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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department for right elbow swelling and pain 45 minutes after he fell while playing on the monkey bars during recess. He has been unable to move his right elbow since the fall. Examination shows ecchymosis, swelling, and tenderness of the right elbow; range of motion is limited by pain. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray of the right arm is shown. Which of the following is the most likely complication of this patient's injury?? {'A': 'Polymicrobial infection', 'B': 'Absent radial pulse', 'C': 'Impaired extension of the wrist and hand', 'D': 'Avascular necrosis of the humeral head', 'E': 'Adhesive capsulitis'}, | B: Absent radial pulse |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 3-month-old boy presents for routine health maintenance. The patient has coarse facial features and stiff joint movements with restricted passive and active range of motion. He also has problems following objects with his eyes and seems not to focus on anything. On physical examination, the corneas are clouded, and the patient fails to meet any 3-month developmental milestones. Genetic testing and histopathology are performed and reveal failure of a cellular structure to phosphorylate mannose residues on glycoproteins. An electron microscopy image of one of this patient’s cells is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Kartagener syndrome', 'B': 'Adrenoleukodystrophy', 'C': 'Inclusion cell disease', 'D': 'Diamond-Blackfan anemia', 'E': 'Tay-Sachs disease'}, | C: Inclusion cell disease |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 36-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine gynecological examination. She feels well. Menses occur with normal flow at regular 28-day intervals and last for 3 to 5 days. Her last menstrual period was 20 days ago. She is sexually active with one male partner and they use condoms inconsistently. Her sister was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 40 years. She drinks a glass of wine occasionally with dinner and has smoked 10 cigarettes daily for the past 15 years. The patient's vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination including a complete pelvic exam shows no abnormalities. Urine pregnancy test is negative. A Pap smear shows atypical glandular cells. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Repeat cervical cytology at 12 months', 'B': 'Perform colposcopy with endocervical and endometrial sampling', 'C': 'Perform a diagnostic loop electrosurgical excision', 'D': 'Perform colposcopy and cytology every 6 months for 2 years', 'E': 'Perform colposcopy with endocervical sampling'}, | B: Perform colposcopy with endocervical and endometrial sampling |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 59-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of muscle weakness. Approximately 6 months ago, he started to develop gradually worsening right arm weakness that progressed to difficulty walking about three months ago. His past medical history is notable for a transient ischemic attack, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. He takes aspirin, lisinopril, atorvastatin, metformin, and glyburide. He does not smoke and he drinks alcohol occasionally. Physical examination reveals 4/5 strength in right shoulder abduction and right arm flexion. A tremor is noted in the right hand. Strength is 5/5 throughout the left upper extremity. Patellar reflexes are 3+ bilaterally. Sensation to touch and vibration is intact in the bilateral upper and lower extremities. Tongue fasciculations are noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment in this patient?? {'A': 'Natalizumab', 'B': 'Selegeline', 'C': 'Bromocriptine', 'D': 'Benztropine', 'E': 'Riluzole'}, | E: Riluzole |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 65-year-old man presents to the emergency department for sudden weakness. The patient states that he was at home enjoying his morning coffee when his symptoms began. He says that his left arm suddenly felt very odd and weak thus prompting him to come to the ED. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, COPD, hypertension, anxiety, alcohol abuse, and PTSD. He recently fell off a horse while horseback riding but claims to not have experienced any significant injuries. He typically drinks 5-7 drinks per day and his last drink was yesterday afternoon. His current medications include insulin, metformin, atorvastatin, lisinopril, albuterol, and fluoxetine. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 177/118 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 93% on room air. On physical exam, you note an elderly man who is mildly confused. Cardiopulmonary exam demonstrates bilateral expiratory wheezes and a systolic murmur along the right upper sternal border that radiates to the carotids. Neurological exam reveals cranial nerves II-XII as grossly intact with finger-nose exam mildly abnormal on the left and heel-shin exam within normal limits. The patient has 5/5 strength in his right arm and 3/5 strength in his left arm. The patient struggles to manipulate objects such as a pen with his left hand. The patient is given a dose of diazepam and started on IV fluids. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Berry aneurysm rupture', 'B': 'Bridging vein tear', 'C': 'Cerebellar bleeding', 'D': 'Hypertensive encephalopathy', 'E': 'Lipohyalinosis'}, | E: Lipohyalinosis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 18-year-old male was brought to the emergency room after he caused an accident by driving at a slow speed as he was entering the freeway. He appears to have sustained no major injuries just minor scratches and lacerations, but appears to be paranoid, anxious, and is complaining of thirst. He has conjunctival injection and has slowed reflexes. A police officer explained that he had confiscated contraband from the vehicle of the male. Which of the following substances was most likely used by the male?? {'A': 'Phencyclidine (PCP)', 'B': 'Cocaine', 'C': 'Heroin', 'D': 'Alprazolam', 'E': 'Marijuana'}, | E: Marijuana |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 37-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain. She reports that the pain is not new and usually starts within half an hour of eating a meal. The pain has been previously diagnosed as biliary colic, and she underwent a cholecystectomy three months ago for symptomatic biliary colic. Her liver reportedly looked normal at that time. The patient dates the onset of these episodes to shortly after she underwent a sleeve gastrectomy several years ago, and the episodes were more severe immediately following that surgery. Her postsurgical course was otherwise uncomplicated, and she has lost fifty pounds since then. She has a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, and obesity. She denies alcohol or tobacco use. Her home medications are hydrochlorothiazide, enalapril, atorvastatin, and vitamin supplements. RUQ ultrasound reveals a surgically absent gallbladder and a dilated common bile duct without evidence of stones. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) shows no evidence of biliary compression or obstruction, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) shows no evidence of biliary stones or sludge. Laboratory tests are performed which reveal the following: ALT: 47 U/L AST: 56 U/L Alkaline phosphatase: 165 U/L Total bilirubin: 1.6 g/dL Amylase: 135 U/L Lipase: 160 U/L Which of the following is definitive treatment of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Pancreaticoduodenectomy', 'B': 'Biliary stent', 'C': 'Pancreatic enzyme replacement', 'D': 'Sphincterotomy', 'E': 'Surgical revascularization'}, | D: Sphincterotomy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 14-year-old male presents to the emergency department with altered mental status. His friends who accompanied him said that he complained of abdominal pain while camping. They denied his consumption of anything unusual from the wilderness, or any vomiting or diarrhea. His temperature is 100.5°F (38.1°C), blood pressure is 95/55 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 30/min. His pupils are equal and reactive to light bilaterally. The remainder of the physical exam is unremarkable. His basic metabolic panel is displayed below: Serum: Na+: 116 mEq/L Cl-: 70 mEq/L K+: 4.0 mEq/L HCO3-: 2 mEq/L BUN: 50 mg/dL Glucose: 1010 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.2 mg/dL While the remainder of his labs are pending, the patient becomes bradypneic and is intubated. His ventilator is adjusted to volume control assist-control with a respiratory rate (RR) of 14/min, tidal volume (Vt) of 350 mL, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cm H2O, and fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 40%. His height is 5 feet 5 inches. Intravenous fluids and additional medical therapy are administered. An arterial blood gas obtained after 30 minutes on these settings shows the following: pH: 7.05 pCO2 :40 mmHg pO2: 150 mmHg SaO2: 98% What is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Increase respiratory rate', 'B': 'Increase respiratory rate and tidal volume', 'C': 'Increase tidal volume', 'D': 'Increase tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure', 'E': 'Increase positive end-expiratory pressure'}, | B: Increase respiratory rate and tidal volume |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 50-year-old woman comes to the physician because of multiple, ulcerative skin lesions that occur over various parts of her body. She reports that these rashes first appeared 6 months ago. They occur episodically and usually start as reddish spots, which then expand in size and ulcerate over the next ten days. They resolve spontaneously and reappear at another location a few days later. Over the past 6 months, has had multiple episodes of diarrhea. She has lost 8 kg weight over this period and feels tired constantly. She has not had fever. She was treated for deep venous thrombosis 3 years ago, and took medication for it for 6 months after the episode. Her vital signs are within normal limits. She appears pale and has multiple, tender, ulcerative skin lesions on her legs and buttocks. Her hemoglobin is 9.6 mg/dL, mean corpuscular volume is 82 μm3, and fingerstick blood glucose concentration is 154 mg/dL. Her serum glucagon is elevated. Abdominal ultrasonography reveals a 5.6 cm, well-demarcated, hypoechoic mass in the pancreatic body and multiple, small masses in the liver of variable echogenicity. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management of this patient?? {'A': 'Measurement of serum zinc levels', 'B': 'Endoscopic ultrasonongraphy', 'C': 'Obtaining cancer antigen 19-9 levels', 'D': 'Administration of octreotide', 'E': 'Measurement of glycated hemoglobin\n"'}, | D: Administration of octreotide |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 52-year-old female presents to her primary care physician for medical evaluation prior to an elective hip replacement surgery. She has hypertension and diabetes, both of which are well controlled on oral medications. She also admits to occasional use of recreational injection drugs so a panel of serologies are obtained. Based on the results, the patient is found to have had a previous infection with hepatitis B from which she has fully recovered. Which of the following is a characteristic of the immunoglobulin subtype that most likely binds to hepatitis B core antigen in this patient?? {'A': 'It exists as a monomer', 'B': 'It exists as a dimer', 'C': 'It exists as a pentamer', 'D': 'It activates mast cells', 'E': 'It is only activated by multivalent immunogens'}, | A: It exists as a monomer |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 40-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, comes to the physician because of fatigue, nausea, joint pain, and mild flank pain for 2 months. She has refractory acid reflux and antral and duodenal peptic ulcers for which she takes omeprazole. She also has chronic, foul-smelling, light-colored diarrhea. Five years ago she was successfully treated for infertility with bromocriptine. She reports recently feeling sad and unmotivated at work. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. She is 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 100 kg (220 lb); BMI is 32.7 kg/m2. Her temperature is 37°C (98.8°F), pulse is 78/min, and blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. The abdomen is moderately distended and diffusely tender to palpation. There is mild costovertebral angle tenderness. Her serum calcium concentration is 12 mg/dL, phosphorus concentration is 2 mg/dL, and parathyroid hormone level is 900 pg/mL. Abdominal ultrasound shows mobile echogenic foci with acoustic shadowing in her ureteropelvic junctions bilaterally. A mutation in which of the following genes is most likely present in this patient?? {'A': 'NF2', 'B': 'VHL', 'C': 'C-Kit', 'D': 'RET', 'E': 'MEN1'}, | E: MEN1 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of multiple episodes of dizziness over the past 3 months. Episodes last between 20 minutes and 1 hour. During the episodes she experiences the sudden onset of spinning sensations and imbalance, associated with a ringing in her left ear. She also reports progressive left-sided hearing loss and is unable to follow conversations in noisy surroundings. She has had an upper respiratory infection for the past 5 days, which is being treated with erythromycin. She has been otherwise healthy. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows no abnormalities. Pure tone audiometry shows a combined low- and high-frequency sensory loss of the left ear with normal hearing in the mid frequencies. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management?? {'A': 'Reduce caffeine intake', 'B': 'Begin topiramate therapy', 'C': 'Perform Epley maneuver', 'D': 'Discontinue erythromycin', 'E': 'Begin fluoxetine therapy\n"'}, | A: Reduce caffeine intake |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old woman comes to the emergency department for increasing abdominal pain and confusion for 3 days. The pain is constant and she describes it as 8 out of 10 in intensity. She has the strong feeling that she is being watched. She has not had a bowel movement for 2 days. She began experiencing tingling in parts of her lower extremities 4 hours ago. She consumed a large number of alcoholic beverages prior to the onset of the abdominal pain. Her temperature is 38°C (100.8°F), pulse is 113/min, and blood pressure is 148/88 mm Hg. She appears distracted and admits to hearing whispering intermittently during the examination, which shows a distended abdomen and mild tenderness to palpation diffusely. There is no guarding or rebound tenderness present. Bowel sounds are decreased. There is weakness of the iliopsoas and hamstring muscles. Sensation is decreased over the lower extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ in the lower extremities. Mental status examination shows she is oriented only to person and place. A complete blood count and serum concentrations of electrolytes, glucose, creatinine are within the reference range. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Chlordiazepoxide', 'B': 'Hemin therapy', 'C': 'Haloperidol therapy', 'D': 'Chloroquine', 'E': 'Glucose'}, | B: Hemin therapy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his mother for a physical exam before summer camp. They have no complaints or concerns at this time. He was born at 37 weeks gestation by cesarean delivery. The delivery was complicated by an omphalocele and macrosomia. During infancy and into early childhood, he struggled to breathe and eat due to an enlarged tongue. Growth and development were mostly normal with mild uneven growth of his body. He has one uncle that had similar symptoms and is alive and well. The child is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting developmental goals. He enjoys school and playing with his friends. His heart rate of 90/min, respiratory rate of 22/min, blood pressure of 110/65 mm Hg, and temperature of 36.9°C (98.4°F). Overall the child appears healthy. Physical exam findings include known hemihypertrophy of the right side along with a mildly enlarged tongue. This patient is at increased risk of developing which of the following?? {'A': 'Scoliosis', 'B': "Alzheimer's disease", 'C': 'Diabetes mellitus', 'D': 'Wilms tumor', 'E': 'Sudden infant death syndrome'}, | D: Wilms tumor |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 72-year-old man is brought to your office by his daughter due to concern over recent behavioral changes. Over the last several months he has had increasing difficulty with remembering recent events. She mentions that he is embarrassed due to a new inability to control urination. His medical history is significant for hypertension and insomnia. His medications include alprazolam and hydrochlorothiazide. On physical exam, he is oriented to time and place and thinks his daughter is exaggerating; however, when asked to recall 3 items, the patient refuses to continue the mental status exam. He has 5/5 strength bilaterally. He walks in short strides by sliding his feet across the floor. Which of the following would you expect to see in his patient?? {'A': 'Distortion of corona radiata fibers', 'B': 'Atrophy of the caudate and putamen', 'C': 'Atrophy of the subthalamic nucleus', 'D': 'Depigmentation of the substantia nigra pars compacta', 'E': 'Convex hemorrhage that does not cross suture lines'}, | A: Distortion of corona radiata fibers |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 11-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother for vomiting. The patient has been vomiting for the past week, and his symptoms have not been improving. His symptoms are worse in the morning and tend to improve throughout the day. The patient also complains of occasional headaches and had diarrhea several days ago. The patient eats a balanced diet and does not drink soda or juice. The patient's brothers both had diarrhea recently that resolved spontaneously. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 80/45 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, the patient appears to be in no acute distress. Cardiopulmonary exam reveals a minor flow murmur. Neurological exam reveals cranial nerves II-XII as grossly intact with mild narrowing of the patient's visual fields. The patient's gait is stable, and he is able to jump up and down. Which of the following is the most likely direct cause of this patient's presentation?? {'A': 'Non-enveloped, (+) ssRNA virus', 'B': 'Gram-negative microaerophilic bacteria', 'C': 'Gram-positive enterotoxin', 'D': 'Intracerebellar mass', 'E': "Remnant of Rathke's pouch"}, | E: Remnant of Rathke's pouch |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 35-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of a 1-week history of progressive confusion, myalgia, and nausea. His wife says that he first reported headaches and fatigue 10 days ago, and since then “he has not been himself”. He has refused to drink any liquids for the last day. Two months ago, he helped his neighbor remove a raccoon's den from her backyard. He appears agitated. His temperature is 100.8°F (38.2°C). Examination shows excessive drooling. Muscle tone and deep tendon reflexes are increased bilaterally. Administration of which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition?? {'A': 'RNA-dependent DNA polymerase inhibitor', 'B': 'Chemically-inactivated virus', 'C': 'Live attenuated vaccine', 'D': 'Immunoglobulin against a bacterial protein', 'E': 'Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor'}, | B: Chemically-inactivated virus |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 29-year-old patient presents to her primary care physician with persistent amenorrhea and inability to breastfeed over the last 5 months. She says that she has also been very tired since her baby was born and this fatigue was accompanied by an inability to deal with cold weather despite having no problem with cold prior to becoming pregnant. She has gained an additional 5 pounds since delivery. Review of her hospital records reveals that she had a vaginal delivery that was complicated by severe hemorrhage and episodes of hypotension. Which of the following hormone levels is most likely to be normal in this patient?? {'A': 'Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)', 'B': 'Prolactin', 'C': 'Thyroid hormone', 'D': 'Cortisol', 'E': 'Aldosterone'}, | E: Aldosterone |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 35-year-old G2P1 delivers a boy in the 40th week of gestation. The pregnancy was uncomplicated. The newborn had Apgar scores of 7 and 9 at the 1st and 5th minutes, respectively. On physical examination, the newborn is noted to have a left-sided cleft lip. The hard palate and nose are normal. Which of the following statements describes the cause of the abnormality?? {'A': 'Failure of development of the first pharyngeal arch', 'B': 'Failure of fusion of the left maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process of the frontonasal prominence', 'C': 'Partial resorption of the first pharyngeal arch', 'D': 'Failure of fusion of the left maxillary prominence and the lateral nasal process of the frontonasal prominence', 'E': 'Failure of development of the left maxillary prominence'}, | B: Failure of fusion of the left maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process of the frontonasal prominence |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 17-year-old male is diagnosed with acne vulgaris during a visit to a dermatologist. He is prescribed a therapy that is a derivative of vitamin A. He has no other significant past medical history. Which of the following is the major side-effect of this therapy?? {'A': 'Hyperglycemia', 'B': 'Hyperlipidemia', 'C': 'Fatigue', 'D': 'Xerophthalmia', 'E': 'Alopecia'}, | B: Hyperlipidemia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 70-year-old man presented to a medical clinic for a routine follow-up. He has had hypertension for 20 years and is currently on multiple anti-hypertensive medications. The blood pressure is 150/100 mm Hg. The remainder of the examinations were within normal limits. Echocardiography showed some changes in the left ventricle. What is the most likely reason for the change?? {'A': 'Disordered growth of the cardiac cells', 'B': 'Replacement of cardiac cells into stronger red fiber skeletal cells', 'C': 'Decrease in cardiac cell size', 'D': 'Increase in cardiac cell size', 'E': 'Increase in number of normal cardiac cells'}, | D: Increase in cardiac cell size |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 33-year-old female presents to her primary care physician complaining of heat intolerance and difficulty sleeping over a one month period. She also reports that she has lost 10 pounds despite no changes in her diet or exercise pattern. More recently, she has developed occasional unprovoked chest pain and palpitations. Physical examination reveals a nontender, mildly enlarged thyroid gland. Her patellar reflexes are 3+ bilaterally. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, and respirations are 18/min. Laboratory analysis is notable for decreased TSH. Which of the following pathophysiologic mechanisms contributed to the cardiovascular symptoms seen in this patient?? {'A': 'Increased numbers of a1-adrenergic receptors', 'B': 'Decreased numbers of a1-adrenergic receptors', 'C': 'Decreased numbers of a2-adrenergic receptors', 'D': 'Decreased sensitivity of ß2-adrenergic receptors', 'E': 'Increased sensitivity of ß1-adrenergic receptors'}, | E: Increased sensitivity of ß1-adrenergic receptors |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A neonate suffering from neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is given supplemental oxygen. Which of the following is a possible consequence of oxygen therapy in this patient?? {'A': 'Atelectasis', 'B': 'Anosmia', 'C': 'Atopy', 'D': 'Blindness', 'E': 'Cardiac anomalies'}, | D: Blindness |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 59-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of fatigue and abdominal discomfort. Over the past 6 months, she has had a 5.4-kg (12-lb) weight loss. She takes no medications. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100°F), pulse is 70/min, respirations are 13/min, and blood pressure is 125/80 mm Hg. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. The spleen is palpated 3 cm below the left costal margin. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9.4 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 86 μm3 Leukocyte count 58,000/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 54% Bands 8% Lymphocytes 7% Myelocytes 5% Metamyelocytes 10% Promyelocytes 4% Blasts 5% Monocytes 1% Eosinophils 4% Basophils 2% Platelet count 850,000/mm3 Serum Creatinine 0.9 mg/dL LDH 501 U/L Bone marrow biopsy shows hyperplastic myelopoiesis with granulocytosis. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Cytarabine and daunorubicin', 'B': 'Serum protein electrophoresis', 'C': 'Cytogenetic studies', 'D': 'All-trans retinoic acid', 'E': 'Observation and follow-up'}, | C: Cytogenetic studies |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 70-year-old man presents to his physician for evaluation of fullness and swelling of the left side of the abdomen over the last month. During this time, he has had night sweats and lost 2 kg (4.4 lb) unintentionally. He has no history of severe illness and takes no medications. The vital signs include: blood pressure 115/75 mm Hg, pulse 75/min, and temperature 36.8℃ (98.2℉). The abdomen has asymmetric distention. Percussion and palpation of the left upper quadrant reveal splenomegaly. No lymphadenopathy is detected. Heart and lung examination shows no abnormalities. The laboratory studies show the following: Hemoglobin 9.5 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 95 μm3 Leukocyte count 8,000/mm3 Platelet count 240,000/mm3 Ultrasound shows a spleen size of 15 cm, mild hepatomegaly, and mild ascites. The peripheral blood smear shows teardrop-shaped and nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and immature myeloid cells. Marrow is very difficult to aspirate but reveals hyperplasia of all 3 lineages. The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) test is negative. The cytogenetic analysis is negative for translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely to be present in this patient?? {'A': 'Monoclonal elevation of IgG', 'B': 'Hair-like cell-membrane projections', 'C': 'JAK-2 mutation', 'D': 'Philadelphia chromosome', 'E': 'Reed-Sternburg cells'}, | C: JAK-2 mutation |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A physician is choosing whether to prescribe losartan or lisinopril to treat hypertension in a 56-year-old male. Relative to losartan, one would expect treatment with lisinopril to produce which of the following changes in the circulating levels of these peptides?? {'A': 'Bradykinin increase; angiotensin II decrease', 'B': 'Renin decrease; angiotensin 1 increase', 'C': 'Aldosterone increase; bradykinin decrease', 'D': 'Renin decrease; angiotensin II increase', 'E': 'Angiotensin II increase; bradykinin decrease'}, | A: Bradykinin increase; angiotensin II decrease |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 20-year-old man presents to the urgent care clinic complaining of nausea and vomiting for the past 2 hours. He just returned from a boating trip with his father, and while aboard they shared some packed potato salad and ham sandwiches. His dad denies any nausea or vomiting but does report minor dizziness. On examination he appears pale. The patient reports similar symptoms in the past when he was on a cruise trip to the Bahamas. What is the best medication for this patient at this time?? {'A': 'Diphenhydramine', 'B': 'Guaifenesin', 'C': 'Loperamide', 'D': 'Loratadine', 'E': 'Ondansetron'}, | A: Diphenhydramine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 51-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-day history of fever and cough productive of foul-smelling, dark red, gelatinous sputum. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years and drinks two 12-oz bottles of beer daily. An x-ray of the chest shows a cavity with air-fluid levels in the right lower lobe. Sputum culture grows gram-negative rods. Which of the following virulence factors is most likely involved in the pathogenesis of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Exotoxin A', 'B': 'IgA protease', 'C': 'Heat-stable toxin', 'D': 'P-fimbriae', 'E': 'Capsular polysaccharide'}, | E: Capsular polysaccharide |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 16-year-old girl is brought to the physician for evaluation of severe acne on her face, chest, and back for the past 2 years. She has no itching or scaling. She has been treated in the past with a combination of oral cephalexin and topical benzoyl peroxide without clinical improvement. She is sexually active with one male partner, and they use condoms inconsistently. She does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows mild facial scarring and numerous open comedones and sebaceous skin lesions on her face, chest, and back. Before initiating treatment, which of the following is the most appropriate next step?? {'A': 'Administer oral contraceptives', 'B': 'Screen for depression with a questionnaire', 'C': 'Switch cephalexin to doxycycline', 'D': 'Measure serum beta-hCG levels', 'E': 'Measure creatinine kinase levels'}, | D: Measure serum beta-hCG levels |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 75-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her daughter for a 4-month history of increasing difficulty recognizing her friends and family. She has had to rely on recognizing haircuts, gait, and voices because she cannot remember their faces. Neurologic examination shows that she is able to recognize objects and name facial features such as the eyes and nose. On mental status examination, she is alert and has no deficits in cognition or short-term memory. An MRI of her head shows an inhomogenous 2-cm mass with perifocal edema in her brain. Which of the following brain regions is most likely affected?? {'A': 'Left posterior parietal cortex', 'B': 'Right posterior superior temporal cortex', 'C': 'Left hippocampus', 'D': 'Right superior parietal cortex', 'E': 'Right ventral occipitotemporal cortex'}, | E: Right ventral occipitotemporal cortex |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old male patient presents to your clinic in significant distress. He states he has excruciating, stabbing pain around the left side of his head, and his left eye will not stop tearing. These types of headaches have been occurring for the past week every morning when he awakens and last around 60 minutes. He denies any aura, nausea, or vomiting. He denies any other past medical history. What is this patient's diagnosis?? {'A': 'Migraine headache', 'B': 'Cluster headache', 'C': 'Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH)', 'D': 'Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headaches with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome', 'E': 'Trigeminal neuralgia'}, | B: Cluster headache |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old woman presents to the physician because of an abnormal breast biopsy report following suspicious findings on breast imaging. Other than being concerned about her report, she feels well. She has no history of any serious illnesses and takes no medications. She does not smoke. She consumes wine 1–2 times per week with dinner. There is no significant family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no abnormal findings. The biopsy shows lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) in the left breast. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Breast irradiation + tamoxifen', 'B': 'Careful observation + routine mammography', 'C': 'Left mastectomy + axillary dissection + local irradiation', 'D': 'Lumpectomy + breast irradiation', 'E': 'Lumpectomy + routine screening'}, | B: Careful observation + routine mammography |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 33-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of lower abdominal pain and severe burning with urination. Two years ago, she was diagnosed with cervical cancer and was successfully treated with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy. She has systemic lupus erythematosus and finished a course of cyclophosphamide 3 weeks ago. She is sexually active with multiple male and female partners and uses a diaphragm for contraception. She has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 12 years. Current medication includes hydroxychloroquine. Her temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F), pulse is 84/min, and blood pressure is 136/84 mm Hg. The abdomen is soft and there is tenderness to palpation over the pelvic region. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.1 g/dL Leukocyte count 7,400/mm3 Platelet count 210,000/mm3 Urine pH 7 WBC 62/hpf RBC 12/hpf Protein negative Nitrites positive Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's condition?"? {'A': 'Radiation-induced inflammation', 'B': 'Ascending infection', 'C': 'Sexually transmitted infection', 'D': 'Hematogenous spread of infection', 'E': 'Neural hypersensitivity'}, | B: Ascending infection |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 81-year-old man comes to the emergency department with severe left ear pain and drainage for 3 days. He has a history of poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. He appears uncomfortable. Physical examination of the ear shows marked periauricular erythema, exquisite tenderness on palpation, and granulation tissue in the external auditory canal. The most likely causal pathogen produces an exotoxin that acts by a mechanism most similar to a toxin produced by which of the following organisms?? {'A': 'Corynebacterium diphtheriae', 'B': 'Bordetella pertussis', 'C': 'Shigella dysenteriae', 'D': 'Staphylococcus aureus', 'E': 'Bacillus anthracis'}, | A: Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 24-year-old woman of Ashkenazi Jewish descent presents with recurrent bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. She says she feels well otherwise. Review of systems is significant for a 4 kg weight loss over the past month. Physical examination is significant for multiple aphthous oral ulcers. Colonoscopy reveals a cobblestone pattern of lesions of the mucosa of the intestinal wall involving the sigmoid colon. The patient is informed of the diagnosis and medication to treat her condition is prescribed. On a follow-up visit 6 weeks later, the patient presents with non-productive cough, chest pain, dyspnea on exertion, and worsening oral lesions. A chest radiograph reveals a diffuse interstitial pattern. Which of the following enzymes is inhibited by the medication most likely prescribed for her initial diagnosis?? {'A': 'Thymidylate synthase', 'B': 'Dihydrofolate reductase', 'C': 'Hypoxanthine guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)', 'D': 'DNA polymerase', 'E': 'Thymidine kinase'}, | B: Dihydrofolate reductase |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 5-year-old girl swallows a marble while playing and is rushed to the hospital by her mother. The patient’s mother says she suddenly started to cough violently and made "funny breathing" sounds for a few minutes which then resolved. Her pulse is 100/min and respirations are 28/min. Physical examination reveals a girl in no obvious distress and breathing comfortably. There are diminished breath sounds and mild expiratory wheezing over the lower right lung field. A chest X-ray is performed which shows a round foreign body about 1 cm ×1 cm in the lower portion of the right inferior lobe. Which of the following changes in blood flow through the affected part of the lung would most likely be present in this patient?? {'A': 'Blood flow would be increased due to arterial vasodilation.', 'B': 'Blood flow would be increased due to active hyperemia.', 'C': 'Blood flow would be unchanged due to autoregulation.', 'D': 'Blood flow would be unchanged due to decreased surfactant.', 'E': 'Blood flow would be decreased due to arterial vasoconstriction.'}, | E: Blood flow would be decreased due to arterial vasoconstriction. |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A patient presents with periods of severe headaches and flushing however every time they have come to the physician they have not experienced any symptoms. The only abnormal finding is a blood pressure of 175 mmHg/100 mmHg. It is determined that the optimal treatment for this patient is surgical. Prior to surgery which of the following noncompetitive inhibitors should be administered?? {'A': 'Atropine', 'B': 'Isoproterenol', 'C': 'Propranolol', 'D': 'Phentolamine', 'E': 'Phenoxybenzamine'}, | E: Phenoxybenzamine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 55-year-old man with no significant medical history returns for follow-up of a fasting blood glucose (FBG) of 110 mg/dL. His mother had a myocardial infarction at age 52. He weighs 90 kg and his body mass index is 35 kg/m2. His repeat FBG is 160 mg/dL and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is 7.0%. He is started on metformin but is lost to follow-up. Two years later, his HbA1c is 7.6% despite maximal metformin usage, so the patient is started on glyburide. Three months later, his HbA1c is 7.3% while on both medications, and subsequently prescribed glargine and aspart. Three months later, he is brought by his wife to the emergency department for evaluation of altered mental status. His electronic medical record notes that he was started on nitrofurantoin recently for an urinary tract infection. He is disoriented to place and time. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, respirations are 26/min. His basic metabolic panel is shown below: Serum: Na+: 119 mEq/L Cl-: 90 mEq/L K+: 4.2 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 25 mg/dL Glucose: 1,400 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.9 mg/dL His urine dipstick is negative for ketones. A peripheral intravenous line is established. What is the best initial step in management?? {'A': '3% hypertonic saline', 'B': 'Regular insulin', 'C': "Lactated ringer's solution", 'D': 'Glargine insulin', 'E': 'Regular insulin and potassium'}, | C: Lactated ringer's solution |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 33-year-old woman comes to the emergency department for the evaluation of a headache and increased sweating for the last two hours. The patient also reports palpitations and nausea. Yesterday, she was started on venlafaxine for treatment-resistant depression. She took citalopram for four weeks, but stopped three days ago because her symptoms of depression did not improve. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her temperature is 39°C (102.2°F), pulse is 120/min, and blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg. On mental status examination, the patient is only oriented to person, but not to place or time. Examination shows tremors in all extremities. She has impaired gait. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ bilaterally. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Abnormal ryanodine receptor', 'B': 'Increased CNS serotonergic activity', 'C': 'Dopamine receptor blockade', 'D': 'Anticholinergic toxicity', 'E': 'Suspected amphetamine intake'}, | B: Increased CNS serotonergic activity |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 67-year-old man with stable coronary artery disease comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Aside from occasional exertional chest pain on mowing the lawn or prolonged jogging, he feels well. He goes jogging for 20 minutes once a week and takes a tablet of sublingual nitroglycerine prior to his run to prevent anginal chest pain. The patient would like to run longer distances and asks the physician whether he could increase the dose of the drug prior to running. Administration of higher dosages of this drug is most likely to result in which of the following?? {'A': 'Rebound angina', 'B': 'Development of tolerance', 'C': 'Reflex sympathetic activity', 'D': 'Anaphylactic reaction', 'E': 'Coronary artery vasospasm'}, | C: Reflex sympathetic activity |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 35-year-old man presents with a 1-day-history of pain and difficulty moving his right shoulder. He was cleaning his attic when he fell through onto the floor below and landed on his outstretched right hand. He tried over-the-counter analgesics which did not help. Past medical history is unremarkable. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, there are no visible deformities in the shoulder or upper extremities bilaterally. When he is asked to abduct his right shoulder above his head, he could not move his right shoulder initially. He is able to do so only when he is assisted to complete a full abduction. There is no sensory loss in any part of the upper limbs. Peripheral pulses are 2+ bilaterally. A MRI of the right shoulder is performed (shown in the image). Which of the following structures is most likely injured?? {'A': 'Infraspinatus tendon', 'B': 'Supraspinatus tendon', 'C': 'Deltoid muscle', 'D': 'Subscapularis tendon', 'E': 'Teres minor tendon'}, | B: Supraspinatus tendon |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of intermittent sharp right upper quadrant abdominal pain and nausea for the past 10 hours. She has vomited 3 times. There is no associated fever, chills, diarrhea, or urinary symptoms. She has 2 children who both attend high school. She appears uncomfortable. She is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighs 86 kg (190 lb). Her BMI is 32 kg/m2. Her temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 100/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. She has mild scleral icterus. On physical examination, her abdomen is soft and nondistended, with tenderness to palpation of the right upper quadrant without guarding or rebound. Bowel sounds are normal. Laboratory studies show the following: Blood Hemoglobin count 14 g/dL Leukocyte count 9,000 mm3 Platelet count 160,000 mm3 Serum Alkaline phosphatase 238 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase 60 U/L Bilirubin Total 2.8 mg/dL Direct 2.1 mg/dL Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?? {'A': 'Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen', 'B': 'Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)', 'C': 'Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan of the biliary tract', 'D': 'Supine and erect X-rays of the abdomen', 'E': 'Transabdominal ultrasonography'}, | E: Transabdominal ultrasonography |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because of difficulty walking and cold feet for the past 2 months. His parents report that he tires quickly from walking. The patient was born at 37 weeks' gestation and has met all developmental milestones. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. He is at the 50th percentile for height and 40th percentile for weight. His temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), pulse is 119/min, respirations are 32/min, and blood pressure is 135/85 mm Hg. A grade 2/6 systolic murmur is heard in the left paravertebral region. Pedal pulses are absent. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Rib notching', 'B': 'Low tissue oxygenation in the legs', 'C': 'Interarm difference in blood pressure', 'D': 'Right ventricular outflow obstruction', 'E': 'Increased R wave amplitude in V5-V6 on ECG'}, | B: Low tissue oxygenation in the legs |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of syncope. He reports sudden onset of palpitations followed by loss of consciousness while carrying his groceries to his car. He is unable to recall any further details and does not have any chest pain or dizziness. He has a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gastroparesis, and osteoarthritis of the knees. Medications include lisinopril, metformin, and ondansetron as needed for nausea. He also takes methadone daily for chronic pain. Apart from an abrasion on his forehead, he appears well. His temperature is 37.2 °C (98.9 F), heart rate is 104/min and regular, and blood pressure is 135/70 mm Hg. While he is in the emergency department, he loses consciousness again. Telemetry shows polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with cyclic alteration of the QRS axis that spontaneously resolves after 30 seconds. Results of a complete blood count, serum electrolyte concentrations, and serum thyroid studies show no abnormalities. Cardiac enzymes are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's syncope?? {'A': 'Prolonged QT interval', 'B': 'Fast accessory conduction pathway', 'C': 'Prinzmetal angina', 'D': 'Brugada syndrome', 'E': 'Hypomagnesemia\n"'}, | A: Prolonged QT interval |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with nausea and vomiting. The patient started experiencing these symptoms shortly after arriving home from going out to eat at a seafood restaurant. His symptoms progressed and now he reports having an odd metallic taste in his mouth, diffuse pruritus, and blurry vision. His temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/72 mmHg, pulse is 50/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals bradycardia and an inability of the patient to differentiate hot versus cold; no rash can be appreciated on exam. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s symptoms?? {'A': 'Ciguatoxin', 'B': 'Scombrotoxin', 'C': 'Tetrodotoxin', 'D': 'Type I hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Viral gastroenteritis'}, | A: Ciguatoxin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 43-year-old man comes to the physician because of increasing shortness of breath for 1 month. He has been using two pillows at night but frequently wakes up feeling as if he is choking. Five months ago, he underwent surgery for creation of an arteriovenous fistula in his left upper arm. He has hypertension and chronic kidney disease due to reflux nephropathy. He receives hemodialysis three times a week. His current medications are enalapril, vitamin D3, erythropoietin, sevelamer, and atorvastatin. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), respirations are 22/min, pulse is 103/min and bounding, and blood pressure is 106/58 mm Hg. Examination of the lower extremities shows bilateral pitting pedal edema. There is jugular venous distention. A prominent thrill is heard over the brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula. There are crackles heard at both lung bases. Cardiac examination shows an S3 gallop. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'AV fistula aneurysm', 'B': 'Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome', 'C': 'Pulmonary embolism', 'D': 'Constrictive pericarditis', 'E': 'High-output heart failure'}, | E: High-output heart failure |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 38-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, is brought to the emergency department by her husband after an episode of unconsciousness. She delivered a healthy infant two weeks ago and the postpartum course was complicated by severe vaginal bleeding, for which she required 4 units of packed red blood cells. Since the blood transfusion, she has had decreased milk production and has felt fatigued. Her pulse is 118/min and blood pressure is 104/63 mm Hg. Her finger-stick glucose concentration is 34 mg/dL. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroxine levels are low and the serum sodium level is 132 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Postpartum thyroiditis', 'B': 'Lactotrophic adenoma', 'C': 'Adrenal hemorrhage', 'D': 'Hypothalamic infarction', 'E': 'Pituitary ischemia'}, | E: Pituitary ischemia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 71-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his daughter after she found him to be extremely confused at home. She says that he appeared to be fine in the morning; however, upon returning home, she found that he was slumped in his chair and was hard to arouse. She was worried that he may have taken too many medications and rushed him to the emergency department. His past medical history is significant for bipolar disorder and absence seizures. He does not smoke and drinks 4 alcoholic beverages per night on average. On physical exam, he is found to have a flapping tremor of his hands, pitting ankle edema, and gynecomastia. He does not appear to have any focal neurologic deficits. Which of the following lab findings would most likely be seen in this patient?? {'A': 'Increased anticonvulsant levels', 'B': 'Increased antidepressant levels', 'C': 'Increased bleeding time', 'D': 'Increased d-dimer levels', 'E': 'Increased prothrombin time'}, | E: Increased prothrombin time |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 22-year-old man seeks help from a physician for his heroin addiction. He tells the doctor that he started using heroin at the age of 17 and gradually started increasing the dose. He has been trying to quit for the last 6 months after realizing the negative consequences of his addiction but has not succeeded because of the withdrawal symptoms. The physician suggests a drug that can be taken within a supervised rehabilitation program as a substitute for heroin to help alleviate withdrawal symptoms. The drug will then be tapered over time. He is further informed by the physician that this drug is not to be taken by the patient on his own and will not work in an emergency situation related to heroin withdrawal. Which of the following drugs is most likely to have been recommended by the physician?? {'A': 'Codeine', 'B': 'Clonidine', 'C': 'Methadone', 'D': 'Naloxone', 'E': 'Naltrexone'}, | C: Methadone |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 48-year-old man is unable to pass urine after undergoing open abdominal surgery. His physical examination and imaging findings suggest that the cause of his urinary retention is non-obstructive and is most probably due to urinary bladder atony. He is prescribed a new selective muscarinic (M3) receptor agonist, which improves his symptoms. Which of the following is most likely involved in the mechanism of action of this new drug?? {'A': 'Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase', 'B': 'Inhibition of guanylyl cyclase', 'C': 'Activation of phospholipase C', 'D': 'Increased transmembrane K+ conductance', 'E': 'Increased transmembrane Na+ conductance'}, | C: Activation of phospholipase C |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 17-year-old boy comes to the physician because of body aches and sore throat for 1 week. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. He lives with his parents; they recently adopted a cat from an animal shelter. He is sexually active with one female partner, and they use condoms consistently. His temperature is 38.7°C (101.7°F), pulse is 99/min, and blood pressure is 110/72 mm Hg. Examination shows bilateral posterior cervical lymphadenopathy. The pharynx is red and swollen. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 15 g/dL Leukocyte count 11,500/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 48% Band forms 2% Basophils 0.5% Eosinophils 1% Lymphocytes 45% Monocytes 3.5% When the patient's serum is added to a sample of horse erythrocytes, the cells aggregate together. Which of the following is the most likely causal pathogen?"? {'A': 'Epstein-Barr virus', 'B': 'Cytomegalovirus', 'C': 'Human immunodeficiency virus', 'D': 'Influenza virus', 'E': 'Toxoplasma gondii'}, | A: Epstein-Barr virus |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 8-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with severe dyspnea, fatigue, and vomiting. His mother reports that he has been lethargic for the last several days with an increase in urine output. She thinks he may even be losing weight, despite eating and drinking more than normal for the last couple weeks. Laboratory results are notable for glucose of 440, potassium of 5.8, pH of 7.14 and HCO3 of 17. After administrating IV fluids and insulin, which of the following would you expect?? {'A': 'Increase in serum glucose', 'B': 'Increase in anion gap', 'C': 'Decrease in serum potassium', 'D': 'Decrease in pH', 'E': 'Decrease in serum bicarbonate'}, | C: Decrease in serum potassium |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 49-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with bloody stool and malaise. She developed a fever and acute left lower quadrant abdominal pain earlier in the day. She has had 2 bowel movements with bright red blood. Her past medical history is notable for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. She takes lovastatin, hydrochlorothiazide, metformin, glyburide, and aspirin. Her temperature is 102.9°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 101/61 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. On exam, she is fully alert and oriented. She is tender in the left lower quadrant. A computerized tomography (CT) scan is performed demonstrating acute diverticulitis. She is admitted and started on broad-spectrum antibiotics. 48 hours later, her urine output is significantly decreased. Her abdominal pain has improved but she has started vomiting and appears confused. She has new bilateral lower extremity edema and decreased breath sounds at the lung bases. Laboratory analysis upon admission and 48 hours later is shown below: Admission: Hemoglobin: 11.9 g/dl Hematocrit: 34% Leukocyte count: 11,500/mm^3 Platelet count: 180,000/ mm^3 Serum: Na+: 141 mEq/L Cl-: 103 mEq/L K+: 4.5 mEq/L HCO3-: 23 mEq/L BUN: 21 mg/dL Glucose: 110 mg/dL Creatinine: 0.9 mg/dL 48 hours later: Hemoglobin: 10.1 g/dl Hematocrit: 28% Leukocyte count: 11,500 cells/mm^3 Platelet count: 195,000/ mm^3 Serum: Na+: 138 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 5.1 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 30 mg/dL Glucose: 120 mg/dL Creatinine: 2.1 mg/dL Which of the following findings would most likely be seen on urine microscopy?? {'A': 'Fatty casts', 'B': 'Hyaline casts', 'C': 'Muddy brown casts', 'D': 'Waxy casts', 'E': 'White blood cell casts'}, | C: Muddy brown casts |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 50-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of lethargy and confusion for the past 24 hours. He has also had a productive cough for the past year and has had a 10-kg (22-lb) weight loss over the past 6 months. He has a history of multiple sclerosis and has not had an acute exacerbation in over 10 years. For the past 30 years, he has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily. He drinks 2 beers every day after work. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 90/min, blood pressure is 130/90 mm Hg, and respirations are 22/min. On examination, the patient appears lethargic and cannot state his name or his location. Physical examination reveals scattered wheezing bilaterally. Deep tendon reflexes cannot be elicited. Laboratory studies show: Serum Na+ 115 mEq/L K+ 4.5 mEq/L HCO3- 22 mEq/L Glucose 70 mg/dL Blood urea nitrogen 8 mg/dL Urine osmolality 450 mOsmol/kg H2O Urine sodium 70 mEq/L An x-ray of the chest reveals a central lung mass. Which of the following is the next best step in management?"? {'A': 'Order CT scan of the chest', 'B': 'Administer furosemide', 'C': 'Administer hypertonic saline', 'D': 'Administer demeclocycline', 'E': 'Administer conivaptan'}, | C: Administer hypertonic saline |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 55-year-old man presents to the physician with complaints of 5 days of watery diarrhea, fever, and bloating. He has not noticed any blood in his stool. He states that his diet has not changed recently, and his family has been spared from diarrhea symptoms despite eating the same foods that he has been cooking at home. He has no history of recent travel outside the United States. His only medication is high-dose omeprazole, which he has been taking daily for the past few months to alleviate his gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Which of the following is the most appropriate initial test to work up this patient’s symptoms?? {'A': 'Colonoscopy', 'B': 'Fecal occult blood test', 'C': 'Stool culture', 'D': 'Stool ova and parasite', 'E': 'Stool toxin assay'}, | E: Stool toxin assay |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 49-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor in late December with malaise. She reports worsening fatigue, myalgias, headache, and malaise that started 1 day ago. She works as a lunch lady at an elementary school. Her past medical history is notable for a distal radius fracture after a fall 2 years ago, but she is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. She is married and has 3 adult children who are healthy. Her temperature is 102.9°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 101/61 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, and respirations are 21/min. On exam, she appears lethargic and uncomfortable but is able to answer questions appropriately. Breath sounds are normal bilaterally. She is started on intravenous fluids and a pharmacologic agent for treatment. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of the drug being used to treat this patient?? {'A': 'DNA polymerase inhibitor', 'B': 'Neuraminidase inhibitor', 'C': 'Protease inhibitor', 'D': 'Reverse transcriptase inhibitor', 'E': 'RNA-dependent polymerase inhibitor'}, | B: Neuraminidase inhibitor |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 78-year-old woman is brought to the emergency ward by her son for lethargy and generalized weakness. The patient speaks in short utterances and does not make eye contact with the provider or her son throughout the interview and examination. You elicit that the patient lives with her son and daughter-in-law, and she reports vague weakness for the last couple days. The emergency room provider notices 3-4 healing bruises on the patient's upper extremities; otherwise, examination is not revealing. Routine chemistries and blood counts are unremarkable; non-contrast head CT demonstrates normal age-related changes. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Perform lumbar puncture', 'B': 'Question the patient regarding abuse or neglect', 'C': "Question the patient's son regarding the home situation", 'D': "Ask the patient's son to leave the room", 'E': "Call Adult Protective Services to report the patient's son"}, | D: Ask the patient's son to leave the room |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old woman presents with fever, chills, nausea, and urinary urgency and frequency. She says that her symptoms began 4 days ago and have progressively worsened. Her past medical history is significant for a 6-month history of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Her vital signs include: temperature 39.0°C (102.2°F), blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg, pulse 92/min, and respiratory rate 25/min. On physical examination, there is moderate left costovertebral angle tenderness. Laboratory findings are significant for the following: WBC 8,500/mm3 RBC 4.20 x 106/mm3 Hematocrit 41.5% Hemoglobin 13.0 g/dL Platelet count 225,000/mm3 Urinalysis Color Dark yellow Clarity Turbid pH 6.5 Specific gravity 1.026 Glucose None Ketones None Nitrites Positive Leukocyte esterase Positive Bilirubin Negative Urobilirubin 0.6 mg/dL Protein Trace Blood None WBC 25/hpf Bacteria Many Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Pyelonephritis', 'B': 'Uncomplicated cystitis', 'C': 'Complicated cystitis', 'D': 'UTI', 'E': 'Acute obstructing nephrolithiasis'}, | A: Pyelonephritis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 44-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of lower extremity swelling and frothy urine. He has a history of chronic hepatitis C infection. Physical examination shows 3+ pitting edema of the lower legs and ankles. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Decreased blood urea nitrogen', 'B': 'Decreased cholesterol', 'C': 'Increased lipoproteins', 'D': 'Decreased cystatin C', 'E': 'Increased antithrombin III'}, | C: Increased lipoproteins |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 72-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of increased urinary frequency and a weakened urinary stream. He has a history of gout, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. He currently takes allopurinol, metformin, glyburide, and rosuvastatin. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination reveals an enlarged, non-tender prostate without nodules or masses. An ultrasound reveals a uniformly enlarged prostate that is 40mL in size. His physician starts him on a new medication. After taking the first dose, the patient experiences lightheadedness upon standing and has a syncopal event. Which of the following mechanisms of action is most consistent with the medication in question?? {'A': 'Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker', 'B': 'Alpha-1-adrenergic receptor antagonist', 'C': 'Alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist', 'D': 'Non-selective alpha receptor antagonist', 'E': 'Selective muscarinic agonist'}, | B: Alpha-1-adrenergic receptor antagonist |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 39-year-old male presents with muscle weakness in his upper and lower extremities. The patient has also noticed some trouble with swallowing. On physical exam, signs of hyperreflexia, spasticity, fasciculations, and muscle atrophy are present in an asymmetric fashion. Tongue fasciculations are also present. No sensory loss is noted. The patient does not report any abnormality with his bowel or bladder function. What will most likely be found on muscle biopsy?? {'A': 'Mitochondrial proliferation leading to ragged appearance in Gomori trichrome stain', 'B': 'Perimysial CD4+ infiltration and perifascicular atrophy', 'C': 'CD8+ infiltrating within the fascicle', 'D': 'Denervation and reinnervation of the muscle', 'E': 'Larval cysts'}, | D: Denervation and reinnervation of the muscle |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 38-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She was diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenic purpura at the age of 37 years and has been treated with glucocorticoids and intravenous immune globulin. She has visited the emergency department 3 times in the past 4 months for nose bleeds, which required cauterization. Her platelet counts on her previous visits were 18,320/mm3, 17,500/mm3, and 19,100/mm3. Current medications include dexamethasone and a multivitamin. She has no children. Her immunizations are up-to-date. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows petechiae on the bilateral lower extremities. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. The abdomen is soft and nontender; there is no organomegaly. Her hemoglobin concentration is 13.3 g/dL, leukocyte count is 8,100/mm3, and platelet count is 13,000/mm3. Her blood type is A negative. Serology for hepatitis C and HIV is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Romiplostim therapy', 'B': 'Rituximab therapy', 'C': 'Danazol therapy', 'D': 'Observation and follow-up', 'E': 'Schedule splenectomy'}, | E: Schedule splenectomy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 54-year-old man is brought to the physician by his wife because of progressive difficulty walking during the past 3 months. He has not been able to walk without assistance for the past month and has started to use a wheelchair. He also reports having urinary incontinence for 1 year. His wife says that he has begun to slur his words and has become very difficult to understand. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 16/min. His blood pressure is 130/80mm Hg while sitting and 110/65mm Hg when standing. He is oriented to person and place but not to time. Neurological examination shows a mild tremor in his right hand and rigidity in his upper and lower extremities. He is unable to perform repetitive rotary forearm movements. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Multiple system atrophy', 'B': 'Parkinson disease', 'C': 'Friedreich ataxia', 'D': 'Corticobasal degeneration', 'E': 'Normal pressure hydrocephalus'}, | A: Multiple system atrophy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 28-year-old primigravid woman at 36 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department for 2 hours of contractions. Her pregnancy has been uncomplicated. The contractions occur once every 20–30 minutes, last less than 30 seconds, and have been consistent in intensity and duration since onset. During that time there has been an increase in fetal movements. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 98/min, and blood pressure is 104/76 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows clear cervical mucus and a firm uterus consistent in size with a 36-week gestation. The cervix is 0% effaced and undilated; the vertex is at -3 station. The fetal heart rate is reassuring. After an hour of monitoring in the emergency department, the character of the contractions and pelvic examination findings remain unchanged. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?? {'A': 'Administer tocolytics', 'B': 'Offer local or regional anesthesia', 'C': 'Admit for continuous monitoring', 'D': 'Reassurance and discharge', 'E': 'Perform cesarean delivery'}, | D: Reassurance and discharge |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 28-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by a friend after fainting at work and hitting her head. She is conscious, alert, and in pain as she sustained a deep laceration above her right orbit. When asked about prior fainting episodes, she says that she has had them since childhood, but she felt it was "nothing serious". She also says she has frequent palpitations, shortness of breath, nausea, and, at times, chest pain and attributes this to "working too hard." Her pulse is 110/min, respirations are 20/min, temperature is 37.4°C (99.3°F), and blood pressure is 110/78 mm Hg. Physical examination shows tachycardia and mild hypotension. The patient's electrocardiogram is obtained. Which of the following drugs is the preferable choice for first line treatment of the patient's condition?? {'A': 'Calcium gluconate', 'B': 'Epinephrine', 'C': 'Flecainide', 'D': 'Magnesium sulfate', 'E': 'Procainamide'}, | D: Magnesium sulfate |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 61-year-old G4P3 presents with a 5-year history of involuntary urine loss on coughing, sneezing, and physical exertion. She denies urine leakage at night. She has been menopausal since 51 years of age. She is otherwise healthy and is not on any medications, including hormone replacement therapy. The weight is 78 kg (172 lb) and the height is 156 cm (5.1 ft). The vital signs are within normal limits. The physical examination shows no costovertebral angle tenderness. The neurologic examination is unremarkable. The gynecologic examination revealed pale and thin vulvar and vaginal mucosa. The external urethral opening appears normal; there is urine leakage when the patient is asked to cough. The Q-tip test is positive. The bimanual exam reveals painless bulging of the anterior vaginal wall. Which of the following findings are most likely to be revealed by cystometry?? {'A': 'Normal residual volume, involuntary detrusor contractions on maximal bladder filling', 'B': 'Increased residual volume, no involuntary detrusor contractions', 'C': 'Normal residual volume, involuntary detrusor contractions on minimal bladder filling', 'D': 'Increased residual volume, involuntary detrusor contractions on maximal bladder filling', 'E': 'Normal residual volume, no involuntary detrusor contractions'}, | E: Normal residual volume, no involuntary detrusor contractions |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 20-year-old woman is brought in by police for trying to break into a museum after hours. The patient states that she is a detective on the trail of a master collusion scheme and needs the artifacts from the museum to prove her case. Her family reports that she has been acting strangely for the past week. She has been up perusing the internet all night without taking breaks. Her husband states that she has had increased sexual interest for the past week; however, he did not report this to the physician when he first noticed it. The patient is unable to offer a history as she cannot be redirected from her current theory. Her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 122/81 mmHg, pulse is 97/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable only for a highly-energized patient. Laboratory studies are ordered as seen below. Urine: Color: Yellow Nitrite: Negative Bacteria: Negative Leukocytes: Negative hCG: Positive Benzodiazepines: Negative Barbiturate: Negative Cocaine: Negative Acetaminophen: Negative Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Electroconvulsive therapy', 'B': 'Fluoxetine', 'C': 'Haloperidol', 'D': 'Lithium', 'E': 'Valproic acid'}, | C: Haloperidol |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Six hours after delivery, a 3050-g (6-lb 12-oz) male newborn is noted to have feeding intolerance and several episodes of bilious vomiting. He was born at term to a healthy 35-year-old woman following a normal vaginal delivery. The pregnancy was uncomplicated, but the patient's mother had missed several of her prenatal checkups. The patient's older brother underwent surgery for pyloric stenosis as an infant. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows epicanthus, upward slanting of the eyelids, low-set ears, and a single transverse palmar crease. The lungs are clear to auscultation. A grade 2/6 holosystolic murmur is heard at the left mid to lower sternal border. Abdominal examination shows a distended upper abdomen and a concave-shaped lower abdomen. There is no organomegaly. An x-ray of the abdomen is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Necrotizing enterocolitis', 'B': 'Duodenal atresia', 'C': "Hirschsprung's disease", 'D': 'Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis', 'E': 'Meconium ileus'}, | B: Duodenal atresia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A researcher is examining the relationship between socioeconomic status and IQ scores. The IQ scores of young American adults have historically been reported to be distributed normally with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Initially, the researcher obtains a random sampling of 300 high school students from public schools nationwide and conducts IQ tests on all participants. Recently, the researcher received additional funding to enable an increase in sample size to 2,000 participants. Assuming that all other study conditions are held constant, which of the following is most likely to occur as a result of this additional funding?? {'A': 'Increase in range of the confidence interval', 'B': 'Decrease in standard deviation', 'C': 'Decrease in standard error of the mean', 'D': 'Increase in risk of systematic error', 'E': 'Increase in probability of type II error'}, | C: Decrease in standard error of the mean |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of pain with urination and eye redness. He reports that he developed these symptoms approximately one week ago. He also has noticed left knee and right heel pain that started a few days ago. He denies any recent trauma. He had an episode of abdominal pain and diarrhea ten days ago that resolved. He has otherwise felt well. On exam, he walks with a limp and his conjunctivae are erythematous. Laboratory findings are notable for an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). Which of the following is most likely associated with this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'HLA-B27 haplotype', 'B': 'HLA-DR4 haplotype', 'C': 'Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody', 'D': 'Anti-centromere antibody', 'E': 'Rheumatoid factor'}, | A: HLA-B27 haplotype |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother for a routine medical examination. His medical history is relevant for delayed gross motor milestones. The mother is concerned about a growth delay because both of his brothers were twice his size at this age. Physical examination reveals a well-groomed and healthy boy with a prominent forehead and short stature, in addition to shortened upper and lower extremities with a normal vertebral column. The patient’s vitals reveal: temperature 36.5°C (97.6°F); pulse 60/min; and respiratory rate 17/min and a normal intelligence quotient (IQ). A mutation in which of the following genes is the most likely cause underlying the patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Alpha-1 type I collagen', 'B': 'Fibrillin-1', 'C': 'Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3', 'D': 'Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor', 'E': 'Runt-related transcription factor 2'}, | C: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An investigator is studying brachial artery reactivity in women with suspected coronary heart disease. The brachial artery diameter is measured via ultrasound before and after intra-arterial injection of acetylcholine. An increase of 7% in the vascular diameter is noted. The release of which of the following is most likely responsible for the observed effect?? {'A': 'Nitric oxide from endothelial cells', 'B': 'Endothelin from the peripheral vasculature', 'C': 'Serotonin from neuroendocrine cells', 'D': 'Norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla', 'E': 'Atrial natriuretic peptide from atrial myocytes'}, | A: Nitric oxide from endothelial cells |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 28-year-old female in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy is diagnosed with primary Toxoplasma gondii infection. Her physician fears that the fetus may be infected in utero. Which of the following are associated with T. gondii infection in neonates?? {'A': 'Patent ductus arteriosus, cataracts, deafness', 'B': 'Temporal encephalitis, vesicular lesions', 'C': 'Hutchinson’s teeth, saddle nose, short maxilla', 'D': 'Deafness, seizures, petechial rash', 'E': 'Hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications'}, | E: Hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of a swollen and painful right knee for the last 3 days. He has no history of joint disease. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows erythema and swelling of the right knee, with limited range of motion due to pain. Arthrocentesis of the right knee joint yields 7 mL of cloudy fluid with a leukocyte count of 29,000/mm3 (97% segmented neutrophils). Compensated polarized light microscopy of the aspirate is shown. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's knee pain?? {'A': 'Bacterial infection of the joint', 'B': 'Calcium pyrophosphate deposition', 'C': 'Mechanical stress and trauma', 'D': 'Immune complex-mediated cartilage destruction', 'E': 'Monosodium urate deposition'}, | B: Calcium pyrophosphate deposition |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A new treatment for hemorrhagic stroke, which is a life-threatening clinical condition that occurs when a diseased blood vessel in the brain ruptures or leaks, was evaluated as soon as it hit the market by an international group of neurology specialists. In those treated with the new drug, a good outcome was achieved in 30%, while those treated with the current standard of care had a good outcome in just 10% of cases. The clinicians involved in this cohort study concluded that the newer drug is more effective and prompted for urgent changes in the guidelines addressing hemorrhagic stroke incidents. According to the aforementioned percentages, how many patients must be treated with the new drug to see 1 additional good outcome?? {'A': '5', 'B': '10', 'C': '15', 'D': '20', 'E': '30'}, | A: 5 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 54-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after the sudden onset of shortness of breath, epigastric pain, and sweating. He has no history of similar symptoms. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current medications include amlodipine and metformin. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years. He appears weak and pale. His pulse is 56/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. Cardiac examination shows normal heart sounds. The lungs are clear to auscultation. The skin is cold to the touch. An ECG is shown. Bedside transthoracic echocardiography shows normal left ventricular function. High-dose aspirin is administered. Administration of which of the following is most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Intravenous atropine', 'B': 'Intravenous morphine', 'C': 'Sublingual nitroglycerin', 'D': 'Phenylephrine infusion', 'E': 'Normal saline bolus\n"'}, | E: Normal saline bolus " |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An investigator studying targeted therapy in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors requires a reliable test to determine the spatial distribution of CD117-positive cells in biopsy specimens. Which of the following is the most appropriate test?? {'A': 'Flow cytometry', 'B': 'Immunohistochemistry', 'C': 'Western blot', 'D': 'Northern blot', 'E': 'Fluorescence in-situ hybridization\n"'}, | B: Immunohistochemistry |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:In an attempt to create other selective dopamine 1 (D1) agonists, a small pharmaceutical company created a cell-based chemical screen that involved three modified receptors - alpha 1 (A1), beta 1 (B1), and D1. In the presence of D1 stimulation, the cell would produce an mRNA that codes for a fluorescent protein; however, if the A1 or B1 receptors are also stimulated at the same time, the cells would degrade the mRNA of the fluorescent protein thereby preventing it from being produced. Which of the following would best serve as a positive control for this experiment?? {'A': 'Bromocriptine', 'B': 'Dobutamine', 'C': 'Dopamine', 'D': 'Epinephrine', 'E': 'Fenoldopam'}, | E: Fenoldopam |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 56-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-year-history of intermittent upper abdominal pain that occurs a few hours after meals and occasionally wakes her up in the middle of the night. She reports that the pain is relieved with food intake. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Endoscopy shows a 0.5 x 0.5 cm ulcer on the posterior wall of the duodenal bulb. A biopsy specimen obtained from the edge of the ulcer shows hyperplasia of submucosal glandular structures. Hyperplasia of these cells most likely results in an increase of which of the following?? {'A': 'Glycoprotein synthesis', 'B': 'Antigen presentation', 'C': 'Lysozyme secretion', 'D': 'Hydrochloric acid secretion', 'E': 'Bicarbonate secretion'}, | E: Bicarbonate secretion |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:The balance between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is regulated at several steps, and accumulation of one or more products/chemicals can either promote or inhibit one or more enzymes in either pathway. Which of the following molecules if increased in concentration can promote gluconeogenesis?? {'A': 'AMP', 'B': 'ADP', 'C': 'Insulin', 'D': 'Fructose-2,6-biphosphate', 'E': 'Acetyl-CoA'}, | E: Acetyl-CoA |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 37-year-old man who had undergone liver transplantation 7 years ago, presents to the physician because of yellowish discoloration of the skin, sclera, and urine. He is on regular immunosuppressive therapy and is well-adherent to the treatment. He has no comorbidities and is not taking any other medication. He provides a history of similar episodes of yellowish skin discoloration 6–7 times since he underwent liver transplantation. Physical examination shows clinical jaundice. Laboratory studies show: While blood cell (WBC) count 4,400/mm3 Hemoglobin 11.1 g/dL Serum creatinine 0.9 mg/dL Serum bilirubin (total) 44 mg/dL Aspartate transaminase (AST) 1,111 U/L Alanine transaminase (ALT) 671 U/L Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 777 U/L Alkaline phosphatase 888 U/L Prothrombin time 17 seconds A Doppler ultrasound shows significantly reduced blood flow into the transplanted liver. A biopsy of the transplanted liver is likely to show which of the following histological features?? {'A': 'Normal architecture of bile ducts and hepatocytes', 'B': 'Broad fibrous septations with formation of micronodules', 'C': 'Ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes', 'D': 'Irregularly shaped nodules of regenerating hepatocytes with peripheral halo', 'E': 'Interstitial cellular infiltration with parenchymal fibrosis, obliterative arteritis'}, | E: Interstitial cellular infiltration with parenchymal fibrosis, obliterative arteritis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 14-year-old girl is brought to the physician after she accidentally cut her right forearm earlier that morning while working with her mother's embroidery scissors. She has no history of serious illness. The mother says she went to elementary and middle school abroad and is not sure if she received all of her childhood vaccinations. She appears healthy. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6 °F), pulse 90/min, and blood pressure is 102/68 mm Hg. Examination shows a clean 2-cm laceration on her right forearm with surrounding edema. There is no erythema or discharge. The wound is irrigated with water and washed with soap. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Administer DTaP only', 'B': 'Intravenous metronidazole', 'C': 'Administer Tdap only', 'D': 'Administer TIG only', 'E': 'No further steps are necessary'}, | C: Administer Tdap only |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of a sore throat and fever. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F). Examination shows edematous oropharyngeal mucosa and enlarged tonsils with purulent exudate. There is tender cervical lymphadenopathy. If left untreated, which of the following conditions is most likely to occur in this patient?? {'A': 'Toxic shock syndrome', 'B': 'Polymyalgia rheumatica', 'C': 'Rheumatoid arthritis', 'D': 'Dilated cardiomyopathy', 'E': 'Erythema multiforme'}, | D: Dilated cardiomyopathy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 72-year-old man comes to his primary care provider because of double vision and headache. He says these symptoms developed suddenly last night and have not improved. He has had type 2 diabetes mellitus for 32 years and essential hypertension for 19 years for which he takes metformin and lisinopril. His last recorded A1c was 9.4%. He has smoked 10 to 15 cigarettes a day for the past 35 years. Family history is significant for chronic kidney disease in his mother. Vital signs reveal a temperature of 36.9 °C (98.42°F), blood pressure of 137/82 mm Hg, and pulse of 72/min. On examination, there is ptosis of the right eye and it is deviated down and out. Visual acuity is not affected in either eye. Which of the following cranial nerves is most likely impaired in this patient?? {'A': 'Trochlear nerve', 'B': 'Oculomotor nerve', 'C': 'Abducens nerve', 'D': 'Optic nerve', 'E': 'Facial nerve'}, | B: Oculomotor nerve |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with abdominal pain. His father tells the attending physician that his son has been experiencing severe stomach aches over the past week. They are intermittent in nature, but whenever they occur he cries and draws up his knees to his chest. This usually provides some relief. The parents have also observed mucousy stools and occasional bloody stools that are bright red with blood clots. They tell the physician that their child has never experienced this type of abdominal pain up to the present. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. On physical exam, his vitals are generally normal with a slight fever and mild tachycardia. The boy appears uncomfortable. An abdominal exam reveals a sausage-shaped mass in the right upper abdomen. Which of the following is the most common cause of these symptoms?? {'A': "Meckel's diverticulum", 'B': 'Enlarged mesenteric lymph node', 'C': 'Gastrointestinal infection', 'D': 'Henoch-Schonlein purpura', 'E': 'Idiopathic'}, | E: Idiopathic |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 51-year-old man presents complaining of decreased vibratory sense in his lower limbs. Physical exam reveals a widened pulse pressure and a decrescendo murmur occurring after the S2 heart sound. After further questioning, he also reports he experienced a maculopapular rash over his trunk, palms and soles many years ago that resolved on its own. In order to evaluate the suspected diagnosis, the physician FIRST tested for which of the following?? {'A': 'Agglutination of antibodies with beef cardiolipin', 'B': 'Indirect immunofluoresence of the patient’s serum and killed T. palladium', 'C': 'Cytoplasmic inclusions on Giemsa stain', 'D': 'Agglutination of patients serum with Proteus O antigens', 'E': 'Gram negative, oxidase positive, comma shaped bacteria growing at 42 degrees C'}, | A: Agglutination of antibodies with beef cardiolipin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 28-year-old woman comes to the physician for genetic counseling prior to conception. For the past year, she has had intermittent episodes of headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and tingling of her fingers. She also complains of dark urine during the episodes. Her mother and maternal uncle have similar symptoms and her father is healthy. Her husband is healthy and there is no history of serious illness in his family. Serum studies show elevated concentrations of porphobilinogen and δ-aminolevulinic acid. What is the probability of this patient having a child with the same disease as her?? {'A': '67%', 'B': '50%', 'C': '25%', 'D': '100%', 'E': '0%'}, | B: 50% |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Three days after undergoing cardiac catheterization and coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction, a 70-year-old man develops shortness of breath at rest. He has hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. His current medications include aspirin, clopidogrel, atorvastatin, sublingual nitroglycerin, metoprolol, and insulin. He appears diaphoretic. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 120/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 100/55 mm Hg. Crackles are heard at both lung bases. Cardiac examination shows a new grade 3/6 holosystolic murmur heard best at the cardiac apex. An ECG shows sinus rhythm with T wave inversion in leads II, III, and aVF. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Early infarct-associated pericarditis', 'B': 'Ventricular septal rupture', 'C': 'Postmyocardial infarction syndrome', 'D': 'Coronary artery dissection', 'E': 'Papillary muscle rupture'}, | E: Papillary muscle rupture |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An investigator is studying the mechanism of HIV infection in cells obtained from a human donor. The effect of a drug that impairs viral fusion and entry is being evaluated. This drug acts on a protein that is cleaved off of a larger glycosylated protein in the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The protein that is affected by the drug is most likely encoded by which of the following genes?? {'A': 'rev', 'B': 'gag', 'C': 'pol', 'D': 'env', 'E': 'tat'}, | D: env |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 54-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. One week ago, he was treated in the emergency department for chest pain, palpitations, and dyspnea. As part of his regimen, he was started on a medication that irreversibly inhibits the synthesis of thromboxane A2 and prostaglandins. Which of the following is the most likely adverse effect of this medication?? {'A': 'Chronic rhinosinusitis', 'B': 'Acute interstitial nephritis', 'C': 'Gout attack', 'D': 'Tinnitus', 'E': 'Gastrointestinal hemorrhage'}, | E: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 66-year-old man undergoes a coronary artery bypass grafting. Upon regaining consciousness, he reports that he cannot see from either eye and cannot move his arms. Physical examination shows bilaterally equal, reactive pupils. A fundoscopy shows no abnormalities. An MRI of the brain shows wedge-shaped cortical infarcts in both occipital lobes. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's current symptoms?? {'A': 'Amyloid angiopathy', 'B': 'Lipohyalinosis', 'C': 'Cardiac embolism', 'D': 'Atherothrombosis', 'E': 'Systemic hypotension\n"'}, | E: Systemic hypotension " |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 74-year-old man presents to the emergency room with abdominal pain. He reports acute onset of left lower quadrant abdominal pain and nausea three hours prior to presentation. The pain is severe, constant, and non-radiating. He has had two maroon-colored bowel movements since the pain started. His past medical history is notable for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis. He takes lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, atorvastatin, dabigatran, methotrexate. He has a 60 pack-year smoking history and drinks 1-2 beers per day. He admits to missing some of his medications recently because he was on vacation in Hawaii. His last colonoscopy was 4 years ago which showed diverticular disease in the descending colon and multiple sessile polyps in the sigmoid colon which were removed. His temperature is 100.1°F (37.8°C), blood pressure is 145/85 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, he has notable abdominal distention and is exquisitely tender to palpation in all four abdominal quadrants. Bowel sounds are absent. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Cardiac thromboembolism', 'B': 'Duodenal compression', 'C': 'Perforated intestinal mucosal herniation', 'D': 'Paradoxical thromboembolism', 'E': 'Splanchnic vasoconstriction'}, | A: Cardiac thromboembolism |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his father because of a 1-day history of a pruritic rash on his trunk and face. Five days ago, he developed low-grade fever, nausea, and diarrhea. Physical examination shows a lace-like erythematous rash on the trunk and face with circumoral pallor. The agent most likely causing symptoms in this patient has selective tropism for which of the following cells?? {'A': 'Epithelial cells', 'B': 'T lymphocytes', 'C': 'Erythroid progenitor cells', 'D': 'Sensory neuronal cells', 'E': 'Monocytes\n"'}, | C: Erythroid progenitor cells |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 43-year-old woman presents to your clinic for the evaluation of an abnormal skin lesion on her forearm. The patient is worried because her mother passed away from melanoma. You believe that the lesion warrants biopsy for further evaluation for possible melanoma. Your patient is concerned about her risk for malignant disease. What is the most important prognostic factor of melanoma?? {'A': 'S-100 tumor marker present', 'B': 'Evolution of lesion over time', 'C': 'Age at presentation', 'D': 'Depth of invasion of atypical cells', 'E': 'Level of irregularity of the borders'}, | D: Depth of invasion of atypical cells |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 30-year-old woman presents to her physician for her annual checkup. She has diabetes mellitus, type 1 and takes insulin regularly. She reports no incidents of elevated or low blood sugar and that she is feeling energetic and ready to face the morning every day. Her vital signs and physical are normal. On the way home from her checkup she stops by the pharmacy and picks up her prescription of insulin. Later that night she takes a dose. What is the signaling mechanism associated with this medication?? {'A': 'Increased permeability of the cell membrane to positively charged molecules', 'B': 'Increased permeability of the cell membrane to negatively charged molecules', 'C': 'Activation of tyrosine kinase', 'D': 'Increased concentration intracellular cAMP', 'E': 'Rapid and direct upregulation of enzyme transcription'}, | C: Activation of tyrosine kinase |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 14-year-old girl comes to the physician because of excessive flow and duration of her menses. Since menarche a year ago, menses have occurred at irregular intervals and lasted 8–9 days. Her last menstrual period was 5 weeks ago with passage of clots. She has no family or personal history of serious illness and takes no medications. She is at the 50th percentile for height and 20th percentile for weight. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma', 'B': 'Endometrial polyp', 'C': 'Inadequate gonadotropin production', 'D': 'Defective von Willebrand factor', 'E': 'Excessive androgen production'}, | C: Inadequate gonadotropin production |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 3-week-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents for a circumcision. The circumcision was uncomplicated; however, after a few hours, the diaper contained blood, and the bleeding has not subsided. A complete blood count was ordered, which was significant for a platelet count of 70,000/mm3. On peripheral blood smear, the following was noted (figure A). The prothrombin time was 12 seconds, partial thromboplastin time was 32 seconds, and bleeding time was 13 minutes. On platelet aggregation studies, there was no response with ristocetin. This result was not corrected with the addition of normal plasma. There was a normal aggregation response with the addition of ADP. Which of the following is most likely true of this patient's underlying disease?? {'A': 'Decreased GpIIb/IIIa', 'B': 'Adding epinephrine would not lead to platelet aggregation', 'C': 'Responsive to desmopressin', 'D': 'Decreased GpIb', 'E': 'Protein C resistance'}, | D: Decreased GpIb |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 57-year-old man presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath. He was eating dinner with his family during the holidays and felt very short of breath, thus prompting him to come in. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, 2 myocardial infarctions, and obesity. Physical exam is notable for bilateral pulmonary crackles and a jugular venous distension. Chest radiography reveals an enlarged cardiac silhouette and blunting of the costophrenic angles. The patient is started on a medication for his acute symptoms. Two hours later, he states his symptoms have vastly improved and repeat chest radiography is notable for an enlarged cardiac silhouette. Which of the following is a property of the medication most likely given?? {'A': 'Can lead to respiratory depression', 'B': 'Causes venodilation and a decrease in preload', 'C': 'Increases cardiac contractility and afterload', 'D': 'Increases cardiac contractility and decreases afterload', 'E': 'Chronic use leads to long-term nephrogenic adaptations'}, | E: Chronic use leads to long-term nephrogenic adaptations |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 47-year-old woman presents to her physician for difficulty swallowing. She states that she intentionally delayed seeing a physician for this issue. She says her primary issue with swallowing is that her mouth always feels dry so she has difficulty chewing food to the point that it can be swallowed. On physical examination, her oral mucosa appears dry. Both of her eyes also appear dry. Several enlarged lymph nodes are palpated. Which of the following patterns of reactive lymphadenitis is most commonly associated with this patient’s presentation?? {'A': 'Sinus hyperplasia', 'B': 'Follicular hyperplasia', 'C': 'Paracortical hyperplasia', 'D': 'Diffuse hyperplasia', 'E': 'Mixed B and T cell hyperplasia'}, | B: Follicular hyperplasia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 45-year-old female is admitted to the hospital after worsening headaches for the past month. She has noticed that the headaches are usually generalized, and frequently occur during sleep. She does not have a history of migraines or other types of headaches. Her past medical history is significant for breast cancer, which was diagnosed a year ago and treated with mastectomy. She recovered fully and returned to work shortly thereafter. CT scan of the brain now shows a solitary cortical 5cm mass surrounded by edema in the left hemisphere of the brain at the grey-white matter junction. She is admitted to the hospital for further management. What is the most appropriate next step in management for this patient?? {'A': 'Chemotherapy', 'B': 'Seizure prophylaxis and palliative pain therapy', 'C': 'Irradiation to the breasts', 'D': 'Irradiation to the brain mass', 'E': 'Surgical resection of the mass'}, | E: Surgical resection of the mass |
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