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Don't worry. But the three big things that happened during Reconstruction, other than the fact of the North occupying the South and essentially, to a large degree, suspending democracy in the South and installing its own politicians, its own lawmakers, is that the United States passed the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. These are known as the Reconstruction Amendments. In 1865, you have the 13th Amendment. And this abolished slavery. So let me write this here. This ended slavery. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
In 1865, you have the 13th Amendment. And this abolished slavery. So let me write this here. This ended slavery. We talked about the Emancipation Proclamation. And that was essentially Abraham Lincoln's executive order. This was the speech he made. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
This ended slavery. We talked about the Emancipation Proclamation. And that was essentially Abraham Lincoln's executive order. This was the speech he made. But now it became official law in 1865. Then in 1868, you have the 14th Amendment, which made everyone, every person born in the United States a citizen. And this includes the freed slaves. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
This was the speech he made. But now it became official law in 1865. Then in 1868, you have the 14th Amendment, which made everyone, every person born in the United States a citizen. And this includes the freed slaves. So it's kind of like the slaves are now free and they are also citizens. And then in 1870, you have the 15th Amendment, which gave all free men the right to vote. And obviously, now all men were free. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And this includes the freed slaves. So it's kind of like the slaves are now free and they are also citizens. And then in 1870, you have the 15th Amendment, which gave all free men the right to vote. And obviously, now all men were free. There were no non-free men. So the right to vote. And I emphasize the men because even at this point, women did not have the right to vote. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And obviously, now all men were free. There were no non-free men. So the right to vote. And I emphasize the men because even at this point, women did not have the right to vote. And the 14th Amendment also introduced a due process, which I won't go into the details here. But it essentially said, look, the government has to go under a due process. Or essentially, it's subject to its own laws when determining whether it can kind of take away property from or in some ways infringe on rights of other people. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And I emphasize the men because even at this point, women did not have the right to vote. And the 14th Amendment also introduced a due process, which I won't go into the details here. But it essentially said, look, the government has to go under a due process. Or essentially, it's subject to its own laws when determining whether it can kind of take away property from or in some ways infringe on rights of other people. But we'll probably do a whole video on that in the future. But these were the real takeaways. So it really brought the former slaves, at least by law, by these amendments, on equal standing. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
Or essentially, it's subject to its own laws when determining whether it can kind of take away property from or in some ways infringe on rights of other people. But we'll probably do a whole video on that in the future. But these were the real takeaways. So it really brought the former slaves, at least by law, by these amendments, on equal standing. But we know that in practice, that didn't happen. And you go fast forward to 1877, and you essentially have the Reconstruction period formally ending. The occupation of the South formally ends. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
So it really brought the former slaves, at least by law, by these amendments, on equal standing. But we know that in practice, that didn't happen. And you go fast forward to 1877, and you essentially have the Reconstruction period formally ending. The occupation of the South formally ends. And as soon as the occupation of the South formally ends, you essentially, and democracy comes about, you have a bunch of people coming to power. And at this point of time, the Republicans were essentially the North. And these were the people who were kind of anti-slavery. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
The occupation of the South formally ends. And as soon as the occupation of the South formally ends, you essentially, and democracy comes about, you have a bunch of people coming to power. And at this point of time, the Republicans were essentially the North. And these were the people who were kind of anti-slavery. Abraham Lincoln was a Republican. And the Democrats come to power in the South. And we can talk about how the different perceptions of the different parties change over time. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And these were the people who were kind of anti-slavery. Abraham Lincoln was a Republican. And the Democrats come to power in the South. And we can talk about how the different perceptions of the different parties change over time. But at this point, as soon as the occupation ended, and to a large degree, and I'd put democracy in quotes, because even in this period, the North had essentially not occupied anymore. But the elections, these were things that were heavily contested. You had both sides of them kind of exerting force. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And we can talk about how the different perceptions of the different parties change over time. But at this point, as soon as the occupation ended, and to a large degree, and I'd put democracy in quotes, because even in this period, the North had essentially not occupied anymore. But the elections, these were things that were heavily contested. You had both sides of them kind of exerting force. And in particular, you have the Jim Crow laws being passed in the South. And they're called Jim Crow based on this parody in the early 1800s. It was a practice for, I would say, white men in the South, at this time, or even well before this, in order to parody blacks. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
You had both sides of them kind of exerting force. And in particular, you have the Jim Crow laws being passed in the South. And they're called Jim Crow based on this parody in the early 1800s. It was a practice for, I would say, white men in the South, at this time, or even well before this, in order to parody blacks. They would paint their face black. And they would act silly and all of this. And Jim Crow was the name of one of these characters that was portrayed in the early 1800s. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
It was a practice for, I would say, white men in the South, at this time, or even well before this, in order to parody blacks. They would paint their face black. And they would act silly and all of this. And Jim Crow was the name of one of these characters that was portrayed in the early 1800s. I think it was Jumping Jim Crow was the name. And so that's where the laws come from. But the Jim Crow laws essentially segregated blacks and whites in the South. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And Jim Crow was the name of one of these characters that was portrayed in the early 1800s. I think it was Jumping Jim Crow was the name. And so that's where the laws come from. But the Jim Crow laws essentially segregated blacks and whites in the South. And even though the idea might have been that they were equal, the reality were that the conditions for blacks, the places that they were separated to, were far inferior. They had to use separate drinking fountains. They had to use separate bathrooms. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
But the Jim Crow laws essentially segregated blacks and whites in the South. And even though the idea might have been that they were equal, the reality were that the conditions for blacks, the places that they were separated to, were far inferior. They had to use separate drinking fountains. They had to use separate bathrooms. They couldn't sit in the same parts of theaters or in the same parts of buses. And these lasted all the way until the Civil Rights Movement, all the way to the 1960s. Now at the same time that all of this was happening, you kind of had this post-war, this post-Civil War boom in the economy, where you had this kind of massive building of the railroads and steam engines. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
They had to use separate bathrooms. They couldn't sit in the same parts of theaters or in the same parts of buses. And these lasted all the way until the Civil Rights Movement, all the way to the 1960s. Now at the same time that all of this was happening, you kind of had this post-war, this post-Civil War boom in the economy, where you had this kind of massive building of the railroads and steam engines. And to some degree, it was the first, well, I don't want to say the first. There was kind of many ages of mass innovation. But all of these things tend to always lead to a little bit of a bubble. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
Now at the same time that all of this was happening, you kind of had this post-war, this post-Civil War boom in the economy, where you had this kind of massive building of the railroads and steam engines. And to some degree, it was the first, well, I don't want to say the first. There was kind of many ages of mass innovation. But all of these things tend to always lead to a little bit of a bubble. And then in 1873, what you have happening is a lot of the governments of the world start going off of the gold and silver standard, and they go to the gold standard. And what that happens is that anyone who's left on the silver standard, or partially both, the gold and silver standard, their currency would devalue. And back then, it was viewed as an unambiguous negative for your currency to devalue. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
But all of these things tend to always lead to a little bit of a bubble. And then in 1873, what you have happening is a lot of the governments of the world start going off of the gold and silver standard, and they go to the gold standard. And what that happens is that anyone who's left on the silver standard, or partially both, the gold and silver standard, their currency would devalue. And back then, it was viewed as an unambiguous negative for your currency to devalue. We can later talk about that. There's more nuance there. And so the United States decided to follow suit. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And back then, it was viewed as an unambiguous negative for your currency to devalue. We can later talk about that. There's more nuance there. And so the United States decided to follow suit. And actually, the big actor here was Germany that decided to go off of the silver standard and go on a pure gold standard. And so the United States decided to follow suit with the Coinage Act in 1873. But this leads to this huge, they call it the Panic of 1873. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And so the United States decided to follow suit. And actually, the big actor here was Germany that decided to go off of the silver standard and go on a pure gold standard. And so the United States decided to follow suit with the Coinage Act in 1873. But this leads to this huge, they call it the Panic of 1873. There's a couple of things here. One, it completely demolishes the price of silver, although this was already happening on a global basis. It hurts the silver miners and the industries associated with the silver miners. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
But this leads to this huge, they call it the Panic of 1873. There's a couple of things here. One, it completely demolishes the price of silver, although this was already happening on a global basis. It hurts the silver miners and the industries associated with the silver miners. But I guess more importantly, now this restricts the money supply. And I won't go into all of the economics of it. When you restrict the money supply, you essentially increase interest rates. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
It hurts the silver miners and the industries associated with the silver miners. But I guess more importantly, now this restricts the money supply. And I won't go into all of the economics of it. When you restrict the money supply, you essentially increase interest rates. And it essentially popped the bubble that was forming due to the railroads and all of the booming business. And then you essentially have the United States entering a depression. And that depression lasts from 1873, when the Coinage Act and this bubble burst, all the way to 1879. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
When you restrict the money supply, you essentially increase interest rates. And it essentially popped the bubble that was forming due to the railroads and all of the booming business. And then you essentially have the United States entering a depression. And that depression lasts from 1873, when the Coinage Act and this bubble burst, all the way to 1879. But lucky for the United States, after that time period, after it recovered from the depression, it actually recovered at this super fast rate. And this was one of the fastest economic growths in US history. You had this huge influx of immigrants, tens of millions from Europe. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And that depression lasts from 1873, when the Coinage Act and this bubble burst, all the way to 1879. But lucky for the United States, after that time period, after it recovered from the depression, it actually recovered at this super fast rate. And this was one of the fastest economic growths in US history. You had this huge influx of immigrants, tens of millions from Europe. And by 1890, the United States was now the richest country in the world on a per capita basis, which is amazing, because only 100 years ago, it was kind of this colony of Great Britain, or part of the British Empire. It was kind of this thing that the European powers didn't view as that relative. But now it was the richest country in the world. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
You had this huge influx of immigrants, tens of millions from Europe. And by 1890, the United States was now the richest country in the world on a per capita basis, which is amazing, because only 100 years ago, it was kind of this colony of Great Britain, or part of the British Empire. It was kind of this thing that the European powers didn't view as that relative. But now it was the richest country in the world. And then you fast forward to 1898, and it starts to essentially become a bit of an empire. Until this time, the United States kind of kept to itself. It wasn't really interested in controlling other nations or other people. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
But now it was the richest country in the world. And then you fast forward to 1898, and it starts to essentially become a bit of an empire. Until this time, the United States kind of kept to itself. It wasn't really interested in controlling other nations or other people. But in 1898, you had this constant. Until 1898, Cuba was a Spanish colony. And there had been money revolts against the Spanish by the Cubans. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
It wasn't really interested in controlling other nations or other people. But in 1898, you had this constant. Until 1898, Cuba was a Spanish colony. And there had been money revolts against the Spanish by the Cubans. And the United States, or the Americans, were fairly sympathetic to the Cubans. After all, here's another country in the New World trying to revolt against a European power. And the Spanish were pretty infamous for cracking down pretty hard. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And there had been money revolts against the Spanish by the Cubans. And the United States, or the Americans, were fairly sympathetic to the Cubans. After all, here's another country in the New World trying to revolt against a European power. And the Spanish were pretty infamous for cracking down pretty hard. And so in 1898, while there was a revolt against the Spanish, the United States sent some ships over to Havana Harbor essentially to protect American interests. And this might resonate a little bit relative to maybe the Mexican-American War, that we kind of send things close to another country to kind of protect our interests and make sure nothing crazy happens. And then while in Havana Harbor, you have a US battleship called the Maine that explodes and sinks. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And the Spanish were pretty infamous for cracking down pretty hard. And so in 1898, while there was a revolt against the Spanish, the United States sent some ships over to Havana Harbor essentially to protect American interests. And this might resonate a little bit relative to maybe the Mexican-American War, that we kind of send things close to another country to kind of protect our interests and make sure nothing crazy happens. And then while in Havana Harbor, you have a US battleship called the Maine that explodes and sinks. And this is an actual picture of it. This is fun, because we're entering the point in history where pictures start to become relevant. Although even in the mid-1860s, you had pictures. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And then while in Havana Harbor, you have a US battleship called the Maine that explodes and sinks. And this is an actual picture of it. This is fun, because we're entering the point in history where pictures start to become relevant. Although even in the mid-1860s, you had pictures. That's a picture of Abraham Lincoln. The Maine gets sunk. The people who want to declare war on Spain say, hey, Spain must have blown up the Maine, although this is still a complete mystery on what was the actual cause. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
Although even in the mid-1860s, you had pictures. That's a picture of Abraham Lincoln. The Maine gets sunk. The people who want to declare war on Spain say, hey, Spain must have blown up the Maine, although this is still a complete mystery on what was the actual cause. Some people say it was just a random explosion. There's even conspiracy theorists who believe that the United States did it to itself intentionally to justify entering the war, while some say, hey, no, Spain did it for whatever reason. It didn't like this American fleet in Havana Harbor. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
The people who want to declare war on Spain say, hey, Spain must have blown up the Maine, although this is still a complete mystery on what was the actual cause. Some people say it was just a random explosion. There's even conspiracy theorists who believe that the United States did it to itself intentionally to justify entering the war, while some say, hey, no, Spain did it for whatever reason. It didn't like this American fleet in Havana Harbor. But regardless to say, after this happened, it made the American public angry, the American government angry. And they declared war on Spain. And it was actually a very short-lived war. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
It didn't like this American fleet in Havana Harbor. But regardless to say, after this happened, it made the American public angry, the American government angry. And they declared war on Spain. And it was actually a very short-lived war. They won pretty handedly. And the big takeaway from the Spanish-American War is that the United States essentially became an empire. It started to have control of other countries. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And it was actually a very short-lived war. They won pretty handedly. And the big takeaway from the Spanish-American War is that the United States essentially became an empire. It started to have control of other countries. And in particular, it had temporary control of Cuba. But it also, because it won, it got control of Guam, which is right over there. And it still has control of Guam. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
It started to have control of other countries. And in particular, it had temporary control of Cuba. But it also, because it won, it got control of Guam, which is right over there. And it still has control of Guam. It also got control of the Philippines from Spain. And it maintained control of the Philippines until the end of World War II. And it got control of Puerto Rico, which is still part of the United States. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And it still has control of Guam. It also got control of the Philippines from Spain. And it maintained control of the Philippines until the end of World War II. And it got control of Puerto Rico, which is still part of the United States. It's not an official state. But it is United States territory. So at this point, the United States becomes an empire. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And it got control of Puerto Rico, which is still part of the United States. It's not an official state. But it is United States territory. So at this point, the United States becomes an empire. And then you fast forward to 1914. War breaks out in Europe. I need to do a whole series of videos on World War I. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
So at this point, the United States becomes an empire. And then you fast forward to 1914. War breaks out in Europe. I need to do a whole series of videos on World War I. But war breaks out in Europe. Particularly, the two strongest powers that are really at each other at this time period are the British Empire and Germany. And you have this situation where the United States is trying its hardest to stay neutral. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
I need to do a whole series of videos on World War I. But war breaks out in Europe. Particularly, the two strongest powers that are really at each other at this time period are the British Empire and Germany. And you have this situation where the United States is trying its hardest to stay neutral. Obviously, the American people were predominantly of English descent. It's an English-speaking country. So there were some sympathies for the British Empire, for Great Britain. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And you have this situation where the United States is trying its hardest to stay neutral. Obviously, the American people were predominantly of English descent. It's an English-speaking country. So there were some sympathies for the British Empire, for Great Britain. But they wanted to stay neutral. But what you had happening is that the British had a blockade of the Germans. They really kind of had a stranglehold. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
So there were some sympathies for the British Empire, for Great Britain. But they wanted to stay neutral. But what you had happening is that the British had a blockade of the Germans. They really kind of had a stranglehold. And the Germans wanted to have a blockade of the British because Great Britain was an island. Well, it was an island. It could really maybe win the war if it could somehow strangle the island, if it could blockade the island. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
They really kind of had a stranglehold. And the Germans wanted to have a blockade of the British because Great Britain was an island. Well, it was an island. It could really maybe win the war if it could somehow strangle the island, if it could blockade the island. But unfortunately for Germany, it did not have as strong of a navy. So you get close to 1917, actually 1915, 1916, 1917. Germany starts to get desperate. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
It could really maybe win the war if it could somehow strangle the island, if it could blockade the island. But unfortunately for Germany, it did not have as strong of a navy. So you get close to 1917, actually 1915, 1916, 1917. Germany starts to get desperate. So it sends its submarines into the Atlantic. They say, well, if we can't blockade Great Britain, at least maybe we can start harassing ships or even blowing up ships that are trying to trade with Great Britain. And that'll make people afraid. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
Germany starts to get desperate. So it sends its submarines into the Atlantic. They say, well, if we can't blockade Great Britain, at least maybe we can start harassing ships or even blowing up ships that are trying to trade with Great Britain. And that'll make people afraid. It'll essentially be the equivalent of a blockade. And at first, Germany does some minor things. But as the war goes on, it gets more and more desperate. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And that'll make people afraid. It'll essentially be the equivalent of a blockade. And at first, Germany does some minor things. But as the war goes on, it gets more and more desperate. And it starts attacking civilian ships, cruise liners. Americans start dying because German U-boats are just willy-nilly, just essentially torpedoing ships. So the US doesn't tolerate it anymore, enters the war in 1917. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
But as the war goes on, it gets more and more desperate. And it starts attacking civilian ships, cruise liners. Americans start dying because German U-boats are just willy-nilly, just essentially torpedoing ships. So the US doesn't tolerate it anymore, enters the war in 1917. Germany didn't take the United States that seriously up to that point, but it learned. And we'll do a whole series of videos on this that it should have. And then you fast forward to 1918. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
So the US doesn't tolerate it anymore, enters the war in 1917. Germany didn't take the United States that seriously up to that point, but it learned. And we'll do a whole series of videos on this that it should have. And then you fast forward to 1918. And the United States was definitely one of. The British were doing all right, but the United States really turned the tides. No one really expected how large of a power they had essentially gotten involved in the war. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And then you fast forward to 1918. And the United States was definitely one of. The British were doing all right, but the United States really turned the tides. No one really expected how large of a power they had essentially gotten involved in the war. And then you fast forward to 1918 and the war ends. And the real takeaway of this, I mean, there's a bunch of these. And we'll talk more about this in depth in future videos. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
No one really expected how large of a power they had essentially gotten involved in the war. And then you fast forward to 1918 and the war ends. And the real takeaway of this, I mean, there's a bunch of these. And we'll talk more about this in depth in future videos. Is that it ended some of the nations that were on the losing end. Austria and Hungary no longer was a nation, at least in this form. The Ottoman Empire no longer was a nation in this form. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And we'll talk more about this in depth in future videos. Is that it ended some of the nations that were on the losing end. Austria and Hungary no longer was a nation, at least in this form. The Ottoman Empire no longer was a nation in this form. And as we'll learn later, that essentially there were huge reparations by the victors on Germany. And that, to a large degree, may have led to World War II. But we won't talk in depth about that right now. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
The Ottoman Empire no longer was a nation in this form. And as we'll learn later, that essentially there were huge reparations by the victors on Germany. And that, to a large degree, may have led to World War II. But we won't talk in depth about that right now. The other things that started to happen at this point, in 1920 you have the 18th and the 19th Amendments being passed. The 18th enacted prohibition, where all of a sudden you made alcohol illegal in the United States. And the irony of it is that's when you have all of these movies about these bootleggers and you have this whole crime scene that develops around illegal alcohol. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
But we won't talk in depth about that right now. The other things that started to happen at this point, in 1920 you have the 18th and the 19th Amendments being passed. The 18th enacted prohibition, where all of a sudden you made alcohol illegal in the United States. And the irony of it is that's when you have all of these movies about these bootleggers and you have this whole crime scene that develops around illegal alcohol. But at the same time, the 19th Amendment was maybe a little less controversial. And in the 19th Amendment, it finally gave women the right to vote. The right to vote. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And the irony of it is that's when you have all of these movies about these bootleggers and you have this whole crime scene that develops around illegal alcohol. But at the same time, the 19th Amendment was maybe a little less controversial. And in the 19th Amendment, it finally gave women the right to vote. The right to vote. And one of the arguments against having women the right to vote before this time was, hey, only men are fighting for the country. Only they have the right to vote. Only they can be soldiers. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
The right to vote. And one of the arguments against having women the right to vote before this time was, hey, only men are fighting for the country. Only they have the right to vote. Only they can be soldiers. But during World War I, and this happened not just in the US. This happened worldwide in World War I. Because so many men were fighting, women really had to take up the slack domestically. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
Only they can be soldiers. But during World War I, and this happened not just in the US. This happened worldwide in World War I. Because so many men were fighting, women really had to take up the slack domestically. And they essentially were a big part of the war effort in terms of just working at the factories and producing things. And so that was probably one of the big things that on a kind of a global basis, all of a sudden, women started to get the right to vote. And also at this period, you have in the 1920s, you have another post-war economic boom that really develops into a post-war economic bubble all the way until 1929. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
Because so many men were fighting, women really had to take up the slack domestically. And they essentially were a big part of the war effort in terms of just working at the factories and producing things. And so that was probably one of the big things that on a kind of a global basis, all of a sudden, women started to get the right to vote. And also at this period, you have in the 1920s, you have another post-war economic boom that really develops into a post-war economic bubble all the way until 1929. And then you have the stock market crash. And then I think some of us know that after that period, the Great Depression ensues. And that takes us, and the Great Depression continues. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
And also at this period, you have in the 1920s, you have another post-war economic boom that really develops into a post-war economic bubble all the way until 1929. And then you have the stock market crash. And then I think some of us know that after that period, the Great Depression ensues. And that takes us, and the Great Depression continues. And this was a global Great Depression. And it continues all the way to the US entry in World War II. And I'll leave you there. | US History Overview 2 - Reconstruction to the Great Depression (2).mp3 |
So now we're going to dive deeper into our textual analysis and explore the source, figure out what is going on with Roosevelt's language and what he's trying to say and what his biases are. So let's get a little more into what else goes on in this speech, not just the very famous opening paragraph. So we start here with saying people are facing the grim problem of existence and a foolish optimist can deny the dark realities of the moment. And then what comes next? Well, so let's hear all of this in context. Yet our distress comes from no failure of substance. We are stricken by no plague of locusts. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
And then what comes next? Well, so let's hear all of this in context. Yet our distress comes from no failure of substance. We are stricken by no plague of locusts. Compared with the perils which our forefathers conquered because they believed and were not afraid, we still have much to be thankful for. Nature still offers her bounty and human efforts have multiplied it. Plenty is at our doorstep, but a generous use of it languishes in the very sight of the supply. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
We are stricken by no plague of locusts. Compared with the perils which our forefathers conquered because they believed and were not afraid, we still have much to be thankful for. Nature still offers her bounty and human efforts have multiplied it. Plenty is at our doorstep, but a generous use of it languishes in the very sight of the supply. Primarily, this is because the rulers of the exchange of mankind's goods have failed through their own stubbornness and their own incompetence, have admitted their failure and abdicated. Practices of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion, rejected by the hearts and minds of men. Restoration calls, however, not for changes in ethics alone. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Plenty is at our doorstep, but a generous use of it languishes in the very sight of the supply. Primarily, this is because the rulers of the exchange of mankind's goods have failed through their own stubbornness and their own incompetence, have admitted their failure and abdicated. Practices of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion, rejected by the hearts and minds of men. Restoration calls, however, not for changes in ethics alone. This nation asks for action and action now. What's interesting about this paragraph is that there's a lot of Bible stuff going on in here. There's a lot of biblical references that serve to do, I think, a lot of work for Roosevelt in this inaugural address. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Restoration calls, however, not for changes in ethics alone. This nation asks for action and action now. What's interesting about this paragraph is that there's a lot of Bible stuff going on in here. There's a lot of biblical references that serve to do, I think, a lot of work for Roosevelt in this inaugural address. As you talked, I just underlined the things that really stood out to me as maybe kind of the heart of what he was saying. And you're saying these are like biblical references. So what do you mean by that? | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
There's a lot of biblical references that serve to do, I think, a lot of work for Roosevelt in this inaugural address. As you talked, I just underlined the things that really stood out to me as maybe kind of the heart of what he was saying. And you're saying these are like biblical references. So what do you mean by that? Some of them are. So when we're talking about plague of locusts and money changers specifically, we're looking at Old and New Testament references, respectively. In fact, later in the speech, he refers to money changers being chased out of our nation's temple, which is a deliberate reference to the New Testament. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So what do you mean by that? Some of them are. So when we're talking about plague of locusts and money changers specifically, we're looking at Old and New Testament references, respectively. In fact, later in the speech, he refers to money changers being chased out of our nation's temple, which is a deliberate reference to the New Testament. OK. So this is very grand. We love to hear this speech so much because it has that kind of ringing of authenticity in a way that maybe a modern speech does not. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
In fact, later in the speech, he refers to money changers being chased out of our nation's temple, which is a deliberate reference to the New Testament. OK. So this is very grand. We love to hear this speech so much because it has that kind of ringing of authenticity in a way that maybe a modern speech does not. Well, some of that authenticity comes through association with epic literature and the Bible. So he's making these allusions to great biblical events, right, like the plague of locusts being visited upon Egypt, which was like a great and terrible plague. And he's using that as a counterpoint to the misery of the present moment. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
We love to hear this speech so much because it has that kind of ringing of authenticity in a way that maybe a modern speech does not. Well, some of that authenticity comes through association with epic literature and the Bible. So he's making these allusions to great biblical events, right, like the plague of locusts being visited upon Egypt, which was like a great and terrible plague. And he's using that as a counterpoint to the misery of the present moment. He's saying, look, things could be worse. We could be ancient Egypt in the Bible, and locusts could be eating all of our crops. Things are bad, but it's not like God himself is willing destruction upon us. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
And he's using that as a counterpoint to the misery of the present moment. He's saying, look, things could be worse. We could be ancient Egypt in the Bible, and locusts could be eating all of our crops. Things are bad, but it's not like God himself is willing destruction upon us. OK, yeah. I think this is also another one of the really interesting things about the Great Depression. I mean, it's true that there were farm failures during the Dust Bowl. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Things are bad, but it's not like God himself is willing destruction upon us. OK, yeah. I think this is also another one of the really interesting things about the Great Depression. I mean, it's true that there were farm failures during the Dust Bowl. But on the whole, it's not like people stopped producing food. This wasn't a famine. What it was was a crisis of confidence where prices went down significantly. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
I mean, it's true that there were farm failures during the Dust Bowl. But on the whole, it's not like people stopped producing food. This wasn't a famine. What it was was a crisis of confidence where prices went down significantly. And so farmers could not make a living on their crops. It's not that they didn't have food. It's that they didn't have money. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
What it was was a crisis of confidence where prices went down significantly. And so farmers could not make a living on their crops. It's not that they didn't have food. It's that they didn't have money. I also feel like there's a different aspect to the reason that he uses this biblical language here. And I think that's because it's very authoritative, right? When you stand up in front of a group of people, and Roosevelt has this powerful voice which really resonates with people, and you speak like a preacher would speak, it says this is a man of authority. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
It's that they didn't have money. I also feel like there's a different aspect to the reason that he uses this biblical language here. And I think that's because it's very authoritative, right? When you stand up in front of a group of people, and Roosevelt has this powerful voice which really resonates with people, and you speak like a preacher would speak, it says this is a man of authority. This is a man who perhaps is in touch with the moral authority associated with the Christian Bible. Sure, I mean, for a very long time, authority was kind of correlated with your ability to quote chapter and verse. I mean, we're talking about a man who has just put his hand on a Bible in order to swear himself in. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
When you stand up in front of a group of people, and Roosevelt has this powerful voice which really resonates with people, and you speak like a preacher would speak, it says this is a man of authority. This is a man who perhaps is in touch with the moral authority associated with the Christian Bible. Sure, I mean, for a very long time, authority was kind of correlated with your ability to quote chapter and verse. I mean, we're talking about a man who has just put his hand on a Bible in order to swear himself in. So it really makes him seem not only like he knows what he's talking about, but also that he's got a handle on the situation. So what we're saying is that by harnessing this language, he's trying to harness the authority that people have invested in the church by using the language of the church. So what we're doing here I might call step three, which is to identify how an argument is made, right? | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
I mean, we're talking about a man who has just put his hand on a Bible in order to swear himself in. So it really makes him seem not only like he knows what he's talking about, but also that he's got a handle on the situation. So what we're saying is that by harnessing this language, he's trying to harness the authority that people have invested in the church by using the language of the church. So what we're doing here I might call step three, which is to identify how an argument is made, right? So we're looking at his rhetorical strategies and seeing how they're effective or, in perhaps another case, not effective in conveying his opinion. And I say opinion. At this point, what would we say that his opinion of the Great Depression is? | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So what we're doing here I might call step three, which is to identify how an argument is made, right? So we're looking at his rhetorical strategies and seeing how they're effective or, in perhaps another case, not effective in conveying his opinion. And I say opinion. At this point, what would we say that his opinion of the Great Depression is? That it's specific people's fault, that it is at the fault of not just this wave of panic, but on account of some greedy people, the unscrupulous money changers, and the rulers of the exchanges. So he's blaming bankers for the Great Depression, which I think is fair. I mean, there's very little regulation in the 1920s that would prevent the kind of fraud that could lead to a collapse of banking. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
At this point, what would we say that his opinion of the Great Depression is? That it's specific people's fault, that it is at the fault of not just this wave of panic, but on account of some greedy people, the unscrupulous money changers, and the rulers of the exchanges. So he's blaming bankers for the Great Depression, which I think is fair. I mean, there's very little regulation in the 1920s that would prevent the kind of fraud that could lead to a collapse of banking. For example, insider trading is not illegal. And most people bought stocks on margin, which is a terrible idea, which means you only have to put 10% of the value of a bond down before you buy it, which means that there's a lot of theoretical money floating around out there that's not backed by much real money. Oh, that sounds like a terrible idea. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
I mean, there's very little regulation in the 1920s that would prevent the kind of fraud that could lead to a collapse of banking. For example, insider trading is not illegal. And most people bought stocks on margin, which is a terrible idea, which means you only have to put 10% of the value of a bond down before you buy it, which means that there's a lot of theoretical money floating around out there that's not backed by much real money. Oh, that sounds like a terrible idea. It was a terrible idea. So it's like buying stocks on credit? Exactly. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Oh, that sounds like a terrible idea. It was a terrible idea. So it's like buying stocks on credit? Exactly. Oh, man. His argument is that, first, things could be worse. Second of all, the reason things are bad is because of these people. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Exactly. Oh, man. His argument is that, first, things could be worse. Second of all, the reason things are bad is because of these people. Thing number three, here's how we're going to get back on track. All right, so this is where we get here at the end. So the nation asks for action, and action now, which I'd say is not only a mention of how he's going to get things done, but a covert poke at Herbert Hoover for not doing much. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Second of all, the reason things are bad is because of these people. Thing number three, here's how we're going to get back on track. All right, so this is where we get here at the end. So the nation asks for action, and action now, which I'd say is not only a mention of how he's going to get things done, but a covert poke at Herbert Hoover for not doing much. And then he says, our greatest primary task is to put people to work. Remember, there's an unemployment rate of 25%. That is so many people. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So the nation asks for action, and action now, which I'd say is not only a mention of how he's going to get things done, but a covert poke at Herbert Hoover for not doing much. And then he says, our greatest primary task is to put people to work. Remember, there's an unemployment rate of 25%. That is so many people. Our current unemployment rate is less than 5%, to give you an idea. This is no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and reorganize the use of our natural resources. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
That is so many people. Our current unemployment rate is less than 5%, to give you an idea. This is no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and reorganize the use of our natural resources. This is a radical idea. It is a really radical idea. And this is one reason why historians love to study the Great Depression and the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, because this is kind of the decade where we threw out the rule book. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and reorganize the use of our natural resources. This is a radical idea. It is a really radical idea. And this is one reason why historians love to study the Great Depression and the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, because this is kind of the decade where we threw out the rule book. And I think what Roosevelt is saying here is that he was willing to try anything to conquer the Great Depression. And one of the things he tries is bringing the government into the process of giving people work. OK, so we've got a sense of what he's arguing and how he's arguing it. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
And this is one reason why historians love to study the Great Depression and the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, because this is kind of the decade where we threw out the rule book. And I think what Roosevelt is saying here is that he was willing to try anything to conquer the Great Depression. And one of the things he tries is bringing the government into the process of giving people work. OK, so we've got a sense of what he's arguing and how he's arguing it. But let's take a higher level look now. So I would say step four is seeing if you can analyze the potential bias of a source. And I want to be clear that all sources are biased. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
OK, so we've got a sense of what he's arguing and how he's arguing it. But let's take a higher level look now. So I would say step four is seeing if you can analyze the potential bias of a source. And I want to be clear that all sources are biased. I think a common misconception is that if you're looking at a source, it's either biased or it's not. It's written by someone who has an agenda or someone who is completely impartial. And that is never the case. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
And I want to be clear that all sources are biased. I think a common misconception is that if you're looking at a source, it's either biased or it's not. It's written by someone who has an agenda or someone who is completely impartial. And that is never the case. What about a photograph? If I take a photograph of something or someone, isn't that an objective rendering of that person or object? Well, it certainly shows what was there at that moment in time. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
And that is never the case. What about a photograph? If I take a photograph of something or someone, isn't that an objective rendering of that person or object? Well, it certainly shows what was there at that moment in time. But even photographers are making choices, right? When you pick up a camera and you take a picture of a thing, you are taking a picture of that thing and not something else, which is in itself a form of bias to say, I think this is important or this is what I want you to see. So where we put the frame is a choice. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Well, it certainly shows what was there at that moment in time. But even photographers are making choices, right? When you pick up a camera and you take a picture of a thing, you are taking a picture of that thing and not something else, which is in itself a form of bias to say, I think this is important or this is what I want you to see. So where we put the frame is a choice. Yes. So the question is, what is Roosevelt not saying in this speech? What is he not taking a photograph of? | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So where we put the frame is a choice. Yes. So the question is, what is Roosevelt not saying in this speech? What is he not taking a photograph of? What's just outside the view of his camera? And why is he taking this photograph of a speech, right? When he sat down to write this, what was motivating him? | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
What is he not taking a photograph of? What's just outside the view of his camera? And why is he taking this photograph of a speech, right? When he sat down to write this, what was motivating him? And what are some of the perhaps even less obvious factors about why he makes the argument that he does? Well, I mean, obviously the man has a bias in favor of his own politics. I mean, these are his administration's ideas, right? | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
When he sat down to write this, what was motivating him? And what are some of the perhaps even less obvious factors about why he makes the argument that he does? Well, I mean, obviously the man has a bias in favor of his own politics. I mean, these are his administration's ideas, right? So he's going to be coming out in favor of those very strongly. So FDR is a Democrat. And there really haven't been many Democrats in office since before the Lincoln administration, which is the 1860s. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
I mean, these are his administration's ideas, right? So he's going to be coming out in favor of those very strongly. So FDR is a Democrat. And there really haven't been many Democrats in office since before the Lincoln administration, which is the 1860s. So that's a new thing. I mean, this is the popular base rejecting Hoover and the Republican Party because of the Great Depression. Right. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
And there really haven't been many Democrats in office since before the Lincoln administration, which is the 1860s. So that's a new thing. I mean, this is the popular base rejecting Hoover and the Republican Party because of the Great Depression. Right. So he's bringing Democratic political ideas to the table here. So he's trying to make a case for those political ideals in this speech. He was elected by a majority of American voters, but now he has to make the case to the rest of the United States. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Right. So he's bringing Democratic political ideas to the table here. So he's trying to make a case for those political ideals in this speech. He was elected by a majority of American voters, but now he has to make the case to the rest of the United States. He has to make a case to the people that didn't elect him. Right, and so he's saying that direct recruiting by the government itself, government jobs, having the powers as if the Depression were war, that is a case for really strong government intervention, which is a keystone of the Democratic Party compared to Republicans who generally advocate for a smaller government. So he's saying this is what's gonna work. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
He was elected by a majority of American voters, but now he has to make the case to the rest of the United States. He has to make a case to the people that didn't elect him. Right, and so he's saying that direct recruiting by the government itself, government jobs, having the powers as if the Depression were war, that is a case for really strong government intervention, which is a keystone of the Democratic Party compared to Republicans who generally advocate for a smaller government. So he's saying this is what's gonna work. The Democratic platform of using the government in the economy and in social programs is what's going to work to get us out of this Depression. So he's making a big, strong case for federalism. Exactly. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So he's saying this is what's gonna work. The Democratic platform of using the government in the economy and in social programs is what's going to work to get us out of this Depression. So he's making a big, strong case for federalism. Exactly. What I think is interesting, though, here is that there's a lot he doesn't say, and I think that's also important to look at when you're analyzing a primary source. There's a lot that you could talk about, but you make choices about what to talk about and what not to mention. So what could you say he doesn't mention here? | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Exactly. What I think is interesting, though, here is that there's a lot he doesn't say, and I think that's also important to look at when you're analyzing a primary source. There's a lot that you could talk about, but you make choices about what to talk about and what not to mention. So what could you say he doesn't mention here? He doesn't mention how any of this is going to work. Yeah, I think that's maybe the biggest missing piece here, right? I mean, this is broad strokes. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So what could you say he doesn't mention here? He doesn't mention how any of this is going to work. Yeah, I think that's maybe the biggest missing piece here, right? I mean, this is broad strokes. This is getting people on board, but nowhere does he say, okay, here's exactly what I'm going to do. Let me tell you how many dollars I'm going to spend, how many people I'm going to hire, what sort of cabinets I'm going to create. This is not a time for specifics, he says. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
I mean, this is broad strokes. This is getting people on board, but nowhere does he say, okay, here's exactly what I'm going to do. Let me tell you how many dollars I'm going to spend, how many people I'm going to hire, what sort of cabinets I'm going to create. This is not a time for specifics, he says. This is almost more of an inspirational speech to say, okay, I gotcha. All right, so we've looked at the source. We've kind of analyzed its rhetorical strategy and its potential bias. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
This is not a time for specifics, he says. This is almost more of an inspirational speech to say, okay, I gotcha. All right, so we've looked at the source. We've kind of analyzed its rhetorical strategy and its potential bias. I'd say the last thing we might want to do with this is now think about how we could use it as a source. Okay. So, let's see. | How to read a document part 2 The historian's toolkit US History Khan Academy.mp3 |