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Question ID:PT87 S1 Q4 Passage:Most writings on the subject of motion pictures, including those scrutinizing the structural characteristics, aesthetic qualities, and effects of motion pictures on audiences, have traditionally been relatively abstract and have not considered what a film's audiences actually see. In fact, various external factors intervene between the filmmaker's intent and the audience's experience, often altering the qualities of a film and, consequently, the viewer's perception of it.In the process of distribution, a film can be mutilated in many ways. The damage is most obvious when films in one language are shown to audiences that speak a different language. Subtitling may be simply incompetent, full of mistakes, or used for actual censorship. Dubbing‚ a significantly more profound intervention‚ can be even more damaging. Some films are reedited to render them "more understandable" by their target audiences, while others are given new titles rather than translations of their original titles, a practice that often creates false expectations and distorts the work's intent.When a film is shown on television or video, it suffers the most extensive deformations. In addition to causing a loss of image size and definition, current mass-market television and video technology is harmful in other ways. These intrusions include advertisements that break the intended continuity, the superimposition of images‚ such as station identifications and weather bulletins‚ over parts of the picture, and spoken announcements over parts of the soundtrack considered by programmers to be "unimportant." Some alterations, such as a subtle increase in the projection speed of a televised movie to obtain more commercial time, are almost imperceptible but nonetheless detrimental to the integrity of a film.It seems that audiences and even most film critics have tacitly accepted this situation‚ they rarely speak about it. This may be partly because of the special nature of film. In many other arts it is obvious that reproductions of a work are not the work itself, and they are not treated as such. However, the very nature of film makes it an exactly reproducible art form; under ideal conditions, each print is not merely a reproduction but is in fact another instance of the work itself. But we tend to overlook how rarely the ideal conditions apply, and this is disturbing for two reasons. First, professional analysis, interpretation, and evaluation may be unfair to filmmakers when‚ as is surprisingly often the case‚ they are based on a version that has already been seriously altered. Second, when critics' comments are based on original, uncompromised versions of the films, they may raise false expectations with regard to the more or less faulty versions that are often available to viewers. Stem:Which one of the following would, if true, most strengthen the author's argument concerning any modification of a film for distribution? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Almost all filmmakers whose work critics respect approve of the distribution of altered versions of their films. Choice B:Mass-market television and video technology has recently improved in its ability to present films in ways that conform to the intentions of filmmakers. Choice C:Many professional commentaries on nonfilm artworks are based on aged, mutilated, or otherwise altered versions of those works. Choice D:Almost all viewers of films are unaware of the professional commentaries that are written about those films. Choice E:In almost every film that has a soundtrack, all parts of the soundtrack are designed by the filmmaker to contribute significantly to the film's artistic value.

PT87 S1 Q4

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q5 Passage:Most writings on the subject of motion pictures, including those scrutinizing the structural characteristics, aesthetic qualities, and effects of motion pictures on audiences, have traditionally been relatively abstract and have not considered what a film's audiences actually see. In fact, various external factors intervene between the filmmaker's intent and the audience's experience, often altering the qualities of a film and, consequently, the viewer's perception of it.In the process of distribution, a film can be mutilated in many ways. The damage is most obvious when films in one language are shown to audiences that speak a different language. Subtitling may be simply incompetent, full of mistakes, or used for actual censorship. Dubbing‚ a significantly more profound intervention‚ can be even more damaging. Some films are reedited to render them "more understandable" by their target audiences, while others are given new titles rather than translations of their original titles, a practice that often creates false expectations and distorts the work's intent.When a film is shown on television or video, it suffers the most extensive deformations. In addition to causing a loss of image size and definition, current mass-market television and video technology is harmful in other ways. These intrusions include advertisements that break the intended continuity, the superimposition of images‚ such as station identifications and weather bulletins‚ over parts of the picture, and spoken announcements over parts of the soundtrack considered by programmers to be "unimportant." Some alterations, such as a subtle increase in the projection speed of a televised movie to obtain more commercial time, are almost imperceptible but nonetheless detrimental to the integrity of a film.It seems that audiences and even most film critics have tacitly accepted this situation‚ they rarely speak about it. This may be partly because of the special nature of film. In many other arts it is obvious that reproductions of a work are not the work itself, and they are not treated as such. However, the very nature of film makes it an exactly reproducible art form; under ideal conditions, each print is not merely a reproduction but is in fact another instance of the work itself. But we tend to overlook how rarely the ideal conditions apply, and this is disturbing for two reasons. First, professional analysis, interpretation, and evaluation may be unfair to filmmakers when‚ as is surprisingly often the case‚ they are based on a version that has already been seriously altered. Second, when critics' comments are based on original, uncompromised versions of the films, they may raise false expectations with regard to the more or less faulty versions that are often available to viewers. Stem:It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which one of the following statements about films? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:When shown on television‚ even without having been reedited and without any commercial breaks or superimposed messages‚ films can be artistically compromised to some extent. Choice B:Films are considered by many art critics to be of questionable significance as a topic of serious scholarly analysis, interpretation, and evaluation. Choice C:Because of technical limitations involved in the process of reproducing films, no reproduction of any one film can be strictly classified as the work that the filmmaker intended. Choice D:Even when they are distributed in uncompromised versions, films elicit variable responses from viewers, and thus they can rarely be expected to have the aesthetic impact that the filmmakers intend. Choice E:Most films do not meet the standards set by writings that analyze their structural and aesthetic qualities.

PT87 S1 Q5

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q6 Passage:Most writings on the subject of motion pictures, including those scrutinizing the structural characteristics, aesthetic qualities, and effects of motion pictures on audiences, have traditionally been relatively abstract and have not considered what a film's audiences actually see. In fact, various external factors intervene between the filmmaker's intent and the audience's experience, often altering the qualities of a film and, consequently, the viewer's perception of it.In the process of distribution, a film can be mutilated in many ways. The damage is most obvious when films in one language are shown to audiences that speak a different language. Subtitling may be simply incompetent, full of mistakes, or used for actual censorship. Dubbing‚ a significantly more profound intervention‚ can be even more damaging. Some films are reedited to render them "more understandable" by their target audiences, while others are given new titles rather than translations of their original titles, a practice that often creates false expectations and distorts the work's intent.When a film is shown on television or video, it suffers the most extensive deformations. In addition to causing a loss of image size and definition, current mass-market television and video technology is harmful in other ways. These intrusions include advertisements that break the intended continuity, the superimposition of images‚ such as station identifications and weather bulletins‚ over parts of the picture, and spoken announcements over parts of the soundtrack considered by programmers to be "unimportant." Some alterations, such as a subtle increase in the projection speed of a televised movie to obtain more commercial time, are almost imperceptible but nonetheless detrimental to the integrity of a film.It seems that audiences and even most film critics have tacitly accepted this situation‚ they rarely speak about it. This may be partly because of the special nature of film. In many other arts it is obvious that reproductions of a work are not the work itself, and they are not treated as such. However, the very nature of film makes it an exactly reproducible art form; under ideal conditions, each print is not merely a reproduction but is in fact another instance of the work itself. But we tend to overlook how rarely the ideal conditions apply, and this is disturbing for two reasons. First, professional analysis, interpretation, and evaluation may be unfair to filmmakers when‚ as is surprisingly often the case‚ they are based on a version that has already been seriously altered. Second, when critics' comments are based on original, uncompromised versions of the films, they may raise false expectations with regard to the more or less faulty versions that are often available to viewers. Stem:Suppose that a Russian company is planning to distribute to Russian-speaking audiences a film that was produced in Italy with dialogue originally spoken only in Italian. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following recommendations regarding the film? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:The company should attempt to translate the film's title into Russian but should also make explanatory material available for audiences that know no Italian. Choice B:The company should first make the film available only to critics who understand Italian and afterwards should release it to the general public. Choice C:The film should be subtitled in Russian, but only if the translation is strictly faithful to the original. Choice D:The version of the film that Russian-speaking audiences see should not include subtitles. Choice E:The film should be very cautiously restructured, as needed, to make the filmmaker's intentions clearer to Russian-speaking audiences.

PT87 S1 Q6

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q7 Passage:A recent worldwide decline of ocean fishery stocks has stimulated rapid growth in cultivated production of fish and shellfish, usually known as fish farming. Between 1987 and 1997, for example, global fish production from farming doubled. Fish farming produces a quarter of all fish and shellfish eaten by humans, and, as global population increases, fish farming will probably become even more important in supplying human protein needs. Some experts even argue that in addition to helping to compensate for the decline in ocean harvests, fish farming will restore wild populations by relieving pressure on ocean fisheries. There is, however, little if any evidence that fish farming will restore ocean fishery stocks. The complexity of production systems leads to an underlying paradox: fish farming is a possible solution, but also a potential contributing factor, to the continued decline of ocean fishery stocks worldwide.In the first place, the more intensive forms of fish farming, oriented toward high-volume production, threaten the sustainability of ocean fisheries through water pollution and ecological disruption. Intensive fish farming usually involves the enclosure of fish in a secure system; population densities are typically high, resulting in the generation of large amounts of waste and increased potential for the spread of pathogens. Habitat destruction through the spread of untreated waste, the escape of species not native to the farm's region, or contamination by new pathogens can all ensue, seriously damaging ocean and coastal resources and, ultimately, wild fishery stocks. Even more important, intensive farming of many species of fish requires large inputs of fish meal and fish oil in order to supply fatty acids that vegetable matter lacks or essential amino acids that it inadequately supplies, like lysine and methionine. For the ten species of fish most commonly farmed, an average of 1.9 kilograms of wild fish is required for every kilogram of fish produced. Of the ten species, only three‚ catfish, milkfish, and carp‚ require less fish input than is eventually harvested, while the farming of carnivorous species like salmon has a very high input-to-output ratio. Although some defenders of fish farming contend that predatory carnivores in the wild consume even more fish than they would on a farm, farming of such carnivorous species requires up to 5 kilograms of wild fish for every kilogram of fish produced. Expanding farm production does have the potential to alleviate some of the pressure on wild fishery stocks. For example, increasing the farm production of fish like salmon can reduce prices, deterring investment in fishing fleets and, over time, reducing fishing efforts. Similarly, other farmed fish like tilapia and channel catfish provide alternatives to ocean fish like cod and haddock. Nonetheless, even these benefits may in the end be lost because niche markets have started to develop for several species of wild-caught fish, causing their catch rates to remain high even as the production of viable farmed substitutes has increased. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes the main point of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The recent decline of ocean fishery stocks was caused by damage to ocean habitats resulting from fish farming. Choice B:Fish farming has some potential both for increasing global fish supplies and for threatening those very supplies. Choice C:Fish farming is destined to supply ever-larger percentages of human protein needs. Choice D:The high catch rates for several types of wild-caught fish overshadow the advances made by fish farming. Choice E:Because of their diet, carnivorous fish are more expensive and difficult to farm than noncarnivorous fish.

PT87 S1 Q7

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q8 Passage:A recent worldwide decline of ocean fishery stocks has stimulated rapid growth in cultivated production of fish and shellfish, usually known as fish farming. Between 1987 and 1997, for example, global fish production from farming doubled. Fish farming produces a quarter of all fish and shellfish eaten by humans, and, as global population increases, fish farming will probably become even more important in supplying human protein needs. Some experts even argue that in addition to helping to compensate for the decline in ocean harvests, fish farming will restore wild populations by relieving pressure on ocean fisheries. There is, however, little if any evidence that fish farming will restore ocean fishery stocks. The complexity of production systems leads to an underlying paradox: fish farming is a possible solution, but also a potential contributing factor, to the continued decline of ocean fishery stocks worldwide.In the first place, the more intensive forms of fish farming, oriented toward high-volume production, threaten the sustainability of ocean fisheries through water pollution and ecological disruption. Intensive fish farming usually involves the enclosure of fish in a secure system; population densities are typically high, resulting in the generation of large amounts of waste and increased potential for the spread of pathogens. Habitat destruction through the spread of untreated waste, the escape of species not native to the farm's region, or contamination by new pathogens can all ensue, seriously damaging ocean and coastal resources and, ultimately, wild fishery stocks. Even more important, intensive farming of many species of fish requires large inputs of fish meal and fish oil in order to supply fatty acids that vegetable matter lacks or essential amino acids that it inadequately supplies, like lysine and methionine. For the ten species of fish most commonly farmed, an average of 1.9 kilograms of wild fish is required for every kilogram of fish produced. Of the ten species, only three‚ catfish, milkfish, and carp‚ require less fish input than is eventually harvested, while the farming of carnivorous species like salmon has a very high input-to-output ratio. Although some defenders of fish farming contend that predatory carnivores in the wild consume even more fish than they would on a farm, farming of such carnivorous species requires up to 5 kilograms of wild fish for every kilogram of fish produced. Expanding farm production does have the potential to alleviate some of the pressure on wild fishery stocks. For example, increasing the farm production of fish like salmon can reduce prices, deterring investment in fishing fleets and, over time, reducing fishing efforts. Similarly, other farmed fish like tilapia and channel catfish provide alternatives to ocean fish like cod and haddock. Nonetheless, even these benefits may in the end be lost because niche markets have started to develop for several species of wild-caught fish, causing their catch rates to remain high even as the production of viable farmed substitutes has increased. Stem:There is information in the passage sufficient to answer which one of the following questions? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:How does the escape of species not native to a farm's region result in habitat destruction? Choice B:What sort of shellfish is most commonly raised on fish farms? Choice C:Approximately how many kilograms of fish, on average, does a wild salmon consume during its lifetime? Choice D:What proportion of the fish and shellfish eaten by humans is produced on fish farms? Choice E:How long does it take for niche markets for wild-caught fish to have an appreciable effect on wild populations?

PT87 S1 Q8

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q9 Passage:A recent worldwide decline of ocean fishery stocks has stimulated rapid growth in cultivated production of fish and shellfish, usually known as fish farming. Between 1987 and 1997, for example, global fish production from farming doubled. Fish farming produces a quarter of all fish and shellfish eaten by humans, and, as global population increases, fish farming will probably become even more important in supplying human protein needs. Some experts even argue that in addition to helping to compensate for the decline in ocean harvests, fish farming will restore wild populations by relieving pressure on ocean fisheries. There is, however, little if any evidence that fish farming will restore ocean fishery stocks. The complexity of production systems leads to an underlying paradox: fish farming is a possible solution, but also a potential contributing factor, to the continued decline of ocean fishery stocks worldwide.In the first place, the more intensive forms of fish farming, oriented toward high-volume production, threaten the sustainability of ocean fisheries through water pollution and ecological disruption. Intensive fish farming usually involves the enclosure of fish in a secure system; population densities are typically high, resulting in the generation of large amounts of waste and increased potential for the spread of pathogens. Habitat destruction through the spread of untreated waste, the escape of species not native to the farm's region, or contamination by new pathogens can all ensue, seriously damaging ocean and coastal resources and, ultimately, wild fishery stocks. Even more important, intensive farming of many species of fish requires large inputs of fish meal and fish oil in order to supply fatty acids that vegetable matter lacks or essential amino acids that it inadequately supplies, like lysine and methionine. For the ten species of fish most commonly farmed, an average of 1.9 kilograms of wild fish is required for every kilogram of fish produced. Of the ten species, only three‚ catfish, milkfish, and carp‚ require less fish input than is eventually harvested, while the farming of carnivorous species like salmon has a very high input-to-output ratio. Although some defenders of fish farming contend that predatory carnivores in the wild consume even more fish than they would on a farm, farming of such carnivorous species requires up to 5 kilograms of wild fish for every kilogram of fish produced. Expanding farm production does have the potential to alleviate some of the pressure on wild fishery stocks. For example, increasing the farm production of fish like salmon can reduce prices, deterring investment in fishing fleets and, over time, reducing fishing efforts. Similarly, other farmed fish like tilapia and channel catfish provide alternatives to ocean fish like cod and haddock. Nonetheless, even these benefits may in the end be lost because niche markets have started to develop for several species of wild-caught fish, causing their catch rates to remain high even as the production of viable farmed substitutes has increased. Stem:Which one of the following is closest to the meaning of the phrase "relieving pressure on ocean fisheries" as used in the middle of the first paragraph? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:making up for the scarcity of wild-caught fish Choice B:supplementing the incomes of people who make a living from ocean fishing Choice C:causing fewer wild fish to be caught Choice D:reducing the amount of income to be earned from ocean fishing Choice E:reducing overall demand for fish and fish products

PT87 S1 Q9

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q10 Passage:A recent worldwide decline of ocean fishery stocks has stimulated rapid growth in cultivated production of fish and shellfish, usually known as fish farming. Between 1987 and 1997, for example, global fish production from farming doubled. Fish farming produces a quarter of all fish and shellfish eaten by humans, and, as global population increases, fish farming will probably become even more important in supplying human protein needs. Some experts even argue that in addition to helping to compensate for the decline in ocean harvests, fish farming will restore wild populations by relieving pressure on ocean fisheries. There is, however, little if any evidence that fish farming will restore ocean fishery stocks. The complexity of production systems leads to an underlying paradox: fish farming is a possible solution, but also a potential contributing factor, to the continued decline of ocean fishery stocks worldwide.In the first place, the more intensive forms of fish farming, oriented toward high-volume production, threaten the sustainability of ocean fisheries through water pollution and ecological disruption. Intensive fish farming usually involves the enclosure of fish in a secure system; population densities are typically high, resulting in the generation of large amounts of waste and increased potential for the spread of pathogens. Habitat destruction through the spread of untreated waste, the escape of species not native to the farm's region, or contamination by new pathogens can all ensue, seriously damaging ocean and coastal resources and, ultimately, wild fishery stocks. Even more important, intensive farming of many species of fish requires large inputs of fish meal and fish oil in order to supply fatty acids that vegetable matter lacks or essential amino acids that it inadequately supplies, like lysine and methionine. For the ten species of fish most commonly farmed, an average of 1.9 kilograms of wild fish is required for every kilogram of fish produced. Of the ten species, only three‚ catfish, milkfish, and carp‚ require less fish input than is eventually harvested, while the farming of carnivorous species like salmon has a very high input-to-output ratio. Although some defenders of fish farming contend that predatory carnivores in the wild consume even more fish than they would on a farm, farming of such carnivorous species requires up to 5 kilograms of wild fish for every kilogram of fish produced. Expanding farm production does have the potential to alleviate some of the pressure on wild fishery stocks. For example, increasing the farm production of fish like salmon can reduce prices, deterring investment in fishing fleets and, over time, reducing fishing efforts. Similarly, other farmed fish like tilapia and channel catfish provide alternatives to ocean fish like cod and haddock. Nonetheless, even these benefits may in the end be lost because niche markets have started to develop for several species of wild-caught fish, causing their catch rates to remain high even as the production of viable farmed substitutes has increased. Stem:The information in the passage most strongly supports which one of the following statements? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Any further decline in ocean fishery stocks would not be caused entirely by human activities. Choice B:The best way to reduce the price of wild-caught fish is to put a farmed variety of the same species on the market. Choice C:If fish farming does not continue to increase, then it is unlikely that worldwide human protein needs can be met. Choice D:Most consumers do not perceive a difference in taste between wild-caught and farmed varieties of the same species of fish. Choice E:The use of wild fish to meet the nutritional needs of farmed fish could result in the overfishing of worldwide fish stocks.

PT87 S1 Q10

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q11 Passage:A recent worldwide decline of ocean fishery stocks has stimulated rapid growth in cultivated production of fish and shellfish, usually known as fish farming. Between 1987 and 1997, for example, global fish production from farming doubled. Fish farming produces a quarter of all fish and shellfish eaten by humans, and, as global population increases, fish farming will probably become even more important in supplying human protein needs. Some experts even argue that in addition to helping to compensate for the decline in ocean harvests, fish farming will restore wild populations by relieving pressure on ocean fisheries. There is, however, little if any evidence that fish farming will restore ocean fishery stocks. The complexity of production systems leads to an underlying paradox: fish farming is a possible solution, but also a potential contributing factor, to the continued decline of ocean fishery stocks worldwide.In the first place, the more intensive forms of fish farming, oriented toward high-volume production, threaten the sustainability of ocean fisheries through water pollution and ecological disruption. Intensive fish farming usually involves the enclosure of fish in a secure system; population densities are typically high, resulting in the generation of large amounts of waste and increased potential for the spread of pathogens. Habitat destruction through the spread of untreated waste, the escape of species not native to the farm's region, or contamination by new pathogens can all ensue, seriously damaging ocean and coastal resources and, ultimately, wild fishery stocks. Even more important, intensive farming of many species of fish requires large inputs of fish meal and fish oil in order to supply fatty acids that vegetable matter lacks or essential amino acids that it inadequately supplies, like lysine and methionine. For the ten species of fish most commonly farmed, an average of 1.9 kilograms of wild fish is required for every kilogram of fish produced. Of the ten species, only three‚ catfish, milkfish, and carp‚ require less fish input than is eventually harvested, while the farming of carnivorous species like salmon has a very high input-to-output ratio. Although some defenders of fish farming contend that predatory carnivores in the wild consume even more fish than they would on a farm, farming of such carnivorous species requires up to 5 kilograms of wild fish for every kilogram of fish produced. Expanding farm production does have the potential to alleviate some of the pressure on wild fishery stocks. For example, increasing the farm production of fish like salmon can reduce prices, deterring investment in fishing fleets and, over time, reducing fishing efforts. Similarly, other farmed fish like tilapia and channel catfish provide alternatives to ocean fish like cod and haddock. Nonetheless, even these benefits may in the end be lost because niche markets have started to develop for several species of wild-caught fish, causing their catch rates to remain high even as the production of viable farmed substitutes has increased. Stem:The views put forward in the passage conform most closely to which one of the following principles governing new methods of food production? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:They should be employed only if they do not result in major changes in consumer demand for foods produced using traditional methods. Choice B:They should be employed if they are economically more efficient than existing methods and their use will not result in business failures or loss of jobs. Choice C:They should not be employed if they will ultimately result in a net decrease in food of the type produced. Choice D:They should be employed if they promote diversification in the types of foods available for human consumption and help to bring about environmental improvement. Choice E:They should be employed only if they replace other methods that have undesirable ecological effects.

PT87 S1 Q11

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q12 Passage:A recent worldwide decline of ocean fishery stocks has stimulated rapid growth in cultivated production of fish and shellfish, usually known as fish farming. Between 1987 and 1997, for example, global fish production from farming doubled. Fish farming produces a quarter of all fish and shellfish eaten by humans, and, as global population increases, fish farming will probably become even more important in supplying human protein needs. Some experts even argue that in addition to helping to compensate for the decline in ocean harvests, fish farming will restore wild populations by relieving pressure on ocean fisheries. There is, however, little if any evidence that fish farming will restore ocean fishery stocks. The complexity of production systems leads to an underlying paradox: fish farming is a possible solution, but also a potential contributing factor, to the continued decline of ocean fishery stocks worldwide.In the first place, the more intensive forms of fish farming, oriented toward high-volume production, threaten the sustainability of ocean fisheries through water pollution and ecological disruption. Intensive fish farming usually involves the enclosure of fish in a secure system; population densities are typically high, resulting in the generation of large amounts of waste and increased potential for the spread of pathogens. Habitat destruction through the spread of untreated waste, the escape of species not native to the farm's region, or contamination by new pathogens can all ensue, seriously damaging ocean and coastal resources and, ultimately, wild fishery stocks. Even more important, intensive farming of many species of fish requires large inputs of fish meal and fish oil in order to supply fatty acids that vegetable matter lacks or essential amino acids that it inadequately supplies, like lysine and methionine. For the ten species of fish most commonly farmed, an average of 1.9 kilograms of wild fish is required for every kilogram of fish produced. Of the ten species, only three‚ catfish, milkfish, and carp‚ require less fish input than is eventually harvested, while the farming of carnivorous species like salmon has a very high input-to-output ratio. Although some defenders of fish farming contend that predatory carnivores in the wild consume even more fish than they would on a farm, farming of such carnivorous species requires up to 5 kilograms of wild fish for every kilogram of fish produced. Expanding farm production does have the potential to alleviate some of the pressure on wild fishery stocks. For example, increasing the farm production of fish like salmon can reduce prices, deterring investment in fishing fleets and, over time, reducing fishing efforts. Similarly, other farmed fish like tilapia and channel catfish provide alternatives to ocean fish like cod and haddock. Nonetheless, even these benefits may in the end be lost because niche markets have started to develop for several species of wild-caught fish, causing their catch rates to remain high even as the production of viable farmed substitutes has increased. Stem:The statements in the passage provide the most support for the view that the author believes which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Most farmed fish are carnivorous. Choice B:Farmed and wild fish consume the same foods. Choice C:Pollution is currently more damaging to wild fish populations than is overfishing. Choice D:Market forces can either encourage or discourage overfishing of ocean fisheries. Choice E:The market for wild-caught fish is likely to remain a small one.

PT87 S1 Q12

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q13 Passage:A recent worldwide decline of ocean fishery stocks has stimulated rapid growth in cultivated production of fish and shellfish, usually known as fish farming. Between 1987 and 1997, for example, global fish production from farming doubled. Fish farming produces a quarter of all fish and shellfish eaten by humans, and, as global population increases, fish farming will probably become even more important in supplying human protein needs. Some experts even argue that in addition to helping to compensate for the decline in ocean harvests, fish farming will restore wild populations by relieving pressure on ocean fisheries. There is, however, little if any evidence that fish farming will restore ocean fishery stocks. The complexity of production systems leads to an underlying paradox: fish farming is a possible solution, but also a potential contributing factor, to the continued decline of ocean fishery stocks worldwide.In the first place, the more intensive forms of fish farming, oriented toward high-volume production, threaten the sustainability of ocean fisheries through water pollution and ecological disruption. Intensive fish farming usually involves the enclosure of fish in a secure system; population densities are typically high, resulting in the generation of large amounts of waste and increased potential for the spread of pathogens. Habitat destruction through the spread of untreated waste, the escape of species not native to the farm's region, or contamination by new pathogens can all ensue, seriously damaging ocean and coastal resources and, ultimately, wild fishery stocks. Even more important, intensive farming of many species of fish requires large inputs of fish meal and fish oil in order to supply fatty acids that vegetable matter lacks or essential amino acids that it inadequately supplies, like lysine and methionine. For the ten species of fish most commonly farmed, an average of 1.9 kilograms of wild fish is required for every kilogram of fish produced. Of the ten species, only three‚ catfish, milkfish, and carp‚ require less fish input than is eventually harvested, while the farming of carnivorous species like salmon has a very high input-to-output ratio. Although some defenders of fish farming contend that predatory carnivores in the wild consume even more fish than they would on a farm, farming of such carnivorous species requires up to 5 kilograms of wild fish for every kilogram of fish produced. Expanding farm production does have the potential to alleviate some of the pressure on wild fishery stocks. For example, increasing the farm production of fish like salmon can reduce prices, deterring investment in fishing fleets and, over time, reducing fishing efforts. Similarly, other farmed fish like tilapia and channel catfish provide alternatives to ocean fish like cod and haddock. Nonetheless, even these benefits may in the end be lost because niche markets have started to develop for several species of wild-caught fish, causing their catch rates to remain high even as the production of viable farmed substitutes has increased. Stem:The information in the passage most strongly supports which one of the following statements? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Wild fish require different nutrients than farmed fish do. Choice B:It is more profitable to farm species such as catfish, milkfish, and carp than to farm species such as salmon. Choice C:The farming of tilapia and channel catfish produces as much environmental damage as the farming of cod and haddock. Choice D:A growing number of consumers are choosing wild-caught fish of certain species in preference to farmed fish. Choice E:Noncarnivorous fish in the wild typically do not consume more food than their farmed counterparts do.

PT87 S1 Q13

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q14 Passage:A recent worldwide decline of ocean fishery stocks has stimulated rapid growth in cultivated production of fish and shellfish, usually known as fish farming. Between 1987 and 1997, for example, global fish production from farming doubled. Fish farming produces a quarter of all fish and shellfish eaten by humans, and, as global population increases, fish farming will probably become even more important in supplying human protein needs. Some experts even argue that in addition to helping to compensate for the decline in ocean harvests, fish farming will restore wild populations by relieving pressure on ocean fisheries. There is, however, little if any evidence that fish farming will restore ocean fishery stocks. The complexity of production systems leads to an underlying paradox: fish farming is a possible solution, but also a potential contributing factor, to the continued decline of ocean fishery stocks worldwide.In the first place, the more intensive forms of fish farming, oriented toward high-volume production, threaten the sustainability of ocean fisheries through water pollution and ecological disruption. Intensive fish farming usually involves the enclosure of fish in a secure system; population densities are typically high, resulting in the generation of large amounts of waste and increased potential for the spread of pathogens. Habitat destruction through the spread of untreated waste, the escape of species not native to the farm's region, or contamination by new pathogens can all ensue, seriously damaging ocean and coastal resources and, ultimately, wild fishery stocks. Even more important, intensive farming of many species of fish requires large inputs of fish meal and fish oil in order to supply fatty acids that vegetable matter lacks or essential amino acids that it inadequately supplies, like lysine and methionine. For the ten species of fish most commonly farmed, an average of 1.9 kilograms of wild fish is required for every kilogram of fish produced. Of the ten species, only three‚ catfish, milkfish, and carp‚ require less fish input than is eventually harvested, while the farming of carnivorous species like salmon has a very high input-to-output ratio. Although some defenders of fish farming contend that predatory carnivores in the wild consume even more fish than they would on a farm, farming of such carnivorous species requires up to 5 kilograms of wild fish for every kilogram of fish produced. Expanding farm production does have the potential to alleviate some of the pressure on wild fishery stocks. For example, increasing the farm production of fish like salmon can reduce prices, deterring investment in fishing fleets and, over time, reducing fishing efforts. Similarly, other farmed fish like tilapia and channel catfish provide alternatives to ocean fish like cod and haddock. Nonetheless, even these benefits may in the end be lost because niche markets have started to develop for several species of wild-caught fish, causing their catch rates to remain high even as the production of viable farmed substitutes has increased. Stem:The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements regarding pollution caused by fish farming? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Such pollution is problematic primarily because of the genetic mutations it would cause in wild fish that live near fish farms. Choice B:Such pollution contributes to coastal degradation more than any other type of pollution. Choice C:Such pollution is less likely to occur if fish farming enterprises do not pursue intensive production methods. Choice D:Such pollution cannot be prevented by fish farmers alone without the involvement of government agencies. Choice E:Such pollution is, however harmful, unlikely to prevent fish farming from eventually relieving the pressure on wild fishery stocks.

PT87 S1 Q14

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q15 Passage:Criminal courts frequently rely on accomplice witnesses (witnesses who testify regarding the role of an alleged co-conspirator in a crime) and jailhouse informants (witnesses who provide testimony based on information obtained while incarcerated) for prosecutorial information. Typically the testimony provided by such cooperating witnesses includes information garnered through the witnesses' conversations with the accused, which can include a purported confession to the crime.Information from a cooperating witness is often provided in exchange for a reduced sentence or some other incentive. This kind of inducement creates a situation that is highly conducive to evidence fabrication on the part of the cooperating witness. In fact, one recent study concluded that lying informants are rarely prosecuted and therefore have much to gain and little to lose by testifying falsely.While courts have recognized the unreliable nature of evidence obtained through bartered testimony, they have held that safeguards are in place to adequately protect the accused against a conviction based on false testimony. These safeguards allow effective cross-examination of a cooperating witness and enable the jury to consider a witness‚ s motivations. However, these safeguards do not always provide protection. There are cases in which prosecutors merely imply to cooperating witnesses that they will receive an incentive in exchange for testimony. In such cases, the exchange between prosecution and witness does not have to be disclosed to the jury.In addition, psychological research on confession testimony‚ confessions obtained by investigators directly from the accused‚ reveal further problems with bartered testimony. This research indicates that jurors give undue weight to confession evidence when rendering guilt decisions. This effect is especially notable in cases where jurors are aware that a defendant has been offered an incentive in exchange for a confession. This is particularly relevant here because if people have difficulty realizing the effect that an incentive can have on a defendant‚ s behavior, they may also fail to realize the effect that an incentive may have on a cooperating witness‚ s behavior.A common psychological phenomenon may account for jurors‚ superficial examination of confession evidence. Studies show that people tend to explain the behavior of others in terms of internal dispositions or attitudes as opposed to external, situational factors. In one study, regardless of whether confession evidence was obtained via negative pressure (threats of worse treatment and/or harsher punishment) or positive pressure (promises of better treatment and/or leniency), mock jurors viewed a confession as evidence that the defendant committed the crime because ‚ only a guilty person would confess to such a crime.‚ The same logic can be applied to the testimony of cooperating witnesses: jurors may presuppose that accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants offer their testimony as atonement rather than deducing that external factors made it expedient to give the testimony. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Evidence obtained through coercion, whether that coercion results from positive pressure or negative pressure, can never be regarded as reliable. Choice B:Numerous considerations suggest that the courts‚ reliance on the testimony of accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants may result in convictions based on false testimony. Choice C:Studies show that jurors give undue weight to confession testimony, a fact that may be explained by people's general tendency to ignore situational factors in explaining the behavior of others. Choice D:Traditional legal arguments offered in support of permitting the testimony of accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants are based on a set of assumptions that numerous studies cast doubt on. Choice E:There is substantial evidence to indicate that the testimony of accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants is heavily influenced by incentives offered by the prosecution.

PT87 S1 Q15

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q16 Passage:Criminal courts frequently rely on accomplice witnesses (witnesses who testify regarding the role of an alleged co-conspirator in a crime) and jailhouse informants (witnesses who provide testimony based on information obtained while incarcerated) for prosecutorial information. Typically the testimony provided by such cooperating witnesses includes information garnered through the witnesses' conversations with the accused, which can include a purported confession to the crime.Information from a cooperating witness is often provided in exchange for a reduced sentence or some other incentive. This kind of inducement creates a situation that is highly conducive to evidence fabrication on the part of the cooperating witness. In fact, one recent study concluded that lying informants are rarely prosecuted and therefore have much to gain and little to lose by testifying falsely.While courts have recognized the unreliable nature of evidence obtained through bartered testimony, they have held that safeguards are in place to adequately protect the accused against a conviction based on false testimony. These safeguards allow effective cross-examination of a cooperating witness and enable the jury to consider a witness‚ s motivations. However, these safeguards do not always provide protection. There are cases in which prosecutors merely imply to cooperating witnesses that they will receive an incentive in exchange for testimony. In such cases, the exchange between prosecution and witness does not have to be disclosed to the jury.In addition, psychological research on confession testimony‚ confessions obtained by investigators directly from the accused‚ reveal further problems with bartered testimony. This research indicates that jurors give undue weight to confession evidence when rendering guilt decisions. This effect is especially notable in cases where jurors are aware that a defendant has been offered an incentive in exchange for a confession. This is particularly relevant here because if people have difficulty realizing the effect that an incentive can have on a defendant‚ s behavior, they may also fail to realize the effect that an incentive may have on a cooperating witness‚ s behavior.A common psychological phenomenon may account for jurors‚ superficial examination of confession evidence. Studies show that people tend to explain the behavior of others in terms of internal dispositions or attitudes as opposed to external, situational factors. In one study, regardless of whether confession evidence was obtained via negative pressure (threats of worse treatment and/or harsher punishment) or positive pressure (promises of better treatment and/or leniency), mock jurors viewed a confession as evidence that the defendant committed the crime because ‚ only a guilty person would confess to such a crime.‚ The same logic can be applied to the testimony of cooperating witnesses: jurors may presuppose that accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants offer their testimony as atonement rather than deducing that external factors made it expedient to give the testimony. Stem:Which one of the following questions is explicitly addressed in the passage? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Do jurors give the same weight to confession evidence provided by a cooperating witness as they do to confession evidence provided directly by the defendant? Choice B:To what extent are prosecutors and investigators limited in their ability to offer incentives to accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants in exchange for testimony? Choice C:Is the bartered testimony of an accomplice witness any more or less reliable than the bartered testimony of a jailhouse informant? Choice D:How common is the prosecution of cooperating witnesses who knowingly provide false testimony? Choice E:To what extent do jurors vary in their ability to discern when a witness is lying?

PT87 S1 Q16

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q17 Passage:Criminal courts frequently rely on accomplice witnesses (witnesses who testify regarding the role of an alleged co-conspirator in a crime) and jailhouse informants (witnesses who provide testimony based on information obtained while incarcerated) for prosecutorial information. Typically the testimony provided by such cooperating witnesses includes information garnered through the witnesses' conversations with the accused, which can include a purported confession to the crime.Information from a cooperating witness is often provided in exchange for a reduced sentence or some other incentive. This kind of inducement creates a situation that is highly conducive to evidence fabrication on the part of the cooperating witness. In fact, one recent study concluded that lying informants are rarely prosecuted and therefore have much to gain and little to lose by testifying falsely.While courts have recognized the unreliable nature of evidence obtained through bartered testimony, they have held that safeguards are in place to adequately protect the accused against a conviction based on false testimony. These safeguards allow effective cross-examination of a cooperating witness and enable the jury to consider a witness‚ s motivations. However, these safeguards do not always provide protection. There are cases in which prosecutors merely imply to cooperating witnesses that they will receive an incentive in exchange for testimony. In such cases, the exchange between prosecution and witness does not have to be disclosed to the jury.In addition, psychological research on confession testimony‚ confessions obtained by investigators directly from the accused‚ reveal further problems with bartered testimony. This research indicates that jurors give undue weight to confession evidence when rendering guilt decisions. This effect is especially notable in cases where jurors are aware that a defendant has been offered an incentive in exchange for a confession. This is particularly relevant here because if people have difficulty realizing the effect that an incentive can have on a defendant‚ s behavior, they may also fail to realize the effect that an incentive may have on a cooperating witness‚ s behavior.A common psychological phenomenon may account for jurors‚ superficial examination of confession evidence. Studies show that people tend to explain the behavior of others in terms of internal dispositions or attitudes as opposed to external, situational factors. In one study, regardless of whether confession evidence was obtained via negative pressure (threats of worse treatment and/or harsher punishment) or positive pressure (promises of better treatment and/or leniency), mock jurors viewed a confession as evidence that the defendant committed the crime because ‚ only a guilty person would confess to such a crime.‚ The same logic can be applied to the testimony of cooperating witnesses: jurors may presuppose that accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants offer their testimony as atonement rather than deducing that external factors made it expedient to give the testimony. Stem:The author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the courts‚ reliance on the testimony of cooperating witnesses? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:It encourages unacceptably harsh treatment of prisoners by investigators and prison officials. Choice B:It fails to recognize that cooperating witnesses may fear retaliation from defendants they testify against. Choice C:It frequently places an unfair burden on jurors. Choice D:It is justified only in cases in which the prosecution has little other evidence against a defendant. Choice E:It likely leads to some convicted criminals' receiving sentence reductions that are unwarranted.

PT87 S1 Q17

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q18 Passage:Criminal courts frequently rely on accomplice witnesses (witnesses who testify regarding the role of an alleged co-conspirator in a crime) and jailhouse informants (witnesses who provide testimony based on information obtained while incarcerated) for prosecutorial information. Typically the testimony provided by such cooperating witnesses includes information garnered through the witnesses' conversations with the accused, which can include a purported confession to the crime.Information from a cooperating witness is often provided in exchange for a reduced sentence or some other incentive. This kind of inducement creates a situation that is highly conducive to evidence fabrication on the part of the cooperating witness. In fact, one recent study concluded that lying informants are rarely prosecuted and therefore have much to gain and little to lose by testifying falsely.While courts have recognized the unreliable nature of evidence obtained through bartered testimony, they have held that safeguards are in place to adequately protect the accused against a conviction based on false testimony. These safeguards allow effective cross-examination of a cooperating witness and enable the jury to consider a witness‚ s motivations. However, these safeguards do not always provide protection. There are cases in which prosecutors merely imply to cooperating witnesses that they will receive an incentive in exchange for testimony. In such cases, the exchange between prosecution and witness does not have to be disclosed to the jury.In addition, psychological research on confession testimony‚ confessions obtained by investigators directly from the accused‚ reveal further problems with bartered testimony. This research indicates that jurors give undue weight to confession evidence when rendering guilt decisions. This effect is especially notable in cases where jurors are aware that a defendant has been offered an incentive in exchange for a confession. This is particularly relevant here because if people have difficulty realizing the effect that an incentive can have on a defendant‚ s behavior, they may also fail to realize the effect that an incentive may have on a cooperating witness‚ s behavior.A common psychological phenomenon may account for jurors‚ superficial examination of confession evidence. Studies show that people tend to explain the behavior of others in terms of internal dispositions or attitudes as opposed to external, situational factors. In one study, regardless of whether confession evidence was obtained via negative pressure (threats of worse treatment and/or harsher punishment) or positive pressure (promises of better treatment and/or leniency), mock jurors viewed a confession as evidence that the defendant committed the crime because ‚ only a guilty person would confess to such a crime.‚ The same logic can be applied to the testimony of cooperating witnesses: jurors may presuppose that accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants offer their testimony as atonement rather than deducing that external factors made it expedient to give the testimony. Stem:According to the third paragraph, current safeguards may be inadequate to protect a defendant from a cooperating witness‚ s fabricated testimony because Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:current safeguards are designed to protect the rights of witnesses rather than the rights of defendants Choice B:current safeguards fail to recognize the unreliable nature of testimony that is obtained via coercion Choice C:juries may not be made aware that a cooperating witness expects to receive an incentive from the prosecution in exchange for testimony Choice D:jurors tend to view the testimony of cooperating witnesses as more reliable than the testimony of defendants Choice E:prosecutors are typically not penalized for offering incentives to cooperating witnesses in exchange for testimony

PT87 S1 Q18

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q19 Passage:Criminal courts frequently rely on accomplice witnesses (witnesses who testify regarding the role of an alleged co-conspirator in a crime) and jailhouse informants (witnesses who provide testimony based on information obtained while incarcerated) for prosecutorial information. Typically the testimony provided by such cooperating witnesses includes information garnered through the witnesses' conversations with the accused, which can include a purported confession to the crime.Information from a cooperating witness is often provided in exchange for a reduced sentence or some other incentive. This kind of inducement creates a situation that is highly conducive to evidence fabrication on the part of the cooperating witness. In fact, one recent study concluded that lying informants are rarely prosecuted and therefore have much to gain and little to lose by testifying falsely.While courts have recognized the unreliable nature of evidence obtained through bartered testimony, they have held that safeguards are in place to adequately protect the accused against a conviction based on false testimony. These safeguards allow effective cross-examination of a cooperating witness and enable the jury to consider a witness‚ s motivations. However, these safeguards do not always provide protection. There are cases in which prosecutors merely imply to cooperating witnesses that they will receive an incentive in exchange for testimony. In such cases, the exchange between prosecution and witness does not have to be disclosed to the jury.In addition, psychological research on confession testimony‚ confessions obtained by investigators directly from the accused‚ reveal further problems with bartered testimony. This research indicates that jurors give undue weight to confession evidence when rendering guilt decisions. This effect is especially notable in cases where jurors are aware that a defendant has been offered an incentive in exchange for a confession. This is particularly relevant here because if people have difficulty realizing the effect that an incentive can have on a defendant‚ s behavior, they may also fail to realize the effect that an incentive may have on a cooperating witness‚ s behavior.A common psychological phenomenon may account for jurors‚ superficial examination of confession evidence. Studies show that people tend to explain the behavior of others in terms of internal dispositions or attitudes as opposed to external, situational factors. In one study, regardless of whether confession evidence was obtained via negative pressure (threats of worse treatment and/or harsher punishment) or positive pressure (promises of better treatment and/or leniency), mock jurors viewed a confession as evidence that the defendant committed the crime because ‚ only a guilty person would confess to such a crime.‚ The same logic can be applied to the testimony of cooperating witnesses: jurors may presuppose that accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants offer their testimony as atonement rather than deducing that external factors made it expedient to give the testimony. Stem:In using the phrase "jurors' superficial examination of confession evidence" (first sentence of the final paragraph), the author most likely means to refer to jurors' Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:failure to properly take into account the factors that may lead an individual to give confession evidence Choice B:failure to distinguish between confession evidence offered by a defendant and confession evidence offered by a cooperating witness Choice C:lack of the expertise necessary to accurately evaluate confession evidence Choice D:unwillingness to assess the veracity of a witness who offers confession evidence Choice E:tendency to disregard confession evidence when it conflicts with other evidence presented at trial

PT87 S1 Q19

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q20 Passage:Criminal courts frequently rely on accomplice witnesses (witnesses who testify regarding the role of an alleged co-conspirator in a crime) and jailhouse informants (witnesses who provide testimony based on information obtained while incarcerated) for prosecutorial information. Typically the testimony provided by such cooperating witnesses includes information garnered through the witnesses' conversations with the accused, which can include a purported confession to the crime.Information from a cooperating witness is often provided in exchange for a reduced sentence or some other incentive. This kind of inducement creates a situation that is highly conducive to evidence fabrication on the part of the cooperating witness. In fact, one recent study concluded that lying informants are rarely prosecuted and therefore have much to gain and little to lose by testifying falsely.While courts have recognized the unreliable nature of evidence obtained through bartered testimony, they have held that safeguards are in place to adequately protect the accused against a conviction based on false testimony. These safeguards allow effective cross-examination of a cooperating witness and enable the jury to consider a witness‚ s motivations. However, these safeguards do not always provide protection. There are cases in which prosecutors merely imply to cooperating witnesses that they will receive an incentive in exchange for testimony. In such cases, the exchange between prosecution and witness does not have to be disclosed to the jury.In addition, psychological research on confession testimony‚ confessions obtained by investigators directly from the accused‚ reveal further problems with bartered testimony. This research indicates that jurors give undue weight to confession evidence when rendering guilt decisions. This effect is especially notable in cases where jurors are aware that a defendant has been offered an incentive in exchange for a confession. This is particularly relevant here because if people have difficulty realizing the effect that an incentive can have on a defendant‚ s behavior, they may also fail to realize the effect that an incentive may have on a cooperating witness‚ s behavior.A common psychological phenomenon may account for jurors‚ superficial examination of confession evidence. Studies show that people tend to explain the behavior of others in terms of internal dispositions or attitudes as opposed to external, situational factors. In one study, regardless of whether confession evidence was obtained via negative pressure (threats of worse treatment and/or harsher punishment) or positive pressure (promises of better treatment and/or leniency), mock jurors viewed a confession as evidence that the defendant committed the crime because ‚ only a guilty person would confess to such a crime.‚ The same logic can be applied to the testimony of cooperating witnesses: jurors may presuppose that accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants offer their testimony as atonement rather than deducing that external factors made it expedient to give the testimony. Stem:The author mentions the research on confession testimony (fourth paragraph) primarily in order to Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:reveal a potential problem for the author‚ s analysis Choice B:make an unfavorable comparison to a study cited earlier in the passage Choice C:justify a conclusion regarding jurors' treatment of evidence provided by cooperating witnesses Choice D:question the relevance of jury decision-making processes to the issue of the courts‚ reliance on the testimony of cooperating witnesses Choice E:contrast the way in which jurors evaluate evidence provided by a defendant with the way jurors evaluate evidence provided by a cooperating witness

PT87 S1 Q20

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q21 Passage:Criminal courts frequently rely on accomplice witnesses (witnesses who testify regarding the role of an alleged co-conspirator in a crime) and jailhouse informants (witnesses who provide testimony based on information obtained while incarcerated) for prosecutorial information. Typically the testimony provided by such cooperating witnesses includes information garnered through the witnesses' conversations with the accused, which can include a purported confession to the crime.Information from a cooperating witness is often provided in exchange for a reduced sentence or some other incentive. This kind of inducement creates a situation that is highly conducive to evidence fabrication on the part of the cooperating witness. In fact, one recent study concluded that lying informants are rarely prosecuted and therefore have much to gain and little to lose by testifying falsely.While courts have recognized the unreliable nature of evidence obtained through bartered testimony, they have held that safeguards are in place to adequately protect the accused against a conviction based on false testimony. These safeguards allow effective cross-examination of a cooperating witness and enable the jury to consider a witness‚ s motivations. However, these safeguards do not always provide protection. There are cases in which prosecutors merely imply to cooperating witnesses that they will receive an incentive in exchange for testimony. In such cases, the exchange between prosecution and witness does not have to be disclosed to the jury.In addition, psychological research on confession testimony‚ confessions obtained by investigators directly from the accused‚ reveal further problems with bartered testimony. This research indicates that jurors give undue weight to confession evidence when rendering guilt decisions. This effect is especially notable in cases where jurors are aware that a defendant has been offered an incentive in exchange for a confession. This is particularly relevant here because if people have difficulty realizing the effect that an incentive can have on a defendant‚ s behavior, they may also fail to realize the effect that an incentive may have on a cooperating witness‚ s behavior.A common psychological phenomenon may account for jurors‚ superficial examination of confession evidence. Studies show that people tend to explain the behavior of others in terms of internal dispositions or attitudes as opposed to external, situational factors. In one study, regardless of whether confession evidence was obtained via negative pressure (threats of worse treatment and/or harsher punishment) or positive pressure (promises of better treatment and/or leniency), mock jurors viewed a confession as evidence that the defendant committed the crime because ‚ only a guilty person would confess to such a crime.‚ The same logic can be applied to the testimony of cooperating witnesses: jurors may presuppose that accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants offer their testimony as atonement rather than deducing that external factors made it expedient to give the testimony. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes how the final paragraph functions in the passage? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:It attempts to explain a phenomenon discussed in the previous paragraph. Choice B:It attempts to call into question a claim made in the previous paragraph. Choice C:It summarizes the problems discussed in the previous two paragraphs. Choice D:It outlines potential solutions to the problems discussed in the previous four paragraphs. Choice E:It expands upon a proposal made in the first paragraph.

PT87 S1 Q21

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q22 Passage:Passage A is adapted from a book by a music historian, and passage B from an anthropology journal.Passage AMany commentators have described the blues musician of the United States as an extension of the griot of West Africa, yet one could hardly find two performers with less in common from a sociological perspective. Griots were the historians of their communities, representatives of time-honored traditions, the preservers of lore and cultural identity. They took these traditions and transformed them into song, and as a result often enjoyed great status in their communities. In societies that lacked libraries and museums, official documents and archives, the griot's song filled many of the roles that these institutions serve in other societies.The blues musician, in contrast, honed a music of personal expression, often reflecting a lack of connection to the broader streams of society, evoking feelings of alienation and anomie. Slavery caused this terrible disjunction. Slavery destroyed in large part the traditional social fabric, the communal values, the historical continuities that made the griot's art possible. Blues music was, in many ways, a response to this deprivation.And here we encounter the fundamental tragedy of the blues and one of the sources of its unparalleled symbolic power. For the music sings of small, everyday details of individual lives. But behind this facade always sits a larger reality, invariably unspoken, but no less present for this silence. Separated from the social institutions that gave life its meaning and resonance within their traditional societies, African Americans struggled to find substitutes for what was lost within the smaller cosmos of their personal relationships and daily life. Blues music reflected this dynamic, gave it powerful poetic expression. From this perspective, the perennial themes of blues music‚ heartache and hardships‚ capture in a personal dimension the larger social truth.Passage BFifteenth-century Portuguese explorers observed a stratified social hierarchy in the Wolof culture of Senegal, with a high-status noble sector (g√©er) and low-status caste groups (√±ee√±o). Wolof elites of the day ranked √±ee√±o in six subcastes, the lowest of which was griot.Griots alone specialized in the spoken word. Raising one's voice in public was considered inappropriate for socially prominent people, but griots, considered unmarriageable outside their caste, shouted and sang their patrons' praises to crowds of people, often with a drum, and always with great eloquence.At community gatherings, griots accompanied their patrons, with whom they had usually inherited a close relationship through generations of service. Reciting vivid histories about the brave deeds of their patrons' family ancestors and singing praises about their exemplary work and daily conduct, griots used their music to sway public opinion in favor of their patrons. Their songs invoked specific public values and described their patrons' adherence to them, making the griot a blend of community historian, storyteller, spokesperson, and ultimately, guardian of norms and culture. Despite the griots' public loudness, these performances and the prestige they brought their patrons required griots to be sensitive to Wolof community values and conceptions of correct social conduct. Stem:Which one of the following is a principal purpose of each passage? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:to explain how a musical tradition can replace official institutions Choice B:to reveal the paradoxical nature of the relationship between a culture's values and the artists who help perpetuate those values Choice C:to compare two closely related musical traditions Choice D:to explore the relationship between the social standing of a group of musicians and the music they produce Choice E:to criticize a characterization of a particular culture

PT87 S1 Q22

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q23 Passage:Passage A is adapted from a book by a music historian, and passage B from an anthropology journal.Passage AMany commentators have described the blues musician of the United States as an extension of the griot of West Africa, yet one could hardly find two performers with less in common from a sociological perspective. Griots were the historians of their communities, representatives of time-honored traditions, the preservers of lore and cultural identity. They took these traditions and transformed them into song, and as a result often enjoyed great status in their communities. In societies that lacked libraries and museums, official documents and archives, the griot's song filled many of the roles that these institutions serve in other societies.The blues musician, in contrast, honed a music of personal expression, often reflecting a lack of connection to the broader streams of society, evoking feelings of alienation and anomie. Slavery caused this terrible disjunction. Slavery destroyed in large part the traditional social fabric, the communal values, the historical continuities that made the griot's art possible. Blues music was, in many ways, a response to this deprivation.And here we encounter the fundamental tragedy of the blues and one of the sources of its unparalleled symbolic power. For the music sings of small, everyday details of individual lives. But behind this facade always sits a larger reality, invariably unspoken, but no less present for this silence. Separated from the social institutions that gave life its meaning and resonance within their traditional societies, African Americans struggled to find substitutes for what was lost within the smaller cosmos of their personal relationships and daily life. Blues music reflected this dynamic, gave it powerful poetic expression. From this perspective, the perennial themes of blues music‚ heartache and hardships‚ capture in a personal dimension the larger social truth.Passage BFifteenth-century Portuguese explorers observed a stratified social hierarchy in the Wolof culture of Senegal, with a high-status noble sector (g√©er) and low-status caste groups (√±ee√±o). Wolof elites of the day ranked √±ee√±o in six subcastes, the lowest of which was griot.Griots alone specialized in the spoken word. Raising one's voice in public was considered inappropriate for socially prominent people, but griots, considered unmarriageable outside their caste, shouted and sang their patrons' praises to crowds of people, often with a drum, and always with great eloquence.At community gatherings, griots accompanied their patrons, with whom they had usually inherited a close relationship through generations of service. Reciting vivid histories about the brave deeds of their patrons' family ancestors and singing praises about their exemplary work and daily conduct, griots used their music to sway public opinion in favor of their patrons. Their songs invoked specific public values and described their patrons' adherence to them, making the griot a blend of community historian, storyteller, spokesperson, and ultimately, guardian of norms and culture. Despite the griots' public loudness, these performances and the prestige they brought their patrons required griots to be sensitive to Wolof community values and conceptions of correct social conduct. Stem:Based on the information in passage A about blues and the information in passage B about the music of Wolof griots, which one of the following can most reasonably be inferred? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Both types of music were drawn from feelings of alienation within a social structure. Choice B:Each type of music was created in response to a cultural loss. Choice C:Both types of music served to preserve the traditions of their societies. Choice D:Both types of music were derived from earlier African musical traditions. Choice E:Each type of music is characterized by subject matter that is typically drawn from a circumscribed set of themes.

PT87 S1 Q23

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q24 Passage:Passage A is adapted from a book by a music historian, and passage B from an anthropology journal.Passage AMany commentators have described the blues musician of the United States as an extension of the griot of West Africa, yet one could hardly find two performers with less in common from a sociological perspective. Griots were the historians of their communities, representatives of time-honored traditions, the preservers of lore and cultural identity. They took these traditions and transformed them into song, and as a result often enjoyed great status in their communities. In societies that lacked libraries and museums, official documents and archives, the griot's song filled many of the roles that these institutions serve in other societies.The blues musician, in contrast, honed a music of personal expression, often reflecting a lack of connection to the broader streams of society, evoking feelings of alienation and anomie. Slavery caused this terrible disjunction. Slavery destroyed in large part the traditional social fabric, the communal values, the historical continuities that made the griot's art possible. Blues music was, in many ways, a response to this deprivation.And here we encounter the fundamental tragedy of the blues and one of the sources of its unparalleled symbolic power. For the music sings of small, everyday details of individual lives. But behind this facade always sits a larger reality, invariably unspoken, but no less present for this silence. Separated from the social institutions that gave life its meaning and resonance within their traditional societies, African Americans struggled to find substitutes for what was lost within the smaller cosmos of their personal relationships and daily life. Blues music reflected this dynamic, gave it powerful poetic expression. From this perspective, the perennial themes of blues music‚ heartache and hardships‚ capture in a personal dimension the larger social truth.Passage BFifteenth-century Portuguese explorers observed a stratified social hierarchy in the Wolof culture of Senegal, with a high-status noble sector (g√©er) and low-status caste groups (√±ee√±o). Wolof elites of the day ranked √±ee√±o in six subcastes, the lowest of which was griot.Griots alone specialized in the spoken word. Raising one's voice in public was considered inappropriate for socially prominent people, but griots, considered unmarriageable outside their caste, shouted and sang their patrons' praises to crowds of people, often with a drum, and always with great eloquence.At community gatherings, griots accompanied their patrons, with whom they had usually inherited a close relationship through generations of service. Reciting vivid histories about the brave deeds of their patrons' family ancestors and singing praises about their exemplary work and daily conduct, griots used their music to sway public opinion in favor of their patrons. Their songs invoked specific public values and described their patrons' adherence to them, making the griot a blend of community historian, storyteller, spokesperson, and ultimately, guardian of norms and culture. Despite the griots' public loudness, these performances and the prestige they brought their patrons required griots to be sensitive to Wolof community values and conceptions of correct social conduct. Stem:The attitude displayed in passage A toward blues musicians and the attitude displayed in passage B toward griots can both be characterized as Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:admiration for the musicians' ability to represent personal struggle symbolically Choice B:unease about the musicians' role in preserving a social structure Choice C:envy of the musicians' artistic contributions Choice D:approval of the musicians' role as community historians Choice E:respect for the musicians' artistry

PT87 S1 Q24

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q25 Passage:Passage A is adapted from a book by a music historian, and passage B from an anthropology journal.Passage AMany commentators have described the blues musician of the United States as an extension of the griot of West Africa, yet one could hardly find two performers with less in common from a sociological perspective. Griots were the historians of their communities, representatives of time-honored traditions, the preservers of lore and cultural identity. They took these traditions and transformed them into song, and as a result often enjoyed great status in their communities. In societies that lacked libraries and museums, official documents and archives, the griot's song filled many of the roles that these institutions serve in other societies.The blues musician, in contrast, honed a music of personal expression, often reflecting a lack of connection to the broader streams of society, evoking feelings of alienation and anomie. Slavery caused this terrible disjunction. Slavery destroyed in large part the traditional social fabric, the communal values, the historical continuities that made the griot's art possible. Blues music was, in many ways, a response to this deprivation.And here we encounter the fundamental tragedy of the blues and one of the sources of its unparalleled symbolic power. For the music sings of small, everyday details of individual lives. But behind this facade always sits a larger reality, invariably unspoken, but no less present for this silence. Separated from the social institutions that gave life its meaning and resonance within their traditional societies, African Americans struggled to find substitutes for what was lost within the smaller cosmos of their personal relationships and daily life. Blues music reflected this dynamic, gave it powerful poetic expression. From this perspective, the perennial themes of blues music‚ heartache and hardships‚ capture in a personal dimension the larger social truth.Passage BFifteenth-century Portuguese explorers observed a stratified social hierarchy in the Wolof culture of Senegal, with a high-status noble sector (g√©er) and low-status caste groups (√±ee√±o). Wolof elites of the day ranked √±ee√±o in six subcastes, the lowest of which was griot.Griots alone specialized in the spoken word. Raising one's voice in public was considered inappropriate for socially prominent people, but griots, considered unmarriageable outside their caste, shouted and sang their patrons' praises to crowds of people, often with a drum, and always with great eloquence.At community gatherings, griots accompanied their patrons, with whom they had usually inherited a close relationship through generations of service. Reciting vivid histories about the brave deeds of their patrons' family ancestors and singing praises about their exemplary work and daily conduct, griots used their music to sway public opinion in favor of their patrons. Their songs invoked specific public values and described their patrons' adherence to them, making the griot a blend of community historian, storyteller, spokesperson, and ultimately, guardian of norms and culture. Despite the griots' public loudness, these performances and the prestige they brought their patrons required griots to be sensitive to Wolof community values and conceptions of correct social conduct. Stem:Passage B indicates that which one of the following claims made in passage A about griots was not true of griots in fifteenth-century Wolof culture? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:They were representatives of time-honored traditions. Choice B:They preserved the cultural identity of their societies. Choice C:They often enjoyed great status in their communities. Choice D:They served a function analogous to that served by libraries in other societies. Choice E:Their art was made possible by the communal values of their societies.

PT87 S1 Q25

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q26 Passage:Passage A is adapted from a book by a music historian, and passage B from an anthropology journal.Passage AMany commentators have described the blues musician of the United States as an extension of the griot of West Africa, yet one could hardly find two performers with less in common from a sociological perspective. Griots were the historians of their communities, representatives of time-honored traditions, the preservers of lore and cultural identity. They took these traditions and transformed them into song, and as a result often enjoyed great status in their communities. In societies that lacked libraries and museums, official documents and archives, the griot's song filled many of the roles that these institutions serve in other societies.The blues musician, in contrast, honed a music of personal expression, often reflecting a lack of connection to the broader streams of society, evoking feelings of alienation and anomie. Slavery caused this terrible disjunction. Slavery destroyed in large part the traditional social fabric, the communal values, the historical continuities that made the griot's art possible. Blues music was, in many ways, a response to this deprivation.And here we encounter the fundamental tragedy of the blues and one of the sources of its unparalleled symbolic power. For the music sings of small, everyday details of individual lives. But behind this facade always sits a larger reality, invariably unspoken, but no less present for this silence. Separated from the social institutions that gave life its meaning and resonance within their traditional societies, African Americans struggled to find substitutes for what was lost within the smaller cosmos of their personal relationships and daily life. Blues music reflected this dynamic, gave it powerful poetic expression. From this perspective, the perennial themes of blues music‚ heartache and hardships‚ capture in a personal dimension the larger social truth.Passage BFifteenth-century Portuguese explorers observed a stratified social hierarchy in the Wolof culture of Senegal, with a high-status noble sector (g√©er) and low-status caste groups (√±ee√±o). Wolof elites of the day ranked √±ee√±o in six subcastes, the lowest of which was griot.Griots alone specialized in the spoken word. Raising one's voice in public was considered inappropriate for socially prominent people, but griots, considered unmarriageable outside their caste, shouted and sang their patrons' praises to crowds of people, often with a drum, and always with great eloquence.At community gatherings, griots accompanied their patrons, with whom they had usually inherited a close relationship through generations of service. Reciting vivid histories about the brave deeds of their patrons' family ancestors and singing praises about their exemplary work and daily conduct, griots used their music to sway public opinion in favor of their patrons. Their songs invoked specific public values and described their patrons' adherence to them, making the griot a blend of community historian, storyteller, spokesperson, and ultimately, guardian of norms and culture. Despite the griots' public loudness, these performances and the prestige they brought their patrons required griots to be sensitive to Wolof community values and conceptions of correct social conduct. Stem:Passage B suggests that which one of the following was true of fifteenth-century Wolof society? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The society's sense of shared communal values was beginning to unravel. Choice B:Public shouting and loud singing were acceptable only among lower social classes. Choice C:People who served as guardians of societal norms and culture generally enjoyed high social status. Choice D:Powerful nobles relied on numerous methods to preserve their social status. Choice E:Only members of the highest social class had a conception of correct social conduct.

PT87 S1 Q26

Question ID:PT87 S1 Q27 Passage:Passage A is adapted from a book by a music historian, and passage B from an anthropology journal.Passage AMany commentators have described the blues musician of the United States as an extension of the griot of West Africa, yet one could hardly find two performers with less in common from a sociological perspective. Griots were the historians of their communities, representatives of time-honored traditions, the preservers of lore and cultural identity. They took these traditions and transformed them into song, and as a result often enjoyed great status in their communities. In societies that lacked libraries and museums, official documents and archives, the griot's song filled many of the roles that these institutions serve in other societies.The blues musician, in contrast, honed a music of personal expression, often reflecting a lack of connection to the broader streams of society, evoking feelings of alienation and anomie. Slavery caused this terrible disjunction. Slavery destroyed in large part the traditional social fabric, the communal values, the historical continuities that made the griot's art possible. Blues music was, in many ways, a response to this deprivation.And here we encounter the fundamental tragedy of the blues and one of the sources of its unparalleled symbolic power. For the music sings of small, everyday details of individual lives. But behind this facade always sits a larger reality, invariably unspoken, but no less present for this silence. Separated from the social institutions that gave life its meaning and resonance within their traditional societies, African Americans struggled to find substitutes for what was lost within the smaller cosmos of their personal relationships and daily life. Blues music reflected this dynamic, gave it powerful poetic expression. From this perspective, the perennial themes of blues music‚ heartache and hardships‚ capture in a personal dimension the larger social truth.Passage BFifteenth-century Portuguese explorers observed a stratified social hierarchy in the Wolof culture of Senegal, with a high-status noble sector (g√©er) and low-status caste groups (√±ee√±o). Wolof elites of the day ranked √±ee√±o in six subcastes, the lowest of which was griot.Griots alone specialized in the spoken word. Raising one's voice in public was considered inappropriate for socially prominent people, but griots, considered unmarriageable outside their caste, shouted and sang their patrons' praises to crowds of people, often with a drum, and always with great eloquence.At community gatherings, griots accompanied their patrons, with whom they had usually inherited a close relationship through generations of service. Reciting vivid histories about the brave deeds of their patrons' family ancestors and singing praises about their exemplary work and daily conduct, griots used their music to sway public opinion in favor of their patrons. Their songs invoked specific public values and described their patrons' adherence to them, making the griot a blend of community historian, storyteller, spokesperson, and ultimately, guardian of norms and culture. Despite the griots' public loudness, these performances and the prestige they brought their patrons required griots to be sensitive to Wolof community values and conceptions of correct social conduct. Stem:A difference in the way in which the two passages use the term ‚ griot‚ is that Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:passage A uses the term to refer to both musicians and other performers whereas passage B uses the term to refer only to musicians Choice B:passage A uses the term only to refer to a type of musician whereas passage B also uses the term to refer to a social class Choice C:passage A uses the term to refer to both contemporary and historical musicians whereas passage B uses the term to refer only to historical musicians Choice D:passage B uses the term to refer to musicians who perform only at community gatherings whereas passage A uses the term to refer to musicians who also perform for small groups Choice E:passage B uses the term to refer only to musicians employed by nobles whereas passage A uses the term to refer to musicians who have a variety of employment arrangements

PT87 S1 Q27

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q1 Passage:In situations where it is difficult to make informed decisions about products, consumers should be provided with the relevant information. The difficulty of determining whether a food product contained nutritious ingredients was resolved by requiring food manufacturers to print nutritional information on their products' packaging. Similarly, many consumers are interested in conserving energy, and since there is no easy way for consumers to determine how much energy was required to manufacture a product, _______. Stem:Which one of the following most logically completes the argument? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:consumers who are informed of the amount of energy used to produce a product should choose energy efficient products Choice B:manufacturers should use less energy while producing products Choice C:providing consumers with information about the energy used to produce a product would reduce the impact of fossil fuels on our lives and economy Choice D:consumers should demand products that require less energy to produce Choice E:manufacturers should be required to label their products with information about the amount of energy used to produce those products

PT87 S2 Q1

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q2 Passage:Biologist: Some small animals will instinctively go limp, "playing dead" when caught by a predator. But it is hard to see how playing dead can have survival value in this situation. The predator means to eat the animal just the same, whether or not it plays dead. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would most help to resolve the apparent paradox described by the biologist? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Many small animal species will play dead when surprised by a loud noise or unexpected movement. Choice B:Predators often leave their food in a hiding place rather than eating it immediately. Choice C:A small animal is more likely to play dead when caught by a predator if the predator species is common in the area. Choice D:Most predators prey upon a variety of species, not all of which play dead when caught. Choice E:Many small animal species that do not play dead are capable of fighting off predators.

PT87 S2 Q2

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q3 Passage:Food columnist: Only 2 percent of imported seafood is subjected to health safety inspections. So if you want to increase the likelihood that the seafood you buy will be safe to eat, you should buy only domestic seafood. Stem:The answer to which one of the following questions would most help in evaluating the food columnist's argument? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Do the health safety inspections detect all health risks present in the seafood that is inspected? Choice B:What kinds of health risks can seafood pose? Choice C:What percentage of imported food other than seafood is subjected to health safety inspections? Choice D:What percentage of domestic food other than seafood is subjected to health safety inspections? Choice E:What percentage of domestic seafood is subjected to health safety inspections?

PT87 S2 Q3

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q4 Passage:Dog owner: In general, large dogs need less intensive exercise than smaller dogs to stay fit. A dog that is not exercised at the level of intensity it needs is more apt to be troublesome than one that is. So for any apartment dweller who has limited time to give a dog exercise but who wants to have a dog, a large dog is less likely to be troublesome than a small one. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption the dog owner's argument requires? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:An apartment dweller who has limited time to exercise a dog is unlikely to want to own a dog. Choice B:Providing a dog with more intensive exercise requires more time than providing a dog with less intensive exercise. Choice C:At least some apartment dwellers who have limited time to exercise a dog should not own a dog. Choice D:Of dogs owned by apartment dwellers, those that live in large apartments are less likely to be troublesome than those that live in small apartments. Choice E:In general, the more often a dog gets exercise, the more likely it is that the dog will stay fit.

PT87 S2 Q4

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q5 Passage:One theory concerning the importance of vitamin C in the human diet holds that vitamin C plays a crucial role in the production and maintenance of the body's supply of collagen, an important protein occurring almost exclusively in connective tissue and bones. For this reason, some doctors believe that vitamin C can be useful in treating the symptoms of some common illnesses. Stem:Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Some doctors believe that there are illnesses that affect the state of connective tissue or bones. Choice B:Some doctors believe that vitamin C is the only substance that produces and maintains collagen. Choice C:Some doctors believe that strengthening connective tissue and bones increases the body's ability to use certain vitamins. Choice D:Some doctors believe that use of vitamin C is the most effective treatment for certain common illnesses. Choice E:Some doctors believe that any illness that can be ameliorated with vitamin C causes deterioration of connective tissue and bones.

PT87 S2 Q5

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q6 Passage:Principle: If someone makes an error, it is unethical for a coworker to use that error to his or her own advantage.Application: Because Mark used his coworker Rashmi's clients' e-mail addresses to advance his own career, his action was unethical. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most helps to justify the above application of the principle? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Mark had the e-mail addresses of Rashmi's clients only because he had copied them from Rashmi's directory while she was at lunch. Choice B:A coworker of Rashmi and Mark had access to Rashmi's clients' e-mail addresses and shared them with Mark. Choice C:Rashmi offered to help Mark develop a client base by sharing her own clients' e-mail addresses with him. Choice D:Mark had access to Rashmi's clients' e-mail addresses only because she unintentionally left them visible in an e-mail that she sent to both Mark and her clients. Choice E:Mark happened upon a list of many of the e-mail addresses of Rashmi's clients while conducting market research.

PT87 S2 Q6

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q7 Passage:Kevin: My barber shop sells an herbal supplement that, according to my barber, helps prevent baldness because it contains an enzyme that blocks the formation of a chemical compound that causes people to lose hair.Sabine: That‚ s simply not true. The fact is, your barber makes money by convincing people to buy that product. Stem:Sabine‚ s argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:discounts scientifically plausible evidence merely because the person offering it is not a scientist Choice B:takes for granted that a product will be harmful if it is sold on the basis of an unsubstantiated claim Choice C:rejects an explanation without proposing an alternative explanation Choice D:draws a conclusion about someone‚ s motives for making a particular claim without providing evidence that any such claim was actually made Choice E:rejects a claim merely because the person making the claim stands to benefit by doing so

PT87 S2 Q7

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q8 Passage:Analyst: When Johnson attacked his opponent by quoting her out of context, his campaign defended this attack by claiming that the quote was even more politically damaging to her in context. But those who run his campaign clearly do not believe this. They have since had plenty of chances to refer to the quote in its proper context but continue to quote it out of context. Stem:Which one of the following principles, if valid, most strongly supports the analyst's reasoning above? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:In criticizing an opponent, political campaigns will pursue the line of attack they believe to be most politically damaging. Choice B:In criticizing an opponent, political campaigns do not use techniques that they would find objectionable if used against their candidate. Choice C:In criticizing an opponent, political campaigns are expected by voters to make sure that the quotes to which these campaigns refer are not taken out of context. Choice D:In criticizing an opponent, political campaigns will not be strongly criticized as long as the words attributed to their opponent were actually said by their opponent. Choice E:In criticizing an opponent, political campaigns will avoid using techniques that leave their candidate open to effective counterattacks.

PT87 S2 Q8

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q9 Passage:Ellen: A group of economists and ecologists recently estimated the economic value of Earth's biosphere's "essential services," such as climate regulation, food, and water supplies, at $33 trillion annually. We should therefore make protection of the biosphere a high priority.Santiago: I'm uncomfortable with the idea of calculating the biosphere's dollar value in order to justify protecting it. Such an approach implies that the biosphere's most important value lies in the "services" it provides us. Stem:On the basis of their dialogue, it can most reasonably be concluded that Ellen and Santiago disagree over the truth of which one of the following statements? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Estimating the dollar value of the biosphere's essential services is an appropriate way of providing a rationale for making protection of the biosphere a high priority. Choice B:The biosphere's most important value lies in something other than the services it provides to human beings. Choice C:Calculating the dollar value of the biosphere's essential services is the most effective way to ensure that protecting the biosphere is treated as a matter of urgency. Choice D:The idea that the dollar value of the biosphere's essential services can be accurately calculated is unrealistic. Choice E:Calculating the dollar value of the biosphere's essential services implies that the biosphere's most important value lies in the services it provides to human beings.

PT87 S2 Q9

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q10 Passage:Researchers have found that most people's bodies make an enzyme, CYP2A6, that plays a crucial role in eliminating nicotine, the addictive drug in cigarettes, from the body. Smokers whose bodies make the most common form of this enzyme tend to smoke more than those whose bodies make some other form of it. Why? Well, the faster nicotine is eliminated from one's body, the sooner one will crave another cigarette, and _______. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most effectively completes the explanation above? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:the most common form of CYP2A6 is the one that most rapidly eliminates nicotine from the body Choice B:most people whose bodies make the rarest form of CYP2A6 do not smoke at all Choice C:if one's body does not make CYP2A6, nicotine will still be eliminated, although very slowly Choice D:the greater the quantity of CYP2A6 that one's body makes, the faster nicotine will be eliminated Choice E:helping to eliminate nicotine is not the only function that CYP2A6 serves

PT87 S2 Q10

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q11 Passage:Unlike other mechanical devices, the clock did not evolve from the simple to the complex. The earliest clocks were also the most complicated. This is because early clocks were used primarily to predict astronomical phenomena, though the mechanisms they used for this purpose incidentally enabled one to keep track of time. Gradually the timekeeping functions became more important and the astronomical ones diminished. Stem:Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Present-day clocks are of no use in the prediction of astronomical phenomena. Choice B:The mechanisms used to predict astronomical phenomena in at least some clocks were more complicated than most more recent mechanisms used for this function. Choice C:Clocks used only for keeping time do not differ appreciably in their mechanical complexity. Choice D:The mechanisms that the earliest clocks used to predict astronomical phenomena were more complicated than the mechanisms used for timekeeping functions in some more recent clocks. Choice E:Interest in predicting astronomical phenomena has declined steadily since the invention of the first mechanical clocks.

PT87 S2 Q11

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q12 Passage:Regina: The additional revenue obtained from leasing government-owned toll bridges to private investors will be allocated to the transportation budget, so the leases will not be used to reduce shortfalls in other budget areas.Amal: But allocating new revenue to transportation will free up existing transportation funds for use in other areas. Thus, the new revenue will nonetheless help reduce budget shortfalls in other areas. Stem:Regina and Amal disagree over whether Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:there will be shortfalls in budget areas other than transportation Choice B:the amount of money currently allocated to transportation is adequate Choice C:new revenue from leasing government-owned toll bridges should be allocated to transportation Choice D:new revenue allocated to transportation will result in existing transportation funds being reallocated to other areas Choice E:leasing government-owned toll bridges to private investors will be financially beneficial to the government

PT87 S2 Q12

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q13 Passage:The use of ordinary dictionaries in interpreting the law is justified in the same way that chemists use the periodic table. The periodic table is a convenient source of agreed-upon background information that can be usefully applied to the problem on which a chemist is working. In the same way, ordinary dictionaries can be useful to a legal interpreter in resolving terminological issues. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The periodic table lists the properties of the elements, and presents them in a pattern to represent relations between them, while an ordinary dictionary mostly just gives an alphabetical ordering to the words it defines. Choice B:There is wide agreement about the data on the periodic table, while disagreements between the definitions in different ordinary dictionaries are likely to be relevant to legal interpretation. Choice C:The use of a periodic table as a reference source actually came much later in history than the use of ordinary dictionaries to describe the meanings of words. Choice D:The periodic table contains only a relatively small amount of information that could, in theory, be memorized, while the information in an ordinary dictionary is likely to be too large for any one person to know all at once. Choice E:The periodic table is used primarily by chemists, while ordinary dictionaries are not used primarily by legal scholars and legal interpreters.

PT87 S2 Q13

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q14 Passage:Biologists are mistaken in thinking that the fossil record provides direct evidence of the course of human evolution. Fossils cannot be interpreted objectively: the physical characteristics by which they are classified invariably reflect the models the paleontologists wish to test. For example, classifying a pelvis as human because it supported an upright posture requires taking for granted that bipedalism distinguished early hominids from apes. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the overall conclusion of the argument? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:No early apes had pelvises that would support an upright posture. Choice B:The claims made by evolutionary theorists cannot be objectively tested. Choice C:The fossil remains of some early hominids are difficult to distinguish from those of apes. Choice D:The fossil record does not directly reveal the course of human evolution. Choice E:Paleontologists' classifications of fossils are always influenced by the theories that these scientists are testing.

PT87 S2 Q14

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q15 Passage:The better we understand the behavior and ecological niche of an endangered species, the better chance we have of saving it. And the more individuals of a species we study, the better we understand it. Therefore, _______. Stem:Which one of the following most reasonably completes the argument? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:many endangered species will become extinct before we have the knowledge that is necessary to save them Choice B:continued reduction of wildlife habitat will make the preservation of many endangered species impossible Choice C:knowledge that contributes to saving endangered species becomes harder to get as species become more endangered Choice D:to save endangered species it is more important to acquire the right kind of knowledge than to take action Choice E:the impact of human study of endangered species is sometimes more harmful than beneficial

PT87 S2 Q15

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q16 Passage:Art may make the world more beautiful, but one should choose a career in some profession other than art. Whether and how much artists get paid is determined by subjective evaluations by viewers or audiences of their work. It is unacceptable for one's pay to be determined by subjective evaluations of one's work. Stem:The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:takes for granted that people should choose careers solely on the basis of how much they pay Choice B:takes for granted that a work of art will be considered beautiful either by everyone or by no one Choice C:overlooks the possibility that one's pay in any profession involves a certain degree of subjective evaluation Choice D:overlooks the possibility that some artists are paid very well Choice E:treats a criterion that must be satisfied in order for a career choice to be a good one as a criterion that will ensure that a career choice is a good one

PT87 S2 Q16

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q17 Passage:Critic: Vampires have traditionally been symbols of pure evil. Recently there has been a trend in entertainment of humanizing vampires. This is unfortunate. The overall trend in entertainment toward moral complexity is a good thing. But evil exists in the world, and the vampire myth is one of the most powerful representations of that. Stem:The claim that the overall trend in entertainment toward moral complexity is a good thing plays which one of the following roles in the critic's argument? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:It states a principle used to support the conclusion of the argument. Choice B:It places limits on how broadly the conclusion of the argument should be generalized. Choice C:It justifies the need for the argument's being given. Choice D:It provides a hypothesis that is rejected in the conclusion of the argument. Choice E:It is the conclusion of the argument.

PT87 S2 Q17

Question ID:PT87 S2 Q18 Passage:Some killer whales eat fish exclusively, but others also eat seals. Different groups of killer whales "chatter" in distinct dialects, and the dialects of seal-eating killer whales are recognizably different from those of killer whales that do not eat seals. Harbor seals use their ability to distinguish between different killer-whale dialects to avoid seal-eating killer whales. Marine biologists hypothesize that young harbor seals start with an aversion to all killer whales but then learn to ignore those that do not eat seals. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the biologists' hypothesis? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Killer whales that eat seals also eat other marine mammals that are similar in size to seals. Choice B:Unlike harbor seals, which can hear killer-whale chatter even at great distances, most fish cannot hear that chatter, even close at hand. Choice C:When mature harbor seals first listen to the recorded chatter of killer whales that eat only fish but whose dialect is unfamiliar, the seals rapidly swim away from the sound. Choice D:Young harbor seals show no natural aversion to any seal predators other than killer whales. Choice E:If a fish-eating killer whale mistakenly attacks a harbor seal, that seal, if it survives, will subsequently avoid all killer whales that chatter in the attacker's dialect, but other harbor seals will not.

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Question ID:PT87 S2 Q19 Passage:Trainer: An athlete developed lower back pain after a strenuous athletic competition. For several days, she tried to overcome the pain by daily stretching, but the pain continued. Then, on the advice of a friend, she used a heating pad. Within a few days the pain was gone. This shows that the use of heating pads is generally more effective at relieving lower back pain than stretching is. Stem:The trainer's argument is vulnerable to criticism on each of the following grounds EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:It fails to consider that even if the use of heating pads is more effective at relieving lower back pain than stretching is, it may be much less effective at helping to heal the underlying injury responsible for the pain. Choice B:It fails to consider the fact that lower back pain resulting from athletic competitions often disappears after several days regardless of any attempts to relieve it. Choice C:It fails to consider that the athlete's experience regarding the effectiveness of different methods of relieving lower back pain may not have been representative of that of the general population. Choice D:It overlooks the possibility that the effectiveness of different methods of relieving lower back pain may vary substantially depending on the underlying cause of the lower back pain. Choice E:It overlooks the possibility that there might be ways of stretching that are much more effective at relieving lower back pain than were the ways the athlete tried.

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Question ID:PT87 S2 Q20 Passage:Some literary theorists argue that since literary works are expressions of ideology, it is naive to view them as embodying a distinct aesthetic value to a greater or lesser degree. But these theorists evaluate particular literary works as being ideological expressions that are more or less interesting and successful. Therefore, these theorists succumb to the view they wish to undermine. Stem:The claim that the literary theorists evaluate particular literary works as being ideological expressions that are more or less interesting and successful plays which one of the following roles in the argument? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:It is presented as evidence for the conclusion that it is naive to view literary works as embodying a distinct aesthetic value to a greater or lesser degree. Choice B:It is presented as evidence against the claim that it is naive to view literary works as embodying a distinct aesthetic value to a greater or lesser degree. Choice C:It is a conclusion for which the claim that it is naive to maintain that literary works embody a distinct aesthetic value to a greater or lesser degree is offered as evidence. Choice D:It is presented as evidence for the conclusion that the literary theorists succumb to the view they wish to undermine. Choice E:It is presented as evidence against the claim that literary works are expressions of ideology.

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Question ID:PT87 S2 Q21 Passage:City official: Landowners must clear the snow from the sidewalks along the edge of their property by 24 hours after the end of a snowstorm. The city has the right to clear any sidewalk that is still covered more than 24 hours after a snowstorm's end, and whenever it does so, it will bill the landowner for the service. All landowners whose sidewalks have not been cleared within 48 hours of the end of a snowstorm will receive citations, which always result in fines unless the landowners can demonstrate extenuating circumstances. Stem:If all of the official's statements are true, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:If the city clears a sidewalk of snow 50 hours after the end of a snowstorm, the owner will be billed for the service and will receive a citation. Choice B:All landowners who fail to clear their sidewalks by 24 hours after the end of a snowstorm will be billed by the city for snow removal. Choice C:All sidewalks in the city will be cleared of snow within 50 hours of the end of a snowstorm. Choice D:Nearly all landowners who do not clear their sidewalks within 48 hours after the end of a snowstorm will be fined. Choice E:Landowners who can demonstrate extenuating circumstances will not be billed by the city for snow removal service.

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Question ID:PT87 S2 Q22 Passage:Critic: Almost all of the paintings from our city‚ s art movement share two characteristics: bold brushwork and a sharp contrast of light and shadow. The only ones that do not share these characteristics are abstract paintings, which‚ because they are nonrepresentational‚ do not depict light or shadow. However, the most famous painting from our city‚ Blue Irises‚ cannot be considered part of the city‚ s art movement. For while this painting displays bold brushwork, it does not exhibit a sharp contrast of light and shadow. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption required by the critic's argument? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:In spite of its title, Blue Irises is nonrepresentational. Choice B:Blue Irises does not depict any shadows at all. Choice C:Blue Irises is not an abstract painting. Choice D:All of the nonrepresentational paintings ever produced in the critic‚ s city display bold brushwork. Choice E:All of the paintings from the critic‚ s city with a sharp contrast of light and shadow emerged from the city‚ s art movement.

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Question ID:PT87 S2 Q23 Passage:Critic: Journalists should have reasonable knowledge of statistics. If not, they can make errors that misinform the public. For example, based on a clearly flawed interpretation of polling data, one journalist erroneously reported that a certain candidate would win an election. Stem:The pattern of reasoning in the critic's argument is most similar to that in which one of the following arguments? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Before being issued a driver's license, an applicant should demonstrate an understanding of the environmental effects of driving a fossil fuel-powered car and be aware of the steps that drivers can take to lessen that impact. Otherwise, there will be an unlimited increase in the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. Choice B:All elementary schools should have recess time. Otherwise, children can incur health risks due to insufficient exercise. As a case in point, in a school that had eliminated recess in favor of increased academic hours, the students were less physically fit than before the elimination of recess. Choice C:International travelers should have to be processed through border security at each frontier they cross. The inconvenience this might cause is something travelers must tolerate. Otherwise, safety would be sacrificed for mere convenience. Choice D:All public officials should study ethics prior to or while holding their official position. The study of ethics would enable officials to anticipate the moral pitfalls that characterize public service as well as to withstand the tendency to use public service for private gain. Choice E:Toy manufacturers should be required to record the place and date a toy was made on the toy itself. Otherwise, if the information is recorded on the package only, the purchaser can easily discard the package, thus losing this information, which would make it impossible to respond to manufacturer recalls.

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Question ID:PT87 S2 Q24 Passage:Editorialist: Landis, one of this city's top elected officials, recently spent $10,000 to redecorate his office. Many people believe that if Landis used city funds, then he misused public money, thereby violating his official duties. But Landis is guilty of such violation regardless of the money's source. Spending $10,000 so frivolously is clearly immoral when so many people in our city live in poverty. Stem:The editorialist's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The money Landis used was not his own money. Choice B:It is immoral to spend money on luxury items when there are people who lack basic necessities. Choice C:Landis knew about or participated in the decision to redecorate his office. Choice D:Every public official has an official duty never to perform immoral actions. Choice E:Had Landis not spent the money redecorating the office, it would have been used to help alleviate poverty in the city.

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Question ID:PT87 S2 Q25 Passage:Katelin says that we will be hit by a major snowstorm tomorrow. So she probably believes that tomorrow's antique car show will be canceled, for it will certainly not be held if we are hit by a major snowstorm. Stem:The questionable pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most closely parallel to that in which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Jorge says that given today's pollution levels, many species of migratory birds will become extinct. Thus, he probably believes that the extinctions will occur, since it is widely known that pollution might not be reduced at all. Choice B:Bo says that the soil in his backyard is poorly drained, and since raspberry bushes will not grow well in soil that is poorly drained, Bo probably believes that raspberry bushes will not grow well in his backyard. Choice C:Wanda says that no form of coercive force is ever justified. Thus, since most people who say this believe that government should be abolished, Wanda probably believes that government should be abolished. Choice D:My chemistry professor says that most chemists are good at math. So, my chemistry professor might believe that most chemists are good at chess, since most people who are good at math are also good at chess. Choice E:Dr. Bowder says that eating garlic increases one's alertness. So, since she knows that whatever improves one's circulation increases one's alertness, Dr. Bowder probably believes that eating garlic increases one's circulation.

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Question ID:PT87 S2 Q26 Passage:People should patronize businesses that meet high ethical standards, and the news media should help them to patronize those businesses. Therefore, when a business performs a notably ethical action, the news media should publicize that fact, for hearing of a business's ethical conduct is often enough to motivate people to patronize that business. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Some businesses that have high ethical standards do not actually meet those standards. Choice B:Meeting high ethical standards is primarily a matter of refraining from unethical behavior. Choice C:It is relatively easy for a business to meet its ethical standards if it does not set them very high. Choice D:The news media is more likely to publicize a business's unethical conduct than it is to publicize a business's ethical conduct. Choice E:Some businesses that meet high ethical standards would not do so if they could not remain profitable while meeting those standards.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q1 Passage:Minh: This film director‚ s newest works are very predictable. He‚ s pillaging his own catalog, but with diminishing returns. Each film is simply a repetition of his earlier ones.Natalie: You mistake the films' startling sameness for evidence of a lack of creativity. It would be more accurate to say that he ultimately creates strong new works from the same core elements, and these works are thus original. Stem:The dialogue most strongly supports the claim that Minh and Natalie agree on the truth of which one of the following statements about the director's newest works? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:They share many features with his earlier films. Choice B:They constitute evidence that he is pillaging his own catalog. Choice C:They are nothing more than repetitions of the director's earlier films. Choice D:They are less original than his earlier films. Choice E:They provide evidence of the director's creativity.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q2 Passage:Campaign manager: In campaign speeches, our candidate has been reluctant to reveal all the unpleasant consequences of the policies he endorses, but this lapse can be justified. There is no way to get elected while being fully candid. And it is vitally important that our candidate get a chance to help implement a political agenda that is very positive. Stem:Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the campaign manager's argument? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Ethically questionable acts can sometimes be justified by their good consequences. Choice B:It is better to fail while behaving ethically than to succeed by resorting to unethical measures. Choice C:Legitimate ends obtained through illegitimate means become illegitimate. Choice D:It is possible to accomplish one's agenda even if one is not trusted. Choice E:Voters can best be trusted to make good decisions when they are fully informed.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q3 Passage:Columnist: Although it is our civic duty to protect the population against hazards to public health, we should not reroute high-tension power lines away from heavily populated areas. This is because our limited resources should be devoted to protecting the population only against well-substantiated threats to public health. Stem:The conclusion of the columnist's argument can be properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Public health would be damaged by the loss of electric power. Choice B:Proponents of expensive safety measures with respect to high-tension power lines ignore economic realities. Choice C:Scientific evidence exists for causal links between various modern practices and threats to public health. Choice D:No investigation of the effects of high-tension power lines has established any health threat to people. Choice E:Rerouting high-tension power lines away from heavily populated areas would hinder our ability to study the effects of power lines on people.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q4 Passage:The coat patterns of large cat species correspond to the habitats in which those species live and hunt. Species with spotted coats are at home in trees and dappled forests, while species living in the open plains, such as lions, have plain coats. The only anomaly is the cheetah, a spotted cat that lives in the open savannah. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the anomaly described above? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Unlike all other large cat species, cheetahs' hunting strategy does not rely on stealth but instead relies purely on speed. Choice B:Of all the large cat species, cheetahs most often have their prey stolen from them by larger predators. Choice C:Because they have wide paws with semiretractable claws, cheetahs are not able to climb upright trees. Choice D:Unlike lions, cheetahs are typically solitary hunters. Choice E:Unlike all other large cat species, cheetahs are unable to roar.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q5 Passage:As the current information explosion forces the print media, television, and the Internet to compete for public attention and for advertiser and subscriber dollars, journalistic standards are lowered. Consequently, we are increasingly bombarded with inaccurate and trivial information. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the argument? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The drawbacks of the information explosion now outweigh its benefits. Choice B:People are more and more subjected to insignificant and unreliable information. Choice C:Journalistic standards have fallen in recent years. Choice D:One result of the current information explosion is fierce competition among the print media, television, and the Internet for both money and public attention. Choice E:If journalists returned to earlier journalistic standards, the significance and reliability of news stories would increase.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q6 Passage:The best way to increase the blood supply in the city of Pulaski is to encourage more donations by people who are regular blood donors. A study conducted in two other cities‚ Moorestown and Fredricksburg‚ indicates that it is difficult and expensive to attract first-time blood donors, and that many sporadic donors are reluctant to give more often. But officials in those cities had considerable success convincing many of their cities' regular donors to increase their donation frequency. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would do most to undermine the conclusion of the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Increasing blood donation by regular donors in Moorestown and Fredricksburg produced a significant increase in the blood supply in those cities. Choice B:The pool of potential blood donors in Moorestown and Fredricksburg contained proportionally fewer frequent blood donors than does the pool of potential donors in the city of Pulaski. Choice C:A follow-up study in Moorestown and Fredricksburg showed that long-term frequency of blood donation among regular donors remained higher after the promotional campaign than it had been before the campaign. Choice D:In the city of Pulaski, the number of sporadic blood donors is significantly greater than the number of regular blood donors. Choice E:Almost all of the regular blood donors in the city of Pulaski are already giving blood as frequently as is medically safe.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q7 Passage:Advertisement: Honey Oat Puffs cereal is made with whole-grain oats. Health experts agree that whole-grain oats are among the most healthful foods, far more healthful than most of the foods in a typical diet. So most people would have more healthful diets if they ate Honey Oat Puffs for breakfast. Stem:The reasoning in the advertisement's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:infers that a food will have a certain property simply because one of the food's ingredients has that property Choice B:treats a property that is sufficient to make a food healthful as a property that a food must have in order to be healthful Choice C:confuses two distinct meanings of the word "healthful" Choice D:concludes that a food contributes to health simply because that food tends to be part of the diets of healthy people Choice E:contains a premise that presupposes the truth of the conclusion

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q8 Passage:Astronomer: Conditions in our solar system have probably favored the emergence of life more than conditions in most other solar systems of similar age. Any conceivable form of life depends on the presence of adequate amounts of chemical elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, and our sun has an unusually high abundance of these heavier elements for its age. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the astronomer's argument by the claim that any conceivable form of life depends on chemical elements heavier than hydrogen and helium? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:It is a statement for which no evidence is provided and that is part of the evidence offered for the argument's only conclusion. Choice B:It is a statement for which no evidence is provided and that is offered as support for another statement that in turn is offered as support for the conclusion of the argument as a whole. Choice C:It is a statement for which some evidence is provided and that itself is offered as support for the conclusion of the argument as a whole. Choice D:It is the conclusion of the argument as a whole and is supported by another statement for which support is offered. Choice E:It is one of two conclusions in the argument, neither of which is offered as support for the other.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q9 Passage:Political organizer: Our group needs to assemble at least 30 volunteers if Marcia Garson is to have a chance of winning the election, since she will win only if the public is fully informed about her record. To fully inform the public, at least 30 of our people must campaign for her, but we simply cannot afford to pay people for this work. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the political organizer's argument? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Marcia Garson will probably not be elected. Choice B:The political organizer's group cannot afford to pay people to campaign for Marcia Garson. Choice C:If winning the election is to be a possibility for Marcia Garson, the political organizer's group needs to bring together at least 30 volunteers. Choice D:If the public is not fully informed about Marcia Garson's record, she will not win the election. Choice E:At least 30 people from the political organizer's group need to campaign for Marcia Garson in order to fully inform the public about her record.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q10 Passage:Giant ground sloths began disappearing from the Americas about 10,000 years ago, around the time that the last ice age ended, and are now extinct worldwide. Scientists had thought that these sloths failed to adapt to climate changes, but they are now coming to believe that it was the arrival of human beings shortly before that ice age ended that was responsible for the sloths' disappearance. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, provides the most support for the scientists' new belief? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Scientists have not found any physical evidence to support the idea that giant ground sloths were hunted to extinction. Choice B:Species of smaller tree-dwelling sloths continue to live throughout South and Central America. Choice C:Their large size made the giant ground sloths less adaptable than most other ground mammals. Choice D:Giant ground sloths are not the only large mammals that began to disappear from the Americas around 10,000 years ago. Choice E:One type of giant ground sloth survived on isolated islands until human beings arrived there well after the last ice age.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q11 Passage:Studies have shown that those who take daily doses of vitamin C are less likely to contract colds than are those who do not. Thus, if a person contracts a cold, he or she probably does not take daily doses of vitamin C. Stem:The questionable reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels that in which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:To be classified as a hurricane, a tropical storm in the Atlantic Ocean must have sustained wind speeds of over 74 miles (119 kilometers) per hour. So tropical storms with sustained wind speeds at about that level are not hurricanes. Choice B:Everyone who ate the tuna salad prepared in the cafeteria has contracted botulism. So those who ate other dishes prepared in the cafeteria will probably also get this disease. Choice C:Laboratory rats given an extremely low-calorie diet live up to 20 percent longer than do those given a more ordinary diet. So most people could extend their life spans by eating a great deal less than they usually do. Choice D:People who train diligently to play poker can achieve a certain level of proficiency, so those players owe their success to hard work alone. Choice E:Automobile engines that undergo regular oil changes are more likely to be problem free than are those that do not. So automobiles with engine problems probably have not had regular oil changes.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q12 Passage:The Discourses, a work attributed to the ancient Stoic philosopher Epictetus, is believed to have been compiled from Epictetus's lectures by his student Arrian. Some claim that Arrian himself authored The Discourses and falsely attributed authorship to Epictetus. That is, however, highly unlikely. Epictetus's views were well known by his contemporaries in Roman society; if Arrian tried to pass off his own views as Epictetus's, this deception would soon be exposed. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The Discourses would have received very little attention in Roman society if that work had not been attributed to Epictetus. Choice B:Some of the philosophy that modern scholars believe Arrian subscribed to can be found in The Discourses. Choice C:Arrian in some ways modeled himself on the historian Xenophon, who had written works that he falsely attributed to the philosopher Socrates. Choice D:Arrian had high status in Roman society, which he knew would be undermined if he were shown to be dishonest. Choice E:During his long career, Arrian was a soldier, a consul of Rome, and a governor in Turkey.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q13 Passage:A study tested the performance of 70 pilots, half of whom chose to go on a reduced-calorie diet. Those who did not diet performed well, while pilots who were dieting performed worse, although they had performed well before they started their diets. The average level of impairment for the dieters was approximately equal to that caused by consuming two alcoholic drinks on an empty stomach. Stem:Each of the following, if true, contributes to an explanation of the study results described above EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Dieters often become preoccupied with worries about their weight losses and calorie intakes. Choice B:Many of the pilots, including both dieters and nondieters, consumed alcohol before the tests, and dieting increases vulnerability to alcohol's effects. Choice C:Reduced-calorie dieting makes most people more vulnerable to irritability and fatigue. Choice D:Many of the pilots chose to go on the diet because they were curious about whether one's weight affects one's piloting skills. Choice E:Whereas alcohol has no effect on the level of glucose (a nutrient vital to brain function) in the bloodstream, dieting lowers the glucose level.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q14 Passage:Guam has 40 times more spiders than nearby islands have. Biologists argue that this is a consequence of the accidental 1940s introduction into Guam of the brown tree snake, which by the 1980s had eliminated ten of twelve native bird species. The biologists attribute the spider population‚ s increase to the loss of bird species, because many birds prey on spiders and some use spiderwebs in constructing nests. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the biologists' conclusion? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Birds compete with spiders for insect prey. Choice B:The biologists counted spiderwebs as a means of estimating the spider population. Choice C:Spiderwebs are more prevalent on Guam than on nearby islands. Choice D:The two bird species remaining on Guam have proliferated since the arrival of the brown tree snakes. Choice E:Brown tree snakes have proven difficult to eradicate on Guam.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q15 Passage:If the glee club pays cash today to rent the equipment it needs for next Saturday's party, its usual rental agency will accept a much lower price than the club would pay for renting the equipment next Saturday. The club's party committee knows the costs involved but nonetheless will wait until next Saturday to pay. The committee clearly cares little about saving money. Stem:Which one of the following assumptions is required by the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:At least some influential members of the club's party committee are interested in the savings available by renting the equipment today rather than renting it next Saturday. Choice B:Most members of the club's party committee are aware of the glee club's financial situation. Choice C:At least one rental agency will not accept a lower price for equipment rental today than it would accept next Saturday. Choice D:The club's party committee has a number of responsibilities that take priority over saving money. Choice E:There is enough cash available to the glee club today to pay for the equipment rental at today's lower price.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q16 Passage:If a novelist is popular he or she can vividly imagine large numbers of characters, each with a personality and attitudes that are completely different from those of the others and from those of the novelist. Such a writer also will be capable of empathizing with people who have goals completely different from his or her own and so will have some doubts about the genuine value of his or her own desires. Stem:If the statements above are true then each of the following could also be true EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Some novelists who can vividly imagine large numbers of characters with attitudes and personalities completely different from those of the others are not popular. Choice B:Some novelists are incapable of empathizing with people whose goals are completely different from their own. Choice C:Some people who lack the ability to empathize with those who have goals completely different from their own are popular novelists. Choice D:No people who have doubts about the value of their own desires are incapable of empathizing with people who have goals that are completely different from their own. Choice E:Most writers who have doubts about the value of what they desire are popular novelists.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q17 Passage:After monitoring blood levels of lycopene (a nutrient found in some fruits and vegetables) in 1,000 middle-aged study participants over a 12-year period, researchers found that participants with low levels of lycopene were more than twice as likely as those with high levels to have a stroke during that period. Clearly, lycopene reduces the risk of stroke. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Most fruits and vegetables that are rich in lycopene also contain high levels of several other nutrients that are thought likely to reduce the risk of stroke. Choice B:Countries in which people consume substantial quantities of lycopene-rich fruits and vegetables generally have lower rates of stroke than other countries. Choice C:Middle-aged people typically have lower lycopene levels than young adults. Choice D:Study participants with high levels of lycopene consumed, on average, twice the quantity of fruits and vegetables as those with low levels of lycopene. Choice E:There was wide variation in lycopene levels among study participants.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q18 Passage:In order to cut costs and thereby maximize his profit, Mr. Kapp used inferior materials in constructing the library. Whether legal or not, it was clearly wrong for him to do so. For, as an experienced and knowledgeable builder, he must have realized that his action would put people at serious risk. Stem:The argument's conclusion is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Any knowledgeable and experienced builder would realize that using the inferior construction materials that Mr. Kapp used would put people at serious risk. Choice B:An action can be wrong from a moral standpoint without necessarily being illegal. Choice C:Mr. Kapp made a large profit from the construction and sale of the building. Choice D:It is wrong to knowingly put people at serious risk for the sake of profit. Choice E:Mr. Kapp either knew or ought to have known that using the inferior materials he used to build the library would put people at serious risk.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q19 Passage:Most movie critics believe that sentimentality detracts from aesthetic value. But these critics are wrong, since the reason they hold this belief is that sentimentality pervades so many movies that its absence makes a movie more interesting to frequent movie-goers like themselves. It is like someone whose food is usually prepared with a certain type of flavoring concluding that the flavoring itself detracts from the quality of the food. Stem:The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:is based solely on an inappropriate appeal to authority Choice B:rejects a position merely on the grounds that someone who argues for it has an ulterior motive Choice C:takes a necessary condition for a movie's being of high aesthetic value to be a sufficient condition for this Choice D:concludes that a view is false merely on the grounds of how people came to believe it Choice E:takes what is sufficient for diminishing the quality of a work to be necessary for doing so

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q20 Passage:Business owner: Although allowing coal mining in our region would create new jobs, we can expect the number of jobs in the region to decrease overall if it is permitted. Many local businesses depend on our region's natural beauty, and the heavy industrial activity of coal mining would force most of them to close. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the business owner's argument by the claim that many local businesses depend on the region's natural beauty? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:It is given as direct evidence for a statement that is used to support the argument's overall conclusion. Choice B:It is a premise that is offered as direct support for the overall conclusion of the argument. Choice C:It is an intermediate conclusion offered as direct support for the argument's main conclusion. Choice D:It is the overall conclusion drawn in the argument. Choice E:It is a hypothesis for which evidence is explicitly offered, but it is not itself intended to support the argument's overall conclusion.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q21 Passage:Columnist: Obviously, money helps one satisfy one's desires. However, people become less happy as they become more wealthy. For, though wealth allows one to satisfy desires one would not otherwise be able to, it invariably creates an even greater number of desires that will not be satisfied. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the columnist's argument? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Extreme wealth impedes the attainment of the highest level of happiness. Choice B:The fewer unfulfilled desires one has, the happier one is. Choice C:One's happiness tends not to increase each time a desire is satisfied. Choice D:There are very few wealthy people who would not prefer to be wealthier. Choice E:Satisfying one's desires is not the only relevant factor to one's happiness.

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Question ID:PT87 S3 Q22 Passage:Laurie: In a democracy, public art should bring people together either by expressing a consensus on a subject or by helping people to reconcile their differences and to recognize that no single opinion is definitive. Since contemporary public art creates only acrimony, it has failed in its task.Elsa: If people hold radically different opinions, public art should emphasize that. No art form can do the impossible, which is what you are asking for. Stem:Laurie's and Elsa's statements provide the most support for holding that they disagree about Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:what types of public art are most characteristic of contemporary democracies Choice B:whether it is possible in a democracy to create public art that people with radically different opinions can enjoy and support Choice C:what the criterion of success for public art in a democracy should be Choice D:whether contemporary public art creates only acrimony Choice E:whether it is wise for contemporary public art to help achieve a consensus on a subject

PT87 S3 Q22

Question ID:PT87 S3 Q23 Passage:Environmental ethicist: Since whooping cranes, unlike sandhill cranes, are endangered as a species, the survival of any one whooping crane is much more important to the preservation of its species than the survival of any one sandhill crane is to the preservation of its species. Hence, we have a greater duty to protect the life of an individual whooping crane than we do to protect the life of an individual sandhill crane. Stem:The environmental ethicist's reasoning conforms most closely to which one of the following principles? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Any duty to protect the life of an individual organism is entirely independent of the duty to protect the species to which that organism belongs. Choice B:The more important the survival of individual members is to the preservation of a species, the greater the duty to protect the lives of that species' individual members. Choice C:The fewer species an endangered species is closely related to, the greater the duty to protect that species. Choice D:There is a greater duty to protect a species as a whole than there is to protect any individual member of that species. Choice E:There is a greater duty to protect one individual organism over another only if the former organism is a member of an endangered species and the latter organism is not.

PT87 S3 Q23

Question ID:PT87 S3 Q24 Passage:All of the one-way streets in the city have dedicated bike lanes. City buses do not travel on any street with a dedicated bike lane. Parking is allowed only on streets that do not have a dedicated bike lane. City bus number nine travels the full length of Batchelder Avenue. Stem:If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Batchelder Avenue is a one-way street. Choice B:Batchelder Avenue is not a one-way street. Choice C:Parking is allowed on Batchelder Avenue. Choice D:Parking is not allowed on Batchelder Avenue. Choice E:Parking is not allowed on any street on which buses do not travel.

PT87 S3 Q24

Question ID:PT87 S3 Q25 Passage:Ecological terms like "invasive species" invoke human cultural standards like belonging, citizenship, fair play, and morality and apply them to the natural world. These terms can influence ecologists' opinions of certain organisms before any data is gathered about their ecological impact. To prevent this, they should avoid using such terms. Stem:Which one of the following conforms most closely to the principle illustrated above? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Police should not use terms like "thief" when talking to suspects no matter how strong the evidence of their guilt, since suspects are officially innocent until they have been convicted by a court. Choice B:Environmental regulators should not argue publicly that particular substances are harmful, since the government's decisions about which substances are harmful should be made by legislators. Choice C:Opinion writers should avoid using overly unflattering language to describe their opponents' views on controversial issues, since such language often leads readers simply to discount the views of the writer that uses it. Choice D:Software developers should refrain from using psychological terms to describe the performance of their programs, since this could influence their expectations about how those programs will handle unanticipated inputs. Choice E:People should be careful when attributing motives to another person in order to explain that person‚ s behavior, since psychological studies suggest that such attributions are frequently incorrect.

PT87 S3 Q25

Question ID:PT87 S3 Q26 Passage:Employee: Vernon's behavior in last month's incident was certainly unprofessional enough that our company was justified in firing him. But several higher-ranking employees whose behavior in the incident was just as unprofessional haven't been fired and are treated as employees in good standing. So for the sake of consistency, the company must give Vernon his job back. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the employee's argument? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:illicitly using a key term in different senses during the course of the argument Choice B:confusing behavior that is sufficient to justify an action with behavior that is required to justify that action Choice C:offering as its primary evidence a premise that is equivalent to the argument's conclusion Choice D:treating behavior that can sometimes result in a certain consequence as behavior that always results in that consequence Choice E:inferring that one specific response to a problem is necessary without considering another equally supported response

PT87 S3 Q26

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q1 Passage:The participants in an experiment designed to evaluate the persuasive impact of expert witness testimony will be divided into six groups, according to occupation‚ judges, lawyers, medical doctors, nurses, police officers, and teachers. The six groups will be evaluated separately, one after the other, in accordance with the following conditions:The teachers must be evaluated at some time before the medical doctors and at some time before the nurses.The medical doctors must be evaluated at some time before the lawyers.The nurses must be evaluated either immediately before or immediately after the police officers.The police officers must be evaluated at some time between the judges and the lawyers, regardless of whether the judges are evaluated before the lawyers or after. Stem:Which one of the following could be the order in which the six groups are evaluated? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:judges, police officers, teachers, medical doctors, nurses, lawyers Choice B:judges, teachers, medical doctors, lawyers, police officers, nurses Choice C:medical doctors, judges, police officers, nurses, teachers, lawyers Choice D:teachers, lawyers, police officers, nurses, medical doctors, judges Choice E:teachers, medical doctors, judges, police officers, nurses, lawyers

PT87 S4 Q1

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q2 Passage:The participants in an experiment designed to evaluate the persuasive impact of expert witness testimony will be divided into six groups, according to occupation‚ judges, lawyers, medical doctors, nurses, police officers, and teachers. The six groups will be evaluated separately, one after the other, in accordance with the following conditions:The teachers must be evaluated at some time before the medical doctors and at some time before the nurses.The medical doctors must be evaluated at some time before the lawyers.The nurses must be evaluated either immediately before or immediately after the police officers.The police officers must be evaluated at some time between the judges and the lawyers, regardless of whether the judges are evaluated before the lawyers or after. Stem:Which one of the following groups could be evaluated sixth? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:judges Choice B:medical doctors Choice C:nurses Choice D:police officers Choice E:teachers

PT87 S4 Q2

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q3 Passage:The participants in an experiment designed to evaluate the persuasive impact of expert witness testimony will be divided into six groups, according to occupation‚ judges, lawyers, medical doctors, nurses, police officers, and teachers. The six groups will be evaluated separately, one after the other, in accordance with the following conditions:The teachers must be evaluated at some time before the medical doctors and at some time before the nurses.The medical doctors must be evaluated at some time before the lawyers.The nurses must be evaluated either immediately before or immediately after the police officers.The police officers must be evaluated at some time between the judges and the lawyers, regardless of whether the judges are evaluated before the lawyers or after. Stem:If the lawyers are evaluated at some time before the judges, which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The judges are evaluated third. Choice B:The medical doctors are evaluated fifth. Choice C:The nurses are evaluated third. Choice D:The police officers are evaluated fourth. Choice E:The teachers are evaluated second.

PT87 S4 Q3

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q4 Passage:The participants in an experiment designed to evaluate the persuasive impact of expert witness testimony will be divided into six groups, according to occupation‚ judges, lawyers, medical doctors, nurses, police officers, and teachers. The six groups will be evaluated separately, one after the other, in accordance with the following conditions:The teachers must be evaluated at some time before the medical doctors and at some time before the nurses.The medical doctors must be evaluated at some time before the lawyers.The nurses must be evaluated either immediately before or immediately after the police officers.The police officers must be evaluated at some time between the judges and the lawyers, regardless of whether the judges are evaluated before the lawyers or after. Stem:If the police officers are evaluated fifth, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The judges are evaluated third. Choice B:The lawyers are evaluated sixth. Choice C:The medical doctors are evaluated second. Choice D:The nurses are evaluated fourth. Choice E:The teachers are evaluated first.

PT87 S4 Q4

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q5 Passage:The participants in an experiment designed to evaluate the persuasive impact of expert witness testimony will be divided into six groups, according to occupation‚ judges, lawyers, medical doctors, nurses, police officers, and teachers. The six groups will be evaluated separately, one after the other, in accordance with the following conditions:The teachers must be evaluated at some time before the medical doctors and at some time before the nurses.The medical doctors must be evaluated at some time before the lawyers.The nurses must be evaluated either immediately before or immediately after the police officers.The police officers must be evaluated at some time between the judges and the lawyers, regardless of whether the judges are evaluated before the lawyers or after. Stem:What is the minimum number of groups that must be evaluated after the teachers? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:five Choice B:four Choice C:three Choice D:two Choice E:one

PT87 S4 Q5

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q6 Passage:A television station must determine the order in which five commercials, each advertising a single product‚ fast food, granola, pizza, sportswear, or trucks‚ are to be aired during the five slots available in a commercial break. The order of the commercials is subject to the following constraints:The pizza commercial must be aired earlier than the granola commercial.The sportswear commercial must be aired earlier than the truck commercial.The fast-food and sportswear commercials must be aired consecutively. Stem:How many of the commercials are there any one of which could be aired last? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:five Choice B:four Choice C:three Choice D:two Choice E:one

PT87 S4 Q6

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q7 Passage:A television station must determine the order in which five commercials, each advertising a single product‚ fast food, granola, pizza, sportswear, or trucks‚ are to be aired during the five slots available in a commercial break. The order of the commercials is subject to the following constraints:The pizza commercial must be aired earlier than the granola commercial.The sportswear commercial must be aired earlier than the truck commercial.The fast-food and sportswear commercials must be aired consecutively. Stem:If the truck commercial is aired earlier than the granola commercial, then which one of the following CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The fast-food commercial is aired second. Choice B:The granola commercial is aired fourth. Choice C:The pizza commercial is aired first. Choice D:The sportswear commercial is aired first. Choice E:The truck commercial is aired fourth.

PT87 S4 Q7

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q8 Passage:A television station must determine the order in which five commercials, each advertising a single product‚ fast food, granola, pizza, sportswear, or trucks‚ are to be aired during the five slots available in a commercial break. The order of the commercials is subject to the following constraints:The pizza commercial must be aired earlier than the granola commercial.The sportswear commercial must be aired earlier than the truck commercial.The fast-food and sportswear commercials must be aired consecutively. Stem:If the pizza commercial is aired immediately before the truck commercial, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:The truck commercial is aired third. Choice B:The sportswear commercial is aired third. Choice C:The pizza commercial is aired first. Choice D:The granola commercial is aired fourth. Choice E:The fast-food commercial is aired second.

PT87 S4 Q8

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q9 Passage:A television station must determine the order in which five commercials, each advertising a single product‚ fast food, granola, pizza, sportswear, or trucks‚ are to be aired during the five slots available in a commercial break. The order of the commercials is subject to the following constraints:The pizza commercial must be aired earlier than the granola commercial.The sportswear commercial must be aired earlier than the truck commercial.The fast-food and sportswear commercials must be aired consecutively. Stem:How many of the commercials are there any one of which could be aired second? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:five Choice B:four Choice C:three Choice D:two Choice E:one

PT87 S4 Q9

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q10 Passage:A television station must determine the order in which five commercials, each advertising a single product‚ fast food, granola, pizza, sportswear, or trucks‚ are to be aired during the five slots available in a commercial break. The order of the commercials is subject to the following constraints:The pizza commercial must be aired earlier than the granola commercial.The sportswear commercial must be aired earlier than the truck commercial.The fast-food and sportswear commercials must be aired consecutively. Stem:If the granola and truck commercials are not aired consecutively, then which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The fast-food commercial is aired last. Choice B:The granola commercial is aired fourth. Choice C:The pizza commercial is aired third. Choice D:The sportswear commercial is aired second. Choice E:The truck commercial is aired fourth.

PT87 S4 Q10

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q11 Passage:Over the course of four consecutive weeks, a gallery is going to show three oil paintings‚ Gold, Hanbok, and Ibex‚ and three watercolor paintings‚ Ping, Roil, and Sails. Each painting will be shown in at least one week, with exactly one oil painting and one watercolor painting shown per week, subject to the following conditions:No painting can be shown in two consecutive weeks.Gold cannot be shown in any week in which Ping is shown.Hanbok must be shown in any week in which Sails is shown.Hanbok cannot be shown earlier than the third week unless Ibex is shown in the first week. Stem:Which one of the following could be the schedule of the paintings shown in the four weeks, listed in order from the first week to the fourth? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Gold and Roil; Hanbok and Sails; Ibex and Ping; Gold and Roil Choice B:Gold and Roil; Ibex and Sails; Hanbok and Ping; Gold and Roil Choice C:Ibex and Ping; Gold and Roil; Hanbok and Sails; Gold and Roil Choice D:Ibex and Ping; Hanbok and Sails; Gold and Ping; Hanbok and Roil Choice E:Ibex and Ping; Hanbok and Sails; Hanbok and Ping; Gold and Roil

PT87 S4 Q11

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q12 Passage:Over the course of four consecutive weeks, a gallery is going to show three oil paintings‚ Gold, Hanbok, and Ibex‚ and three watercolor paintings‚ Ping, Roil, and Sails. Each painting will be shown in at least one week, with exactly one oil painting and one watercolor painting shown per week, subject to the following conditions:No painting can be shown in two consecutive weeks.Gold cannot be shown in any week in which Ping is shown.Hanbok must be shown in any week in which Sails is shown.Hanbok cannot be shown earlier than the third week unless Ibex is shown in the first week. Stem:If Sails is shown in the second week, then any of the following could be shown in the third week EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Gold Choice B:Hanbok Choice C:Ibex Choice D:Ping Choice E:Roil

PT87 S4 Q12

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q13 Passage:Over the course of four consecutive weeks, a gallery is going to show three oil paintings‚ Gold, Hanbok, and Ibex‚ and three watercolor paintings‚ Ping, Roil, and Sails. Each painting will be shown in at least one week, with exactly one oil painting and one watercolor painting shown per week, subject to the following conditions:No painting can be shown in two consecutive weeks.Gold cannot be shown in any week in which Ping is shown.Hanbok must be shown in any week in which Sails is shown.Hanbok cannot be shown earlier than the third week unless Ibex is shown in the first week. Stem:Which one of the following must be false? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Sails is shown in the first week. Choice B:Hanbok is shown in the second week. Choice C:Roil is shown in the third week. Choice D:Ibex is shown in the fourth week. Choice E:Ping is shown in the fourth week.

PT87 S4 Q13

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q14 Passage:Over the course of four consecutive weeks, a gallery is going to show three oil paintings‚ Gold, Hanbok, and Ibex‚ and three watercolor paintings‚ Ping, Roil, and Sails. Each painting will be shown in at least one week, with exactly one oil painting and one watercolor painting shown per week, subject to the following conditions:No painting can be shown in two consecutive weeks.Gold cannot be shown in any week in which Ping is shown.Hanbok must be shown in any week in which Sails is shown.Hanbok cannot be shown earlier than the third week unless Ibex is shown in the first week. Stem:If Gold is shown in the first week, which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Ibex is shown in the third week. Choice B:Ping is shown in the third week. Choice C:Roil is shown in the second week. Choice D:Roil is shown in the fourth week. Choice E:Sails is shown in the second week.

PT87 S4 Q14

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q15 Passage:Over the course of four consecutive weeks, a gallery is going to show three oil paintings‚ Gold, Hanbok, and Ibex‚ and three watercolor paintings‚ Ping, Roil, and Sails. Each painting will be shown in at least one week, with exactly one oil painting and one watercolor painting shown per week, subject to the following conditions:No painting can be shown in two consecutive weeks.Gold cannot be shown in any week in which Ping is shown.Hanbok must be shown in any week in which Sails is shown.Hanbok cannot be shown earlier than the third week unless Ibex is shown in the first week. Stem:The schedule of the paintings shown in the four weeks is completely determined if which one of the following is true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Gold is shown twice. Choice B:Hanbok is shown twice. Choice C:Ping is shown twice. Choice D:Roil is shown twice. Choice E:Sails is shown twice.

PT87 S4 Q15

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q16 Passage:Over the course of four consecutive weeks, a gallery is going to show three oil paintings‚ Gold, Hanbok, and Ibex‚ and three watercolor paintings‚ Ping, Roil, and Sails. Each painting will be shown in at least one week, with exactly one oil painting and one watercolor painting shown per week, subject to the following conditions:No painting can be shown in two consecutive weeks.Gold cannot be shown in any week in which Ping is shown.Hanbok must be shown in any week in which Sails is shown.Hanbok cannot be shown earlier than the third week unless Ibex is shown in the first week. Stem:If Roil is shown in both the second and fourth weeks, which one of the following could be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Gold is shown in the first week. Choice B:Hanbok is shown in the second week. Choice C:Hanbok is shown in the fourth week. Choice D:Ibex is shown in the second week. Choice E:Ibex is shown in the fourth week.

PT87 S4 Q16

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q17 Passage:Over the course of four consecutive weeks, a gallery is going to show three oil paintings‚ Gold, Hanbok, and Ibex‚ and three watercolor paintings‚ Ping, Roil, and Sails. Each painting will be shown in at least one week, with exactly one oil painting and one watercolor painting shown per week, subject to the following conditions:No painting can be shown in two consecutive weeks.Gold cannot be shown in any week in which Ping is shown.Hanbok must be shown in any week in which Sails is shown.Hanbok cannot be shown earlier than the third week unless Ibex is shown in the first week. Stem:Which one of the following, if substituted for the condition that Gold cannot be shown in any week in which Ping is shown, would have the same effect in determining the schedule of the paintings shown in the four weeks? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Roil must be shown in any week in which Gold is shown. Choice B:Gold must be shown in any week in which Roil is shown. Choice C:If Ping is not shown in the first week, then Sails must be shown no earlier than the third week. Choice D:If Ping is shown in the first week, then Ibex must also be shown in the first week. Choice E:Hanbok cannot be shown in any week in which Roil is shown.

PT87 S4 Q17

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q18 Passage:A charity is assigning volunteers to work at its booth at a fair that runs three days: Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Five volunteers are being assigned: Lentz, Morse, Nuñez, Pang, and Quinn. On each day, exactly three of the volunteers will work at the booth. The assignment of volunteers to days must meet the following conditions:No volunteer works every day.On any day that Morse works, Lentz also works.Nuñez works on Friday.Pang does not work on Saturday. Stem:Which one of the following could be the assignment of volunteers for Friday and Saturday? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Friday: Lentz, Morse, Nuñez Saturday: Lentz, Morse, Nuñez Choice B:Friday: Lentz, Morse, PangSaturday: Lentz, Morse, Quinn Choice C:Friday: Nuñez, Pang, QuinnSaturday: Lentz, Morse, Nuñez Choice D:Friday: Nuñez, Pang, QuinnSaturday: Lentz, Morse, Pang Choice E:Friday: Nuñez, Pang, QuinnSaturday: Morse, Nuñez, Quinn

PT87 S4 Q18

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q19 Passage:A charity is assigning volunteers to work at its booth at a fair that runs three days: Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Five volunteers are being assigned: Lentz, Morse, Nuñez, Pang, and Quinn. On each day, exactly three of the volunteers will work at the booth. The assignment of volunteers to days must meet the following conditions:No volunteer works every day.On any day that Morse works, Lentz also works.Nuñez works on Friday.Pang does not work on Saturday. Stem:If Pang works on Friday, then any of the following could be true EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Lentz works on Friday. Choice B:Morse works on Thursday. Choice C:Morse works on Friday. Choice D:Nuñez works on Thursday. Choice E:Nuñez works on Saturday.

PT87 S4 Q19

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q20 Passage:A charity is assigning volunteers to work at its booth at a fair that runs three days: Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Five volunteers are being assigned: Lentz, Morse, Nuñez, Pang, and Quinn. On each day, exactly three of the volunteers will work at the booth. The assignment of volunteers to days must meet the following conditions:No volunteer works every day.On any day that Morse works, Lentz also works.Nuñez works on Friday.Pang does not work on Saturday. Stem:If Pang works on only one day, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Lentz works on Thursday. Choice B:Morse works on Saturday. Choice C:Nuñez works on Thursday. Choice D:Pang works on Friday. Choice E:Quinn works on Saturday.

PT87 S4 Q20

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q21 Passage:A charity is assigning volunteers to work at its booth at a fair that runs three days: Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Five volunteers are being assigned: Lentz, Morse, Nuñez, Pang, and Quinn. On each day, exactly three of the volunteers will work at the booth. The assignment of volunteers to days must meet the following conditions:No volunteer works every day.On any day that Morse works, Lentz also works.Nuñez works on Friday.Pang does not work on Saturday. Stem:The assignment of volunteers to days is completely determined if which one of the following is true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Lentz works on Thursday. Choice B:Morse works on Friday. Choice C:Nuñez works on Thursday. Choice D:Pang works on Friday. Choice E:Quinn works on Saturday.

PT87 S4 Q21

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q22 Passage:A charity is assigning volunteers to work at its booth at a fair that runs three days: Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Five volunteers are being assigned: Lentz, Morse, Nuñez, Pang, and Quinn. On each day, exactly three of the volunteers will work at the booth. The assignment of volunteers to days must meet the following conditions:No volunteer works every day.On any day that Morse works, Lentz also works.Nuñez works on Friday.Pang does not work on Saturday. Stem:If Morse works on Thursday, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Lentz works on Friday. Choice B:Morse works on Saturday. Choice C:Nuñez works on Saturday. Choice D:Pang works on Thursday. Choice E:Quinn works on Friday.

PT87 S4 Q22

Question ID:PT87 S4 Q23 Passage:A charity is assigning volunteers to work at its booth at a fair that runs three days: Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Five volunteers are being assigned: Lentz, Morse, Nuñez, Pang, and Quinn. On each day, exactly three of the volunteers will work at the booth. The assignment of volunteers to days must meet the following conditions:No volunteer works every day.On any day that Morse works, Lentz also works.Nuñez works on Friday.Pang does not work on Saturday. Stem:If Morse works on only one day, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Lentz works on Friday. Choice B:Morse works on Saturday. Choice C:Nuñez works on Saturday. Choice D:Pang works on Thursday. Choice E:Quinn works on Friday.

PT87 S4 Q23

Question ID:PT86 S1 Q1 Passage:Researcher: During the rainy season, bonobos (an ape species closely related to chimpanzees) frequently swallow whole the rough-surfaced leaves of the shrub Manniophyton fulvum. These leaves are likely ingested because of their medicinal properties, since ingestion of these leaves facilitates the elimination of gastrointestinal worms. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the researcher's argument? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Bonobos rarely swallow whole leaves of any plants other than M. fulvum. Choice B:Chimpanzees have also been observed to swallow rough-surfaced leaves whole during the rainy season. Choice C:Of the rough-leaved plants available to bonobos, M. fulvum shrubs are the most common. Choice D:The leaves of M. fulvum are easier to swallow whole when they are wet. Choice E:The rainy season is the time when bonobos are most likely to be infected with gastrointestinal worms.

PT86 S1 Q1