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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 28-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of occasional low-grade fever and joint pain for 1 month. She also complains of morning stiffness in the proximal interphalangeal joints of both hands, which lasts for 5 to 10 minutes. She recently noticed a pink rash on her nose and cheekbones. Her family history is significant for similar complaints in her mother. She is not taking any medications. On examination, her temperature is 37.6°C (99.6°F), pulse is 74/min, blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, and respirations are 18/min. Aphthous ulcers are noted on her oral mucosa. Which of the following tests would be most specific for confirming the diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies', 'B': 'Anti-histone antibodies', 'C': 'Anti-topoisomerase (anti-Scl 70) antibodies', 'D': 'Anti-Ro antibodies', 'E': 'Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)'}, | A: Anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 50-year-old man presents to a physician with recurrent episodes of coughing over the last 3 years. He mentions that his cough has been accompanied by expectoration during 5–6 consecutive months every year for the last 3 years and he experiences breathing difficulty on exertion. He has been a smoker for the last 10 years. There is no family history of allergy. He was prescribed inhaled corticosteroids and an inhaled bronchodilator 1 month previously, but there has been no improvement. There is no history of fever or breathing difficulty at present. On physical examination his temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the pulse is 84/min, the blood pressure 126/84 mm Hg, and the respiratory rate is 20/min. Auscultation of his chest reveals coarse rhonchi and wheezing bilaterally. His sputum is mucoid and microscopic examination shows predominant macrophages. His chest radiogram (posteroanterior view) shows flattening of the diaphragm, increased bronchovascular markings, and mild cardiomegaly. If lung biopsy is carried out, which of the following microscopic findings is most likely to be present in this patient?? {'A': 'Destruction of the pulmonary capillary bed', 'B': 'Variable-sized cysts against a background of densely scarred lung tissue', 'C': 'Hyperplasia of the mucus glands in the airways', 'D': 'Eosinophilic infiltration of the airways', 'E': 'Ossification of bronchial cartilage'}, | C: Hyperplasia of the mucus glands in the airways |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. Her last visit was 3 years ago. She feels well. One year ago, she underwent a tubectomy after the delivery of her third child. She does not take any medications. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. A Pap smear shows a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Repeat cytology in 3 months', 'B': 'Laser ablative therapy', 'C': 'Loop electrosurgical excision procedure', 'D': 'Repeat cytology at 12 months', 'E': 'Colposcopy with endometrial sampling'}, | C: Loop electrosurgical excision procedure |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 36-year-old man presents to his physician with an acute burning retrosternal sensation with radiation to his jaw. This sensation began 20 minutes ago when the patient was exercising at the gym. It does not change with position or with a cough. The patient’s vital signs include: blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg, heart rate is 84/min, respiratory rate is 14/min, and temperature is 36.6℃ (97.9℉). Physical examination is only remarkable for paleness and perspiration. The patient is given sublingual nitroglycerin, the blood is drawn for an express troponin test, and an ECG is going to be performed. At the moment of performing ECG, the patient’s symptoms are gone. ECG shows increased R amplitude in I, II V3-V6, and ST depression measuring for 0.5 mm in the same leads. The express test for troponin is negative. Which of the following tests would be reasonable to perform next to confirm a diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Blood test for CPK-MB', 'B': 'Echocardiography', 'C': 'Chest radiography', 'D': 'CT angiography', 'E': 'Exercise stress testing'}, | E: Exercise stress testing |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 58-year-old woman with a past medical history significant for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety syndrome presents after having undergone menopause 3 years earlier. Today, she complains of intolerable hot flashes and irritability at work and at home. The remainder of the review of systems is negative. Physical examination reveals a grade 2/6 holosystolic murmur best heard at the apex, clear breath sounds, and normal abdominal findings. Her vital signs are all within normal limits. She requests hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) for the relief of her symptoms. Which of the following additional pieces of past medical history would make HRT contraindicated in this patient?? {'A': 'Family history of breast cancer', 'B': 'Known or suspected personal history of breast cancer', 'C': 'Family history of endometrial cancer', 'D': 'Osteoporosis', 'E': 'Failure of symptomatic control with SSRI/SNRI'}, | B: Known or suspected personal history of breast cancer |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 34-year-old man comes to the physician for a 1-week history of fever and generalized fatigue. Yesterday, he developed a rash all over his body. Two months ago, he had a painless lesion on his penis that resolved a few weeks later without treatment. He has asthma. Current medications include an albuterol inhaler. He is currently sexually active with 3 different partners. He uses condoms inconsistently. Vital signs are within normal limits. He has a diffuse maculopapular rash involving the trunk, extremities, palms, and soles. An HIV test is negative. Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTA-ABS) are positive. The patient receives a dose of intramuscular benzathine penicillin G. Two hours later, he complains of headache, myalgias, and chills. His temperature is 38.8°C (101.8°F) , pulse is 105/min, respirations are 24/min, and blood pressure is 98/67 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Ceftriaxone', 'B': 'Ibuprofen', 'C': 'Epinephrine', 'D': 'Methylprednisolone', 'E': 'Phenylephrine'}, | B: Ibuprofen |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A pharmaceutical company is testing a new antidepressant. During phase I of the drug trial, healthy volunteers are recruited, and the effects of the drug on the cardiovascular system are studied. A graphical representation of the volume-pressure relationship of the left ventricle of the heart is given below with the dashed line representing post medication changes. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of the drug being studied?? {'A': 'Selective AT1 receptor blockade', 'B': 'Gs-coupled receptor activation', 'C': 'Gq-coupled receptor activation', 'D': 'M2 receptor activation', 'E': 'Delaying phase 0 of the pacemaker action potential'}, | C: Gq-coupled receptor activation |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A baby is delivered at 39 weeks without complications. Upon delivery, there are obvious craniofacial abnormalities, including micrognathia, cleft lip, and cleft palate. On further inspection, downward slanting eyes and malformed ears are seen. The child has an APGAR score of 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively. There are no signs of cyanosis or evidence of a heart murmur. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient’s presentation at birth?? {'A': 'Retinoic acid use during gestation', 'B': 'Trisomy 18', 'C': 'Mutation of the SOX9 gene', 'D': 'Microdeletion at chromosome 22q14', 'E': 'Mutation in the TCOF1 gene'}, | E: Mutation in the TCOF1 gene |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 46-year-old woman with a history of type II diabetes mellitus is started on lisinopril for newly diagnosed hypertension by her primary care physician. At a follow-up appointment several weeks later, she reports decreased urine output, and she is noted to have generalized edema. Her creatinine is elevated compared to baseline. Given her presentation, which of the following changes in renal arteriolar blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have likely occurred?? {'A': 'Renal afferent arteriole vasoconstriction; decreased GFR', 'B': 'Renal afferent arteriole vasodilation; increased GFR', 'C': 'Renal efferent arteriole vasoconstriction; increased GFR', 'D': 'Renal efferent arteriole vasodilation; decreased GFR', 'E': 'Renal efferent arteriole vasodilation; no change in GFR'}, | D: Renal efferent arteriole vasodilation; decreased GFR |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 20-year-old female with type I diabetes mellitus presents to the emergency department with altered mental status. Her friend said that she has been out late either studying for upcoming tests or attending prayer group meetings. As far as the friend can recollect, the patient appeared to be in her usual state of health until only two days ago, when she was prescribed trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for a urinary tract infection. The patient complained that the medication was making her feel nauseous and bloated. The patient also relies on glargine and lispro for glycemic control. Her temperature is 100.5°F (38.1°C), blood pressure is 95/55 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 30/min. Her pupils are equal and reactive to light bilaterally. The remainder of the physical exam is unremarkable. Her basic metabolic panel is displayed below: Serum: Na+: 116 mEq/L Cl-: 90 mEq/L K+: 5.0 mEq/L HCO3-: 2 mEq/L BUN: 50 mg/dL Glucose: 1,200 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL Which of the following is true regarding this patient's presentation?? {'A': 'Hyponatremia is independently associated with a poor prognosis', 'B': "Hyperkalemia is independent of the patient's total body potassium stores", 'C': 'Hyperglycemia to this magnitude supports hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome', 'D': "Azotemia independently contributes to the patient's encephalopathy", 'E': 'Hypochloremia to this magnitude supports a pure anion-gap metabolic acidosis'}, | B: Hyperkalemia is independent of the patient's total body potassium stores |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 34-year-old woman visits the physician with complaints of difficulty swallowing and recurrent vomiting for the past 6 months. She even noticed food particles in her vomit a few hours after eating her meals. She has lost about 3.0 kg (6.6 lb) over the past 4 months. Her history is significant for a trip to Argentina last year. Her past medical history is insignificant. She is a non-smoker. On examination, her blood pressure is 118/75 mm Hg, respirations are 17/min, pulse is 78/min, temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F), and her BMI is 24 kg/m². There is no abdominal tenderness, distension, or evidence of jaundice. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Biopsy', 'B': 'Surgery', 'C': 'Barium XR', 'D': 'Antibiotic therapy', 'E': 'Routine blood tests'}, | C: Barium XR |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 35-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with severe right lower quadrant abdominal pain. She has a history of tubal ligation 3 years ago and a history of chlamydia treated 15 years ago. She usually has very regular periods, but her last menstrual period was 10 weeks ago. On exam, she is afebrile, HR 117, blood pressure of 88/56 mmHg, and she has peritoneal signs including rebound tenderness. Urine Beta-hCG is positive. Hgb is 9.9 g/dL. What is the appropriate treatment?? {'A': 'Serial beta-hCG levels', 'B': 'Azithromycin', 'C': 'Methotrexate', 'D': 'Laparotomy', 'E': 'Blood transfusion'}, | D: Laparotomy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 47-year-old female comes to the emergency department because of increasing back pain for the past 2 weeks. She is unable to perform her daily chores. One month ago, she fell and hurt her back while working outside in the garden. The pain subsided with over-the-counter acetaminophen. She underwent a left mastectomy 1 year ago for breast cancer. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus. Current medications include metformin, sitagliptin, and a multivitamin. She appears uncomfortable. Her temperature is 38.9°C (102.0°F), pulse is 101/min, and blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg. Examination of the back shows thoracic vertebral tenderness. She has mild stiffness on neck flexion. Muscle strength is decreased in the lower extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. Sensation to pain, fine touch, temperature, and proprioception is intact. Her hemoglobin concentration is 13.1 g/dL and leukocyte count is 19,300/mm3. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Serum protein electrophoresis', 'B': 'X-rays of the spine', 'C': 'Methylprednisone therapy', 'D': 'Vancomycin and nafcillin therapy', 'E': 'MRI of the spine'}, | E: MRI of the spine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 67-year-old woman comes to the clinic complaining of progressive fatigue over the past 4 months. She noticed that she is feeling increasingly short of breath after walking the same distance from the bus stop to her home. She denies chest pain, syncope, lower extremity edema, or a cough. She denies difficulty breathing while sitting comfortably, but she has increased dyspnea upon walking or other mildly strenuous activity. Her past medical history includes mild osteoporosis and occasional gastric reflux disease. She takes oral omeprazole as needed and a daily baby aspirin. The patient is a retired accountant and denies smoking history, but she does admit to 1 small glass of red wine daily for the past 5 years. Her diet consists of a Mediterranean diet that includes fruits, vegetables, and fish. She states that she has been very healthy previously, and managed her own health without a physician for the past 20 years. On physical examination, she has a blood pressure of 128/72 mm Hg, a pulse of 87/min, and an oxygen saturation of 94% on room air. HEENT examination demonstrates mild conjunctival pallor. Lung and abdominal examinations are within normal limits. Heart examination reveals a 2/6 systolic murmur at the right upper sternal border. The following laboratory values are obtained: Hematocrit 29% Hemoglobin 9.8 mg/dL Mean red blood cell volume 78 fL Platelets 240,000/mm3 White blood cells 6,000/mm3 What is the most likely reticulocyte range for this patient?? {'A': '< 1%', 'B': '0%', 'C': '> 1.5%', 'D': '>5%', 'E': '>7%'}, | A: < 1% |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 54-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of worsening shortness of breath, bilateral leg swelling, and constant chest pain which is not related to exertion for the last 2 weeks. The patient underwent an aortic valve replacement surgery for chronic aortic regurgitation 1 year ago, and his postoperative course was uncomplicated. He denies smoking or alcohol use. His blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg, temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F), and pulse is regular at 110/min. On physical examination, jugular veins are distended, +1 pitting edema is present on both ankles, and heart sounds are distant. Chest X-ray is shown in the exhibit. Transthoracic echocardiography shows large pericardial effusion, chamber collapse, and respiratory variation of ventricular filling. ECG of this patient will most likely show which of the following?? {'A': 'Diffuse concave ST elevation and PR depression', 'B': 'S wave in lead I, Q wave with T-wave inversion in lead III', 'C': 'Right atrial enlargement, right ventricular enlargement, and right axis deviation', 'D': 'Low voltage and beat-to-beat variations in the height of QRS complexes', 'E': 'Tachycardia with discrete P waves with at least three different morphologies'}, | D: Low voltage and beat-to-beat variations in the height of QRS complexes |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a follow-up appointment. The patient was the front seat driver in a head-on collision which resulted in a femur and pelvic fracture which was treated appropriately. The patient spent 3 weeks in the hospital and was then discharged 2 weeks ago. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. He smokes 3 packs of cigarettes per day and drinks 4 alcoholic beverages every night. The patient says that he has been attempting to engage in sexual activities with his wife but has been unable to do so. He states this has never been a problem for him before. He also reports new-onset minor headaches and trouble sleeping for which he is taking trazodone. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Atherosclerotic change', 'B': 'Increased prolactin', 'C': 'Medication changes', 'D': 'Neurologic damage', 'E': 'Psychologic'}, | D: Neurologic damage |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 32-year-old woman, gravida 2 para 1, at 31 weeks' gestation is brought to the emergency department because of confusion. Three days ago, she developed diffuse abdominal pain, malaise, nausea, and vomiting. She has a 2-year history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Four months ago, she spent 2 weeks in Belize for her honeymoon. Her previous pregnancy was complicated by preeclampsia, which was terminated by induction of labor at 37 weeks' gestation. Her only medication is esomeprazole. She appears tired. Her temperature is 38°C (100°F), pulse is 82/min, respirations are 19/min, and blood pressure is 118/79 mm Hg. She responds to sound and communicates in short sentences. Examination shows yellowish discoloration of the sclera and abdominal distention. There is tenderness to palpation of the right upper quadrant. When she is asked to hold her hands in extension, there is a notable flapping tremor. Her uterus is consistent in size with a 31-week gestation. Laboratory studies show: Hematocrit 26% Platelet count 90,000/mm3 Leukocyte count 10,500/mm3 Prothrombin time (PT) 34 seconds Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 48 seconds Serum Total protein 5.0 g/dL Albumin 2.6 g/dL Glucose 62 mg/dL Creatinine 2.1 mg/dL Bilirubin, total 9.2 mg/dL Indirect 4.2 mg/dL Aspartate aminotransferase 445 U/L Alanine aminotransferase 485 U/L Alkaline phosphatase 36 U/L Anti-HAV IgM antibody negative Anti-HAV IgG antibody positive HBsAG negative Anti-HBs antibody positive Anti-HBc antibody negative Anti-HCV antibody negative Urine studies show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"? {'A': 'Preeclampsia', 'B': 'Acute fatty liver of pregnancy', 'C': 'HELLP syndrome', 'D': 'Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy', 'E': 'Acute viral hepatitis B'}, | B: Acute fatty liver of pregnancy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 38-year-old woman presents with worsening fatigue and difficulty talking for the last few hours. Past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, managed with metformin and insulin. Additional current medications are a pill to ''calm her nerves'' that she takes when she has to perform live on stage for work. On physical examination, the patient is lethargic, easily confused, and has difficulty responding to questions or commands. There is also significant diaphoresis of the face and trunk present. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s current symptoms?? {'A': 'Masking of sympathetic nervous system dependent symptoms', 'B': 'Increased GABAergic activity', 'C': 'Anticholinergic side effect', 'D': 'Direct opiate mu receptor stimulation', 'E': 'Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma'}, | A: Masking of sympathetic nervous system dependent symptoms |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 15-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room for evaluation of malaise, dyspnea, and yellow skin and sclera. On examination, he is tachycardic, tachypneic, and the O2 saturation is less than 90%. The levels of unconjugated bilirubin and hemoglobinemia are increased, and there is an increased number of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Anemia of chronic disease', 'B': 'Acute leukemia', 'C': 'Sideropenic anemia', 'D': 'Hemolytic anemia', 'E': 'Aplastic anemia'}, | D: Hemolytic anemia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 12-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with severe abdominal pain and nausea. He first began to have diffuse abdominal pain 15 hours prior to presentation. Since then, the pain has moved to the right lower quadrant. On physical exam he has tenderness to light palpation with rebound tenderness. Lifting his right leg causes severe right lower quadrant pain. Which of the following nerves roots was most likely responsible for the initial diffuse pain felt by this patient?? {'A': 'C6', 'B': 'T4', 'C': 'T7', 'D': 'T10', 'E': 'L1'}, | D: T10 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 48-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with sepsis and treated with gentamicin. One week after her admission, she develops oliguria and her urine shows muddy brown casts on light microscopy. Days later, her renal function begins to recover, but she complains of weakness and develops U waves on EKG as shown in Image A. Which laboratory abnormality would you most expect to see in this patient?? {'A': 'Hypocalcemia', 'B': 'Hypokalemia', 'C': 'Hyponatremia', 'D': 'Hypoglycemia', 'E': 'Hypermagnesemia'}, | B: Hypokalemia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A plain CT scan of the patient's head is performed immediately and the result is shown. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 101/min and blood pressure is 174/102 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Decompressive surgery', 'B': 'Intravenous labetalol therapy', 'C': 'Oral aspirin therapy', 'D': 'Intravenous alteplase therapy', 'E': 'Surgical clipping'}, | D: Intravenous alteplase therapy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 58-year-old Caucasian male is being treated for atrial fibrillation and angina complains of dyspnea on exertion. On exam, his heart rate 104-115/min and irregularly irregular at rest. He has no chest pain. You believe his rate control for atrial fibrillation is suboptimal and the likely cause of his dyspnea. You are considering adding verapamil to his current metoprolol for additional rate control of his atrial fibrillation. Which of the following side effects should you be most concerned about with this additional medication?? {'A': 'Diarrhea', 'B': 'Shortening of action potential length at the AV node', 'C': 'Tachycardia', 'D': 'Hypotension', 'E': 'Torsades de pointes'}, | D: Hypotension |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 3-month-old male presents to the pediatrician with his mother for a well child visit. The patient drinks 4 ounces of conventional cow’s milk formula every three hours. He usually stools once per day, and urinates up to six times per day. His mother reports that he regurgitates a moderate amount of formula through his nose and mouth after most feeds. He does not seem interested in additional feeding after these episodes of regurgitation, and he has become progressively more irritable around meal times. The patient is starting to refuse some feeds. His mother denies ever seeing blood or streaks of red in his stool, and she denies any family history of food allergies or dermatological problems. The patient’s weight was in the 75th percentile for weight throughout the first month of life. Four weeks ago, he was in the 62nd percentile, and he is now in the 48th percentile. His height and head circumference have followed similar trends. On physical exam, the patient smiles reciprocally and can lift his head and chest when in the prone position. His abdomen is soft, non-tender, and non-distended. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Obtain abdominal ultrasound', 'B': 'Counsel on positioning and thickening feeds', 'C': 'Initiate proton pump inhibitor', 'D': 'Provide reassurance', 'E': 'Switch to hydrolyzed formula'}, | B: Counsel on positioning and thickening feeds |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 18-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department after losing consciousness. His mother states that he was running with other kids in the park when he suddenly fell down and became unresponsive for less than 1 minute. He has not had any immunizations due to their religious beliefs. The parents report that he plays with other children, but tires easily. He has had difficulty feeding, but there was no follow-up with a pediatrician. The heart rate was 120/min and the oxygen saturation was 91%. The height is in the 40th percentile and the weight is in the 50th percentile. On examination, the boy is crying with perioral cyanosis. The lung sounds are clear. S-1 is normal and there is a single S-2. A grade 2/6 systolic ejection murmur is appreciated at the left upper sternal border. When the child squats, the murmur is intensified and the cyanosis improves. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Diazepam', 'B': 'Morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin, and aspirin', 'C': 'Morphine, oxygen, IV fluids, and beta blockers', 'D': 'Observation and reassurance', 'E': 'Antibiotics and supportive care'}, | C: Morphine, oxygen, IV fluids, and beta blockers |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 28-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department with a gunshot wound to the abdomen. He complains of weakness and diffuse abdominal pain. Morphine is administered and IV fluids are started by paramedics at the scene. On admission, the patient’s blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg, heart rate is 103/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, the temperature is 36.2℃ (97.1℉), and oxygen saturation is 94% on room air. The patient is responsive but lethargic. The patient is diaphoretic and extremities are pale and cool. Lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac sounds are diminished. Abdominal examination shows a visible bullet entry wound in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) with no corresponding exit wound on the flanks or back. The abdomen is distended and diffusely tender with a rebound. Aspiration of the nasogastric tube reveals bloody contents. Rectal examination shows no blood. Stool guaiac is negative. Which of the following is the next best step in management?? {'A': 'Exploratory laparotomy', 'B': 'Focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST)', 'C': 'Abdominal X-ray', 'D': 'Abdominal CT', 'E': 'Diagnostic peritoneal lavage'}, | A: Exploratory laparotomy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 34-year-old woman presents with fatigue, depressed mood, weight gain, and constipation. She gradually developed these symptoms over the past 6 months. She is G2P2 with the last pregnancy 9 months ago. She had a complicated delivery with significant blood loss requiring blood transfusions. She used to have a regular 28-day cycle but notes that recently it became irregular with duration lasting up to 40 days, more pain, and greater blood loss. She does not report any chronic conditions, and she is not on any medications. She is a current smoker with a 10-pack-year history. Her blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 54/min, respiratory rate is 11/min, and temperature is 35.8°C (96.4°F). Her skin is dry and pale with a fine scaling over the forearms and shins. There is a mild, non-pitting edema of the lower legs. Her lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac auscultation does not reveal any pathological sounds or murmurs although S1 and S2 are dulled at all points of auscultation. The abdomen is mildly distended and nontender on palpation. Neurological examination is significant for decreased deep tendon reflexes. Her blood tests show the following results: Erythrocytes count 3.4 million/mm3 Hb 12.2 mg/dL MCV 90 μm3 Reticulocyte count 0.3% Leukocyte count 5,600/mm3 Serum vitamin B12 210 ng/mL T4 total 1.01 μU/mL T4 free 0.6 μU/mL TSH 0.2 μU/mL Which of the following lab values should be used to monitor treatment in this patient?? {'A': 'Free T4', 'B': 'Vitamin B12', 'C': 'Total T3', 'D': 'MCV', 'E': 'TSH'}, | A: Free T4 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 74-year-old right-handed woman was referred to the hospital due to concerns of a stroke. In the emergency department, the initial vital signs included blood pressure of 159/98 mm Hg, heart rate of 88/min, and respiratory rate of 20/min. She exhibited paucity of speech and apathy to her condition, although she complied with her physical examination. The initial neurologic evaluation included the following results: Awake, alert, and oriented to person, place, and time No visual field deficits Right-sided gaze deviation with full range of motion with doll’s head maneuver No facial asymmetry Grossly intact hearing No tongue deviation, equal palatal elevation, and good guttural sound production Absent pronator or lower extremity drift Decreased sensation to light touch on the right leg Normal appreciation of light touch, pressure, and pain Normal proprioception and kinesthesia Manual muscle testing: 5+ right and left upper extremities 5+ right hip, thigh, leg, and foot 3+ left hip and thigh 2+ left leg and foot A head computed tomography (CT) scan and a head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed areas of ischemia. Which artery is the most likely site of occlusion?? {'A': 'Right anterior cerebral artery', 'B': 'Right middle cerebral artery stem (M1)', 'C': 'Superior division of the right middle cerebral artery', 'D': 'Inferior division of the right middle cerebral artery', 'E': 'Inferior division of the left middle cerebral artery'}, | A: Right anterior cerebral artery |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 65-year-old woman, with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis, presents with pain, swelling and discoloration of her right leg and foot. She says that she started twice-weekly hemodialysis 2 weeks ago and has had no issues until 1 week ago when she noticed a warm, painful swelling of the back of her right leg and right foot after finishing her dialysis session. Over the week, she says these symptoms have steadily worsened and, in the last few days, her right foot has become discolored. Past medical history is significant for ESRD secondary to long-standing hypertension. Current medications are verapamil 200 mg orally daily and unfractionated heparin that is given during hemodialysis. Her vital signs include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 145/75 mm Hg, pulse 88/min, respirations 15/min, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. On physical examination, the patient is alert and cooperative. The cardiac exam is normal. Lungs are clear to auscultation. The abdomen is soft and nontender with no hepatosplenomegaly. The right calf is swollen, warm, and erythematous. Physical findings of the patient’s right foot are shown in the exhibit. Laboratory findings are significant for the following: Sodium 141 mEq/L Potassium 4.9 mEq/L Chloride 104 mEq/L Bicarbonate 25 mEq/L BUN 32 mg/dL Creatinine 3.1 mg/dL Glucose (fasting) 75 mg/dL Bilirubin, conjugated 0.5 mg/dL Bilirubin, total 1.0 mg/dL AST (SGOT) 22 U/L ALT (SGPT) 23 U/L Alkaline phosphatase 56 U/L Bleeding time 19 min Prothrombin time (PT) 11 s Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 30 s WBC 8,500/mm3 RBC 4.10 x 106/mm3 Hematocrit 41.5% Hemoglobin 13.5 g/dL Platelet count 100,000/mm3 (previously 200,000/mm3) Which of the following is the next best diagnostic step in this patient?? {'A': 'Heparin/PF4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)', 'B': 'Functional assay for factor VIII', 'C': 'Serotonin release assay', 'D': 'Peripheral blood smear', 'E': 'Flow cytometry for CD55'}, | A: Heparin/PF4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old man is brought to the emergency room because of pain in his right hip. He was found lying on the floor several hours after falling onto his right side. Ten years ago, he received a renal transplant from a living related donor. He has a 4-year history of type 2 diabetes. Current medications include prednisone, cyclosporine, and metformin. Examination shows a shortened and externally rotated right leg. There is extensive bruising over the right buttock and thigh. X-ray of the right hip shows a displaced femoral neck fracture. The patient is resuscitated in the emergency room and taken to surgery for a right total hip replacement. Post-operative laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 11.2 g/dL Serum Na+ 148 mmol/L K+ 7.1 mmol/L Cl- 119 mmol/L HCO3- 18 mmol/L Urea nitrogen 22 mg/dL Creatinine 1.6 mg/dL Glucose 200 mg/dL Creatine kinase 1,562 U/L His urine appears brown. Urine dipstick is strongly positive for blood. ECG shows peaked T waves. Intravenous calcium gluconate is administered. What is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Administer nebulized albuterol', 'B': 'Administer intravenous insulin and glucose', 'C': 'Initiate hemodialysis', 'D': 'Administer intravenous furosemide and normal saline', 'E': 'Administer intravenous sodium bicarbonate'}, | B: Administer intravenous insulin and glucose |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:After an initial assessment in the emergency department, the patient is sent for an urgent CT scan of the head. CT scan reveals a mild hypodensity in the left cerebellum. What is the most likely etiology/cause?? {'A': 'Arterial blood leakage', 'B': 'Arterial dissection', 'C': 'Cardiac emboli', 'D': 'Carotid stenosis', 'E': 'Lacunar infarction'}, | B: Arterial dissection |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 56-year-old female presents for initial evaluation by a rheumatologist with a chief complaint of back and joint pain. She says that she has been having mild pain for years, but that the pain has become worse over the course of the last 6 months. She clarifies that the pain is most severe in the mornings just after waking up but seems to improve throughout the day. She also notices that her mouth feels dry and she has difficulty eating dry food such as crackers. Finally, she has the sensation of having bits of sand in her eyes. She denies any past medical history or medication use. Serology for which of the following would most likely be positive in this patient?? {'A': 'Anti-smooth muscle antibody', 'B': 'Anti-centromere antibody', 'C': 'Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody', 'D': 'Anti-Jo1 and anti-Mi2 antibodies', 'E': 'Anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies'}, | E: Anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 50-year-old man presents with a rapid onset of severe, right periorbital pain, an ipsilateral throbbing headache, and blurred vision for the past hour. The patient says he was out walking with his friend when he felt short of breath. His friend gave him a puff of his rescue inhaler because it often relives his breathlessness, but, soon after that, the patient's eye symptoms started. No significant past medical history. His pulse is 100/min and regular, respirations are 18/min, temperature is 36.7°C (98.0°F), and blood pressure 130/86 mm Hg. On physical examination, his right pupil is fixed and dilated. Fundoscopic examination of the right eye is difficult due to 'clouding' of the cornea, and tonometry reveals increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Ibuprofen, acetazolamide, timolol, pilocarpine, and topical prednisolone are administered, but the patient's symptoms are only slightly reduced. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Administer systemic steroids.', 'B': 'Get an urgent ophthalmology consultation.', 'C': 'Anesthetize the eye and perform corneal indentation.', 'D': 'Add latanoprost.', 'E': 'Perform emergency iridotomy.'}, | B: Get an urgent ophthalmology consultation. |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has type 1 diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, and was recently started on erythropoietin for anemia. Her last hemodialysis session was yesterday. Current medications also include insulin, calcitriol, and sevelamer. She appears well. Her pulse is 68/min and regular, respirations are 12/min, and blood pressure is 169/108 mm Hg. Her blood pressure was normal at previous visits. Examination shows normal heart sounds. There are no carotid, femoral, or abdominal bruits. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 12 g/dL, a serum creatinine concentration of 3.4 mg/dL, and BUN of 20 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's hypertension?? {'A': 'Calcitriol therapy', 'B': 'Erythropoietin therapy', 'C': 'Autonomic neuropathy', 'D': 'Hypervolemia', 'E': 'Hypoglycemia'}, | B: Erythropoietin therapy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 68-year-old man with alcohol use disorder is brought to the physician by his sister for frequent falls and an unsteady gait over the past 2 months. He has not seen a physician in 10 years. He appears emaciated and inattentive. He is oriented to person only. Physical examination shows a wide-based gait with slow, short steps. Eye examination shows lateral gaze paralysis and horizontal nystagmus. One month later, he dies. Which of the following is the most likely finding on autopsy?? {'A': 'Small vessel hemorrhage in mammillary bodies', 'B': 'Degeneration of the frontotemporal lobe', 'C': 'Depigmentation of the substantia nigra', 'D': 'Widespread atrophy of cerebral cortex', 'E': 'Atrophy of the caudate and putamen'}, | A: Small vessel hemorrhage in mammillary bodies |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 57-year-old woman comes to the physician because of increasing wrinkles on her face and sagging skin. She says that her skin used to be smooth and firm. Examination shows diffuse xerosis and mild atrophy, laxity, and fine wrinkles on the periorbital skin. Which of the following processes is most likely involved in the development of this patient's skin findings?? {'A': 'Decrease in lysyl oxidase activity', 'B': 'Decrease in elastin fiber assembly', 'C': 'Increase in fibroblast activity', 'D': 'Increase in lipofuscin deposition', 'E': 'Decreased crosslinking of collagen fibrils'}, | B: Decrease in elastin fiber assembly |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 35-year-old woman presents with an inability to move her right arm or leg. She states that symptoms onset acutely 2 hours ago. Past medical history is significant for long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus, well-managed with insulin. The patient reports a 15-pack-year smoking history. Family history is significant for breast cancer in her mother at age 66 and her father dying of a myocardial infarction at age 57. Review of systems is significant for excessive fatigue for the past week, and her last menstrual period that was heavier than normal. Her vitals signs include: temperature 38.8°C (101.8°F), blood pressure 105/75 mm Hg, pulse 98/min, respirations 15/min, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. On physical examination, the patient appears pale and tired. The cardiac exam is normal. Lungs are clear to auscultation. The abdominal exam is significant for splenomegaly. There is a non-palpable purpura present on the lower extremities bilaterally. Conjunctiva and skin are pale. Laboratory results are pending. A peripheral blood smear is shown in the exhibit. Which of the following laboratory findings would least likely be seen in this patient?? {'A': 'Decreased platelets', 'B': 'Normal PTT and PT', 'C': 'Elevated creatinine', 'D': 'Elevated reticulocyte count', 'E': 'Elevated bilirubin'}, | C: Elevated creatinine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 77-year-old male presents to the emergency department because of shortness of breath and chest discomfort. The patient states his ability to withstand activity has steadily declined, and most recently he has been unable to climb more than one flight of stairs without having to stop to catch his breath. On physical exam, the patient has a harsh crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur heard over the right sternal boarder, with radiation to his carotids. Which of the following additional findings are most likely in this patient?? {'A': 'A wide and fixed split S2', 'B': 'A constant, machine-like murmur heard between the scapulae', 'C': 'A paradoxically split S2', 'D': 'A diastolic murmur heard at the cardiac apex', 'E': 'A high-bitched, blowing, holosystolic murmur'}, | C: A paradoxically split S2 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the family physician by his parents. They are concerned that he has had multiple nosebleeds in the last 6 months and is always sick compared to other children. During this time period they have also noticed the formation of multiple bruises on his extremities and dry-itching skin on his hands, feet and elbow. On physical exam the physician notes moderate splenomegaly. What is the most likely diagnosis in this child?? {'A': 'X-linked Agammaglobulinemia', 'B': 'Severe Combined Immunodefiency', 'C': 'Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome', 'D': 'Primary Eczema', 'E': 'Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome'}, | C: Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 24-year-old, gravida 1, para 1 woman develops lower abdominal pain and fevers 4 days after undergoing a cesarean delivery under general anesthesia for prolonged labor. Since delivery, she has had malodorous lochia and difficulty breastfeeding due to breast pain. She has not had any shortness of breath or chest pain. She received intravenous intrapartum penicillin for group B streptococcus prophylaxis, but does not take any other medications on a regular basis. She appears ill. Her temperature is 38.8°C (102°F), pulse is 120/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Examination shows a urinary catheter in place. Breasts are engorged and tender. Nipples are cracked with mild erythema. There is erythema surrounding a mildly tender, dry, low transverse, 12-cm incision in the lower abdomen. Pelvic examination shows dark-red, foul-smelling lochia and uterine tenderness. Her hemoglobin concentration is 9 g/dL, leukocyte count is 16,000/mm3, and platelet count is 300,000/mm3. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's fever?? {'A': 'Endometritis', 'B': 'Pyelonephritis', 'C': 'Normal postpartum fever', 'D': 'Chorioamnionitis', 'E': 'Mastitis'}, | A: Endometritis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 67-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her caretakers for a change in behavior. The patient lives in a nursing home and was noted to have abnormal behavior, urinary incontinence, and trouble walking. The patient has been admitted to the hospital before for what seems to be negligence from her caretakers. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Serum: Na+: 120 mEq/L Cl-: 98 mEq/L K+: 4.3 mEq/L HCO3-: 25 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 99 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL Urinalysis is notable for bacteruria without pyuria or nitrates. Physical exam is notable for a confused woman who is unable to answer questions appropriately. She states she has no pain or symptoms and is not sure why she is here. She thinks the year is 1982. Which of the following complications could be seen with treatment of this patient?? {'A': 'Autoimmune pontine demyelination', 'B': 'Central nervous system infection', 'C': 'Cerebral edema', 'D': 'Diarrhea and flora destruction', 'E': 'Osmotic demyelination'}, | E: Osmotic demyelination |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of increasing shortness of breath for 2 days. He is at 30th percentile for height and at 25th percentile for weight. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 144/min, respirations are 40/min, and blood pressure is 80/44 mm Hg. Bilateral crackles are heard at the lung bases. A grade 3/6 holosystolic murmur is heard over the left lower sternal border. A grade 2/6 mid-diastolic murmur is heard best in the left fourth intercostal space. Without treatment, this patient is at risk of developing which of the following?? {'A': 'Cerebral aneurysm', 'B': 'Polycythemia', 'C': 'Secondary hypertension', 'D': 'Thrombocytosis', 'E': 'Myocardial ischemia'}, | B: Polycythemia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 33-year-old man presents to the emergency room for diarrhea. He states it is profuse and watery and has not been improving over the past week. He is generally healthy; however, he was recently hospitalized during spring break and treated for alcohol intoxication and an aspiration pneumonia. While on spring break, the patient also went camping and admits eating undercooked chicken and drinking from mountain streams. His temperature is 100.5°F (38.1°C), blood pressure is 111/74 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a fatigued appearing man. His abdomen is non-tender. Which of the following is the best management of this patient?? {'A': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'B': 'Ciprofloxacin and metronidazole', 'C': 'Metronidazole', 'D': 'No treatment indicated', 'E': 'Vancomycin'}, | E: Vancomycin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 30-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0, at 30 weeks' gestation is brought to the emergency department because of progressive upper abdominal pain for the past hour. The patient vomited once on her way to the hospital. She states that she initially had dull stomach pain about 6 hours ago, but now the pain is located in the upper abdomen and is more severe. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. She is sexually active with her husband. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Medications include folic acid and a multivitamin. Her temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 100/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows right upper quadrant tenderness. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a leukocyte count of 12,000/mm3. Urinalysis shows mild pyuria. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'HELLP syndrome', 'B': 'Nephrolithiasis', 'C': 'Acute cholangitis', 'D': 'Appendicitis', 'E': 'Pyelonephritis\n"'}, | D: Appendicitis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 8-year-old female is given omalizumab for the treatment of bronchial asthma. Omalizumab treats asthma through which mechanism?? {'A': 'Inhibition of IgE binding to mast cells', 'B': 'Binding to nuclear receptors', 'C': 'Inhibition of leukotriene binding to receptor', 'D': 'Inhibition of phosphodiesterase breakdown of cAMP', 'E': 'Mediating type IV hypersensitivity reaction'}, | A: Inhibition of IgE binding to mast cells |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 49-year-old man seeks evaluation at an urgent care clinic with a complaint of palpitations for the past few hours. He denies any chest pain, shortness of breath, or sweating. He is anxious and appears worried. His medical history is unremarkable with the exception of mild bronchial asthma. He only uses medications during an asthma attack and has not used medications since last week. He is a former smoker and drinks a couple of beers on weekends. His heart rate is 146/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, temperature is 37.6°C (99.68°F), and blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. The physical examination is unremarkable, and an electrocardiogram is ordered. Which of the following groups of drugs should be given to treat his symptoms?? {'A': 'α1-receptor antagonist', 'B': 'Selective β1-receptor antagonist', 'C': 'Non-selective β-receptor antagonist', 'D': 'α-receptor agonist', 'E': 'β-receptor agonist'}, | B: Selective β1-receptor antagonist |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old female college student is brought back into the university clinic for acting uncharacteristically. The patient presented to the same clinic 6 weeks ago with complaints of depressed mood, insomnia, and weightloss. She had been feeling guilty for wasting her parent’s money by doing so poorly at the university. She felt drained for at least 2 weeks before presenting to the clinic for the first time. She was placed on an antidepressant and was improving but now presents with elevated mood. She is more talkative with a flight of ideas and is easily distractible. Which of the following statements is most likely true regarding this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Her diagnosis of unipolar depression is incorrect.', 'B': 'Her new symptoms need to last at least 7 days.', 'C': 'The patient may have a history of mania.', 'D': 'The patient may have psychotic features.', 'E': 'Antidepressants are inappropriate.'}, | A: Her diagnosis of unipolar depression is incorrect. |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 13-year-old boy has been suspended 5 times this year for arguing with teachers. He has presented a pattern of negativism and hostility that has lasted for about 8 months. When asked about the suspensions, he admits that he loses his temper easily and often blames the principal for not being fair to him. He usually finds an argument before finishing his homework. At home, he goes out of his way to annoy his siblings. He gets furious if his legal guardian finds out about it and confiscates his smartphone. Which of the following is an additional behavior characteristic of this patient’s most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Destruction of property and theft', 'B': 'Hostile and disobedient behavior towards authority', 'C': 'Killing and/or harming small animals', 'D': 'Physical aggression', 'E': 'Violating the rights of others'}, | B: Hostile and disobedient behavior towards authority |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 32-year-old woman patient presents to her family physician with recurrent retrosternal chest pain. She has had similar episodes for the past 7 months along with difficulty swallowing solid as well as liquid food. She recently completed an 8-week course of a proton pump inhibitor, but she is still bothered by the feeling that food gets stuck down her 'food pipe'. Her pain is not related to exertion. She denies any history of acid reflux disease. Her blood pressure is 125/81 mm Hg, respirations are 21/min, pulse is 78/min, and temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F). She currently does not have pain. A barium swallow X-ray image is normal. Which of the following test would aid in the diagnosis of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Electrocardiogram', 'B': 'Upper GI endoscopy', 'C': 'Manometry', 'D': 'Additional therapy with proton pump inhibitors', 'E': 'Injection of botulinum toxin'}, | C: Manometry |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 49-year-old sexually active woman presents with dysuria and urinary frequency. She denies any previous urinary tract infections (UTIs), but she says that her mother has had frequent UTIs. Her medical history includes type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cervical cancer, and hypercholesterolemia. She currently smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day, drinks a glass of wine per day, and denies any illicit drug use. Her vital signs include: temperature 36.7°C (98.0°F), blood pressure 126/74 mm Hg, heart rate 87/min, and respiratory rate 17/min. On physical examination, her lung sounds are clear. She has a grade 2/6 holosystolic murmur heard best over the left upper sternal border. She also has tenderness in the suprapubic area. A urinalysis shows the presence of numerous leukocytes, leukocyte esterase, and nitrites. Which of the following factors would not classify a UTI as complicated?? {'A': 'The patient has diabetes', 'B': 'The causative organism is Candida albicans', 'C': 'The causative organism is Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'D': 'The patient has an indwelling catheter', 'E': 'The patient has nephrolithiasis'}, | C: The causative organism is Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 58-year-old woman with a history of nephrolithiasis presents with fever and acute-onset right flank pain. The patient says that 2 days ago she developed sudden-onset right flank pain and nausea which has progressively worsened. She describes the pain as severe, colicky, localized to the right flank, and radiating to the groin. This morning she woke with a fever and foul-smelling urine. She has no significant past medical history. Vital signs are temperature 40.0°C (104.0°F), blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg, pulse 92/min, and respiratory rate 21/min. Physical examination shows severe right costovertebral angle tenderness. Her laboratory findings are significant for the following: WBC 12,500/mm3 RBC 4.20 x 106/mm3 Hematocrit 41.5% Hemoglobin 14.0 g/dL Platelet count 225,000/mm3 Urinalysis: Color Dark yellow Clarity Clarity Turbid pH 5.9 Specific gravity 1.026 Glucose None Ketones None Nitrites Positive Leukocyte esterase Positive Bilirubin Negative Urobilirubin 0.6 mg/dL Protein Trace RBC 325/hpf WBC 8,200/hpf Bacteria Many A non-contrast CT of the abdomen and pelvis shows an obstructing 7-mm diameter stone lodged at the ureteropelvic junction. There is also evidence of hydronephrosis of the right kidney. Which of the following is the best course of treatment for this patient?? {'A': 'Discharge home with oral antibiotics', 'B': 'Administer hydrochlorothiazide', 'C': 'Admit to hospital for IV antibiotics', 'D': 'Administer potassium citrate', 'E': 'Admit to hospital for percutaneous nephrostomy and IV antibiotics'}, | E: Admit to hospital for percutaneous nephrostomy and IV antibiotics |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An investigator is developing a new vaccine. After injecting the agent, the immune response is recorded by measuring vaccine-specific antibodies at subsequent timed intervals. To induce the maximum immunogenic response, this vaccine should have which of the following properties?? {'A': 'Foreign intact polysaccharide bound to protein', 'B': 'Chemically inactivated microorganism', 'C': 'Foreign intact polysaccharide', 'D': 'Foreign denaturated protein', 'E': 'Weakened live microorganisms'}, | E: Weakened live microorganisms |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 34-year-old woman with a seizure disorder comes to the physician because of fever, fatigue, and a productive cough with foul-smelling sputum for 2 weeks. Her temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F). Physical examination shows dullness to percussion over the right lung fields. An x-ray of the chest shows a cavitary infiltrate with an air-fluid level in the right lower lobe of the lung. Cultures of an aspirate of the infiltrate grow Peptostreptococcus and Prevotella species. Which of the following is the most likely predisposing factor for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Recent hospitalization', 'B': 'Intravenous drug use', 'C': 'Crowded housing situation', 'D': 'Periodontal infection', 'E': 'Contaminated air conditioning system'}, | D: Periodontal infection |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year-old man presents to the clinic for his annual health check-up. He currently complains of fatigue for the past few months. He has no significant past medical history. He admits to being sexually active with men and also is an intravenous drug user. He has never received a hepatitis B vaccine. His blood pressure is 122/98 mm Hg, the respiratory rate is 16/min, the pulse is 68/min, and the temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical examination, he appears fatigued and unkempt. His tongue and buccal mucosa appear moist and without ulcerations or lesions. There are no murmurs or gallops on cardiac auscultation. His lungs are clear bilaterally. No lesions are present on the surface of the skin nor skin discoloration. The physician proceeds to order a hepatitis B panel to assess the patient’s serologic status: HBV DNA positive HBsAg negative HBeAg negative HBsAb negative HBcAb positive HBeAb negative Which of the following disease states is the patient exhibiting?? {'A': 'Acute infection', 'B': 'Chronic infection', 'C': 'Immune from vaccine', 'D': 'Immune from natural infection', 'E': 'Convalescent (window) period'}, | E: Convalescent (window) period |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 45-year-old construction worker presents to his primary care physician with a painful and swollen wrist joint. A joint aspiration shows crystals, which are shown in the accompanying picture. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Monosodium urate crystals', 'B': 'Hydroxyapatite crystals', 'C': 'Calcium pyrophosphate crystals', 'D': 'Cholesterol crystals', 'E': 'Charcot Leyden crystals'}, | A: Monosodium urate crystals |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old man presents with epigastric pain over the last 6 months. He says the pain gets worse with food, especially coffee. He also complains of excessive belching. He says he has tried omeprazole recently, but it has not helped. No significant past medical history or current medications. On physical examination, there is epigastric tenderness present on deep palpation. An upper endoscopy is performed which reveals gastric mucosa with signs of mild inflammation and a small hemorrhagic ulcer in the antrum. A gastric biopsy shows active inflammation, and the specimen stains positive with Warthin–Starry stain, revealing Helicobacter pylori. Which of the following is the next, best step in the management of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Start famotidine and erythromycin', 'B': 'Observation', 'C': 'Perform colonoscopy', 'D': 'Give amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and omeprazole', 'E': 'Give amoxicillin, erythromycin and omeprazole'}, | D: Give amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and omeprazole |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 68-year-old man comes to the emergency room with difficulty in breathing. He was diagnosed with severe obstructive lung disease a few years back. He uses his medication but often has to come to the emergency room for intravenous therapy to help him breathe. He was a smoker for 40 years smoking two packs of cigarettes every day. Which of the following best represents the expected changes in his ventilation, perfusion and V/Q ratio?? {'A': 'Higher ventilation and perfusion with lower V/Q ratio', 'B': 'Low ventilation, normal perfusion and low V/Q ratio', 'C': 'Lower ventilation and perfusion, but higher V/Q ratio', 'D': 'Medium ventilation and perfusion, V/Q that equals 0.8', 'E': 'Normal ventilation, low or nonexistent perfusion and infinite V/Q ratio'}, | B: Low ventilation, normal perfusion and low V/Q ratio |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 67-year-old African American male presents to the emergency room complaining of nausea and right flank pain. He reports that these symptoms have worsened over the past two days. His past medical history is notable for congestive heart failure, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. He currently takes aspirin, losartan, metoprolol, atorvastatin, hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, and metformin. He is allergic to fluoroquinolones. His temperature is 102.9°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 100/50 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, and respirations are 28/min. On exam, he demonstrates right costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis reveals 30 WBCs/hpf and positive leukocyte esterase. He is admitted and started on a broad-spectrum combination intravenous antibiotic. He recovers well and is discharged with plans to follow up in 2 weeks. At his follow-up, he reports that he has developed transient visual blurring whenever he turns his head to the right or left. He also reports that he has fallen at home multiple times. What is the mechanism of action of the drug that is most likely responsible for this patient’s current symptoms?? {'A': 'Inhibition of ribosomal 30S subunit', 'B': 'Inhibition of ribosomal 50S subunit', 'C': 'Inhibition of dihydropteroate synthase', 'D': 'Inhibition of transpeptidase', 'E': 'Inhibition of DNA gyrase'}, | A: Inhibition of ribosomal 30S subunit |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 21-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of shortness of breath and dry cough. Eight weeks ago, she received a lung transplant from an unrelated donor. Current medications include prednisone, cyclosporine, and azathioprine. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100.1°F). Physical examination is unremarkable other than a well-healed surgical scar. Pulmonary function tests show a decline in FEV1 and FVC compared to values from several weeks ago. Histological examination of a lung biopsy specimen shows perivascular and interstitial lymphocytic infiltrates with bronchiolar inflammation. This patient's condition is most likely caused by T cell sensitization against which of the following?? {'A': 'Donor ABO antigen', 'B': 'Donor MHC class II antigen', 'C': 'Recipient MHC class I antigen', 'D': 'Streptococcal C polysaccharide antigen', 'E': 'CMV glycoprotein B antigen'}, | B: Donor MHC class II antigen |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An investigator is developing a new intravenous medication that acts as a selective agonist at β-2 receptors. In addition to causing bronchodilation, this drug is most likely to have which of the following effects?? {'A': 'Decreased skeletal glycogenolysis', 'B': 'Increased gastrointestinal peristalsis', 'C': 'Peripheral vasoconstriction', 'D': 'Bladder detrusor relaxation', 'E': 'Increased uterine tone'}, | D: Bladder detrusor relaxation |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old female with a history of systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) has a 3-year history of daily prednisone (20 mg) use. Due to long-term prednisone use, she is at increased risk for which of the following?? {'A': 'Hair loss', 'B': 'Weight loss', 'C': 'Pancreatic insufficiency', 'D': 'Systolic hypertension', 'E': 'Pathologic fractures'}, | E: Pathologic fractures |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 17-year-old girl comes to the physician for an annual health maintenance examination. She feels well. She has no history of serious illness and her only medication is an oral contraceptive. Her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 42 years. She is currently sexually active with 1 male partner and uses condoms inconsistently. Her immunizations are up-to-date. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical and pelvic examinations shows no abnormalities. An HIV test is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Complete blood count', 'B': 'Nucleic acid amplification testing', 'C': 'PAP smear', 'D': 'Rapid plasma reagin test', 'E': 'Herpes simplex virus 2 serology'}, | B: Nucleic acid amplification testing |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 74-year-old man presents to the emergency department with sudden-onset abdominal pain that is most painful around the umbilicus. The pain began 16 hours ago and has no association with meals. He has not been vomiting, but he has had several episodes of bloody loose bowel movements. He was hospitalized 1 week ago for an acute myocardial infarction. He has had diabetes mellitus for 35 years and hypertension for 20 years. He has smoked 15–20 cigarettes per day for the past 40 years. His temperature is 36.9°C (98.42°F), blood pressure is 95/65 mm Hg, and pulse is 95/min. On physical examination, the patient is in severe pain, there is mild periumbilical tenderness, and a bruit is heard over the epigastric area. Which of the following is the definitive test to assess the patient condition?? {'A': 'Mesenteric angiography', 'B': 'CT scanning', 'C': 'Plain abdominal X-rays', 'D': 'Colonoscopy', 'E': 'Complete blood count'}, | A: Mesenteric angiography |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A previously healthy 24-year-old male is brought to the emergency department because of fevers, congestion, and chest pain for 3 days. The chest pain is exacerbated by deep inspiration. He takes no medications. His temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F), blood pressure is 118/75 mm Hg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 12/min. He appears weak and lethargic. Cardiac examination shows a scratchy sound best heard along the left sternal border when the patient leans forward. There are crackles in both lung bases. Examination of the lower extremities shows pitting edema. Results of a rapid influenza test are negative. EKG shows diffuse ST-elevations with depressed PR interval. An echocardiogram shows left ventricular chamber enlargement with contractile dysfunction. Infection with which of the following pathogens is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Togavirus', 'B': 'Paramyxovirus', 'C': 'Flavivirus', 'D': 'Orthomyxovirus', 'E': 'Picornavirus'}, | E: Picornavirus |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 56-year-old man comes to the physician because of chest pain and shortness of breath for 3 days. The pain is present at rest and worsens with deep inspiration. His temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), pulse is 102/min, respirations are 23/min, and blood pressure is 135/88 mm Hg. Examination shows decreased breath sounds at the left lower lobe. Laboratory studies show: Hematocrit 42% Leukocyte count 6,500/μL Serum Fasting glucose 90 mg/dL Lactate dehydrogenase 75 U/L Total protein 7.2 g/dL An x-ray of the chest shows a small left-sided pleural effusion but no other abnormalities. A diagnostic thoracentesis is performed and 100 mL of bloody fluid are aspirated from the left pleural space. Pleural fluid analysis shows a lactate dehydrogenase of 65 U/L and a total protein of 5.1 g/dL. Pleural fluid cytology shows normal cell morphology. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show a history of which of the following?"? {'A': 'Oropharyngeal dysphagia', 'B': 'Infliximab use', 'C': 'Prolonged immobilization', 'D': 'Congestive heart failure', 'E': 'Asbestos exposure'}, | C: Prolonged immobilization |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A concerned father brings his 2 year-old son to the clinic for evaluation. In the past 24 hours, the child has had multiple episodes of painless bloody stools. On physical examination, the child's vital signs are within normal limits. There is mild generalized discomfort on palpation of the abdomen but no rebound or guarding. A technetium-99m (99mTc) pertechnetate scan indicates increased activity in two locations within the abdomen. Cells originating in which organ account for the increased radionucleotide activity?? {'A': 'Stomach', 'B': 'Pancreas', 'C': 'Small intestine', 'D': 'Gallbladder', 'E': 'Liver'}, | A: Stomach |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A previously healthy 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of abdominal pain and vomiting for 6 hours. His mother immediately brought him after noticing that he had gotten into the medicine cabinet. The mother is 5 months' pregnant. He appears uncomfortable. His temperature is 37.2°C (99°F), pulse is 133/min and blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. Examination shows diffuse abdominal tenderness; there is no guarding or rigidity. Digital rectal examination shows dark-colored stools. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.2 g/dL Leukocyte count 14,100/mm3 Serum Na+ 136 mEq/L K+ 3.3 mEq/L Cl- 105 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 26 mg/dL Glucose 98 mg/dL Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows: pH 7.31 pCO2 32 mm Hg HCO3- 16 mEq/L Intravenous fluids are administered. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Syrup of ipecac', 'B': 'Deferoxamine', 'C': 'Sodium bicarbonate', 'D': 'Activated charcoal', 'E': 'Calcium EDTA'}, | B: Deferoxamine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by a social worker from the homeless shelter. The man was acting strangely and then found unresponsive in his room. The social worker says she noticed many empty pill bottles near his bed. The patient has a past medical history of multiple hospital admissions for acute pancreatitis, dehydration, and suicide attempts. He is not currently taking any medications and is a known IV drug user. His temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 107/48 mmHg, pulse is 140/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a man with a Glasgow coma scale of 6. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL Hematocrit: 30% Leukocyte count: 5,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 147,000/mm^3 Serum: Albumin: 1.9 g/dL Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.3 mEq/L HCO3-: 25 mEq/L BUN: 29 mg/dL Glucose: 65 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL Prothrombin time: 27 seconds Partial thromboplastin time: 67 seconds AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L Which of the following is the most effective therapy for this patient's underlying pathology?? {'A': 'Colloid-containing fluids', 'B': 'Factor 2, 7, 9, and 10 concentrate', 'C': 'Fresh frozen plasma', 'D': 'Liver transplant', 'E': 'Supportive therapy, thiamine, dextrose, naloxone, and NPO'}, | D: Liver transplant |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 75-year-old man presents to the physician because of bloody urine, which has occurred several times over the past month. He has no dysuria, flank pain, nausea, or vomiting. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. He is a 40-pack-year smoker. The vital signs are within normal limits. Physical exam shows no abnormalities except generalized lung wheezing. The laboratory test results are as follows: Urine Blood 3+ RBC > 100/hpf WBC 1–2/hpf RBC casts Negative Bacteria Not seen Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnostic study at this time?? {'A': 'Chest X-ray', 'B': 'Computed tomography (CT) urogram', 'C': 'Cystoscopy', 'D': 'Intravenous (IV) pyelography', 'E': 'Ureteroscopy'}, | C: Cystoscopy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old woman with a past medical history significant for cardiac palpitations and hypothyroidism presents with cyclical lower abdominal pain and pelvic pain. Upon further questioning, she endorses difficulty conceiving over the last 12 months. On a review of systems, she endorses occasional pain with intercourse, which has become more frequent over the last 6 months. On physical examination, her heart and lungs are clear to auscultation, her abdomen has mild tenderness in the lower quadrants, and she shows normal range of motion in her extremities. Given the patient’s desire to conceive, what is the most definitive treatment for her presumed condition?? {'A': 'Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs)', 'B': 'NSAIDS', 'C': 'Leuprolide', 'D': 'Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO)', 'E': 'Laparoscopy and lesion ablation'}, | E: Laparoscopy and lesion ablation |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 10-year-old girl is brought to the neurologist for management of recently diagnosed seizures. Based on her clinical presentation, the neurologist decides to start a medication that works by blocking thalamic T-type calcium channels. Her parents are cautioned that the medication has a number of side effects including itching, headache, and GI distress. Specifically, they are warned to stop the medication immediately and seek medical attention if they notice skin bullae or sloughing. Which of the following conditions is most likely being treated in this patient?? {'A': 'Absence seizures', 'B': 'Complex seizures', 'C': 'Simple seizures', 'D': 'Status epilepticus', 'E': 'Tonic-clonic seizures'}, | A: Absence seizures |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A scientist performed an experiment to produce hybrid viruses by mixing two different serotypes of influenza virus, H1N1 and H2N2, in a respiratory epithelium cell line. Several days later, the scientist collected the media and analyzed the viral progeny. She found the following serotypes of virus: H1N1, H2N2, H1N2, and H2N1. Which of the following terms best explains the appearance of new serotypes?? {'A': 'Recombination', 'B': 'Reassortment', 'C': 'Complementation', 'D': 'Phenotypic mixing', 'E': 'Transformation'}, | B: Reassortment |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 56-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of progressive weakness. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows a violaceous rash over her eyelids and flat-topped erythematous papules over the dorsal surface of interphalangeal joints. Muscle strength is 4/5 at the shoulders and hips but normal elsewhere. This patient is at greatest risk for which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Pheochromocytoma', 'B': 'Hodgkin lymphoma', 'C': 'Renal clear cell carcinoma', 'D': 'Oat cell lung cancer', 'E': 'Ovarian adenocarcinoma'}, | E: Ovarian adenocarcinoma |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 52-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 5-month history of progressive lethargy, shortness of breath, and difficulty concentrating. His friends have told him that he appears pale. He has smoked half a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 20 years. Neurological examination shows reduced sensation to light touch and pinprick in the toes bilaterally. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 8.2 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 108 μm3 Serum Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) 51 ng/L (N = 170–900) Folic acid 13 ng/mL (N = 5.4–18) An oral dose of radiolabeled vitamin B12 is administered, followed by an intramuscular injection of nonradioactive vitamin B12. A 24-hour urine sample is collected and urine vitamin B12 levels are unchanged. The procedure is repeated with the addition of oral intrinsic factor, and 24-hour urine vitamin B12 levels increase. This patient's findings indicate an increased risk for which of the following conditions?"? {'A': 'Colorectal carcinoma', 'B': 'Gastric carcinoma', 'C': 'De Quervain thyroiditis', 'D': 'Type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'E': 'Celiac disease'}, | B: Gastric carcinoma |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 70-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of an 8-week history of blood in his stool. Two months ago, he had an episode of bronchitis and was treated with amoxicillin. Since then, he has noticed blood in his stool and on the toilet paper occasionally. The patient has had intermittent constipation for the past 5 years. Six months ago, he had severe left lower quadrant pain and fever that resolved with antibiotic therapy. He underwent a colonoscopy 3 years ago, which did not show any evidence of malignancy. He takes levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. He had smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 45 years, but quit smoking 10 years ago. He drinks one glass of red wine every night. He appears pale. He is 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) tall and weighs 98 kg (216 lb); BMI is 32 kg/m2. His temperature is 36°C (96.8°F), pulse is 85/min, and blood pressure is 135/80 mm Hg. Physical examination shows pale conjunctivae. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. The abdomen is soft and nontender with no organomegaly. Digital rectal examination shows no masses. Test of the stool for occult blood is positive. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 11 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 76 μm3 Red cell distribution width 17% (N = 13–15) Leukocyte count 5,000/mm3 Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"? {'A': 'Colorectal carcinoma', 'B': 'Diverticulosis', 'C': 'Ischemic colitis', 'D': 'Hemorrhoids', 'E': 'Pseudomembranous colitis\n"'}, | B: Diverticulosis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An overweight 57-year-old woman comes to her primary care physician for a routine checkup. She has no current complaints and takes no medications. Her mother and brother have type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Vital signs show a blood pressure of 145/95 mmHg, temperature of 37°C (98.6°F), and a pulse of 85/minute. Her lab results are shown: Fasting blood glucose 158 mg/dL HbA1c 8.6% Low-density lipoprotein 210 mg/dL High-density lipoprotein 27 mg/dL Triglycerides 300 mg/dL Which of the following tests is recommended for this patient?? {'A': 'Albumin-to-creatinine ratio after 5 years, then yearly follow-up', 'B': 'Monofilament test after 5 years, then yearly follow-up', 'C': 'Fasting lipid profile every 5 years', 'D': 'Digital fundus photography after 5 years, then yearly follow-up', 'E': 'Digital fundus photography now, then yearly follow-up'}, | E: Digital fundus photography now, then yearly follow-up |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of unintentional weight gain, fatigue, and decreased sexual desire. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. His blood pressure is 149/88 mm Hg. Physical examination shows central obesity and abdominal striae. He has a prominent soft tissue bulge at the dorsum of his neck. Laboratory studies show a 24-hour urinary free cortisol of 200 μg (N < 50) and a morning serum ACTH of 1 pg/mL (N = 7–50). Which of the following tests is most likely to confirm the underlying etiology of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'CRH stimulation test', 'B': 'ACTH stimulation test', 'C': 'Chest CT', 'D': 'Abdominal CT', 'E': 'Brain MRI'}, | D: Abdominal CT |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 59-year-old woman comes to the physician because of worsening shortness of breath for the past two weeks. Physical examination shows decreased breath sounds at both lung bases. The abdomen is distended and there is shifting dullness with a positive fluid wave. Ultrasound of the abdomen shows a large collection of peritoneal fluid and a hypoechoic mass involving the left ovary. Microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen from the ovarian mass shows clusters of spindle-shaped cells. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Serous cystadenoma', 'B': 'Endometrioma', 'C': 'Ovarian thecoma', 'D': 'Dermoid cyst', 'E': 'Ovarian fibroma'}, | E: Ovarian fibroma |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 39-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because she has been experiencing intermittent abdominal pain for the last 2 weeks. She says that the pain is squeezing in nature, is located in the right upper quadrant, and is particularly severe after eating a meal. After a diagnosis is made, the patient asks why the pain gets worse after eating. The physician explains that food is detected by the gastrointestinal tract through numerous receptors and that this information is transmitted to other parts of the body to cause compensatory changes. The neurons responsible for transmitting this information are most likely located in a layer of the intestine that has which of the following characteristics?? {'A': 'Connective tissue that envelops the other layers', 'B': 'Contains cells that primarily absorb nutrients', 'C': 'Contains large blood vessels and large lymphatic vessels', 'D': 'Contracts to generate peristaltic waves', 'E': 'Contracts to generate local movement in mucosa'}, | C: Contains large blood vessels and large lymphatic vessels |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 41-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 7-month history of sleep disturbances, restlessness, and difficulty acquiring erections. He started a new job as a project coordinator 8 months ago. He has difficulty falling asleep and lies awake worrying about his family, next day's meetings, and finances. He can no longer concentrate on his tasks at work. He feels tense most days and avoids socializing with his friends. He worries that he has an underlying medical condition that is causing his symptoms. Previous diagnostic evaluations were unremarkable. He has a history of drinking alcohol excessively during his early 20s, but he has not consumed alcohol for the past 10 years. He appears anxious. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. In addition to psychotherapy, treatment with which of the following drugs is most appropriate in this patient?? {'A': 'Escitalopram', 'B': 'Propranolol', 'C': 'Clonazepam', 'D': 'Amitriptyline', 'E': 'Buspirone'}, | E: Buspirone |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A new study shows a significant association between patients with a BMI >40 and a diagnosis of diabetes (odds ratio: 7.37; 95% CI 6.39-8.50) compared to non-diabetic patients. Which of the following hypothetical studies most likely yielded these results.? {'A': 'A study consisting of 1000 non-diabetic subjects; 500 patients with a BMI > 40 and 500 patients with normal BMI, followed for diagnosis of diabetes over their life time', 'B': 'A study consisting of 500 patients with diabetes and 500 patients without diabetes comparing BMI of subjects in both groups', 'C': 'A study consisting of 1000 genetically similar mice; 500 randomized to diet to maintain normal weight and 500 randomized to high caloric intake with the outcome of diabetes rates in both groups after 1 year', 'D': 'A study of 1000 patients with BMI > 40 with diabetes; 500 randomized to inpatient diet and exercise with goal BMI <25, and 500 randomized to no treatment with an outcome of glycemic control without medication after 1 year', 'E': 'A study of 1000 patients comparing rates of diabetes diagnoses and BMIs of diabetic and non-diabetic patients'}, | B: A study consisting of 500 patients with diabetes and 500 patients without diabetes comparing BMI of subjects in both groups |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 14-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 1-week history of fever, malaise, and chest pain. She describes the pain as 6 out of 10 in intensity and that it is more severe if she takes a deep breath. The pain is centrally located in the chest and does not radiate. Three weeks ago, she had a sore throat that resolved without treatment. She has no personal history of serious illness. She appears ill. Her temperature is 38.7°C (101.7°F). Examination shows several subcutaneous nodules on the elbows and wrist bilaterally. Breath sounds are normal. A soft early systolic murmur is heard best at the apex in the left lateral position. Abdominal examination is unremarkable. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 12.6 g/dL Leukocyte count 12,300/mm3 Platelet count 230,000/mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 40 mm/hr Serum Antistreptolysin O titer 327 U/mL (N < 200 U/mL) She is treated with aspirin and penicillin and her symptoms resolve. An echocardiography of the heart done 14 days later shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Intramuscular benzathine penicillin every 4 weeks for 10 years', 'B': 'Low-dose prednisone therapy for a month', 'C': 'Intramuscular benzathine penicillin every 4 weeks until the age of 40', 'D': 'Intramuscular benzathine penicillin every 4 weeks until the age of 21', 'E': 'Intramuscular benzathine penicillin every 4 weeks for 5 years'}, | A: Intramuscular benzathine penicillin every 4 weeks for 10 years |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 58-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a wellness checkup. She recently had a DEXA scan that placed her at 2 standard deviations below the mean for bone density. She is following up today to discuss her results. The patient has a past medical history of asthma, breast cancer, COPD, anxiety, irritable bowel syndrome, endometrial cancer, and depression. She is currently taking clonazepam, albuterol, and fluoxetine. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 95% on room air. The patient is treated appropriately and sent home. She returns 1 month later for a follow up visit. She has been taking her medications as prescribed. She endorses episodes of feeling febrile/warm which resolve shortly thereafter. Otherwise she is doing well. Which of the following is true of the medication she was most likely started on?? {'A': 'Estrogen receptor agonist in the uterus', 'B': 'Estrogen receptor antagonist in the uterus', 'C': 'Induces osteoclast apoptosis', 'D': 'Mineral replacement', 'E': 'Parathyroid hormone analogue'}, | B: Estrogen receptor antagonist in the uterus |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old man with a history notable for alpha-thalassemia now presents to an urgent care clinic with complaints of increased thirst and urinary frequency. The physical exam is unremarkable, although there is a bronze discoloration of his skin. The laboratory analysis reveals a fasting blood glucose of 192 mg/dL, and a HbA1c of 8.7. Given the following options, what is the best treatment for the patient’s underlying disease?? {'A': 'Metformin', 'B': 'Basal insulin', 'C': 'Basal and bolus insulin', 'D': 'Recurrent phlebotomy', 'E': 'Deferoxamine'}, | D: Recurrent phlebotomy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 29-year-old woman presents with convulsions. The patient’s brother says that he found her like that an hour ago and immediately called an ambulance. He also says that she has been extremely distraught and receiving supportive care from a social worker following a sexual assault by a coworker a few days ago. He says that the patient has no history of seizures. She has no significant past medical history and takes no medications. The patient’s vital signs include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse 101/min, blood pressure 135/99 mm Hg, and respiratory rate 25/min. On physical examination, the patient is rolling from side to side, arrhythmically thrashing around, and muttering strangely. Her eyes are closed, and there is resistance to opening them. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Somatization disorder', 'B': 'Somatoform pain disorder', 'C': 'Conversion disorder', 'D': 'Hypochondriasis', 'E': 'Body dysmorphic disorder'}, | C: Conversion disorder |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 67-year-old man comes to the physician because of difficulty walking for 2 months. He has been falling to his left side when he walks more than a few feet. His speech has also changed in the past few months, and he now pauses between each syllable. He has never had similar symptoms before. He has hypertension and cirrhosis as a result of alcoholic liver disease. He does not smoke and he no longer drinks alcohol. His current medications include lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide daily. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows discrete scleral icterus and jaundice. There is ascites and gynecomastia present. Neurological examination shows nystagmus with fast beats toward the left. He has dysmetria and tremor when performing left-sided finger-nose-finger testing, and dysdiadochokinesia with rapid alternating movements. He has a wide-based gait and a pronator drift of the left arm. He has full range of motion in his arms and legs without rigidity. He has full muscle strength, and sensation to light touch is intact. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Increased number of trinucleotide CAG repeats', 'B': 'Decreased serum thiamine levels', 'C': 'Periventricular plaques', 'D': 'Left-sided cerebellar tumor', 'E': 'Left-sided posterior capsular infarct'}, | D: Left-sided cerebellar tumor |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old man comes to the physician with a 1-week history of sharp, substernal chest pain that is worse with inspiration and relieved with leaning forward. He has also had nausea and myalgias. His father has coronary artery disease. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 130/84 mm Hg. Cardiac examination shows a high-pitched rubbing sound between S1 and S2 that is best heard at the left sternal border. An ECG shows depressed PR interval and diffuse ST elevations. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s symptoms?? {'A': 'Dressler syndrome', 'B': 'Acute myocardial infarction', 'C': 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection', 'D': 'Systemic lupus erythematosus', 'E': 'Acute viral infection'}, | E: Acute viral infection |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 73-year-old man presents to a dermatology clinic after his family physician finds an ulcerated plaque on the dorsal surface of his nose. This lesion has changed in size and form and has bled on multiple occasions even after the patient adopted sun-protection measures. The patient’s medical history is relevant for cigarette smoking and hypertension. Physical examination reveals a poorly defined, erythematous, ulcerated plaque on the surface of the nose (see image). The lesion is diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma, and the patient undergoes standard excision. However, the pathology report indicates an incomplete excision. Which of the following should be the next step in the management of this case?? {'A': 'Mohs surgery', 'B': 'Photodynamic therapy', 'C': 'Cryotherapy', 'D': 'Radiation therapy', 'E': 'Imiquimod'}, | A: Mohs surgery |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 65-year-old woman presents to your office after three days of fever and productive cough. She is taking Tylenol for her fever and her last dose was yesterday morning. She reports reddish brown sputum. She has a history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia for which she takes lisinopril and a statin. She has never smoked and drinks 1-2 glasses of wine a week. She recently returned from Italy and denies having any sick contacts. On physical exam, her temperature is 102.2°F (39°C), blood pressure is 130/78 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 21/min, and pulse oximetry is 95% on room air. She has decreased breath sounds in the left lower lobe. Chest x-ray is shown. The causative organism would most likely show which of the following?? {'A': 'Beta hemolysis', 'B': 'Gamma hemolysis', 'C': 'Optochin resistance', 'D': 'Optochin sensitivity', 'E': 'Novobiocin sensitivity'}, | D: Optochin sensitivity |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 53-year-old woman presents for a follow-up. She took some blood tests recently for her yearly physical, and her random blood sugar level was found to be 251 mg/dL. She was asked to repeat her blood sugar and come back with the new reports. At that time, her fasting blood sugar level was 130 mg/dL and the postprandial glucose level was 245 mg/dL. Her HbA1c is 8.9%. She has had occasions where she felt light-headed and felt better only after she had something to eat. Her physician starts her on a drug to help her control her sugar levels. He also advised that she should get her liver enzymes checked with a repeat HbA1c in 3 months. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the drug that she was most likely prescribed?? {'A': 'Stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas.', 'B': 'Increases the uptake of glucose and reduces peripheral insulin resistance.', 'C': 'Acts as an agonist at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-Ƴ.', 'D': 'Inhibit alpha-glucosidase in the intestines.', 'E': 'Decreases the secretion of glucagon.'}, | C: Acts as an agonist at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-Ƴ. |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:You are conducting a study on hypertension for which you have recruited 60 African-American adults. If the biostatistician for your study informs you that the sample population of your study is approximately normal, the mean systolic blood pressure is 140 mmHg, and the standard deviation is 7 mmHg, how many participants would you expect to have a systolic blood pressure between 126 and 154 mmHg?? {'A': '10 participants', 'B': '41 participants', 'C': '57 participants', 'D': '68 participants', 'E': 'Not enough information provided.'}, | C: 57 participants |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 35-year-old male is brought to the emergency room after he was found to have a blood pressure of 180/100 mm Hg during a routine health check-up with his family physician. Past medical history is insignificant and both of his parents are healthy. He currently does not take any medication. The patient’s blood pressure normalizes before the emergency department physician can evaluate him. During the physical examination, his blood pressure is 148/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 65/min, temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), and respirations are 14/min. He has a round face, centripetal obesity, and striae on the skin with atrophy over the abdomen and thighs. On visual field examination, he is found to have loss of vision in the lateral visual fields bilaterally You order a low dose dexamethasone suppression test, which is positive, and you proceed to measure ACTH and obtain a high-dose dexamethasone suppression test. If this is a pituitary gland disorder, which of the following lab abnormalities is most likely present in this patient?? {'A': 'Before test: ACTH high, after test: aldosterone suppression', 'B': 'Before test: ACTH low, after test: cortisol elevation', 'C': 'Before test: ACTH high, after test: cortisol suppression', 'D': 'Before test: ACTH low, after test: aldosterone normalizes', 'E': 'Before test: ACTH high, after test: cortisol elevation'}, | C: Before test: ACTH high, after test: cortisol suppression |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 45-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a wellness checkup. He states that he feels fatigued at times but feels near his baseline. The patient smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol occasionally, and has a past medical history of poorly controlled diabetes. His temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 167/108 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 10/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals an overweight man with a ruddy complexion. Bilateral gynecomastia is noted for which the patient inquires about cosmetic surgery as a treatment. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 14 g/dL Hematocrit: 42% Leukocyte count: 6,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 185,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 142 mEq/L Cl-: 102 mEq/L K+: 3.2 mEq/L HCO3-: 31 mEq/L BUN: 27 mg/dL Glucose: 173 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL Ca2+: 9.8 mg/dL A CT scan demonstrates bilateral abnormal abdominal masses. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Eplerenone', 'B': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'C': 'Lisinopril', 'D': 'Spironolactone', 'E': 'Surgical excision'}, | A: Eplerenone |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 39-year-old woman comes to the physician because of an 8-month history of progressive fatigue, shortness of breath, and palpitations. She has a history of recurrent episodes of joint pain and fever during childhood. She emigrated from India with her parents when she was 10 years old. Cardiac examination shows an opening snap followed by a late diastolic rumble, which is best heard at the fifth intercostal space in the left midclavicular line. This patient is at greatest risk for compression of which of the following structures?? {'A': 'Trachea', 'B': 'Thoracic duct', 'C': 'Vagus nerve', 'D': 'Hemiazygos vein', 'E': 'Esophagus'}, | E: Esophagus |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 5-week-old male infant is rushed to the emergency department due to severe vomiting and lethargy for the past 3 days. His mother describes the vomiting as forceful and projectile and contains undigested breast milk, but she did not notice any green fluids. He has not gained much weight in the past 3 weeks and looks very thin. He has a pulse of 144/min, temperature of 37.5°C (99.5°F), and respiratory rate of 18/min. Mucous membranes are dry and the boy is lethargic. Abdominal examination reveals a palpable mass in the epigastrium that becomes more prominent after vomiting with visible peristaltic movements over the epigastrium. Barium-contrast studies show a double channel appearance of the pylorus. What is the best immediate step in the management of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Reassurance and observation', 'B': 'Pyloromyotomy', 'C': 'Whipple procedure', 'D': 'Correct electrolyte imbalances', 'E': 'Nasogastric tube feeding'}, | D: Correct electrolyte imbalances |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Thirty minutes after delivery, a 3400-g (7.5-lb) female newborn develops cyanosis of her lips and oral mucosa. She was born at 36 weeks of gestation to a 30-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0. Apgar scores are 7 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Pregnancy was complicated by polyhydramnios. The patient's temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 144/min, respirations are 52/min, and blood pressure is 70/40 mm Hg. Examination shows foaming and drooling at the mouth. Bilateral crackles are heard at the lung bases. There is a harsh 3/6 systolic murmur along the left sternal border. The abdomen is soft and mildly distended. There is an anterior ectopic anus. Insertion of a nasogastric tube is attempted. An x-ray of the chest and abdomen is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula to the proximal esophageal segment', 'B': 'H‑type tracheoesophageal fistula without esophageal atresia', 'C': 'Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula to the distal esophageal segment', 'D': 'Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula to the proximal and distal esophageal segments', 'E': 'Esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula'}, | C: Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula to the distal esophageal segment |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Following a gastric surgery, a 45-year-old woman complains of severe nausea and vomiting on the second post-operative day. On physical examination, her vitals are stable and examination of the abdomen reveals no significant abnormality. As she is already receiving an appropriate dosage of ondansetron, the surgeon adds metoclopramide to her treatment orders. Following addition of the drug, she experiences significant relief from nausea and vomiting. Which of the following mechanisms best explains the action of this drug?? {'A': 'Enhancement of small intestinal and colonic motility by dopamine antagonism', 'B': 'Inhibition of dopamine receptors in the area postrema', 'C': 'Decreased esophageal peristaltic amplitude', 'D': 'Stimulation of motilin receptors in gastrointestinal smooth muscle', 'E': 'Inhibition of serotonin receptors on the nucleus tractus solitarius'}, | B: Inhibition of dopamine receptors in the area postrema |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 19-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with difficulty breathing, which began 1 hour ago. He has had persistent bronchial asthma since 3 years of age and has been prescribed inhaled fluticasone (400 μg/day) by his pediatrician. He has not taken the preventer inhaler for the last 2 weeks and visited an old house today that had a lot of dust accumulated on the floor. On physical examination, his temperature is 36.8°C (98.4°F), the pulse is 110/min, and the respiratory rate is 24/min. There are no signs of respiratory distress, and chest auscultation reveals bilateral wheezing. Which of the following medications is most likely to provide quick relief?? {'A': 'Inhaled albuterol', 'B': 'Inhaled salmeterol', 'C': 'Inhaled fluticasone', 'D': 'Inhaled cromolyn', 'E': 'Oral montelukast'}, | A: Inhaled albuterol |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Six days after being admitted to the hospital for a cholecystectomy, a 56-year-old woman has high-grade fevers, chills, malaise, and generalized weakness. She has been hospitalized twice in the last year for acute cholecystitis. She had a molar extraction around 2 weeks ago. Her last colonoscopy was 8 months ago and showed a benign polyp that was removed. She has mitral valve prolapse, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, and hypothyroidism. Current medications include metformin, rituximab, levothyroxine, and enalapril. Her temperature is 38.3°C (101°F), pulse is 112/min, and blood pressure is 138/90 mm Hg. Examination shows painless macules over her palms and soles and linear hemorrhages under her nail beds. The lungs are clear to auscultation. There is a grade 3/6 systolic murmur heard best at the apex. Blood is drawn and she is started on intravenous antibiotic therapy. Two sets of blood cultures grow coagulase-negative staphylococci. An echocardiography shows a large oscillating vegetation on the mitral valve and moderate mitral regurgitation. Which of the following is the strongest predisposing factor for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Predamaged heart valve', 'B': 'Colonic polyp', 'C': 'Recent dental procedure', 'D': 'Immunosuppression', 'E': 'Infected peripheral venous catheter'}, | E: Infected peripheral venous catheter |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 6-year-old right-handed boy is brought to the emergency department because of difficulty speaking and inability to raise his right arm. The patient’s mother says his symptoms started suddenly 1 hour ago and have not improved. She says he has never had these symptoms before. No other significant past medical history. The patient was born full-term via spontaneous transvaginal delivery and has met all developmental goals. The family immigrated from Nigeria 3 months ago, and the patient is currently following a vaccination catch-up schedule. His vital signs include: temperature 36.8°C (98.2°F), blood pressure 111/65 mm Hg, pulse 105/min. Height is at the 30th percentile and weight is at the 25th percentile for age and sex. Physical examination is remarkable for generalized pallor, pale conjunctiva, jaundice, and complete loss of strength in the right arm (0/5). His peripheral blood smear is shown in the picture. Which of the following is the most effective preventive measure for this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Warfarin', 'B': 'Aspirin', 'C': 'Carotid endarterectomy', 'D': 'Regular blood transfusion', 'E': 'Oral penicillin VK'}, | D: Regular blood transfusion |
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