Datasets:
ClimatePolicyRadar
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global-stocktake-documents

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The Project Board is comprised of Director General (DG) of key stakeholder ministries and National Advisory Board (NAB) on Climate Change & Disaster Risk reduction representative as Senior Beneficiaries, Director-General Ministry of Climate Change as the Executive and the
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The Department Climate Change (DoCC), the Department of Energy (DoE), project coordinator and consultants formed the project implementation team. The Ministry of Climate Change undertook tasks of consultation with other relevant government departments, the private sector and NGOs. The thematic working group (TWG) for national GHG inventory included representatives from Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Forests (DoF).
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change in Vanuatu.
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NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY
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s Independent Third Party Review of National GHG Inventory (NIR)
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Department of Agriculture (DARD), Livestock Department, Port Vila Municipality Council (PVMC), Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA), Vanuatu National Statistics Office (NSO), Department of Environmental Protection and Conservation (DEPC), Biosecurity, private sector representatives from UNELCO and VUI etc.
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an independent third party review of NIR was coordinated by UNDP-UNEP Global Support Programme (GSP) and was conducted from 9 to 14 December 2020 by Dr. Carlos López, consultant in national GHG emissions inventories as per the requirements indicated in the UNFCCC Decision 17/CP.8 Annex, the UNFCCC Decision 2/CP.17 Annex III, and to the advice of the IPCC Guidelines and Guidance indicated in these decisions for the preparation of the inventories to be included in the National Communications and Biennial Update Reports from non-Annex I Parties under the UNFCCC. The reviewer also takes into account the requirements and flexibilities established to prepare
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Further, the draft report and GHG inventory calculations presented during the stakeholder consultation to seek inputs and finalize the report.
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to update on the data gaps, uncertainties etc. and issues
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The inventory team routinely conducted checks consistency of the data and information provided by the different stakeholders (line ministries, government departments, Organizations, Public and private sector etc), to ensure data integrity, correctness, and completeness. In case of discrepancy or incompleteness, the inventory team consulted the relevant stakeholders and experts to reduce the data uncertainty, appropriate corrections, address errors and omissions. The sub-sectoral and sectoral calculations of GHGs were shared with the TWGs for technical review of categories and sub-category activity data, emission factors, estimation parameters, and calculation methods. The inputs provided by the TWGs were addressed and GHG emission reduction calculation was revised. On finalization of the GHG Inventory calculations, draft report was prepared and shared with the TWGs.
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Training and Capacity Building
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Training and Capacity Building programme was designed and delivered to TWGs and key stakeholders. A technical training and hand-holding workshop on development of GHG inventory was organized for the TWGS and other relevant key stakeholders in Vanuatu. The overall objective was to empower the stakeholders in Vanuatu to achieve the necessary level of expertise to develop national GHG inventory through data collection, analysis, monitoring and reporting guidelines and procedures as required by UNFCCC. The stakeholders were also updated on IPCC 2006 Guidelines and Best Practices to develop the national GHG Inventory and GHG inventory software developed under the Integrated Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Tool for Vanuatu.
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The focused stakeholder consultation was carried out with in the government and government departments, public and private sectors, local and international development partners, NGOs and public groups. The stakeholder consultation also involved presentation of the results i.e. National GHG Inventory of Vanuatu for the year 2016 and 2017, data, standards and assumptions applied for Vanuatu's National GHG inventory, data gaps and uncertainties etc.
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A quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) are review mechanism was the integral part of the process and was devised in order to improve transparency, consistency, comparability, completeness, and accuracy of third national communication and national greenhouse gas inventory. An internal QA/QC plan was developed and roles and responsibilities were defined for the FBUR and GHG. Inventory Team Members. The QA/QC process and review mechanism implemented at all level of data collection, inventory preparation and reporting.
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VANUATU FIRST BIENNAL UPDATE REPORT
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2.1 Vanuatu's GHG Emissions: 2016, 2017
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By way of comparison, in 2017, the total global GHG emissions, excluding emissions from land-use change (LUC), reached a record 49.2 GtCO2e. Including LUC adds another 4.2 GtCO2, bringing the total to 53.5 GtCO2e, which is an increase of 0.7 GtCO2e (1.3%) compared with 2016. The increase in global CO2 emissions in 2017 (1.2%) resulted from stronger Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth (estimated at 3.7%) and slower declines in energy and especially carbon intensity. In absolute terms Vanuatu's total GHG (CO2equivalent) emissions was around 0.0011% of the total Global GHG emissions for year 2017.
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The global per capita GHG emissions (in terms of tonnes of CO2e per person) for the year 2017 was about 7.039 tonnes of CO2equivalent per person per year (tCO2e/Person/ Year) (Considering Global population for 2017 was 7.6 billion persons"); in comparison the per capita GHG emission (in terms of tonnes of CO2e per person) in Vanuatu come out approximately 2.137 tonnes of CO2equivalent per person for year 2017 (Population of 0.280 Million persons); which is around 30% of the world average during that period.
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The Independent reviewer has also examined NIR's adherence to the guidance provided in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; additionally considered criteria and recommendations provided in other key methodological documents and tools related to the inventory process including IPCC, 2017; UNDP, 2005; US-EPA-USAID, 2011; UNFCCC-GCE, 2012; EEA, 2019, UNFCCC, 2014, UNFCCC, 2017 and UNFCCC, UNDP-GSP, 2019. The quality of the Inventory was mainly assessed through the examination of how were followed the principles TCCCA3 on reporting, established in the IPCC Good Practice Guidances 2000 and 2003 and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The main outcomes of QA/QC and review process was overall improvement in the quality of data collection, calculations, reporting and inclusion of the key criteria analysis, uncertainty estimates and subsequent improvements in the future GHG Inventory i.e. Inventory Improvement Plan (IP).
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following section includes the total GHG emissions by
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comparison to 299.387 Gg CO2e estimated for year 1994 under the first national communication and 585.387 Gg CO2e estimated for year 2000 under the second national communication); This comprises direct CO2 emission 159.669 Gg, CH4 emission 13.512 Gg and N2O emissions 0.235 Gg during 2017. Emissions of other GHGs like per fluorocarbons (PFCs), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) not estimated since very limited (negligible) applications and no manufacturing of the products containing these gases.
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7; t₂ 4, e 8 The above analysis shows that, the total annual GHG emissions and annual average per capita GHG emissions (tonnes/person/year) in Vanuatu remained very low as compare to global average GHG emissions. Furthermore, Vanuatu remained net carbon neural including the removals from the forestry sector. Forest acts a sink for GHG emission from Vanuatu, almost 74% of the land area in Vanuatu is covered by natural vegetation, with around one third covered by forest; which is more than 36.1 % (440,000 hectares covered by tropical forest).
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and report the inventory for Small Island Developing State (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDC).
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The republic of Vanuatu remains the net carbon negative
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Overview
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10 11 Emissions Gap Report 2018 https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2018 World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/world-population prospects-the-2017- revision.html
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removals in year 2017 reached to 600.209 Gg CO2e (in
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NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY
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Table 9 Vanuatu's Total GHG Emission-Sector wise (excluding removals), Gg CO2eq: 2016 and 2017
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as major contributor from combustion of fossil fuel fort generation of electricity, transportation and other sectors; Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) emissions from agriculture-livestock (Enteric fermentation and Manure management), Waste Sector (Solid waste and waste water) and Land. Livestock is a major source of Methane emission in Vanuatu.
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Figure 6: Vanuatu's Total GHG removals), Gg CO2eq: 2016 and 2017 Emission-Sector wise (excluding
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Table 10 Vanuatu's GHG Emission-Sector and Sub-sector wise (excl. removals), Gg CO2eq 2016 and 2017
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Total GHG Emissions: 2016, 2017
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The net removal from forest sector for the year 2015 was (-) 6973.689 Gg CO2e; however due to unavailability of 2016 and 2017 data the estimation of removals was not conducted for 2016 and 2017. The updated forest sector data and emissions (removal) will be part of Vanuatu's upcoming REDD+ report.
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The total GHG emissions (excl. Removals) in Vanuatu for the year 2016 was 509.531 Gg CO2e and 2017 was 600.209 Gg CO2e. The following graph and table present the Vanuatu's total GHG emissions in Gg CO2e (excl. Removals) for the inventory year 2016 and 2017.
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Sector Wise GHG Emissions: 2016, 2017
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However, as discussed above the republic of Vanuatu is net carbon negative, since the land-use change and forestry sector is a net sink of CO2 in Vanuatu. In the current inventory, under Land Use Change and Forestry sector, CO2 emissions/removals are not estimated. The CO2 removals from the forestry sector were estimated-1.1534 Gg of CO2e for the year 1994; -7,913.14 Gg of CO2e for the year 2000 and (-) 6973.689 Gg CO2e for the year 2015.
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The above tables and figures present that, the total GHG emissions from Vanuatu is increased in 2017 in comparison 2016, indicative increase in CO2 emission followed by CH4 and N2O emissions. Evidently the main GHG emissions from Vanuatu comprises of mainly Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
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The following table present the sector and sub-sector wise
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Vanuatu's Third National Communication Report
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VANUATU FIRST BIENNAL UPDATE REPORT
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Table 11 Vanuatu's GHG Emission-sub-category wise (excl. removals), Gg C02eq2016 and 2017
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y Gas by Gas Emission Inventory: 2016, 2017
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The gas by gas GHG emission inventory for Vanuatu for the inventory years 2016 and 2017 discussed in this section. As discussed above, the main GHG emission sectors in Vanuatu includes Energy, AFOLU and Waste sector. Greenhouse gases covered in this analysis include Carbon di-oxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous-oxide (N2O), the estimated quantum of these main GHGs presented in table-2 and table 5.
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The above table and graph of sub-sectoral (sub-category wise) GHG emission of Vanuatu for the inventory years 2016-2017 shows that the Livestock Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management is the major source of GHG emissions, the average emissions form these sub-categories are 43% and 20% respectively; followed by the transport sector 15%; Energy Industries (Electricity Generation) 8%; Solid Waste Disposal 6%; Manufacturing Industries and Construction 4%; Land Management 2%; Domestic Waste Water Treatment and Discharge and Other Sectors including Commercial, Institutional and residential both 1%.
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The following table present the sub-category wise GHG emissions from Vanuatu during the inventory 2016 and 2017.
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Figure 7: Vanuatu's Average GHG Emission-Subcategory wise (Gg CO2eq): 2016 and 2017
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As discussed above the main GHG emission sectors and sub-sectors in Vanuatu includes:
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1. Energy Sector - (Direct Fuel Consumption for Combustion Activity)
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Other Sectors - Commercial, Institutional and Residential 2. Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) • Livestock
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3. Waste Sector
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• Solid Waste
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4. Wastewater Treatment and Discharge
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Note: GHG emissions form international aviation and international water borne navigation has been calculated as memo item and not included in the total GHG emissions form Vanuatu.
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NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY
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The total GHG emissions in Vanuatu contributed by three main sectors viz Agriculture (livestock and land), Energy and Waste Sectors. The average contribution of these sector for the year 2016-2017 were Agriculture (65%), Energy Sector (28%), and Waste Sector (7%), there is no contribution from industrial process and solvent & other product use (IPPU) sector.
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1A4-Other Sectors (15)
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SA2-Masare Management (20%) SA1-Emeric Fermentation (43%)
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Table 12 Gas wise GHG Emission (excluding removals), Gg: 2016-2017
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The Sub-sector (sub category) analysis of the total CO2 emission present that the Transportation sub-sector (52.7%) i.e. Road Transport (78.6%), Domestic Aviation (9.6%) and Domestic Water Borne Navigation (11.7%) are the main source of CO2 emission in Vanuatu; followed by the Energy Industry - Electricity Generation (27.5%), Manufacturing Industries and Construction (15.4%) and remaining from Other sectors (4.5%) i.e. commercial, institutional and residential sub-sectors.
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Figure 8: Vanuatu's Net CD2 Emission-Sub-category wise (Gg): 2016 and 2017
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Table 13 C02 Emission: 2016-2017
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Carbon dioxide (CO2)
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The detailed analysis of all three potent GHGs are discussed in the following section.
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Net CO2 emissions in Vanuatu was estimated for the period 2016 and 2017 presented in the table and graph below. The energy sector and sub-sectors are the main source of CO2 emissions, accounting for approximately 100% of CO2 emissions. The CO2 emissions from Vanuatu has shown the increasing trend historically and under the inventory period 2016 and 2017, the net CO2 emissions in year 2016 was 146.637 Gg and increase to 159.669 Gg (8.9% increased) in 2017. The combustion of fossil fuels remains the main contributor of CO2 emissions in Vanuatu.
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tail gas emissions from transportation-road transport,
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The emission from other direct GHGsi.e. hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) have not been included here since HFCs, PFCs, SF6 are not directly imported or sold in Vanuatu; hence direct emission of these gases does not occur; however negligible amount of these gases present in equipment like air conditioners (ACs), Refrigerators, switch-boards and circuit-breakers etc. further non-of the activity listed under Tier-1 approach to estimate emissions from these gases applicable for Vanuatu.
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emissions from energy industries mainly electricity
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The national GHG inventory also doesn't include the emission of precursor gases like Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) and other gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, such as Sulphur Oxides (SOx); 'due to lack of detailed activity data and due to high uncertainty involved in estimation of emissions from indirect gases. Hence, the project team decided to improve the quality of
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future national GHG Inventory.
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data and shall estimate emission from these gases during
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VANUATU FIRST BIENNAL UPDATE REPORT
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Table 14 Methane (CH4) Emission: 2016-2017
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Table 15 Nitrous oxide (N20) Emission: 2016-2017
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Figure 9 Vanuatu's Net Methane (CH4) Emission-Sub-category wise (Gg): 2016 and 2017
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Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
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Waste water) sector is the second largest source of CH4 V
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The Methane (CH4) emissions from Vanuatu has shown minor increasing trend over the years 2016 and 2017, the net CH4 emissions in year 2016 was 10.892 Gg and increase to 13.512 Gg (24% increase) in 2017, the increase in methane emission is due to increase in livestock and waste generation also unscientific and unorganized waste management practices during the year; the open dumping and decay of waste increased the net methane emissions in Vanuatu. The contribution of Methane emissions in Vanuatu's net GHG emission is increasing rapidly and calls for serious action on improving the livestock manure management and municipal solid and waste water management practices.
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of N2O emissions in Vanuatu is from livestock manure
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Methane (CH4)
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Vanuatu. Biennial update report (BUR). BUR 1.
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NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY
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Table 16 International Bunkers Emissions (Gg CO2): 2016-2017
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at Biomass
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Figure 11 International Bunkers Emissions (Gg CD2): 2016 and 2017
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Memo Items
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Vanuatu has a rich bio-diversity and abundance of biomass availability; Biomass has been a major source of energy for Vanuatu with 70% of the population living in rural areas that do not have access to grid connected electricity. Biomass was extensively used by the rural population for cooking. crop drying and other household tasks, rather diesel powered electricity.
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Figure 10 Vanuatu's Nitrous oxide (N20) Emission-Sub-category wise (Gg): 2016 and 2017
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Other GHGs (PFCs, HFCs and SF6)
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Indirect Greenhouse Gases (NOx, CO, NMVOC)
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not included under the national items, only International
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from International Bunkers and burning of biomass are
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Apart from the direct GHG emissions in Vanuatu; the other indirect emissions of NOx, CO, NMVOC and SO2 takes place; however, they are not main source of the GHGs and have very negligible quantum. Due to lack of data and due to high uncertainty involved estimation of emissions from indirect gases in Vanuatu e.g. NOX, CO, NMVOC, SO2 not accounted under this GHG inventory for year 2016 and 2017.
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international water borne navigation. Total CO2 emissions from international aviation and international water borne navigation for the year 2016 and 2017 were estimated and presented in the following table and graph, while emissions from other gases were insignificant. These emissions are not counted under national total GHG emissions.
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International Bunkers
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separately as memo items in the inventory.
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Emissions from per-fluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) in Vanuatu is not estimated since very limited (negligible) application and lack of activity (consumption) data; furthermore the products containing these gases are not produced in the country.
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Bunkers ie international aviation and international water
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d It is important to note that mostly the rural and some of the urban households use biomass as primary source of energy: Biomass remains the main source of energy for cooking with -85% of households using wood and coconut shells. Hence, efficient application of Biomass is an important
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