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He's kind of on this mission to eliminate communism from all of Asia. So Truman is saying, limited war. Don't cross the Yalu River. And be careful. Don't start attacking Chinese up here and enrage them. And you're going to have them enter the war. MacArthur doesn't take that too seriously. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And be careful. Don't start attacking Chinese up here and enrage them. And you're going to have them enter the war. MacArthur doesn't take that too seriously. And he also says, look, I have to start bombing bombs across the Yalu River so that the Chinese won't be able to send troops and supplies to aid the North Koreans. So he's marching up all confident, going up against the Yalu River. And this whole time, the Chinese under Mao Zedong are sending a pretty substantial army. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
MacArthur doesn't take that too seriously. And he also says, look, I have to start bombing bombs across the Yalu River so that the Chinese won't be able to send troops and supplies to aid the North Koreans. So he's marching up all confident, going up against the Yalu River. And this whole time, the Chinese under Mao Zedong are sending a pretty substantial army. And they're able to do it secretly. They're able to march at night. And they even have these policies where if any surveillance planes go overhead, all of the Chinese soldiers have to freeze. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And this whole time, the Chinese under Mao Zedong are sending a pretty substantial army. And they're able to do it secretly. They're able to march at night. And they even have these policies where if any surveillance planes go overhead, all of the Chinese soldiers have to freeze. And if they don't freeze, someone else is allowed to shoot them. So everyone wants to freeze so that no one can really see them from above. So it's this really kind of a secret buildup of troops across the Yalu River. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And they even have these policies where if any surveillance planes go overhead, all of the Chinese soldiers have to freeze. And if they don't freeze, someone else is allowed to shoot them. So everyone wants to freeze so that no one can really see them from above. So it's this really kind of a secret buildup of troops across the Yalu River. And this whole time, MacArthur is just ultra, ultra confident about what's happening over here. But then you fast forward until the end of October. The Americans think that they're on the verge of winning the Korean War. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So it's this really kind of a secret buildup of troops across the Yalu River. And this whole time, MacArthur is just ultra, ultra confident about what's happening over here. But then you fast forward until the end of October. The Americans think that they're on the verge of winning the Korean War. And all of a sudden, you have the Chinese cross the Yalu River. And the Americans didn't even know that the Chinese had major forces ready to cross. And once again, it's just like a game of risk. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
The Americans think that they're on the verge of winning the Korean War. And all of a sudden, you have the Chinese cross the Yalu River. And the Americans didn't even know that the Chinese had major forces ready to cross. And once again, it's just like a game of risk. So now you have the Chinese cross. They catch the Americans unsuspected. They engage a few times. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And once again, it's just like a game of risk. So now you have the Chinese cross. They catch the Americans unsuspected. They engage a few times. The Americans weren't sure if the Chinese were serious. So they keep reengaging them. But then it becomes clear, yes, the Chinese are serious. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
They engage a few times. The Americans weren't sure if the Chinese were serious. So they keep reengaging them. But then it becomes clear, yes, the Chinese are serious. The Chinese are serious. And essentially, the Chinese are able to push back the Americans and the South Koreans all the way back so that they're able to recapture Seoul. But once again, like any game of risk, now the Chinese are spread thin. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
But then it becomes clear, yes, the Chinese are serious. The Chinese are serious. And essentially, the Chinese are able to push back the Americans and the South Koreans all the way back so that they're able to recapture Seoul. But once again, like any game of risk, now the Chinese are spread thin. The Americans and the South Koreans and all the other UN forces, although the UN forces are mainly the Americans, are able to regroup. And then in March, so Seoul has changed hands four times. So in March, they're able to retake Seoul again. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
But once again, like any game of risk, now the Chinese are spread thin. The Americans and the South Koreans and all the other UN forces, although the UN forces are mainly the Americans, are able to regroup. And then in March, so Seoul has changed hands four times. So in March, they're able to retake Seoul again. They're able to retake Seoul again. And at this point, MacArthur, ultra confident, he's telling the Chinese, you've essentially lost. He's even trying to get permissions to use nuclear weapons against the Chinese. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So in March, they're able to retake Seoul again. They're able to retake Seoul again. And at this point, MacArthur, ultra confident, he's telling the Chinese, you've essentially lost. He's even trying to get permissions to use nuclear weapons against the Chinese. To some degree, he doesn't even think he needs the permission of Truman to stop. It sounds like he's eager to push the Chinese further back, even though they kind of surprised him the first go around. So Truman has enough of this wild card guy who thinks that he can call the shots and use nuclear weapons if he wants to willy-nilly. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
He's even trying to get permissions to use nuclear weapons against the Chinese. To some degree, he doesn't even think he needs the permission of Truman to stop. It sounds like he's eager to push the Chinese further back, even though they kind of surprised him the first go around. So Truman has enough of this wild card guy who thinks that he can call the shots and use nuclear weapons if he wants to willy-nilly. And so Truman finally dismisses MacArthur in April of 1951. And at this point, you start having a stalemate near the 30th parallel. So you start having a stalemate across this border right over there. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So Truman has enough of this wild card guy who thinks that he can call the shots and use nuclear weapons if he wants to willy-nilly. And so Truman finally dismisses MacArthur in April of 1951. And at this point, you start having a stalemate near the 30th parallel. So you start having a stalemate across this border right over there. And both sides think the end of the war is imminent. They're like, OK, we're back to where we both began. We should both stop here. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So you start having a stalemate across this border right over there. And both sides think the end of the war is imminent. They're like, OK, we're back to where we both began. We should both stop here. But the negotiations, unfortunately, took over two years. And there's a lot of, I guess, back and forth about what to do with prisoners of war and all of the rest. But it finally took two years so that in July 27, 1953, you have an armistice signed between the two parties. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
We should both stop here. But the negotiations, unfortunately, took over two years. And there's a lot of, I guess, back and forth about what to do with prisoners of war and all of the rest. But it finally took two years so that in July 27, 1953, you have an armistice signed between the two parties. And I want to make it clear. An armistice agreement, it is not a peace treaty. It is not saying that we both agree that this is the border of our two new countries and that we are now at peace with each other. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
But it finally took two years so that in July 27, 1953, you have an armistice signed between the two parties. And I want to make it clear. An armistice agreement, it is not a peace treaty. It is not saying that we both agree that this is the border of our two new countries and that we are now at peace with each other. All an armistice means is that we're going to stop fighting. It is not a formal end to the war. So in theory, North and South Korea, even to this day, are in a state of war. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
It is not saying that we both agree that this is the border of our two new countries and that we are now at peace with each other. All an armistice means is that we're going to stop fighting. It is not a formal end to the war. So in theory, North and South Korea, even to this day, are in a state of war. And to this day, I'm recording this video in 2011. Maybe if you view this in the future, hopefully they won't be in an official state of war. But they're in an official state of war under an armistice. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
So in theory, North and South Korea, even to this day, are in a state of war. And to this day, I'm recording this video in 2011. Maybe if you view this in the future, hopefully they won't be in an official state of war. But they're in an official state of war under an armistice. They've just agreed to stop fighting. So all in all, you have this hugely bloody battle with all of these atrocities going on on both sides. Syngman Rhee, when he was the first time the North Korean troops were rolling into South Korea, he essentially beforehand, he was kind of imprisoning a bunch of people who he suspected to be communists. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
But they're in an official state of war under an armistice. They've just agreed to stop fighting. So all in all, you have this hugely bloody battle with all of these atrocities going on on both sides. Syngman Rhee, when he was the first time the North Korean troops were rolling into South Korea, he essentially beforehand, he was kind of imprisoning a bunch of people who he suspected to be communists. And when I'm talking about people, I'm talking about whole families sometimes. And when he was retreating, he essentially allowed the massacre of a huge number of people who were just suspected of being communists. And these weren't just military men. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
Syngman Rhee, when he was the first time the North Korean troops were rolling into South Korea, he essentially beforehand, he was kind of imprisoning a bunch of people who he suspected to be communists. And when I'm talking about people, I'm talking about whole families sometimes. And when he was retreating, he essentially allowed the massacre of a huge number of people who were just suspected of being communists. And these weren't just military men. These were women. These were children. These were entire families. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
And these weren't just military men. These were women. These were children. These were entire families. So he's guilty of that. And Kim Il-sung, just as guilty. When the North Korean soldiers infiltrated the South Korean Seoul, they committed atrocities, killing civil servants, killing any of the kind of established intellectuals in the area. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
These were entire families. So he's guilty of that. And Kim Il-sung, just as guilty. When the North Korean soldiers infiltrated the South Korean Seoul, they committed atrocities, killing civil servants, killing any of the kind of established intellectuals in the area. So on both sides, this hugely horrific war. And just to get a sense of what was happening, you know, Korea isn't a huge country. But you have within Korea, the civilian debts, 1.5 to 3 million civilian debts. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
When the North Korean soldiers infiltrated the South Korean Seoul, they committed atrocities, killing civil servants, killing any of the kind of established intellectuals in the area. So on both sides, this hugely horrific war. And just to get a sense of what was happening, you know, Korea isn't a huge country. But you have within Korea, the civilian debts, 1.5 to 3 million civilian debts. And the consensus is at 2 million. And this tells you how ugly war is. You can't even estimate how many people died to the nearest 500,000 people. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
But you have within Korea, the civilian debts, 1.5 to 3 million civilian debts. And the consensus is at 2 million. And this tells you how ugly war is. You can't even estimate how many people died to the nearest 500,000 people. You just don't know what happened. But 2 million people died in a country that's not too big. You have 30, all in all, you have about 40,000 American soldiers dying. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
You can't even estimate how many people died to the nearest 500,000 people. You just don't know what happened. But 2 million people died in a country that's not too big. You have 30, all in all, you have about 40,000 American soldiers dying. China loses on the order of, depending on the estimates, 400,000 soldiers. I mean, the estimates are all over the place. North Korea loses on the order of the same magnitude of soldiers. | Korean War overview The 20th century World history Khan Academy.mp3 |
In the last video, I started discussing the Second Great Awakening, which was this era of increased religious fervor, religious conversion, and religiously inspired social action that happened in the early 19th century of the United States' history. So approximately 1790 to 1850, although I'd say the height of this time was from about 1820 to 1840. And the Second Great Awakening involved circuit riders who were preachers without their own congregation going out, setting up these camp meetings where they would preach to thousands of people about a very emotional version of Christianity. And this included encouraging individuals to give up their ways as sinners and to work for the creation of heaven on earth. But when we think as historians, it's not enough just to say, okay, there was an explosion of religion in American culture in the early 19th century. Instead, we wanna say, what conditions in American life led to this explosion? Why did this major cultural change happen? | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
And this included encouraging individuals to give up their ways as sinners and to work for the creation of heaven on earth. But when we think as historians, it's not enough just to say, okay, there was an explosion of religion in American culture in the early 19th century. Instead, we wanna say, what conditions in American life led to this explosion? Why did this major cultural change happen? So let's explore some of what was going on in the early 19th century that led people to reinterpret religion. As I described in the last video, the Second Great Awakening is part of this larger web of cultural, social, and political movements and economic movements that are going on in this time period. Historians have spent a lot of time trying to figure out what was going on in American life that led to this sudden reemergence of religious devotion. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
Why did this major cultural change happen? So let's explore some of what was going on in the early 19th century that led people to reinterpret religion. As I described in the last video, the Second Great Awakening is part of this larger web of cultural, social, and political movements and economic movements that are going on in this time period. Historians have spent a lot of time trying to figure out what was going on in American life that led to this sudden reemergence of religious devotion. So let's explore more on this side of our web. And I have two maps for us to explore here. One is a map of the Erie Canal. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
Historians have spent a lot of time trying to figure out what was going on in American life that led to this sudden reemergence of religious devotion. So let's explore more on this side of our web. And I have two maps for us to explore here. One is a map of the Erie Canal. And this canal, which allowed goods and crops and all sorts of things to be transported from western New York down to the port of New York City, and this is kind of the area that we're looking at here. See if I can make it a little more obvious. So this is a blowup of that little region right there. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
One is a map of the Erie Canal. And this canal, which allowed goods and crops and all sorts of things to be transported from western New York down to the port of New York City, and this is kind of the area that we're looking at here. See if I can make it a little more obvious. So this is a blowup of that little region right there. This canal was completed in 1825. And I tell you this not just because canals are awesome, although they are, but because the Erie Canal is a really important moment in what's called the Market Revolution. Now, I'll go more into the Market Revolution in another video, but what's important about the Market Revolution is that it's this time when how Americans did business and their social interactions with people that they did business with really changed a lot. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
So this is a blowup of that little region right there. This canal was completed in 1825. And I tell you this not just because canals are awesome, although they are, but because the Erie Canal is a really important moment in what's called the Market Revolution. Now, I'll go more into the Market Revolution in another video, but what's important about the Market Revolution is that it's this time when how Americans did business and their social interactions with people that they did business with really changed a lot. So there are a couple important aspects of the Market Revolution. One of these is a revolution in transportation, which includes the invention and slow expansion of railroads, canals like the Erie Canal, steamships, and steamships let you do things like go the wrong way up the Mississippi River and look at all the farmland that leads to this port of New Orleans here. So these new forms of transportation make it much easier for farmers and people who produce goods to get those goods to distant markets. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
Now, I'll go more into the Market Revolution in another video, but what's important about the Market Revolution is that it's this time when how Americans did business and their social interactions with people that they did business with really changed a lot. So there are a couple important aspects of the Market Revolution. One of these is a revolution in transportation, which includes the invention and slow expansion of railroads, canals like the Erie Canal, steamships, and steamships let you do things like go the wrong way up the Mississippi River and look at all the farmland that leads to this port of New Orleans here. So these new forms of transportation make it much easier for farmers and people who produce goods to get those goods to distant markets. So if you're a farmer here in Buffalo, now instead of only being able to sell your apples, say, to people who live within a certain radius before your apples go bad, you can just put them on a nice little barge on the Erie Canal and send them down to New York City within a number of days. Likewise, if you're farming wheat in Missouri, you don't have to sell to just people in here. You can now sell to people all the way down in New Orleans, and that means you can also even sell to people internationally, right? | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
So these new forms of transportation make it much easier for farmers and people who produce goods to get those goods to distant markets. So if you're a farmer here in Buffalo, now instead of only being able to sell your apples, say, to people who live within a certain radius before your apples go bad, you can just put them on a nice little barge on the Erie Canal and send them down to New York City within a number of days. Likewise, if you're farming wheat in Missouri, you don't have to sell to just people in here. You can now sell to people all the way down in New Orleans, and that means you can also even sell to people internationally, right? These are the big ports, New York City, Philadelphia, Charleston. So as a producer of goods, you are not just part of a small local market. You're now part of an international market, and it also means you're gonna need ways of communicating with people who are far away, like a telegraph, for example. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
You can now sell to people all the way down in New Orleans, and that means you can also even sell to people internationally, right? These are the big ports, New York City, Philadelphia, Charleston. So as a producer of goods, you are not just part of a small local market. You're now part of an international market, and it also means you're gonna need ways of communicating with people who are far away, like a telegraph, for example. But one more anxious aspect of this new kind of market-based system is that you're no longer doing business quite so much with people that you know. So you might correspond only by letter or by telegram to the main buyer for your crops. And likewise, someone who's buying those crops might only be able to correspond distantly with the person who's producing them. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
You're now part of an international market, and it also means you're gonna need ways of communicating with people who are far away, like a telegraph, for example. But one more anxious aspect of this new kind of market-based system is that you're no longer doing business quite so much with people that you know. So you might correspond only by letter or by telegram to the main buyer for your crops. And likewise, someone who's buying those crops might only be able to correspond distantly with the person who's producing them. So this personal relationship between people who are exchanging goods and services starts to erode, and that's very anxious for a lot of people. How do you know that the person on the other end of your transaction isn't going to con you in some way? You see this a lot in this time period. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
And likewise, someone who's buying those crops might only be able to correspond distantly with the person who's producing them. So this personal relationship between people who are exchanging goods and services starts to erode, and that's very anxious for a lot of people. How do you know that the person on the other end of your transaction isn't going to con you in some way? You see this a lot in this time period. The United States also starts to urbanize, and there's lots of writing about how people worry that the people that they're passing on the street might be con men or otherwise out to get them. You know, in many ways, up until this time, the United States had something of a barter economy. If you look at people's personal ledgers, you know, everybody kept a very detailed log of what they had given to whom and who they owed what. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
You see this a lot in this time period. The United States also starts to urbanize, and there's lots of writing about how people worry that the people that they're passing on the street might be con men or otherwise out to get them. You know, in many ways, up until this time, the United States had something of a barter economy. If you look at people's personal ledgers, you know, everybody kept a very detailed log of what they had given to whom and who they owed what. In an average day, somebody might give you a carton of eggs on credit, and you might build a log cabin for somebody on credit because there was this mutual community system of giving and owing that everyone had a notion could be enforced, at least through social mores. Now as people begin dealing distantly, those social mores don't exist, and it makes people really nervous. The other aspect of this market revolution that I think is pretty important is in this time period, more and more people start working for wages as opposed to being subsistence farmers. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
If you look at people's personal ledgers, you know, everybody kept a very detailed log of what they had given to whom and who they owed what. In an average day, somebody might give you a carton of eggs on credit, and you might build a log cabin for somebody on credit because there was this mutual community system of giving and owing that everyone had a notion could be enforced, at least through social mores. Now as people begin dealing distantly, those social mores don't exist, and it makes people really nervous. The other aspect of this market revolution that I think is pretty important is in this time period, more and more people start working for wages as opposed to being subsistence farmers. So, you know, in the early colonial period, most people worked as kind of a family unit. Various tasks might be assigned to various family members, but one way or another, everybody worked in the home. Now as factories start to spring up as part of the market revolution, people are going to work for wages, and typically involves a man leaving the home and the woman remaining in it. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
The other aspect of this market revolution that I think is pretty important is in this time period, more and more people start working for wages as opposed to being subsistence farmers. So, you know, in the early colonial period, most people worked as kind of a family unit. Various tasks might be assigned to various family members, but one way or another, everybody worked in the home. Now as factories start to spring up as part of the market revolution, people are going to work for wages, and typically involves a man leaving the home and the woman remaining in it. So we get what was known as the cult of domesticity, where women are the guardians of the home and the moral guardians of their families, and men go out into the cruel world and toil away for their daily bread. So why does that matter? Well, one reason that it matters is because people are now no longer their own bosses. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
Now as factories start to spring up as part of the market revolution, people are going to work for wages, and typically involves a man leaving the home and the woman remaining in it. So we get what was known as the cult of domesticity, where women are the guardians of the home and the moral guardians of their families, and men go out into the cruel world and toil away for their daily bread. So why does that matter? Well, one reason that it matters is because people are now no longer their own bosses. Somebody else is the boss of that person, and they only have so much motivation to get something done, right? If your whole family's subsistence depends on you making sure that you get this crop in on time, you're gonna make sure it happens. But if you're just being paid by the hour to run a spindle at a textile factory, how much money your boss makes off your labor isn't really your concern. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
Well, one reason that it matters is because people are now no longer their own bosses. Somebody else is the boss of that person, and they only have so much motivation to get something done, right? If your whole family's subsistence depends on you making sure that you get this crop in on time, you're gonna make sure it happens. But if you're just being paid by the hour to run a spindle at a textile factory, how much money your boss makes off your labor isn't really your concern. And so there's a lot of anxiety around making what had been basically a farming nation into an industrial nation. How does one behave as a worker in a factory, and how does one as a factory owner make sure that you have a sober, intelligent, hardworking but not too rowdy workforce? So both of these innovations, the relationship between buyers and sellers and distant markets, and the relationship between factory owners and factory workers create anxiety about how you're going to know people are good, how you're going to know that people are holding up their end in society. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
But if you're just being paid by the hour to run a spindle at a textile factory, how much money your boss makes off your labor isn't really your concern. And so there's a lot of anxiety around making what had been basically a farming nation into an industrial nation. How does one behave as a worker in a factory, and how does one as a factory owner make sure that you have a sober, intelligent, hardworking but not too rowdy workforce? So both of these innovations, the relationship between buyers and sellers and distant markets, and the relationship between factory owners and factory workers create anxiety about how you're going to know people are good, how you're going to know that people are holding up their end in society. And one way to promote that is through religion, which tells you not to be a sinner, which tells you to do a good job, which tells you to be a productive member of society and work for the common good and promote your moral compass. Now that's just one explanation for why the Second Great Awakening took off in this time period. And you can tell it's kind of a grim one, right, in terms of promoting religion basically to keep people in line. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
So both of these innovations, the relationship between buyers and sellers and distant markets, and the relationship between factory owners and factory workers create anxiety about how you're going to know people are good, how you're going to know that people are holding up their end in society. And one way to promote that is through religion, which tells you not to be a sinner, which tells you to do a good job, which tells you to be a productive member of society and work for the common good and promote your moral compass. Now that's just one explanation for why the Second Great Awakening took off in this time period. And you can tell it's kind of a grim one, right, in terms of promoting religion basically to keep people in line. But that's not the only possible explanation for why the Second Great Awakening may have happened. There are also a bunch of social changes in this time period that could be serious contributors to this explosion of religion. Now one of these was just westward expansion in general. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
And you can tell it's kind of a grim one, right, in terms of promoting religion basically to keep people in line. But that's not the only possible explanation for why the Second Great Awakening may have happened. There are also a bunch of social changes in this time period that could be serious contributors to this explosion of religion. Now one of these was just westward expansion in general. So as the United States moved west, the rate of western expansion really actually increased in this time period. So about 1790, the center of American population was about here, right? So just think about both north and south, east and west, where people lived. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
Now one of these was just westward expansion in general. So as the United States moved west, the rate of western expansion really actually increased in this time period. So about 1790, the center of American population was about here, right? So just think about both north and south, east and west, where people lived. If you kind of totaled them all up and put a dot right in the middle of where everybody lived, it would just be right here, kind of on the eastern seaboard, as everyone's pretty close to the coast. By 1840, the center of population was way over here. So just think, if this is all the people who had to live there to be on either side of that line, think of how many people have to be on either side of this line for the population to have its center right there. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
So just think about both north and south, east and west, where people lived. If you kind of totaled them all up and put a dot right in the middle of where everybody lived, it would just be right here, kind of on the eastern seaboard, as everyone's pretty close to the coast. By 1840, the center of population was way over here. So just think, if this is all the people who had to live there to be on either side of that line, think of how many people have to be on either side of this line for the population to have its center right there. So people have really spread out in this time period, where before there was kind of this east coast elite where all the money was. Now the market revolution has meant that people who live along these byways, live along rivers and canals and railroads, those towns are gonna start having people in them with some money, and so the middle class expands, and the amount of people who have the vote expands. So it's really a time of expanding democracy in general, both in terms of wealth and in terms of political power. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
So just think, if this is all the people who had to live there to be on either side of that line, think of how many people have to be on either side of this line for the population to have its center right there. So people have really spread out in this time period, where before there was kind of this east coast elite where all the money was. Now the market revolution has meant that people who live along these byways, live along rivers and canals and railroads, those towns are gonna start having people in them with some money, and so the middle class expands, and the amount of people who have the vote expands. So it's really a time of expanding democracy in general, both in terms of wealth and in terms of political power. And so you can see why a religion like that promoted, in the second great awakening, the Baptists, the Methodists that said, anyone can have a relationship with God, would become more popular as more and more people started to kind of take their own fates in their own hands, right? This is the time of the rugged individual, a very popular idea that one pulled oneself up by the bootstraps, and that's the pioneering spirit. So very characteristic American values that went into making a type of religion with more individuality, with more possibilities for more people, much more popular in this time period. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
So it's really a time of expanding democracy in general, both in terms of wealth and in terms of political power. And so you can see why a religion like that promoted, in the second great awakening, the Baptists, the Methodists that said, anyone can have a relationship with God, would become more popular as more and more people started to kind of take their own fates in their own hands, right? This is the time of the rugged individual, a very popular idea that one pulled oneself up by the bootstraps, and that's the pioneering spirit. So very characteristic American values that went into making a type of religion with more individuality, with more possibilities for more people, much more popular in this time period. And there's one case of this that I think is really interesting, and it's in western New York. So in western New York, there's the town of Rochester. And Rochester is really like a boom town. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
So very characteristic American values that went into making a type of religion with more individuality, with more possibilities for more people, much more popular in this time period. And there's one case of this that I think is really interesting, and it's in western New York. So in western New York, there's the town of Rochester. And Rochester is really like a boom town. It's along the Erie Canal, as we saw in the previous map. And Rochester becomes kind of almost the epicenter of new religious movements in this time period. So within this radius of Rochester, people called this the burned over district, because there were so many religious revivals in this time period that it was like the whole district was burned over with hellfire, these preachers coming past and talking about the apocalypse. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
And Rochester is really like a boom town. It's along the Erie Canal, as we saw in the previous map. And Rochester becomes kind of almost the epicenter of new religious movements in this time period. So within this radius of Rochester, people called this the burned over district, because there were so many religious revivals in this time period that it was like the whole district was burned over with hellfire, these preachers coming past and talking about the apocalypse. And so we'll get to talking more about some of the religious movements that come out of this, but within just a couple of miles of Rochester, the Oneida community was born, spiritualism, which was the religion that's kind of based around seances, was born. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, often called the Mormons, their religion was born outside Rochester. Even the Shakers were founded in upstate New York near Albany. | The Second Great Awakening - part 2 (2).mp3 |
When last we left our English colonists at Jamestown, things were finally starting to go their way. Lord Delaware had successfully led English forces in their war of extinction against the nearby Algonquin tribe, the Powhatans, and John Rolfe had discovered that Virginia was a perfect place to grow tobacco. So even though they didn't find gold in Virginia, they found something that was almost as good, and that was a luxury commodity that people in Europe were very eager to buy. But tobacco was incredibly labor intensive to grow and process. So in this video, let's talk a little bit more about what that need for labor meant as the Virginia colony began to grow. Now in the last video, I mentioned that the very first ship bearing enslaved Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619. So just 12 years after Jamestown was founded, Africans had been brought to the area. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
But tobacco was incredibly labor intensive to grow and process. So in this video, let's talk a little bit more about what that need for labor meant as the Virginia colony began to grow. Now in the last video, I mentioned that the very first ship bearing enslaved Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619. So just 12 years after Jamestown was founded, Africans had been brought to the area. So this shows that enslaved Africans were some of the very first people who weren't of native origin in the New World and would help shape the English colonies pretty much from the very start. But even though there were enslaved Africans in Virginia that early, the system of broad race-based slavery that will really kick in in the early 20th century and characterize the American South up until the Civil War didn't get started right away. And there were a couple of reasons for that. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
So just 12 years after Jamestown was founded, Africans had been brought to the area. So this shows that enslaved Africans were some of the very first people who weren't of native origin in the New World and would help shape the English colonies pretty much from the very start. But even though there were enslaved Africans in Virginia that early, the system of broad race-based slavery that will really kick in in the early 20th century and characterize the American South up until the Civil War didn't get started right away. And there were a couple of reasons for that. One was, as we've mentioned many times, it was not particularly healthy to live in this area. You can see here, this is pretty much all a giant swamp. To this day, some people joke that one of the reasons that Washington, D.C. was founded here in this area of Virginia is that it is so unpleasant to be there. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
And there were a couple of reasons for that. One was, as we've mentioned many times, it was not particularly healthy to live in this area. You can see here, this is pretty much all a giant swamp. To this day, some people joke that one of the reasons that Washington, D.C. was founded here in this area of Virginia is that it is so unpleasant to be there. They thought it would keep the American government smaller because legislators wouldn't actually want to go to the capital. So a pretty good number of people who came to the New World in these early years died of mosquito-borne diseases. So swamp, standing water, mosquitoes, leads to epidemics. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
To this day, some people joke that one of the reasons that Washington, D.C. was founded here in this area of Virginia is that it is so unpleasant to be there. They thought it would keep the American government smaller because legislators wouldn't actually want to go to the capital. So a pretty good number of people who came to the New World in these early years died of mosquito-borne diseases. So swamp, standing water, mosquitoes, leads to epidemics. So say I'm an English planter, and I want to plant a lot of tobacco, many acres of tobacco. So I'm gonna need some people to help me. Now, I have some choices. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
So swamp, standing water, mosquitoes, leads to epidemics. So say I'm an English planter, and I want to plant a lot of tobacco, many acres of tobacco. So I'm gonna need some people to help me. Now, I have some choices. I could purchase an enslaved African person from one of these ships, and that might cost me hundreds of pounds. Slaves are pretty expensive. And since it's such an unhealthy environment in this area, there is a reasonable chance that any person that I purchase might die within a year or so, and then I'd lose my investment. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
Now, I have some choices. I could purchase an enslaved African person from one of these ships, and that might cost me hundreds of pounds. Slaves are pretty expensive. And since it's such an unhealthy environment in this area, there is a reasonable chance that any person that I purchase might die within a year or so, and then I'd lose my investment. So this is a pretty cruel and terrible form of economics, but if you're a planter in this time period, this is exactly how you're thinking. Now, my other option for help is to bring over white laborers from England, and these are called indentured servants. So perhaps there is a young man living in London. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
And since it's such an unhealthy environment in this area, there is a reasonable chance that any person that I purchase might die within a year or so, and then I'd lose my investment. So this is a pretty cruel and terrible form of economics, but if you're a planter in this time period, this is exactly how you're thinking. Now, my other option for help is to bring over white laborers from England, and these are called indentured servants. So perhaps there is a young man living in London. He has lots of older brothers, so he's not gonna inherit anything. He doesn't have much in the way of economic opportunity, so he thinks, I could go for a new start in the new world, but I don't have the money to pay my passage on a ship across the Atlantic. So what the planters would do is they would say, all right, I will pay your fare across the Atlantic, maybe that's 15 pounds, say, and in exchange, you will work for me for a period of, say, three to seven years. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
So perhaps there is a young man living in London. He has lots of older brothers, so he's not gonna inherit anything. He doesn't have much in the way of economic opportunity, so he thinks, I could go for a new start in the new world, but I don't have the money to pay my passage on a ship across the Atlantic. So what the planters would do is they would say, all right, I will pay your fare across the Atlantic, maybe that's 15 pounds, say, and in exchange, you will work for me for a period of, say, three to seven years. Now, some indentures were shorter than that, some were longer, but this is a kind of a general guideline of how long they might work, and at the end of that three years, you will get land of your own, and I will give you some tools and clothes, things you need to succeed, and then you can be your own planter. So this was a pretty good investment if you were a young person without many opportunities in England. There is only one problem, and it's the same problem we've been talking about all along, is that this is a swamp full of mosquitoes, and you are quite likely to die in Virginia. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
So what the planters would do is they would say, all right, I will pay your fare across the Atlantic, maybe that's 15 pounds, say, and in exchange, you will work for me for a period of, say, three to seven years. Now, some indentures were shorter than that, some were longer, but this is a kind of a general guideline of how long they might work, and at the end of that three years, you will get land of your own, and I will give you some tools and clothes, things you need to succeed, and then you can be your own planter. So this was a pretty good investment if you were a young person without many opportunities in England. There is only one problem, and it's the same problem we've been talking about all along, is that this is a swamp full of mosquitoes, and you are quite likely to die in Virginia. So this actually turned out to be a pretty good deal for the planters who were there early. They also took advantage of something called the headright system, which meant that they got 50 acres of land in Virginia, and of course, this is just Native Americans' land that they're just appropriating for themselves, but that's a whole separate issue. So you got 50 acres more land every time you brought one person over from England. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
There is only one problem, and it's the same problem we've been talking about all along, is that this is a swamp full of mosquitoes, and you are quite likely to die in Virginia. So this actually turned out to be a pretty good deal for the planters who were there early. They also took advantage of something called the headright system, which meant that they got 50 acres of land in Virginia, and of course, this is just Native Americans' land that they're just appropriating for themselves, but that's a whole separate issue. So you got 50 acres more land every time you brought one person over from England. So if you could afford to bring more and more of these indentured servants over from England, you could amass huge, huge amounts of property, just gigantic tobacco plantations. And early on in the history of indentured servitude, very few of the servants, a pretty small percentage, actually lived to finish their indenture and to make good on this promise of land for themselves and tools and clothes to get started. So this very quickly begins to build a social structure in Virginia where there are a few planters who are extremely wealthy, who own lots of land, and then there's everybody else. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
So you got 50 acres more land every time you brought one person over from England. So if you could afford to bring more and more of these indentured servants over from England, you could amass huge, huge amounts of property, just gigantic tobacco plantations. And early on in the history of indentured servitude, very few of the servants, a pretty small percentage, actually lived to finish their indenture and to make good on this promise of land for themselves and tools and clothes to get started. So this very quickly begins to build a social structure in Virginia where there are a few planters who are extremely wealthy, who own lots of land, and then there's everybody else. There's a large number of indentured servants who've only been there for a couple of years, who may or may not live to see out the end of their indenture. So this is kind of a large lower class. And then there are a handful of small farmers who managed to live through their period of indenture, are now getting started on their own. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
So this very quickly begins to build a social structure in Virginia where there are a few planters who are extremely wealthy, who own lots of land, and then there's everybody else. There's a large number of indentured servants who've only been there for a couple of years, who may or may not live to see out the end of their indenture. So this is kind of a large lower class. And then there are a handful of small farmers who managed to live through their period of indenture, are now getting started on their own. And then there's just a tiny smattering of enslaved Africans. So just a few slaves in Virginia. This is in the early years of the 1600s. | Jamestown - life and labor in the Chesapeake.mp3 |
All right, Kim, so we left off in, I guess, early, mid-1861. You have Lincoln gets inaugurated, Fort Sumter, which is kind of the first real conflict of the war, if not the first major battle. Lincoln forms this volunteer army, and then the rest of the southern states secede, four more states secede. Right. And then what was the first major conflict? So, the first major conflict comes after a number of months. There are a couple of little skirmishes here and there, but nothing super large until about 60,000 troops meet outside of Manassas, Virginia, at a place called Bull Run. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Right. And then what was the first major conflict? So, the first major conflict comes after a number of months. There are a couple of little skirmishes here and there, but nothing super large until about 60,000 troops meet outside of Manassas, Virginia, at a place called Bull Run. An interesting fact, I think, is that Union armies and Confederate armies actually named battles different things, if you've ever been confused about this. Union armies tended to name battles after bodies of water, whereas the Confederate armies tended to name them by nearby towns. So, if you've ever heard the Battle of Manassas and the Battle of Bull Run, they're actually the same thing. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
There are a couple of little skirmishes here and there, but nothing super large until about 60,000 troops meet outside of Manassas, Virginia, at a place called Bull Run. An interesting fact, I think, is that Union armies and Confederate armies actually named battles different things, if you've ever been confused about this. Union armies tended to name battles after bodies of water, whereas the Confederate armies tended to name them by nearby towns. So, if you've ever heard the Battle of Manassas and the Battle of Bull Run, they're actually the same thing. It's just the Union officers are talking about this creek, Bull Run, whereas the Confederates are talking about the town nearby. I see, and 60,000 troops between the two of them. Right. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So, if you've ever heard the Battle of Manassas and the Battle of Bull Run, they're actually the same thing. It's just the Union officers are talking about this creek, Bull Run, whereas the Confederates are talking about the town nearby. I see, and 60,000 troops between the two of them. Right. So, they meet, and this is very close to Washington, D.C., so much so that people go out and they bring picnics to watch this battle like it was... They think it's going to be entertaining. Yeah, they think it's going to be like a football game, and it is not like a football game. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Right. So, they meet, and this is very close to Washington, D.C., so much so that people go out and they bring picnics to watch this battle like it was... They think it's going to be entertaining. Yeah, they think it's going to be like a football game, and it is not like a football game. It is a gigantic battle. 800 people die that day, which doesn't sound like a lot to us, but it was the most deadly battle ever in American history up until that point. So, it's a Confederate victory, which is very surprising to the Union because they think that they have such superior forces that this is really going to be a very short war. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Yeah, they think it's going to be like a football game, and it is not like a football game. It is a gigantic battle. 800 people die that day, which doesn't sound like a lot to us, but it was the most deadly battle ever in American history up until that point. So, it's a Confederate victory, which is very surprising to the Union because they think that they have such superior forces that this is really going to be a very short war. This is a quick rebellion in 90 days. We're going to be able to suppress this rebellion, and that'll be it. But Bull Run is really the first sign that this is going to be a major war. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So, it's a Confederate victory, which is very surprising to the Union because they think that they have such superior forces that this is really going to be a very short war. This is a quick rebellion in 90 days. We're going to be able to suppress this rebellion, and that'll be it. But Bull Run is really the first sign that this is going to be a major war. It's not going to be quick, and it is going to be very deadly. This was July of 1861. Okay, so now it's clear to both sides, especially, I guess you could say, the North, that this is not going to be a short war. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
But Bull Run is really the first sign that this is going to be a major war. It's not going to be quick, and it is going to be very deadly. This was July of 1861. Okay, so now it's clear to both sides, especially, I guess you could say, the North, that this is not going to be a short war. So, they need to prepare. How are they approaching this? Well, so both sides have some advantages and disadvantages. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Okay, so now it's clear to both sides, especially, I guess you could say, the North, that this is not going to be a short war. So, they need to prepare. How are they approaching this? Well, so both sides have some advantages and disadvantages. For the South, they have some of the same advantages that the United States would have had during the war for independence. They have home court advantage, we could say, which is that they know the territory very well, and also there's a real incentive for people to protect their homes. You're going to care more about a war that's happening on your property than a war that's going to happen very far away. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Well, so both sides have some advantages and disadvantages. For the South, they have some of the same advantages that the United States would have had during the war for independence. They have home court advantage, we could say, which is that they know the territory very well, and also there's a real incentive for people to protect their homes. You're going to care more about a war that's happening on your property than a war that's going to happen very far away. The other advantage that they have is just really, really terrific military leadership. So, they have Robert E. Lee, who is widely considered the greatest general of his era. He's truly a military genius. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
You're going to care more about a war that's happening on your property than a war that's going to happen very far away. The other advantage that they have is just really, really terrific military leadership. So, they have Robert E. Lee, who is widely considered the greatest general of his era. He's truly a military genius. He, in fact, was offered a commission in the Union Army, but when Virginia seceded, he went with Virginia. He preferred his home state. So, he is a terrific general, and the Union is going to really struggle to come up with the kind of military leadership that the South has. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
He's truly a military genius. He, in fact, was offered a commission in the Union Army, but when Virginia seceded, he went with Virginia. He preferred his home state. So, he is a terrific general, and the Union is going to really struggle to come up with the kind of military leadership that the South has. Who's in charge of the Union or the Northern Army, excuse me, the United States Army? The United States Army. The first general that Lincoln puts in charge is George B. McClellan. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So, he is a terrific general, and the Union is going to really struggle to come up with the kind of military leadership that the South has. Who's in charge of the Union or the Northern Army, excuse me, the United States Army? The United States Army. The first general that Lincoln puts in charge is George B. McClellan. This is problematic for a lot of reasons. One is that George McClellan is a Democrat, so he doesn't agree politically with Lincoln. I think he would have preferred peace. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
The first general that Lincoln puts in charge is George B. McClellan. This is problematic for a lot of reasons. One is that George McClellan is a Democrat, so he doesn't agree politically with Lincoln. I think he would have preferred peace. In fact, in 1864, he runs against Lincoln for president on a platform of letting the South go, basically. And so, Lincoln is struggling to match the South when it comes to military leadership, but he does have other advantages. For one thing, there are four times as many free people in the North as there are in the South. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
I think he would have preferred peace. In fact, in 1864, he runs against Lincoln for president on a platform of letting the South go, basically. And so, Lincoln is struggling to match the South when it comes to military leadership, but he does have other advantages. For one thing, there are four times as many free people in the North as there are in the South. And that's an interesting, you made the point, free people. Right. Because the South, as you mentioned, has a majority of the population was not free. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
For one thing, there are four times as many free people in the North as there are in the South. And that's an interesting, you made the point, free people. Right. Because the South, as you mentioned, has a majority of the population was not free. I wouldn't say a majority of the population. Not a majority. In many states, that was the case. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Because the South, as you mentioned, has a majority of the population was not free. I wouldn't say a majority of the population. Not a majority. In many states, that was the case. In the deep South states. In the deep South states. That was more likely to happen. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
In many states, that was the case. In the deep South states. In the deep South states. That was more likely to happen. Right, so there are only about 9 million people living in the South, and of those 9 million people, 3.5 to 4 million of them are enslaved. So they're not going to be fighting to continue the institution of slavery. By contrast, the North has 22 million people, and it also has a terrific industrial base. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
That was more likely to happen. Right, so there are only about 9 million people living in the South, and of those 9 million people, 3.5 to 4 million of them are enslaved. So they're not going to be fighting to continue the institution of slavery. By contrast, the North has 22 million people, and it also has a terrific industrial base. One of the major cultural differences between the North and South that leads to the Civil War is that the South is primarily agrarian, and the North becomes very industrial. But industry is really helpful in a war. They've got miles and miles of railroad tracks, which means that they can move supplies very quickly, and they also have hundreds and hundreds of factories that make it easy for them to make munitions. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
By contrast, the North has 22 million people, and it also has a terrific industrial base. One of the major cultural differences between the North and South that leads to the Civil War is that the South is primarily agrarian, and the North becomes very industrial. But industry is really helpful in a war. They've got miles and miles of railroad tracks, which means that they can move supplies very quickly, and they also have hundreds and hundreds of factories that make it easy for them to make munitions. And this is the middle of the Industrial Revolution. So an industrial base matters a lot. And so given the North's advantages and the South's advantages, how do they vote? | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
They've got miles and miles of railroad tracks, which means that they can move supplies very quickly, and they also have hundreds and hundreds of factories that make it easy for them to make munitions. And this is the middle of the Industrial Revolution. So an industrial base matters a lot. And so given the North's advantages and the South's advantages, how do they vote? What's their strategies? How do they try to play to their strengths? Right, so the South, they are basically trying to outlast the North. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
And so given the North's advantages and the South's advantages, how do they vote? What's their strategies? How do they try to play to their strengths? Right, so the South, they are basically trying to outlast the North. They know that they have this territory, and if the North wants them to come back into the Union, they're going to have to conquer this territory. And even though it's hard to kind of tell, the territory of the South is actually larger than Western Europe. So in a way, the North has a bigger job to conquer the South than the Allies did in World War II to conquer Europe. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Right, so the South, they are basically trying to outlast the North. They know that they have this territory, and if the North wants them to come back into the Union, they're going to have to conquer this territory. And even though it's hard to kind of tell, the territory of the South is actually larger than Western Europe. So in a way, the North has a bigger job to conquer the South than the Allies did in World War II to conquer Europe. So they know that the North is going to have to fight a war to conquer them, whereas the South just needs to win the war of waiting. Of attrition. Yeah, they're hoping that the North will get tired of fighting. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So in a way, the North has a bigger job to conquer the South than the Allies did in World War II to conquer Europe. So they know that the North is going to have to fight a war to conquer them, whereas the South just needs to win the war of waiting. Of attrition. Yeah, they're hoping that the North will get tired of fighting. Fighting in another person's land. You're not defending your own land. Right, and they know that there are plenty of whites in the North who don't care about slavery. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Yeah, they're hoping that the North will get tired of fighting. Fighting in another person's land. You're not defending your own land. Right, and they know that there are plenty of whites in the North who don't care about slavery. It's not in their... They're indifferent. What do they care? | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Right, and they know that there are plenty of whites in the North who don't care about slavery. It's not in their... They're indifferent. What do they care? What do they care? In fact, some people are afraid that if the slaves are freed in the South, they're all going to come up North and they're going to compete for labor with poor white people. So there are plenty of whites in the North who have no interest in the slaves in the South being freed, even if that's not an early war aim of the North. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
What do they care? What do they care? In fact, some people are afraid that if the slaves are freed in the South, they're all going to come up North and they're going to compete for labor with poor white people. So there are plenty of whites in the North who have no interest in the slaves in the South being freed, even if that's not an early war aim of the North. So the South is hoping that maybe they can win a couple of really big battles that show that this isn't going to be a big war. Or it would be so painful for the North to try to conquer the South, so to speak. Right, and they're also trying to show that they're serious to an international audience, particularly England, because the South is producing three-quarters of the world's supply of cotton at this point. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So there are plenty of whites in the North who have no interest in the slaves in the South being freed, even if that's not an early war aim of the North. So the South is hoping that maybe they can win a couple of really big battles that show that this isn't going to be a big war. Or it would be so painful for the North to try to conquer the South, so to speak. Right, and they're also trying to show that they're serious to an international audience, particularly England, because the South is producing three-quarters of the world's supply of cotton at this point. And England is an industrial nation which is built, in many cases, around textile manufacturing. So they're hoping that if they show that they are serious about their own nationhood, that they're going to win this war against the North, that England will intercede on their behalf to protect their supply of cotton. So this would be an appeal to England on purely economic grounds. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Right, and they're also trying to show that they're serious to an international audience, particularly England, because the South is producing three-quarters of the world's supply of cotton at this point. And England is an industrial nation which is built, in many cases, around textile manufacturing. So they're hoping that if they show that they are serious about their own nationhood, that they're going to win this war against the North, that England will intercede on their behalf to protect their supply of cotton. So this would be an appeal to England on purely economic grounds. Right. Fascinating. Because England, I mean, they didn't have slavery. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So this would be an appeal to England on purely economic grounds. Right. Fascinating. Because England, I mean, they didn't have slavery. They weren't. But purely economically, at least appeal to them. So on the other hand, the North's strategy is what they call the Anaconda Plan. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Because England, I mean, they didn't have slavery. They weren't. But purely economically, at least appeal to them. So on the other hand, the North's strategy is what they call the Anaconda Plan. And the idea of the Anaconda Plan is that they are going to squeeze the South economically. What they want to do is... Like an anaconda. Like an anaconda, right. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
So on the other hand, the North's strategy is what they call the Anaconda Plan. And the idea of the Anaconda Plan is that they are going to squeeze the South economically. What they want to do is... Like an anaconda. Like an anaconda, right. So they want to blockade the Atlantic Ocean because they don't want the South to be able to sell their cotton to get money. And they also don't want the South to be able to buy the kinds of things that they're going to need to make a war happen. They also want to control the Mississippi River because that's the real main artery of commerce in the West. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
Like an anaconda, right. So they want to blockade the Atlantic Ocean because they don't want the South to be able to sell their cotton to get money. And they also don't want the South to be able to buy the kinds of things that they're going to need to make a war happen. They also want to control the Mississippi River because that's the real main artery of commerce in the West. Anyone who is going to be shipping their grain or their cotton is going to be shipping it down the Mississippi to the port of New Orleans. So the Union hopes that if they can basically surround the South and make sure nothing gets in or out, then eventually they're just going to starve to death. And this also goes to the industrial base. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
They also want to control the Mississippi River because that's the real main artery of commerce in the West. Anyone who is going to be shipping their grain or their cotton is going to be shipping it down the Mississippi to the port of New Orleans. So the Union hopes that if they can basically surround the South and make sure nothing gets in or out, then eventually they're just going to starve to death. And this also goes to the industrial base. It can also produce more ships and etc. Right. And it takes them a while to do that. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
And this also goes to the industrial base. It can also produce more ships and etc. Right. And it takes them a while to do that. In fact, at the start of the war, the Union only has 90 ships. I've heard it compared to five leaky boats. We're not a naval power at this point. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |
And it takes them a while to do that. In fact, at the start of the war, the Union only has 90 ships. I've heard it compared to five leaky boats. We're not a naval power at this point. And so it's going to take them a while to build up the kind of naval power they need to do that because this is 3,500 miles of coastline that they're going to need to patrol. It looks interesting. I'm just looking at this map, not getting too much into the details. | Strategy of the Civil War The Civil War era (1844-1877) US History Khan Academy.mp3 |