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[ "Commercials are expensive to write, film, and produce, and that's before you even think about the cost to air it on TV. Most smaller companies do not have that kind of budget and so they hire bad ad agencies, or worse they try to do it themselves on the cheap. Don't let anyone fool you, advertising is difficult work. You need to be original, effective, creative, and do it under a budget while under the possibly-stupid eye of the client. There are LOTS of good ad agencies out there that put out groundbreaking work, but they cost millions to hire. Also, just because you think it's a \"bad\" advertisement doesn't mean it's actually a bad ad. Advertising isn't what the common consumer thinks it is, many times. The goals of advertising sometimes aren't the goals that you think they might be." ]

[ "A quick [PubMed](_URL_0_) search for these drugs brings up a vast amount of peer-reviewed papers, some of which are free even if you are not at a University with access. The short answer is that even though these early compounds were effective, the side effects were astronomical. We've moved towards more specific compounds that have better efficacy with less side effects. For salvarsan, that was one of the pioneering discoveries in Pharmacology since Ehrlich and colleagues tinkered with the molecule in a systematic way until they developed a better drug. Since then, our capabilities of altering chemical structures have grown rapidly." ]

[ "Would you mind elaborating? The solidification of Italian control in the Somali regions dates from around 1925, after Cumar Samatars rebellion, and ended in 1941, a period of 16 years. Furthermore, the Americans weren't colonizing, they're were on a peacekeeping mission and you'd have to take that into account." ]

[ "Article III, Section 2 of the US constitution says that states or citizens can sue foreign governments in the US Supreme Court. It's one of the very few cases where the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction. And sure, they could just not show up -- the same way you could choose not to show up if you were sued. But that would not prevent the court from ruling against you, and enabling the plaintiff to seize your assets. I assure you, the Saudi Royal Family has considerable assets within the reach of US authorities." ]

[ "ACTUALLY, there is no evidence that anti-bacterial soap is any more effective than regular soap! _URL_0_" ]

[ "True pretzel making actually requires a lye bath. Lye, however, is harder to acquire and is extremely caustic For that reason most recipes require a baking soda bath, which is far weaker, but gives the same kind of reaction. Both of them are there to give the pretzel its unique outer skin. When the caustic solution hits the dough it causes a chemical reaction in the carbohydrates of the outer layer of dough, which when baked gives the pretzel that pretzel skin on the outside. It's the same reaction that is used to create the skin in a bagel." ]

[ "Most breweries use glass, or cans, since no oxygen can diffuse trough it. Oxygen is the enemy of fresh beer: stale beer tastes a bit like wet paper..." ]

[ "I ain’t no scientist but here is my two cents... Fruit is designed to ferment (rot) as part of its ability to seed. When fruit falls from a tree (or is picked) the fruit starts to ferment which releases natural sugars making it sweet and juicy - eventually you’ll see the pips, seeds or stones becoming easier to remove like in the case of a peach or nectarine - hard to remove when not ripe, easy to remove when ripe. It’s also beneficial for fruit to tase good because then animals will eat it, not digest the seeds and poop them out miles away from the parent tree/bush. It all comes down to spreading your seed, having the juiciest peach and poop. Story of my life." ]

[ "The third 21 chromosome induce an abnormal production of beta-amyloid peptide in the brain. Depending on the individual this augmentation can be small or as much as 50%. That explain the disparity of mental affection" ]

[ "How do we continue to slowly get smaller and smaller architecture in processors? I guess I am trying to understand what limits the shrinking of architexture. Essentially, why cant architexture rapidly decrease in size faster than Moores law predicted? Sorry, if this is a super complicated answer, I just always have wondered why." ]

[ "Within 5 years hopefully. _URL_2_ _URL_0_ _URL_1_ The cost is following the same curve as that of computers etc. Really quite worrying for farming industry based countries but undoubtedly better from an ethical and environmental standpoint." ]

[ "I'm sorry to have removed this question, but this falls under a poll-type question and is prohibited according to our rules. The problem with questions like these is that they invite speculative answers and the risk is that the thread is going to end up more like an /r/AskReddit thread than a thread we want here." ]

[ "There are some interesting examples of mutualistic viruses, as [summarized in this table](_URL_1_). One that I have read about before is the [polydnavirus](_URL_0_), which infects a particular part of the ovaries of parasitic wasps. When these wasps find a caterpillar they inject an egg into it along with many polydnavirus virions. The polydnavirus doesn't copy itself in the caterpillar but it does infect cells and interfere with the caterpillar immune response. Viral proteins also alter the caterpillar metabolism to the benefit of the wasp larva. Without the virus the caterpillar immune response would kill the wasp egg." ]

[ "Define “*useful*”. If useful takes criteria like economical or efficient into account, then no. Any cutting or destruction the LHC is capable of is done more easily/efficiently by more traditional methods. Do realize, this is a machine that requires insane amounts of energy to operate. The proton beam could penetrate solid rock pretty far, but that doesn't really mean it's good for cutting since the beam is so thin and the energy requirements absurd for that kind of work." ]

[ "They don't. They measure relative movement, but that's it. I have a pretty serious sleep disorder and have had many sleep studies. If you want to find out if you're getting sufficient quantity and quality sleep, do not rely on your fitness tracker!" ]

[ "In short, chemistry! For a longer answer... There are a lot of standard chemical 'building blocks' and standard methods for attaching them. That's pretty much the nature of chemistry. You can see [three different lab syntheses of melatonin here](_URL_0_). So how do you know that what you've made is actually melatonin? You can run various tests to determine the physical (melting/boiling point, crystal structure, etc.) and structural (molecular weight, contains certain chemical bonds, etc.) to either (a) compare it with 'known' melatonin, and/or (b) determine the complete structure from base principals. And what are these tests? Infrared spectrometry, UV spetrophotometry, mass spectrometry (often combined with a gas chromatograph; GC-MS), NMR (think MRI for chemicals instead of people), x-ray crystallography, and others. In fact, I don't think that there's any commercial production of dopamine. Melatonin used to be extracted from animal pineal glands, but is now either synthesized in labs." ]

[ "Because socialism is linked with communism in the eyes of many Americans which we have been conditioned our whole lives to view with poverty and corruption. It also is strongly linked with Europe which tends to bring a whole other bag or animosity to the table. Edit: America is based on the myth* that the government is corrupt and should be given the least amount of power possible. This comes from our conception of being over taxed and burdened by a monarchy . *I am using the definition of myth as a tradtional belief not a false out dated belief" ]

[ "A lot of political commentators are disingenuous. In 2008, it was pretty clear on election eve McCain was done for. More so for Bob Dole in 1996. But if you are say, Rush Limbaugh, and you have a bunch of followers, you will never say \"this one isn't going to be close, might as well stay at home\". You are going to try to keep them hopeful, tell them there is still a chance, and maybe the other candidate will club a baby seal on live TV or something. You are going to lie and say it is close even if you know it is not." ]

[ "Because enamel is much harder than bone. If you had bones for teeth the would break much more often. The down side is how long it takes to form enamel. this is why you have baby teeth. the whole time you have baby teeth your adult teeth are forming their enamel." ]

[ "Where did you get the idea that eating cheese neutralizes cavity forming acids?" ]

[ "> dictator of China Not quite. He may be the *most* powerful man in China, but he's not the *only* powerful man He largely cemented his power with a massive anti-corruption campaign a few years back. Many of the targets were, conveniently, rivals of his and were eliminated. During his rule, China has experienced a large amount of economic growth and has begun a more aggressive foreign policy that's popular with the people, so he has their support as well." ]

[ "I assume by division into two empires you mean the period between AD 395 and AD 476 (or AD 480) when the Empire was ruled by two emperors: one in the East and one in the West. Note that it was still the single empire during that time, not only theoretically but in the practice as well: the same constitutional laws applied to the both realms, the military cooperated, emperors in the west looked for recognition from their senior colleagues in Constantinople, etc. But to answer your question - nothing really changed in 395 when Theodosius I died and his sons Arcadius and Honorius took titles of the Emperor of the East and West. Theodosius himself was the Emperor of the East except for the final few months of his life when he ruled both halves of the Empire. The institution of imperial colleagues was very familiar to Romans - even the first Emperor Augustus took Tiberius as a co-emperor to ensure the smooth transition of power." ]

[ "Sound travels 1 mile in 4.7 seconds (or about 1 km in 2.9 seconds). We can round them up to 5 seconds and 3 seconds, responsively. If your counting of \"one-one thousand, two-one thousand...\" is a good approximation of a second (and that's why we add the extra \"one thousand\"; to force a pause in our speech of roughly the right amount of time), then you can take the number that you count up to, and divide by 5 to get the distance in miles, and divide by 3 to get it in km. Your results will vary based on how closely your counting matches up with actual seconds, your reaction time (how soon after you see lightning do you start counting, and how soon after you hear thunder do you stop), and I suppose also on weather conditions, which will have some negligible impact on the speed of sound. And of course, our rounding will introduce some error as well." ]

[ "Imagine you wanted to send a digital file to a friend of yours, but all you have is a telephone and the binary data contents of the file. You tell your friend \"when I say beep you write down 1, when I say boop, you write down 0\", and then you read the contents of the file to him over the phone \"beep beep boop boop beep boop beep boop boop boop beep\" etc etc. It takes _weeks_ to do, but it works. So you invent a little box that can say the beeps and boops faster than your mouth can say them, and give your friend a little box that can hear the beeps and boops and write them down very fast. This works pretty well, and you realize you can make it go so fast that the beeps and boops happen very very quickly, so quickly that to your human ear it just sounds like hissing." ]

[ "A GPU is specialized to compute the calculations to render graphics very quickly, better than that a general purpose CPU can. It just so happens those calculations lend themselves to bitcoin mining. Dollar for dollar, GPUs are going to give you more bitcoins." ]

[ "All those computers cost money. AWS sells time on those computers. When paying customers want to use them, the pi folks have to wait. They wanted to announce before March 124 (pi day) and that's how far they got." ]

[ "Yes. [Many] lenses can be represented as 2D [convolutions](_URL_0_), so what you want to do is to introduce another de-convolution to the image which counters the errors in the convolution inside the user's eyes. There are various caveats and drawbacks, as usual. Here are some quick examples: * [Virtual Glasses: The Myopic Revenge](_URL_2_) (a good reference list in this one for other papers on the subject) * [An Image Processing Approach to Pre-compensation for Higher-Order Aberrations in the Eye](_URL_3_). * [Image pre-compensation to facilitate computer access for users with refractive errors](_URL_1_)" ]

[ "* Your glasses get scratched and dirty over time; and * Your eyes change as you age so your prescription changes. Often people get new glasses after a new optometrist's prescription so, naturally they work better than their old glasses." ]

[ "GDP, which is effectively the same thing as \"how much people are spending.\" GDP measures the total market value of all the goods and services produced within a given geographic area (i.e. a country) within some period of time (e.g. a year or a quarter)." ]

[ "Say you're in class, and good work provides results in jelly beans from the teacher. These are super jelly beans, and you need 10 beans a day to survive. So any amount of 10 beans is luxury. You work hard and you earn 20 beans, but in order to get those beans you used pencils and paper provided to you. Therefore the school takes 3 beans as a tax. The next day you work really hard, you earn 30 beans, the school takes 10 of the beans as a tax for the hard work. The reason why they take so much more, is 10 is all you need to survive, the rest is just luxury. The tax system works in the exact same way, the more you earn, the more you pay in tax. well on paper anyway" ]

[ "It is the \"either/or\" fallacy, or *fallacy of false dichotomy*, in other words, the argument is offensive because it insults the intelligence of anyone with even a small clue of the complexities of the issues. It is additionally offensive because it is crafted to appeal to the xenophobic nature of people to reduce all discussion to \"Us *v.s.* Them\". Frankly it is the the level of discourse I would expect from a Fox News like source." ]

[ "If I could pose a follow-up: what about 1943?" ]

[ "Often we say that three things are needed for a fire: fuel, oxygen, and ignition. This is called the \"fire triangle.\" If you have all three things then you can have a fire. Most fires will be put out when you add water--this typically removes two things from the triangle: ignition (heat) and oxygen. However, some fires can get the oxygen that is dissolve in water (like fish), and some fires are so very hot that once ignited, they produce heat so quickly that water will not cool them down fast enough to stop ignition. Edit: also some fires have a \"solid\" form of oxygen called an oxidant. For example in gunpowder, a solid called \"nitre\" or potassium nitrate is used--so oxygen from the air is necessary." ]

[ "He simply burnt (\"detonated\") benzene with oxygen in an [eudiometer](_URL_1_), noting the change in volume and understanding that the hydrogen present reacted to form water. [Here's a link to his paper discussing the discovery](_URL_0_). He talks about the determination of benzene's chemical makeup on pages 449 and 450. Note that he quotes an empirical formula with carbon/ hydrogen ratio of 2:1 due to the belief at the time that carbon had an atomic mass of 6. Edit: He also made note of the amount of \"carbonic acid\" that was produced. Essentially carbon dioxide from the combustion." ]

[ "Mammals have a strong oral fixation, which is a result of a survival instinct from birth (suckling). When animals are stressed, they often revert to primitive or early responses. In this case, humans are seeking comfort by combining the suckling action with the comfort of chewing food, with a side order of self-abuse (which is a key component of many anxiety responses). Why self-abuse is a key component of many anxiety responses is a mystery to me." ]

[ "From personal experience, the mind becomes attached to great moments in life and finds something to bring that memory back, like hair or feet. Same thing with great trauma unfortunately. Seen a movie about a girl been gang raped and when she got older that was how she got off, by recreating the same circumstances. Seen this with friends so it's not all bs. Not an expert or anything. Just my 2 cents." ]

[ "And without seeds, how do they further breed?" ]

[ "To piggyback on this. I've always wondered if it all goes through some type of decontamination process of some sort....?" ]

[ "along with the other users comments, also keep in mind that the ps4 has more headroom. on a pc, the cpu has to manage the OS and lots of other things running while ALSO playing a game. on a console all it has to worry about is the game and the XMB." ]

[ "My thoughts are because it is supposed to be a game changer(literally) and to release anything sub par could potentially hurt the concept and make it take even longer for people to get interested in it again, I for one would be extremely disappointed if it was clunky and didn't work as good as I'm imagining it will." ]

[ "I ride a fairly quiet BMW, this might help non-riders understand a bit of the revving. & #x200B; Motorcycles have standard transmissions that require you to feather the clutch and throttle while at slow speeds to maintain speed and balance. It sounds like you're revving the engine just to make noise but that's not how I ride. & #x200B; Motorcycles are also not seen very well so some like to be loud so they get noticed and not pulled out in front of." ]

[ "To get your attention. Although a law was passed a while ago regarding this topic. _URL_0_" ]

[ "It completely depends on the market. In India and China it's an important feature so manufacturers go out of their way to include it as consumers look for it. In North America, it has so little interest that we've seen some manufacturers disable it because it's cheaper not to test/support than it is to deliver it. My personal phone is a Samsung Captivate (Galaxy-S) on AT & T. In tear downs, it has an FM chip, but since so few folks in north america care, they've disabled it via software. Also: most FM chips are currently bundled as a BT/FM or BT/FM/WiFi, so ofter footprint isn't that big of an issue." ]

[ "Others have already given good answers, so I'll just suggest that you study Fourier Series. A Fourier series is a way of breaking down *any* wavefunction as a sum of sines and cosines. It takes an infinite sum to get perfect precision, but it is easy to get to the point where a human ear cannot tell the difference. The complexity of the information is not a problem. It all gets added together in the air anyways. The primary limitations are the actual physical controls of the speakers. The weight of the speaker cone or membrane determines how quickly the momentum of the speaker apparatus can be reversed." ]

[ "So by the very oldest definition, we thought that dark matter had to be stuff that gives off very little (possibly zero) light. This could be either normal matter that is just very dark, or non-normal matter that doesn't interact in the EM spectrum. These days, we think the vast majority of the dark matter is the second type that doesn't interact electromagnetically." ]

[ "Jacques Piccard, a member of the first team to descend to the [Challenger Deep](_URL_0_), which is the deepest known point in the ocean, made the following description: *\"The bottom appeared light and clear, a waste of snuff-colored ooze. We were landing on a nice, flat bottom of firm diatomaceous ooze.\"* Here is [an image](_URL_2_) of the Challenger Deep seabed and James Cameron's deep-submergence vehicle Deepsea Challenger. Edit: But to answer your question, it's neither. Due to the immense pressure, the sediment on the deep sea ocean floor typically consists of [silty clay](_URL_3_), other mineral and organic particles, and [tons of bacteria](_URL_1_) (every cubic centimeter of sediment contains 10 millions microbes)" ]

[ "I would assume the nutrition to be similar. I know that when vegetables are boiled, fried, or baked they lose nutritional value because the heat alters the chemical composition. The same nutrients are still present, but not in the same quantity. Since popcorn is a starch, I assume some changes occur under heat, but not as much as more complex vegetables." ]

[ "Hi there! It seems that this is a moderately popular question, and so you might look at [this thread](_URL_1_) and [this one](_URL_0_) that seem to address a part of your question. Of course, that is not to discourage the hope that an expert will show up here and a little more to the discussion." ]

[ "Mental health is super complicated and difficult to measure with the same level of objectivity as other physiological diseases. Moreover, the complexity of experiential impacts on things like one's general mental state make it a real challenge to conclusively determine a great deal of the prognosis for mental issues. That being said, certain disorders are very clearly curable (or, temporary). For example, someone could have clinical depression as a result of a particularly bad break up or family death, but are able to overcome that with therapy/drugs. However, more complicated disorders are usually dealt with from a symptom management perspective." ]

[ "Reading that page hurt my head so very very much. There is so much shit and garbage on that page it is ridiculous. No, these people are completely nuts. And for any of the points they did make that *are* valid - experiments performed after the results they discuss have disproven the original results - or the original results have not yet been confirmed by independent research. Most of the points, however, are completely inaccurate or outright lies." ]

[ "Add-on question to this: At a glance I want to say that just looking at the mating habits of extant large lizards or crocodilians would give you a very good idea; however given birds are the only living direct descendants (of theropods at least) and some have very different sexual organs in the form of cloaca, I'm curious as to when this transition happened?" ]

[ "Probably something like this - ^rumble rumble RUMBLERUMBLERUMBLECRASHSMASH *Screams* *Oh god why, save us* Or at least I assume so." ]

[ "The outlets in a power strip are wired up in parallel. As you plug more items in the load does increase. Most power strips have a circuit breaker on them that will trip if you exceed the load, if not your outlet should have a circuit breaker as well. It is entirely possible to overload a power strip, it is just most consumers don't have that many high draw items in one area and professionals such as contractors already know better." ]

[ "High coercivity vs. low coercivity. You're never going to need to re-write the information on the magnetic stripe of your credit card, so its stripe has high coercivity. That means it took a lot of energy to produce, but will take a lot of energy to erase. Hotel keys need to be re-written almost daily, so their stripes have low coercivity. That means you don't need too much energy to re-write the information on the stripe, but it's easily erased. Magnets can still erase credit cards. Rub a refrigerator magnet on it for an hour or so." ]

[ "The energy is expelled as heat. Air conditioners essentially move heat from inside a building to outside, and the heat released outside is more than the heat absorbed, because some of it is heat from the energy used to run the air conditioner." ]

[ "They sell it back by measuring the flow thru their electric meter, the electric company pays the market rate for the electricity you provide back." ]

[ "It's not really about that. It's not an equilibrium you are supposed to look at real animals and find or not find. It's about what the baseline would be if literally no other factors existed. It's that people discovered dominant and recessive genes and wanted to figure out what that meant, since the idea was that dominant genes would \"dominate\" and eventually drown out recessive genes. so some guys did a little math experiment of \"well what if\" and figured out nah, dominant genes don't inherently have any advantage. no real animal is really in infinite populations of perfectly identical members with only one gene and no environmental factors. But the idea is that there is no special push to make dominant (or recessive genes) increase or decrease generation to generation. a real population would have them increase or decrease because of evolution, but not because dominant genes are especially suited to take over." ]

[ "A couple of archived threads contain a lot of good information. From February 2014, [this one here](_URL_6_) has a top-level comment about medieval Europe and a lot of further information in the comments below. And then [this one](_URL_5_) covers Rome, South American cultures, China, Japan, ancient Greece, and ancient Egypt. There's also one discussing Roman spintriae, which are coins that depicted various sexual positions and acts. I'm having difficulty finding that exact thread though." ]

[ "They have a higher heat conductivity. This means that they are able to remove heat from your hand faster than wool can, making your hand feel warm. In other words, wool is a better insulator, so it is not as good at removing heat from your hand. It's the same reason why room temperature metal feels colder to the touch than wood." ]

[ "\"One of the most common ingredients used was dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), which belongs to a class of materials known as quaternary ammonium compounds, or quats. This kind of ingredient is useful because part of the molecule has a positive charge that attracts and binds it to negatively charged fabric fibers. This charge interaction also helps disperse the electrical forces that are responsible for static cling.\" Read more: _URL_1_ Another great article: _URL_0_" ]

[ "Cold doesn't kill the bacteria. Chemical reactions generally occur much more slowly in colder temperatures, and this includes the reactions that bacteria run to generate energy to reproduce and make toxins. Your fridge basically just slows down machinery of bacteria so that food that would normally spoil in a day will now last 4-5. Food still does spoil, and bacteria still grow in the cold. Additionally, bacteria that evolved to survive better at colder temperatures would be worse at surviving in warm temperatures, and wouldn't survive outside the fridge. Similarly, antibiotic resistant bacteria are typically wiped out by normal bacteria once you stop using the antibiotic." ]

[ "Air conditioning is based on the principle that the temperature of a gas is related to its pressure. If you compress a gas it increase in temperature and when it expands it cools down to its original temperature. So the cycle of an air conditioner is that it use a compressor to get high pressure high temperature gas. This gas then goes though a radiator which will cool down the gas so you end up with high pressure room temperature gas. Then the gas goes though an expander so you have low pressure low temperature gas. This is then going though another radiator heating up the gas to ambient temperature again. The cycle is then repeated. The end result is that you have two radiators, one hot and one cold. By placing these two radiators in different environments you can efficiently move heat from one environment to another." ]

[ "I actually did a project for my high school Latin class on sexuality in Ancient Rome. I don't know if this is what you're looking for, but the Roman men preferred masturbation with the left hand. Most awkward and hilarious (to me) presentation I've ever given. \"I'll start with the topic I know most about - masturbation.\" EDIT: Source: _URL_11_" ]

[ "Is this a homework question? It says in our [rules](_URL_2_): Our users aren't here to do your homework for you, but they might be willing to help. Remember: AskHistorians helps those who help themselves. Don't just give us your essay/assignment topic and ask us for ideas. Do some research of your own, then come to us with questions about what you've learned. This is explained further [in this [META] thread](_URL_2_). You can also consider asking the helpful people at /r/HomeworkHelp." ]

[ "We can and do make artificial gasoline. For example it can be made from coal. But you have to start with some sort of fuel: a hydrocarbon molecule that will give off heat when it combines with oxygen (which we call burning)." ]

[ "You have a lemonade stand. You sell it for 50 cents a cup. One day you find out it's going to be very hot outside and people are going to want more lemonade. You figure you can get away with selling it for a little more since the demand is there. So you start charging 80 cents. You notice that the number of people paying for lemonade hasn't gone down. So because people are comfortable with the new price you decide you won't bring prices down even when it's not that hot anymore. Now replace lemonade stand with gasoline stations." ]

[ "Anesthesia doesn't necessarily \"shut the body down\". By definition, anesthesia consists of 4 parts. Amnesia (not remembering surgery), akinesis (not moving), analgesia (not feeling pain), and unconsciousness. These 4 parts are accomplished by various drugs. Volatile anesthetic agents, like isoflorane, provide all parts but analgesia. Opiates are commonly used for pain control. These drugs combine to cause a comatose state in which surgery can proceed. Most general anesthetic agents affect GABA receptors in the brain inducing sleep. Other drugs may be necessary to maintain blood pressure and perfusion during surgery. Background: I'm an anesthesiologist. Sources for further information : Clinical Anesthesia by Barash Anesthesia by Miller" ]

[ "When you sleep you go through different stages dictated by what are called alpha and theta waves. Being in certain stages of sleep will result in different levels of awareness upon waking up. I don’t remember what stages dictate what, but some involve not even being aware that you were asleep at all, and others involve not knowing where you are, what time it is, etc." ]

[ "The Stokes V parameter is negative if the circular polarization is left-handed. It is not a measure of intensity. See the examples [here](_URL_0_)." ]

[ "I haven't had to derive it since my undergrad, but if memory serves, it is obtained from the Schwarz inequality. After doing some maths, you basically get that, for two operators, the product of their uncertainties is greater than or equal to (half?) the expectation value of the commutator of the the two operators." ]

[ "Typically someone who is strabismic (crossed eyed) sees double early in life but the brain and visual system are incredible. They will do whatever needs to be done to insure that you see to the best of your ability. It does this in several ways. One way is suppression- your brain will only receive information from one eye at a time or alternate which eye it receives messages from. Another way people with visual problems adapt to see better is by changing their physical mannerisms. They may tilt or turn their head to point their eye or eyes at whatever it is they want to see. Typically strabismic patients do not have depth perception which may prevent them from doing certain jobs but very rarely is it classified as a disability. Source: I know a vision therapist that works with patients who have strabismus." ]

[ "Simply because your brain adapted to the motion and so it has to adapt to not moving again. It takes about a week for the brain to learn to adapt to the motion and non motion at the same time. Source: used to work in a factory staring at a sideways-moving conveyer belt and would be dizzy for the rest of the day. After a week I got used to it." ]

[ "A historian named Mary Dudziak wrote a good book on this subject: [Cold War Civil Rights](_URL_1_). In it, she shows how the Soviets exploited the African American freedom struggle as a key propaganda moment: i.e. \"look how the 'land of the free' denies freedom to their lower class.\" This was particularly important during the 50's, as the US and the Soviets competed for spheres of influence in decolonized Africa. Dudziak argues that Eisenhower was motivated to start supporting the Civil Rights movement (*Brown v Board*, sending troops to Little Rock) due to this propagandistic pressure created by the Soviets. [This website offers](_URL_0_) some nice instances of Soviet propaganda about American Civil Rights." ]

[ "This question is getting a lot of traffic after being [tweeted by @reddit](_URL_5_), so I thought I'd welcome those of you that haven't visited /r/AskHistorians before to the subreddit. Please do bear in mind that in order to keep the quality of answers here high we have [strict rules on comments](/r/AskHistorians/wiki/rules) that are actively enforced by the moderators. We don't want to stifle discussion, but remember that: * Answers must be informed, detailed and backed up by historical sources. This applies to **all** top level comments (direct replies to the original post) as well as responses to follow-up questions. * All other comments must be on-topic and historical, i.e. the current olympics and political discussions about the pros and cons of socialism are both off-limits and will be deleted. Otherwise, feel free to add answers, expand on existing answers or ask follow-up questions, and we hope you'll stick around!" ]

[ "Choke holds are really dangerous, and are not something you should do casually. There's a risk of killing someone unintentionally, even if they never lose consciousness -- see the death of Eric Garner, for example." ]

[ "The movie was [Days of Thunder](_URL_0_) and he was talking about [Slipstreaming or Drafting](_URL_1_). As to your question, this depends on * The velocity of the cars * Geometry of both cars * Atmosphere status (temperature, rain, snow ... although they have very little effect at higher speeds) On the street it's not asdvisable to try this, as you will have to come closer than a minimum safety distance, so you actually have to be pretty close. I guess for moderate speeds you won't notice positive effects more than 3m (10 feet) away." ]

[ "Severe hypothermia can occur at a core body temperature 20 of degrees Celsius, while mild hypothermia can occur at temperatures as high as 35 degrees Celsius. Having a temperature that low causes a severe slow down of metabolism, among other things. Many chemical reactions and organ systems require a fairly warm temperature to sustain the rate needed to keep you alive. Your heart and kidneys slow down, disrupting fluid balances and oxygen transportation in your body. The body requires a fine balance in order to function properly, and even a seemingly small change in body temperature can be life threatening in many instances. [Wikipedia Link](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "The temperature sensors in your skin can only detect relative changes in temperature. Not absolute temperature. You can show this by doing a simple experiment with three cups of water. one cup of ice water, one cup of room temperature water, and one cup of hot water. Place a finger of your right hand in the ice water and a finger of your left hand in the hot water, wait for ~5 minutes (for the temperature sensors to acclimatise) then place both in the room temperature water. Your right finger should feel hot, your left finger should feel cold (but both are in the same water)." ]

[ "As the OP have mentioned in a comment above, fast moving fluids, in this case air, have lower pressure. Animals breath by expanding the chest cavity which causes the pressure surrounding the lung to lower. This causes the higher pressure outside air to rush in and inflate the lung. But if the pressure outside suddenly lowed, the pressure differential as you expand your chest would be small and little air will fill your lung. But if you stay in the low pressure environment for a while, the 'starting' pressure for your lung adjust and lowers, allowing to breath normall (as low as the pressure is not so low that you can't get enough oxygen anymore)." ]

[ "The urge to swallow comes when the food is mashed into a sort of runny paste that can very easily be swallowed. Try chewing up a piece of bread, but then use your tongue to mash it back into a single big mass, you'll probably notice an urge to chew it up again before swallowing. Also, try eating some really dry food. You might crush it into very small pieces, but without enough liquid to get a similar paste, you still won't feel like swallowing it. Gum stays all in one piece. Sure, it stretches and changes shape, but you can't get it into a paste, no matter how much liquid you add or how long you chew it, so you never feel the urge to swallow." ]

[ "One of the ways is that pathogens often have some similar molecules like LPS that can be identified by receptors on sentinel immune cells. These are called PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns). We have developed a number of receptors built to recognize a variety of PAMPs, they're called PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors). Binding of a PAMP to a PRR results in the host immune cell signaling, which ultimately leads to the production and secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Cytokines and chemokines then alert other cells of the immune system that there is danger and also alters the blood vessels in the area allowing the immune cells in the blood to pass into the infected tissue easier." ]

[ "There's a database which has a big list of what malicious code looks like. It goes through that to see if there's any malicious code in the file." ]

[ "Your larynx is inflamed, imagine your voice box is a bunch of folded flower petals. Normally thin. They vibrate to produce sound. When they're inflamed and larger than normal, they can't make the same sounds." ]

[ "Imagine you buy a shiny new toy. It costs $20. A week later, you want to sell it to a friend, but that friend will only pay $15 because he knows he could have a new one for $20. You decide not to sell. A year later, the toy has gone out of fashion. Now, your friend will only pay $5 for it. It's in similar condition to when he offered you $15, but it's less fashionable, so it's worth less. Where has the value of your toy gone? That's exactly the same place that the value of stocks go when they lose value." ]

[ "/u/rantonels has covered the problem with the singularity part of the question but there are other problems too: 1) Any calculations in GR are purely classical so any (anti) commutation relations between fields aren't taken into account and therefore no PEP 2) The Pauli exclusion principle is about states not positions and we have no idea about what kind of state structure could be at the singularity (if one even survives the quantisation process)." ]

[ "The equations of motion for the EM field, Maxwell's equations, are linear. This means that if you sum sources (charge distributions) you get the sum of the fields (superposition principle). However, if you allow the charge themselves to be moved by the EM field (according to the Lorentz force equation), the coupled system of Maxwell's equations plus the equations of motion of the charges is not linear anymore, so the superposition principle does not hold. In the case of shadows, they form when a material absorbs incident light. This happens because light moves the charged particles in the material which as a result then produce fields that cancel the light wave (this is a very unintuitive, but correct picture of absorbtion). Since the motion of charges influenced by the EM field itself is important, the superposition principle does not apply." ]

[ "In the 1960's we came to realize that our mental institutions were generally terrible places full of misery and torment for the patients. We started closing these places down in an act that was seen as merciful for the patients. Unfortunately, plans to *replace* all these institutions with quality care facilities never materialized. They had intended to open up new institutions, but just never got around to it. As a result, jails have become the primary care facilities for the mentally ill. Their inability of mentally ill people to cope with society's rules lands them in institutions that place a priority on punishment over rehabilitation. If I recall correctly, at least a quarter of prison inmates are thought to be mentally ill and incapable of taking care of themselves in the real world." ]

[ "There's a gigantic backlog of applications to process. Our laws are confusing to say the least. We don't have nearly enough people working on it, and the ones we do have are under-funded. And we change the rules a lot. so anyone who applied has to be able to account for that difference, making it take even longer. When combined with the huge number of applicants, there's no way that it couldn't take a ridiculous amount of time." ]

[ "The steam is just more visible. While actively boiling you are creating a lot of water vapor that is rapidly rising and moving away from the surface of the water. Holding your hand above will feel very hot and moving quickly. As soon as you remove the heat you stop the vigorous vapor production and the air above the water calms significantly. This lets that air cool down somewhat which condenses a lot of the water vapor that was there from boiling or still coming off the near-boiling water and allows you to see it much better." ]

[ "You need the heat from the boiling to cook the starch/flour which is an ingredient of the pasta. Try this at home. Take some flour and mix it with cold water. do the same with boiling water. you'll notice the difference. only by cooking the pasta gets soft but still sticks together." ]

[ "Check out these other answers while you're waiting: [Why was the Titanic considered “unsinkable?”](_URL_0_) by /u/PainInTheAssInternet [Was the Titanic really called unsinkable?](_URL_1_) by /u/hatheaded, which has a link to an article on the topic" ]

[ "You mean the Animal Planet one? Hype and marketing. Then it became a euphemism for menstruation (I'll fill you in if you want, but it's gross sex stuff...) and took on a life of its own." ]

[ "It is unlikely that it is a chemical change. Tupperware is made from mixtures of polyethylene and polypropylene, which inert to most conditions that you could make in your kitchen. However, you may know that if you heat Tupperware, that it becomes softer, and at highly elevated temperatures, may melt. What is most likely happening when you get these white spots on the Tupperware is that you have formed localized areas of elevated temperatures, and the polymers begin to shift relative to each other, and take a different conformation. This distortion just changes some of the physical properties of the plastic, such as making it opaque and rough to touch, but it is still completely safe to use; it just no longer looks aesthetically pleasing." ]

[ "Yes, definitely! A few years ago a few of my lab mates and I did a study on what bacteria lived on ourselves and various things around our lab. The place with the most bacteria and diversity was on my Nalgene water bottle! I wrote up an article describing what we did and how we used DNA sequencing to identify the various bacterium [here at this link](_URL_0_). Edit: By \"on my Nalgene water bottle\" I meant \"on the inside surface of my Nalgene water bottle\" in case there was any confusion." ]

[ "You might want to try r/ELI5... seems appropriate." ]

[ "Alrighty guys, because I've already had to remove ten comments similar to this, I'm going to leave a top-level mod post here. Please remember when posting here that this is not /r/Politics. We are not interested in contemporary politics, your opinions on current policies of countries, two word answers, one line answers, etc. [For more info on what makes a good answer, please see here.](_URL_0_) If you're interested in our [rules,](_URL_1_) there's a link in the sidebar for your perusal. Have a great day :)" ]

[ "This concept probably came from the idea of caffeine being a diuretic, or a compound that increases urine formation and output in the body. More recently, however, it seems like this has been disproved, with experiments showing that caffeine really has no major impact on fluid levels. [[1]](_URL_0_) [[2]](_URL_1_) [[3]](_URL_3_) [[4]](_URL_2_) So, short answer is no. Based on caffeine alone, it should not dehydrate you, however if other ingredients happen to have potent diuretic effects, it's definitely possible. I always thought caffeine was a diuretic too." ]

[ "Its the way they it was developed and tested. They made sample A and fizzed it up and it tasted like crap. They did the same with b-x. But damn Y tastes good. Lets mass produce Y. No point in testing what your drink tastes like 1-2 hours after opening as that is not what your target market is buying it for. They want it for what it tastes like 0-15 minutes after opening. The same for flat drinks it was researched and developed and tested flat so that's why it tastes good flat because that's how it passed all its tests. Sorry if any of those statements are redundant I always had a problem with that when explaining something." ]

[ "A cube that exists in four spatial dimensions. OUR fourth dimension is time. A tesseract can only exist in a universe with four or more spatial dimensions. Kind of like how, if the universe were a flat plane and we had time, we could not have a cube." ]

[ "ELI5 version (Using Power Rangers): Primary: The smaller parts that make up the zord (i.e. ball bearings, connecting rods, etc.) Secondary: The specific structures of the Zord (i.e. arm + leg = alpha helices, torso = beta sheet) Tertiary: Zord Quaternary: Megazord p.s. in case you didn't know the zords are their animal robots that they drive" ]

[ "Water mainly puts out fire by absorbing energy. The heat of vaporization of water is about 2,260 kJ/kg. The specific heat is 4.2kJ/kg. So the heat energy absorbed by evaporation is the same as a temperature rise of 535 Celcius. So the difference between cold and hot water will always be much less than the evaporation effect." ]

[ "> Also, it is necessary to know that sunburn is a long term effect and that it does not immediately surface on the skin. So the belief that if the skin feels cool immediately after a dip in the sea, it will not sunburn is again a false belief. This is a false belief considering the fact that sunburn is a continuing process and a cumulative process that ultimately surfaces as the effect of sunburn. Thus the idea that staying out in the sun for a longer time when under water is not as harmful as being on the beach for the same amount of time, is totally mythical. **Sun bathing, for longer hours even with breaks in between, will not stop the sunburn from taking place as water is not an agent that can prevent the harmful effects of sunburn.** Source: _URL_1_" ]

[ "It still grows if it’s not completely covered by snow throughout winter. I live in the PNW and I’ve been tempted every year to cut my grass because it gets too long during winter. I just don’t do it because the soil is so saturated with moisture I would just end up making a muddy mess." ]

[ "For the same reason that soda pop tastes different after a freeze/thaw cycle...the carbonation is gone." ]

[ "For the most part, we don't. Criminal tax evasion requires intent. This usually occurs when there is some other crime involved, and the income from that crime is intentionally hidden (like Al Capone). It also sometimes occurs when the person is a serial tax evader, and intentionally hides income (like Wesley Snipes). Usually, unpaid taxes are enforced civilliy, meaning garnishment and seizures." ]

[ "Well, if it were hypothetically possible... Say goodbye to roads, fire departments, police, schools...." ]

[ "They do, it's usually very long and combines all the lineages of incest. Lets take Queen Elizabeth II. In 1917 they have changed their surname from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor. so her full name is Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor" ]

[ "There is a fear, founded or not, that the government will require specific actions or information in order to provided service. Example: \"Oh, you want kidney stone procedure done? Sure, but first we need to see all of your grocery store receipts to see if your diet is causing the problem\" or \"Yes, we will be happy to perform heart surgery. First, though, you're required to give us your entire family health history and any instances of heart disease\" People, understandably, don't like giving out personal information. There is a fear that they might be compelled to or else face not having access to services." ]

[ "I mean, if a human wanted to take a look at that data it would probably best be viewed in spreadsheet software. If it were human-accessible certain information like names and cc numbers wouldn't show up/would be encoded or otherwise inaccessible but there would be metrics like, say, your activity on the site, that would be visible. What ads you clicked on, what pages you visited, how long you were on pages, did you scroll down, that sort of thing." ]

[ "Because taxes are complicated, and not all taxes relate to \"commerce\". For example, you pay taxes based on how much you make. But if you do something like donate to charity you have to pay less taxes. If you have an additional child you may end up paying less in taxes. If you get divorced you may have to pay less in taxes. if you buy a home you may have to pay less (or more) in taxes. If you have a specific kind of health care plan you may pay more or less. If you put solar panels on your roof you may pay less. If you work from home you may pay less in taxes. There are SO many factors which impact what you pay in taxes and the government isn't involved in most of those interactions so they can't take their cut (or give some back) at the time." ]

[ "Cat's didn't evolve in an environment with salsa in it. How would they evolve an aversion to something that didn't even exist until very recently?" ]

[ "[Scoville Heat Scale explained with DBZ!](_URL_0_) Dairy products (e.g. Milk, Yogurt etc.) contain a substance called \"casein\", which has a detergent effect on the chile's capsaicin. CAPSAICIN is the substance in chile peppers that gives them their spiciness." ]

[ "I would really like to hear an educated answer too, but in lieu of that... Fiberoptic cable transmits data using pulses of light, as opposed to electrical pulses on standard wires. As such, they can only be used to send signals, not as power lines, and each end of the cable needs a special light sensor/emitter to translate the light signal to/from an electrical one, but the signal is nearly lossless by comparison. The light never escapes the fiberoptic cable, and a tiny weak light can be used to transmit data over hundreds of miles. Electrical signals, on the other hand, suffer from losses due to any electromagnetic interference. Any nearby metal or electronic device can degrade the signal strength a tiny bit, and more so for high power transmission lines. So, yes. Fiberoptic data transmission requires significantly less power and is generally less lossy, and effectively faster due to the less robust signal required. I think." ]

[ "If you are looking at it from an emissions or energy standpoint then yes. [This](_URL_0_) Peta site is a good source of info, such as \"It takes more than 11 times as much fossil fuel to make one calorie from animal protein as it does to make one calorie from plant protein.\" Interesting information on burger production energy and emissions: [cheeseburgers](_URL_1_)" ]

[ "My lorry does this. There are sensors under your car that know when you stray over a series of lines or cats eyes. My lorry beeps like crazy if I change lanes without indicating first as it thinks I'm falling asleep and drifting across lanes." ]

[ "Google Android has a feature that sends location data to the google servers, even if you have GPS turned off. If you use a Google Android phone, you can actually view your own data if login to Google and goto this site: _URL_0_ What Google is doing is fetching all this data that is sent from all the Google Android users, and based on that data they can make a guess on traffic conditions." ]

[ "Igneous rocks are divided into two groups: volcanic (or extrusive) and plutonic (or intrusive). There are examples of rocks made of glass, e.g. obsidian. These are volcanic rocks that are formed when lava is quenched rapidly; in fact, too rapidly for crystals to form into an orderly lattice structure. But plutonic rocks are formed underground from magma, where it can cool down and solidify at a much slower rate, allowing time for crystals to grow. Basically, the \"non-glass\" igneous rocks on the surface of the Earth are from these plutonic origins." ]

[ "Because enamel is much harder than bone. If you had bones for teeth the would break much more often. The down side is how long it takes to form enamel. this is why you have baby teeth. the whole time you have baby teeth your adult teeth are forming their enamel." ]

[ "Little money is better than no money, and that's really what the answer is, if you don't provide your stuff on the common networks people will just pirate. You make more by just selling everywhere that is willing to take you, take whatever money you get. In the end, most of the money is really coming from tours anyways." ]

[ "Traditionally, it was very very difficult for an author to publish their book and get it sold in stores. The logistics involved in getting a printer, getting stores to buy that book, having that book shipped to stores, having the book advertised, were so complicated that it just made sense for authors to get through traditional book publishers. The benefits of having the business end of making a book handled by someone else mean that the author can focus on the creative end instead. Now, modern technology does make it easier for authors to self-publish their books, but for many, the benefits of going through a publisher and not having to do that extra work seems work it." ]

[ "There are a few people with Celiac Disease, for whom a gluten-free diet is medically necessary. Beyond that, it's just a fad. Companies advertise products as gluten-free (gluten-free water!, gluten-free tupperware!) in order to make money. It's of no benefit if you don't have the disease." ]

[ "This particular technology is called AJAX, which is more of a set-method-of-doing-things which evolved overtime. Basically it's a series of function calls that allow a Javascript script running on your browser to make a call to a website and get new information. AJAX has been around for a while, with Microsoft adding support to its browser in 1998, but more recently it's become easier to use, more reliable and a web of libraries and experience let programmers easily implement it. RE: similar question: I'm pretty sure Chrome just has hooks into your networking interface, when the interface connects Chrome detects the change and immediately tries to load up. Not really a new technology either, just a cool feature that someone thought up and programmed." ]

[ "Gluconeogenesis highly prioritizes fat metabolism for energy when carbohydrate based sources of glucose are low/empty. The entire purpose of fat is to be an energy source when other sources are low, whereas the purpose of muscles are either locomotion or stability. It would be hard to imagine evolution leaving you as an atrophied blob of fat in an emergency situation." ]

[ "If you don't like spending more money than you have to, you'll only buy a car big enough for your needs. A bigger car is more expensive, and uses a lot more gasoline than a little car. You wouldn't buy a big SUV if you didn't need it. Lean muscle mass burns energy - it's expensive for our bodies to build it, and keep it going. Our bodies won't build muscle unless it's needed. So if you don't have a physical job, big muscles are a waste (as far as your body thinks). Our bodies are geared towards **survival** above all else." ]

[ "It's pretty easy. If you don't pay attention to where you're going, any pilot, military or civilian, can accidentally cross a border they didn't mean to. It's like accidentally drifting out of your lane while driving. You didn't mean to cross into another lane, you just didn't pay close attention and accidentally crossed a border." ]

[ "Hi, I've approved the post, but just a note to you and potential respondents: this subreddit has a 20-year rule against discussing current events, so any answers will have to cut off at 1997. If you're looking for answers that can include 1998-2012, do consider x-posting elsewhere, eg. a foreign affairs sub like /r/geopolitics" ]

[ "It's about getting the most bang for your buck. Which sounds a bit callous when put like that, but it's essentially true. It's about using logic, evidence, and reasoning to figure out where your money will do the most good. For example, lets say you want to help the homeless. You have $1000 floating around that you want to give. Now, you could go around the area just giving $100 to 10 homeless people. You now have no idea what they will use the money for. Or, using Effective Altruism, you decide to give the money to a homeless shelter. This allows them to feed and shelter, let's say, a hundred homeless people for a day. Now you've helped 100 people, rather than just 10." ]

[ "because much of your tax situation involved information that the govt and your employer do not have. Things like charitable contributions and other tax deductions, tax credits for things like using green energy, income from investments and savings." ]

[ "Hoover had, in my opinion, little to do with the actual ONSET of the Depression and merely suffered the wrath of the fact that people need to blame...someone. And you can blame the President, while you cannot blame faceless brokers at the NYSE. An unregulated and unmonitored Stock Exchange, which had been doing...whatever it wanted since long before Hoover was essentially your primary cause. I'm sure you could argue Hoover could have done things, but that's like trying to say Louis 16 could have prevented the French Revolution. Several of Hoover's plans to fix the depression actually backfired or had to be labeled as a 'No Gain' at best. I would encourage a period-appropriate expert to weigh in!" ]

[ "Follow up question. Is Goebbels largely responsible for the prevalence of the \"Clean Wehrmacht Myth\" present in modern day society or was that born out of something else entirely?" ]

[ "Yes, it is called inductive power transmission. Basically, a current is run through a coil of wire; this creates a magnetic field, which in turn induces a current in a second coil of wire when that second coil is in proximity to the first. There are already products that use this technology, like for recharging surgically implanted devices (pacemakers, [artificial hearts](_URL_0_), etc)." ]

[ "For that you need mountains, with two lakes above each other, and a river to replenish the evaporated water. Most, if not all suitable sites are already used for that. *Construction is expensive, and the energy content is relatively low. As a theoretical exercise you can calculate the 'lake' sizes and height difference you need in your backyard to supply [1 kW](_URL_0_) to keep your house running at night (18:00-08:00).*" ]

[ "Light is not being pulled in by something that is moving. Light is following certain paths in a curved space-time geometry, and all of those paths are constrained to stay within the event horizon." ]

[ "> the rod is as strong as theoretically possible This still isn't strong enough. The force required to keep the end of the rod attached grows to infinity as the speed of the tip approaches *c*. There are a number of ways to think about this. The end of the rod becomes infinitely heavy due to relativistic mass. The forces weaken due to time dilation. The centrifugal force experienced by the end of the rod is infinite, not Newtonian. All these are just different ways of expressing the same thing in English. Special relativity says: The rod would break." ]

[ "Breathing is triggered by CO2 build-up in your blood. Breathing expels that CO2. If you hold your breath, the CO2 builds up in your blood and biological alarm bells start going off, urging you to breathe. As you no doubt know, resisting that urge is extremely uncomfortable if you let it go on too long. Oddly enough, lack of oxygen does *not* trigger any discomfort. If you walk into a room filled with pure nitrogen, you'll never notice there's anything wrong right up to the moment you pass out. And the people who see you lying in there and rush in to help will also pass out before they notice anything wrong. Many nitrogen-based fatalities involve multiple victims for this reason." ]

[ "Good question. I hope you get an answer from someone who knows. It is an amazing stress reliever and always a surprise when it happens. There is a special connection you have with people with whom it happens often. It seems a very human experience." ]

[ "They can't be enforced, they depend on the good faith of both parties. If course of you renege on your obligations under a treaty you agreed to, then you will find it difficult to get anyone to trust your word again." ]

[ "Thank you for your submission! Unfortunately, your submission has been removed for the following reason(s): You can find the basic answer with a google / wiki search. Please start there and come back with a more specific question. If you disagree with this decision, please send a [message to the moderators.](_URL_3_)" ]

[ "When you copy a file to the clipboard, the computer fills the clipboard with the path to that file on the filesystem and a tag that indicates that it's a reference to the file (rather than just the text like you would get if you copied that text out of a text file that happened to contain it). When you paste it, the computer looks at the clipboard, sees the tag that indicates that what you're pasting is a file reference, and so understands that it's supposed to treat it as a request to copy the file from its old location to where you pasted it." ]

[ "Imagine country A has laws that are intended to encourage new businesses, and so the laws there make is hard for old businesses to claim \"Hey we did that first!\" or \"Hey, that almost the same as what we do!\" Suppose country B has laws that are meant to protect that country's companies, and stop cheap-o foreign imitators from coming in and running the old companies out of business. For that reason, Country B's laws make it very easy for the old companies to claim \"Hey, we already had that idea!\" and very hard for the new company to claim \"Look, what we do is different here, here, and here.\" Well, you can imagine that the old company would want to get a decision made under Country A's laws, and the new company would want to get ruled on under Country B's laws. So there you go." ]

[ "The spirit of your question is correct. It *is* possible to make certain measurements of quantum systems without collapsing the wavefunction. They're called [weak measurements](_URL_0_). The idea is that you get very little information from each measurement, but by taking millions of measurements you can build up some information about the quantum system. You can also measure two quantities in a QM experiment as long as they [commute](_URL_1_). Unfortunately, wavelength and position do not commute in this case." ]

[ "Possible? Sure. You can build computers out of pretty much anything. Here's an [adder made from wood and marbles](_URL_2_). Here's an [hydraulic computer](_URL_1_). Here are some [pneumatic logic gates](_URL_0_). The question is whether a different way of doing it will be in any way an improvement, because silicon is extremely well researched at this point. You don't just need a proof of concept like the videos above, but something that can compete with modern technology, from the very start. And that's very, very tricky to pull off. Also, this is not my area of expertise, but modern CPUs already are in part limited by the speed of light. Changing them to work with light wouldn't do much to solve that problem. In fact, it would make it worse if you can't make photonic circuits that are as compact as current silicon. ." ]

[ "You sweat. Moving lots of air past your skin will carry away moisture and bring in new air to absorb moisture. Even for things that do not sweat (like machinery), the hot air it is producing is being carried somewhere else and new, cooler air is being introduced. The distinction between bulk motion and the random motion of heat that AsAChemicalEngineer mentioned is not wrong, but there's something else too. Your fan will move air at you at maybe 5 m/s. The average (root-mean squared) velocity of of an air molecule in your typical room will be ~500 m/s. This average air molecule won't get very far because the mean free path (how far an air molecule travels on averagge before it hits another air molecule) is about 68 nanometers, but there is already *a lot* of energy in air compared to your fan." ]

[ "I can only talk about this on an anatomical level, but our ears aren't designed to pick up every sound around us. When a sound registers in our inner ear, it activates one of 24(?) or so critical bands, which vacillate in the general area that the sound occurs. Because there are a limited number of critical bands, our ear has trouble reconciling sounds that occur close to each other, like that beating sound you hear when you play two notes close to each other on the piano. Couple the limitations of our hearing aparatus with the wide, conflicting frequency profiles of sounds like air conditioners and car engines and it's simply too much data to reconcile on an anatomical level. It was probably a lot easier when you were just listening for a predator's footsteps or the call of a mate, but such is the complication of modern life." ]

[ "No. During development, there are certain milestones that can give an estimate of human age, i.e. the [metopic suture in an infants skull closes between 3 and 9mo](_URL_1_), [dental development and/or wear](_URL_3_), [lengths of long bones](_URL_4_), [indicators of puberty](_URL_2_), changes to skin elasticity, drops in hormone levels, or osteoporosis with older age, etc. These are most effective in estimating the age of young people, with estimate windows widening as people age. In terms of DNA-based estimates (if, say, the individual is not available for exam but a tissue sample is), the best I've seen is a combination of telomere length and mosaic loss-of-chromosomes which was presented at ASHG this past year. [They could estimate age from blood samples to ~9 years of accuracy (see abstract #13 on pg 8)](_URL_0_)." ]

[ "We have a pretty stong understanding of anatomy and cellular biology. Its not a big guess we just actually know what we are made up of... We gained that knowledge through centuries of medical science, chemistry and biology. So put more bluntly, we measured it." ]

[ "Instead of sending the data to the CPU to calculate and having the CPU send the data back to the graphics card to display, it does all of its own calculations. It's faster to do calculation on your own computer than to send the data to Japan, have them crunch the numbers and send them back to you, right? Same idea, but on a smaller scale." ]

[ "I think you mean most movies, only like 1/4 are 4K today. 99% of tv is either 720p or 1080i as well. > Keep in mind, this was a 300m dollar production by James Cameron, known for using the most high-end gear to achieve the best images, so this was a conscious choice. 4K movies didn't exist until 2011, so it wasn't a conscious choice. The simple answer is because that's all you really need. I can find a 36MP image on Google Images, down-sample it to 2MP, and it will still look good, it just won't allow me to crop it much. **EDIT:** [Here is a screenshot of a 19.7MP image, on a 750p iPhone screen.](_URL_0_) A larger sensor allows for much better dynamic range, and professional quality lens glass makes for very sharp photos." ]

[ "[Please search the subreddit before submitting a question.](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Several things. On an installation level, each program you install adds 'weight' to the operating system by giving it more tasks. These aren't always removed cleanly when you uninstall, which makes it important to reimage your computer about every year. Additionally, if you use a standard hard disk drive, the drive fills up and files are 'fragmented' in pieces across the drive, requiring extra time to access. More generally, technology is always advancing, so the target of what is a powerful computer is moving. What was \"Good\" or \"Great\" last year is merely \"average\" this year, and might be \"Mediocre\" next year. Developers write software in mind with a general idea of what hardware is on the market and how fast the slowest computers are, and so as time goes on, the programs become more complicated with more features, aimed at newer computers than yours, and while the weight of the program is increasing, your computer's processing capacity is static without upgrades." ]

[ "It's [not good](_URL_1_). Poop is where everything your body doesn't want goes. If your intestines are packed too full of shit, they'll begin to rupture and leak poop into your blood stream which is life-threateningly-bad. If you haven't shit in a couple of days, drink some coffee until you do. If you're lactose intolerant, maybe it's a good time to see what milkshakes are all about. If you haven't shit in a week, it's time to get some laxatives (not stool softeners) from the store. Milk of Magnesia or [Colon Blow](_URL_0_) or something. If THAT doesn't work, it's time for a trip to the Doctor. They've got the good stuff that may require a IV for dehydration because it cleans you out so well. If THAT doesn't work, you've probably got a blockage and someone's got to roto-rooter your ass out to get things going. The good news there is that you're usually riding that Kracken out high on pain meds, so you've got that going for you." ]

[ "From [WebMD](_URL_0_), it looks like soluble fiber makes your stool softer by allowing it to retain more water in the GI tract. Softer stool is easier to pass." ]

[ "This is just opinion, from a (rather new) volunteer firefighter. Hydrants were once called \"plugs\", because the firemain was originally a system of underground pipes made of wooden logs. Firefighters dug down and drilled into them to get water. I, for one, am glad that we've moved beyond having to dig for hydrants. In a city, some large buildings have standpipes to tie into for water; but out in suburban and rural areas, the benefits of being able to easily see and access hydrants without having to dig for them seem to outweigh the risk of people hitting them. And (again, this is opinion) I don't find them that obtrusive. Between mail boxes, street signs, trash cans, and the like, there are plenty of things by the roads. The hydrants, at least, serve a purpose in an emergency." ]

[ "Laws usually don't have to make sense. It is what the politicians and the lobbyists can make the people think are concerns." ]

[ "They're graphics card manufacturers, not GPU manufacturers. For the GPU the two largest manufacturers are nVidia and AMD, it's pretty much like with CPU's. They develop and create the GPU. Third party graphics card manufacturers can then make a deal with Nvidia to use their GPU. The GPU design can't be changed, but everything else that's on a graphics card, such as ram or voltage controllers. Besides that, they can increase the MHz of the GPU. If you buy a CPU you already buy the chip itself. There's pretty much nothing, besides overclocking, that a 3rd party manufacturer could change. And Intel and AMD rather sell their own products. I must say though that this only applies for the Desktop/Laptop market. When it comes to other things, such as smartphones, the list of actual GPU and CPU manufacturers significantly increases." ]

[ "Generally, drugs taken orally act on the body systemically, that is they are absorbed and distributed in our blood, throughout our whole body. They are then delivered to the site of action, for painkillers usually within the CNS or PNS. They don't just know where you hurt and then go there. Depending on the drug, they usually have some systematic effect. For example [inhibiting COX-2](_URL_0_), an enzyme that takes part in inflammation and pain. To be able to act locally, where the pain is, painkillers would have to be applied locally (like a cream). Can I ask which drug companies claim that? Because where I come from we don't have a lot of painkiller commercials (there are strict rules about the info given in ads). Source: I'm studying pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as part of my MedChem degree, but my basis is in chemstry." ]

[ "what would you consider success? The war on drugs is never going to lower the amount of drugs to 0. Unfortunately the war on drugs is fighting against itself so that the more that is taken off the streets, the more valuable the remaining drugs become. An increase in the value of drugs increases the incentive to sell them. There is a significantly more negative stigma on drugs compared to alcohol, and there was even back before prohibition. As for Tobacco, I assume it escaped the war because big Tobacco had/has a ton of influence politically, and the government makes a ton of money off of taxing it." ]

[ "How about the tomato? Where would southern Italian cooking be without it? Szechuan cooking would be VERY different without chili peppers Corn? Tobacco? I understand that I'm ignoring part of your question, but many new world crops were immediately more popular than the potato. It took a while for the potato to catch on, because many old world folks were hesitant to adopt it because of it's relation,and vaguely similar appearance to the deadly nightshade," ]

[ "It means both. New ones will have a 3% interest rate. Ones that have, say 2.5%, would drop in price on secondary market such that the effective rate is 3%. So let's say that the bond sold for $10,000 with 2.5% rate. Now, in order to match the 3% effective rate it would only sell for $8333 if the original buyer wanted to re-sell it." ]

[ "Wet things usually have a higher heat transfer coefficient then the dry version. Also their heat capacity generally increases so it takes more heat to raise their temperature. For a coin, it will feel wet at first while it sucks the heat out of your skin quickly (metal is a bad insulator), but gradually its temperature increases to your body temperature so it won't feel wet. As for your sheets, they're probably cotton and you're just confusing cold with high heat transfer rate. Cotton tends to not be the best fabric to use if you want to stay warm." ]

[ "\"Hello, I'd like to dispute a charge on my credit card.\" \"Okay, sir. What was the amount of the charge?\" \"Two million dollars.\" As others have said, electronic transactions are not acceptable for precisely this reason. Even cash might not be acceptable because it can to an extent be tracked, but the ease of use might make it the best way for ISIS to agree to accept it. They've done it before. Gold bullion would probably be the most untrackable, but also very difficult to obtain and deliver. Also, for the record, the amount ISIS demanded of Japan was two *hundred* million, which is so far outside of reality that it isn't a serious request. It's just an attempt to get themselves on the news without sacrificing one of their hostages." ]

[ "Say you're in class, and good work provides results in jelly beans from the teacher. These are super jelly beans, and you need 10 beans a day to survive. So any amount of 10 beans is luxury. You work hard and you earn 20 beans, but in order to get those beans you used pencils and paper provided to you. Therefore the school takes 3 beans as a tax. The next day you work really hard, you earn 30 beans, the school takes 10 of the beans as a tax for the hard work. The reason why they take so much more, is 10 is all you need to survive, the rest is just luxury. The tax system works in the exact same way, the more you earn, the more you pay in tax. well on paper anyway" ]

[ "Could we trigger an eruption at Yellowstone if we wanted to? e.g. Set off an underground nuclear bomb at Yellowstone." ]

[ "There's a star in our galaxy (precisely in the Orion constellation) called [Betelgeuse](_URL_1_). Why is Betelgeuse interesting? It's a red giant. A red giant about to go supernova. Or rather, a red giant that *appears* on the verge to go supernova. So were we to have a snapshot of how Betelgeuse looks today -- it might actually not be there at all, having gone supernova. That would be the first star to go supernova in our galaxy since [Kepler's supernova](_URL_0_) in 1604. Betelgeuse's supernova would be so bright as to be even visible during the day for a handful of weeks." ]

[ "Smelling is a shark's primary sense. Their nostrils are on the outside of their body, and they only use them for smelling not breathing. Water continuously flows through a sharks nostrils interacting with highly sensitive membranes that feed information to the shark's brain. This information allows a shark to pinpoint the source of blood." ]

[ "They don't. It's a marketing ~~lie~~ gimmick. I used to work for a company that did a similar thing by mail. New customers were supposed to sign up by a certain time for special rates but as a specific matter of policy we'd give those rates to *anyone* who mailed back the special offer." ]

[ "Another example raised by the noted scholar of Chinese Indonesians, Charles Coppel is he compares Chinese in Indonesia to Germans settlers in Eastern Europe. \"In sociological terms, the relationship of Chinese settlers in Indonesia to their host societies is more akin to that of the German settlers in Eastern Europe. Both communities had ancient roots in the region of destination, and both represented an advanced neighbouring civilization while having relatively little to do with the political ambitions of rulers in that civilization. Both devel-oped special relations with local rulers and acculturated in significant ways (notthe least language) to their host communities while commonly retaining distinctive names and a different religion from the hosts. And both experienced discrimination and expulsion at the hands of newly independent nations defined byindigenous identity\"" ]

[ "Those are more guidelines derived from sanitary rules/taste. Chicken can be eaten raw, but you risk salmonella infection; beef would probably have consistency of a brick if you deep fry it and so on. Stir-fried fish exists though, don't know why you thought it doesn't, Chinese cuisine stir-fries just about everything." ]

[ "Depends what you mean, the four main areas that people talk about when they say “age of adulthood” are drinking, driving, taxation, and consent. And those range from 16-21 depending where you are (probably further tbh). There is no magic rule, its just a general consensus among law makers in an area of what age can they consider children to be both responsible in and responsible for their decision making, enough to hold them accountable. Its pretty arbitrary and just a decision the courts in your local area came up with." ]

[ "This CGP Grey video does a really good job of explaining it all. _URL_3_" ]

[ "You can have more than one radio station or terrestrial television signal. Same principle applies to mobile phones. Here is an overview of GSM: * FDMA: frequency division multiple access: phone A talks with the tower on a different frequency than phone B, one frequency slot has a bandwidth of 200khz * TDMA: time division multiple access; phone C uses 5ms, then phone D uses 5ms, then C again, etc on the same frequency to transmit data; 8 phones can share one frequency The vast majority of phones that are not currently engaged in a conversation do not transmit anything to the tower, except for a keep alive message once every 30 minutes for example. If they want to use a channel, they first have to allocate one. In a crowded city one cell tower usually serves only a small area. The more traffic there is in a given area, the more towers there are." ]

[ "They don't. It's a marketing ~~lie~~ gimmick. I used to work for a company that did a similar thing by mail. New customers were supposed to sign up by a certain time for special rates but as a specific matter of policy we'd give those rates to *anyone* who mailed back the special offer." ]

[ "Some formats compress better then others. The encoder needs also to consider that the device decoding might not be super speedy at the task. Reducing compression can ensure good performance on older devices at the expense of data." ]

[ "When you take a pill it's not 100% the labeled medication. There are other ingredients that help it do its job and release when and how it is supposed to. Sometimes a medicine needs more extra ingredients to do its job so you end up with a bigger pill." ]

[ "As far as teeth go, it's that teeth nerves are hardly shielded at all from debris and other shit. Cavities are basically tunnels leading to nerve endings. If we had our nerve endings exposed in such a way, it would also hurt quite badly. The equivalent of a cavity would be for someone to stab a hole in your skin, going into your nerve endings, except that your teeth do not heal naturally. As far as the head goes, it really does depend heavily on what kind of pain you're talking about." ]

[ "So the only way that the process of childbirth would change is through evolution of some kind. The only way evolution happens is if the genetically superior reproduce and those who aren’t die. Theoretically if there was a woman who could go through childbirth totally painlessly and she passed that trait on to her child, the child could pass the trait on and on until it made up the mass populous. This would take millions of years and to guarantee that all women experienced it, all who felt pain during childbirth would have to not reproduce. Think about it like this. Apples were high on the tree. All the long necked giraffes reached the apples, lived and eventually reproduced. All the shortnecked giraffes died and that’s why we only today see long necked giraffes." ]

[ "Well now we can use GPS satellites and other satellite mapping tools like synthetic aperture radar, but before that, we used a lot of trigonometry. To measure the height of a mountain, surveyors used a method called triangulation. Observers examined the peak from several points. Knowing the distance from the points to the mountain, they were able to measure the angle from the summit to their observation points. Given the distance and the angle, they used trigonometry to calculate the mountain’s height relative to themselves. To calculate the mountain’s actual height above sea level, the observers themselves had to know their own elevation above sea level. They also had to take into account things like atmospheric refraction which can make distant objects appear higher or lower as light bends through the atmosphere. This method is remarkably accurate. In 1856, surveyors measured the peak of Mt. Everest to be 29,002 ft (8,840 m) above sea level from over 100 miles away. They were only off by 27 ft (8 m)." ]

[ "Thee same way airplanes do. They have a probe with a hole in the front of it. Air is forced into it by the movement of the helicopter or plane that pressure is read as airspeed" ]

[ "So their vision isn't actually magnified. Their **acuity** is just super amazing. So what is acuity? Acuity is basically the resolution of the image. Hawks have a huge acuity compared to humans because they have a much larger concentration of photoreceptors on the retina and they have less integration of the photoreceptors (combining photoreceptors into one pixle in your vision). Basically comparing human vision to hawk vision is like playing your favorite video game on the lowest resolution setting vs the highest. The detail is just so much better. The same comparison can be made with people. People with bad distance vision don't see the world less magnified, but much blurrier than people with good vision. Hawks just have super good vision. A hawk would probably consider a human with average vision to be poor sighted." ]

[ "For myopia (nearsightedness), there's nothing we can say definitively. But researchers have found a [correlation between myopia and time spent indoors.](_URL_1_) For animals, it's extremely uncommon but researchers were able to [induce myopia in an experiment](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Keep in mind that you might be buried in the pool by that very debris." ]

[ "Lots of good answers so far. Keep in mind that today's Earth is swarming with life. Every single available speck of volume that can support life is teeming with it, even if it's at the microbial level. And every single cell of that life is the end product of billions of years of cutthroat competition and evolution. Now, let's image that somehow, someway, a new abiogenetic event occurs. Some self-sustaining, replicating system of life arises deep in the ocean or in a puddle or whatnot. What's going to happen? You're pitting a life form that's had exactly zero time to adapt to the world against uncountable zillions of them that are the survivors of all this insane competition. The new life would be eaten or otherwise outcompeted within milliseconds." ]

[ "The simplest kind just compares against a database of known malware. If it fits, it's malware. (Probably.) More advanced detection uses heuristics that try to determine whether an action being taken by a program or whether certain qualities are nefarious in nature. This allows for currently unknown threats to be shut down, but has a much higher false-positive rate." ]

[ "It photographs the paper and compares it to real bills. Also real money has magnetic ink they can use to double check them." ]

[ "> If a black hole gravity is so strong that it doesn't allow photons to escape, does it mean that photons are susceptible to other star objects' gravity? Yes. Photons change trajectory if they pass near to other massive objects such as stars (or galaxies when they originate from outside our galaxy). This phenomenon is called [gravitational lensing](_URL_0_). > Would this mean that location of stars is somewhere else than they appear to be? If you lined up the gravitational lenses (massive objects) just right, perhaps you could accomplish this, yes. Very few stars or galaxies are lensed, however, and when they are lensed by naturally-occuring objects, it usually distorts their shape as well as their position." ]

[ "The perceived \"color\" of materials is entirely a function of what light is reflected, which is itself dependent on what light is available. So on a star shifted toward red, it would likely appear much darker because there is far less green-blue spectrum light to be reflected and the red light available is being absorbed. Similarly, the rhodopsin pigment in your eyes (which is responsible for night vision) sees mainly in shades of green and blue, and red objects not in direct light will appear blackish or brownish." ]

[ "> There could still be tax breaks for families and such, for example each child is a few percent of each year. Let's say you drop it 2% per child. If you make $30k/year, that's a tax subsidy of $600 per child. If you make $1M/year, that's a tax subsidy of $20,000 per year per child. Does that seem right? If you answered no, then you start doing things like capping the subsidy, or creating phase-outs above certain income levels. Your basic idea is now a lot more complicated." ]

[ "You have a lemonade stand. You sell it for 50 cents a cup. One day you find out it's going to be very hot outside and people are going to want more lemonade. You figure you can get away with selling it for a little more since the demand is there. So you start charging 80 cents. You notice that the number of people paying for lemonade hasn't gone down. So because people are comfortable with the new price you decide you won't bring prices down even when it's not that hot anymore. Now replace lemonade stand with gasoline stations." ]

[ "Yea I've also had similar experiences. In a dream I can never hold onto something tightly or make my hand into a tight fist. It's amazing how complex our minds are." ]

[ "Yuo can raed taht way beauce we dno't acluatly raed ervey letter in a wrod, we raed the shpae of the wrod. It's sungrisiprly esay to raed tihs, but relaly anoyinng to write lkie tihs, so the rset I copeid form the intnernt. \"i cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whotuit a pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Azanmig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!\"" ]

[ "The heart doesn't work alone to pump blood. When you exercise, a lot of other systems kick in to help blood get through the body easier and recycle to the heart more efficiently. Movement of other muscles and one-way valves pushes blood along and veins dilate and contract to direct flow. Exercise makes those systems more efficient, taking load off the heart. ELI5: working out starts turning the bloodstream's gravel roads into paved highways so the heart doesn't have to force blood through with so much pressure." ]

[ "I'm sorry that I'm no expert, but I remember reading about this the last time a similar question was asked: _URL_0_ Basically, you percieve time faster after your run because of endorphines released during the work out, which means that the music seems slower. This is apparently also why a lot of rock musicians play faster live; they percieve time differently because of the rush they experience in front of a large audience. Hope someone can give a better answer." ]

[ "Breakfast was a recent invention. During and before the middle ages, nothing could be eaten before morning mass. The meal was essentially invented during the industrial revolution for labourers. Lunch pretty much existed forever, and was the main meal of the day - big hearty lunches. It was only until the industrial revolution when lunches started to become lighter, due to labour. Dinner was originally a lighter meal, but again, because of the industrial revolution, the big hearty meal of lunch had to be pushed later into evenings as dinner. This is all European history though; if you are Chinese, you might have a breakfast, a 4 o' clock meal and a very, very late supper. EDIT: China is a very large place, you'll probably see different traditions on when people eat within different parts of China." ]

[ "Competition among restaurants to show that they were giving the customer the best value for their dollar. \"Well, this place gives me this much food for $5, but that other place gives me even more for the same price!\"" ]

[ "Because flat and phillips are both garbage. The Robertson screw is the one you want my friend. Stays on the end of your bit, provides great grip, and attractive to boot." ]

[ "Thank you for your submission! Unfortunately, your submission has been removed for the following reason(s): You can find the basic answer with a google / wiki search. Please start there and come back with a more specific question. If you disagree with this decision, please send a [message to the moderators.](_URL_3_)" ]

[ "I don't really know how much those tips really affect modern battery capacity, but the mechanism that causes capacity loss is usually the formation of something called a solid electrolyte interphase. A lithium-ion battery consists of an anode and a cathode with an electrolyte in between them and operates by lithium ions moving from the cathode over to the anode and being reduced. In the process, some of the electrolyte will also be reduced at the anode forming a film of solid, reduced electrolyte products. This passivates the anode so it doesn't immediately reduce all of the electrolyte, but it also reduces the capacity and increases the resistance of the cell. After a long enough time or enough cycles imperfections in the layer can damage the electrode, create metallic lithium dendrites that short the cell, or all of the capacity will be taken up." ]

[ "In simple terms, most circuits that make sound or play back digitally recorded sounds use a timing circuit (like an oscillator) to send out the sound waves at a constant rate. More expensive toys will use crystal-based oscillators and low-battery cutoff circuits to keep things from getting funky as the power level drops. Cheaper toys use a few cheap components (like an RC circuit) to perform the timing. These cheap circuits will keep running as battery level drops - even to the point where the clock slows down and the digital samples start playing back even slower. Some musicians actually do this to cheap keyboards and kids toys on purpose to make funky sounds. It's called [circuit bending](_URL_0_) and it's a lot of fun." ]

[ "Hello there! As your question is related to looking for identification/information regarding military personnel, our [Guide on Military Identification](_URL_0_) may be of use to you. It provides a number of different resources, including how to request service records from a number of national agencies around the world, as well as graphical aids to assist in deciphering rank, unit, and other forms of badges or insignia. While the users here may still be able to lend you more assistance, hopefully this will provide a good place to start!" ]

[ "Czechoslovakian \"Great Soldier\" medal. Not sure what the exact requirements for receiving one are. **Edit** \"Excellent Soldier,\" my bad." ]