(z)\\cdot x$, $v=f(z)\\cdot y$ and restrict attention to the surface with constant $z$ (i.e. all $dz$ terms disappear), we find the metric on the surface $S_z$ to be $ds^2=f(z)^2\\cdot(dx^2+dy^2)=du^2+dv^2$, so this is still a Euclidean plane. However, in the function $f(z)$ is non-constant, the 3-space is curved. What's more (and perhaps less intuitive) is that the $S_z$ planes lie curved inside the 3-space. One way to see this is that the shortest path between two points in $S_z$ will tend to leave $S_z$ and take a short-cut through the side of $S_z$ in 3-space for which $f(z)$ is lower: on this side, distances are shorter, just as the shortest path between to points on a circle in the plane will pass through the interior of the circle rather move along the circle.\nAnother metric we can make is $$ds^2=dx^2+dy^2+h(x,y,z)^2\\cdot dz^2$$ for some arbitrary positive function $h(x,y,z)$. Again the constant $z$ slices, $S_z$, are Euclidean planes: this time with no scaling involved. Instead, distances along the $z$ direction are scaled. This time, the embedding of the $S_z$ planes itself is non-curved: not only is the metric on $S_z$ equal to $ds^2=dx^2+dy^2$, but there are no short-cuts by passing out of $S_z$.\nMathematically, the curvature is described locally by the Riemann curvature tensor. This is based on the idea of parallell transportation of vectors: i.e. if I start at a point $P$, pick a direction $u$ (described by a tangent vector) and another vector $w$, I can parallell transport $w$ in the $u$ direction: say to a point $P+\\epsilon u$.", "586" ] ]

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[ [ "Security concerns and legal ambiguities threaten the future of Ukraine’s ‘State in a Smartphone’ · Global Voices\nThe “state in a smartphone” project is one of the most ambitious developments of the current Ukrainian government. Photo by JESHOOTS-com on Pixabay.\nOne year ago, the Ukrainian government released the revolutionary mobile application Diia (Ukrainian for “action”), a cornerstone of President <PERSON>’s campaign promise of making public services convenient and easily accessible via the internet.\nThe Diia mobile app — and its accompanying online e-services portal — allows citizens to digitize their national ID and biometric passport, personal tax number, student ID, and more, and the digital documents wield the same legal power as the original paper ones. Within a year, Ukraine became the fourth European country to have a digital driver’s license and the first country in the world to have a digital passport.\nHowever, a massive data leak last year has raised concerns about the level of protection around users’ personal information. In May 2020, activists discovered about 900 GB of citizens’ personal data being traded by an anonymous chatbot on the popular messaging platform Telegram. The dataset included passport numbers, personal tax numbers, residence information, driver’s licenses, social media passwords, and even bank details of millions of Ukrainians.\nSome public officials accused Diia of leaking data from government registries, while security experts recalled that the Ministry of Digital Transformation had yet to release any security documentation for the app. While journalists and researchers were able to confirm that part of the datasets had come from Ukrainian government registries, no evidence implicating Diia directly has been found.\nOn the anniversary of its launch, Diia app boasts over 6 million users.", "534" ], [ "At the same time, IT specialists and digital rights defenders continue to call on the government to consider all of the risks that e-government and digital identification technology carry, as these may potentially undermine the public's trust.\nDigitizing the nation\nWhile the idea of digitizing public services is not new to Ukraine, Zelensky's is the first administration that has made e-governance a top priority or established a separate ministry entirely dedicated to it — the Ministry of Digital Transformation, headed by <PERSON>.\nOriginally presented in the spring of 2019, the ambitious “State in a Smartphone” program envisioned moving all public services online and providing the majority of the citizens with a means of digital identification. It was later expanded to include goals such as increasing people's digital literacy, expanding internet infrastructure, and creating favorable conditions for the development of the information technology (IT) industry.\nIf implemented successfully, the program could help combat corruption by minimizing the interference and arbitrary decisions of public officials, while significantly reducing state bureaucracy.\nIn addition, Minister <PERSON> has proudly noted that not a single hryvnya from the state budget had been spent on the development of the Diia app — its development team comprised 35 volunteers from the well-known software engineering company EPAM Systems. They later transferred the completed product and relevant technical know-how to the state.\nHow secure are citizens’ data in Ukraine?\nInitially, the ministry announced that Diia used BankID technology from several leading Ukrainian banks for user authorization, and that it utilized a secure cloud server for the transfer of encrypted data.\nStill, few disclosures were made about the security of citizens’ personal data on the app, and security specialists cautiously noted that not enough was known about Diia's security testing.\nNo independent security audit seemed to have been performed, for example — hardly acceptable for technology to which millions of citizens would be entrusting their personal information. In fact, the app's first public bug bounty program was not launched until December 2020.\nThe leaks have made clear that the standard of data security at the state level in Ukraine remains inadequate — including a weak legal data protection regime, poor enforcement, and the lack of appropriate protection measures within state institutions themselves. Synchronization of data from various government registries into one portal or app is therefore likely to result in additional vulnerabilities to external attacks.\nMoreover, in December 2019, the government granted the Ministry of Internal Affairs the power to verify and aggregate citizens’ data from multiple state registries, providing the law enforcement body with access to data from at least five government registries, including those that handle civil, tax, social security, healthcare and voter information. Alarmingly, the data sharing was to be carried out as a part of an “experimental” process that lacked comprehensive legal safeguards ensuring citizens’ right to privacy.\nAccording to an analysis by digital rights advocates from Digital Security Lab, as of August 2020, the interior ministry had not yet developed a methodology for such verification, but this has not prevented it from gaining access to the vast trove of citizens’ personal data.", "609" ] ]

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[ [ "This could be a partial match to Space Prison/The Survivors by <PERSON>. You can find at least some covers here\nIn this story, which takes place over several generations of humans, the protagonists are marooned on a planet called Ragnarok. Ragnarok is a high gravity planet with a very harsh environment, having long very cold winters and very hot summers and a variety of dangerous animals.\nIt turns out that there are two different telepathic animals called \"mockers\" and \"prowlers\". Mockers are:\n... six little animals the size of squirrels, each of them a different color. They walked on short hind legs like miniature bears and the dark eyes in the bear-chipmunk faces ...\n...", "322" ], [ "The two mockers were pleasant company, riding on their shoulders and chattering any nonsense that came to mind. And sometimes saying things that were not at all nonsense, making <PERSON> wonder if mockers could partly read human minds and dimly understand the meaning of some of the things they said\nMockers can telepathically communicate with each-other and can repeat the sounds that another one has heard and telepathically sent to them.\nOn the other hand, prowlers are violent cat-like creatures, who terrorize the marooned people at first:\nThey were things that might have been half wolf, half tiger; each of them three hundred pounds of incredible ferocity with eyes blazing like yellow fire in their white-fanged tiger-wolf faces. They came like the wind, in a flowing black wave, and ripped through the outer guard line as though it had not existed. The inner guards fired in a chattering roll of gunshots, trying to turn them, and <PERSON>'s rifle licked out pale tongues of flame as he added his own fire. The prowlers came on, breaking through, but part of them went down and the others were swerved by the fire so that they struck only the outer edge of the area where the Rejects were grouped.\nThis goes on until one of the survivors helps rescue a mother prowler and her cubs, eventually leading to the \"domestication\" of the prowlers and their eventual use in the defeat of the aliens who marooned the humans on Ragnarok.\nThere seemed no way that men and prowlers could ever meet on common ground. They were alien to one another, separated by the gulf of an origin on worlds two hundred and fifty light-years apart. Their only common heritage was the will of each to battle.\nBut in the spring of one hundred and sixty-one, for a little while one day, the gulf was bridged.", "417" ] ]

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[ [ "Can <PERSON> planet actually exist in our universe?\nThis is a drawing by my daughter which inspired one of the elements in my story/world:\nThe perspective is a little bit mixed here (certainly I don't have a 15 meter-high volcano in this world), but for the sake of this question let's assume that such planet is between 1 and 2 kilometres in diameter or 500-1000 meters in radius. Planets like this are sold by various agencies in the world of my story.\nGiven the fact that the whole story is set in exactly the same universe, as ours (only a little bit into the future), with exactly the same physics and other laws, the question is, if such planet:\n* could exists naturally (what are the limits here) or\n* these companies are selling artificial creations.\nWhat is the smallest possible planet that can exists naturally in our universe? Must I assume that such small planets cannot exist naturally?\nEdit: Here are some answers to the questions given in comments. In short, think about compressing Earth to as smallest size as our current physics allows.\n1. The planet must be habitable, with gravity as close to Earth's one as possible.\n2. Any round rock orbiting the sun or other stellar body does the trick. Meeting IAU's or other definitions is not needed.\n3. Buildings required. Other stuff as well. Full recreation of Earth's look & feel very welcome. This should be private planet as we now understand a private island.\n4. Escape velocity and other physical, chemical or geological parameters as close to the Earth as possible. So, again, a rock in space, not a small gas body.\n5. Again, circling the Sun or other stellar body.", "710" ], [ "No comets lost in space, please. Light and day-night conditions and yearly seasons as close to Earth as possible, please.\n6. No rain, snow or clouds needed, though nice to have. Breathable atmosphere is a must.\n7. This should be a habitable planet, but for a single person or a small group of people. As you can see in the image, we don't need more than 3-5 story buildings. So the fact that breathable atmosphere would be as thick as 500-1000 m above the ground isn't necessary a problem.\n8. Extremely dense core sounds like a good idea, but that might ruin the \"as close to Earth physics as possible\", if I am not mistaken. And it would also most likely fail under \"habitable\", as we would need some underground water sources etc.\n9. A black hole in a center of a planet certainly sounds good as long as above conditions are met.\n10. Asteroid might work as well as long as above conditions are met.\nThe planet must be habitable and easily accessible. So, if by any mean, planet's atmosphere would be filled with some orbiting rocks or other space trash, disallowing any easy navigation and landings, then this is out of question.\nThe company wants to sell a fully-featured product, where you can spend the rest of your life. Not just a rock in space, that you can show off on your pictures, but that you cannot land on and live on.", "591" ] ]

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[ [ "4-Wire Horizontal Plotter\nIntroduction: 4-Wire Horizontal Plotter\nThis instructable explains how to make a 4-wire plotter using the wheel-rims from a toy car, four stepping motors, a scrap of sheet aluminium, some pulleys, and an Arduino UNO R3.\nUnlike 2-wire vertical plotters the drawing surface for this plotter is horizontal.\nConstruction is simple:\n* the “base” requires a ruler, a few drills and a saw.\n* the “gondola” requires an electric drill, a set of circle cutters, and a sharp knife.\nFeatures include:\n* an on-board interpreter that recognizes the g-code output from “Inkscape”.\n* accurate ... approximately 1mm with nylon\n* scaleable ... just increase the cable lengths\n* easy to make\n* low cost\nThe estimated cost of parts, excluding the power supply, is less than $100.\nImages\n* Photo 1 shows a close-up of the plotter\n* The video shows the plotter in action\nStep 1: Parts List\nThe following parts were obtained from https://www.aliexpress.com/\n* 1 only Arduino UNO R3 + USB cable\n* 1 only SG90 servo\n* 4 only 12VDC Nema17 17HS3430 stepping motors\n* 4 only NEMA 17 Motor L-mount stepping motor brackets with screws\n* 4 only 2A per phase Big Easy Driver v1.2 A4988 stepper motor driver board\n* 4 only 65mm RC Car wheels with tyres on 50mm drums (see photo 1)\n* 4 only hexagonal brass couplings with 5mm bore to fit the motor shafts and a 4mm hole for attaching the wheels.", "16" ], [ "The short ones in photo 1 are satisfactory.\n* 4 only miniature V624ZZ pulleys with V-groove size 4*13*6mm\nOptional:\n* 1 only CPS-3205 Compact Mini Variable Adjustable DC Power Supply 0-32V 0-5A AC110-240V (not required if you already have a 12 volt 2 amp DC power source)\nThe following parts were obtained locally:\n* 1 only sheet of 6mm composition board approx. 800mm x 600mm\n* 1 only length 60mm x 20mm timber for corner supports\n* 1 only reel of 0.5mm diameter nylon fishing line\n* 1 only switch\n* 1 only MBR735 diode for reverse voltage protection\n* 1 only pkt of assorted Arduino jumper cables\n* 1 only scrap of thin acrylic sheet for gondola annular ring\n* 4 only M3 threaded Nylon spacers for supporting the acrylic annular ring\n* 1 only scrap of thin sheet aluminium for pulley mounts\n* 4 only M3 x 9mm tubular spacers for pulleys\n* 12 only wood screws for assembling corner supports\n* assorted M4 nuts and bolts to suit your particular build\n* assorted M4 nuts and biolts to suit your particular build\nThe estimated cost of parts, excluding the power supply, is less than $100.\nStep 2: Circuit Diagram\nPhoto 1 shows the circuit diagram of the 4-wire plotter.\nThe Big Easy Driver “direction” lines are on Arduino PORTC pins A0, A1, A2, and A3\nThe Big Easy Driver “step” lines are on Arduino PORTB pins D8, D9, D10, and D11\nThe SG90 servo “control” wire is connected to pin D3\nThe MBR735 diode provides reverse voltage protection.\nMotor Wiring\nIt may be necessary to reverse the two center wires from each of the 17HS3430 Nema17 12 volt stepper motors as the Big Easy Driver v1.2 A4988 stepper motor driver boards expect the wires from each of the coil-windings to be adjacent.\nThe default color sequence for the 17HS3430 cables (for my motors) is red, blue, green, black. The color-sequence following the modification is red, green, blue, black.\nThe red, green winding is connected to the “A” terminals of the Big Easy Driver.\nThe blue, black winding is attached to the “B” terminals of the Big Easy Driver.\nBig Easy Driver Current Limits\nThe current-limit on each of the Big Easy Driver must be set to 400mA (milli-amperes) .", "611" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON> comes to mind as an example of a human experiencing similar conditions to your creatures. I seem to recall that before being taught sign language, she could still make herself somewhat understood, though that may be because her family could see/hear. So I'm going to throw out this example for the rest of this answer.\nInstead, I want to imagine how these creatures would live. For one thing, if they're loners, they're not going to develop language no matter how easy it is, so let's assume they're pack animals. Thus, they will sleep, move, and eat together, and feel terror when they are alone. For these reasons, I imagine that much of these creatures' time will be spent in physical contact with one another (think of people walking in a snowstorm, or WWI soldiers blinded by poison gas in long lines, holding onto each other for direction). It may be possible that a group will never let go of one another, forming lifelong partnerships with the individuals in front of and behind them. They're going to end up knowing a lot about these two people, and should be able to tell their mood just by feeling their body language-- that is, if they have body language at all.\nI think rather than a static line, it's more likely that individuals will remain connected, but often switch their place in the group.", "802" ], [ "That way, the alpha can make sure no one is plotting against them, and no one has been left behind. Also, it allows the young to learn from a variety of sources. This way, I think body language will develop, as there are certain things individuals will want to tell each other (for instance, \"I don't want to hold your hand\", or \"don't leave, you're not as sweaty as the other guy\"). This may come in the form of hand signals (like soldiers entering a building tapping each other's shoulders), or more subtle cues like posture. Keep in mind that without most senses, these creatures' sense of touch should be much more precise than ours, so they should be able to pick up a variety of cues that we couldn't, such as small changes in heartbeat or hairs standing on end.\nWhether or not this all turns into a form of communication that we would call language is debatable, and mostly based on the potential these creatures have for intelligence. However, with the example of <PERSON> again (I know, I said I wouldn't bring her back up, but she didn't hear me when I told her to leave), she learned to understand sign language by feeling it, so sign language could be used by these creatures to communicate as long as they were smart enough to develop it.\nAs for written language like braille, I think it should develop eventually, just like written languages did for humans. Come to think of it, it may develop earlier: these creatures should already be used to combing the ground for familiar paths and handholds, it shouldn't be too much of a leap to place certain objects with special meaning in places where they will be found. This may start as a way to more easily find places, but could evolve, again based on the intelligence of these creatures.", "802" ] ]

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[ [ "The Dress Rehearsal for the Belarusian Crackdown · Global Voices\nTotal media control, or the unexpected virtue of being <PERSON>. Images edited by <PERSON>.\nThe state of free speech in Belarus enjoys remarkable stability: in 2015, Belarus placed 157th out of 180 countries on Reporters Without Borders’ Press Freedom Index for the third consecutive year. Attacks on the independent media have been commonplace since the 1990s. Restrictive laws, raids on newspapers, politicized criminal prosecutions, travel bans against outspoken reporters, and failing to investigate the murder of several journalists—Minsk has used every possible tool in its arsenal against the free press.\nThe Belarusian president, <PERSON>, who's sometimes called “Europe's last dictator,” once said journalists “hold a weapon of a most destructive power.” That's the reason, he says, the state must exercise such control over the media.\nToday, Minsk controls the media almost entirely. There are a few rare exceptions online, like the opposition news outlets Charter 97, Naviny.by, Belaruspartisan.org, the newspaper Narodnaya Volya, and a few others. <PERSON> would probably be happy to shut down these publications, too, but they provide a semblance of pluralist democracy that's useful when responding to criticisms at home and especially abroad.\n<PERSON> headed a collective farm before the Soviet Union collapsed. Today, he treats the Internet with a mix of awe and caution, regarding it as one of mankind's greatest creations, albeit a potentially dangerous, inherently American weapon.\n<PERSON> and his youngest son <PERSON> during harvesting on the territory of the presidential residence. Image: Press-service of the president of the Republic of Belarus.\nBelarus’ suppression of the media becomes especially violent during election season. During the last election, in December 2010, several opposition websites and some entire social networks went down, targeted by blocking and hacking efforts. Police raided the offices of Belsat TV and European Radio‘s local station, detaining several journalists.", "704" ], [ "<PERSON> declared victory in the election, but an international monitoring group from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe said the election was neither free nor fair. Between 10,000 and 60,000 people gathered in downtown Minsk to protest the voting results, but police special forces dispersed the crowd by force and arrested as many as 700 protesters, as well as seven of the nine presidential candidates.\nThe next election will take place later this year, in November 2015, and the country's political situation promises to be even more volatile. Five years ago, most Belarusians lived in relative comfort, enjoying rising wages and retirement benefits. In 2011, however, the country's currency reserves ran out, and the dollar exchange rate nearly tripled from 3,100 Belarusian rubles in March 2011 to 8,700 by October. (Today, it takes almost 15,000 Belarusian rubles to buy a single US dollar.) The value of oil worldwide, too, has plummeted. <PERSON> has managed to contain the economic crisis thanks mainly to generous loans from Moscow.\nIn 2015, the Belarusian government owes its creditors roughly $4 billion, which is about two-thirds of its entire foreign reserves. The Belarusian economy, dominated by large, inefficient state-owned companies, is little reformed from its Soviet predecessor. The longer the country's financial woes continue, the less likely it is that Russian aid can rescue <PERSON> from a reckoning with voters. Also, Russia's own imploding economy, not to mention <PERSON>'s refusal to endorse the annexation of Crimea, jeopardizes this one remaining lifeline.\nOfficials in Minsk seem to realize that a cataclysm might be ahead, and there are signs that Minsk is moving to address the situation, ahead of presidential elections. Last December, the parliament adopted amendments to regulations on the media, equating the online media with the traditional mainstream media. The reforms also grant the Ministry of Communications and Informatization the power to shut down online resources extrajudicially.\n<PERSON>, founder of the independent website By24.", "704" ] ]

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[ [ "Tunisians left to themselves to fight COVID-19 · Global Voices\nA woman in the subway in Tunisia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Photo by <PERSON> CC BY-SA 4.0\nSince April, Tunisia has faced a sharp rise in the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. The Ministry of Health described the health situation as “very dangerous ” with hospitals being at almost full capacity. To flatten the curve, the authorities—again—announced new containment measures that include a national curfew, school closure, travel restrictions. But few believe it will be enough.\nUnlike wealthy countries, there are no relief schemes to support workers and businesses to stay afloat. With unemployment already high and the cost of living skyrocketing, the most vulnerable have barely received ad-hoc small state assistance, and people are left to fend for themselves to survive. Therefore, the prospect of catching the virus is less of a concern than the necessity of carrying on and making a living.\nThough Tunisia imposed a stringent lockdown at the onset of the pandemic and for a while kept the spread of the virus low at a high price for the economy, there is now a wide feeling of powerlessness and fatigue. “If I don’t go out and work who is going to give me money?” asked <PERSON>, a Tunisian builder who, like the majority of workers, relies on daily earnings.\nUnable to respond to the demands of the population and drowned in their own political disagreements—Tunisia has had nine governments in 10 years since the revolution —there is complacency at the top. The authorities are not enforcing COVID-19 measures: political rallies have continued to gather large crowds flouting health protocols; social distancing and masking are ignored; cafés and markets are crowded. Digitalisation having lagged, many office and administrative work is still done on-site using hard copies.\nSince independence in 1956, Tunisia has heavily invested in its infrastructure. The public health system grew rapidly to provide universal health coverage that used to be the pride of Tunisians. But in the Nineties , corruption, deregulation in favour of the private sector resulted in a downward spiral of deterioration of public health services. It has only worsened throughout the years.\n<PERSON>, a medical intern told the Anadolu Agency that “the health sector is now in crisis not only because of the pandemic but also due to many infrastructural problems which have remained unresolved in recent years.”\nTunisian Prime Minister <PERSON> visiting a hospital in Sousse in December 2020.", "1019" ], [ "Photo from the official Facebook page of the Presidency of the Government of Tunisia, Public Domain.\nIn 2014 and 2018, medical professionals launched two general strikes after scandals at hospitals that took the lives of 15 newborns babies and the death of a young doctor in a lift accident . Prime Minister <PERSON> pledged at the end of December 2020 the creation of a national body for public health reform. But it is an issue that will take a long time to fix.\nIn the meantime, Tunisians who can afford it are turning to a largely unregulated and mushrooming private sector for treatments.\nPrivate health care for those who can afford it\nCOVID-19 has exacerbated the dysfunction of the public health care system. It starts by being able to access a COVID-19 test. While the WHO’s director recommended testing at the onset of the pandemic, Tunisia has never had enough testing capacity.\nIf, in theory, PCR tests are free at public hospitals, there are not enough tests available in reality. Most people will not be able to be diagnosed. The private sector is called to fill the gap but with a high price tag that is unaffordable for most Tunisians. At the beginning of the pandemic, some laboratories were charging 400 dinars (145 United States dollars) for a PCR test which is almost the equivalent of the Tunisian monthly minimum wage. The government intervened to cap it at 209 dinars ($76) and then to reduce it further to 170 dinars ($62).\nTunisian Ministry of Health Facebook announcement with photo of Health Minister Dr. <PERSON> and a quote, “We agreed with laboratories to reduce the cost of PCR test.” Public Domain.\nAt this price tag, it is unlikely many people will get tested. Mainly travelers are taking the test as more and more countries require negative PCR tests for entry. There have been numerous stories of test results trafficking—people buying forged certificates at a cheap price on the black market. The government has clamped down on the traffic, now requiring laboratories to have a QR code on test results.\nTunisia's lack of testing is in stark contrast with most wealthy countries, where testing is free and at the center of their recovery strategies. For instance, the UK and France will offer free rapid COVID-19 tests when lifting their lockdown.", "1019" ] ]

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[ [ "In Chukchee mythology, according to <PERSON> (1907), the Aurora Borealis is made of the spirits of the people who died a violent death. Some of them are playing soccer in the sky with a walrus head:\nThe Aurora Borealis is chiefly the place of abode for those who die a sudden or violent death. The whitish spots are the people who died from contagious diseases; the red spots are those stabbed with a knife; the dark spots are those strangled by the \"spirits\" of nervous diseases; the changeable rays are deceased people running about and playing ball with a walrus-head which is alive. It roars when in motion, after it has been tossed. It wants to strike with its tusks anybody who tries to catch it. Men who have been strangled with a slip-noose at their own request, have honorary places among the spectators; or they themselves may play, but do so in a very awkward manner, because of the rope dangling behind them on the ground.\n<PERSON>, 1907. The Chukchee – Religion (Part II). Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History.\nThis narrative seems to be relatively widespread among Eskimo people since the Inuits from Labrador had similar beliefs:\nOnly the spirits of those who have died a voluntary or violent death, and the raven, have been over this pathway.", "919" ], [ "The spirits who live there light torches to guide the feet of new arrivals. This is the light of the aurora. They can be seen there feasting and playing football with a walrus skull.\nExtract from Aurora: the northern lights in mythology, history and science.\nThe soccer game with a walrus head was also rapported by <PERSON> for the Iglulik Inuits:\nHere, they are constantly playing ball, the Eskimos' favourite game, laughing and singing, and the ball they play with is the skull of a walrus. The object is to kick the skull in such a manner that is always falls with the tusks downwards, and thus sticks fast in the ground. It is this ball game of the departed souls that appears as the aurora borealis, and is heard as a whistling, rustling, crackling sound. The noise is made by the souls as they run across the frost-hardened snow of the heavens. If one happens to be out alone at night when the aurora borealis is visible, and hears this whistling sound, one has only to whistle in return and the lights will come nearer, out of curiosity.\n<PERSON>, K., 1929. The Intellectual Culture of the Iglulik Eskimos. Report of the 5th Thule Expedition 1921-1924.", "919" ] ]

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[ [ "I’m assuming that by cross-terms you mean off diagonal terms.\nFirst, when talking about off-diagonal terms we clearly mean in a fixed basis. For example, in an eigenbasis of $\\rho$ your state has no off-diagonal elements whatsoever.\nSecond, what you say about measuring clearly holds when performing measurements in that basis ($|0\\rangle, |1\\rangle$ in your basis). Or more precisely when we measure an observable that has the same eigenbasis.\nComing to the physical meaning of these off-diagonal terms, they are also called ‘coherences’. They are responsible for the interference effects of a quantum particle. In particular those effects that make them sometime look like waves. The prototypical experiment that reveal quantum coherence is the double slit experiment.\nThe following thought experiment has been put forward by <PERSON> et al. (see [1]) to describe the essence of the quantum coherence and the double slit experiment.\nImagine to prepare the following state\n$$ |\\Psi\\rangle = ( |\\phi\\rangle_L + e^{i \\theta} |\\phi\\rangle_R)/\\sqrt{2} $$\nWhere $|\\phi\\rangle_{L,R}$ are Gaussian wavepackets centered around $L, R$ (left, right) with spread much smaller than their separation. This requirement assures that the two states are essentially orthogonal.", "976" ], [ "The left (right) wave packet is prepared with momentum $p$ ($-p$) such that it travels to the right (left). If you measure the position at $t=0$, you will find two Gaussian blobs around $L$ and $R$ and the phase $\\theta$ is not observable. From this experiment alone the state cannot be distinguished from a classical state.\nNow let evolve the state until the time where the wavepackets collide. At this point it turns out that if you measure position the phase $\\theta$ becomes observable! It’s as if the particle interfered with itself, pretty much like a wave.\nIf you repeat the experiment many times with different phases $\\theta$, and every time you measure the position of the particle (for example, the particle hits a screen), you will indeed see a figure of interference forming on the screen.\nAdded 19/9/22\nMathematical Details\nWe work in a setting where there is a free particle (not subject to any potential) moving on the real line. Hence the Hamiltonian is $H=a p^2$ ($a=1/(2m)$). If you want to be pedantic the Hilbert space is $\\mathcal{H} = L^2(\\mathbb{R})$.\nFirst consider as initial state a Gaussian wavepacket centered around $x_0$ moving with momentum $p_0$:\n$$ \\psi(x)=\\frac{e^{-\\frac{(x-x_{0})^{2}}{4\\sigma^{2}}}}{(2\\pi\\sigma^{2})^{1/4}}e^{ip_{0}x}. $$\nCorrectly $|\\psi(x)|^2$ is a Gaussian centered around $x_0$ with standard deviation $\\sigma$.\nThe probability distribution of position at time $t$ is\n\\begin{align} \\left|\\psi(x,t)\\right|^{2} &=\\frac{e^{-\\frac{(x-x_{t})^{2}}{2\\sigma_{t}^{2}}}}{\\sqrt{2\\pi\\sigma_{t}^{2}}} \\ x_{t} &=x_{0}+2p_{0} a t \\ \\sigma_{t} &=\\sqrt{\\sigma^{2}+\\frac{a^{2}t^{2}}{\\sigma^{2}}}. \\end{align}\nThis means that if $p_{0}>0$ ($p_{0}<0$) the wavepacket travels to the right (left). Moreover the wavepacket spread a bit in time according to $\\sigma_t$.\nNow initialize the system in the following superposition.", "795" ] ]

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[ [ "Short answer is it can't form when the temperature of the water is above the freezing point. As <PERSON> and @tpg2114 have pointed out the temperature of water on surfaces will frequently be lower than the air temperature.\nI'm answering just to clarify that the wet-bulb temperature is only indirectly relevant. The wet bulb temperature is not (definitionally) the lowest temperature an object can reach as a result of evaporation. It does provide a lower bound on the temperature that can be reached under outside conditions as experimentally at these pressures it turns out that the rate of convective heating of the water by the air tends to be faster than the rate of evaporative cooling of the water.", "108" ], [ "Thus, the coldest evaporative cooling can reduce the water will be no lower than the coldest the water can make the air. This, of course, occurs when the air evaporates as much water as possible and the total amount of air is very large compared with the water left (so the water contains a negligible amount of thermal energy and is cooled to the air temperature) and at a temperature equal to the wet bulb temperature.\nWorking outside one also has to deal with radiative and convective transfers from a very very large volume of air and if still air is left around the water reservoir the rate of cooling by evaporation will drop as the air approaches saturation and the huge body of dry air will start to heat the reservoir faster than it is being cooled. Experimentally, it turns out that high wind speeds and shielded reservoirs give the largest cooling but can't actually reach the wet bulb temperature.\nHowever, as suggested here at lower air pressures convection does not ultimate dominate evaporative cooling. In this case one can reduce the water to a lower temperature than the surrounding air and the wet bulb temperature is no longer a minimum value for the temperature evaporation can reduce surface to. Essentially this works since you are letting the highest energy molecules in the water escape and thereby reducing the average kinetic energy of the remaining molecules and the air is so thin that this effect cools the water faster than the neighboring air can heat it back up.", "108" ] ]

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[ [ "Last Tango in Paris\nIncredibly difficult to watch, both as a story and metatextually.\nTaken at face value, everything is so raw and so natural. The performances are layered with such realism and sorrow. Plus the way <PERSON> and company shoot Paris is extraordinary, showing the suburbs and side-streets of the city with an identity all their own. The few landmarks used, such as that bridge from Inception, are made to stick out.\nThe bleakness of the scenario goes from beginning to end, but the film builds to a conclusion you know will provide only sadness. Thankfully you have the aging <PERSON> to play a man lost in his youth, put opposite the wise-beyond-her-years <PERSON>.\nBut with knowledge of how the film is made and the toll it took on <PERSON> in particular, The infamous rape scene has been the subject of scrutiny for years, and for good reason.", "306" ], [ "Even though it is supposedly simulated, I've never felt so disturbed by a rape sequence, nor felt the pain so much of the subject. Even in the context of the film the act plays out with a marked lack of consent.\nBut this isn't the only moment that disturbs and upsets, with so much of <PERSON>'s performance feeling manipulated and extorted. She's a stunning force opposite <PERSON>, the babe in the woods to his big bad wolf. Yet you cannot deny the talent of her actual acting, building a world-weary teenager who nevertheless feels as emotionally old as <PERSON> looks. We're not watching a <PERSON> and <PERSON> dynamic between the characters, but a bond between two adults who are afraid of growing beyond the roles they've made for themselves.\nBut what happens, say, when those roles are forced in place, are dictated, are abused?\nIn a film like Last Tango in Paris, where does performance end and trauma begin? This is what leaves you on the verge.", "306" ] ]

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[ [ "Regression model for a count proces\nIn R I have data where head(data) gives\nday count promotion\n1 33 20.8\n2 23 17.1\n3 19 1.6\n4 37 20.8\nNow day is simply the day (and is in order). promotion is the promotion-value for the day. It is simply the number of times an advertisement has been on television. count is the number of new users we got that day.\nI want to investigate the impact the promotion-value has on new users (count). Since we have a count process I thought it would be best to make a poisson regression model.\nmodel=glm(formula= data$count ~ data$promotion, data=data)\nWhen we type summary(model) we get\nCoefficients:\n(Intercept) good_users$promotion\n13.40216 0.24342\nDegrees of Freedom: 793 Total (i.e. Null); 792 Residual\nNull Deviance: 9484\nResidual Deviance: 9325 AIC: 12680\nHere is a plot of the data.\nBut when I plot the fitted values for the model\npoints(model$promotion, model$fitted, col=\"blue\")\nwe get this\nHere is another plot that shows the same but where days with 0 promotion are removed.\nHow should I chose my regression model (should I use lm instead of glm) or is the another better approach to solve this? Because the data is not pretty but more random like this what should one do ?\nUpdated\nFinding the sweet spot\nI have done the following for finding a sweet spot. I divide data into 10 groups.", "650" ], [ "group1 is simply a subset where the promotion-value is within 1:10. group2 is data where the promotion-value is between 11:20, and so on for the other groups. So in R we have\ngroup1 <- subset(data, data$promotion %in% 1:10)\ngroup2 <- subset(data, data$promotion %in% 11:20)\ngroup3 <- subset(data, data$promotion %in% 21:30)\n...\ngroup10 <- subset(data, data$promotion %in% 91:100)\nNow I can use wilcox.test to test if there is a significantly difference between the groups by typing\nwilcox.test(group2, group1, alternative=\"greater\")\nwhich gives a low p-value, ie group2 has significant higher new_good_users than group1. The same goes for\nwilcox.test(group3, group2, alternative=\"greater\")\nbut for wilcox.test(group4, group3, alternative=\"greater\") I get a p-value at 0.20, ie there is no significant difference in new_good_users between group4 and group3. And the same goes for the rest of the group-pairs up to 10.\nSo this must mean that if we increase promotion in the first groups we have an increase in new_good_users but in the last groups we do not have that increase. This means that we have a sweet spot at group3 where the promotion-value is 21:30. Is this not correct ?", "650" ] ]

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[ [ "Part of the argument can be reasoned without using any \"heavy handed\" general-relativity, but it is a long road.\nPart 1: Relativistic objects are \"pulled toward\" gravitational sources more than predicted by newtonian mechanics. Light is pulled twice as much. This needs general relativity, see here.\nPart 2 Pressure results from exchange of moving particles. In an ideal gas, the moving particles cause pressure. In a solid of liquid, it's more complex. There is degeneracy pressure and attractive forces that allow object to exist in tension. This is due the the exchange of negative energy virtual photons.\nA system under pressure (such as a hot gas) contains moving particles that have \"extra\" gravitational attraction to our test mass. Conversely, our test mass feels an extra attraction to these particles. Although the kinetic energy of the particles contributes to the total mass and thus the gravity, the pressure creates extra gravity beyond that of the mass and kinetic energy alone.\nAn example: Consider a thin hollow spherical mirror filled with photons (again, we are working with a weak gravity source).", "343" ], [ "We place a test mass (that does not interact with light) just inside the mirror. Due to the shell theorem we need only consider the tiny amount of mass/energy that closer to the center of the sphere than our test mass. The Newtonian calculation would be G(our_mass)(energy_of_photons)/r^2, but the actual force is twice that due to the pressure. If we are outside the mirror the newtonian formula again applies. Although there is pressure inside, there is tension in the walls of the mirror, in effect it is a a balloon inflated with photons! The pressure and tension terms cancel themselves out. When you are outside of a spherically-symmetric object, only total mass matters and the internal pressures will always cancel.\nWhen pressure is due to gravitational compaction you can't escape hard-core relativity if you want to account for it: On earth, the pressure contribution to gravity in the core is only 1e-9 of the density (mass) contribution. This \"tiny\" amount of pressure isn't canceled out by tension as in the case of our mirror balloon. However, to understand why it gets canceled out we would need to invoke full-beast-mode-general-relativity because relativistic effects are also 1e-9 as strong as Newtonian gravity for Earth (no it's not a coincidence that both are 1e-9). Pressure is only important, in comparison to density, when P ~ (density)c^2, and that c^2 makes even core-of-Earth pressures look small.", "343" ] ]

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[ [ "Firstly a minor frame challenge. I'm assuming that the premise of this question is to get it such that human civilisation has to suddenly deal with the fact that it is in a simulated universe. The problem with this is that major paradigm shifts in human understanding, even when based on the strongest possible scientific evidence, take a long time to become accepted by the scientific community and longer still by everyone else. Theories that we currently regard as having overwhelming evidence to support (e.g. Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Natural Selection, etc.) took decades or in some cases centuries to reach widespread acceptance. All that time, Scientists were debating them and trying show where they failed. These theories are accepted now because decades of scientific research have failed to deal a serious blow to them, and because they have useful explanatory power. If you want everyone to accept the simulation hypothesis, you need to accomplish 3 things:\n1. Find a series of anomalies in current understanding that cannot be explained by the existing theories, but can be explained by some simulation hypothesis.\n2. Demonstrate that the simulation hypothesis has useful explanatory power based upon some particular hypothesis about the underlying workings of the simulation.\n3. Give scientists and society in general plenty of time to work through it's objections, and eventually accept a paradigm shift.\nWith that in mind I would propose that you need to rely on a mistake/laziness of the simulators. Therefore I propose the starting point of your paradigm shift is:\nThe Cosmic Censorship Hypothesis\nBlack Hole singularities are objects hypothesised to exist, but which are fundamentally unresolved in physical models. For a start, they requires such weird concepts as infinite density.", "781" ], [ "Whoever wrote the model that our simulated reality runs on realised that the mathematical models they used to simulate most of the universe break down at the point of a singularity, throwing all kinds of error messages and requiring the simulation to halt. So they designed the simulation to ensure that any singularity is always cloaked in a barrier that prevents the singularity interacting with the rest of the universe - an Event Horizon.\nHowever, far too late in the development cycle, they realised that if a collapsing star is rotating too rapidly when it forms a black hole, it can lead to a distorted toroidal event horizon which exposes the singularity to the outside universe. This is known as a \"naked singularity\".\nIt turns out this would cause all those errors to be thrown again, so they did what any self respecting programmer on a deadline would do, and they bodged a quick fix. If a naked singularity ever begins to form, a patch of space a few lightyears wide resets to an early saved state with a hard cap on maximum rotation.\nYour researcher doesn't know this, but they are confused when studying older radio-telescope data of a fast rotating star that was thought to be collapsing into a black hole. They note that the signals seem to repeat, but the doppler shift distribution appears to suddenly narrow for no physically explicable reason. The whole thing just resets, but slower.\nThe observation can be repeated on other stellar collapse events. Once astrophysicists know what they are looking for, it becomes something of a tell-tale. Systems with more time-sensitivity are built, showing that the reset is a truly discontinuous process.\nAt this point, physics is in crisis and the Simulation Hypothesis is merely one candidate among many to replace conventional cosmological models. However, it starts nudging it's way up the field when other theorists are able to demonstrate that some other unsolved problems in physics are down to obvious (in hindsight) bodges and limitations by the simulators. Someone demonstrates that a workaround to preventing a particular kind memory limit error on relativistic simulations looks an awful lot like dark matter. Someone else shows that finite precision errors in quantum field theory simulations can lead to the asymmetry in the abundance of matter over anti-matter. All of these accumulating studies begin to build a picture of precisely how the universal simulation runs, and what compromises were forced on its design. Decades after the inciting observations, the paradigm shift is completed. Nobody wants to admit it, but it fits all the explanations together, and the Simulation Hypothesis Theory is the last explanation left standing.", "781" ] ]

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[ [ "Photo Project Documents Life in Post-Earthquake Nepal · Global Voices\nA date none of us will forget, sketched on a wall in Pokhara. The quake spared Pokhara, but aftershocks have hit in the form of cancelled bookings and empty hotel rooms. Photo by @paavan11 via Nepal Photo Project. Used with permission\nThree catastrophic earthquakes have devastated Nepal in the past few months. More than 8,000 people have been killed, twice as many are injured, 2 million people have been displaced, and an estimated total of 8 million have been affected in some way. (For more information, see Global Voices‘ special coverage page.) The Nepal Photo Project is working to capture this historic catastrophe in pictures.\nThe project belongs to a team of ten photographers in and around Kathmandu, led by photographer <PERSON> and writer <PERSON>, who launched the initiative shortly after the April 25 earthquake. So far, it has more than 61,400 followers in Instagram and more than 7,600 followers on Facebook.\nUsing crowdsourced photos, contributing photographers retell the story of life after the earthquakes: the devastation, rescue, relief, reconstruction, and the rays of hope for the future.\nThe increasing popularity of the project is due primarily to its simplicity: contributors merely add a hashtag to their images, writing #nepalphotoproject, and include a short caption about the photo's context and characters. Organizers want to keep it more functional and personal in nature.\nThe project's recent posts show how life in Nepal is returning to normal and how people are rebuilding.\nThis is <PERSON>. Whenever I try to take her picture, she giggles and runs away. She and her family have been living together with two more families in a chicken shed since April 25. At least the school is on for her and she is happy to be with her friends. She told me they have no classes, they only play to pass their time. From next week she is hoping the regular school will start. Photo by @sachindrarajbansi via Nepal Photo Project. Used with permission\nSikrighyang, Nepal. <PERSON> inquiries from Bilong the dimensions of wood required for the frame work of his house. <PERSON>, 31, is from India and has a seven year experience in building bamboo houses. In spite of the difference in their linguals, they understand each other well and are working together to build <PERSON> house which was destroyed by the earthquake. Photo by @ujwalgarg0412 via Nepal Photo Project. Used with permission\nNow, finally after 46 days of constant threat of tremors, it seems the ground is settling down. We got one 4.1 magnitude tremor today 2 in the morning after two days gap.", "206" ], [ "People have started to live their lives normally now. People are now sleeping in peace, switching off lights in the night time. Traffic is back. Kathmandu is getting back to normal. Photo by @saagarchhetri via Nepal Photo Project. Used with permission\nMemories in the rubble – As I was walking through a rubble filled alley of Sankhu, I came across this photograph. Looking closely, I saw people basking in the sun. These were the scenes and habits of local people you could see everywhere along these village towns. Now seeing rubble all around, the photograph surely is a distant memory. Photo by @sachindrarajbansi via Nepal Photo Project. Used with permission\nStudents of Dibya Jyoti School in Bungamati inside a makeshift hut prepared by KUArt ‪#‎RebuildingBungamati‬ team. Some of the classes are still running inside old school building and team is preparing for more such shelters nearby.\nMost of the schools in Nepal re-opened last week after devastating earthquake of April. Since many school buildings are not safe, classes are run out in the open and in some places, even inside risky buildings. Photo by @kishorksg via Nepal Photo Project. Used with permission\nAs if pulled from a <PERSON> movie scene, I saw this boy pushing his hand made toy designed from a simple stick and two metal wheels through the rubble and carnage that was once his neighbors home. I watched him push his toy through the rubble and rock. Photo by @kevinkuster via Nepal Photo Project. Used with permission\nDuring the Nepal Tibet war between 1855 to 1856 lots of lives were lost on both fronts. After the war the soldiers of Haibung returned to their village and planted this tree to remember their fallen warriors and to mend their sins of killing thousands of their counterparts. The tree still stands on the edge of ward no. 1 of Haibung village. Photo by @sachindrarajbansi Used with permission\nMaking a small ‪#‎dharahara‬ at ‪#‎sahidgate‬.", "206" ] ]

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[ [ "Cheesecake\nIntroduction: Cheesecake\nI love cherries and I love cheesecake. I decided to bring both of them together and make my favorite dessert. This cheesecake is rich, and not so sweet. The fusion between the cheesecake and cherries is heavenly. Cheesecakes make every occasion special. It brings a smile to everyone's face. I am just happy knowing there is a slice of cheesecake on my plate.\nSupplies\nSupplies needed:\n9-inch springform pan\nMeasuring cup\nParchment Paper\nFoil\nBowl for mixing\nHandheld electric mixer\nA baking pan that would fit the springform pan\nStove-safe saucepan for making cherry sauce\nTeaspoon and tablespoon measuring spoons\nScissors\nSpatula\nCake Stand\nIngredients for cherry sauce:\n1/2 cup fresh cherries, seeds removed\n1 tablespoon sugar\n1 teaspoon vanilla extract\n½ cup water\nIngredients for the crust:\nCooking spray\n2 cups crushed <PERSON> crackers\n1/4 cup brown sugar\n3 tablespoons unsalted melted butter\nParchment paper\nFoil\nIngredients For the filling:\n20 oz cream cheese\n3/4 cup sour cream\n¾ cup granulated sugar\n2 teaspoon pure vanilla extract\n4 large eggs\nStep 1: Preheat the Oven\nPreheat the oven to 325 degrees.\nStep 2: Get Springform Pan Ready\nCut parchment paper in a round shape to line the bottom of the pan. Line the sides of the pan with a piece of foil. Then spray the springform pan.\nStep 3: Make the Cherry Sauce\nAdd cherries, sugar, vanilla extract to the saucepan. Add half a cup of water and simmer the fruit till it becomes a thick sauce. Use medium heat and stir some to avoid sticking to the pan.\nStep 4: Prepare the Crust\nGrind the graham crackers in a food processor.", "456" ], [ "Add brown sugar and melted butter and combine with the ground graham crackers. Mix well. These ingredients are for the crust. Add them to the springform pan and press to make an even crust.\nStep 5: Prepare the Filling\nAdd cream cheese, vanilla extract, sour cream, sugar and mix with the hand mixer. Add eggs one at a time and keep mixing till the filling has no lumps and appears creamy.\nStep 6: Fill the Pan With Filling\nPour the filling on top of the crust in the springform pan.\nStep 7: Prepare the Water Bath\nFill the baking pan with around 1 inch of water. Put the springform pan in the baking pan.\nStep 8: Top the Cheesecake With Cherry Sauce\nTop the cheesecake with cherry sauce. You can take a toothpick and create swirly patterns with the sauce.\nStep 9: Bake the Cheesecake\nBake the cake at 325 degrees for around 45 minutes. Overbaking the cake creates cracks.\nStep 10: Cool the Cheesecake\nCool the cheesecake at room temperature and put it in the refrigerator. The next day you can remove the cheesecake from the refrigerator and gently remove the sides of the springform pan and the foil. Place the cake on the cake stand. Leave the parchment paper base on\nStep 11: Enjoy!\nA slice of cheesecake makes everything all right! Partner cherry and cheesecake, and you will have a taste explosion. All you need is love and a slice of this cheesecake.", "891" ] ]

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[ [ "They have been shown to upgrade repeatedly. The original Daleks, shown in Genesis of the Daleks, had a Mark III Travel Unit, with no significant difference between Daleks. Later (from the <PERSON>'s perspective, earlier from the Doctor's perspective) Dalek units differentiate into specialized units for research, strategy, navigation, and leadership. An excellent example of this is the Emperor <PERSON> in the Second Doctor episode Evil of the Daleks. By the Time War, they have developed improved materials, weaponry, and design - the \"brass\" or \"gold\" Daleks we see most often in the new series. We also see in Day of the Doctor and Time of the Doctor that they used additional weapons platforms and modified Dalek forms for their assault.\nEarly on, the power supply was shown to improve as well. Starting with static electricity provided through the floors, then a radar-dish like receiver, then solar panels, then mention of internal energy sources that have moved into the realm of throwaway technobabble lines.", "837" ], [ "It is difficult to follow the progression from their creation to their early appearances, because the first several cases progressed from The Daleks in 1963 where the Daleks did not believe in life from beyond Skaro, then Genesis of the Daleks changed history so that the Daleks had always known of the Doctor.\nThrough the series, there have been many non-visual upgrades. Weapons and shield improvements that are mentioned or demonstrated, but not obvious, greater mastery of time travel, greater mastery of biological weapons and strategy improvements. What once took a Special Weapons Dalek is now beneath the level of \"maximum extermination\" that drones are capable of.\nMost importantly, they are able to combat <PERSON> technology. Where early on, the Doctor merely had to get to his TARDIS to escape, the Daleks later could divert its course, and more recently utilized a chronon loop to stop it entirely. Where it was once invulnerable (except to overgrown snails), the Daleks were able to easily disable it and all indications were that the method they were using to destroy it would have been successful if not for the metacrisis Doctor and the Doctor-Donna. Where they were once helplessly scooped up by ancient <PERSON> devices, the Cult of Skaro could temporally shift without external devices.\nThe Dalek ability to adapt quickly and either develop their own or reverse engineer technology to become an even worse threat has been a major theme. This began with The Chase, when they reverse engineered time travel and dimensional transcendence technology from observing the Time Lords. In the new series, they outmatch the Time Lords who were once the greatest power in all of time and space.", "837" ] ]

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[ [ "Simple Arduino Pot Plant Soil Moisture Sensor\nIntroduction: Simple Arduino Pot Plant Soil Moisture Sensor\nArduino Pot Plant Soil Moisture Sensor\nI have been struggling with over watering of my indoor pot plants, especially succulents. To this end I decided to make a simple Soil Moisture sensor that can tell me when the moisture level of my pot is too high (over watered), too low or just right!\nSupplies\n* Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor V1.2\n* WS2182b mini\n* 3D Printing Filament\n* Arduino\nStep 1: Step 1: Gather Your Components\nI have used an Arduino Leonardo (this is what I had on hand and this project would work with any type of Arduino).\nI soldered wires directly to the Arduino headers. Using the Schematic attached.\nThe Moisture Sensor will work correctly on any Analogue in pin and the WS2812B mini should work on many digital pins however in my case I used D2.\nStep 2: Step 2: Calibrate Sensor\nThe Principle behind the sensor used is that as the moisture content increases so too does the capacitance in the sensors circuit placed in the soil. To use the Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor V1.2 we supply either a 5V or 3.3V power source (ideally a stable voltage source) we can then read an analogue voltage from the sensor that corresponds to the capacitance of the sensor and therefor the moisture level of our soil.\nGiven there can be variances between manufactures and even parts it is sensible to calibrate the sensor so it works for the specific sensor we have. This may not be 100% necessary however can improve the performance of your sensor.\nCalibrating the Sensor:\n1. Connect Sensor to computer running Arduino Script\n2. Open Serial Monitor (Arduino will output raw values from the ADC on the Arduino. Value between 0 and 1023)\n3. Note the value seen when the sensor is in the air\n4.", "152" ], [ "Submerge the sensor into water up to the point you would in your pot. Note the value seen while in the water.\nNow that you have noted the \"dry\" and \"wet\" value it is time to update the Arduino script with this information.\nGo to Moisture Sensor Setup in Line 19 and update AirValue and Water Value with those you have recorded.\n//Moisture Sensor Setup\nconst int AirValue = 900;\nconst int WaterValue = 680;\nStep 3: Step 3: Select Limits\nEvery plant is different! Some plants like a dry soil and prefer to be watered once and then left for a while. Others need moist soil almost contently and will need watered regularly. At this point we need to decide what we want to consider as over watered and under watered! This differs plant to plant.\nNote: The Arduino Script has some small logic to convert the reading into a percentage where 0% Moisture would be the value you recorded in Air and 100% Moisture being the value you recorded when submerged in water.\nGiven we are now working with percentages we need to pick a percentage Moisture we want to be alerted at when we need to water and one to know when the plant is over watered. Anything in between and the plant will be happy!\nThe table bellow shows the values I have found good for different plants. Comment what values have worked for your plants!!\nPlant Over Watered Percentage Under Watered Percentage Strawberry 90% 35% Butterfly Palm 85% 30% Aloe 70% 15%\nStep 4: Step 4: Print the Case and Assemble\nI 3D printed the case for the sensor to hold it in a small and simple box. I wanted something slim so decided to only use the moisture sensor however with some further work and the inclusion of a simple Light Dependent Resistor this design could be extended to make sure your plants are getting the correct amount of light.\nThe 3D files for the case can be downloaded from Github.\nOnce printed it is time to assemble! You should have the Arduino, sensor and LED soldered together. Now place the LED into the recess hole and the moisture sensor in its location. Place the cover on top and glue in place (I used Blu-Tack).\nStep 5: Step 5: Be the Perfect Plant Parent\nThe LED have three colours to show you the Moisture in your pot!\nSee the table bellow to know what the sensor is saying.\nBlue Over Watered Green Happy Plant Red Needs Water", "33" ] ]

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[ [ "Given that humanity has evolved from what we believe were such species, I would expect that any such society would not be as successful as ours. We evolved our current forms of sexuality precisely because they were more successful.\nIn your description of human sexuality you miss the most important factor behind the vast majority of human sexual activity - it is an important part of human pair bonding. Recent studies suggest that when it comes to conception women are actually programmed to seek very different partners to those they would form a relationship with. Even at a base, instinctual level almost the entirety of the sexual activity within this relationship is motivated by the desire to bond and form a closely knit unit, and not to conceive. Without this \"recreational\" sexual activity, it is unclear to what level male/female relationships would develop. Without the support of such a relationship, new and expectant mothers may face significant difficulty.\nIn humans, as compared with other species, the male and female are remarkably equivalent in the overwhelming majority of qualities and abilities. However, relative to other species, human pregnancy is especially restrictive - a heavily pregnant cow is not nearly as restricted in its movement as a heavily pregnant woman. Worse, excessive exercise during pregnancy is heavily associated with miscarriage - and strenuous agricultural work would be more so. This means that for a period of time a pregnant woman will contribute less and demand more. Also, human newborn are unusually helpless for an unusually long period of time - it is perhaps 4-5 years before they have any real hope of fending for themselves, and much, much longer before they have a good chance.\nNow, it is possible that a woman will be sufficiently supported by her family or wider society, but there are difficulties here.", "1008" ], [ "Firstly, in an early agrarian society life expectancy is short and mortality at all stages of life, especially infancy, is high. Even in our own world, the typical response to high infant mortality is a higher birth rate. Families will most likely be very broad but lack depth. Relative to modern families there will be fewer elderly relatives per young child, less attention to go around, and less spare capacity in the system to support them. The \"dreadful algebra of necessity\" creates a kind of terrible paradox for children - they are both loved and unwanted, both essential and disposable. In our own world, impoverished children have had a terribly bad lot in life and most societies throughout most of history have done very little to help. It seems unlikely then that a pregnant woman or new mother, unable to depend on the father, could reliably depend on significant support from society. Furthermore, by limiting the development of pair bonding, any \"family\" will be restricted to female ancestors and their descendants (of both sexes). Realistically, extended families will comprise somewhere between a quarter and a half of the individuals that would have been included in a pair bonded society.\nIn a bronze- to iron-age society, I would expect all of this to dramatically increase the depth and duration of periods of poverty and hardship, exacerbating food shortages and severely limiting the supply of surplus labour that could be turned to technological development.\nAs for modern society suddenly catching the disease, I have far fewer fears. With the high levels of social security enjoyed by modern civilisation, established charitable organisations and well developed systems of state support, society would largely continue unchanged. There would probably be increased pressure on housing as people lived separately rather than together, but otherwise we know that single parents and their children are able to live very good lives.", "998" ] ]

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[ [ "Transfer of angular momentum during oblique impact with(out) adhesion\nI am solving a problem of 2 identical spherical particles colliding. The impact is oblique. I consider both normal and tangential contact forces. Tangential force is a combination of elastic force and friction.\nI seems reasonable to me that after collision angular momentum should be the same for both particles, i.e. they start spinning in the same direction (particle B acting on particle A creates positive torque, particle A acting on particle B creates opposite force, but the sign of torque is the same). This also agrees with some experimental and theoretical results.\nThe problem starts when adhesion force is added. What happens with the momentum transfer once particles stick together and therefore cannot spin relative to each other?\nIt seems to me that they must start spinning as a whole. However I cannot physically reason it quite well.\nAny suggestions?\nUPDATE: thanks for your replies. This is indeed a complex problem.", "782" ], [ "To clarify some details: I am trying to follow a paper by Thornton & Yin, Powder Technology, 65 (1991), \"Impact of elastic spheres with and without adhesion\". I am timestep integrating all of the forces involved, i.e. collision is not instantaneous (~100-300 timesteps). When the particles stick due to adhesion there is the effect called \"peeling\", and this occurs until critical value of tangential force is reached. Then sliding starts (either a rigid body sliding, i.e. pure friction or micro-slip, which is a combination of elastic force and friction, as by <PERSON> and <PERSON> (1953), ASME J. Appl. Mech,20, p327).\nI have my simulation match the results of <PERSON> and <PERSON> except the case of adhesion. The rebound angles (of particles' centres) match, so the model must be almost working, but the contact patch reflection angle does not (this one depends on spin of the particles caused by collision). This makes me think I am not implementing the transfer of angular momentum right in the case of sticking particles.\nI will try to work out how to modify the angular momentum of the adhered pair from you replies and the paper you attached.", "1002" ] ]

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[ [ "Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra mobile phone, Saudi Arabia version, 256 GB, 5G, dual SIM, black color, 5000 mAh, 4 cameras, 4 GB Ram, 125 GB storage\n5G mobile phone with android system, supports 2 sim cards, equipped with high sensitivity stylus, Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 with 8 cores using 4nm technology, Adreno 740 graphics processor suitable for running most video games, 5000 mAh battery that supports 45W fast charging, 60 percent in 30 minutes, and 15 watt wireless charging, with a 6.8 inch screen size (dynamic amoied), shatter resistant supports facial recognition technology, on-screen fingerprint, compatible with all networks around the world, 4 cameras, 200 megapixel rear camera, 12 megapixel wide front camera, comes with a fast charger, headphones, user manual, extra battery, warrant card, plastic cover, car charger package", "14" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>?\naka 'What Happened To This City?'\nTelugu buddy movie. Said buddies are a wannabe filmmaking quartet forever unable to live their dream of making a short movie in Goa.", "666" ], [ "All manner of obstacles blight their attempts be it love or their respective careers but it's mostly their drinking.\nA likeable group when they're not bickering, which to be fair is often. But the charm is mostly present throughout. A few laughs here and there, plus some standard elements (a missing ring!) but the best thing is the absolute bangers in the soundtrack.", "962" ] ]

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[ [ "damped spring-mass system, wrong position, correct speed and axcelleration\nI am modulating a spring-mass system with gravitation and aero drag, with python programming. The spring is hanging vertically and attached a weight. The user then selects a length to drag it down and the code will generate the graphs\nI solved the differential equation this way.\n\\begin{align} \\sum F_x &= 0\\ \\sum F_y &= -ky + mg - F_\\text{drag}\\ \\mathbf{F} &= m \\mathbf{a}\\ m a_y &= -ky + mg + F_\\text{drag}\\ m\\frac{\\mathrm{d}v}{\\mathrm{d}t} &= -ky + mg - F_\\text{drag}\\ m \\mathrm{d}v &= - ky \\mathrm{d}t + mg \\mathrm{d}t - F_\\text{drag}\\mathrm{d}t\\ m\\Delta v &= -ky\\Delta t + mg\\Delta t - F_\\text{drag}\\Delta t\\ \\Delta t &= 0.001 \\text{ s}\\ \\Delta v &= \\frac{\\sum F_y}{m}\\ v^{i + 1} &= v^{i} + \\Delta v\\ \\Delta s &= v \\Delta t\\ x &= x + \\Delta s \\end{align}\nI solved this in python with this code:\nfrom pylab import *\nfrom matplotlib import pyplot as plt # kilde: https://matplotlib.org/users/pyplot_tutorial.html\n# housekeeping\ng = 9.81 # gravitation\nm = float(input(\"how much do you want the mass to be? \"))\nl = 0.02 # aerodrag constant\nk = float(input(\"insert springconstant:\"))\n#startvalues\nt0 = 0.0 # start time\nv0 = 0.0 # start speed\ndv0 = 0.0#start axcelleration\nxstart = float(input(\"how long do you want do drag it down? \"))\nx0 = (-m*g/k) - xstart # start position\ntime = list() # list for time\ntime.append(t0) # insert start value for time\nspeed= list()\nspeed.append(v0)\nposition = list()\nposition.append(x0 + mg/k)\naksellerasjon = list() # accelleration\naksellerasjon.append(dv0)\ndt= 0.001\nx = x0\nv = v0\nt = t0\n# main algorithm\nwhile t < 20.0:\naerodrag= l*v\nF = (-m*g - k*(x) - aerodrag) #-m*g because gravitation is negative\ndv = F*dt/m\nv+= dv\ndx= v*dt\nx += (dx)\nt += dt\naksellerasjon.append(dv)\ntime.append(t)\nspeed.append(v)\nposition.append(x)\n# Plotting\nplt.figure(figsize=(6,10))\nsubplot(3,1,1)\ntitle(\"Akselerasjon\")\nxlabel(\"tid/s\")\nylabel(\"akselerasjon m/s^2\")\nplot(tid, aksellerasjon, \"b-\")\nsubplot(3, 1, 2)\nplot(tid, fart, \"r-\")\ntitle(\"Hastighet\")\nxlabel(\"tid/s\")\nylabel(\"fart m/s\")\nsubplot(3,1,3)\nplot(tid, posisjon, \"g-\")\ntitle(\"Strekning\")\nxlabel(\"tid/s\")\nylabel(\"posisjon/ m\")\nplt.tight_layout()\nshow()\nI have translated the comments and parts of the code from my language, so sorry for my bad English\nThe speed and acceleration are correct, but the position is wrong. It's too low, although the amplitude of the wave seams correctly.\nI solved the differential equation in GeoGebra and the position should look like this.\nWhat am I doing wrong?\nAfter getting good help in the comments, i added + mg/k in the append\nposisjon.append(x + (m*g)/k)\nThe position now converges to zero, thanks!", "512" ] ]

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[ [ "Question 1\nOkay, so I'll go through my own process for you here step by step, moving down the tree. Here's an annotated version of your diagram with my own thoughts (it's been a while since I've done this but should hopefully be accurate):\nGeneration 2: As you realised, the trait is autosomal recessive so the female (II:2) has the genotype aa. The male is considered wild type unless informed otherwise, giving him a genotype of AA. I think you had worked all this out, but they are shown in red on the diagram.\nGeneration 3: Using the two genotypes of the parents from II (red), we know that all the progeny in generation III are carriers - i.e. Aa genotypes. This is indicated for III:6 in orangey-brown. I think you also worked this out successfully. However in your original chart, III:7 is noted as Aa. III:7 is from outside of the affected family and would therefore again be considered to have be wild type and therefore instead have the genotype AA - shown in purple.\nGeneration 4: In order to work out the potential genotypes of IV:1 we have to do a cross between the two parents III:6 and III:7 - which works out as follows:\n| Male |\n| A a |\n|------------------------|\nF | |\ne A | AA Aa |\nm | |\na | |\nl A | AA Aa |\ne | |\nAs you can see, there is a 50% chance of IV:1 being healthy AA and a 50% chance of being a carrier Aa - shown in green.", "882" ], [ "As IV:2 is affected, we know his genotype is aa (pink).\nGeneration V: Now for answer to your first question. If IV:1 had the AA genotype then the child could never be affected, reducing the odds to 50% immediately. Of this remaining 50%:\n| Male |\n| a a |\n|------------------------|\nF | |\ne A | Aa Aa |\nm | |\na | |\nl a | aa aa |\ne | |\n50% of the offspring would be affected.\nTherefore the probability of V:I being affected is $\\frac{1}{2} \\times \\frac{1}{2} = \\frac{1}{4}$\nQuestion 2\nThe second question seems very odd to me. If IV:2 was unaffected in the literal sense of the word they would be wild-type AA. This would make the probability of them having an affected child as 0.\nAs this isn't one of your options, I assume they mean that IV:2 is a carrier (Aa). We are this time therefore crossing either AA or Aa (IV:1) with Aa (IV:2). Again, if IV:1 is heterozygous dominant (AA) none of her children will be affected. This means the odds are again reduced by a half. In the case that she is heterozygous Aa then the cross becomes:\n| Male |\n| A a |\n|------------------------|\nF | |\ne A | AA Aa |\nm | |\na | |\nl a | Aa aa |\ne | |\nGiving 25% healthy, 50% carrier and 25% affected.\nAs you're looking for affected children: $\\frac{1}{2} \\times \\frac{1}{4} = \\frac{1}{8}$", "882" ] ]

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[ [ "Your observation is right.\n1. In females( having XX mammalian germ cells), Oogenesis starts with the process of developing primary oocytes, which occurs via the transformation of oogonia into primary oocytes, a process called oocytogenesis. Oocytogenesis is complete either before or shortly after birth.(1)\n2. The \"germ cells\" are called oogonia. Ovum is not a direct product of meiosis I, the oocyte forms a primary oocyte in meiosis I, which undergoes meiosis II after fertilization to give an ovum.\nThe ootid is the immature ovum formed shortly after fertilization, but before complete maturation into an ovum. Thus, the time spent as an ootid is measured in minutes.", "860" ], [ "....(2)\n(In oogenesis, the ootid doesn't really have any significance in itself, since it is very similar to the ovum. It matures into an ovum.)\nThis diagram sums it up very well:\nOogenesis in Eukaryotic Cells.(A) oogonium where the mitotic division occurs (B) differentiation and meiosis I begins (C) primary oocyte (D) meiosis I is completed and meiosis II begins (E) secondary oocyte (F) first polar body (G) ovulation must occur and the presence of the sperm penetration (fertilization) induces meiosis II to completion (H) ovum (I) second polar body ...(3)\n1. It is commonly believed that, when oocytogenesis is complete, no additional primary oocytes are created, in contrast to the male process of spermatogenesis, where gametocytes are continuously created.\n1. In males, again, as you say, Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. The germ cells here are the spermatogonia. But here, initiation of spermatogenesis occurs at puberty. So, males start producing sperm when they reach puberty, which is usually from 10-16 years old.(4)\n(The process is almost similar to oogenesis, I would recommend you to start with the wikipedia page if you want to understand this in detail.)\nTake away points:\n* The first haploid cell formed from a diploid germ cell is not an ovum/spermatogonia.\n* Ovum is formed after fertilization, whereas sperms are formed at puberty.\n* Oogenesis starts after birth, whereas spermatogenesis starts at puberty.\n1- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis\n2- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immature_ovum#Ootid\n3-https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Oogenesis.svg\n4- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenesis", "860" ] ]

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[ [ "Kid's Bench & Bookshelf From a Single 2x10x8 Piece of Lumber\nIntroduction: Kid's Bench & Bookshelf From a Single 2x10x8 Piece of Lumber\nThis was a bad idea. I went into this build thinking I was going to knock this out in a couple of days. Unfortunately for me the dimensional lumbar had a different path for me.\nMy first take away from this build is; if you want to build this don't do it using a single 2 x 10 x 8 piece of lumber. While you may save some money, you will waste a lot of time in milling and glue ups to get the actual size of lumber you could have just bought in the first place.\nMy second take away from this build is if you decide to use a single piece of dimensional lumber make sure to take the time to pick the best piece for milling. Not only is it important to look at the face of the wood for excess knots, defects, and straightness it is also important to check the grain pattern on the end grain of the wood. I didn't do this, which resulted in many minor annoyances I had to deal with down the road. When looking at the end grain of the wood try to find a piece that has perpendicular lines that are spaced fairly evenly across going from the top to the bottom and not curved lines that look like the letter 'C'. Those curved grain lines and dampness of the wood will result in some surprisingly cupped and warped pieces of milled wood. It really is amazing how much wood can move in just a few hours.\nMy third take away from this build I mentioned above, 'dampness' of dimensional lumber. I didn't take into account how wet the wood was when I bought it. It was a cold day, so I just assumed the wood was just cold due to the weather but once I made my first cut; I realized that the wood was still damp. Ideally if I were to do this again, which I won't, I would purchase the wood and let it dry out in my garage before starting to mill it. Letting it dry out will help in reducing wood movement and warping later on.\nThink of this Instructable more as a cautionary tale than woodworking plans.", "431" ], [ "I will include my measurements, but these are more fluid and not so much set in stone as I had to adapt my plan to the whim of the wood.\nSupplies\n1pc. - 2 x 10 x 8 Lumber\nTable Saw\nBand Saw\nPlaner\nDrill Press\nBar Clamps\nHand Saw\n<PERSON>\nSander\nSand Paper\n3/8 inch Plug Cutting Bit\nPencil\nMeasuring Tape\nSquare\nWood Glue\nWood Filler\nPaint Primer\nSpray Paint\n#6 1 inch Wood Screws\nDrill\nDrill Driver\nDrill bits Various Sizes\nPPE\nStep 1:\nThe first thing I did was set my table saw fence to 4-1/16 inches wide. I need to rip my 2x10x8 into two 4-1/16 inch wide pieces and one 7/8 inch wide piece. Basically I just made two rip cuts at 4-1/16 inches and the remaining piece was about 7/8 inch wide.\nStep 2:\nNext, I marked a center line using my square along the edge of the two 4-1/16\" pieces and took them to my band saw to rip them in half. Since the boards are 8 feet long it is best to do this with two people to help support the wood. You want to end up with 5 pieces total at this point. The 7/8\" piece does not get ripped in half.\nStep 3:\nAfter ripping on the band saw, all of the 4-1/16' pieces go through the planer. I ended up with pieces that were about 5/8\" thick after all the plaining was said and done. The 7/8\" piece does not get planed.\nStep 4:\nNow we have to cut the pieces that will make up the sides of the bench. Each side will be made up from one piece that is 19-1/2\" long and two 10\" pieces that will all be cut from the 4-1/16\" wide boards.\nStep 5:\nAnd here is where the trouble starts, the cupping begins to rear its ugly head in our direction. But we do not look away! Nay! I say, for we have a table saw!! Since the pieces are cupped, the edges are no longer at a 90-degree angle. They are tilted in ever so slightly which will prevent us from getting a good glue up. To compensate for this, I take all the pieces that make up the sides of the bench and trim them on my table saw.", "76" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON> Blue Cake (Brooklyn 99) With Secret Gummy Bears\nIntroduction: <PERSON> Blue Cake (Brooklyn 99) With Secret Gummy Bears\nSo this is my version of <PERSON>'s blue cake from the tv show Brooklyn 99. I thought to make it more worthy of <PERSON> I thought I would add a secret layer of gummy bears into the middle layer of the cake. What would make cake better than adding more candy right??\nThis is a really fun recipe to make if you like watching Brooklyn 99 and it is really fun to make and you can share it with your friends next time you watch the show :D\nStep 1: Ingredients and Equipment\nIngredients\nFor the cake\n- 112.5g or 1/2 Cup Unsalted butter, room temperature\n- 1 Cup caster sugar\n- 1 + 3/4 Cups plain flour\n- 2 1/2 tsp baking powder\n- 3/4 Cups milk\n- 1 Egg at room temperature\n- 1-2 tsp vanilla bean paste/extract (you can use just one but I always like to add more vanilla it is delicious!)\n- 1 tsp salt\n- 2 Tbsp canola oil (or any flavourless oil)\n- Blue food colouring\nfor the Filling / Frosting\n- 112.5g / 1/2 Cup unsalted butter,\n- 3 Cups of icing sugar\n- 1-2 tsp vanilla extract / bean paste\n- 3 Tbsp milk\n- Blue and Black food colouring\n- Gummy bears (enough to make a full flat layer of them on the cake at least one packet.) Also, ensure you have a couple of extra handfuls for decorating each slice after.\n- A pinch of salt to balance the sweetness if you want.\nEquipment\n- 2 x (20cm diameter) round baking tins\n- Baking paper\n- Scissors\n- Spatula/plate scraper\n- Electric mixer and bowl with a paddle attachment\n- Small bowls for your icing\n- 2 different piping tips (I went for a star like one for the piping around the cake, and a small 2mm piping tip for writing happy birthday on the cake)\n- Piping bags\n- 3 candles (ideally blue, pink and yellow like in the show.)\nStep 2: Make the Wet Mix of the Cake\nFirst take your unsalted butter and place it in your standing mixer and beat it for a few minutes until it becomes lighter and fluffier in texture (about 2-3 minutes). Then add the caster sugar in small amounts, continuing to mix until the mixture becomes even lighter and fluffier than before! Don't forget to scrape down the sides to make sure it all combines properly!.\nAfter beating for about 5 minutes we are then going to add the egg and vanilla and continue to mix on a high setting for about 5-10 minutes until it becomes, once again lighter and fluffier than before! You want the mixture to be a bit smooth and not grainy (test this by rubbing some between your fingers, it does not have to be completely smooth but ensure it feels nice and fluffy and well incorporated).\nStep 3: Make the Dry Mix and Add It!\nNow to make the dry mixture either sift together or place the salt, flour and baking powder into a bowl and mix together with a whisk (i prefer this as it prevents lumps and it is less messy than sifting).\nThen we are going to add 1/3 of the flour mixture to the wet mixture we have just made and mix it on a low speed. then add 1/3 of the milk and mix again.", "305" ], [ "continue to add the dry mix and milk in alternating batches until all added. You want to do this in alternating amounts to prevent lumps from forming and ensure a good consistency of the cake. (also don't forget to scrape down the sides of the bowl in between additions).\nThen add the oil and blue food colouring until you get a nice light blue colour and continue to mix until it is all incorporated. Make sure you scrape the sides of the bowl when you add the colour because if you don't there will still be white cake mix on the edged! we want a uniform blue colour (get it because they are policemen XD).\nStep 4: Line Your Cake Pans\nA little trick to line your 20cm round cake tins perfectly without overhand is to fold your piece of baking paper in half then in half again to make a small square. Then fold into a triangle twice and then line it up with the base of your cake tin from the centre of the tin to the edge. cut the paper at the edge of the tin, unfold it and voila a perfect circle lining for the base of your tin! Magic! If you need to add some butter or non-stick spray to make sure it lies down flat.\nStep 5: Bake the Cakes!", "891" ] ]

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[ [ "Barometric Mason Jar\nIntroduction: Barometric Mason Jar\nWeather an everyday preoccupation over which we have no control but affects our daily lives in so many ways.\nHow do we know what the weather will be like from day to day, check the weather bulletins, look out of the window or monitor it yourself.\nUsing a STEAM approach you can create basic tools to aid in weather forecasting.\nScience - Any system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entails unbiased observations and systematic experimentation.\nTechnology - Methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.\nEngineering - Scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items.\nArts - The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination,\nMathematics - The abstract science of number, quantity, and space,\nWe will be observing the effects of the weather by using a device that responds to atmospheric pressure and by gathering and analysing the data gain an insight into the relationship between the two.\nOne simple method to monitoring atmospheric pressure is a Barometer were we can get an indication of the likely weather conditions.\nBarometer, a device for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicts changes in the weather.\nAtmospheric pressure equates to 1.03 kilogram force per square centimetre, though in reality its affected by weather conditions, altitude and temperature.\nThere are may types of Barometers but the simplest and earliest forms are water based.\nThis Instructable will focus on a water based Barometer, although the aneroid variant could also be made.\nOur simple water based Barometer is not an absolute indicator of weather being a gauge but can complement other data such as wind direction and temperature to provide a more informed assessment.\nSupplies\nMason Jar\nClear or translucent plastic tube or Straw\nWater\nFood Colouring or Dye (Optional)\nGrommet and/or Silicone sealer.\nDrill bit (slightly larger then the straw to enable the grommet to be fitted and create a snug fit when the straw is inserted.).\nShort ruler.\nPTFE tape\nStep 1: Methodology\nHow does the Barometer work.\nIt works on the principle of pressure differential.\nThe difference between the air pressure in the upper part of the jar compared to the atmospheric pressure pushing down on the exposed end of the straw. Hence the reason for leaving the end of the straw open.\nAs the atmospheric pressure increases a force is exerted on the end of the straw which pushes the water this then applies pressure inside the jar trying to compress the air in the upper part of the jar.\nAs the atmospheric pressure decreases the force exerted on the end of the straw reduces, the opposing force from inside the upper part of the jar pushes against the water and the level rises.\nThese changes in atmospheric pressure coincide with the weather conditions, higher pressure for more favourable weather and lower pressure for more inclement weather.\nTherefore by monitoring the level of the water in the straw we can get a determination of the atmospheric pressure and from this the weather.\nStep 2: Preparation\nTake the Mason Jar and remove the lid, setting the jar aside for the time being.\nSome Mason jars come pre prepared with hole in the centre of the lid and a straw and this will make the preparation a little easier.\nIf this is not the case then a hole will have to be drilled in the centre of the lid.\nThe hole in the lid should be slightly larger than the straw to accommodate a grommet and once the straw is fitted in the grommet it should form a air tight seal when the lid is screwed onto the jar.\nThe straw should be a tight fit and not too easy to slide into the grommet, if it slides in too easily air will escape and the Barometer will not work.\nIf the straw is too loose in the grommet get a smaller bore grommet, or a wider straw.\nAdditionally, silicone seal can be applied around the grommet and straw to seal any gaps but only after the height of the straw has been adjusted so that its bottom is one 1/4 of the height of the jar from the bottom.\nA thin line of Silicone seal may also be required around the rim of the jar to aid sealing or PTFE tape can be wrapped around the the rim too.\nIf using Silicone seal ensure it is fully cured before further assembly.\nStep 3: Testing\nOnce the assembly is complete the jar should be tested to ensure there are no leaks around the seals for either water or air.\nSimple tests.\n1:Dry test.\nWith the lid and straw assembly firmly in place, suck on the straw after some initial removal of air there should be resistance to any further air removal unless there are any gaps.\nAny gaps should be sealed with further PTFE tape, silicone sealer or a gasket.", "33" ] ]

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[ [ "What makes CO2 gas \"sticky\" in pipes?\nThere's some recieved wisdom where i work that when flowing CO2 gas in pipes it acts somewhat \"sticky\" in that it lingers around longer and takes more N2 or air to purge out than, say, Methane or N2.\nUnfortunately no-one here seems to know the physical or chemical basis for this observed result. I do have some quantative data through various flow sensors & IR gas sensors that shows it really does stay around longer than N2 or CH4, so i don't think it's due to bad observation.\nAs you can imagine, googling \"why is CO2 sticky\" is not very helpful.\nIf anyone can explain to me why this happens i'd be very grateful, or even just point me in the right direction to do my own research.\nThanks.\nEDIT: Thanks for your responses so far.\nHere's some more info on our gas system: we buy in our CO2 in large bottles at ~400 psi. We then feed it from outside through a pressure regulator that regulates it down to 2 bar (~29psi) absolute pressure. All the pipes until this point are stainless steel.\nIt's then fed through a proportional valve and the pressure is held at 1030 mBar over a set of flow and gas sensors, then exhausted to atmosphere. The pipes in this section are a mix of Polyurethane tubes, and two proprietary rubber-like materials called Tygon and Viton tubing.", "542" ], [ "These are held together with nylon fittings. All of this is at ambient temperature.\nIn these pipes, only N2, CO2 and CH4 flow.\nHere's some graphs i collected of the system: In this graph, the green & brown lines are each gas being flowed in the system. th two blueish lines are a rough analogue of how much CO2 is detected in the system. As you can see, even after 5 mins of methane and N2 purging, and continuous intermittent N2 purges, CO2 still creeps back into the system when no gas is flowing.\nHere's a Graph of Gas Flow The [Flow In] sensor is just after the 1030 Prop valve, and the [Flow Out] sensor is just before the exhaust. They are both identical wheatstone bridge thermal flow sensors.\nAs you can see, there's a marked increase in flow loss (Flow In/Flow Out) from 2% to about 7% when CO2 is flowing, and some very strange transient spikes when I switch gasses to/from CO2.\nThat's most of the data I've collected. Anecdotally, i've also noticed that the CO2 valve is significantly harder to turn than the N2 or CH4 valves.\nI hope this helps with the problem, and thank you again for your help so far.", "542" ] ]

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[ [ "Can't move my dog to a new vet.\nPrevious owner moved to Australia 16 months ago. Original plan was I'd foster care until he could arrange transfer.\nAfter a while of keeping her we both decided it wasnt fair on the dog to put her through the stress of travel and she'd be better staying with me. All agreed, all fine.\nTrouble is he is awful at communications.", "1011" ], [ "I've transferred the microchip on the basis that he had 30 days to respond and after that it just automatically transfers.\nHer current vet is Vets4Pets, miles from me. I keep ringing asking them to change the ownership to me, and they can't until he replies to an email they sent. That was 2 months ago and he hasn't replied.\nI'm stuck because I don't know what else I can do - I ask him to reply to the email and he never does.", "498" ] ]

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[ [ "Engraving Photos on an Egg\nIntroduction: Engraving Photos on an Egg\nI know that there are already many existing works where eggs are engraved with a laser but I wanted to experiment with the possibility to engrave photos on an egg to see if it is feasible to get something similar to gray levels. I'd say the results are remarkable.\nSupplies\nA CNC, if you don't have it why don't you think to build one ? Have a look to https://rootcnc.com/, I started from there\nA laser mounted to it\nA support connected to X or Y axis with an adapter\nA little bit of foolishness :-)\nStep 1: Building the Fourth Axis Support for Your CNC\nThis step is obviously not mandatory if you already have the fourth axis. In my case the CNC comes from the fantastic root-cnc project (https://rootcnc.com/) that I built several years ago, so I had to build the fourth axis from scratch.\nYou can see in the pictures the 3d-design and the cutting planes. It is designed to be cut from 8mm plywood.\nOne side houses a Nema 17 motor (more than enough to rotate an egg :-), on the other side I mounted a flange (KFL-000-10 mm) having an internal diameter of 10 mm. I used this flange just because I had it available but is certainly oversized.\nIn the pictures of the base I have indicated the pockets and their depth. Of course the position of the fixing holes depends on your CNC bed and should be adjusted accordingly.\nA 10 mm threaded bar is inserted in the flange.\nStep 2: Installing a Laser on Your CNC\nThe laser I used has a nominal power rating of 5.5W (although I have my doubts about the real power). You can find it on aliexpress, at this link\nhttps://www.aliexpress.com/item/32559183201.html?s...\nI installed the laser in a can of shaving foam and I built adapters for the spindle mount of my CNC (A Kress FM1050).", "776" ], [ "This way it is quite quick to change the tool from the spindle to the laser and the can has just a diameter of 53mm, perfect for my setup :-).\nOn top of the can I installed a fan that sucks in the air, in this way you get the double effect of keeping the laser cold (essential for the life of a semiconductor laser) and sucking in the fumes (I usually connect a pipe to take the fumes out of the window) . The small console you see above contains an arduino and a display to constantly monitor the temperature of the laser and, if it exceeds 60 degrees celsius, pause the CNC. On the bottom there is a small fitting to pick up the fumes as close as possible to where they are generated thus avoiding to dirty the laser lens. Embedded in the fitting I designed an optical distance sensor, very useful to maintain a constant focusing distance and, concerning the egg, get a depth map.\nObviously you can use any other mounting method, but remember to keep the laser temperature under strict control.\nStep 3: Adjusting the Step/mm in GRBL for the New Axes\nIf you are using GRBL and the X axis for the rotation, you have to adjust the $100 setting, i.e. the steps/mm, according to your microstepping setting for the axis trying to maintain the best possible aspect ratio.\nIn my case I have a NEMA17 motor doing 200 steps/revolution. If MS is the microstepping value, a revolution requires 200*MS steps.\nI evaluated the egg (maximum) diameter as 45 mm, this means that the circumference is 45*PI=141.3 mm\nSo, in order to have a drawn circle to correspond almost to an etched circle we need to set $100= 200*MS/141.3, assuming the microstepping 32 (as in my case) we should set $100=45.29..\nIf we put 45 we will have a revolution corresponding to x=6400/45 = 128 that is a good approximation and gives nice numbers. Of course, you are free to adapt the numbers to the circumstances..., and to the eggs :-)\nFor my eggs also the \"usable length\" is about 45 mm.\nThe speed and the accelaration have to be adapted to the other axis settings, in my case I have\nSpeed (X axis): $110=3000\nAcceleration (X axis) $120 =60\nDon't forget to put $32=1 to enable the laser mode (in GRBL 1.1).\nStep 4: How to \"couple\" the Egg ?\nFor this purpose you need something soft enough to not damage the egg.", "152" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nThe person who wrote up the synopsis you see on letterboxd must have slept through the movie. Even the little girl at the end knows that \"the harpies were not Indians\".\nThe film teases you with both possibilities: that the inexplicable goings-on are ghosts held by the forest, or people held by their own madness and evil.\nIt's fun to ponder the latter. <PERSON>, who the film's lesser narrators--the children--see as a magic fairy, basically offers a human explanation of fairies. Some folks reject religion, or \"progress\", so thoroughly that they just go live in the woods. <PERSON>'s path to that point involves acting first as a crime scene detective. <PERSON> eats dirt--something we would pathologize as \"pica\"--but her work is not substantively different from that of modern footprint or chemical analyses.", "295" ], [ "Her methods also involve attempting to recreate the costumes of the valley's attackers: she dresses herself in feathers to balance the attackers' wood-and-mud camouflage. (The mud itself is revealed to have makeshift poultice qualities, generally healing the bodies of those who hide and sleep in it--unless, that is, their wounds are large enough for insects to infest the body.) <PERSON>'s work reveals to her that the previous group of settlers* had experienced infighting that led to fatal violence. Her final discovery is that those settlers had been holding toads in their mouths for their psychedelic qualities. If this wasn't the genesis of their madness, it certainly kept them that way.\nThe Shawnee concept of demonic activity--evil pools underground in certain places--makes the valley, in this \"natural\" explanation, a place where the chemical runoff of the forest collects, and makes both \"healing\" pools as well as animals who have become semi-poisonous in the course of their evolution.\nBut the preacher sees everything that is easy to get as a gift from God. A ruined shelter in an empty valley is divine provenance, not--as Marion can see--a clear sign that the place is unlivable and avoided by the locals. As <PERSON> tells us at the end, the smart thing to do is recognize that the valley has some good qualities, from afar; because, without an understanding of the environment, you will always be burned by it.\n*were they French?", "45" ] ]

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[ [ "Please check out my other reviews at:\nhttp://www.boardgamegeek.com/geeklist/145695/the-purge-revie...\nConclusion:\nConcordia plays like a throwback to Euro games. Lots of wooden bits, a tad abstract yet with a theme, and plays in about 1.5 hours. The game is meaty without being overwhelming. On any given turn, you have one decision (which card to play), but you have to plan ahead to accomplish your move.\nThere are a few ways to score and while you can do a little of everything, by specializing you can use the modifiers to your advantage. Sometimes this will be a plan coming together, other times you will have to think on your feet.\nThe biggest flaw of the game is the scoring. It is tough to explain to new players and there is a lot of it. Once you master it, it all plays perfectly with the game. I feel you need to commit to the game for a couple of plays. Also, the intermediate scoring rule is a must for the first game (this allows all players to score during the game one additional time early in the game to get the hang of it).\nOverall, I liked the use of a single card per round to keep down time to a minimum. This really kept the game moving. This is a game that could have been bogged down with AP. Instead, the rounds fly by.\nAlso, the decisions you make really feel they impacted the end game scoring. You are trying to out think and maneuver your opponents. You can build houses or expand out, get more people, get more land, get more cards, etc.\nThis game is currently a keeper. After playing it, I was ready for a lighter game as it can be taxing. While not the deepest game on the market, it is a thinker and theme is pasted on.\nComponents:\nThe components are top notch. While the art in the game is limited, the quality of the components is great. The wooden meeples/ships are solid as are the wooden houses. The board is colorful, easy to read, and double sided. The cards feel great in your hands and will last for a long time. The text is big and easy to read. I had zero complaints about the cards or any of the components.\nEverything is made to last and easy to use. This is a good example of a \"classic\" Euro game.\nRule Book:\nThe rule book led me to believe I was missing something, but I was not. The game is that easy to learn.", "336" ], [ "I wish the player aids were better. Instead of a small card with limited text, I wish it included a player aid with more details on final scoring.\nThe explanation of all the cards was fantastic. The rules are pretty easy: play one card and do what it says. Scoring is the beast here and I wish the examples were more plentiful.\nOverall, I'm happy with the rule book. You can literally start playing within minutes and use the \"intermediate scoring\" to quickly get a handle on scoring.\nFlow of the Game:\nThe flow of the game is rather simple, yet your decisions are important.\nAll players start with the exact same cards. The cards allow you to get other cards, build cities, move armies (abstracted; there is no war in this game), sell/buy items at the market.\nOn your turn, you play one card and do what it says (see above). That's it.\nI'll explain a few things that you can do, but this is not a recitation of the rules.\n1. There is a set of cards you can purchase and add to your hand. These cards cost goods. They allow you to do actions (like the cards that start in your hand) and also have multipliers for end of game scoring. These cards will increase your end of game score by a lot. Sometimes your decision is do you buy a card that will help you get \"things\" you need now or that will help end of game scoring. This is something you must balance.\n2. You can move your armies/ships around the board. This will allow you to build houses. By building houses you will score end of game scoring and to obtain goods.\n3. You can buy and sell goods at the market. You have a warehouse that can hold a finite amount of goods. You cannot just ditch goods you don't need/want, so you have to sell them. Money is going to be tight in this game.\n4. You add additional armies/ships to the board. This helps you get around the board to build more houses. Building these houses can increase the amount of goods you can get and scoring at end of game. The number of people you have on the board also scores end of game points.\n5. You can get more goods.", "629" ] ]

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[ [ "Q1 Is $F=\\frac{d(mv)}{dt} just a definition or is there something \"more\" behind the formula for force?\n$\\vec{p} = m\\vec{v}$ is a definition! $\\vec{F} = m\\vec{a}$ is not! Pratically speaking, you can measure both Force (using an elastic material and its deformation) and acceleration (double derivative of space respect to time), <PERSON> discovered they're proportional so, since they're definite indipendently, $\\vec{F} = m\\vec{a}$ is the relation between $\\vec{F}$ and $\\vec{a}$ not the definition of force! You can't measure momentum, so you'll need to define it! The definition is $\\vec{p} = m\\vec{v}$ and the reasons are perfectly explained on <PERSON> books.\n$$\\vec{F} = m\\vec{a} = m\\frac{d\\vec{v}}{dt} = \\frac{d(m\\vec{v})}{dt}$$\nQ2 Is W=∫F⃗ ⋅ds⃗ just a definition or is there something more behind? I mean, can you derive the formula for work not by taking the formula for the kinetic energy as given.\n$$W = \\int \\vec{F} \\cdot d\\vec{s}$$ is the definition of work done by a force $\\vec{F}$ along a path, you do not need kinetic energy to define work. Energy is the possible work doable by a moving body.\nQ3 How to derive the formula for the kinetic energy and work only form the conservation of momentum Σmivi→=const.?\nYou know that $\\vec{F} = \\frac{d(m\\vec{v})}{dt} = \\frac{d\\vec{p}}{dt}$ but since $\\vec{p}$ is costant, is derivative will be zero.", "512" ], [ "In case it is moving with costant speed $\\vec{v_0}$. Now, imagine a costant force applied to the mass, you'll have that $v^2 - v_{0}^2 = 2as$ (from cinematics) $Fs = W = \\Delta E$, $mas = W \\Rightarrow$ $$v^2 - v_0^2 = 2W/m$$ $$W = \\frac{1}{2}mv^2 - \\frac{1}{2}mv_0^2$$ The applied force is going to stop the mass, so the mass reacts with an opposite force, and since energy is the possible work done by the moving mass. Since it is opposed and $v= 0$ we obtain: $$ W = \\frac{1}{2}mv_0^2$$ Energy depends only on the initial velocity because momentum (before the costant force applies) is conservating.", "512" ] ]

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[ [ "First it will be important to consider the term 'relativistic speed'. If by that you mean something like 0.1c, it will only change the colour of the stars as you mentioned in the bounty description. However, if it means something with higher Lorentz Gammas (like 0.9c or 0.99c), all other relativistic effects come into play. There's relativistic beaming and aberration combined, which means that all the light that you receive from systems with respect to which you're moving at relativistic speeds will only be received in small beams towards the direction you're moving in and those will be strongly blueshifted and intensified. Watch this animated video for an illustrated view of what I mean - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQnHTKZBTI4. (It's not a high quality video, but it is very effective in demonstrating what I just wrote.)\nSo, in effect, you will possibly see only three major sources of light in the sky:\n1. The parent planet\n2. The parent star\n3. The bright patch of the sky in the direction of motion, highly blueshifted, with brightness dependent on your speed\nTheir relative brightnesses will depend on:\n1. distance to parent star\n2. distance to parent planet\n3.", "562" ], [ "albedo of the parent planet\n4. speed of motion through the ism\nFor a day and night cycle:\n* The parent planet will obviously be at the zenith the whole time (or fixed location in the sky if you're at a different location).\n* The parent star will appear to move around the sky with the same period as the revolution period of the moon - say a few days at the most (will be fairly small as compared to the 12 year revolution period of the planet, so you can ignore 'synodic' effects to the first order for a single day/night cycle).\n* The sky will also move with roughly the same period as the sun, ignoring synodic effects.\nWinds will be very complexly affected by the three sources (since heating due to radiation affects winds). There will also be tidal effects due to the parent planet which also play a role in the winds (similar to how tides work on the earth). So, you will have to take into account heating from the star, heating from the planet (which is constant due to tidal locking), tidal effects of the planet (again constant) and heating from the sky. Now the radiation from the sky can also act in a weird way, since blueshifting can give rise to strong emissions in UV, X-ray and Gamma ray photons, plus relativistic cosmic rays (everything you encounter will be in the form of cosmic rays due to the relativistic speed of your motion). These can ionize the atmosphere, heat it, cause there to be particle showers and aurorae, which can all affect wind patterns in complex ways, which I cannot exactly say much about, given my limited knowledge in atmospheric sciences.\nAs I mentioned above, yes, all interactions will be relativistic and will be similar to cosmic ray bombardment onto the moon you live on. Things will get nasty and you'll be having geomagnetic storms all the time. Satellite communications will probably never work. Expect these particles to arrive in the previously mentioned bright region of the sky due to aberration still applying to this case. You will see similar aurora like regions on the parent planet (http://www.spacetelescope.org/static/archives/postcards/screen/hst_postcard_0008.jpg), and the star will probably not be affected that much.\nOh and by the way, due to the antimatter nature of your system and the matter nature of the ism, the atmosphere would thin over time, and later these antimatter cosmic rays will start bombarding the moon. So if you stay in the ism for long enough, living on the moon will be difficult. Also, I am assuming that life evolved on your moon in an antimatter ISM and you have entered the matter ism only recently, as otherwise, the moon won't be stable for long enough for life (intelligent life) to evolve.\nI will try to see if I can think of some other effects, but for now, I guess this will do?!", "921" ] ]

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[ [ "EMS Treating Security Like Shit\nSo I'm on my way out of one of the low income housing units I check and I see EMS coming in.\nI asked them what apartment they're looking for and then tell them where it's at. Then I tell them I'll go with you because I have a master key and I can let them in if the door is locked.\nThis particular apartment building used to be a high-end nursing home. So they have a passenger elevator at one end and an elevator that's big enough to take a hospital gurney at the other.", "859" ], [ "So of course EMS goes to the wrong elevator and I mentioned that the elevator at the other end of the hall will take their Gurney.\nThey look at me like I'm the idiot and leave their gurney in the hallway on the first floor because they can't get it in the elevator (did NOT see that coming).\nSo we get to the third floor and they pile off the elevator and they have no clue where the apartment is at. Which is not surprising because unlike me they're not in that building every night. So I take them to the apartment I step back they knocked on the door and then they opened it.\nAs soon as they opened it I said \"You guys have no further need of me I'm going to leave.\" One of the firefighters looks at me and in the snottiest voice you can imagine says \"Thanks so much for all your help.\"", "107" ] ]

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[ [ "Sonic the Hedgehog\nFor the last 3ish weeks I changed all my dating app bios to search not for love, not for a hookup but to find someone to go to this movie with. The results are that I've seen this movie 4 times on 4 separate dates. It started as a joke after all my friends turned me down because this movie happened to open on Valentines' Day (or because everything in the lead up to release suggested that this was not worth the time or money... who knows?).", "233" ], [ "I wish this was the genesis (get it?) for some grand love story but it's not. Trust me I wish it was because few things would give me as much joy as telling the world that I met the love of my life in a movie where <PERSON> dances multiple times and makes terrible puns\nBeyond the desire to find someone that you can have these long stimulating conversations on art and life like a real-life version of Before Sunrise with and arguably equally important is the ability to laugh and appreciate the imperfection of it all. Sonic the Movie is as flawed as they come yet perhaps disappointingly not so flawed that it becomes a great meme movie in the vein of The Room or The Snowman. What it is, however, is a dumb fun time at the movies and a surprisingly good date movie.", "292" ] ]

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[ [ "You seem to have asked multiple questions, and the answers to them are not all the same. So let's start with the physically observable ones, that we could in principle test to see what happens, before getting into any philosphical arguments about the \"centrifugal force\" and whether it really exists or not.\nWill an object which you place inside the 'pipe' of the [vacuum-filled] torus […] be attracted to the edge of the torus?\nNo, it would not. With no contact between the object and the torus, they do not interact in any way,* and in particular, the torus cannot exert any force on the object. Thus, the object will behave in the same way (i.e. floating in place) regardless of whether the torus is actually there or not (and also whether, if present, it is spinning or not).\n*) I'm neglecting any gravitational and long-range electromagnetic interactions between the object and the torus here, as well as even more subtle effects like relativistic frame dragging. In principle, those could all transmit forces between the torus and the object, but in practice, assuming that neither the object nor the torus carry any significant electric charges or magnetization, those effects should be negligible.\nOr would it only experience the force if it was originally touching one of the walls?\nIf the object was touching the walls of the torus, then contact interactions (i.e. friction, or, if you want to get ultra-reductionist, short range electromagnetic interactions) can transmit a force from the torus to the object, giving it a net relative velocity tangential to the wall.\nAs the outer wall of the torus is curved, whereas the inertial trajectory of the object is not, this will push the object against the wall — which, being solid, will push back, and will also exert further frictional force on the object as long as its velocity differs from that of the rotating wall.\nEventually the two will reach an equilibrium where the tangential velocity of the object equals the rotational velocity of the wall, so that there is no lateral movement between them, and so no friction forces.", "343" ], [ "The only force exerted by the wall on the object at that point is the normal force that keeps the object from passing through the wall, and instead pushes the object towards the axis of the torus's rotation with just enough force to keep its trajectory circular. From the viewpoint of someone rotating along with the torus, the object has simply come to rest against the outer wall.\n(While writing this, it occurred to me that it should be totally possible to do this in Kerbal Space Program, and indeed, it turns out that someone already (kind of) has. Alas, the video doesn't really demonstrate it as clearly as it could, but if you look around 1:30, you can see the rover floating inside the spinning ring until the player fires some thrusters to bring it into better contact with the ring. Also, around 5:25 the rover briefly takes off by driving against the rotation of the ring (and hitting a slight bump).)\nAnd would the results be different if the torus was filled with a gas (air)?\nYes, because, even if the air wasn't initially rotating, aerodynamic drag forces along the walls of the torus would eventually cause the air to start rotating together with the torus. Those same drag forces would also then cause the object to move along with the air, which would eventually bring it in contact with the outer wall of the torus.\n(For more details, you may also want to take a look at this thread on Science Fiction Stack Exchange, which concerns the physics of a helicopter flying inside a rotating air-filled space station.)\nAnd if the inside of the torus was divided into sections (like the ship)?\nIf interior of the torus was in vacuum, but had radial walls dividing it into sections, then there would initially be no force exerted on the floating object. However, since the object is stationary but the section walls are rotating with the torus, one of them would eventually hit the object, imparting some non-zero tangential velocity to it. Again, this velocity would eventually bring it into contact with the outer wall.\nOK, with the practical questions out of the way, let's get to the philosophical part:\nWill an object which you place inside the 'pipe' of the torus experience the centrifugal force due to rotation?\nWell, first of all, let's keep in mind that the centrifugal force is a \"fictitious force\" that only appears in rotating coordinate systems.\nWhat does that mean? It means that, if we're looking at (for example) a rotating torus from the outside, but not rotating ourselves, then there is no such thing as a centrifugal force: there's only inertia (i.e.", "621" ] ]

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[ [ "Savory Momos, Sweet Sel Roti and 5 Other Delicious Nepali Delicacies · Global Voices\nNepal, a land of diverse culture and tradition, has its own unique dishes that leave the taste buds craving for more. The delicacies presented here have been selected from hundreds of mouth-watering recipes originating from the high mountains to the Nepalese plains.\n1. Sel roti\nThe famous Nepali crispy doughnut (sel roti), a must during the Tihar or Deepawali festival, is prepared from rice flour.\nSee NepaliMom’s instructions to cook the doughnuts:\n2. Gundruk\nGundruk, a popular dish among Nepalis, is prepared by fermenting and drying leafy vegetables, namely mustard and radish leaves. The blog Nepali Local Food explains how to cook gundruk ko jhol (soup).\nGundruk ko jhol (soup)\nServes 6 to 8\nGundruk/Sinki 50 g\nOnion 1 chopped\nTomato 1 chopped\nDry red chili 2 pods\nTurmeric powder 1/2 Tablespoon\nSalt 1 Teaspoon\nMethod: Soak Gundruk/Sinki in water for 10 min. Heat oil and fry chopped onions, tomatoes, chilies. Drain up soaked Gundruk/Sinki and fry, add turmeric powder and salt, and put 2 cups of water. Boil for 10 min, and serve hot with cooked rice.\n3. Momo\nA typical serving of momo with sesame yellow sauce and red ginger chilli sauce in Nepal. Image from Wikimedia Commons by <PERSON>. CC BY-SA\nMomo, a type of Tibetan dumpling, is so popular among Nepalis that it could be considered the country's top dish. The ubiquitous restaurants selling the dumplings generally stuff it with minced buffalo meat, chicken, mutton or vegetables.\nCheck out the step-by-step momo cooking guide in the Taste of Nepal blog. Or watch a YouTube video posted by <PERSON> showing how to cook them:\n4.", "863" ], [ "Chhoila\nChhoila, a favourite dish among the Newars of Kathmandu Valley, has become popular throughout the country. Generally made from buffalo meat, the burnt version called “haku chhoila” (black chhoila) is very tasty. Check the <PERSON> blog for details of cooking chicken chhoila.\nWatch Babus Cooking demonstrating chhoila preparation:\n5. Chatamari\nChatamari, also called Nepali pizza, is a kind of rice crepe made famous by the Newars of Kathmandu Valley. The blog We All Nepali offers details on how to prepare it.\nSee how chatamari is made in this YouTube video by <PERSON>:\n6. Bagiya\nBagiya is a healthy and delicious dish made from rice flour savoured especially during the Deepawali festival in eastern Terai of Nepal. It is a special to the indigenous Tharus. While Tharus in eastern Nepal prefer flat bagiya with lentils, the Tharus in western Nepal prepare bagiya in a tubular shape without lentils, explains the blog Voice of Tharus.\nLearn how to make it via Voice of Tharus:\nSoak the rice is soaked in water and mill it in a dheki, the traditional rice milling machine. The taste of the flour ground in a dheki is many times better than the one ground in a rice mill.\nSift the flour and fry it in an iron cauldron (Don't add oil and keep in mind not to burn the flour).\nMix warm water to the flour and knead enough to prepare a tender dough.\nSteam lentils and add spices, ginger, mustard oil and salt to it.\nMake round dumplings out of the dough. Bore a hole, put the mixture of lentils and spice and flatten it with the palms at the middle and leave both the ends protruding out.\nSteam the dumplings over a clay pot of boiling water.\nServe the steamed bagiya with chutney or vegetable curry.\n7. Sidhara\nSidhara cakes. Image via author courtesy Voice of The Tharus blog\nSidhara is prepared from taro stem, turmeric, and dried fish. The aroma is pungent and the taste bitter, but still it is one of the delicacies eaten by the Terai dwellers especially indigenous peoples like the Tharus, Danuwars, Musahars and others.\nThe blog Voice of Tharus details the cooking of <PERSON>:\nGather the Dedhna and Ponthi varieties of fish. Both the varieties are found in abundance in the paddy fields and public water sources.\nDry the fishes on sun.", "863" ] ]

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[ [ "Build a university/engineering school\nAs many answer have pointed out, building a gun from scratch in the bronze age will be very difficult. Thus to solve this you should not try to build a gun, but build a society that can create a gun.\nSo in your backpack bring knowledge, USB sticks with encyclopedia and all textbooks you can get your hands on from primary to university grade. This should not take up a lot of space. Bring 4 laptops with the devices to charge the laptop, solar panels and converters. Bring enough to have some spare. Bring some actual guns for protection from the locals if necessary and to impress them. Last and most important bring detailed start up plans and tools. Since it is the bronze age, I would suggest bringing steel axes and saws, hand drills and if still room left maybe steel screws for easy construction. Also fill the rest of the bag with gold/silver/diamond or whatever currency the locals use. I am assuming a rather large bag pack, but you can reduce all number to one (2 for the electronics) if it does not fit.\nOnce you arrive in the past you need a place to settle and build your university, convince the locals that your knowledge is worthwhile and get as many pupils you can support. If you can choose the place you land make sure your near coal, ion and oil deposits. A place with some kind of states already in place might be best, see: Bronze Age States, but you might also opt for advanced framing cultures. The hittites empire might be a good place to locate (modern Turkey, Anatolia), near lake Van seems to have all the necessary resources, I just don't know how far underground. Resources: metals, oil and coal.\nOnce you arrive roughly follow the next steps:\n1. Sell you knowledge for food/influence. Best knowledge to sell is probably improving tools (mainly agricultural) and health treatments. Distilling alcohol might also be a viable option or construction work.\n2.", "222" ], [ "Build/Buy a house/school and build a printing press. Start printing the correct books for the school. So learning how to read, simple arithmetic and than basic engineering principals. All in a very directly applicable manner.\n3. Start gathering and teaching pupils and spread your influence. Do this by helping the local community and state community and let your pupils do projects.\n4. Start building a foundry inside your school and start making bronze tools. Don't overlook the fact that you probably can improve their bronze making a lot. Being very valuable, also you can teach/use local bronze smiths to speed up you foundry.\n5. If no iron is available make a project of building one, you need to have the exact location of easily accessible iron available. Remember that you only need small amount, so no need to look for the very big mines of nowadays.\n6. Progress from bronze to making iron tools\n7. Later progress to weapons and a weapons factory.\n8. If oil is available one might make plastic in a very early state. Making some kinds of plastic is not that hard and has very good material properties for tooling compared to the wood that they would normally use.\nThis plan will take quite some time and in the mean while you need to make sure that both the local and state community are cooperative and appreciative of you. Building a society by cooperation is probably easier that force, but make sure you have enough force to withstand outside pressure. Have better weapons and tactics should allow you to withstand a lot of pressure if necessary.\nTo speed up the whole process supplying the state with better weapons and tactics than the enemy can boost the whole procedure of creating a weapons factory. In that way you could start with a primitive weapons factory and gradually upgrade to a modern one.", "222" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nlove the pink heart when you like the film.\nbarbie was super fun. i saw it at the cinema with (<PERSON>) & a bunch of other pink wearing fans!! our theatre was very responsive to this film often talking to the screen, clapping, cheering & just general laughter. this film was funny like it definitely had me on the floor cracking up. however, this film lacks confidence in what it’s trying to say or communicate to the audience. women. yes okay and what about women.", "657" ], [ "<PERSON> took white feminism & cranked it up in this film & i didn’t particularly like that part. i also didn’t like that the dialogue was so obvious at times. like they are letting you know what they know & that they know it.\ngorgeous gorgeous film like beautiful gowns down. <PERSON> and <PERSON> gave such amazing performances that will definitely define their career. loved the score & soundtrack in context with the story & i loved all the barbie’s.\nmy last complaint would be that it felt to short like they didn’t know where to end or how so they just ended it. felt like something was missing that’s was supposed to actually get me to connect to the story but alas it didn’t show up. just the barbie logo & the credits.", "577" ] ]

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[ [ "As an Economic Crisis Grips Turkmenistan, the President Sings and Bikes · Global Voices\nA pop song written and performed by Turkmenistan President <PERSON> and two of his grandchildren is attracting attention after independent media outlet Chronicles of Turkmenistan posted video of it on their Facebook page.\nIt's not quite at the level of worldwide smash “Despacito”, but still some fans appeared to enjoy the music:\nГолос отменный, молодец, культурный досуг всем необходим, от песнм душа расцветает!\nA very good voice. Cultural leisure is necessary for everyone. The soul is enriched by this song!\nTurkmenistan has an abysmal human rights record and is experiencing a difficult economic situation, with unemployment and shortages of basic goods on the rise. But <PERSON>, who in February 2017 “won the hearts” of 97.69% of voters in the country's presidential election, prefers not to publicly say a word, instead propagandizing the “great achievements of the country and a successful life of his people.”\nMany of those achievements are his own: “Yadimda” (Turkmen for “I Remember”) is not the first number written and sung by the Turkmen president, and writing songs and singing are not his only talents.\n<PERSON>, deemed “one of worst world dictators” by the Foreign Policy magazine, is the author of more than 40 books on different topics. A work of his on tea last year, for example, was received by his compatriots with almost religious reverence:\nA dentist by education and a lifelong sportsman, he once forced his ministers to join him at the fitness club:\nAnd at the end of July, in anticipation of the country's hosting of the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games in September, the president took part in a bike ride that shut down private motor vehicle transportation in the capital.\nThe 60-year-old <PERSON> climbed to power at the very end of 2006 after his predecessor <PERSON>, who had been in power since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, died.", "148" ], [ "<PERSON>, who named himself <PERSON> (Father of Turkmens), fostered a personality cult around his rule. Among other things, he changed the alphabet in the country to the Latin, changed the names of the months (April was named after his mother), changed the names of the week (Saturday was changed after his spiritual book “Rukhnama”), and implemented many other eccentric ideas. His “Rukhnama” became the second sacred book for Turkmens after the Quran and everyone had to learn it by heart, while around 15,000 monuments of him, including several golden ones, were built around the country.\n<PERSON> poses during a 2009 visit with President <PERSON> and First Lady <PERSON>. Photo by <PERSON>. Public domain.\nAfter <PERSON>’s death, <PERSON>, whose official titles (that he awarded to himself) include “Leader of the Nation” and “Arkadag” meaning “protector”, destroyed the personality cult of his predecessor and built up his own.\nHis regime kept up the restrictions on freedoms. Turkmenistan is home to the world's fourth biggest gas reserves, and is suffering from a serious economic crisis – yet will soon host the Asian Games.\nGiven the context, a commenter under a January 2017 news clip on YouTube of the president singing criticized him:\nВот что бывает господа, когда у человека очень много денег и он пользуется богатствами и ресурсами страны в личных целях.", "146" ] ]

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[ [ "Event Countdown Clock (Covid Clock - V2.0)\nIntroduction: Event Countdown Clock (Covid Clock - V2.0)\nThis is an upgrade to my earlier version of this project. I debated with myself whether I should just update the old project or post this new one. Obviously I eventually decided to post this as an \"Upgrade\". I decided this because while working on this project (which I built from scratch), I felt that the wiring was sufficiently complicated and tedious that the original project was a good stepping stone to get working, then it could fairly easily be modified to create this enhanced version.\nHowever, if you wish to tackle this project from scratch, the complete wiring diagram (and a schematic) are included in Step 2. Feel free to jump right in and hook it up as you wish.\nThe original project can be seen here. This instructable is presented as an \"add-on\" to the original Coronavirus Quarantine Clock. The code in this instructable won't work as is with the V1 project. The main reason for this is that the signalling used to manage the 7 segment LED display has been inverted due to the inclusion of the transistors.\nSo, what is new?\n* The LED display is dimmable (see note below).\n* The code has been modularised.\n* There are additional commands.\n* The target date is stored in EEPROM so that it will be retained across restarts.\nRegarding the dimmable display. There are loads of projects online that allow LEDs to be dimmed.", "288" ], [ "So what is so special about this?\nThe LED dimming is special because it uses a \"home grown\" digital potentiometer. Most LED dimming projects online use PWM to dim LEDs, so why not do that? PWM works fine for dimming the LED bar graph, but since the clock display is updated / managed with strobing (due to the shared pins on the panel), applying PWM to the clock display resulted in a rather wierd looking \"rolling\" or \"scrolling\" effect. This effect would vary depending on the PWM rate.\nThe other interesting thing about the LED dimming is that it shows an alternative way to achieve dimming of LEDs for those situations when PWM is not desirable.\nSupplies\nIn addition to the parts in the original Coronavirus Countdown Clock, you will need the following:\n* (Optional) another breadboard. I found that I couldn't easily fit all of the components on one medium sized (830 pin) breadboard.\n* 8 x NPN transistors (I used BC337, but any similar NPN transistor will be OK).\n* 8 x 10 K resistors.\n* 4 x 50 ohm resistors (I used 100 ohm, but feel that these were too \"strong\" and 100 ohm was the smallest that I had).\n* 1 x LDR with about 48-140K range (but anything close is OK).\n* 1 x 2K2 resistor for use with the LDR (again, anything close is OK, but you probably don't want to go any smaller than 2K2).\nStep 1: Wiring Preparations From V1 Project\nAs shown in the breadboard diagram, there are only two modifications to the V1 project to prepare your circuit for the additions for V2.\nThese are:\n1. Remove red and black wires bridging the top +V and GND bus to the lower bus on your breadboard.\nThe lower bus will be used to collect the cathodes of the various LEDs and feed them into the brightness controller\n2. Seperate the 4 wires that select the digits into the LED panel into two parts. These are the four wires with the white bands in them.\nWe still need both sides, but we will insert 4 of the transistors between the Arduino end and the LED panel end.\nStep 2: Add the V2 Connections\nThe diagrams above show the complete circuit for this project.\nNote that in the diagram there are 3 seperate \"power\" lines. These are:\n* GND - which uses black wires and connects to one of the Arduino GND pins\n* +5V - which uses red wires and connects to the Arduino's +5V pin.\n* GNDA - which uses solid blue wires and connects the cathodes of the LEDs to the brightness control circuit. This wire does not connect directly to the black GND wire (nor the red +5 V wire).\nLED Digit Control\nThis sub-step connects up the transistors for the digit selection on the 7 segment LED display panel.\n* Find some space on your breaboard and insert four of the transistors.\n* Connect one 10 K resistor (four in total) to each of the transistors' base pins.\nThe base pin is the middle one.", "611" ] ]

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[ [ "I slowly uncovered my hand and tried to control my tension. The stakes were high, not unreasonably so, but still high enough that I need to win this or the next round or I would out. And broke. Across the table <PERSON> had a face like a glacier, as always. He seemed to be breathing a little bit deeper than usual, though Did he have a good hand, maybe a better one than me? Or was he just feeling how close he was getting too close to the edge of losing again this round? Does he notice my tension? To the left of me, <PERSON>'s eyes darted from left to right, as if unsure about everyone, including himself. Only <PERSON> was relaxed, ogling the waitress like all the time, inquisitively raising an eyebrow at me as he noticed me watching him. He appeared to be care as little about this game as he did about the ongoing divorce from his wife.", "417" ], [ "Admittedly, the only time one has ever remembered <PERSON> getting emotional, even violently raging, was when he has discovered a tiny scratch on his beloved Lincoln Continental.\nNote that this has been suggested by <PERSON> already (\"focus on the people\"). I suspect that this will work well in the \"first person perspective\", possibly enticing the reader to somewhat identify with the narrator (and his goals and feelings). However, it should also work if told by omniscient third person, albeit with more emotional distance. Note my crude attempts to convey a little bit of insight into the emotional background of the other players, but less than a omniscient observer could provide.\nWe tried to control <PERSON>, but he was too strong in his rage. I had had no idea that my innocent remark about his divorce would throw him in a frenzy like as if someone had totaled his Lincoln. Suddenly, he collapsed into a weeping pile inside his expensive clothing, and I felt sorry for him - all his wealth and all his luck during the poker match had not protected him from the harsh truth about how deeply he loved his wife.\nYep, even the other players are vulnerable to strong emotions.\nThis is just meant as an example on how to possibly convey some sort of emotional tension by adding a bit of background and chatterer to the characters. I am no writer, and neither do I recommend to write <PERSON> style (well, I tend to somewhat long sentences but I am still far away from <PERSON>).", "86" ] ]

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[ [ "Get Lost in a Good Book: a Simple Book Nook in 9 Steps\nIntroduction: Get Lost in a Good Book: a Simple Book Nook in 9 Steps\nHave some old, damaged books? Want to bring your favorite scenery or setting into your home?\nSupplies: a hardcover book, rigid foam/posterboard/heavy\nduty non-corrugated cardboard, decorative paper (I used encyclopedia pages for a black and white canvas)\nTools: Glues (stick glue, hot glue, liquid Elmer’s/school glue), markers or translucent paints, x-acto knife\nStep 1: Choose the Book\nFind a hardcover book, preferably one with an intact cover and spine, but damaged or missing pages. I found a box of Westerns by the roadside after a hard rain. The pages were already brittle, and now moldy too. Don’t sacrifice a book you love or a book that still has life in it.\nStep 2: Remove the Text Block (Pages)\nFold the front and back covers back to expose the area where pages meet the spine. Carefully slice through the endpapers (and not the spine). Set the text block (chunk o’ pages) aside. If you want to paint or decorate the cover, do so now and let it dry.\nStep 3: Cut Panels\nUse the text block as your guide to cut reinforcing panels.\n1. The front and back should be the same size as the text block’s (and a bit smaller than the covers).\n2. The spine should be the length and width of the text block’s, but slightly shorter at top and bottom (I took 0.25 inches off both ends).\n3. The ceiling and floor pieces should be narrower and shorter than the text block’s. The goal is to make them sit flush within the other foam pieces. You may need to make slight adjustments to ensure the book closes properly, with front and back covers parallel, not splayed.\nStep 4: Cut Paper for the Panels\nWrap the fronts and edges of the cover and spine pieces in your chosen paper.\nI used encyclopedia pages as they had black text on a white background, and the paper was like onionskin. This kind of paper didn’t add bulk, but I did worry about the markers/paint bleeding. If you want to use watercolors, I recommend applying a clear gesso first. Don’t use newspaper—it will yellow and disintegrate.", "6" ], [ "You can use the pages that you cut out of this book if they are flexible, but mine were crumbling.\nTrim paper to size, leaving an overlap to glue to the backsides of the foam pieces. You can fold or cut the corners to get a clean, mitered edge.\nStep 5: Glue the Paper to the Panels\nGlue the paper to the foam panels on the front, edges, and wrapped around to the back. I used Elmer’s stick glue, as liquid school glue would cause wrinkles and hot glue would leave lumps. Let dry.\nWrap the ceiling and floor pieces completely in the paper, as their insides and outsides will be visible. Aim to have the seam/overlap near the long edge of the panel.\nStep 6: Glue Three of the Panels to the Hardcover\nWith the book spread open, hot glue the backs of the cover and spine panels to the hardcover interior.\nDo not glue the ceiling/top or floor/bottom panels yet.\nStep 7: Decorate!\nDecorate! I chose my favorite local scenery, as I find the same kind of peace there as I do in a book. Keep in mind the scale – small trees at the back, objects appear larger closer to you. If you want any 3D elements, decide how you will make them.\n1. Waterfall: I cut 6 skinny strips (approx. 0.5 inches wide), colored them blue on the front and back (using two different markers), then braided them. Braid gently, as the paper may tear. I then glued braid #1 at the top of the spine panel. I glued the braid #2 at the base of the spine panel. I then glued braid #1 to the spine, just above where I glued the start of braid #2. I curled the ends of braid #1 around a pencil to help form the foamy that collects at the base of a waterfall, and left them loose. I glued braid #2 down in a few spots along the floor panel to ensure it didn’t unravel.\n2. Pine/conifer tree: I cut then colored a 2-inch-wide strip of paper green on the front and back (using two different markers).", "6" ] ]

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[ [ "Most of this stuff comes from <PERSON>'s book: 'The Meaning of Relativity'.\nRiemann Curvature Tensor:\nImagine you take a curve, and you place a vector on one end of it. It doesn't matter which direction the vector is pointing. Now, say you displace that vector, to another point very close to it. Let's give them some names. The initial position of the vector is A and the final position is B. The vector itself is, say, $V^\\mu$. lets say the difference between the coordinates of A and B is $\\zeta$.\nNow, this process of displacing a vector is known as parallel displacement. When $V^\\mu$ reaches B, it has a change in it's direction ($\\Delta V^\\mu$). Measuring this change of direction gives us the curvature of the curve. It turns out to be $$\\Delta V^\\mu = -\\frac{1}{2} R^{\\mu}_{\\sigma \\alpha \\beta} V^\\sigma f^{\\alpha \\beta}$$ where $f^{\\alpha \\beta}$ depends on $\\zeta$. Now, the bigger tensor above, is the Riemann Curvature Tensor. This tensor completely describes the curvature of the curve.\nGeneral Relativity is a theory which describes the curvature of spacetime, so the Riemann tensor has to be necessary in the mathematics of the theory.", "418" ], [ "The problem is: $$R^{\\mu}{\\sigma \\alpha \\beta} = -\\frac{\\partial \\Gamma ^{\\mu}{\\sigma \\alpha}}{\\partial x_{\\beta}} + \\frac{\\partial \\Gamma ^{\\mu}{\\sigma \\beta}}{\\partial x{\\alpha}} + \\Gamma^{\\mu}{\\rho \\alpha}\\Gamma^{\\rho}{\\sigma \\beta} - \\Gamma^{\\mu}{\\rho\\beta} \\Gamma^{\\beta}{\\sigma\\alpha}$$\nYes. It's just too tough to calculate. Each of the $\\Gamma$s have yet more calculating to do. So it's a lot of work, with calculating each term takes you deeper down the rabbit hole; and so you could rather use:\nRicci Tensor:\nThis tensor describes the curvature of the curve, but is easier to handle than the <PERSON> tensor. So, how do you get it? First, let's talk about the Einstein Summation Convention. Basically, it is a shorthand for writing 'sum over indices'. If you have say the expression $$ds^2 = \\sum_{\\mu, \\nu} g_{\\mu \\nu} dx^{\\mu} dx^{\\nu}$$ you can simplify and write $$ds^2 = g_{\\mu \\nu} dx^{\\mu} dx^{\\nu}$$ which means that if a particular index occurs on both the top and the bottom of an expression, you 'sum over it'. So, the <PERSON> tensor is $$R_{\\mu \\nu} = R^{\\rho}_{\\mu \\rho \\beta}$$ You sum over $\\rho$ to get a more compact tensor. This is a process known as contraction Now, the <PERSON> tensor is the one actually used in the:\nEinstein Field Equations:\nWhich are $$R_{\\mu \\nu} - \\frac{1}{2}Rg_{\\mu \\nu} = 8\\pi G T_{\\mu \\nu}$$ Here $R = g_{\\mu \\nu} R^{\\mu \\nu}$ (where the <PERSON> tensor is in the contra-variant form), and I have taken $c = 1$. Now, this is the central set of equations in General Relativity. The left hand side completely describes the curvature of spacetime, caused by the energy described in the right hand side. Or, as said by the oft-quoted line\nSpacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve - <PERSON>\nBut the left hand side can be simplified. If we introduce the:\nEinstein Tensor:\nDefined as: $$G_{\\mu \\nu} := R_{\\mu \\nu} - \\frac{1}{2}Rg_{\\mu \\nu}$$ Then the field equations become: $$G_{\\mu \\nu} = 8\\pi G T_{\\mu \\nu}$$ that is another way of obtaining the Einstein Tensor $G_{\\mu \\nu}$.\nIn a nutshell:\nThe three tensors that you specified describe the curvature of space.", "818" ] ]

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[ [ "I changed your model solution a little bit; but it's like <PERSON> wrote in his answer: you redefined xi and yi in the process, so when you later on define the netCDF values for lat and lon you try to fill small 1D arrays with a 2D array. That is the source of your error.\n```python import numpy as np from scipy.interpolate import griddata import xarray as xr import pandas as pd import rioxarray import netCDF4 as nc4 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from shapely.geometry import Point import geopandas as gpd from pyproj import CRS\nCRS_3857 = CRS.from_epsg(3857) CRS_wkt = CRS_3857.to_wkt(pretty=False) print(CRS_wkt)\n--- Input data....\nlat = [50.1, 50.2, 50.3, 50.4, 50.5, 62] lon = [ 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 12] temp = [1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6]\nPut into pandas Dataframe\ndf = pd.DataFrame( { 'latitude': lat, 'longitude': lon, 'temp': temp } )\nPrepare geometry\npointShp = [Point(x, y) for x, y in zip(df.longitude, df.latitude)] pointGpd = gpd.GeoDataFrame(df, geometry=pointShp, crs='EPSG:4326')\nReproject\npoint3857 = pointGpd.to_crs('EPSG:3857') point3857['x'] = point3857.apply(lambda x: x.geometry.centroid.x, axis=1) point3857['y'] = point3857.apply(lambda x: x.geometry.centroid.y, axis=1) df = point3857[['x','y','temp']] lon = list(df['x']) lat = list(df['y']) temp = list(df['temp'])\nProceed with your source code\n--- Project input data on a regular grid\nxi = np.linspace(min(lon), max(lon), 500) yi = np.linspace(min(lat), max(lat), 500) xi, yi = np.meshgrid(xi, yi) zi = np.ones_like(xi,dtype=np.float32) * np.NaN\nzi = griddata((lon, lat), temp, (xi, yi), method='linear')\nfor i in range(len(temp)): idx = np.argmin( np.sqrt( (xi-lon[i])2 + (yi-lat[i])2) ) zi[np.unravel_index(idx, xi.shape)] = temp[i]\n--- Check... => LOOKS GOOD\nplt.figure(figsize=(15,7)) plt.subplot(1,2,1) plt.scatter(lon, lat, temp, temp) plt.subplot(1,2,2) plt.pcolor(xi, yi, np.where(np.isnan(zi),0,zi)) plt.show()\n--- Open NetCDF file to write on\nwith nc4.Dataset('test.nc', 'w' , format='NETCDF3_CLASSIC') as ds: # --- Initialize the dimensions of the dataset dim_time = ds.createDimension('time', 0) dim_lat = ds.createDimension('lat', yi.shape[0]) dim_lon = ds.createDimension('lon', xi.shape1)\n# --- Create the corresponding variables for the dimensions\ntime = ds.createVariable('time', np.float32, 'time')\nlatitude = ds.createVariable('lat', np.float32, 'lat')\nlatitude.units = ['degrees north']\nlatitude.axis = ['Y']\nlatitude.standard_name = ['latitude']\nlongitude = ds.createVariable('lon', np.float32, 'lon')\nlongitude.units = ['degrees east']\nlongitude.axis = ['X']\nlongitude.standard_name = ['longitude']\n# --- Fill with 1D (!", "509" ] ]

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[ [ "Could a 19th century setting support purely mechanical orbital satellite and manned orbital launches?\nIn my setting, military innovation spurred by the American Civil War (1861-1865) prompts the design and construction of counterweight-driven skyhooks for the delivery of suborbital long-range munitions.\nThe devices, nicknamed \"Tennessee Slingshots,\" are used to bombard Charleston and Vicksburg with barrages of small bombs with parabolic transatmospheric trajectories. The bombs are poorly aimed, and don't ultimately contribute in any significant military way to the more focused destruction wrought by heavy mortars and traditional artillery.", "922" ], [ "But the relatively modestly-sized Tennessee Slingshots excite scientific and engineering interest in the possibilities of space exploration, given that the objects launched by these skyhooks are the first man-made artifacts to exit the lower reaches of the Earth's atmosphere.\nAfter the war, continued engineering improvements lead to a decision to invest in a massive public works project - a huge space city that takes advantage of the rugged terrain of Mexico's Barrancas del Cobre. The fact that this canyon system in the western Sierra Madres is relatively close to the equator means that it's possible to take advantage of the Earth's rotational momentum, and the depth of the canyon means that the height differential allows for the construction of a number of experimental counterweight-driven skyhooks of larger and larger size.\nUltimately, a great chunk of mountain is excavated and fashioned into a massive half-million-ton counterweight on angled tracks, tethered by massive iron cables to elaborate transmission-works that translate the mechanical movement of the counterweights into the the supersonic movement of a tracked launch assembly that runs up the side of a mountain and continues on a slender rail supported by towers high into the air.\nThe gear ratio is such that as the counterweight slides three or four miles down a steep slide into a water pool, a looped cable is accelerated along a twenty-mile track until an object carried in a sled on the track is traveling fast enough to achieve escape velocity.\nUpon reelection (following the intervening term of his rival <PERSON>), <PERSON> announces at his inaugural address that he will authorize funds and support the goal of the Mexican-American Aeronautic Corporation to safely launch a man into orbit and retrieve that aeronaut by the end of the decade.\nIs this effort doomed to fail? Could late-19th century engineers have successfully built such a skyhook, or are the available materials and technology not up to the task? Would massive iron chains snap like taffy under the strain, or would friction cause the whole building-sized gear assembly to melt and disintegrate? I'm trying to conceive of a mechanical orbital delivery system that would not rely on concussive chemical acceleration - the lead engineer would at least be aware that you can't shoot people out of a cannon - hence the long acceleration track and geared transmission. And I want to limit myself more-or-less scrupulously to the industrial and scientific capacity of the 1880s, without resort to hand-waving, anachronistic developments, or pure balonium.", "302" ] ]

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[ [ "Pegasus spyware revelation indicates Indian state snooping on journalists, activists and politicians · Global Voices\nA watchtower in the US area of the special ammunition depot in the Dernekamp hamlet, Kirchspiel, Dülmen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (<PERSON>, CC BY-SA 4.0)\nThe Pegasus Project, a collaboration of 17 media organisations, released a report on July 18 detailing the potential hacking and illegal surveillance of 50,000 phone numbers, mostly in countries with authoritarian regimes, through the use of the Israeli-made spyware Pegasus. The targets of this alleged espionage include human rights defenders, activists, journalists, politicians, high-ranking public officials and business people. Reportedly, more than 1,000 phone numbers from India are a part of this list.\nPegasus users can access unencrypted content stored on a phone (messages, emails, photos, videos, etc.), record phone calls, track geo-locations and activate microphones and cameras without the user's authorization.\nThe leaked list of Pegasus targets includes two phone numbers of <PERSON>, a member of the Indian Parliament and the former President of the Indian National Congress (INC), who was unsuccessful in his election campaign against the incumbent Indian Prime Minister <PERSON> in 2019. The Guardian noted that the selection of Indian phone numbers coincided with <PERSON>'s 2017 visit to Israel that led to significant growth in the relationship between India and Israel. INC, the main opposition party in the Indian parliament, has accused <PERSON> of ‘treason’ and compromising the country's national security.\nAlso included on this list is the phone number of former bureaucrat <PERSON>, who was an election commissioner in 2019. As commissioner, he argued for imposing sanctions on <PERSON> for his heated political speeches, which were linked to increased attacks on Indian Muslims.\n<PERSON>, India's Minister of Railways, Communications and Electronics and Information Technology and <PERSON>, the Minister of State for Jal Shakti (the water ministry), are two recently sworn-in ministers whose numbers have also been found on the list. Incidentally, <PERSON>'s ministry oversees India's digital surveillance regulations.\nWhat is Pegasus?\nPegasus is a type of spyware — a software that allows users to secretly gather and receive data in someone's phone, computer or electronic device — made by Israeli tech firm NSO Group.\nThe Pegasus Project includes 80 journalists from 17 media organizations from 10 countries, with Paris-based media not-for-profit Forbidden Stories coordinating and the human rights not-for-profit Amnesty International overseeing forensic tests.", "534" ], [ "<PERSON> and <PERSON>, the two founding editors of the Wire, an independent Indian media organisation that is assisting in the investigations, both had devices infected with Pegasus. One other editor from the Wire and three regular contributors also had their phone numbers on the list.\nAmnesty's Security Lab produced a detailed technical report after analyzing the leaked list. So far they have analysed 67 phones and found traces of Pegasus in 37 of them. Citizen Lab, an interdisciplinary research lab based at the University of Toronto, Canada has independently reviewed and approved Amnesty's forensic examination methods.\nBREAKING: massive, global leak of the targets of NSO Group's Pegasus spyware. *huge deal.*\nForensic investigation by @AmnestyTech\nin collaboration with @FbdnStories reporters.\nWe @citizenlab conducted peer review.\nHere's an explainer THREAD.https://t.co/TasFCy5EGW pic.twitter.com/rGGKAkfSry\n— <PERSON> (@jsrailton) July 18, 2021\nWhile having a phone number on this list does not necessarily confirm that the phone has been infected with Pegasus, the users of these phones can theoretically be targetted by one of the NSO Group's clients. The Amnesty Security Lab has also published the Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT), an open-source mobile forensic tool to simplify the process of gathering and analysing data from potentially compromised Android and iOS devices.\nThe aftermath in India\nReporters Without Border calls India ‘one of the world’s most dangerous countries for journalists trying to do their job properly’, while placing the country's Press Freedom Index at 140 out of 180 ranked countries. Journalists like <PERSON> cited conscious efforts to not report about the Pegasus Project in mainstream Indian media outlets.\nLesson for journalists: A controlled way to kill a story in the headline and by prioritizing down information in the main text. pic.twitter.com/YvXgEZuA19\n— <PERSON> (@nit_set) July 20, 2021\nThe range of potential Pegasus victims is huge.", "534" ] ]

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[ [ "Finding the vector potential of magnetic field via line integration\nIf we look at the relationship between the scalar electric potential and electric field in electrostatics, $\\vec{E} = - \\vec{\\nabla} \\phi$, we can easily invert this relationship by $$ V (\\vec{r}) = -\\int \\limits_{\\vec{r}_0}^{\\vec{r}} \\mathrm{d} \\vec{\\ell} \\cdot \\vec{E} $$ where $\\vec{r}_0$ is arbitrary.\nThis got me thinking; is the same possible for magnetic field $\\vec{B} = \\vec{\\nabla} \\times \\vec{A}$? Can we find $\\vec{A}$ (in some specific gauge) from $\\vec{B}$ by inverting this relationship in terms of a line integral (I'm aware of finding $\\vec{A}$ from current distribution, but that's a volume integral and it involves sources, which I'd like to avoid).\nSo I made a guess: $$ \\vec{A} (\\vec{r}) \\overset{?}{=} \\int \\limits_{\\vec{r}_0}^{\\vec{r}} \\mathrm{d} \\vec{\\ell} \\times \\vec{B} $$\nOf course, we need to verify that this is correct (it isn't, but it's only a constant factor), which we can do $$ A_j \\overset{?}{=} \\varepsilon_{jab} \\int \\limits_{\\vec{r}0}^{\\vec{r}} \\mathrm{d} \\ell_a B_b \\quad \\to \\quad \\left( \\vec{\\nabla} \\times \\vec{A} \\right)_i = \\varepsilon{ikj} \\partial_k A_j = \\varepsilon_{ikj} \\varepsilon_{jab} \\partial_k \\int \\limits_{\\vec{r}_0}^{\\vec{r}} \\mathrm{d} \\ell_a B_b $$\nI'm not so sure about this, but from what I understand, a derivative acting on a line integral like this will pluck out the index of the line element, $\\mathrm{d} \\ell$, in this case, $a$ becomes $k$ $$ \\left( \\vec{\\nabla} \\times \\vec{A} \\right)i = \\varepsilon{ikj} \\varepsilon_{jkb} B_b = \\left( \\delta_{ik} \\delta_{kb} - \\delta_{ib} \\delta_{kk} \\right) B_b = B_i - 3 B_i = - 2 B_i $$\nSo the correct formula would seem to be $$ \\vec{A} (\\vec{r}) \\overset{\\checkmark}{=} - \\frac{1}{2} \\int \\limits_{\\vec{r}_0}^{\\vec{r}} \\mathrm{d} \\vec{\\ell} \\times \\vec{B} $$\nI verified that this should be the case on a simple magnetic field $\\vec{B} = B_0 \\hat{z}$ and for path that is a straight line between $\\vec{r}_0 = \\vec{0}$ and $\\vec{r}$. In that case $\\mathrm{d} \\vec{\\ell} = \\hat{r} \\mathrm{d} \\ell$. We also need $\\hat{r} \\times \\hat{z} = - \\hat{\\varphi}$ and the integral becomes $$ \\vec{A} (\\vec{r}) = \\frac{1}{2} B_0 \\hat{\\varphi} \\int \\limits_0^r \\mathrm{d} \\ell = \\frac{1}{2} B_0 r \\hat{\\varphi} = \\frac{1}{2} B_0 \\left( -y, x, 0 \\right) $$\nTaking a curl of this gives the original magnetic field.", "903" ] ]

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[ [ "Running a successful Prison complex for Wizards\nFirst of, a little parenthesis about how my magic works :\n* Magic is a calculable energy contained in some alloys and people. It can be manipulated in about the same way as electricity (with conductors and isolation)\n* Magic energy can be used as an energy in the same way as oil and is really powerful at that.\n* Wizards (people who can create magic themselves and contain it without their body) can transfer their own magic energy into magic batteries.\n* Wizards can cast spells, those are some sort of mathematical formulae one must known perfectly to be able to cast. Spells can be designed by non-wizards and some of them are too long to remember perfectly.\n* Wizards produce a way greater output of energy than ores. Therefore, they are the one producing most of the energy. Ores are used for all magic related contraption. Such as weapon and batteries.\n* Wizards can pass their energy to other Wizards\n* There is a way to create weapons simulating spells, using magic energy as ammo. Wizards can use them without ammo, providing their own energy instead.\n* Wizards have a limited amount of magic energy per day, it regenerate faster when sleeping and doesn't regenerate much while doing some effort or when starving.\n* There is a way to forcefully extract magic from Wizards, but it is painful and can lead to death.\nIn my world, Magic and Wizards are rare. (About 1 % of the population produce magic energy) Sometimes, you stumble upon bad wizards who keeps using their awesome skills to bother people, by setting them on fire or making them fly at high speed. Those guys need to be punished but how are we going to keep them in ? Even better, how are we going to put them to good use ?\nMy goal is to create some kind of prison that allow us to :\n1.", "227" ], [ "Keep our little mages in the prison\n2. Keep our little mages secure (Need a way to deal with fights between inmates)\n3. Allow our little mages to have a degree of freedom similar to the one of a regular prison.\n4. Make money using our little mages (Enough to be self sufficient would be awesome)\n5. Keep in a reasonable amount of little mages (150 ?)\nAnd then here is our means :\n* MOOOONEY !\n* About 10 wizards collaborators on site (qualified as battle mages, spells makers or other skills wanted)\n* Any number of non-mages collaborators and guards\n* Classified weaponry and spells\nHere is few solutions I have already considered :\n* Keeping our mages sedated. Violates #3 and certainly #4.\n* Keeping our mages on crack at all time so that they cant think of spells. Somewhat violate #3 and may be bad for #4\n* Forcing them to deliver all of their magic energy under a pain spell. Not a solution as they could still use their magic to retaliate and they could still work together to amass a reasonable power. May then be problematic for #1, #2 and #3\nSo here is my questions, what can tactics can I use to make this prison ? To narrow it down, Here is some precise question :\n* How should I arm guards ?\n* How should I build the prison (material) ?\n* What should I do with Wizards that keeps making trouble even in prison ?\n* (Bonus) Ideas on how to suppress the usage of spells ?", "227" ] ]

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[ [ "The word \"humanitarian aid\" refers to the provision of humanitarian assistance to those in need. Cyborgs, androids, robots, aliens, mutants, and other human-like beings are some examples. Science fiction, fantasy, and horror literature and movies frequently include these monsters as main characters. Depending on the scenario, they may be presented as friendly or aggressive.\nThemes of humanity and morality are frequently explored through the usage of humanoid creatures. They can act as substitutes for actual people, helping viewers to learn more about challenging subjects like prejudice and discrimination, artificial intelligence, and the conflict between good and evil. They can also offer a distinctive viewpoint on the human experience by delving into issues like identity, connections, and what it means to be human.\nRobots that mirror the appearance and capabilities of the human body are called humanoid robots. They normally have a head, a torso, two legs, and two arms. They are made to interact with people and their surroundings in a way that is comparable to how people do. It's a great way to meet new people.", "481" ], [ "Humanoid robots' technology is continually developing, and they are becoming more sophisticated and capable.Robots that resemble humans are frequently utilised in business, science, and entertainment.They can help with jobs like welding, painting, and product assembly at industrial facilities. To test theories and hypotheses or to help researchers with challenging tasks, they can also be employed in research labs. They have also gained popularity in the entertainment industry, showing up in movies, TV shows, and video games. because of technology.\nFor a number of reasons, humanoid robots are becoming more and more significant in contemporary technology. They can execute jobs that are too complex or dangerous for people, to start with. This covers activities like cutting and welding in risky situations as well as conducting search and rescue missions there. The second is that they can help the elderly or those with impairments. This may entail assisting with routine tasks like cooking, cleaning, and shopping. Finally, they can be utilised to offer emotional support and company, which can be especially helpful for those who are lonely or may be depressed. Last but not least, they can be employed to supply entertainment in the shape of robotic pets or interactive games.", "481" ] ]

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[ [ "Theory of Complex Spectra, Applying Slater-Condon Rules\n<PERSON> and <PERSON> in Physical Review 1932, Vol. 42, pg. 167, separate the two $^2$D's of $d^3$. On page 173 (pg 7 of the PDF) of this article they determine the matrix of the electrostatic energy in eqn.", "469" ], [ "3.3 as: $$\\begin{array}{ccc} - &a & b \\ a & 3F_0+7F_2+63F_4 & 3(21)^{1/2}(F_2-5F_4) \\ b & 3(21)^{1/2}(F_2-5F_4) & 3F_0+3F_2-57F_4 \\ \\end{array}$$\nI'm trying to figure out how they actually determine this matrix. How do they do it?\nHere is what I understand:\nThis matrix comes from a description of the two terms, $$^2D^a_{2,1/2} = 1/2 [-A+B-C+E]$$ $$^2D^b_{2,1/2} = (84)^{-1/2}[-5A-3B-C+4D-3E-2(6)^{1/2}F]$$\nwhere $A,B,C,D,E,F$ are zero-order states of $d^3$ which are $$\\begin{array}{cccc} A &\\mathcal{A}u_1(2^+)u_2(2^-)u_3(-2^+) & B &\\mathcal{A}u_1(2^+)u_2(1^+)u_3(-1^-) \\ C &\\mathcal{A}u_1(2^+)u_2(1^-)u_3(-1^+) & D &\\mathcal{A}u_1(2^-)u_2(1^+)u_3(-1^+) \\ E &\\mathcal{A}u_1(2^+)u_2(0^+)u_3(0^-) & F &\\mathcal{A}u_1(1^+)u_2(1^-)u_3(0^+) \\ \\end{array}$$\nIn this notation $u_i(a^j)$ indicates the one-electron central field eigenfunction for electron $i$ with the $j^{th}$ set of numbers $n^il^im_l^im_s^i$. $\\mathcal{A}$ represents the antisymmetrizing operator $(N!)^{-1/2}\\sum_P (-1)^p P$.\nWe can say that $(ab|1/r_{12}|cd)$ depends, in part, on $\\sum_{k=0}^\\infty c^k (l^a m_l^a, l^c m_l^c) c^k(l^dm_l^d,l^bm_l^b)$\nThere are tables of these values already determined, notably as $a^k$ and $b^k$, which can be used to evaluate the Coulomb and exchange integrals for $k=0,2,4$.\n<PERSON> then extended <PERSON>'s method to determine the non-diagonal matrix elements in a paper (Physical Review, 1930, Vol. 36, pg. 1121) for separating multiplets of the same kind, as we have in our case.\nIn case you are confused by the notation, $J(a,b)=\\sum a^k$ and $K(a,b)=\\sum b^k$ and $a^k(l^am_l^a,l^bm_l^b)=c^k(l^am_l^a,l^am_l^a)c^k(l^bm_l^b,l^bm_l^b)$ and $b^k(l^am_l^a,l^b m_l^b) = [c^k(l^am_l^a,l^bm_l^b)]^2$.", "490" ] ]

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[ [ "A simple proof that under Newtonian gravity rotating massive bodies are ellipsoids?\nHere is my attempt at deriving the shape of an idealized rotating massive body under Newtonian gravity, assuming that the gravity force points towards the center of mass and shape of the body is stabilized. Physically one might imagine an object with very heavy core localized in very small volume at the center, surrounded by very light liquid.\nA point on the surface moves according to $\\ell=\\omega t$, where $t$ is time, $\\ell$ is longitudal angle and $\\omega$ the constant angular velocity. Thus in cartesian coordinates $$ {\\mathbf r}(h,t)=R(h)(\\cos(\\omega t)\\cos(h),\\sin(\\omega t)\\cos(h),\\sin(h)) $$ where $h$ is the latitude (angle) and $R(h)$ is distance to the center of mass (which by assumption does not depend on time, hence also on the longitude since the latter depends linearly on time).\nNet force on a mass $m$ at this point is thus $$ {\\mathbf F}=m{\\mathbf r}_{tt}=-\\omega^2mR(h)\\cos(h)(\\cos(\\omega t),\\sin(\\omega t),0) $$\nIf that mass does not participate in any other motion except the overall rotation, then this net force must be equal to the sum of the gravity force and the normal force at the (frictionless) surface of the planet.\nThe gravity force (with gravitational constant $G$ and planet mass $M$) is $$ {\\mathbf F}_g=-\\frac{GMm}{R(h)^2}(\\cos(\\omega t)\\cos(h),\\sin(\\omega t)\\cos(h),\\sin(h)) $$ and we have to write down the condition that $\\mathbf F-{\\mathbf F}_g$ points normally to the surface.\nOne normal vector is \\begin{multline} {\\mathbf r}_\\ell\\times{\\mathbf r}_h=\\R\\cos(h)((R\\cos(h)+R'\\sin(h))\\cos(\\omega t),(R\\cos(h)+R'\\sin(h))\\sin(\\omega t),R\\sin(h)-R'\\cos(h)) \\end{multline} (I shortened $R(h)$ to $R$ and $\\frac{dR(h)}{dh}$ to $R'$ just to fit the expression on one line.)\nThe condition that $\\mathbf F-{\\mathbf F}_g$ is parallel to it gives $$ \\frac{R\\cos(h)+R'\\sin(h)}{\\frac{GM}{R^2}-\\omega^2R}=\\frac{R\\sin(h)-R'\\cos(h)}{\\frac{GM}{R^2}\\tan(h)}; $$ solving this for $R'$ we arrive at the differential equation $$ R'=\\frac1{\\frac1{R\\tan(h)}-\\frac{2GM}{\\omega^2}\\frac1{R^4\\sin(2h)}}.", "521" ], [ "$$ Solutions of the latter are determined by $$ (R\\cos(h))^2=\\frac{2GM}{\\omega^2}(C-\\frac1R) $$ with arbitrary constant $C$. Switching to $x=R\\cos(h)$, $y=R\\sin(h)$ and denoting $\\frac{2GM}{\\omega^2}=k$, $kC=a$ we obtain $$ y=\\pm\\sqrt{\\left(\\frac k{a-x^2}\\right)^2-x^2}. $$\nAnd now I am stuck since this is most certainly not an ellipsoid.\nWhere is my error? Can all this mess be simplified?", "521" ] ]

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[ [ "Why didn't he consider the centripetal force as a force acting on that object.\nBecause Centripetal force is not a force acting on the body. The Centripetal force is not necessarily a unique force in its own right. As an answer pointed out, The \"centripetal force\" is simply defined as the net force acting towards the centre.\nIf there were some more forces acting in the radial direction (for example, if your car was tied with a rope to a tree at the centre of the circle, there would be an additional force of Tension towards the centre) then the sum of the forces would be equal to Tension + the Normal reaction component. This sum would then be considered the centripetal force.\nHere is another way to thing of the scenario : Write the <PERSON>'s law equation for the radial direction without thinking anything about being on a circular trajectory. Don't think anything about centripetal forces for a moment.", "766" ], [ "If were on any other ordinary track, the only force on the car would be $N\\sin(\\phi)$ which then by <PERSON>'s law is equal to $ma$. $$Nsin(\\phi) = ma$$\nNow, because you are moving in a circular path, the \"a\" in the equation must be towards the centre of the circle and its magnitude is a function of the linear velocity at which you are moving in the circular path (specifically it is $\\frac{|v(t)|^2}{r}$ but in your case, v is constant). Now, this is something you have to accept, in circular motion, there must be an acceleration pointing to the centre with the magnitude mentioned above, otherwise the motion would not be circular anymore. Plug this into the equation and you simply get the result as : $$N\\sin(\\phi) = \\frac{mv^2}{r}$$ This pretty much what the other answers said, that the sum of all forces towards the centre (there is only 1 in your case) is the centripetal force. I have taken the opposite sign convention but it doesn't affect the final result.\nTo answer one of your side questions, if $\\phi = 0$, essentially when the road is unbanked and frictionless (as per the diagram), you would never be able to make a turn (In reality, there is always friction to provide the necessary force towards the centre).\nHope this helped.", "544" ] ]

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[ [ "Following-eye Halloween Display\nIntroduction: Following-eye Halloween Display\nThe glowing eyes follow you as you walk down the street. A spooky effect that is cheap and easy to make! Put one in every window for a really creepy effect! Made from cereal boxes, cardboard, and paper mache.\nSome of the rave reviews I got from popular celebrities:\n“Your house is creepy!” - Spiderman\n“Great job, as usual your house looks fantastic!” – Pirate <PERSON> mom\n“I told my neighbor her house was the best, now I’ll have to take it back!” – <PERSON>’s Mom\n“This house is awesome, I want to adopt you!” – Grim Reaper\nStep 1: The Inspiration\nThe idea for this Halloween display came from this decorative mask. The eyes follow you as you walk around the room. I studied this to learn how the effect works and how to enlarge it to a window-sized display. The front of each eye is a spherical shape with an eye shaped cutout. The pupil is on the back of a cavity behind the eye. The pupils are dome shaped so that they appear circular from all angles. The center of the pupil's dome shape is located about at the center of the spherical shape of the front part of the eye. This makes the pupil appear to be oriented directly at you from all angles.\nThe paper mache eyes in this instructable are giant-sized replicas of the eyes in this mask. The cereal box eyes are a common craft project I think, I have heard of them being made from shoe boxes.\nStep 2: Materials\nYou need:\nLarge pieces of cardboard, big enough to fit in the windows. Heavy cardboard is better.\nBlack paint. I used tempura paint, the kind used in kids art classes, from an art store ($7 for 900 ml, I used about half the bottle for 4 window displays), it is cheap, easy to clean up, and dries to a flat black finish. That's the only thing I had to buy to make my display.\nChristmas lights (LED lights strongly recommended because they don't get hot - the materials are very flammable!).", "644" ], [ "White is best, but other colors will work too. Multi-colored strings are probably not going to work well.\nWhite paper.\nWhite glue.\nA black marker.\nScissors.\nA sharp knife.\nA drill.\nFor the smaller eyes:\nSeveral cereal boxes. 3 or 4 for each window you want to do.\nColored paper. I used construction paper.\nTape. Packing tape works well.\nFor the larger eyes:\nNewspapers (one large newspaper should do).\nFlour and salt for the paper mache paste.\n1 large (13\") and 1 medium (9\") mixing bowl.\n1 softball\n1 large plastic ice cream container\nPlastic food wrap. Glad Cling Wrap worked well, it is a heavier grade plastic and actually not very sticky which is good because the purpose is to help release the paper mache from the molds.\nAllow about 2 weeks to make everything, there are several steps where you need to let things dry overnight.\nStep 3: Cereal Box Eyes - Cut the Eyes\nThe eyes made from cereal boxes are easy to make, so you can make several for each window. The large paper mache eyes take longer to make but give a better effect when viewed from the street. I will start with how to make the cereal box eyes.\nDraw eye shapes on the front of the cereal box. Cut out the shape with a sharp knife.\nIf the box is more than 1-1/2\" thick, cut the box in half, making sure the sides of the back half are about 1-1/4\" to 1-1/2\" wide. In the picture, the sides of this box are cut a bit too narrow.\nStep 4: Cereal Box Eyes - Glue on Paper\nTake a sheet of white paper (it can be scrap paper already printed, as in the picture). Cut it to fit inside the front of the cereal box. It doesn't matter if it fits exactly.\nPlace the paper under the front of the cereal box and trace the eye shape onto the paper. If already printed one side, place the printed side up as shown.\nCut out the eye shapes, about 1/4\" outside the lines.\nGlue the paper to the inside of the box front.\nThe purpose of this paper is to increase the reflectivity of the inside of the box, so the eyes glow brighter.\nStep 5: Cereal Box Eyes - Draw Pupils\nCut a piece of white or colored paper to fit inside the back side of the box. I used pale colors, but after seeing the completed display I think some darker colors would work well too.", "286" ] ]

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[ [ "Creating Artificial Gravity In A Smaller Craft Where Energy Was Not A An Issue - Energy Required To Do So?\nIf you had a craft say the size of the spaceship in Guardian Of The Galaxy, big enough for a few rooms, etc. Now say you wanted to create gravity(artificial using centrifugal force) and energy was not a limiting factor(Yes this is definitely for fiction). Assuming if you are traveling towards some point at say close to c(The Speed Limit Of Causality in the universe) say .99*c (Where * is the multiplication operator under vector field hopefully * is not odd for multiplication operators. Anyway...)\nAnd we can assume the direction of overall motion has a unit direction vector D.\n0.99cD\nThen if you say wanted to produce a gravity roughly that of the moon, you could rotate perpendicular to D in a circle that had a radius of about say 6000m once a minute. Or say 3000m twice a minute etc.\nI assume that a wider circle would be advantageous as far as the feeling for the people on board such a craft not feeling nauseous.", "947" ], [ "I don't know which would require more energy to produce a large or smarler circle? I guess I could try to work that out, that is actually interesting as well to know the answer to that. But there is a different question I am confused about....\nSo now say if you have two ships exactly the same moving in the direct D, but one moving very close to the speed of light, and the other very slowly, not anywhere near speeds where relativity would start to show effects, again in terms of overall velocity over time... So ship A say has overall velocity...\n.99cD\nand B have a velocity of....\n0.000001cD\nWhat I am unsure about is to create artificial gravity in both these situations, meaning create a constant acceleration perpendicular to D and such that you are producing that circle of say 3000m radius. Is there a difference in the energy required for ship A to produce that rotating motion compared to ship B.\nI know alternatively if say the ship was itself had a radius of 3000m and just rotated then I believe the answer is that the energy required to produce the spin is the same in either case. But I was not sure if that is true for a ship that is rather moving in in a circle perpendicular to the overall velocity and must constantly create a changing direction of acceleration to produce that gravity.\nI guess I am asking if you are moving close to the speed of light relative to the stars/space around you, do you essentially act like you have more mass no matter which direction you intend to accelerate in, or do you only essentially see an increase in relative mass in the direction D if you were trying to change your velocity.\nAs you can tell I don't have a great deal of experience with complex relativistic motion, Lagrange transforms/mechanics are still a mystery to me. But even just a simple one-line explanation me in the right direction would very much appreciate As right now I don't even know where to find a good explanation of such a case?", "483" ] ]

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[ [ "Dutch Apple Pie\nIntroduction: Dutch Apple Pie\nEasy and delicious apple pie recipe! It is HUGE, so you can serve it for your family and friends. A lovely project for leftover apples. Holidays or weekend will be better with this European apple pie.\nTraditional Dutch Apple Pie was first published on our blog. Check it out! You can read more about its origins and which apples to choose for baking.\nThis pie is so comforting and your kitchen will smell amazing with apples and cinnamon!\nSupplies\nFor the pastry:\n* 1/2 cup sugar\n* 2 1/3 cup flour all-purpose\n* 3/4 cup butter cold and cubed\n* 1 egg big\n* 2-3 tbsp water\nFor the filling:\n* 11 small apples\n* 1 tbsp lemon juice freshly squeezed\n* 2 tsp cinnamon ground\n* 1 tsp flour all-purpose\n* 1/2 cup sugar\n* 4 tbsp semolina\n* 1 egg yolk for brushing the top\nEquipment:\n* 8 inch spring form pan or pie form\n* bowls for mixing\n* pastry decorator knife (optional)\n* foil for baking\n* spoons or spatula\nStep 1: Make the Pastry\nCombine sugar and flour in a bowl.\nAdd few butter cubes and press them into the flour-sugar mixture with two forks or pastry maker. Add all butter cubes, pressing them into the flour.\nAdd an egg and water. Combine wet and dry ingredients.", "763" ], [ "Form the dough with your hands.\nWrap the dough in plastic, leave in the fridge for at least 1 hour.\nStep 2: Prepare Filling\nMeanwhile prepare your apples for the filling. Wash them, peel and remove the core with seeds.\nThinly slice apples and transfer them to a large bowl.\nAdd freshly squeezed lemon juice.\nAdd cinnamon, sugar, flour and combine until all apples are covered.\nStep 3: Form the Pie\nRemove the dough from the fridge, unwrap it and slice in half.\nForm the ball from one half, and roll the thick round for the pie form.\nPlace the bottom pan on the dough and cut the round for the bottom of the pie. Add it to the bottom of spring form pan pan.\nFrom the leftovers make 2-3 pieces for sides and put them in the pan, pressing to the sides.\nMake sure to press the stitches well to hold the filling! Don't make it too thin.\nStep 4: Add Filling\nSprinkle semolina on the bottom of the pie.\nAdd apples until top.\nStep 5: Make the Top of the Pie\nFrom the other half of the dough, form the round and roll it.\nUsing the pastry decorator knife make decoration. Alternatively, cut the 1/2 inch lines and place them on top of the pie. Press the decoration to the sides of the pie.\nBrush the top of the pie with egg yolk.\nStep 6: Bake and Serve\nCover the top of the pie with foil, bake for 30 min in the oven, preheated to 356 F.\nRemove from the oven, remove the foil and brush with leftover egg yolk.\nBake the pie uncovered for 30-40 min. The pie is ready until apples are softened and the top is browned.\nLet it cool in the pan, then transfer it to the serving plate.\nCut into pieces and serve with whipped cream or ice cream!", "891" ] ]

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[ [ "Someone had questioned the lack of reviews on this one, so I thought I might try my hand at a quick once over.\nFirst, the obvious stuff. This is an expansion so I won't go into the basics of Pandemic, only how this might change the experience.\nNow, to begin with, let's go over what ITL brings to your table. You get:\n4 new roles\n3 new events\n2 new virulent strain epidemic cards\na new mutation challenge (2 cards & 12 more purple cubes)\nnew cards & research stations for a new 'Team play' option\na new solo play option\nand finally, the In the Lab challenge, consisting of an additional board, 14 sequencing cards & 5 spiffy new cure vials.\nOverall, a pretty nice set, now for more details.\nFirst, the new roles. You only get 4, but they're pretty useful ones, and honestly if you also have OTB, you now have tons of options. I would point out that these 4 are by no means limited to ITL play, they should be nice options in all variants.\nSecond, the new events. Again, not a ton, but very nice ones that aren't limited to any particular variant. They match the ITL challenge thematically, but by no means would be out of place in other games.\nI like the additional cards for the Virulent Strain challenge, though I admit I rarely play it. If you like the increased difficulty and want more variation, this will help.\nI find the new way to play the Mutation challenge (Worldwide Panic, if I recall the title correctly) more to my liking than the original challenge. Essentially, the mutation starts with a wider area affected and spreads quicker, but I think this is actually a good thing if you combine it with the ITL challenge.\nTeam play is a nice semi-cooperative style where players are 2 or 3 teams trying to gain prestige for curing or eradicating diseases first. The loss conditions still apply to everyone, so I would assume some cooperation would still be wise, but it is limited. I found this part to be a decent option for play, but it didn't really thrill me. Much like the bio-terrorist from OTB, I can see it being a change of pace but not really what I would look for in a game of Pandemic.\nThe solo rules are an interesting take, if only because I would bet most Pandemic players already play it solo as is. It allows you to take 1 role and play a modified game with a CDC helper that takes very limited actions to assist you. I think this might grow on me over time, having only tried it once, but I still prefer to just control multiple roles when I play solo. Still, I do love options to keep things fresh, and this is a pretty good one.\nI've saved the biggest thing for last.", "699" ], [ "The Lab challenge is a leap forward in a game I already loved. It is a major change to how you cure diseases. Now, rather than collecting a set of cards and discarding for a cure, you will collect samples, sequence and characterize the disease structure, testing your cure before finally having it cured. This is a lot of extra actions, and it takes some getting used to, but I found it to be leaps and bounds ahead of the base game for theme. You do feel like you're really working at the lab work to find these cures.\nWhen you perform a treat disease action, you may collect a sample for your cure. That is, you may transfer a cube to the lab for use rather than back to the supply. A disease sequence will be found and anyone in a lab may play a city card to characterize the sequence as a specific color. Later, as the sequence is worked on, a player in a lab may play an additional card of that color to test the cure, removing one cube from the board in the process. Lastly, a player in a lab may play the remaining cards needed for a cure, with the same results as in the base game. This is a long way to say that you will still be using 5 cards to cure, but it can be spread out among the players with greater ease. The trade-off is the lab work will consume a lot of actions. You'll find players won't have to rush off to particular cities as much to trade cards, but they will congregate around research stations as they work on cures. This is a variant that makes stations a bigger priority, but it isn't like people just ignored them in the base game.\nOverall, this is a great expansion. Like OTB, there are things I may not use every time, but nothing is a waste and there are parts I personally wouldn't want to play without. The theme and challenge of the lab work is what sells me.", "699" ] ]

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[ [ "How to obtain a convergent solution iteratively for a linear system of equations?\nI am working on a problem that requires an iterative procedure to solve a linear system of equations, the system of equations in matrix form is:\n$$\\underbrace{\\begin{bmatrix} r_{11} & r_{12} & r_{13} & \\cdots & r_{1j} \\ r_{21} & r_{22} & r_{23} & \\cdots & r_{2j} \\ r_{31} & r_{32} & r_{33} & \\cdots & r_{3j} \\ \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\ r_{i1} & r_{i2} & r_{i3} & \\cdots & r_{ij} \\end{bmatrix}}\\textit{R} \\underbrace{\\begin{bmatrix} a{1} & 0 & 0 & \\cdots & 0 \\ 0 & a_{2} & 0 & \\cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & a_{3} & \\cdots & 0 \\ \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \\cdots & a_{j} \\end{bmatrix}}\\textit{A} + \\underbrace{\\begin{bmatrix} b{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & \\cdots & b_{j} \\ b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & \\cdots & b_{j} \\ b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & \\cdots & b_{j} \\ \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\ b_{1} & b_{2} & b_{3} & \\cdots & b_{j} \\end{bmatrix}}\\textit{B} = \\underbrace{\\begin{bmatrix} c{1} & c_{1} & c_{1} & \\cdots & c_{1} \\ c_{2} & c_{2} & c_{2} & \\cdots & c_{2} \\ c_{3} & c_{3} & c_{3} & \\cdots & c_{3} \\ \\vdots & \\vdots & \\vdots & \\ddots & \\vdots \\ c_{i} & c_{i} & c_{i} & \\cdots & c_{i} \\end{bmatrix}}\\textit{C}\\ R{i, j}A_{j, j} + B_{i, j} = C_{i, j} $$ Now matrix R is fully known (input), matrices A, B, C are unknown. I am working on an iterative procedure in which I provide initial guesses for A and B, then calculate C.", "490" ], [ "The iteration is to be carried out till I get a converged value for C (output I require). The code is being developed in Python. So far no luck in choosing the initial guess too.", "416" ] ]

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[ [ "There are a couple of ways to approach this, and I'll try to keep my notation consistent with <PERSON>. I think the most fundamental thing to recognize is that a complex $t_1$ is a choice (so it can't really have an effect), but, in the problem described, a complex $t_2$ is inevitable.\nPlaying with phases\nLet's say, before we apply the field, everything is time-reversal invariant and all of the hopping terms ${t_1,t_2}$ for nearest and next-nearest neighbor are (chosen to be) real. Now, this is not entirely necessary; you could for instance, change your basis by multiplying all of the B-site basis functions with a phase factor. Then the nearest-neighbor hopping $A\\rightarrow B$ picks up a phase, and hopping $B\\rightarrow A$ picks up the opposite phase. Voila, complex $t_1$. But this is just a game with the basis, so it clearly won't change the spectrum or have any physical consequences.\nWe could do something similar with next-nearest neighbor, but we would have to obnoxiously redefine our tight-binding basis function so that it varies in phase from one A-site to another A-site, and then the hopping element would not be uniform between all A-sites (or between all B-sites). It probably isn't clear a priori what restrictions math may place on us in this game, but we'll get to that. My point here is just that there's no obvious reason you can't put a (site-dependent) phase in $t_2$ before applying the field, at the cost of making the problem quite annoying. But again, it's just a basis-change, nothing physical.\nPhase around a closed loop\nNow let's apply a field, but keep in mind that we can still change bases (or gauges) to affect the phases of the hopping terms as discussed above.", "298" ], [ "As <PERSON> notes, the effect of the field is to multiply the hopping elements by a phase factor $\\exp\\left[ie/\\hbar\\int A\\cdot dr\\right]$. Let's try two experiments.\n* First, do some nearest-neighbor (NN) hopping around some closed path and look at the phase we accumulate. If you try this out, you'll notice that, if you're NN hopping on this lattice and you want to get back to where you started, you will always enclose some integer number of hexagonal unit cells (because you can't just \"cut through\" a cell with only NN). And every cell has zero net flux, so your phase factor for a closed NN path is $\\exp\\left[ie/\\hbar\\oint A\\cdot dr\\right]=\\exp\\left[ie/\\hbar\\sum_{cells} \\iint B dA\\right]=\\exp\\left[ie/\\hbar\\sum_{cells} 0\\right]=1$\n* Now, let's do some second nearest neighbor (2NN) hopping around a closed path. For instance, let's take a loop of three sites within the same hexagon. The path enclosed is some portion of the hexagon, which may have non-zero net flux so your path can accumulate some phase $\\exp\\left[ie/\\hbar\\oint A\\cdot dr\\right]=\\exp\\left[ie/\\hbar\\iint BdA\\right]=e^{i\\theta}$\nNote that changing bases or gauges does not alter either of the above values. The NN path will always collect no phase, and the same 2NN path will always collect the same $e^{i\\theta}$, because we've expressed these phases in terms of base- and gauge-invariant quantities (just the magnetic field $B$).\nConsequences\nSo, if we try to play with the complex hopping element between second nearest neighbors, we won't be able to get it back to being a real value everywhere, because we know that the 2NN hopping elements have to combine to form a phase $e^{i\\theta}$ around a certain loop. On the other hand, this restriction does not prevent us from making every NN hopping element just real $t_1$ because the accumulated phase is always 0. Big picture, the topology of the paths possible with NN and 2NN are different, and restrict the allowable phases in different ways.\nThe complex possibilities for $t_1$ don't actually have any effect on the spectrum, and we see this because we can just transform this phase away. But the complexity of $t_2$ is something we're stuck with, so Haldane explores its consequences.\nI hope that helps!", "768" ] ]

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[ [ "The Magnificent Seven\n“What we lost in the fire we'll find in the ashes.\"\nThe Magnificent Seven is a 2016 American Western action film directed by <PERSON> which follows seven gunmen from a variety of backgrounds who are brought together by a vengeful young widow to protect her town from the private army of a destructive industrialist.\nNo idea why I decided to check this one out tonight but I had a hankering to get around to it for some time, admittedly just because of the cast.\nI haven’t seen the original 1960 version of this story (I will get around to it), but last year I checked out Seven Samurai and loved it and so I went into this with good hopes.\nI actually loved this too — it’s not quite cinematic art like Seven Samurai but as a version of the tale, it was really likeable and enjoyable.\nMuch of this is down to the cast that, whilst not given the time that the other characters are, still manage to stand out — <PERSON> is straight up perfect as a <PERSON> redux as the pair have similar acting tics, and both fill the same space very well.\nThe supporting cast is also solid, even <PERSON>, though my favourites were <PERSON> and <PERSON> who were definitely gay (side note: this is the second gay western I’ve seen <PERSON> in and this one isn’t canon but he still has more chemistry with <PERSON> than he did <PERSON>. Go figure).\nI also appreciate that <PERSON> went out of his way to make this film diverse and it really works, especially since the film doesn’t magically gloss over racism but it gives the characters nuance and depth.\nI called <PERSON> milquetoast in one of my other reviews and perhaps I judged him too harshly — he’s very competent and this film looks gorgeous.", "378" ], [ "It also helps that it’s backed by a wonderful score, part of which was composed by the legendary <PERSON> in his final credit before he died during the production and was subsequently followed up by his friend <PERSON>.\nOn the whole, I actually really loved this, mainly for the cast. It’s not Seven Samurai but as a film on its own merits, it’s very enjoyable. Recommended.", "529" ] ]

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[ [ "No there were 12 like the Enterprise (Constitution class) at the time of the episode \"Tommorrow is Yesterday\" when <PERSON> utters the line: \"There are only twelve like it in the fleet.\"\nThe Star Trek Writer's guide established there were fourteen Constitution Class starships: Constitution, Constellation, Enterprise, Yorktown, Lexington, Farragut, Republic, Intrepid, Exeter, Hood, Excalibur, Valiant, Kongo, Potemkin. The original AMT model decal sheet validates these names.\nThe Constitution Class had been around for at least 13 years and probably longer (The Menagerie) and <PERSON> had served aboard at least two of them before assuming command of the Enterprise. The USS Republic (Court Martial) and the USS Farragut (Obsession.)\nIt is almost certain the Farragut was lost or destroyed when it encountered the Cloud Creature, and that would make <PERSON>'s statement in Tomorrow is Yesterday true when he said it. There were only twelve like it (that were left) in the fleet.\nThe Star Trek Reference manual lists four as destroyed. We saw at least two of them destroyed, Intrepid in Immunity Syndrome and Constellation in Doomsday Machine. These episodes occurred after Tomorrow Is Yesterday. We heard of the destruction of Farragut in Obsession.", "126" ], [ "We also probably saw the destruction of the Excalibur in Ultimate Computer but it was never established that it was destroyed beyond salvage.\nThis leaves the Valiant. This is problematic. It may be bad writing. Other than the ship named 'Valiant' that disappeared two hundred years before the episode 'Where No Man Has Gone Before' we saw no Constitution class USS Valiant. We did however see a USS Defiant (Tholian Web) that wasn't on the writer's guide list. Like the other ship names used from history there was an actual British battleship named Valiant. There was never an actual ship named 'Defiant.' There was a fictional HMS Defiant in the film 'Damn The Defiant' I think somebody messed up, meant to type Valiant but chose to type Defiant instead and it became hard to explain canon.\nEither way there were fourteen original Constitution Class and thirteen left when <PERSON> made his statement in Tomorrow Is Yesterday.\nAnd they were all Constitution class. The model gave you a Constitution class starship and 14 names to choose from.", "126" ] ]

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[ [ "How to interpret a specific feature importance?\nApologies for a very case specific question. I have a dataset of genes, with which I am using machine learning to predict if a gene causes a disease. One of the features I have is a beta value (which is the effect size of the gene's impact on the disease), and I'm not sure how best to interpret and use this feature.\nI condense the beta values from the variant level to the gene level, so a gene is left with multiple beta values like this:\nGene Beta ACE -0.7, 0.1 ,0.6 NOS 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 BRCA -0.1 ,0.1, 0.2\nCurrently I am trying 2 options of selecting a single beta value per gene, one where I select the absolute value per gene (and ignore whether it was a previous negative value) and another where I select the absolute value and return the previous negative numbers back to being negative.", "655" ], [ "I am trying this as for beta values a postive or negative direction indicates the size of the effect a gene has on the disease, so I would think it's important to retain the negative information (as I understand it).\nHowever, I've been advised to use just the absolute values with not retaining negative status, and I'm not sure if there's a way for me to know if one option is better than the other from the machine learning perspective. I am also having a problem in either case where my model values this feature as much more important than any other feature in my dataset. For example gradient boosting gives this an importance of 0.01, the next most important feature is at 0.001.\nSo my question is, how best can I interpret a highly important feature like this? If it is much more important is it actually a bias and is it likely due to my own handling/preprocessing of the feature or is it acceptable that is it just very important? Would it be possible for me to set my model to re-weight the importance of this particular feature? I have a biology background so not sure what is the normal or least biased approach.", "655" ] ]

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[ [ "When I found out that my daughter-in-law’s favorite classic game was ‘Clue’, I realized that I’d never researched any ‘gateway’ game for fans of that game. I’d seen a lot of ‘How to Host a Murder’ games in some game stores, but never anything that caught my attention. It didn’t take much research to find that two games kept coming up – ‘Sleuth’ and ‘Mystery at the Abbey’. A closer inspection led me to believe that ‘Mystery at the Abbey’ was just what the doctor ordered.\nComponents: Three words…’Days of Wonder’.\nThe gameboard features the layout of the abbey, and it’s a gorgeously thematic layout. The room names are written in Latin (the cheat sheets label them in Latin and English). The placement outlines for the different decks of cards are at the corners of the board so that the cards don’t impede the game.\nThe pawns are miniature monk statuettes of different colors. The cards are artfully simple, the cheat sheets are colorful, helpful, and well laid out, and even the suspect sheets are nicely designed (though I wish that more of them were included). All in all, the quality of components here is exemplary.\nRules: The rule book is in a very familiar layout, so anyone owning Ticket to Ride or Colosseum should be used to the format. It’s a good thing, too. Your first game or two might find you in the rule book quite a bit. It’s not that the rules are complex – they’re really not. But a newbie to this game will probably refer back for clarifying what constitutes a ‘legal’ question, when to play a particular card, and what happens in certain rooms. (The cheat sheets can be a valuable source of this information once people get into the habit of checking them). Once you get the basic hang of it, it’s pretty easy. We had four newbies (and no one who ever played), and were able to get the hang of the game pretty quickly.\nTheme: One of the 24 monks has killed brother <PERSON>. Three to six players act as sleuths to try and find the killer by asking questions of the monks and receiving clues in a variety of ways. On one level, the game is very thematic.", "504" ], [ "The old-style fonts used on the cards and board, the rustic looking floor plan, the miniature ‘mass bell’ are all designed to enhance the mood. But there’s knowing wink (with tongue planted firmly in cheek) with cards that require players to sing ‘Frere Jacques’ in rounds or deliver questions in a chant. You’ll love the theme, but you’ll never forget that it’s just a game (and a fun one).\nGameplay: Each hour in the game, a mass card is turned and mass is held where all the monks gather in the Chapel. After mass, they have four moves (three moves if there are six players) to roam around the building searching for clues. Each move consists of them traveling to one or two rooms (three rooms for six players). When their move ends with them sharing a room with another player, they can ask that player a question to help narrow down the suspects. That person can take a vow of silence or answer the question. If he answers, he is allowed to ask a question in return.\nSeveral rooms entitle the player a benefit, such as choosing a card from another player of gaining a card that can grant them information or a free turn or some other benefit. This is in addition to the ability to question another monk. The Library can give you access to a wealth of information, but you can only go there once (and only when you have less cards than anyone else. ‘Penance’ can also be declared on someone who misbehaves, such as forgetting to move the mass bell or not sing ‘Frere Jacques’.\nOne special room is the Chapterhall. Players must travel to this room if they wish to make a revelation (release positive information about the identity of the killer, such as ‘He had a beard’ or ‘He was a Franciscan monk) or an accusation (naming a specific suspect as the killer). It is room that is farthest away from the chapel.\nAfter four turns, the bell is rung and players return to the chapel. Each player passes a certain number of his cards to the player on their left. An event card is drawn and acted upon. The next mass card is turned over, and a new round begins. The game ends when someone makes a correct accusation (the card depicting the killer is not in anyone’s hand).", "937" ] ]

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[ [ "There are really two aspect to this :\n1) Will increasing roll stiffness improve handling to an extent which offsets any increase in weight by adding extra chassis members ?\n2) If yes what is the best strategy for improving the stiffness of the chassis.\nThe issue here is that this is a fairly simple ladder chassis so we are really looking at creating some sort of ladder/spaceframe hybrid. However we also need to consider that fact that the rear suspension is pretty basic in the form of longitudinal leaf springs so there is no guarantee that stiffer is better without identifying specific characteristics which you need to improve. Eg increasing rear roll stiffness isn't necessarily better unless this is identified as a limiting factor on performance.\nIn some ways it might be a more productive exercise to investigate where you can loose weight by removing materiel form the exiting chassis by identifying areas where it is under-stressed. Apart form anything else this should definitely give some easily quantifiable benefit.\nIn terms of an assignment it may also make more sense to demonstrate how a space-frame chassis could give the same torsional stiffness for less mass.", "333" ], [ "Again this give your project a much more well defined objective.\nFor example if you manage to find a way to make the existing chassis 10% stiffer it is then very hard for you to show what real world performance benefits this gives without actually carrying out the modifications and testing them. On the other hand if you can make it 10% lighter for the same stiffness that is a very obvious benefit.\nI would also add that having a project with a well defined strategy for improving a design is fundamentally better than just changing some arbitrary design parameter without any clear idea of how it will improve performance.\nSo project titles like 'A worked example of the weight advantages of a space-frame vs ladder chassis' or 'Reducing the weight of an MGA chassis' will make much more sense to an engineering professor than 'Showing that adding more mass to a structure can make it stiffer'.\nEg say you make it 10% stiffer and 10% heavier...is that better ? Unless you can prove it is better the whole exercise is a bit pointless. If it was an experimental exercise things would be a bit different.\nThe point here is that is any scientific and engineering experiment you need to be able to reach some conclusion. If your intended approach didn't work that is fine as long as you can say that it didn't work and why what is bad is when there is no way to tell withing the scope of the project whether it was worth doing or not.\nEg 'I investigated whether it was practically possible possible to lighten the chassis of an MGA using the following strategies but none of the approaches I used were effective' is useful information.\nHowever 'I made the chassis of an MGA 10% stiffer by increasing its mass by 10%' doesn't really tell you anything useful, unless you can add further information how this improves its performance.\nAs an aside there is also the fact that for classic cars (in th e UK at least) any marginal increase i performance has much less value attached to it than preserving its authenticity and originality.", "441" ] ]

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[ [ "How to Solve Sudoku Puzzles (beginner and Advanced)\nIntroduction: How to Solve Sudoku Puzzles (beginner and Advanced)\nIn this guide I will explain all of the tricks I have found to reduce the possibilities in a sudoku puzzle and ultimately solve it. Each step in this instructable will be of a different trick so if you come across any you already know of then feel free to skip ahead to the later ones.\n**For beginners** let's get to know the puzzle itself, a sudoku puzzle is a grid of 9 small squares horizontally by 9 small squares vertically. where after every 3 there is a thicker line and throughout the puzzle various numbers are placed. The object of the puzzle is to figure out the places where you have to place the numbers 1-9 in order to have every single row, column, and block filled up with a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and a 9. Most sudoku puzzles are made so that there is only one final solution after sifting through all the options and filling in all the blocks. **For beginners**\nThe last thing for this introduction will be my order of doing things:\n1. I use 4 terms regularly, a block is the 3x3 area of squares separated by the thicker lines, a row is the horizontal line of numbers, a column is the vertical line of numbers, and a cell is any individual square on the board.\n2. each trick will be given *'s for how annoying I think they are to find and use, but they will be ordered by similarity (ie.", "74" ], [ "the pairs/triples/quads will be together but it may be more conducive to move onto the later tricks before thinking in quads.)\n3. on each trick I will first explain what to do, then show how it works in the example image, and finally the logic behind why it works.\n4. I like to enjoy myself while solving them, so the steps may seem a bit inefficient as i voice my own standards.\nStep 1: Visualization*\nLook for single cells within the blocks that do not intersect any horizontal or vertical lines that could be drawn from one of the numbers on the board, then place that number when you find them. An easier way to think of this is find all of the 1's on the board, draw mental lines vertically and horizontally off all of them, then see if you can find any blocks where all but one cell is either crossing these lines or filled by other large numbers. When you do, you would know that you can fill in that cell with a 1; this can be done with any number.\nIn my example given I drew the lines off of every 8 on the board and in the upper right block there is a single cell that does not cross any of them, so that block has to be an 8. Take care to not fill in the middle 2 blocks however, they both already have an 8 and the puzzle would be wrong at that point.\nThe logic behind this move is that in order for every row, column, and block to have the numbers 1-9, absolutely no row, column, or block can hold the same number twice, so by visualizing lines off of every single instance of a number, you effectively show yourself all the places a number can't go.\nStep 2: Candidate Lines*\nSometimes while visualizing for places to put numbers you come across blocks where 2 or 3 cells in a line could possibly be that number but none of the others in the block. This is a useful piece if information because the line formed by those cells also cannot hold the number in question. I often mark in the number in smaller writing in cells like these as a note to myself that there is a candidate line\nIn the example there are only 2 spaces for a 1 in the bottom right block and the line formed cuts off more possibilities letting you figure out that the red square is the only cell in the middle right block that can have a 1.\nThe logic behind this is that when the candidates are in a row but nowhere else in the block, it doesn't matter which of the 2 or 3 it is, on that one line the slot will be filled and no others in any other block on that same line can share the number.\nStep 3: (Optional) Counting*****\nTo fill in more possibilities you could look through each cell and count all the numbers in the same block, column, and row, but I personally find this to be too much work with too little gain and cannot be bothered to show it.\nStep 4: Repetition!\nthe previous steps don't end once you've done every number, a large majority of puzzles are easy enough that they can be solved with just the first two steps, you just have to keep going back through the cycles as more and more numbers get filled in until you finally can't find any more.", "242" ] ]

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[ [ "The Francophone World’s Uplifting Stories in 2015 · Global Voices\n<PERSON> looks on the bright side of 2015. Image edited by <PERSON>.\nLet's be honest: many of us driven by our hope in humanity would prefer to forget 2015. From January's Charlie Hebdo attacks in Paris to December's attacks in Bamako and the massacres in Burundi, the headlines in the French-language media offered a deluge of armed conflict, epidemics, and hate speech—with some episodes getting more attention than others.\nStill, there were also some remarkable stories of generosity and bravery than were less covered in the media. Global Voices collects a few of the happy events you might have missed while distracted by so much of the gloom in the past year.\nSurviving Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, Mali, and Sierra Leone\nScreen capture of an Ebola survivor testimony.\nThe worst outbreak of the Ebola virus in history claimed nearly 5,000 lives in 2015, with at least 10,000 reported cases mostly in West Africa (Guinea, Liberia, Mali, and Sierra Leone). Besides the terrible impact of human lives lost and the strain on the West African region's healthcare infrastructure, the resulting stigma for the affected population compounds an already dreadful situation. Yet, the epidemic has now been mostly eradicated and the tremendous sacrifice of local healthcare agents is finally recognized. Here is a testimony of their work in Liberia:\n<PERSON>, 30, and two other women, all volunteers, are cooking for 12 of the most important, but invisible, people in Liberia right now. The dozen meals are meant for the team of technicians that tests the blood of suspected Ebola patients. They visit sick peoples’ homes and overwhelmed Ebola treatment centers, sticking needles in the veins of physically unpredictable, highly contagious people. They then drive their blood back to Liberia’s only medical lab, more than an hour from the capital of Monrovia.\nRebuilding the Central African Republic (CAR) Amidst Religious Conflict\n“Christians and Muslims together in a project” to rebuild a mosque in the Central African Republic (CRA). Screenshot: reconstruction of a mosque in the Central African Republic in June 2015 / Dailymotion\nThe conflict in CAR has been below the radar in 2015, even though it has continued to claim victims throughout the country.", "90" ], [ "The fighting between (mostly Muslim) Seleka rebels and (mostly Christian youth group) anti-Balakas has severely weakened the nation's social fabric. Yet, despite the potential threats on their lives, many citizen groups have come together to try to rebuild the country while the confrontations are still ongoing. One such effort is the collaboration between Muslims and Christians to rebuild one of the 417 mosques destroyed during the war (out of a total of 436 mosques registered in CAR). The Centrafrique Blog reports:\nA Bangui, les chrétiens se sont mobilisés pour aider les musulmans centrafricains à retrouver leurs lieux de prières. Au quartier Lakouanga dans le 2ème arrondissement de la capitale, la principale mosquée a ainsi été réhabilitée sur une initiative de <PERSON>, un chrétien du quartier. «Nous avons entrepris cela afin de faciliter la cohésion sociale, de retrouver le vivre ensemble comme à l'époque où chrétiens et musulmans vivaient loin des conflits et en frères. Nous comptons poursuivre cela dans d'autres zones et quartiers notamment au quartier Yapélé où la mosquée a également été réhabilitée avec nos propres moyens»\nIn Bangui, Christians have mobilized to help Muslims find their places of worship. In Lakouanga, a borough in the second district of the capital, the main mosque has been restored thanks to the initiative of <PERSON>, a Christian local resident. “We undertook this in order to facilitate social cohesion, to reclaim the way we lived all together as in the days when Christians and Muslims lived without conflicts and as brothers. We intend to continue this in other areas and neighborhoods, including Yapélé neighborhood where the mosque was also renovated by our own means”\nCaring for Rape Victims in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)\nDespite forecasts saying it would have one of the world's fastest growing economy in 2016, the DRC is still trying to come to terms with the epidemic of rape as a weapon of war that plagues the eastern part of the country.\nWorld-renown Dr. <PERSON> works with victims of sexual violence at Panzi Hospital in Bukavu, the main city in the Kivu region.", "165" ] ]

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[ [ "Walnut Standing Desk | Hidden Inductive Charger\nIntroduction: Walnut Standing Desk | Hidden Inductive Charger\nwww.howidothingsdiy.com\nI finally built myself a proper walnut desk with a power base! Here's my walnut standing desk build! I can't believe this is my desk. This is my dream desk I've always wanted to build. I locally sourced some beautiful walnut wood and a motorized base so I could have a standing desk or sitting desk in my office. I even included a hidden drawer, hidden inductive phone charger and finished it with Odie's oil!\nFollow my video and build yourself your dream desk and let me know how it goes!\nHere is my Instructables to make the drawer https://www.instructables.com/How-to-Make-Drawer-B...\nMain Features\n-Power base https://amzn.to/3BxWXFU\n-Hidden inductive charger (phone charger)\n-Beveled skirt\n-Hidden drawer\nSupplies\n-Wood of your choice\n-Power base\n-Inductive charger\nStep 1: Design/materials\nI designed my concept in Fusion 360 3D CAD software. I made sure to consider all the features I wanted like a drawer, PC holder, inductive phone charger and power base. Then sourced my lumber from a local hardwood store.\nStep 2: Cutting Boards to Size for Top\nNext I determined the final size of the top and then figured out how wide each of the boards would need to be to get that final width. Then I cut them all to an equal width and about 2\" longer than the final length so I could cut the ends even after its glued up.\nStep 3: Gluing Up the Top\nThen I applied wood glue on all the edges and clamped with even pressure. I used cauls to keep the top even when clamping but you could also used biscuit joints, dowels or biscuits to aid in alignment. I let the glue up dry for about 3 hours and then unclamped.\nStep 4: Planing and Sanding the Top\nThen to ensure the top was as flat as possible, I used my power hand planer to plane the top until the joints between boards were smooth. Then I rough sanded with the belt sander with a 60 grit belt. Finally, I sanded with my orbital sander working my way from 80-120 grit sandpaper.\nStep 5: Cutting Ends and Routered Edge\nI used an edge guide and a circular saw to cut the ends off. I made sure my cut was perpendicular to the long edges, straight and also cutting it to the final length.", "401" ], [ "I then added a nice chamfered edge with my router to make the table look nice and be more comfortable to use.\nStep 6: Assembling the Base\nI took a break from the heat and sawdust and assembled the power base using the manufacturers instructions. I needed this installed to determine the final dimensions of the drawer and the length slides I needed to order.\nStep 7: Inductive Phone Charger\nWith the base laid on the top I marked all the mounting holes and the skirt location so I could see where the inductive charger could fit. I then marked that location and drilled a small hole at the center of the charger to mark the location on the top. Then I flipped the top over and taped the charging symbol I printed out over the hole I just drilled. Then I carved out the symbol with a sharp box cutter and squared off the edged with a sharp chisel. Then I filled with black CA glue and sanded flush with the wood surface.\nNext I determined how thick the top could be and still allow the phone to charge through the top. I did this by using playing cards as spacers and then measured the final thickness of the stack of cards.\nNow that I new the final thickness, I made a quick router pattern and used blue tape and CA glue to glue it in place. Then I used a pattern bit in my router to cut out the circle to the right depth. Finally, I cut a slot in the table to route the charger wire.\nAfter testing to make sure my phone charged, I used hot glue to secure the charger in place.\nStep 8: Building the Skirt\nI wanted my skirt to be beveled, so I cut a 30 degree bevel cut on each long edge. The bevel cuts should be parallel to each other as shown. Then I made 30 degree nailing blocks to attach the skirt to and glued them to the top with wood and CA glue. Next I cut the skirt sections to length with 45 degree miter cuts in the corners using my crown molding jig.\nThen I preassembled the corners with wood glue, CA glue and tape. After the glue was dry, I nailed the skirt onto the nailing blocks.", "996" ] ]

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[ [ "Unit cell structure of ionic crystal\nI have a question about the structure of an LiH unit cell, and while this is related to a homework problem, it isn't the problem itself, I'm just looking for conceptual understanding. I've already found that there should be 4 Li+ ions and 4 H- ions in one unit cell. However, I am struggling with how they will be arranged. Because the number of LiH molecules is 4, I am fairly certain that the structure intended for this problem is face-centered cubic lattice. This is where my conflict begins. In my class we have had the face-centered cubic unit cell described as (for one element) an atom at each corner and an atom in each side. From this arrangement we get (1/8)8 + (1/2)6 = 4 atoms.", "793" ], [ "Now, I've seen a description online of the face-centered cubic structure for NaCl as \"We can think of this as chloride ions forming an FCC cell, with sodium ions located in the octahedral holes in the middle of the cell edges and in the center of the cell. The sodium and chloride ions touch each other along the cell edges. The unit cell contains four sodium ions and four chloride ions, giving the 1:1 stoichiometry required by the formula, NaCl\" (Chemistry LibreTexts). For me this makes a certain amount of sense, because this would give 4 cations when you use the same counting principle as before. However, I've seen multiple diagrams online that contradict this, such as: https://images.app.goo.gl/CGAsc4xAJM39tMgi8. This seems to claim that the center image is the unit cell, and while it does have 4 of each ion \"on\" it, it does not seem to fulfill the same structure as the aforementioned unit cell suggestion. Is the problem here just that they are showing 1/8th of the full unit cell for simplicity? If not, I am even more confused.\nThank you for reading this extraordinarily long question for what could be a very simple answer! And please don't roast me too hard, I've never posted here before.", "870" ] ]

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[ [ "New Appointments to the Polish Constitutional Tribunal May Be Unconstitutional · Global Voices\nA Polish National Assembly sitting on June 4th 2014. Photo by <PERSON>, CC BY-SA 3.0.\nSeveral dozen people spontaneously gathered on Wednesday, November 25 in front of the Polish Parliament building, ignoring the late hour and below-zero temperature, to protest the latest resolution passed by Parliament during a special night sitting.\nIt wasn't the first time since the recent elections that an important decision was brought in a rush, during the night, making it impossible for either the public or the opposition to discuss the bill before it was put to the vote.\nTwitter user <PERSON> wrote:\nJak tak dalej pójdzie, to trzeba będzie w porządku <PERSON> zmienić “porządek dzienny” na “porządki nocne”\n— <PERSON> (@PiotrWitwicki) November 25, 2015\nIf all this is to go on, we should change Parliament's agenda from a daily agenda to a nightly one\nThe highly controversial resolution passed by the newly elected ruling party, Law and Justice, cancels the appointment of five judges to the Constitutional Tribunal, who had been appointed by the previous parliament. Many authorities on the country's constitution have gone as far as claiming that the new resolution is unconstitutional and, hence, illegal. This decision not only seems to ignore provisions of Poland's Constitution, but also breaks one of the oldest rules of any legal state — that laws cannot and should not be retroactively applied.", "1017" ], [ "What makes things even more complicated is the fact that such a decision could only be made null and void by the Constitutional Tribunal itself, if it were to discover the incompatibility between the act of choice itself, and the law on which it was based.\n<PERSON> attached a video from the demonstration, saying:\n<PERSON>… <PERSON>… https://t.co/3mbEmYYFx4\n— <PERSON> (@DMarcin93) November 26, 2015\nAnd so it begins…Quite fast…\n<PERSON> wrote:\nPod Sejmem demonstracja ok. 40 osób….szybko ludzie mają dość.\n— <PERSON> (@ArturGorczynski) November 25, 2015\nAround 40 people gathered in front of the Parliament, people are getting fed up quite fast.\n<PERSON> added:\nIdę spać, trzymając kciuki za tych, co się zbierają pod sejmem.\n— <PERSON> (<PERSON> November 26, 2015\nI go to sleep keeping my fingers crossed for those in front of the Parliament.\nAlthough the decision is mostly seen as unconstitutional, it has its supporters.\n<PERSON> wrote:\n<PERSON> pisze że pod Sejmem gromadzą się tłumy.. Są obecni <PERSON>,<PERSON> i rodziny tych którzy stracili posadki #ASZdziennik\n— <PERSON> (@Sylwia2404) November 26, 2015\n<PERSON> [another Twitter user] writes that crowds are gathering in front of the Parliament. The only ones present were <PERSON>, <PERSON> and families of those who have just lost their cushy jobs\nMany people seem to think the protest is temporary, doubting the ability of citizens to get politically involved.\n<PERSON> asked:\nDzisiejsze wydarzenia na trawniku pod sejmem i w sejmie (nie wiem ocb) będą miały jakiś wpływ na życie szaraka czy to zwykłe pierdolamento?\n— <PERSON> (@maciek90legia) November 26, 2015\nSo as for tonight's events both on the lawn in front of the Parliament and in the Parliament itself (I have no clue what's going on) are they going to influence an average guy or is it just bullshit?\n<PERSON> wrote:\nJuż kiedyś PO zwołało protest, ba, całe miasteczko pod sejmem. Trwało dzielnie do pierwszej kropli deszczu.", "1017" ] ]

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[ [ "Smocking Orange Doily\nIntroduction: Smocking Orange Doily\nSmocking is shocking :-) I mean 'Smocking' is an art that needs patience. Just as most other arts. Well, the speciality about Smocking is that it leaves you puzzled for a while until you come to a stage where you are confident of how you are progressing. I have been trying to resume my smocking artwork for a while and have tried this an another project in this series. Thank you for stopping by and peeping into this complex yet easy project.\nSupplies\n1. 18 inches X 18 inches orange velvet cloth\n2. Needle\n3. Orange thread\n4. Ruler\n5. Pen\n6. Scissors\n7. Iron (optional)\nStep 1: Getting the Orange Velvet Cloth Ready\nThis is the first step in which I took an 18 inches X 18 inches orange velvet cloth for this project. The front and back side of the cloth is shown in images 1 & 2. I ironed it neatly.", "812" ], [ "Velvet easily looks crumpled easily and ironing is a good step to start with.\nStep 2: Pattern Marking\nIn this step I marked a square grid on the back side of the cloth with 2 cm X 2 cm lines as shown in image 1. 18 lines horizontally and 18 vertically. Then I made squares with 3 x 3 dots as seen in images 1 & 2. Each square is treated as one box of pattern to be repeated over and over. Refer image 3 for the dots from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and back to 1. This how the pattern starts and end.\nStep 3: Smocking the Pattern\nAlways work on the back side of the velvet cloth. This is the step to create the actual pattern. I made a small stitch starting at point 1, then the next at 2, then 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and back to 1. Refer images 1 - 3. After returning to point 1, I then pulled the thread and tightly tied few knots as in image 5. This forms a floral on the front side. 2 such floral designs are shown in image 9.\nStep 4: Smocking the First Row\nI continued to follow the same 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-1 pattern for each of the square in a row. The front side work so far is shown in the image 1 and the back side in image 2 & 3.\nStep 5: Keep Smocking\nTaking care to adjust the different folds and twists, I completed the 6 X 6 rows and columns. Finally the Smocking Orange, soft, silky and smooth doily is ready.\nFeel free to reach out to me for any queries or questions!", "744" ] ]

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[ [ "Malawi opens the first drone academy in Africa · Global Voices\nIn Malawi, 14 million people rely mainly on agriculture as a means of subsistence. In 2017, drought in the country affected more than half the population. This EU-funded project uses drones to create maps that help to locate resources such as hospitals, schools, and roads which are all vital in providing safe shelter for the population in case of a disaster. Photo by the European Union/<PERSON>, April 13, 2018, via Flickr CC BY 2.0.\nSince 2016, Malawi has stood at the forefront of utilizing unmanned aircraft systems — also known as drones — in Africa. This year, the country took a step further by opening the African Drone and Data Academy (ADDA) — the first of its kind in Africa.\nADDA officially opened on January 13, 2020, in Lilongwe, Malawi.\n“In Malawi, we strongly believe that adopting modern technologies such as drones and advanced data analysis and management techniques will help us to serve our children better,” said <PERSON>, director of Malawi’s Department of Civil Aviation.\nOpen to Malawians and citizens of neighboring countries, the academy will equip individuals with drone technology skills necessary for jobs using drones, particularly in humanitarian aid and disaster preparedness.\nGraduates will earn certificates issued from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (based in the United States), through a partnership between ADDA and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).\nThe academy plans to educate 150 students by 2020 through a 10-week course . The first cohort has already begun training and will graduate on March 18, 2020. The cohort is comprised of 26 students, with 16 from Malawi, 10 from across Africa, and women making up over half of the class.\n<PERSON>, a member of the first ADDA cohort, appreciated ADDA’s presence in Malawi:\nMy sincere gratitude to be part of the first cohort of African Drone and Data Academy (ADDA) in Malawi. Getting to interact with International people and learn new skills in Drone Technology is really exciting.", "803" ], [ "@MeloGasai @Sdhikrullahi @banza024 #Malawi#Drones https://t.co/LLpcBWjQu0\n— <PERSON> (@DeboraMtambali2) January 15, 2020\n<PERSON>, a biomedical researcher and also a member of the first ADDA cohort , shared his reasons why he's excited by ADDA's mission and work:\nEver wonder if we can predict disaster before it happens, map out breeding habitats of the world most deadliest insects (mosquitoes), monitor outbreaks and transferring medical supplies to remote areas….\nAll these are questions I seek to explore with drone…\n— Shittu Dhikrullahi B (@Sdhikrullahi) January 23, 2020\nApplications for the second cohort are already open.\nThe academy plans to partner with Malawi University of Science and Technology for a free, 2-year master's degree in drone and data innovation by 2022 — another first in Africa.\nDrones for good in Malawi\nDrones have long been recognized as an essential tool for conducting humanitarian operations in Malawi, where floods account for 48 percent of major disasters . Since 1946, the severity of flood disasters has increased, with more than 80,000 displaced in March 2019 flash floods in Malawi.\nFlooding makes already poor roads inaccessible — completely cutting off affected communities, especially in remote, rural areas. Adapting innovative technology for efficient real-time monitoring and disaster response preparedness is critical.\nIn June 2017, the Malawi government partnered with UNICEF to launch a drone testing corridor in Malawi, also the first of its kind in Africa. They set it up to research how drones can impact humanitarian work. UNICEF chose to establish the testing drone in Malawi because unreliable infrastructure has often hindered the distribution of critical medicine to clinics in remote, rural areas.\nIn November 2017, a drone called Eco Malawi delivered drugs within a 19-kilometer radius. Eco Malawi is one of five drones designed and built by 13 Malawian students at Virginia Tech University’s unmanned systems lab in the USA. Before this achievement, the 13 students had limited or no experience with drone construction.\nUNICEF has been using drones in Malawi to provide vaccines, blood transfusion kits, antibiotics and malaria drugs. In drone trials by UNICEF in 2016, drones were used to carry blood samples from babies in villages to clinics for HIV testing. These efforts have improved access to antiretroviral drugs to HIV+ mothers and children in remote regions.\nThe European Union has also supported a range of humanitarian initiatives in Malawi that feature drones as a tool for mapping, research and evacuation training related to disaster preparedness.", "142" ] ]

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[ [ "ALIENS! Making Your Circuit Boards Into Multiuse Protoboards!\nIntroduction: ALIENS! Making Your Circuit Boards Into Multiuse Protoboards!\nI like to make wearable technology and I don't want to be limited by the shape, size, and pins made on a board if I want to use it. The DFRobot ESP32-C3 boards are a great size: SMALL, but I want them to be wearable ready too!\nUsing this technique of soldering super soft silicon wire to the pinholes in the board. from there you can get creative too and I've soldered these metal ring terminals to the ends of the wire. This means I can use croc clips, or sew with conductive thread to make my circuit! Simple and adds great functionality. You could add crock clip ends or whatever you want to your board.\nThis will make it great for prototyping many different circuits, then you just get a new board and pop it in your project after you've prototyped it. Keep this board as your prototyper! Let's check out how to do it.\nSupplies\nYou'll need the following:\n* soft silicone wire any color, I've used 28 awg gauge but I've done this with 24 and 22 as well so use the wire that suits your prototyping style\n* metal ring terminals, 16 or as many as the pin number for your board. I've used: 0.5-1.5mm2-AWG22-16, screw dia 5.3 and 0.5-1.5mm2-AWG22-16, screw dia 3.2, for these protoboards before. You can get copper color ones, and different sizes so choose what works for your prototyping needs\n* heat shrink is optional, it adds stability to the connection. I use a 50% shrink, clear for this type of circuit.\n* DFRobot ESP32-C3 I've chosen this because it's a new style board so I wanted to have a prototyping one.\nYou will also need soldering items as this is a soldering project, this might include:\n* solder iron, I use MiniWare TS80, there are some great low-cost Antex 25W ones\n* solder (lead free!)\n* tip tinner\n* brass cleaner\n* solder stand\n* helping hands are useful\n* flux\nA little about this microcontroller board: I've chosen the DFRobot ESP32-C3 for this tutorial because it's a fully featured board - with ESP32 capabilities, and it is a small size which makes it great for a wearable design. Because it doesn't have sewtabs like a more traditional or wearable purpose board, such as the Circuit Playground series, or Flora, and Gemma M0, I decided I would make it into a wearable board for my projects. Here are the pins on this board for your projects:\nPin out diagram from DFRobot : https://www.dfrobot.com/product-2566.html\nOn the product page you can read about the board, but some details are:\n* 25*20.5 mm\n* 13 GPIOs\n* li-ion battery charging management on board <- for me this is the stand-out feature from other boards. Especially for creating wearables, I usually have a battery pack, and then a charger board that needs to be secured and out of place - while being accessible.", "611" ], [ "This solves all those problems!\n* The ESP32-C3 chip supports WiFi and Bluetooth 5 (LE)\n* Programmable with: Arduino IDE, ESP-IDF, MicroPython, C, and Python\nIt also came with an expansion board so you could add a screen or other components easily, this is an interesting feature.\nStep 1: Prepare Your Wire\nPreparing your wire all at once will make soldering a little quicker. This way you don't have to stop and then strip a wire, then solder then stop etc. Let's follow these steps:\n1. Cut your wire into the correct number of pieces for your board. I need 16 pieces.\n2. After you have cut them all the same, strip the ends off one side of the wire. You can use wire strippers or wire cutters. Silicone wire when it's thin, you can also typically just use your fingertips to remove the ends.\n3. Do this for all the wires.\nStep 2: Solder to Your Microcontroller Board\nNow that your wires are prepared. Mount your microcontroller board with a helping hands or similar device to hold it securely in place. This will make soldering a lot easier.\nTwist the wire ends that you stripped earlier. To be able to push them through the small hole for the header pins, you'll need to twist stranded wires.", "611" ] ]

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[ [ "First and foremost, you should get a life. What I mean is that you should go do something for yourself – pursue your interest, engage in your hobbies.\nI don't understand the need for the first sentence. \"Get a life\" is normally regarded as a negative statement, and \"first and foremost\" is a redundant cliché. Why kick it off with that, when you can turn it into something positive?\nGo do something for yourself – pursue an interest, engage in your hobbies.\nThat's much less negative, and would make a better start.\nThis pattern – peppering your prose with negative statements – continues as your paragraph goes on:\nWhat I see most of your time is spent chatting with friends. A complete waste of time. Just imagine number of people you talk to, in a single day. How many of them actually care about you?\nYou say you want to inspire, but you're stuck in the rut of a nitpicking rant.\nThe solution is simple, and it's the key to any good writing: proofread and revise. In your case, if you're trying to write in an inspiring tone, begin by getting rid of language that sounds inherently negative or overbearing:\nFirst and foremost, you should get a life. What I mean is that you should go do something for yourself - pursue your interest, engage in your hobbies. What I see most of your time is spent chatting with friends. A complete waste of time. Just imagine number of people you talk to, in a single day. How many of them actually care about you? Yes, it feels good to share about your life with friends. I love that too. Everybody does. But I generally do not discuss it with people who don't care about me. You do. Whoever you see in front of you, you'll start sharing all your life information with the guy.", "487" ], [ "I suggest you put effort into studies, extra curriculum and sports. If you have these things, it'd be fun to talk to people instead of just goofing around with them.\nYou can make further improvements by removing those first person references, which seem more condescending than inspiring:\nFirst and foremost, you should get a life. What I mean is that you should go do something for yourself - pursue your interest, engage in your hobbies. What I see most of your time is spent chatting with friends. A complete waste of time. Just imagine number of people you talk to, in a single day. How many of them actually care about you? Yes, it feels good to share about your life with friends. I love that too. Everybody does. But I generally do not discuss it with people who don't care about me. You do. Whoever you see in front of you, you'll start sharing all your life information with the guy. I suggest you put effort into studies, extra curriculum and sports. If you have these things, it'd be fun to talk to people instead of just goofing around with them.\nLet's take a look at what you're left with, after polishing some rough edges, and removing some of the fluff:\nYou should go do something for yourself – pursue an interest, engage in your hobbies. Don't spend most of your time idly chatting. Sure, it feels good to share with friends what's happening in your life. But try putting more effort into your studies, extracurricular activities, and sports. If you do more of these things, you'll probably become a more interesting person to talk with.\nI'm not saying that what we have left will be showing up on BrainyQuote anytime soon. But I think it's more balanced and inspiring than what you originally provided in this question.", "620" ] ]

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[ [ "I recently received a copy of The Supreme Commanderfrom my 'dealer' and have been playing it in any spare moments I have. I wanted to write a review because I like this game and think it has so much to recommend it.\n1. The Map\nThe map really works for me. It is relatively uncluttered and there is a neat option of playing it on a single map if you are limited for space. The hexes are a good size (at least on the double mapper) and the text is clear - even though my eyesight is starting to tell me I probably need glasses.\nThere are four types of land terrain which creates some interesting interaction with the seasonal effects of mud/snow/clear. I wasn't personally convinced that the polder (described as marsh in the map legend) of the Netherlands would be easier to attack in the snow turns,(no +2 for the defender),but this is a very minor quibble.\nTerrain modifiers are cumulative too which is unusual for a wargame but I think is spot on at this scale. There are boxes on the map for placing air and naval units which are assigned to fronts rather than individual airfields. I wasn't sure if I would like this but the requirement of a friendly city in range of the target hex not only makes perfect sense but also allows for a very elegant mechanism as each city will only allow two air units to participate in the combat making it very hard to dominate the air in enemy territory.\n2. The Rules\nThis is the first wargame I have ever played where 99.9% of my answers to questions are in the rulebook. Having recently played Carthage: The First Punic War, I can't tell you how happy that made me. There is a logical flow to them and the specifics are easy to reference. It is also quite short for what it delivers in chrome.\nAs is usual for GMT now there is not a separate playbook and I did initially think this might be an issue. This is an ETO after all! In fact, I was able to read the playthrough (illustrated), skim the rules and get playing within about half an hour - literally. It probably helps that I have played <PERSON> Third Reichand Axis Empires: Totaler Krieg!because there is definitely some overlap there, but the real genius - in my view - of <PERSON> is that he has taken the best of those systems and made them even better.\n3. The Combat\nThere is a CRT table but it is based on force differential rather than odds. Included in it are a number of factors linked to terrain, time of year, involvement of HQ's, air cover, technology levels etc... Advances are strictly limited by ZoCs which is again unusual but also seems to work. This is compensated for by a second round of combat for stacks including armour which can be devastating.", "993" ], [ "At the highest odds there is still a chance that the attacker will suffer casualties. I like this because nothing in life is risk free. Divorce has taught me that (if very little else).\nNaval combat is enhanced with the ability to build decoys if your technology levels reach certain points. This means that when you commit your ships to counter a threat you might find them shadowing ghosts while your opponent steams through the Channel. Subs can be used against ships or, if U-Boats in the North Atlantic, to reduce Britain's MSP's (basically the currency of the game). Bombers can be used to strategically bomb cities but their effect is limited by the MSP value of the cities.\nA very interesting feature of ground combat is that only one stack can attack at a time. Other stacks surrounding the enemy will lend a modifier (+1 per stack), providing they are not adjacent to an enemy themselves. Attacks are also declared in advance with markers. No - 'oh, I think I'll attack here now I see that attack went well'. I suspect some won't like this - I did.\n4. The Chrome\nWhat I really love about this game is the simplicity with which it delivers chrome. For example, diplomacy uses a table, very similar to JP3R. A single roll with very clear modifiers and the ability to use MSP to influence it affects how neutrals feel about the two sides. Unsurprisingly events such as declarations of war can also influence it.\nTechnology advances are implemented through another table which, again, is easy to understand. These are very expensive to purchase although most major powers start with an edge in a particular areas (not Italy though). It offers combat, decoy options and eventually movement bonuses. A great twist is that if you race ahead it costs your opponents less MSP to catch up.\nThere are also historical events such as the Winter War. These are dealt with in a couple of lines in the rules but are easy to follow and have a real impact on the game.", "449" ] ]

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[ [ "Measuring the Boiling Point of Liquefied Gases Using Arduino and PhyPhox\nIntroduction: Measuring the Boiling Point of Liquefied Gases Using Arduino and PhyPhox\nA substance that is in a liquid state is constantly evaporating or passing into the gaseous state (depending on the intermolecular forces and temperature). The pressure exerted by the gaseous molecules produced in this process is known as vapor pressure.\nThe vapor pressure depends on the temperature in such a way that at higher temperature higher vapor pressure. The temperature at which the vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure is known as the boiling point.\nIn the case of liquefied gases contained in pressure vessels, such as gases used to clean dust, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or refrigerant gases, the pressure at which they are kept in the vessel allows a fraction of the gas to be in a liquid state.\nIf this liquid is removed from the vessel and subjected to atmospheric pressure it will begin to evaporate so it will take energy from the surrounding environment lowering the temperature around it. Under these conditions the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure and the liquid therefore reaches its boiling point.\nThe aim of this Instructable is to measure that boiling point, which as these are liquefied gases will normally be below 0°C, using an Arduino microprocessor and a waterproof DS18B20 temperature sensor capable of measuring temperatures up to -55°C.\nThe data will be transmitted via Bluetooth to a cell phone provided with the PhyPhox app that will not only allow us to graph and analyze the data but also have access to the sensors of the cell phone, in this case the barometric pressure meter, which will allow us to program the app to correct the boiling point value measured to its standard value referring to atmospheric pressure at sea level or 1 atmosphere.\nThe measured boiling point, in conjunction with other physical tests, e.g.", "152" ], [ "sound speed, can be used for preliminary identification of gaseous substances.\nSupplies\n* Cell Phone (Android or iOS) with barometric pressure sensor (see examples in PhyPhox Sensor DataBase).\n* PhyPhox app (Google Play or AppStore).\n* 1 40 ml Plastic dropper pump (Good Cook brand).\n* 1 Plastic container.\n* 1 Waterproof DS18B20 temperature sensor.\n* 2 Breadbord mini modular.\n* 1 Arduino Nano V3.0 CH340 with mini usb cable.\n* 1 Bluetooth Low Energy BLE CC2541 Bluetooth 4.0 UART.\n* 1 1k ohm resistance.\n* 1 2k ohm resistance.\n* 1 4,7k ohm resistance.\n* Male/Male jumpers wire.\n* Male/Female jumpers wire.\n* 1 Portable battery charger (6000 mAh 3.7V, Out 5V, Output Max. 2.4A).\n* Cutter knife.\n* Silicone glue.\n* Plastic fasteners.\nStep 1: Measuring Probe\nThe measuring probe is basically a conical vessel that is inserted at its narrow end by the DS18B20 temperature sensor leaving enough volume of the cone to completely cover the sensor approximately 5 cm above the end of this one.\nAs a conical container, a plastic dropper pump (40 ml) was used that was cut into two parts, being the narrowest conical end to which the temperature sensor were adjusted and the wider conical end, next to the pump, used as a base.\nThe assembly fits a plastic container that serves as a support and box to hold the Arduino circuit.\nThe following is the procedure for constructing the measuring probe (see images):\nNote: Before mounting the DS18B20 temperature sensor perform the calibration indicated in Step 2.\n* Cut the plastic dropper pump to the height of the 15 ml mark (Caution: cutting hazard).\n* Insert the DS18B20 temperature sensor into the narrowest conical end so that the entire metal body is inside the cone. If necessary increase the diameter of the dropper tip to adjust the sensor.\n* Fix the sensor using silicone rubber or some other low temperature resistant glue. Let dry.\n* Drill a hole in the wider conical base with a diameter that allows the DS18B20 temperature sensor cable to be inserted.\n* Insert into the wide conical base invertedly the conical piece with the sensor inserted passing the cable through the hole previously drilled.\n* Drill a hole in the lid of the plastic container that will serve as a container of the Arduino circuit of such a diameter as to allow the dropper to be inserted by its wider base.\n* Attach the rubber pump to the base of the dropper, under the lid of the plastic container, so that it is fixed to it.", "152" ] ]

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[ [ "General notes on LTL\nIntuitively, LTL formulas are statements about infinite sequences (or \"infinite words\"). First, you have to understand what these sequences consist of.\nIn the usual definition of LTL, you start with a set of atomic propositions $AP$. For example $AP = {a,b}$. These atomic propositions then act as the base elements of your LTL formulas, so you could have an LTL formula $\\varphi = a$ or $\\psi = a \\land \\lnot b$ and so on. Then you can add the temporal operators, so you could also have LTL formulas like $\\varphi' = \\Box a$ or $\\psi' = a \\land \\Diamond \\lnot b$ and so on.\nFor the semantics of LTL, we then consider infinite words over the power set of $AP$. So for $AP = {a,b}$ we are looking at infinite words where each symbol is one of $\\emptyset$, ${a}$, ${b}$ or ${a,b}$. For example we could have a word $\\sigma = {a,b}{a}{a}{a}...$, where the first symbol is ${a,b}$, and all following symbols are ${a}$.\nYou would then define the meaning of an LTL formula $\\varphi = a$ to be such that a word $\\sigma$ satisfies $\\varphi$ iff $a \\in \\sigma(0)$. Put differently, an LTL formula $\\varphi$ consisting of a single atomic proposition is satisfied by a word $\\sigma$ iff the set of atomic propositions that is the first symbol of $\\sigma$ contains $\\varphi$. We denote this by $\\sigma \\models \\varphi$. So for $\\sigma = {a,b}{a}{a}{a}...$, you have $\\sigma \\models a$, because $a \\in {a,b}$.\nYou would then expand the definition to the other operators, so for example you would say the meaning of $\\varphi = \\Box \\psi$ is such that a word $\\sigma$ satisfies $\\varphi$ iff every infinite suffix of $\\sigma$ (in your notation for every $k \\in \\mathbb N$ the word $(\\sigma,k) = \\sigma(k) \\sigma(k+1) \\sigma(k+2)...$ ) satisfies $\\psi$.", "9" ], [ "So using the same $\\sigma$ as before, we would have $\\sigma \\not \\models \\Box b$, as the suffix $\\sigma(1)\\sigma(2)\\sigma(3)... = {a}{a}{a}...$ does not satisfy $b$, since $b \\notin {a}$.\nUsing a more practical example: Suppose you want to model a robot that has an arm with a grabber for picking things up from the ground. You could have $AP = {\\text{arm_down}, \\text{grabber_closed}}$. Then a word $\\sigma$ represents a specific behaviour of the robot (assuming it runs infinitely). So for example $\\sigma = \\emptyset {\\text{arm_down}}{\\text{arm_down,grabber_closed}}{\\text{grabber_closed}}{\\text{grabber_closed}}...$ represents the robot behavior of the robot picking something up from the ground and then holding it indefinitely:\n1. Arm is up and grabber open.\n2. Arm is now down.\n3. Arm is down and grabber has closed.\n4. Arm is up and grabber closed.\n5. ...\nAn LTL formula would then make a statement about the behavior of a robot. For example $\\varphi = \\Box \\Diamond \\lnot\\text{arm_down}$ would mean \"it is always true that eventually the robot arm is not down\" or in other words \"if the arm moves down it has to move up again at some point\".\nRegarding your question\nAs I understand your question, you are asking \"are there $\\varphi$ and $\\psi$, such that there is a $\\sigma$ which satisfies $\\Box (\\varphi \\lor \\psi) \\Rightarrow (\\Box \\varphi) \\lor (\\Box \\psi)$?\".\nThe answer to that would be yes, you could for example take $AP = {a,b}$ and $\\varphi = a$, $\\psi = b$.\nThen the word $\\sigma = \\emptyset \\emptyset \\emptyset ...", "9" ] ]

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[ [ "With shrinking wetlands, population of Nepal’s elusive fishing cats is poised to decline · Global Voices\nFishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus). Image via Flickr by Dulup. CC BY-SA 2.0\nIn the southern plains of Nepal, a person who is frightened of something is told ‘you’re a wet cat’. But in that region, there are cats that aren’t afraid of water. In fact, it lives near wetlands and mostly feeds on fishes, earning its name as the fishing cat. However, under threats of habitat loss and degradation, the animal’s population is declining in Nepal.\nToday, experts estimate there are approximately 150-200 fishing cats in Nepal, with less than 2,500 fishing cats in the wild, distributed discontinuously in South Asia and South-East Asia, where they've been recorded in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Indonesia.\nSkilful at fishing, the cat's technique is simple: it taps the water surface, and when fishes are drawn to the created ripples, it dives in to catch them. Its partially webbed feet, rudder-like tail and water-resistant coat assist it while swimming. Aside from fishing, for which it was given its name, the cat equally devours rats, reptiles, small mammals, and birds.\nIt's #FishingCatFebruary so let's learn a bit about the species! Fishing cats are expert hunters in aquatic habitats. Not only do they have some unique morphological features, they also have tricks up their sleeve! #fishingcats #fishingcat #fishingcatfebruary #worldfishingcatday pic.twitter.com/tEzcMsf951\n— Fishing Cat Conservation Alliance (@fishingcatorg) February 3, 2021\nFirst recorded in Nepal in 1836 by <PERSON>, the middle-sized cat that weighs around 5-16 kilos and is often confused for a leopard cat, has been classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List.\n“Among the 40 wild cat species in the world, the globally-vulnerable fishing cat is the only species spending most of its time in wetland habitat,” <PERSON>, a PhD candidate at the University of Antwerp in Belgium who founded Terai Fishing Cat Project, Nepal, told Global Voices.", "447" ], [ "“Unlike other cats which don’t prefer going underwater, it preys on several species of fishes and other aquatic creatures. So, we call this cat the indicator of a healthy wetlands ecosystem.”\nConservation biologist <PERSON> tweeted:\nI love big cats, but I love small cats too! Follow my friend & colleague <PERSON> as she collects Fishing Cat scats in southwest Nepal.@iRamaMishra was the first publish a thesis on Fishing cats in Nepal & is the founder of the Terai Fishing Cat Project @fishingcatorg pic.twitter.com/EkXkDklm8D\n— <PERSON> ?? (@samanthaiam) April 26, 2021\nOn the cat's behaviourism, <PERSON>, who studied fishing cats in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and Chitwan National Park, said she “found these cats are exclusively nocturnal in a human-dominated landscape in the buffer zone area of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve,” but that they're also “found active in day hours too in a wilder habitat like in core reserve site of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and Chitwan National Park.”\nA camera trap image of a fishing cat. Image by Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC)/ National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) through <PERSON>. Used with permission.\nFishing cats have been found and recorded in all protected areas in southern plains of Nepal namely Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Parsa National Park, Chitwan National Park, Bardia National Park and Shuklaphanta National Park from east to west, except Banke National Park. Beyond protected areas, they are found in fish farming areas, sugarcane fields and paddy fields.\nBut threats like habitat loss and degradation have affected the fishing cat population of Nepal. Speaking to Global Voices, <PERSON>, Assistant Conservation Officer with the Nepalese Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, said that “many wetland habitats are being drained and converted to agricultural land and infrastructure development in Nepal”. He added that, in some areas, pollution and excessive fishing are also damaging wetlands. “In some places, fishing cats have been killed for their pelts or for their meat,” he said.\nA fishing cat lives in and around wetlands. Image by <PERSON>. Used with permission.", "447" ] ]

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[ [ "Deriving Gravitational Potential Energy using Vectors\nHere is my attempt at derivation:\nFirst you must find a vector function for the gravitational force.\nBy the inverse square law, the magnitude of gravitational force between two bodies of mass $m$ and $M$ of distance $r$ apart is: $$G \\frac{M m}{r^2}$$\nThe direction of this force points towards the other body. If you let $\\vec{r}$ be the position vector from the other body towards you, then $\\frac{-\\vec{r}}{\\|\\vec{r}\\|}$ gives you a unit radial vector pointing in the direction of the other body. This can be scaled by the magnitude to give the force vector as:\n$$F(\\vec{r}) = G \\frac{M m}{\\|\\vec{r}\\|^2} * \\frac{-\\vec{r}}{\\|\\vec{r}\\|} = -G \\frac{M m}{\\|\\vec{r}\\|^3}\\vec{r}$$\nNow, potential energy is defined as\n$$ U = -W = -\\int_C F(\\vec{r}) \\cdot d\\vec{r}$$\nThe path along which we take the line integral needs to be from an infinite distance away (which we set as our reference point with zero potential) to our current position.\nThe radial displacement vector $\\vec{r}$ can be broken up into a component-wise displacement vector:\n$$\\vec{r} = x\\hat{i} + y\\hat{j} + z\\hat{k}$$\nThe differential $dr$ is then\n$$d\\vec{r} = dx\\hat{i} + dy\\hat{j} + dz\\hat{k}$$\nSubstituting into the expression for the dot product, we get that:\n$$ F(\\vec{r}) \\cdot d\\vec{r} = -G \\frac{M m}{\\left(\\sqrt{x^2 + y^2 + z^2}\\right)^3}(x\\hat{i} + y\\hat{j} + z\\hat{k}) \\cdot (dx\\hat{i} + dy\\hat{j} + dz\\hat{k})$$\nThis gives\n$$-\\frac{G m M x}{\\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\\right)^{3/2}}dx -\\frac{G m M y}{\\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\\right)^{3/2}}dy-\\frac{G m M z}{\\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\\right)^{3/2}}dz$$\nThis can then be integrated term by term. The limits of integration of each should vary from $\\infty$ to the current position ($x$, $y$, or $z$ since gravity is a conservative force (which can be verified mathematically by checking if the y-partial of the x component and the x-partial of the y component are equal) and thus path you take when computing work done does not matter -- it depends only on the initial and final positions.\nThis gives\n$$\\int_{\\infty }^x -\\frac{G m M x}{\\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\\right)^{3/2}} \\, dx + \\int_{\\infty }^y -\\frac{G m M y}{\\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\\right)^{3/2}} \\, dy + \\int_{\\infty }^z -\\frac{G m M z}{\\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\\right)^{3/2}} \\, dz$$\nThis evaluates to\n$$\\frac{G m M}{\\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}} + \\frac{G m M}{\\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}} + \\frac{G m M}{\\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}} = \\frac{3 G m M}{\\|\\vec{r}\\|}$$\nThen taking potential as the negative of the work done we get\n$$U = -\\frac{3 G m M}{\\|\\vec{r}\\|}$$ However, this is clearly incorrect as there is a factor of three that should not be there.\nDid I integrate incorrectly or am I missing something else?", "483" ] ]

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[ [ "Nothing Gained But Glory\nA game for 2 players designed by <PERSON> & <PERSON>\nIntroduction\nNothing Gained but Glory in the fifth game in the remarkable Series: Musket & Pike Battle (GMT/Vae Victis)from GMT Games.\nThe battles in the series are set in the era of musket and pike warfare where infantry units armed with pikes had interspersed among their numbers of musketeers and arquebusiers, usually accompanied by wings of cavalry.\nNothing Gained but Glory is set during the Scanian War of 1675-1679. There are seven battles covered in this game: Fehrbellin – June 28, 1675; Halmstad - August 17, 1676; Lund – December 4, 1676; Malmö – June 25-26, 1677; Landskrona - July 14, 1677; and Warksow – January 18, 1678.\nThere is also a \"bonus\" battle from the Second Northern War, Nyborg - November 14, 1659.\nComponents\nNothing Gained but Glory comes in the standard sized GMT box with three full counter sheets, 2 full sized back printed full size maps (22x34) and one half sheet map, rules, two scenario books (one of which contains an extensive history of the Scanian War), player aids to keep track of game information, and a 10-sided die.\nComponents in the box\nThe map graphics are some of the best this series has seen, including the use of decorative elements, such as single trees in clear hexes - these add to the beauty of the maps without distracting from the flow of play.\nSample map detail - note the lovely trees\nRules & Game Play\nIt's worth mentioning that the game has some fairly involved rules. GMT rates them a 6/9 on their scale. The rules are 28 pages long, but are exceptionally clear and concise for a game with this much detail to keep track of, and the rules summary and player aids are both excellent guides. For new players, keeping them at hand is a must, and even old hands will find them useful to keep near.\nA turn follows this sequence:\n* Initiative is determined.\n* Wings are activated\n- Preemption attempts are made\n- Wing commanders can try to change their order status\n- Units in the active wing perform a single action\n* Close combat is declared and resolved, active player first\n* Wings may attempt continuation\n* Rout movement\n* Marker removal (a bookkeeping phase)\nThe Musket & Pike games revolve around command and control of your army's wings. The order status for each wing both constrains what you can do, and when you get to go relative to other wings on the board.\nCommand status chart\nEach turn, the side with the most units under Charge orders goes first. There are a series of tie breakers to determine who goes first; simply stated, wings are activated in order of Charge, Make Ready, Receive Charge and Rally. The game includes an ingenious mechanism whereby someone can attempt to preempt a wing that's been activated in order to act first.", "993" ], [ "If they fail, they get a \"No Continue\" marker for their troubles, meaning they'll only have one activation this turn. Wings that have completed their first activation may attempt to go again, up to two times, subject to preemption each time. In the former instance, the commander is bypassed and has to wait (and will go next, subject to possibly another preemption attempt). In the latter instance, the commander who failed his continuation attempt is flipped to his finished side and the next commander set to go (or a bypassed one) begins their activation.\nThe game ends either after the number of turns noted in the scenario, or at the end of any turn where one side has all their wings under Rally orders, meaning they've left the field. In the former case, victory points are tallied and the difference compared to the scenario's victory conditions. In the latter case, the side that withdrew can do no better than a draw; that said, when a situation becomes untenable on the field, it's perfectly reasonable to withdraw to fight another day, so it fits with the theme.\nNothing Gained but Glory comes with version 5.0 of the Musket & Pike rules, which has minor updates and clarifications to previous versions. One specific change is a new withdrawal rule that allows a unit to withdraw when approached, provided specific conditions are met. Of note, Nothing Gained but Glory includes one city assault scenario (Malmö), which includes assault bridges that have their own special rules spelled out in the scenario rules.\nAssault bridges\nThe musket & pike era of battle relied on commanders being able to control their units, and more importantly keeping them in formation and reforming them quickly after close combat.", "100" ] ]

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[ [ "Easy Upgrades for Ender3 2020\nIntroduction: Easy Upgrades for Ender3 2020\nHi All,\nEnder3 is a great DIYer's 3D print to get started with 3D Printing. Recently, I bought a Creality Ender3 - 3d printer. Before buying I watched many videos on Youtube, talking about it.", "729" ], [ "In these videos, the experts share a lot of insights, how-to-fix issues, and upgrades on Ender3. There have been some improvements and some of the upgrades are not needed\nIn this article, I have combined the best recommendation, that I could find for Ender3, and based on my experience, I want to share 8 must upgrades, that every newbie should perform, as soon as they get a new ender3.. You do not need additional hardware like screws etc as the printer helps to print these upgrades\nStep 1: The Filament Holder\n* As per the installation guide, one is instructed to mount the spindle on the top of the frame\n* Because of which the filament brushes on the Z-Axis and is not free flow\n* To avoid this mount the filament holder on the side as shown.\n* This maintains at-least 5mm gap between the filament and the z-axis, enabling a free movement of the filament\n* This method does not need any additional upgrades\n* Caution: with this mod, you may not be able to go to the full height for your prints, I have been printing upto 180mm heights without an issue\n* You can mount the filament on standalone https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2375835\nStep 2: Bed Leveling and Adhesion\n* Two of the biggest problem with Ender3 is bed leveling and adhesion\n* Even if you get a bed that is perfectly flat, when you adjust the bed levels 3 adjustable screws\n* The bed is no longer flat and it becomes difficult to print\n* To fix this issue, I used a glass from an old photo frame\n* The photo frame glass was about 1.5MM thickness, same as the current bed so I didn't adjust the z-Axis\n* And did not crack at 50 degrees for PLA, maybe with higher temperatures, it could crack\n* If you do not have the right-sized glass photo frame, you could get a new piece from a local glass seller\n* I recommend going for a 3mm or 4 mm glass piece and adjusting the z-axis\n* To increase adhesion to this glass, I have used simple masking tape and applied some glue stick on it\n* This increases the adhesion to the bed and the prints do not fall of while printing\nStep 3: Z-Axis Support\n* When you assemble, you will notice that the Z-axis stepper is 1 to 2 mm in the air\n* The spiral rod is not well supported and can bend over time\n* To fix the issue, I downloaded stl files for Z-spacer side v2 and Z-spacer bottom v2 from Thingiverse\n* The V2 has these groves that fit in the metal channels for easy installation\nLink : https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2925230\nStep 4: Power Supply Silencer\n* Ender3 is not a silent printer, so to lower some sound from the power supply\n* I printed fan silencer from link https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3328495\n* You can use the same screws that are holding the fan in-place\n* Unscrew one at a time and fix the silencer\n* Tip :\n+ You would see many in 3D community to replace the power supply to a certain brand,\n+ For now, let's not invest more in the printer\n+ Use the power supply as is, till it goes bad and then change it\nStep 5: LCD-PCB Cover\n* The LCD/PCB is not housed in a case, this makes it vulnerable\n* To prevent any accidental damages, we need to cover it with a case\n* Since I had just started this journey, I did not have longer M3 screws, so found a stl file that use the existing M3 screws of the printer\n* Link to the file https://www.thingiverse.", "116" ] ]

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[ [ "Here is a diagram with the quantities we need to solve this:\nFrom Kepler's 3rd Law, the \"kronostationary\" satellite---marked by a green dot---is located at a = 1.86 Req, where Req is the equatorial radius and Rpol is the polar radius (Python calculations dumped at the bottom of the post). The NASA PDS Atmospheres Encyclopedia gives values for the radius of Saturn and useful formulas on its latitude page, and a value for the rotation rate on the longitude page.\nAt the planetographic latitude ($\\phi$g) of the location we want, the line of sight (green) forms a right angle with the local vertical (blue). This sets up a pair of similar triangles as shown. From the big one, we have:\n$$ \\tan{\\phi_{\\textrm{g}}} = \\frac{a - R_{\\textrm{cyl}}}{z} $$\nWe can use the equation for an ellipse to express z in terms of Rcyl:\n$$ \\frac{R_{\\textrm{cyl}}^2}{R_{\\textrm{eq}}^2} + \\frac{z^2}{R_{\\textrm{pol}}^2} = 1 $$ $$ z = \\frac{R_{\\textrm{pol}}}{R_{\\textrm{eq}}} \\sqrt{R_{\\textrm{eq}}^2 - R_{\\textrm{cyl}}^2} $$\nWe can then use the pink-red-red triangle to relate $\\phi$c and Rcyl, eliminating z using the equation above:\n$$ \\tan{\\phi_{\\textrm{c}}} = \\frac{z}{R_{\\textrm{cyl}}} = \\frac{R_{\\textrm{pol}}}{R_{\\textrm{eq}} R_{\\textrm{cyl}}} \\sqrt{R_{\\textrm{eq}}^2 - R_{\\textrm{cyl}}^2} $$\nThe PDS Atmospheres formulas relate $\\phi$g and $\\phi$c:\n$$ \\tan{\\phi_{\\textrm{c}}} = \\left(\\frac{R_{\\textrm{pol}}}{R_{\\textrm{eq}}}\\right)^2 \\tan{\\phi_{\\textrm{g}}} $$\nCombining the first and last equations, and eliminating z, gives a surprisingly simple equation:\n$$ R_{\\textrm{cyl}} = \\frac{R_{\\textrm{eq}}^2}{a} = 32362\\ \\textrm{km} $$\nPlugging this value of Rcyl into the equations above gives: - Planetocentric latitude 54.8° - Planetographic latitude 60.1°\nActual visibility and survivability of this satellite are not great. The kronostationary radius would put this satellite within the B ring, which is \"the largest, brightest, and most massive of the rings:\"\nCalculations:\nimport numpy as np\nR_eq = 60268. # km\nR_pol = 54364.", "371" ], [ "# km\nGMsat = 37931206.159 # km^3/s^2\nP_sat = 10.656 * 60.**2. # s\n# <PERSON><PHONE_NUMBER> # km^3/s^2\nP_sat = 10.656 * 60.**2. # s\n# Kepler's 3rd law: a is the kronocentric distance (circular orbit)\na = (P_sat**2 * GMsat / 4 / (np.pi)**2)**(1/3.)\nprint(\"Kronocentric distance,\")\nprint(\" a (R_sat): \", a / R_eq)\nprint(\" a (km): \", a)\nprint(\" altitude (km): \", a - R_eq)\nprint(\" \")\n# solve for R_cyl\nR_cyl = R_eq**2. / a\nprint(\"R_cyl: \", R_cyl)\nprint(\" \")\n# get latitude\nlat_centric = np.arctan(R_pol / R_eq / R_cyl * (R_eq**2. - R_cyl**2.)**0.5)\nlat_graphic = np.arctan(R_eq**2. / R_pol**2. * np.tan(lat_centric))\nprint(\"lat_centric: \", lat_centric * 180./np.pi)\nprint(\"lat_graphic: \", lat_graphic * 180./np.pi)\nprint(\" \")\nKronocentric distance,\na (R_sat): 1.", "371" ] ]

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[ [ "I found a paper(1) about the 'tail in the mouth' behaviour in the whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus ocellifer:\nEvery time that the female moved, the male followed her. During these periods, he often maintained physical contact, covering her hind legs and base of tail region . The male also performed a series of tongue-flicks on the female's back during this activity. During the observation, the female twice executed a sequence of two or three sinuous, figure-eight movements, which were confined to a small area, and after which, the female moved away. After each movement, the male remained motionless for a few moments and then resumed following her while foraging. After 45 minutes and nearly 15 m from their initial positions, the pair entered in dense underbrush, where we could not continue to observe them.", "524" ], [ "While we observed the pair, there was no agonistic encounter between the accompanying male and other males for access or copula with the female.\nThe paper continues to explain this behaviour as simply a mating strategy:\nTwo conditional mating strategies have been described for teiid males (<PERSON>-<PERSON> & <PERSON> 2007). 1) In consensual copulations, the male courts the female, slowly circling her for several minutes, then straddling her and copulating; this strategy is often performed by a male companion, and thus is linked to accompaniment. 2) Opportunistic copulations are not preceded by courtship, and are characterized by a male chasing and holding a foraging female, and not accompanying her after copulation (<PERSON>-<PERSON> & <PERSON> 2007).\nThe 'taping the surface they are on' seems like an attempt to induce vibrations, which is a method of communication.(2)\nSome chameleon species communicate with one another by vibrating the substrate that they are standing on, such as a tree branch or leaf. Animals that use vibrational communication exhibit unique adaptations in morphology (i.e., body form) that enable them to detect vibration and use it in communication. These include unique adaptations in ear and jaw morphology that give the animal direct contact with the surface they are standing on, and enable them to detect subtle vibrations. Lizards that live on substrates that can be easily moved (such as thin tree branches or leaves) are probably more likely to use vibrational communication than lizards that live on substrates that do not transmit vibrations as easily, such as the ground or thick tree trunks.\n1- https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1676-06032011000400031#:~:text=The%20most%20commonly%20reported%20mating,Bull%202000%2C%20Ribeiro%20et%20al.\n2- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard_communication", "524" ] ]

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[ [ "Rainbow Black and White Cookies\nIntroduction: Rainbow Black and White Cookies\nNew York's classic Black & White cookies get a rainbow makeover and they are SO much fun! The sweet rainbow heart design on top hints at the colorful cookie inside. And the best part - you can make them at home!!!\nFirst of all, if you aren't familiar with the iconic Black & White, it's a soft, fluffy cake-like cookie glazed with half chocolate and half vanilla icing. What could be better? You don't have to choose your favorite flavor...hello, twist cone! Something about the chocolate and vanilla flavors together make it even better than the sum of its parts. Yes, I always choose the vanilla and chocolate twist cone at soft serve ice cream shops and I love them even more with rainbow sprinkles! And so the rainbow B & W cookie idea was born...\nThis cookie has a soft, velvety texture, more like a mini cake than a cookie. I love the taste, but find the appearance a bit ordinary, so I often make them more festive by coloring the white icing - pink for Valentine's Day, green for St. Pat's Day, you get the idea. So when I started thinking of ways to up the fun factor even more, naturally making the cookie rainbow colored sprang to mind. Read on and I will show you how to do it.\nSupplies\nCookies:\n* 1 3/4 cups flour\n* 1/2 teaspoon baking powder\n* 1/4 teaspoon baking soda\n* 1/2 teaspoon salt\n* 10 tablespoons unsalted butter, room temperature\n* 1 cup sugar\n* 2 teaspoons vanilla\n* 1 large egg\n* 1/3 cup sour cream\n* gel food colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet\nChocolate Icing:\n* 4 ounces semisweet chocolate\n* 3 tablespoons unsalted butter\n* 1/2 teaspoon instant espresso powder\nVanilla Icing:\n* 1 cup powdered sugar\n* 1 tablespoon light corn syrup\n* 1 teaspoon vanilla\n* 2 tablespoons heavy whipping cream\n* gel food colors\nNote: recipe makes 10 large cookies.\nStep 1: Make the Cookie Batter\nPreheat oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Line 2 cookie sheets with parchment paper.\nWhisk together the flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt in a bowl and set aside.\nBeat the butter and sugar together in a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment on medium speed for 3 minutes until light and fluffy. Scrape down the sides with a spatula and add the vanilla and egg. Mix until combined. Alternate adding half of the flour mixture and mix on low, then half of the sour cream, followed by the rest of flour and sour cream.\nStep 2: Color the Batter\nDivide the batter equally into 6 bowls. Add a different gel food color into each bowl and mix to get desired colors.\nStep 3: Scoop and Bake the Cookies\nWith a 1/4 cup ice cream scoop, scoop a little of each color, one at a time, to fill the scoop.", "305" ], [ "Mine made a cool rainbow design as shown! Don't worry, it will look great no matter how you scoop it, as long as the colors don't mix together too much.\nRelease the batter onto the parchment lined cookie sheet. Bake for 10 minutes. Then rotate the pan and bake for another 5-6 minutes until a toothpick comes out clean. Don't overbake.\nTransfer to a wire rack to cool.\nStep 4: Make the Icing\nFor the chocolate icing, break the semisweet chocolate into pieces and place in a microwave safe bowl. Add the butter and microwave on half power for 30 seconds. Stir the mixture and continue microwaving at 30 second increments, stirring in between, until the chocolate is almost melted. Add the instant espresso powder and stir until all the chocolate is melted and mixture is smooth.\nFor the vanilla icing, stir powdered sugar, corn syrup, vanilla and cream until combined and smooth. The mixture should be thick, about the consistency of honey.\nFor the rainbow hearts, put about a tablespoon of vanilla icing into each of 6 small bowls. Tint with gel food colors to desired colors.\nStep 5: Frost and Decorate the Cookies\nTo glaze a cookie, turn it upside down so the flat side is facing up. Spread chocolate icing over half of the cookie with a small spatula and let set. Placing the cookie in the refrigerator will help the chocolate to set faster. Repeat with all the cookies.\nNext, spread vanilla icing on the other half of the cookie.\nNow, the fun part! Immediately, while vanilla icing is still wet, add a small dot of each colored icing right on top of the vanilla icing. You can put each into a small pastry bag or cone if you like. I just released a drop of each color with a spoon, but a pastry bag would be easier to control.", "136" ] ]

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[ [ "Regarding the coordination isomerism question, the reason why it's not considered as an isomer in the case of two uncharged complexes, is that there is no ionic attraction. The two coordination spheres should act as individual ions and hence participate in the ionic sphere. But in this case, where the two spheres carry no charge, there isn't a force, namely the electrostatic force, which binds the two spheres.\nYour question on CrCl3.6H2O is a very debatable topic and there hasnt been a unanimous decision that has been put forth by all the authors. Some say there are 3 or rather most of them say 3, only one author, <PERSON> says that there are 4.\nThe reason given by the authors to support there claim of only 3 isomers is not very concrete, but it still majority of the authors believe that it is true. The H2O that exists outside the coordination sphere is the water of crystallization.", "979" ], [ "The water of crystallization is believed to be present within the voids created by an anion and a cation. Now if the isomer [CrCl3(H2O)3] 3H2O should exist then it must have these voids. But here there isn't any anion in the ionic sphere, in fact it is believed that there isn't any ionic sphere. Therefore this isomer doesn't exist and hence cannot be the 4th isomer.\nNow, it's also believed that the H2O is actually held to the central metal atom (Cr) with the help of dipole forces and that the voids are not needed. So that would mean that this exists and since it is theoretically an isomer, it should also be an isomer practically.\nThat brings us to to this very important question, what is the significance of the water in the ionic sphere? Now most books say that it's the water of crystallization of that compound. So if the water of crystallization must be present in the voids so that they can be removed by physical processes like heating, the 3H2O wont be an isomer anymore, but just another compound that exists with the same molecular formula.", "979" ] ]

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[ [ "Ideas like differentiation could help show how electricity and magnetism are related. In fact, physicists actually look at them as a single force called electromagnetism. But, it is important to note that a magnet not moving or changing relative to an electron will not put any force on the electron. Said another way: an unchanging magnetic field will not create or change an electric field. The reverse is also true: an unchanging electric field will not create or change a magnetic field. This change is required both ways at the same time.\nYour point is a critical idea in physics, a self sustaining electromagnetic field due to constant change. The idea is explained in <PERSON>'s equations. The idea is used as the explanation of light, also known as electromagnetic radiation. The idea is also used in the explanation of the earths magnetic field.", "395" ], [ "And in the explanation of the newly developing model of a Polariton. And most likely in many more areas of science.\nIf you want to know more about electromagnetism, and you already know how differentiation and force fields work, I would recommend starting with <PERSON>'s equations, then move into understanding Polarization.\nEDIT:\nIt appears people may be upset about the lack or presence of causality in my answer (a comment after a down vote would be nice)... I would like to address this point, and the comment provided, but it has no simple answer.\nIf I use a magnet in a generator to make electricity the cause is clear. But, then I can use that same motor to do the opposite, generating motion (a changing magnetic field) from electricity. Clearly one is not the cause of the other.\nA case for causality could certainly be made for earth's magnetic field and core current... but which one actually did come first the chicken or the egg. Not sure geologists have enough evidence to prove a changing magnetic or changing electric field came first, just knowledge that our magnetic poles swap.\nFrom the case of earth it is clear the question is not easily answerable. In quantum physics the electric field of an electron must have an angular momentum to give it the magnetic field measured in experiments. However, it does not actually spin.\nEDIT 2:\nThe electric and magnetic fields themselves do not experience the concept we know as causality, only the transfer of momentum using the electromagnetic force is a result of causality.", "780" ] ]

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[ [ "Laser Cut Treasure Chest Money Box\nIntroduction: Laser Cut Treasure Chest Money Box\nI really love the way you can get wood to bend when cut in a special way on the laser.\nI've adapted the Flexbox2 pattern generated from https://www.festi.info/boxes.py/FlexBox2 to turn it into a pirate themed money box.\nThe box is 10cm x 7cm and is 10cm high, and can be made from 1 A4 sheet of plywood\nStep 1: What You Need\nLaser cutter / engraver\nThe pattern - I have attached in ai and dxf formats\n1 sheet of A4 birchwood ply\nWide masking tape (App tape)\nWood stain for inside (Optional)\nIndoor wood varnish (Clear)\nPaint Brush\nStep 2: Mask Your Wood Sheet\nGet your A4 birchwood ply sheet and the App tape (Masking tape)\nThis tape is wide enough to mask the whole sheet, so stick some on and smooth it down.\nThis prevents smoke damage to the wood so you get a good finish.\nStep 3: Import the Pattern Into Your Laser Program\nImport the pattern into your laser program\nSelect the 3 areas for engraving (Skull, anchor and ships wheel) and set them up as engrave.\nSelect the lines for cutting and set them up for cutting.\nMake sure you engrave first and then cut.\nSettings will depend on the power of your laser.\nFor a 35W laser\nSettings are Engrave: Speed 350, Power 15 Scan Gap 0.1\nCut: Speed 6 , Power 60\nStep 4: Upload to Laser and Go\nUpload your pattern to the laser.\nInsert your masked wood sheet and pin it down with magnets, making sure the magnets are outside the lasering area.\nPress the Go button on your laser and wait for it to finish.\nStep 5: Press Out and Peel Off Masking Tape\nPress out the pieces from the sheet of wood (Most of them will fall out on their own)\nCarefully peel off all the masking tape. Take your time - it will come off!\nStep 6: Stain the Reverse Side of the Wood (optional)\nI don't like the reverse side of the wood so I stain it. I'm using a silver stain.\nYou can see the before and after pictures - so you can make up your mind whether you want to do this or not.\nStep 7: Varnish\nVarnish the outside of the box pieces with clear indoor wood varnish.\nStep 8: Assemble\nThe box is easy to assemble - it just clips together. Start with the base, then attach the sides, the back and the front.\nStep 9: Admire and Use\nAdmire your new pirates treasure chest money box and make sure you fill it with plenty of cash (dubloons and pieces of eight)", "438" ] ]

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[ [ "Probability Density\nYou mentioned that the cities tend to keep within a \"home range\", if you will, of a defined size (up to the area of Mexico?) and defined shape (commonly trapezoidal?).\nEven if the city doesn't follow a regular route, it stands to reason that there will be areas and locations within this range which it visits more commonly and/or at which it remains for longer. I would expect these to include points or areas in which they can harvest resources, make trades, replenish supplies (water? fuel?) and perform maintenance.\nIf these cities have existed for long enough that they've pretty much established their home range and where they want to be within it, then mapmakers should be able to gather the information about where they've been and extract a pattern of \"probability density\": a graphical representation of where the city is most likely to be found.\nI would imagine two ways it could be represented on a static, paper map:\n1. As variably-shaded colour: similarly to how countries are represented on a political map, you could have differently-coloured shapes on a map that define the usual home ranges of the corresponding cities.", "783" ], [ "Where the city spends more time/visits more frequently, the shade of the color is darker; in the parts of the range it rarely visits, the shade is lighter/more washed out.\n2. As sampled past locations: the map contains a statistically significant number of past locations of the city marked as single dots of the appropriate colour. The probability of the city being in a certain area is expressed by how densely the dots in that area are clustered. (If there is a particular, exact location that the city often occupies, the mapmaker can cluster multiple marks immediately around it instead of stacking them on top of each other, since this would better express the frequency to the reader.)\nUsing this information, a reader of the map can hopefully make some informed guesses about where the city is most likely to be, and then seek news or rumour to confirm one or the other (if no instant communication is available).", "675" ] ]

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[ [ "\"Is it policy or law?\"\nI can't stand the entitlement of people. If I say it's policy it's policy. It doesn't matter if it's me, the governor or the pope himself. If I say no, the answer is no. I'm not risking my job for an eighteen year old (freshly eighteen too.", "806" ], [ "like this month.) to stay in our 21+ hotel.\nAnd, the guy had a whole story of how he booked using his work's discount rate for him and his \"fiances\" vacation. A cooperate business rate. Not for personal use, so homeboy's going to have a problem with his people too.\nI'm trying to tell him that in our state, almost every hotel besides the sleazy places are 21, for legality/liability reasons. Then he pops off with \"so is it policy or law?\" Well, it's a firm 21 from my manager (we literally just had a whole email discussion about it.) so, <PERSON>. It's a hard, sorry.", "806" ] ]

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[ [ "Exotica\nThe tension here in the way this uses the knowingly false constraints of hip post-Twin Peaks 90’s deadpan semi-surrealist arthouse drama (or, in this case, the knowingly false walls of a strip club) as a pressure cooker for authentic undiluted Toronto freak shit makes for one of the most potently fucked vibes I’ve ever seen. I think <PERSON> overplays his hand once or twice to the point that it starts to border on parody (parroty?), but it’s also probably the most a movie has legitimately upset me in years (nearly had me throwing up by the end), which counts for a lot! Gotta be the least erotic thriller of all time - ostensibly a movie about tax fraud!", "306" ] ]

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[ [ "PCB Necklace V1\nIntroduction: PCB Necklace V1\nHey Everyone, so here's something cool.\nA PCB Necklace or Pendant powered by an Attiny13A.\nThe goal here was simple, to make a small Blinky board that can be attached to a chain so we can wear it like a locket or pendant.\nIn this Instructables, I'm gonna show you the whole build process of this PCB Necklace.\nSupplies\nThese are the stuff I used in this built -\n* 0603 Blue LEDs x24\n* Custom PCB which was provided by PCBWAY\n* Attiny13A\n* AO3400 N channel mosfet x4\n* 10K 0603 Resistor x4\n* SMD Coin Cell holder CR2032\nStep 1: Working of This Pendant\nThere are a total of 24 LEDs in this Pendant, I've divided LEDs into pairs of 4.\nThis means 6 LEDs are connected in parallel and they are driven by a single AO3400 N channel mosfet. there are a total of 4 of these which control 6 LED segments each. These 4 MOSFETs are then controlled by an Attiny13A, I've added a button with its D4 Pin which starts the LED sequence.\nhttps://www.tindie.com/products/makerpals/valentine-pendant/\nBuy from here\nStep 2: Preparing the Board\nI've prepared this PCB in the shape of a tear which I first modeled in Tinkercad.\nAfter preparing the Basic shape, I exported it into fusion360 so I could export the DXF file from it as my OrCad PCB Suit only imports the DXF file for making PCB Layer. After importing the Tear Shape in my PCB suite, I prepared the Board Schematic first that consists of an Attiny13A driving four different N-channel mosfet setup which is then connected to a total of 24 LEDs.", "982" ], [ "After finalizing the schematic, I exported the netlist and prepared the PCB by using the imported Tear shape as a reference.\nStep 3: Schematic\nStep 4: Getting PCBs From PCBWAY\nAfter completing the design, I uploaded the Gerber data on PCBWAY's quote page, I selected the solder mask color which was RED and placed the order.\nAfter placing the order, I received the PCBs in a week and the PCB quality was pretty great.\nThis shape is completely random so it's pretty hard to make but they did an awesome job of making this PCB with no error whatsoever.\nYou guys can check out PCBWAY If you want Great PCB Service at an Affordable rate and low price.\nStep 5: ​ASSEMBLY PROCESS\nAfter unboxing the PCBs, I started the assembly process which had the following steps.\n* Solder Paste Dispensing\n* Pick & Place Process\n* Hotplate Reflow\n* LED Testing\n* Adding Coin Cell holder\n* Programming\nStep 6: Solder Paste Dispensing\nThe first step is to apply solder paste to each component pad.\nI used a normal Sn-Pb solder paste which has a melting temp from 140°C to 270°C. After Adding solder paste, we move on to the next process which is the \"PICK & Place Process\"\nStep 7: Pick & Place Process\nI then used an ESD Tweeaser to carefully pick and place each component on their assigned place one by one which took like 30 Seconds tops but the result was a perfect PCB with all the components placed in their location.\nStep 8: Hotplate Reflow\nAfter the \"PICK & Place Process\", I carefully lifted the whole circuit board and place it on my DIY SMT Hotplate which is also homemade just like this project.\nAfter a Few mins when the hotplate reaches the Solderpaste melting TEMP, all the components will get soldered by this Hot Reflow process. We then remove the PCB from the Hotplate to cool down all componenets and board surface.\nStep 9: Testing LEDs Continuity\nBecause we are using LEDs here, it's crucial to check whether LEDs are soldered properly or not.\nI used a normal Multimeter set in Diode checking mode, we connect the probe of the multimeter to the Anode and Cathode of leds in right polarity. If LEDs are soldered properly, all LEDs will glow. If there's any soldering error they won't glow.\nStep 10: Coin Cell Holder\nAfter testing the LEDs, we move on to the next step which is to add a Coin cell holder to the bottom layer of the PCB.\nAfter this the board is almost completed, now we just have to flash the Attiny13A with the main sketch.", "472" ] ]

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[ [ "Black Panther: Wakanda Forever\nMCU Films Ranked\nDefinitely one of the stronger projects to come out of the MCU in a while. It focuses on a contained story that doesn’t require you to watch all the tv shows to understand it. It builds off of the first film well while also respectfully saying goodbye to <PERSON>.\n<PERSON> is a fantastic villain who really adds to the intensity of the film and <PERSON> performance is top tier. Also the cringy MCU humour is at a minimum which is always appreciated.\nOverall it’s a solid film but it definitely is lacking in originality and adds very little to the MCU.\nThe ending is absolutely beautiful.\nGrade: 74%", "647" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nI can see why a lot of fans love this one. It's a grand, operatic, melodramatic trilogy capper that puts a lot of focus on <PERSON> and <PERSON>. But... I just don't connect with it. It's one of the meanest movies I've ever seen, and I don't think it fully earns that moniker, thanks to haphazard dialogue and plotting. It's just a hard, grisly watch.", "698" ], [ "And that ending - there's too much going on! That's before the next few movies add even more layers to it. Anyway time for the praise. There is an artistry to the bleakness, and I think there's more to the themes and story than most of the other Saw movies. The acting is actually pretty good too. A mixed bag.\nI am not doing a full Saw rewatch btw. I just wanted to get refreshed on the original trilogy before Saw X. Building that hype you know", "596" ] ]

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[ [ "You seem to want or need to have a person single-handedly responsible for the shift from heavier-than-air flight to lighter-than-air flight.\nI'd like to suggest an alternative approach which may give you the result you require.\nBack in the 1970s there was a some fairly serious talk in some circles about a possible resurgence in the popularity of blimps and dirigibles for long-distance travel. The reason? The Energy Crisis which began in October of 1973.\nCurrently we are undergoing a climate crisis based off the use of fossil fuels, and oil-based energy continues to become more expensive as we continue to burn through irreplaceable reserves.\nAdditionally, consider that while airborne transportation is very popular with over 100,000 flights worldwide per day, it seems to be increasingly difficult to turn a consistent profit from year to year in that industry. Wikipedia lists 83 airlines, since 1979, which have gone out of business, re-organized as another business, or have merged with a larger airline.\nYou'd have to work out the timeline, but I would suggest a future where it is simply too expensive for most commercial endeavors to employ heavier-than-air flight in their daily operations. One man has seen the writing on the wall and has positioned his considerable wealth into the re-development of dirigible and blimp technology. During the crash of oil reserves his gamble pays off and he's now the leader of some dirigible monopoly.\nDirigibles would now occupy the place of the ocean-going liners of the late 19th and early 20th century as the primary mode of international transport. A 1930s dirigible crossing of the Atlantic took from 3 to 4.5 days, depending on weather and routing and such; I would suggest that with modern technology and knowledge of atmospherics one could probably guarantee a crossing in either direction in 2-3 days.\nAn envelope calculation figures that it would take about 1.16x10^12 cubic feet of helium to carry the same amount of cargo as a supermax vessel, so you may want to consider a similar, parallel, ocean-going sail industry! It currently takes a cargo vessel 9 or 10 days to cross the Atlantic -- sometimes as long as 20 days, depending on the actual destination. My own limited experience with ocean-going sailing makes me believe that a modern cargo vessel with the best sail technology would take a good month to cross the Atlantic. So: maybe the majority of cargo is moved around via ocean-going sailing vessels, but you'd still have some class of super-dirigible for carrying cargo more quickly.\nHelium without an oil-based economy is an interesting problem. We don't have a lot of helium in the atmosphere because it's so light; it floats to the top of the atmosphere and is blown off by the solar wind.", "308" ], [ "My understanding is that we get most of our helium from the oil industry. So if you want your dirigibles to be elevated by helium, you're going to have to find a source.\nI would suggest a world which uses fusion energy. It's a source of energy which would be only economically feasible for city-scale power production, but which produces helium as a \"waste\" product. Now you have a cheap source of helium. But, fusion power would be too expensive, not to mention too bulky, to power even a very large cargo vessel, much less an aircraft.\nNow, while hydrogen has proven historically to be a bad choice as the lifting gas for dirigibles, I would suggest that is only true using 1930s technology. Using modern technology and materials the use of hydrogen as a lifting gas would arguably be much safer, with the added benefit that you can use it as a fuel for propelling the dirigible. So, if it's a story you're writing, or an RPG milieu, you may want to use hydrogen as the lifting gas to introduce some kind of balance or limiting feature in your world, especially if you really don't want to use fusion technology.\nAnd the use of dirigibles would not preclude the use of fossil fuels in other areas. The military, of course, would continue to use fossil fuels in nearly all their aircraft. Private and government aircraft would probably use jets powered by liquefied hydrogen.\nThose are my thoughts on this interesting question. Hope that helps.", "435" ] ]

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[ [ "How to Mill Rough Lumber With No Jointer\nIntroduction: How to Mill Rough Lumber With No Jointer\nwww.howidothingsdiy.com\nIn this video I'm going to show you how I mill rough lumber with no jointer. As you may have noticed, I don't have a jointer but I also want to start using nicer types of wood like walnut from local lumber yards. So I have to mill the lumber with the tools that I have. With rises lumber prices, you can also save money by milling cheaper cuts of lumber.\nThe first thing I need to do is mill the first face flat. I do this by making a planer sled and supporting the piece of wood, then running it though the planer.\nThe next step is to mill the other side so it is parallel to the first side and even thickness.\nNext I have to cut one straight perpendicular edge. Ordinarily I would do this with my jointer jig for my DeWalt table saw, but it is not long enough for this board. So I screwed a straight piece of MDF to it for a straight edge.\nFinally, I simple run it though the table saw with the new straight edge against the fence to get the last edge.\nBeat those rising lumber prices and save money on wood. Subscribe for more videos like this.\nSupplies\n-Planer\n-Table Saw\n-Drill\n-3/4\" MDF\n-CA Glue\nStep 1: Cut to Rough Length\nIt makes it much easier to work with the piece of wood if you cut it a little over the length you need it to be for your project. I needed a 60\" piece of wood so I'm rough cutting my piece to 65\"\nWhen rough cutting the wood to size, its is a good opportunity to identify any imperfections you do not want on the ends. and try to cut those off when doing your rough cut.\nI marked the board and then cut it in my miter saw.\nStep 2: Make Planer Sled\nPlanning the board by itself will create a face that is parallel to the other side including any warps or cupping.\nIf you want a flat face, you will need to make a planer sled. I made a long planer sled for this piece out of 3/4\" MDF. The sled needs to be longer than the piece of wood you're working with. I made mine 66\" x 10\". and then added a strip of wood to one end as a stop. The stop is just attached with CA glue.\nStep 3: Mount and Support Board on Sled\nLay the board on your new sled and identify any areas that are not touching the sled.", "431" ], [ "Now, using shims and hot glue, support all the voids. Also add a little more glue around the board so it doesn't move when going through the planer. The board should not rock or move after this step.\nStep 4: Plane First Face\nStart passing your board though the planer. Take off small amounts until their are no more rough areas left.\nStep 5: Plane Second Face\nNow remove the board from the sled. Using a flat surface, confirm that the board is now flat. Then flip it over and plane the other side until you have reached the desired thickness. If you are not using it right away, you can leave it a little thick. This allows you to do the final milling just before you use it to get rid of any imperfections that may have occurred while storing.\nStep 6: Create a Straight Edge\nLay the board on your bench \"bad\" side up. Find a straight piece of wood (I used MDF) and position it on the board so it hangs just slightly over one of the edges. Now screw it in place. Be careful not to put screws through areas of the board that will be visible on your project.\nNow, using your attached board as a fence guide, run it through your table saw. Be careful to only remove enough material to clean up the edge. Taking too much off is just wasteful, taking off too little will not give you a straight edge.\nYou can also use a table saw taper/jointer jig for this step. I have one that is 48\" long so it would not work for a board this long.\nStep 7: Cut Last Edge\nNow remove the guide board and run it though the table saw again. This time use your new straight edge cut in the previous step as your fence guide. Again, remove just enough to fully clean up the final edge.\nIf done correctly, you should now have a board that has two flat, parallel faces and two perpendicular and parallels edges.\nEnjoy making your project with your freshly milled piece of lumber!", "76" ] ]

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[ [ "Neru\nA very <PERSON> core movie, in every sense. The presentation, the writing, the 10 secondil 10 reaction shots, the dramatic tone everything is your typical <PERSON> style, which is the movie's ultimate drawback. It could've been an alright movie if he had kept aside his usual antics (keep the transition game tho, those are fun). Everyone in this movie is at the most extreme point of a particular character trait, the evil person gives the most obvious wide evil smirk every time he gets, the opposition lawyer is the most evil inhumane lawyer you will find, stuff like that. All this is done to garner sympathy for the victim but the thing is we already are very sympathetic to the victim, there's no need to reinforce that.", "796" ], [ "Istg they showed or described that rape scene like 6 times, you didn't have to do that we get it.\nActing wise every character is in different zones, <PERSON> is being as evil as he can, vere characters are doing vere random things. The most annoying character in this movie is <PERSON>, its like she wrote herself into the script just to serve as 'ahem I actually know law', like some scene at the court happens which is very clear to the audience. However, still she uses the next 5 minutes to explain what happened as if the audience didn't understand. <PERSON> but <PERSON> aa dramatic performance keri keri engoto pokum. <PERSON> our ashwasam is A10, itu necessarily our great performance alla to be called a comeback but <PERSON>, he has done his role neatly and I am happy with that. <PERSON> i see the light.", "132" ] ]

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