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So we might answer our question with the following thesis statement. The Civil War brought on some immediate short-term changes in American ideals of democracy and citizenship, which would fade after the end of Reconstruction. While the belief in the divine mission of the United States to spread across North America only intensified in this time period, even though there was little change in the 19th century, the seeds planted immediately after the Civil War would sprout into major changes in the 20th century. What do you think? How would you weigh these pieces of evidence to draw conclusions about how the Civil War changed American values? You might come up with a completely different thesis statement than I did, and that's perfectly fine. The important part of thinking like a historian is to gather evidence and then craft an argument supported by that evidence. | Comparing the effects of the Civil War on American national identity US history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Now, although the explorers never found this Northwest passage, because it didn't exist, they, like the Spanish, quickly learned that there were quite a lot of riches to be had in the Americas themselves. In this video, I'd like to take some time to talk about two of the lesser-known European colonies in the New World, New France, up here in pink, and New Netherland, this little orange dot right here. Now, you can see that compared to the extent of New Spain, here in the Caribbean and Mexico, and expanding in South America, these colonial exploits were pretty small indeed, but I think it's important to learn a little bit about them because they help us see the ways in which the different goals of colonial powers led to very different types of settlement in the New World and very different relationships between Europeans and Native Americans. Now, though it's a little bit hard to see on this map, these two colonies focused their efforts around two rivers, the St. Lawrence River and the Hudson River, which runs along this little orange strip here. That's the Hudson. And along these rivers, you can still see the cities that were founded by these colonial ventures, like Quebec City, up in Canada, and later Montreal, and down here, of course, the most famous, which started as New Amsterdam and later became the city of New York, right about here. It's the island of Manhattan on which New York City, formerly New Amsterdam, is located. | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Now, though it's a little bit hard to see on this map, these two colonies focused their efforts around two rivers, the St. Lawrence River and the Hudson River, which runs along this little orange strip here. That's the Hudson. And along these rivers, you can still see the cities that were founded by these colonial ventures, like Quebec City, up in Canada, and later Montreal, and down here, of course, the most famous, which started as New Amsterdam and later became the city of New York, right about here. It's the island of Manhattan on which New York City, formerly New Amsterdam, is located. Now, looking at this map, you might wonder, why was it that Spain had these giant swaths of territory, really from coast to coast, where New France and New Netherland really only followed along these rivers, at least to start with? And the answer really lies in this idea of goals. And New France and New Netherland sat on the rivers, rivers being the highways of the world, really up until the invention of the railroad, because they were primarily interested in trade. | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
It's the island of Manhattan on which New York City, formerly New Amsterdam, is located. Now, looking at this map, you might wonder, why was it that Spain had these giant swaths of territory, really from coast to coast, where New France and New Netherland really only followed along these rivers, at least to start with? And the answer really lies in this idea of goals. And New France and New Netherland sat on the rivers, rivers being the highways of the world, really up until the invention of the railroad, because they were primarily interested in trade. So let's talk a little bit more about that. French and Dutch explorers were particularly interested in gaining valuable furs to trade from Native Americans living in the northern part of North America that they could then sell in Europe. Long before European colonization began, beavers had been hunted pretty much to extinction in Europe, while beaver pelts themselves were usually used to create fancy hats. | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
And New France and New Netherland sat on the rivers, rivers being the highways of the world, really up until the invention of the railroad, because they were primarily interested in trade. So let's talk a little bit more about that. French and Dutch explorers were particularly interested in gaining valuable furs to trade from Native Americans living in the northern part of North America that they could then sell in Europe. Long before European colonization began, beavers had been hunted pretty much to extinction in Europe, while beaver pelts themselves were usually used to create fancy hats. This is a hat from a slightly later era, but you can get the sense here that Europeans met on something of an equal basis with Native Americans in the process of the fur trade. So Europeans wanted beaver pelts, and also the pelts of other animals, and often fish, another thing that was in great supply in this northern region, which is today the Northeast United States and Canada. So how did this focus on trade affect the relationships between Europeans and Native Americans in the area? | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Long before European colonization began, beavers had been hunted pretty much to extinction in Europe, while beaver pelts themselves were usually used to create fancy hats. This is a hat from a slightly later era, but you can get the sense here that Europeans met on something of an equal basis with Native Americans in the process of the fur trade. So Europeans wanted beaver pelts, and also the pelts of other animals, and often fish, another thing that was in great supply in this northern region, which is today the Northeast United States and Canada. So how did this focus on trade affect the relationships between Europeans and Native Americans in the area? Well, primarily they made relationships between them considerably friendlier and more cooperative than the relationships between the Spanish and Native Americans, for example. Now, Europeans quickly discovered that it made a lot more sense to, instead of sending hundreds upon hundreds of French men to Canada to hunt beavers themselves, they could instead pay Native Americans to hunt the beavers for them. And consequently, there were considerably fewer French and Dutch settlers in New Netherland and New France than there were in New Spain. | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So how did this focus on trade affect the relationships between Europeans and Native Americans in the area? Well, primarily they made relationships between them considerably friendlier and more cooperative than the relationships between the Spanish and Native Americans, for example. Now, Europeans quickly discovered that it made a lot more sense to, instead of sending hundreds upon hundreds of French men to Canada to hunt beavers themselves, they could instead pay Native Americans to hunt the beavers for them. And consequently, there were considerably fewer French and Dutch settlers in New Netherland and New France than there were in New Spain. And because there were fewer of them, they generally ended up doing things more on the terms of Native Americans. So whereas the Spanish might have used their guns and their war dogs to force Native Americans to labor for them, the French and the Dutch were more likely to observe trading rituals, like giving gifts and also fostering trade relationships through intermarriage. French traders learned the Algonquian language and married Native women and had children with them so that they could be considered part of the family. | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
And consequently, there were considerably fewer French and Dutch settlers in New Netherland and New France than there were in New Spain. And because there were fewer of them, they generally ended up doing things more on the terms of Native Americans. So whereas the Spanish might have used their guns and their war dogs to force Native Americans to labor for them, the French and the Dutch were more likely to observe trading rituals, like giving gifts and also fostering trade relationships through intermarriage. French traders learned the Algonquian language and married Native women and had children with them so that they could be considered part of the family. They even allied with Native American tribes against their own enemies and went to war with them, as was in the case in 1609 when French explorer Samuel de Champlain helped Algonquians in their war against the Iroquois. And like New France, New Netherland, situated as it was in this very good harbor, the island of Manhattan, was likewise very focused on trade. In fact, New Amsterdam was a little bit of a company town. | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
French traders learned the Algonquian language and married Native women and had children with them so that they could be considered part of the family. They even allied with Native American tribes against their own enemies and went to war with them, as was in the case in 1609 when French explorer Samuel de Champlain helped Algonquians in their war against the Iroquois. And like New France, New Netherland, situated as it was in this very good harbor, the island of Manhattan, was likewise very focused on trade. In fact, New Amsterdam was a little bit of a company town. Controlled. Controlled by the Dutch West India Company. Which sought to make the most of all of the goodies that could be brought from North America and then shipped to Europe. | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
In fact, New Amsterdam was a little bit of a company town. Controlled. Controlled by the Dutch West India Company. Which sought to make the most of all of the goodies that could be brought from North America and then shipped to Europe. In fact, you can kind of get a sense of what the major concerns of the Europeans settling in this area were from this map. You can see that they point out where beavers, turkeys, foxes, and bears can be found, all with their valuable pelts. But you also see that there's a extremely detailed rendering of where many Native American tribes lived. | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Which sought to make the most of all of the goodies that could be brought from North America and then shipped to Europe. In fact, you can kind of get a sense of what the major concerns of the Europeans settling in this area were from this map. You can see that they point out where beavers, turkeys, foxes, and bears can be found, all with their valuable pelts. But you also see that there's a extremely detailed rendering of where many Native American tribes lived. Like this detailed rendering of what I believe is a Mohican village. The French and Dutch bothered to learn all of these names and map all of this territory because they cooperated with the Native Americans to get these pelts. It's hard to imagine a Spanish map that would go into such detail about Native villages. | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
But you also see that there's a extremely detailed rendering of where many Native American tribes lived. Like this detailed rendering of what I believe is a Mohican village. The French and Dutch bothered to learn all of these names and map all of this territory because they cooperated with the Native Americans to get these pelts. It's hard to imagine a Spanish map that would go into such detail about Native villages. It's important to remember that Europeans were competing with each other for resources in the New World, hoping that they could secure the best trade deals for furs with Native Americans and prevent other nations from securing those furs. For example, the Dutch allied with the Iroquois in the New World as trading partners because the Iroquois were the longtime enemies of the Algonquians, who were allied with the French. So just as the Europeans recruited Native Americans into their competitions to supply Europe with furs, Native Americans recruited Europeans into their intertribal feuds to supply the Americas with European goods. | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
It's hard to imagine a Spanish map that would go into such detail about Native villages. It's important to remember that Europeans were competing with each other for resources in the New World, hoping that they could secure the best trade deals for furs with Native Americans and prevent other nations from securing those furs. For example, the Dutch allied with the Iroquois in the New World as trading partners because the Iroquois were the longtime enemies of the Algonquians, who were allied with the French. So just as the Europeans recruited Native Americans into their competitions to supply Europe with furs, Native Americans recruited Europeans into their intertribal feuds to supply the Americas with European goods. I wanna finish by just briefly comparing each nation's colonial goals with their outcomes and what sorts of people settled, what their relationships were like with Native Americans, and even how they attempted or didn't attempt to convert Native Americans to a form of Christianity. Now, as we saw with Spain, their goal was to quickly extract natural resources from the Americas and to set up plantations for tobacco and later sugar, plus to convert as many of the Native people to Catholicism as possible by force if necessary, and it was frequently necessary. Consequently, most of the Spanish settlers who came to the New World were men and adventurers who treated Native people with violence and enslaved them in the encomienda system, and in some cases had relationships with Native women and African women that resulted in that very complex set of racial designations we see in the caste system. | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So just as the Europeans recruited Native Americans into their competitions to supply Europe with furs, Native Americans recruited Europeans into their intertribal feuds to supply the Americas with European goods. I wanna finish by just briefly comparing each nation's colonial goals with their outcomes and what sorts of people settled, what their relationships were like with Native Americans, and even how they attempted or didn't attempt to convert Native Americans to a form of Christianity. Now, as we saw with Spain, their goal was to quickly extract natural resources from the Americas and to set up plantations for tobacco and later sugar, plus to convert as many of the Native people to Catholicism as possible by force if necessary, and it was frequently necessary. Consequently, most of the Spanish settlers who came to the New World were men and adventurers who treated Native people with violence and enslaved them in the encomienda system, and in some cases had relationships with Native women and African women that resulted in that very complex set of racial designations we see in the caste system. But France and the Netherlands, by contrast, came for trade. They wanted furs and fish, and so they were very careful to cultivate very friendly relationships with Native Americans, including by intermarrying with them in a deliberate and formal way so that they could take advantage of having Natives do the hunting for them rather than having to do it themselves, so that really only a few men came to New France and New Netherland, nothing like the numbers of Spain. And unlike the Spanish, although the French did attempt to convert Natives to Catholicism, they rarely did so by force. | French and Dutch colonization Period 2 1607-1754 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
I want to talk about how to avoid some common mistakes when you're writing a historical paper. Now this could apply to a term paper, to a blue book essay, even really to your master's thesis if you wanted to. I want to talk about three phrases that you might be tempted to use in a historical essay that actually muddy what you're trying to say and undercut your point more than it helps. So these three phrases that I want to talk about are throughout history, it was inevitable, and that's why insert country here is so great today. So why are these phrases so problematic? Let's start with throughout history. So this is something that you frequently see in writing from historical essays to pieces of journalism and it often has the ring of making something seem really strong and adding the weight of eons of history behind a single sentence. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
So these three phrases that I want to talk about are throughout history, it was inevitable, and that's why insert country here is so great today. So why are these phrases so problematic? Let's start with throughout history. So this is something that you frequently see in writing from historical essays to pieces of journalism and it often has the ring of making something seem really strong and adding the weight of eons of history behind a single sentence. History is a very long thing. I mean, for recorded history, we're going back maybe 5,000, 7,000 years. And think about the many different cultures and types of people and ideas that existed throughout that time period. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
So this is something that you frequently see in writing from historical essays to pieces of journalism and it often has the ring of making something seem really strong and adding the weight of eons of history behind a single sentence. History is a very long thing. I mean, for recorded history, we're going back maybe 5,000, 7,000 years. And think about the many different cultures and types of people and ideas that existed throughout that time period. If you're sitting down to write an essay about, say, the Cold War and you start, throughout history, people have feared nuclear attack. Well, the first thing your reader is going to think is, wait, the nuclear bomb was only developed in 1945. I mean, that's not throughout history. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
And think about the many different cultures and types of people and ideas that existed throughout that time period. If you're sitting down to write an essay about, say, the Cold War and you start, throughout history, people have feared nuclear attack. Well, the first thing your reader is going to think is, wait, the nuclear bomb was only developed in 1945. I mean, that's not throughout history. That's only throughout the last 70 years. Or what about throughout history, people have gone to war over religion. Your reader might think, well, what about when people didn't live close enough to each other to go to war about different beliefs? | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
I mean, that's not throughout history. That's only throughout the last 70 years. Or what about throughout history, people have gone to war over religion. Your reader might think, well, what about when people didn't live close enough to each other to go to war about different beliefs? And do we really want to send the message that having different religions means that you necessarily have to go to war? One thing that throughout history does is it makes an assumption about human nature, right? That the way that people think now is the way that people have always thought throughout history. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Your reader might think, well, what about when people didn't live close enough to each other to go to war about different beliefs? And do we really want to send the message that having different religions means that you necessarily have to go to war? One thing that throughout history does is it makes an assumption about human nature, right? That the way that people think now is the way that people have always thought throughout history. Or the way that people behave now is the way that people have always behaved throughout history. And if there's anything that is one of the core beliefs of the study of history, it's that people are different over time. It's fun to study the past because people in the past weren't like us. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
That the way that people think now is the way that people have always thought throughout history. Or the way that people behave now is the way that people have always behaved throughout history. And if there's anything that is one of the core beliefs of the study of history, it's that people are different over time. It's fun to study the past because people in the past weren't like us. They had different ideas, different beliefs, different cultural values. And so if you want to be really strong about how you start a historical essay, always start it in a really specific part of time that you're talking about. So if you're talking about the period from 1945 to 1965, say in the post-war era, or in the late 19th century, and you might also add in the United States, right? | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
It's fun to study the past because people in the past weren't like us. They had different ideas, different beliefs, different cultural values. And so if you want to be really strong about how you start a historical essay, always start it in a really specific part of time that you're talking about. So if you're talking about the period from 1945 to 1965, say in the post-war era, or in the late 19th century, and you might also add in the United States, right? This shows that you have a strong grasp of both the time and the place that you're writing about. And so you can make an argument that is specific to that time period. Okay, let's move on to it was inevitable. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
So if you're talking about the period from 1945 to 1965, say in the post-war era, or in the late 19th century, and you might also add in the United States, right? This shows that you have a strong grasp of both the time and the place that you're writing about. And so you can make an argument that is specific to that time period. Okay, let's move on to it was inevitable. I think we like to use the word inevitable because it's long and it sounds pretty cool. But think about what inevitable really means. It means it was unavoidable. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Okay, let's move on to it was inevitable. I think we like to use the word inevitable because it's long and it sounds pretty cool. But think about what inevitable really means. It means it was unavoidable. There was no other thing that could have happened. Now think of a version of history where everything is inevitable. Everything was just going to happen no matter whether anyone did anything or not. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
It means it was unavoidable. There was no other thing that could have happened. Now think of a version of history where everything is inevitable. Everything was just going to happen no matter whether anyone did anything or not. That shows an interpretation of history that says that people's choices don't matter. And if you want to emphasize anything in history, it's how much choices matter. There are very few things that are inevitable in history. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Everything was just going to happen no matter whether anyone did anything or not. That shows an interpretation of history that says that people's choices don't matter. And if you want to emphasize anything in history, it's how much choices matter. There are very few things that are inevitable in history. Most of them, I would say, are natural disasters, right? That there is going to eventually be an earthquake in California is inevitable because there's a fault line. That's something that humans can't control. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
There are very few things that are inevitable in history. Most of them, I would say, are natural disasters, right? That there is going to eventually be an earthquake in California is inevitable because there's a fault line. That's something that humans can't control. But for almost everything else in history, humans can control it. And they do decide how to react to certain situations. For example, take the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, right? | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
That's something that humans can't control. But for almost everything else in history, humans can control it. And they do decide how to react to certain situations. For example, take the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, right? This is the event that leads to the United States going to war with Spain over Cuba in 1898. And the reason that this happened was because the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor. Now we know, and the Spanish suggested at the time, that the reason that the USS Maine exploded was due to a spontaneous combustion on board. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
For example, take the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, right? This is the event that leads to the United States going to war with Spain over Cuba in 1898. And the reason that this happened was because the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor. Now we know, and the Spanish suggested at the time, that the reason that the USS Maine exploded was due to a spontaneous combustion on board. There was an equipment malfunction. The United States chose to believe that the ship sinking was the result of a Spanish bomb and declared war. Now you might have said war was inevitable, but it really wasn't. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Now we know, and the Spanish suggested at the time, that the reason that the USS Maine exploded was due to a spontaneous combustion on board. There was an equipment malfunction. The United States chose to believe that the ship sinking was the result of a Spanish bomb and declared war. Now you might have said war was inevitable, but it really wasn't. There were many ways that the United States could have chosen differently in that moment to say, well, maybe we will believe the Spanish and just leave it alone. Or maybe we'll send some financial aid to Cuba, but we don't have to go to war. When you get rid of inevitability in history, you open up new choices, new ways that things could have gone. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Now you might have said war was inevitable, but it really wasn't. There were many ways that the United States could have chosen differently in that moment to say, well, maybe we will believe the Spanish and just leave it alone. Or maybe we'll send some financial aid to Cuba, but we don't have to go to war. When you get rid of inevitability in history, you open up new choices, new ways that things could have gone. And that is really the heart of history, is the possibility for things to be different than they were and different than they are. Okay, let's finish up with, and that's why Insert Country here is so great today. You see this all the time in historical papers, and I think writers are very tempted to finish a historical essay with some expression of patriotism. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
When you get rid of inevitability in history, you open up new choices, new ways that things could have gone. And that is really the heart of history, is the possibility for things to be different than they were and different than they are. Okay, let's finish up with, and that's why Insert Country here is so great today. You see this all the time in historical papers, and I think writers are very tempted to finish a historical essay with some expression of patriotism. And maybe in a few rare cases, this is true. You could say the United States is a better place today than it was in the 1950s, thanks to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. But it's something you wanna use very sparingly, because usually the scope of a historical paper, and think about our throughout history here, isn't so huge as to merit the reaction to it being this is the heart of what makes America great today. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
You see this all the time in historical papers, and I think writers are very tempted to finish a historical essay with some expression of patriotism. And maybe in a few rare cases, this is true. You could say the United States is a better place today than it was in the 1950s, thanks to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. But it's something you wanna use very sparingly, because usually the scope of a historical paper, and think about our throughout history here, isn't so huge as to merit the reaction to it being this is the heart of what makes America great today. I've read historical papers about the Spanish flu in 1919 that end with, and that's why America is great today. Ask yourself, is this relevant? And even if it is, is it the most relevant way that you could end an essay? | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
But it's something you wanna use very sparingly, because usually the scope of a historical paper, and think about our throughout history here, isn't so huge as to merit the reaction to it being this is the heart of what makes America great today. I've read historical papers about the Spanish flu in 1919 that end with, and that's why America is great today. Ask yourself, is this relevant? And even if it is, is it the most relevant way that you could end an essay? For a historical essay, you wanna keep your conclusions very specific, the same way that you wanna keep your period of time specific. So if you're talking about the post-war era, conclude with something that you can actually substantiate, that you have substantiated in your essay about the post-war era. Say the wealth generated by industrialization after World War II was the reason that the baby boom happened. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
And even if it is, is it the most relevant way that you could end an essay? For a historical essay, you wanna keep your conclusions very specific, the same way that you wanna keep your period of time specific. So if you're talking about the post-war era, conclude with something that you can actually substantiate, that you have substantiated in your essay about the post-war era. Say the wealth generated by industrialization after World War II was the reason that the baby boom happened. Don't say, and that's why America is great today. What do you mean by great? Do you mean economically great, culturally great, politically great? | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Say the wealth generated by industrialization after World War II was the reason that the baby boom happened. Don't say, and that's why America is great today. What do you mean by great? Do you mean economically great, culturally great, politically great? It's a little too vague, and vagueness can really undermine your argument as opposed to supporting it. In a way, these are all kind of appeals for human nature, appeals for the natural progress of history, and appeals to patriotism that are less rooted in the facts of what you wanna say than they are rooted in ways of trying to get your reader's sympathy. Instead, what you can do is be specific in your time and your place. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
Do you mean economically great, culturally great, politically great? It's a little too vague, and vagueness can really undermine your argument as opposed to supporting it. In a way, these are all kind of appeals for human nature, appeals for the natural progress of history, and appeals to patriotism that are less rooted in the facts of what you wanna say than they are rooted in ways of trying to get your reader's sympathy. Instead, what you can do is be specific in your time and your place. Emphasize choices and points where things might have gone differently than they did. And end with a conclusion that is very related to the things that you specifically addressed. Remember, you never wanna introduce new information in your conclusion, and saying, and that's why America is great today, is new information, because it might not necessarily be related. | Avoiding common mistakes in historical essays US History Khan Academy (2).mp3 |
And this is where the spooky part comes in. This is where the spooky part comes in. Sir Walter Raleigh and John White realized that a whole group of soldiers was probably not the right group to send to the New World. Instead, he thinks, alright, this is what we're gonna do. We're gonna send civilians. Okay. We're gonna send families. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
Instead, he thinks, alright, this is what we're gonna do. We're gonna send civilians. Okay. We're gonna send families. So they send about 90 men, about 20 women and maybe about 10 children. And say, okay, you are going to start a colony and a settlement in the New World. So it's not just a trading post. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
We're gonna send families. So they send about 90 men, about 20 women and maybe about 10 children. And say, okay, you are going to start a colony and a settlement in the New World. So it's not just a trading post. Yo, but back up. Like, still on Roanoke Island next to the Native Americans that hate them? Is that where they're still putting the colony? | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
So it's not just a trading post. Yo, but back up. Like, still on Roanoke Island next to the Native Americans that hate them? Is that where they're still putting the colony? Well, they were really hoping, since they've discovered, that this is a terrible place to be. A terrible place to sail. That they can actually head up to the Chesapeake Bay and make that their place of operations. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
Is that where they're still putting the colony? Well, they were really hoping, since they've discovered, that this is a terrible place to be. A terrible place to sail. That they can actually head up to the Chesapeake Bay and make that their place of operations. Why not just make landfall there? Well, they usually started by going from England all the way down to Bahamas where they could refuel. So this was an area where they already had power. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
That they can actually head up to the Chesapeake Bay and make that their place of operations. Why not just make landfall there? Well, they usually started by going from England all the way down to Bahamas where they could refuel. So this was an area where they already had power. So instead of going to the unknown land first, they would go down to the West Indies, meet up. Get fresh water. Get fresh water and supplies. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
So this was an area where they already had power. So instead of going to the unknown land first, they would go down to the West Indies, meet up. Get fresh water. Get fresh water and supplies. And then come up to Virginia, aka North Carolina. Unfortunately, as the weather worked out, they couldn't make it farther than Roanoke Island. So they are hanging out with what they hope are their friends, the Secatans. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
Get fresh water and supplies. And then come up to Virginia, aka North Carolina. Unfortunately, as the weather worked out, they couldn't make it farther than Roanoke Island. So they are hanging out with what they hope are their friends, the Secatans. And right after they get there, one of the English colonists is murdered by probably a Secatan person. And it's because they say to their translators, we don't have enough food. You're gonna steal more food and we just can't have you here. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
So they are hanging out with what they hope are their friends, the Secatans. And right after they get there, one of the English colonists is murdered by probably a Secatan person. And it's because they say to their translators, we don't have enough food. You're gonna steal more food and we just can't have you here. I mean, it's obvious that they brought women and children. They're intending to stay. And the Native Americans have decided that the English are not to be trusted. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
You're gonna steal more food and we just can't have you here. I mean, it's obvious that they brought women and children. They're intending to stay. And the Native Americans have decided that the English are not to be trusted. So this is just like a whole series of tragic diplomacy by ultimatum movements, right? Yeah, it's really interesting because I think there are a couple of places here where things might have gone very differently. You can see the inflection points if both sides decided not to play hardball with each other so much. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
And the Native Americans have decided that the English are not to be trusted. So this is just like a whole series of tragic diplomacy by ultimatum movements, right? Yeah, it's really interesting because I think there are a couple of places here where things might have gone very differently. You can see the inflection points if both sides decided not to play hardball with each other so much. Yeah, I think, I mean, there's so many places here where ships get lost or they got grounded on the shoals outside North Carolina so they can't get more supplies. Or later, storms will prevent reinforcements. Like weather and a silver cup are kinda the things that keep the Roanoke colony from succeeding. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
You can see the inflection points if both sides decided not to play hardball with each other so much. Yeah, I think, I mean, there's so many places here where ships get lost or they got grounded on the shoals outside North Carolina so they can't get more supplies. Or later, storms will prevent reinforcements. Like weather and a silver cup are kinda the things that keep the Roanoke colony from succeeding. So right away after this new group of colonists arrives, one of them is murdered. And so they ask their governor, John White, to go back to England and get them more supplies. John White, the illustrator who painted, who made these images on the right. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
Like weather and a silver cup are kinda the things that keep the Roanoke colony from succeeding. So right away after this new group of colonists arrives, one of them is murdered. And so they ask their governor, John White, to go back to England and get them more supplies. John White, the illustrator who painted, who made these images on the right. And he's now governor. Okay. He's the only one of the original Raleigh's 11 who's still part of this venture. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
John White, the illustrator who painted, who made these images on the right. And he's now governor. Okay. He's the only one of the original Raleigh's 11 who's still part of this venture. So he's now moved up in the ranks. So John White sails back to England and then he runs into a big problem, the Spanish, basically. He wanted to get supplies. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
He's the only one of the original Raleigh's 11 who's still part of this venture. So he's now moved up in the ranks. So John White sails back to England and then he runs into a big problem, the Spanish, basically. He wanted to get supplies. Some of these colonists, including the Dares, are actually John White's children. Oh, snap. So this is his actual family that's here that he's trying to protect. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
He wanted to get supplies. Some of these colonists, including the Dares, are actually John White's children. Oh, snap. So this is his actual family that's here that he's trying to protect. So he goes back to England and he says, Sir Walter Raleigh, I need more reinforcements. But all English shipping is cut off because of the threat of the Spanish. The Spanish Armada is coming to England at this time period and so not a single ship can be spared to go try to bail out these colonists in the New World. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
So this is his actual family that's here that he's trying to protect. So he goes back to England and he says, Sir Walter Raleigh, I need more reinforcements. But all English shipping is cut off because of the threat of the Spanish. The Spanish Armada is coming to England at this time period and so not a single ship can be spared to go try to bail out these colonists in the New World. Oh, wow. So they're like alone and entirely isolated on this new continent among people that do not like them because of stuff that people before them did. Exactly, yeah, that's about the size of it. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
The Spanish Armada is coming to England at this time period and so not a single ship can be spared to go try to bail out these colonists in the New World. Oh, wow. So they're like alone and entirely isolated on this new continent among people that do not like them because of stuff that people before them did. Exactly, yeah, that's about the size of it. So it's like 1588 when John White sails back to England and because of the Spanish Armada, it's not until 1590 that he can finally get back and try to find these colonists, including his family. When he gets there, this is all he finds. The word Croatoan carved into a tree. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
Exactly, yeah, that's about the size of it. So it's like 1588 when John White sails back to England and because of the Spanish Armada, it's not until 1590 that he can finally get back and try to find these colonists, including his family. When he gets there, this is all he finds. The word Croatoan carved into a tree. What do you mean, what happened to their town? It was completely abandoned. So it looks as if they left of their own volition because it doesn't look like there was an attack there and they had agreed beforehand that if they decided to go somewhere else, remember, they already knew that they were in unwelcome territory, so they thought maybe they'd go farther inland. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
The word Croatoan carved into a tree. What do you mean, what happened to their town? It was completely abandoned. So it looks as if they left of their own volition because it doesn't look like there was an attack there and they had agreed beforehand that if they decided to go somewhere else, remember, they already knew that they were in unwelcome territory, so they thought maybe they'd go farther inland. They would leave traces, they would carve something in a tree to say where they had gone. Unfortunately, another storm hit and so John White was forced to leave and go back to England without ever going to see the Croatoans, this other Native American tribe, along with their town called Croatoan to see where the rest of his family and the rest of the colonists were. Did he ever return in his lifetime? | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
So it looks as if they left of their own volition because it doesn't look like there was an attack there and they had agreed beforehand that if they decided to go somewhere else, remember, they already knew that they were in unwelcome territory, so they thought maybe they'd go farther inland. They would leave traces, they would carve something in a tree to say where they had gone. Unfortunately, another storm hit and so John White was forced to leave and go back to England without ever going to see the Croatoans, this other Native American tribe, along with their town called Croatoan to see where the rest of his family and the rest of the colonists were. Did he ever return in his lifetime? No, he did not. Oh, that's heartbreaking. So he never found out what happened to his family and technically, we never found out what happened to the lost colony at Roanoke, but there's some pretty good evidence about what might have happened to them. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
Did he ever return in his lifetime? No, he did not. Oh, that's heartbreaking. So he never found out what happened to his family and technically, we never found out what happened to the lost colony at Roanoke, but there's some pretty good evidence about what might have happened to them. Tell it to me, Kim. All right, so here's what we think may have happened. So there are about 130 people, right? | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
So he never found out what happened to his family and technically, we never found out what happened to the lost colony at Roanoke, but there's some pretty good evidence about what might have happened to them. Tell it to me, Kim. All right, so here's what we think may have happened. So there are about 130 people, right? Right. Assuming that none of them died from disease. That's a charitable assumption. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
So there are about 130 people, right? Right. Assuming that none of them died from disease. That's a charitable assumption. Yeah. Not all of them could have gone to sea and live with the Croatoans. Okay. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
That's a charitable assumption. Yeah. Not all of them could have gone to sea and live with the Croatoans. Okay. Right, because they were a much smaller tribe than that, so they could never have been all supported by these people. What we think happened is that some of them went to live with the Croatoans who were along the coast, so if John White comes back, then they can connect up with him again. So that's what we think happened to some of them. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
Okay. Right, because they were a much smaller tribe than that, so they could never have been all supported by these people. What we think happened is that some of them went to live with the Croatoans who were along the coast, so if John White comes back, then they can connect up with him again. So that's what we think happened to some of them. We also think that some of them went further inland to a more stable environment around what is maybe called Mary Hill. So about 15, sorry, about 50 miles inland from Roanoke Island. Today, Mary Hill, North Carolina. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
So that's what we think happened to some of them. We also think that some of them went further inland to a more stable environment around what is maybe called Mary Hill. So about 15, sorry, about 50 miles inland from Roanoke Island. Today, Mary Hill, North Carolina. And we think some of them may have gone north. So here's the evidence about these various things. How do we know that these colonists went there? | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
Today, Mary Hill, North Carolina. And we think some of them may have gone north. So here's the evidence about these various things. How do we know that these colonists went there? So when John White was sailing to Roanoke, he saw big fires along the coast where the Croatoans lived. So we think the English may have been there trying to signal them, but he went straight to Roanoke and then because of his troubles with his ship had to go back to England. So there's strong evidence there. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
How do we know that these colonists went there? So when John White was sailing to Roanoke, he saw big fires along the coast where the Croatoans lived. So we think the English may have been there trying to signal them, but he went straight to Roanoke and then because of his troubles with his ship had to go back to England. So there's strong evidence there. Also later, an Englishman heard a legend from the people who lived in that region that some of their ancestors had been white people and they had English coins. So I think it's probably safe to say that some of them did actually intermarry with the Croatoans and lived there for most of the rest of their lives. The ones who went north, we know about because John Smith, the captain of the Jamestown colony in 1607, met up with some Native Americans who told him that there had been white people living in the area who had lived peacefully among the Native Americans until just recently when they were massacred by the Powhatans. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
So there's strong evidence there. Also later, an Englishman heard a legend from the people who lived in that region that some of their ancestors had been white people and they had English coins. So I think it's probably safe to say that some of them did actually intermarry with the Croatoans and lived there for most of the rest of their lives. The ones who went north, we know about because John Smith, the captain of the Jamestown colony in 1607, met up with some Native Americans who told him that there had been white people living in the area who had lived peacefully among the Native Americans until just recently when they were massacred by the Powhatans. Powhatan was the father of Pocahontas, right? So there's some overlap here. So he was trying to get the lay of the land, how the local people felt about the English. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
The ones who went north, we know about because John Smith, the captain of the Jamestown colony in 1607, met up with some Native Americans who told him that there had been white people living in the area who had lived peacefully among the Native Americans until just recently when they were massacred by the Powhatans. Powhatan was the father of Pocahontas, right? So there's some overlap here. So he was trying to get the lay of the land, how the local people felt about the English. And the intelligence that he got was, oh, everyone's cool with the English except for the people that you're living right next to. I think it was probably intended, yeah, to be maybe a warning. We think what might actually have happened was that the people from Roanoke had intermarried with another Native American tribe and had become kind of indistinguishable from them. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
So he was trying to get the lay of the land, how the local people felt about the English. And the intelligence that he got was, oh, everyone's cool with the English except for the people that you're living right next to. I think it was probably intended, yeah, to be maybe a warning. We think what might actually have happened was that the people from Roanoke had intermarried with another Native American tribe and had become kind of indistinguishable from them. And then the Powhatans, who were kind of a larger empire, actually attacked them. So they were killed off in a raid against other Native American groups. And the last thing that we think that they probably went inland is from a recent archeological dig, which has discovered, it's called English border ware, in this town near Mary Hill, North Carolina. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
We think what might actually have happened was that the people from Roanoke had intermarried with another Native American tribe and had become kind of indistinguishable from them. And then the Powhatans, who were kind of a larger empire, actually attacked them. So they were killed off in a raid against other Native American groups. And the last thing that we think that they probably went inland is from a recent archeological dig, which has discovered, it's called English border ware, in this town near Mary Hill, North Carolina. And it was only made in this time period before these English colonists left. So we know it has to have dated before 1588. Nine years or so, okay. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
And the last thing that we think that they probably went inland is from a recent archeological dig, which has discovered, it's called English border ware, in this town near Mary Hill, North Carolina. And it was only made in this time period before these English colonists left. So we know it has to have dated before 1588. Nine years or so, okay. So it's highly likely that at least some of those people had been living in this area because we have an archeological record of them. That's so cool. What I think is really interesting about this is we actually know a lot more about this than I think popular legend says that we do. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
Nine years or so, okay. So it's highly likely that at least some of those people had been living in this area because we have an archeological record of them. That's so cool. What I think is really interesting about this is we actually know a lot more about this than I think popular legend says that we do. Yeah, I always thought that the lost colony at Roanoke was one of those unsolvable secrets of history. I think it tells us a lot about the historical process. In some ways, we know a lot about this. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
What I think is really interesting about this is we actually know a lot more about this than I think popular legend says that we do. Yeah, I always thought that the lost colony at Roanoke was one of those unsolvable secrets of history. I think it tells us a lot about the historical process. In some ways, we know a lot about this. In other ways, we don't know much at all. There are some things in history that we don't have records about and perhaps never will. But if I had to say that there's one thing that's really haunting about this colony at Roanoke is just how different things might have been had they chosen to be friendly about the theft of a silver cup that may or may not have happened rather than angry and violent. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
In some ways, we know a lot about this. In other ways, we don't know much at all. There are some things in history that we don't have records about and perhaps never will. But if I had to say that there's one thing that's really haunting about this colony at Roanoke is just how different things might have been had they chosen to be friendly about the theft of a silver cup that may or may not have happened rather than angry and violent. We could be talking about the colony of Roanoke as the very first successful English colony in the New World. You and I could have been speaking like an Algonquian English dialect right now. Quite possibly. | The Lost Colony of Roanoke - settlement and disappearance.mp3 |
Welcome, Leah. How's it going? Alright, so we're talking about the Articles of Confederation, which I think many people don't realize was the first constitution of the United States, before the one that we have now, since 1789. So, could you take us through a little bit what the Articles of Confederation were and the context in which we first brought them on as a governmental system? Sure, so I think the most important thing to understand about the Articles of Confederation and why we would talk about this is because one of the biggest debates that we have in our history is about the balance of power between the federal government and state governments. When the Articles of Confederation were first created, it was in the middle of the American Revolution. They were created in 1777. | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So, could you take us through a little bit what the Articles of Confederation were and the context in which we first brought them on as a governmental system? Sure, so I think the most important thing to understand about the Articles of Confederation and why we would talk about this is because one of the biggest debates that we have in our history is about the balance of power between the federal government and state governments. When the Articles of Confederation were first created, it was in the middle of the American Revolution. They were created in 1777. And so the question becomes, well, how can we run a government that looks as different from monarchy as possible? So they're trying to run away from the past that they're getting away from in the Revolutionary War and trying to create a separate government that doesn't have any of those abuses that they are rebelling against. If they're running away from a monarchy, what they're running towards is what we would call a limited government. | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
They were created in 1777. And so the question becomes, well, how can we run a government that looks as different from monarchy as possible? So they're trying to run away from the past that they're getting away from in the Revolutionary War and trying to create a separate government that doesn't have any of those abuses that they are rebelling against. If they're running away from a monarchy, what they're running towards is what we would call a limited government. So their central government, which is synonymous with a federal government, the central government is actually really, really, really small. They don't have an executive branch. They only have Congress. | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
If they're running away from a monarchy, what they're running towards is what we would call a limited government. So their central government, which is synonymous with a federal government, the central government is actually really, really, really small. They don't have an executive branch. They only have Congress. They don't even have a judicial branch. So Congress is made up of all 13 states. Every state had one representative. | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
They only have Congress. They don't even have a judicial branch. So Congress is made up of all 13 states. Every state had one representative. In order to change the Articles of Confederation, if they wanted to pass an amendment, they had to get unanimous consent from all 13 states. Okay, so they're trying to make sure that all of the states are represented equally, but that also sounds like it would have a lot of hurdles to overcome when it comes to getting consensus. Yeah, for laws, you had to get nine out of 13 states to actually pass a law. | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Every state had one representative. In order to change the Articles of Confederation, if they wanted to pass an amendment, they had to get unanimous consent from all 13 states. Okay, so they're trying to make sure that all of the states are represented equally, but that also sounds like it would have a lot of hurdles to overcome when it comes to getting consensus. Yeah, for laws, you had to get nine out of 13 states to actually pass a law. So if you can imagine, if you're in a room of 13 people and you all have to agree on one pizza topping for the rest of your lives, it would be almost impossible, right? Wow, okay. All right, so it sounds like there are some problems with the Articles of Confederation, but did they do anything good for us in this early period? | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Yeah, for laws, you had to get nine out of 13 states to actually pass a law. So if you can imagine, if you're in a room of 13 people and you all have to agree on one pizza topping for the rest of your lives, it would be almost impossible, right? Wow, okay. All right, so it sounds like there are some problems with the Articles of Confederation, but did they do anything good for us in this early period? Yeah, so the biggest thing is that it unites all 13 colonies who are now states under one government. This government is able to pass a really favorable treaty with Britain and end the Revolutionary War in 1783, the Treaty of Paris. Okay, so this is kind of the government that gets us through the Revolutionary War and is with us when we first start in the 1780s. | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
All right, so it sounds like there are some problems with the Articles of Confederation, but did they do anything good for us in this early period? Yeah, so the biggest thing is that it unites all 13 colonies who are now states under one government. This government is able to pass a really favorable treaty with Britain and end the Revolutionary War in 1783, the Treaty of Paris. Okay, so this is kind of the government that gets us through the Revolutionary War and is with us when we first start in the 1780s. Yeah, and one other specific law that they pass is the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. And this Northwest Ordinance kind of tells us how we are going to expand as we move west and what are we gonna do with that land. And that's a really important idea when we're moving forward with our country. | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Okay, so this is kind of the government that gets us through the Revolutionary War and is with us when we first start in the 1780s. Yeah, and one other specific law that they pass is the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. And this Northwest Ordinance kind of tells us how we are going to expand as we move west and what are we gonna do with that land. And that's a really important idea when we're moving forward with our country. The only problem is, with the Articles of Confederation, is there is a lot of things that we still have to figure out as we're growing, there's a lot of growing pains. So what led the early government of the United States to realize that they wanted to abandon these Articles of Confederation in favor of a different constitution? So the inciting incident is Shays' Rebellion. | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
And that's a really important idea when we're moving forward with our country. The only problem is, with the Articles of Confederation, is there is a lot of things that we still have to figure out as we're growing, there's a lot of growing pains. So what led the early government of the United States to realize that they wanted to abandon these Articles of Confederation in favor of a different constitution? So the inciting incident is Shays' Rebellion. It happens in Massachusetts and it's a group of farmers led by this guy named Daniel Shays. What's happening is that we had just gotten out of the Revolutionary War and a lot of the people who had fought in the Revolutionary War still hadn't gotten payment for their duty. They also were experiencing really high state taxes. | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So the inciting incident is Shays' Rebellion. It happens in Massachusetts and it's a group of farmers led by this guy named Daniel Shays. What's happening is that we had just gotten out of the Revolutionary War and a lot of the people who had fought in the Revolutionary War still hadn't gotten payment for their duty. They also were experiencing really high state taxes. So Daniel Shays and these farmers are very upset, obviously, and they're wanting their money and so they start a rebellion. But the problem is, with the way that the central government that was built, first, Congress had no ability to levy or collect taxes. If they couldn't collect taxes, they had no ability to actually pay back their farmers. | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
They also were experiencing really high state taxes. So Daniel Shays and these farmers are very upset, obviously, and they're wanting their money and so they start a rebellion. But the problem is, with the way that the central government that was built, first, Congress had no ability to levy or collect taxes. If they couldn't collect taxes, they had no ability to actually pay back their farmers. Along with that, they didn't have any money to create a military. So each state had their own militia, but the United States as a whole, as a country, did not have a military to suppress this rebellion. So on both ends, we are in a really bad situation politically. | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
If they couldn't collect taxes, they had no ability to actually pay back their farmers. Along with that, they didn't have any money to create a military. So each state had their own militia, but the United States as a whole, as a country, did not have a military to suppress this rebellion. So on both ends, we are in a really bad situation politically. Wow, so there's this moment where you find armed rebellion against the United States for a lack of money and the U.S. government finds that it can't raise money and it can't raise an army to put down this rebellion. Exactly, and so there is this fear immediately. And what we see is a lot of the founding fathers that we know and really respect today, like George Washington and Ben Franklin and Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, they get together and they say, this is a problem, we need to change what we have. | The Articles of Confederation Period 3 1754-1800 AP US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
As we saw in the last video, in 1942, we start to see the tide turn in the Pacific. Just as a reminder, in December of 1941, you have the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor, which brings the United States into World War II. And as we get into 1942, you have the Doolittle Raid on the mainland of Japan, which is a psychological victory for America and the Allies. Then you have the Battle of Coral Sea, and then Midway, Midway in particular was a huge, actually I shouldn't put red there, I should just leave it blue, it was a huge success for the American Navy, followed by Guadalcanal, where the US is actually, after which is able to go on the offensive against the Japanese. So we see a significant turning of the tide in 1942 in the Pacific. And it also turns out to be the case in Europe, that we see a turning of the tide in 1942. Just as Guadalcanal is occurring, you might remember that in 1941, Hitler and the Nazis decide that they want to attack the Soviet Union, probably not a good idea, they're gonna stretch themselves thin, but they do so, they do so anyway. | 1942 Tide turning in World War II in Europe The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Then you have the Battle of Coral Sea, and then Midway, Midway in particular was a huge, actually I shouldn't put red there, I should just leave it blue, it was a huge success for the American Navy, followed by Guadalcanal, where the US is actually, after which is able to go on the offensive against the Japanese. So we see a significant turning of the tide in 1942 in the Pacific. And it also turns out to be the case in Europe, that we see a turning of the tide in 1942. Just as Guadalcanal is occurring, you might remember that in 1941, Hitler and the Nazis decide that they want to attack the Soviet Union, probably not a good idea, they're gonna stretch themselves thin, but they do so, they do so anyway. They have the siege of Leningrad starts in 1941. And then in 1942, by August, they're able to reach Stalingrad, which is right about here. And Stalingrad, it's now called Volgograd, it's right about there, if the map extended over there. | 1942 Tide turning in World War II in Europe The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Just as Guadalcanal is occurring, you might remember that in 1941, Hitler and the Nazis decide that they want to attack the Soviet Union, probably not a good idea, they're gonna stretch themselves thin, but they do so, they do so anyway. They have the siege of Leningrad starts in 1941. And then in 1942, by August, they're able to reach Stalingrad, which is right about here. And Stalingrad, it's now called Volgograd, it's right about there, if the map extended over there. This is a major, I guess you could say battle or even series of battles in World War II, movies are made about Stalingrad. Incredibly bloody, incredibly, kind of this, you know, really, I mean, if you look at pictures of the city of Stalingrad after the siege, after the battles there, the city is essentially in ruins. But Stalingrad, the battle, or the battles, I guess you could say, at Stalingrad, they start in August of 1942, and they continue for several months going up to February of 1943. | 1942 Tide turning in World War II in Europe The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And Stalingrad, it's now called Volgograd, it's right about there, if the map extended over there. This is a major, I guess you could say battle or even series of battles in World War II, movies are made about Stalingrad. Incredibly bloody, incredibly, kind of this, you know, really, I mean, if you look at pictures of the city of Stalingrad after the siege, after the battles there, the city is essentially in ruins. But Stalingrad, the battle, or the battles, I guess you could say, at Stalingrad, they start in August of 1942, and they continue for several months going up to February of 1943. But this marks the turning point for Hitler. He's getting bogged down in Leningrad, getting bogged down in Stalingrad, eventually gets defeated in Stalingrad in early 1943, and his armies are really, really, really spread thin. So this is, Stalingrad is a hugely, hugely important, important event or series of events in World War II. | 1942 Tide turning in World War II in Europe The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
But Stalingrad, the battle, or the battles, I guess you could say, at Stalingrad, they start in August of 1942, and they continue for several months going up to February of 1943. But this marks the turning point for Hitler. He's getting bogged down in Leningrad, getting bogged down in Stalingrad, eventually gets defeated in Stalingrad in early 1943, and his armies are really, really, really spread thin. So this is, Stalingrad is a hugely, hugely important, important event or series of events in World War II. And let's just be clear where we are right now. Stalingrad commences in August of 19, August of 1942. And just to kind of frame it in your mind, relative to the Pacific theater, this is right around, plus or minus a few weeks, of when Guadalcanal was going on, conflict between the Japanese and the American navies. | 1942 Tide turning in World War II in Europe The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So this is, Stalingrad is a hugely, hugely important, important event or series of events in World War II. And let's just be clear where we are right now. Stalingrad commences in August of 19, August of 1942. And just to kind of frame it in your mind, relative to the Pacific theater, this is right around, plus or minus a few weeks, of when Guadalcanal was going on, conflict between the Japanese and the American navies. So you have this incredibly bloody battle or series of battles at Stalingrad. Then in October, we've been talking about this back and forth in North Africa. And some of you say, well, you know, why are they even worried about North Africa? | 1942 Tide turning in World War II in Europe The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And just to kind of frame it in your mind, relative to the Pacific theater, this is right around, plus or minus a few weeks, of when Guadalcanal was going on, conflict between the Japanese and the American navies. So you have this incredibly bloody battle or series of battles at Stalingrad. Then in October, we've been talking about this back and forth in North Africa. And some of you say, well, you know, why are they even worried about North Africa? And I should have mentioned this earlier, but we have to remember that there's something somewhat strategic here called the Suez Canal. Why is the Suez Canal strategic? Well, it connects the Mediterranean with the Red Sea and then eventually the Indian Ocean. | 1942 Tide turning in World War II in Europe The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And some of you say, well, you know, why are they even worried about North Africa? And I should have mentioned this earlier, but we have to remember that there's something somewhat strategic here called the Suez Canal. Why is the Suez Canal strategic? Well, it connects the Mediterranean with the Red Sea and then eventually the Indian Ocean. So you don't have to go all the way around Africa to go from Europe to the Indian Ocean. So it's an incredibly strategic, I guess, passage or a way to travel by sea between, well, I guess for the world, but especially between Europe and between Asia. And so you can imagine the British were very keen on protecting the Suez Canal, and the Axis would have loved to get control of the Suez Canal. | 1942 Tide turning in World War II in Europe The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Well, it connects the Mediterranean with the Red Sea and then eventually the Indian Ocean. So you don't have to go all the way around Africa to go from Europe to the Indian Ocean. So it's an incredibly strategic, I guess, passage or a way to travel by sea between, well, I guess for the world, but especially between Europe and between Asia. And so you can imagine the British were very keen on protecting the Suez Canal, and the Axis would have loved to get control of the Suez Canal. Let me write this right over here, is the Suez Canal. And as we go into October, if we go into October, so this is Stalingrad, commences right over here. And then if we go into October, you have the British are able to defeat the Axis or start to defeat the Axis, and then push them back. | 1942 Tide turning in World War II in Europe The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And so you can imagine the British were very keen on protecting the Suez Canal, and the Axis would have loved to get control of the Suez Canal. Let me write this right over here, is the Suez Canal. And as we go into October, if we go into October, so this is Stalingrad, commences right over here. And then if we go into October, you have the British are able to defeat the Axis or start to defeat the Axis, and then push them back. And this eventually leads to the British being able to go all the way to Tunisia. So this is kind of the final back and forth blow that kind of starts to secure victory for the Allies in North Africa. And at the same time that this is commencing in October, at the same time that this is commencing in October, you have other Allied forces starting to arrive in Morocco and Algeria. | 1942 Tide turning in World War II in Europe The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And then if we go into October, you have the British are able to defeat the Axis or start to defeat the Axis, and then push them back. And this eventually leads to the British being able to go all the way to Tunisia. So this is kind of the final back and forth blow that kind of starts to secure victory for the Allies in North Africa. And at the same time that this is commencing in October, at the same time that this is commencing in October, you have other Allied forces starting to arrive in Morocco and Algeria. Forces from the US are arriving in Morocco, and forces from the UK, from Great Britain, are arriving in Algeria. So this is going to give the Allies control of North Africa from which they can now mount assaults onto the European mainland, which we will see in the next series of videos. So definitely the tide is turning, and the Allies are starting to be able to go on the offensive both in the Pacific and in the European theater. | 1942 Tide turning in World War II in Europe The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Both would be very important to the United States' victory. All right, so let's take a look at our map again. Now, as we recall, Lee is here in Richmond, and Grant, who was in Tennessee, now coming over to challenge Lee at the siege of Richmond. So Grant has crossed over from the Western Theater of the war, where he's been pretty much the entire time, into the Eastern Theater, and he's kind of going for the killing blow now. And you'll remember that thanks to the Anaconda Strategy, the Union now has control of the entire area of the South through a blockade on this side, control of the Mississippi, and now control of Tennessee. So there's just this little area that's left. So now what happens? | Later stages of the Civil War part 2 (2).mp3 |
So Grant has crossed over from the Western Theater of the war, where he's been pretty much the entire time, into the Eastern Theater, and he's kind of going for the killing blow now. And you'll remember that thanks to the Anaconda Strategy, the Union now has control of the entire area of the South through a blockade on this side, control of the Mississippi, and now control of Tennessee. So there's just this little area that's left. So now what happens? Well, one of Grant's generals who served under him in this Tennessee campaign is now going to turn his attentions to a massive campaign of total war in the South. So this is William Tecumseh Sherman, and Sherman's idea is that he is going to cut a swath through the South, and he is going to try to destroy the South's morale by not only trying to get rid of foodstuffs and interrupt supply lines, destroy infrastructure, burn houses. He's gonna make things so bad on the home front that the Confederate soldiers who are fighting up here with Lee are gonna get upset that their property and their families are not being protected at home. | Later stages of the Civil War part 2 (2).mp3 |