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[ "across a straight plane - the bullet will lose momentum and gravity takes over and it eventually falls to the ground" ]

[ "Fast internet and faster servers. Human reaction times are on the order of 100ms or so. Ping time, which is round-trip packet flight time is often on the order of half that or so. Round trip is therefore on the order of human reaction if you give the server a little time to do stuff. Also, the server only sends back just enough to run the game. For example it may just send back Headshot and some points, and your client has to take care of the headshot animation, credit, sound and then tell the server when it's done because it's not really sync-critical." ]

[ "This is a weird thing to explain to a five year old." ]

[ "Well, usually we like to touch the people we value the most. So, laying next to each other is good. Plus it's warmer when it's cold. And it promotes Bonking. Which is good." ]

[ "Data from Spain, extracted from Fernández de Oviedo, *Batallas y Quinquágenas*: Alonso de Cárdenas, master of the Order of Santiago. 80,000 ducats per year. 15,000 vassals. Duke of Infantado. 60,000 ducats per year. 30,000 vassals. Duke of Medinaceli. 35,000-40,000 ducats per year. More than 8,000 vassals. Duke of Sessa, 20,000 ducats per year. More than 6,000 vassals. Duke of Luna, 20,000 ducats per year. Some 8,000 vassals. Marquess of Astorga, 25,000-30,000 ducats. Around 12,000 vassals. Count of Tendilla, 20,000 ducats. About 10,000 vassals. Marquess of Aguilar, 20,000 ducats, about 2,000 vassals. Admiral of Castile, 50,000 ducats, 8,000 vassals. Duke of Cardona, 25,000 ducats, 5,000 vassals. Marquess of Denia, 14,000-18,000 ducats, around 3,500 vassals. Count of Cocentaina, 2,000 ducats, some 1,000 vassals. Admiral of Valencia, 13,000 ducats, about 6,000 vassals. I think this list should be representative enough." ]

[ "If it's okay, I'd like to ask an add-on question: could anyone, theoretically, do the exam, or was it restricted to the middle classes? I mean, clearly a peasant would probably fail because of their poor education, but were they allowed to try?" ]

[ "They're simply really big. The larger the area you have touching the ground, the more weight you can have. Let's say you put three tons balancing on a needle. You're taking all those three tons, and concentrating them on one single spot, and that needle is gonna pierce right down through the asphalt. However, say you put three tons on a sled. The sled's large surface area helps to spread out the three tons, and you put it on the ground with no problem. Tires may not have as much area as a sled, but they still have quite a large contact area, enough to allow trucks and cars to drive effortlessly. This is also why tanks have tracks, by the way. America's main battle tank, the M1A2 Abrams, weighs 70 tons; the tracks are absolutely massive to help spread out those 70 tons." ]

[ "I am sure there will be physics papers published on this during the next months just like with the glowing sticky tape. One theory is briefly explained in the original video. As the rubber is stretched the molecules have to align in certain ways. This constricts them which increases the internal pressure of the rubber. When the rubber is allowed to return to its original shape the molecules is allowed more room to move around and the internal pressures decreases. It would be quite interesting to see the exact effects at work here and what other materials might have similar properties and what use cases it might have." ]

[ "> Ie that elements below it produce energy when fused and above it when fissioned? Actually, this is a property of nickel (Ni-62, Fe-58, and Fe-56 have the most binding energy per nucleon). The first stars in the universe only produced elements up to iron, since fusing past this does not yield energy. If you look at a periodic table, lead is close to being the last stable element. Unstable elements like uranium decay by releasing alpha particles, which decreases their atomic number by 2. They do this until they reach a stable element, which in several decay chains ends at lead. Since it is stable, no further decay occurs." ]

[ "Basically the same way a paramedic/nurse can work out your pulse in beats per minute without counting your heartbeat for a whole minute. Half life is an example of exponential decay, and so it follows a very regular, predictable mathematical pattern. If we have data about how it has decayed over time now, then we can extrapolate mathematically from that to determine the whole decay profile." ]

[ "No. It will actually *decrease*, because the volume of water displaced, which is what gives the upward force, stays the same, but the mass of thing giving it downward force is greater if the way you increased the pressure was to add more gas to the volume." ]

[ "This is pretty much how we preserve food (think about packaged cakes which last for months on the shelf). The bread would dry out very quickly in vacuo as the water would evaporate and be pumped out by the vacuum pump. This is why twinkles and the like are packaged with argon or nitrogen gas. The proteins in the bread would still crystallise and make the bread stale. This is why the chorleywood process was invented: essentially you make very soft bread with a load of lard in it to stop it going off so quickly (and also why homebaked cakes last a lot longer than homemade bread, as they're full of butter). So in answer to the essence of your question: yes, but a lot more slowly." ]

[ "Even if your piano is tuned, it can sound slightly off that far down the keyboard simply because of the way it's tuned. There are mathematical inaccuracies in tuning a piano that they account for by basically rounding. They perfectly tune middle C, and then essentially round up on the higher notes and down on the lower notes. It's rather complex, but basically the notes get further and further shifted in either direction, which is why they sound worse as you go further. [Here's](_URL_1_) a video that best describes the situation." ]

[ "The structure of an LCD panel [isn't completely flat](_URL_0_). This isn't an accurate analogy in terms of structure, it's just the principle. If you imagine an LCD super zoomed in, think of it as looking down at a cityscape, all skyscrapers and such. If you look down at it directly from above, you can see the streets perfectly fine. If you change your angle and look at it off to one side, your view of the streets becomes obscured by the buildings, and you can't clearly see the roads, you can just get an idea of where they are. The further to one side you move, the less obvious the streets become. That's kind of what's happening when you view an LCD at an angle. The panels that allow a wider viewing angle have a 'flatter' structure, so the angle you look at them matters less." ]

[ "Your cigarette lighter is burning liquid fuel that must be vaporized before it can mix with air and burn. That liquid fuel vaporizes more easily at high temperatures than at low temperatures. This is why it's harder to start a car engine when it's cold, and why engine block heaters solve the problem." ]

[ "I imagine you are talking about the internal combustion engine (ICE)that is commonly used around the world in automobiles. Think of the classic \"fire triangle\" when thinking of these engines. You need 3 things to make something burn: Fuel, Oxidizer, and heat. In an ICE these components are a Petroleum product such as Gasoline or Diesel, Oxygen, and the combination of compression and the spark plug (in gas engines) for heat. The fuel and oxygen mix in the cylinder and are compressed by the piston increasing the temperature, pressure and density of the mixture. The spark plug ignites the mixture and it rapidly burns. On the moon or a planet without an atmosphere containing enough oxygen the ICE will be missing one of the 3 things it needs for combustion. I suppose on a planet that could provide the right fuel/oxygen mixture it could be possible. Other things such as gravity I will pass on to someone who knows more about operating engines in a low gravity environment." ]

[ "Yes, current observations indicate that all of the gas giants have a rocky core. For instance, Jupiter, the largest planet, most likely has a rocky core, under a massive sea of liquid metallic hydrogen. It's predicted to be on the order of 60,000 °F (30,000 °C), but uncertainties in temperature, pressure, and exact chemical composition make it difficult to predict with certainty whether the core is solid or molten. (_URL_0_) If you enjoy reading about other worlds, Sagan's *Cosmos* is a fantastic read." ]

[ "It boils down to they have water (in a nice liquid ocean). This implies that there is a heat source that's been going for a while (tidal heating) so life could live there if it wanted to." ]

[ "[It's been explained before hope it helps. ](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Imagine you wanted to send a digital file to a friend of yours, but all you have is a telephone and the binary data contents of the file. You tell your friend \"when I say beep you write down 1, when I say boop, you write down 0\", and then you read the contents of the file to him over the phone \"beep beep boop boop beep boop beep boop boop boop beep\" etc etc. It takes _weeks_ to do, but it works. So you invent a little box that can say the beeps and boops faster than your mouth can say them, and give your friend a little box that can hear the beeps and boops and write them down very fast. This works pretty well, and you realize you can make it go so fast that the beeps and boops happen very very quickly, so quickly that to your human ear it just sounds like hissing." ]

[ "No. Even two protons (called Helium-2 or Diproton) is too unstable to exist (for long enough to be detected, anyway). Adding more would just make it even less stable." ]

[ "People have been being knighted without actually qualifying since the late Middle Ages. The rank was associated with status, thus those who did not deserve it still desired it and were able to gain it through noble patronage. Two examples stick in my mind: -The knighting of the royal princes Louis and Charles of Anjou by their first cousin Charles VI in 1389 (could be 1388 of 1390, I don't have access to my library in my dorm room). They were both young boys, Louis 12 and Charles 9, yet they were knighted due to their importance as members of the French royal house. -Nicolas Rolin, 15th century career administrator and chancellor for Phillip the Good (Duke of Burgundy 1419-1467), was knighted. He was of bourgeois origins and never fought, yet the Duke of Burgundy made him a knight in return for his excellent service as a councilor. There are many more examples, it was possible for high-ranking men to be knighted through political connections instead of combat early on. Hope this helps." ]

[ "Existentialism in a nutshell: \"There is no *intrinsic* meaning to life, each human must find their own truths to live for and make life worthwhile.\" Nihilism in a nutshell: \"There is no intrinsic meaning to life and there's no reason to even search for purpose, because no such thing exists. *Nothing* has a point or a purpose.\"" ]

[ "Here's a pretty good explainer. _URL_0_ Basically it comes down to different memory, different promises (reliability and service life), and different marketing." ]

[ "The title of ['Master'](_URL_0_) is fairly close to what you're looking for. It is abbreviated as 'Mstr'. It's fairly archaic, but was at one point the correct way to address a young man. It isn't directly tied to marital status, but is still similar to 'Miss'." ]

[ "From [wikipedia](_URL_0_): > A custom still sometimes practised is to leave the bottom button undone. This is said to have been started by King Edward VII (then the Prince of Wales), whose expanding waistline required it. Variations on this include that he forgot to fasten the lower button when dressing and this was copied. It has also been suggested that the practice originated to prevent the waistcoat riding up when on horseback.[citation needed] Undoing the bottom button avoids stress to the bottom button when sitting down; when it is fastened, the bottom of the waistcoat pulls sideways causing wrinkling and bulging, since modern waistcoats are cut lower than old ones. This convention only applies to single-breasted day waistcoats and not double breasted, evening, straight-hem or livery waistcoats that are all fully buttoned." ]

[ "Most of what I am reading here is completely wrong. The real answer is: Bad vision (nearsightedness, specifically) in modern humans is a side effect of the modern environment. It was selected against strongly in humans, which is why (until the last few generations) nearly all humans who weren't suffering from some disease or injury had excellent vision. Modern day humans have worse vision due to reasons that haven't been completely pinned down but probably have something to do with growing up indoors out of bright sunlight and spending lots of time looking at nearby things. You can see dramatic increases in nearsightedness over the course of a few decades in the medical records of developing countries-that's way, way too fast for selection to be the driving factor. In short, there's no more evolutionary benefit to myopia than there is to diabetes, obesity, or any other disease of the modern age." ]

[ "It's like a vestigial thing leftover from back when we did need them. Basically, it doesn't hurt our odds for survival, so it just sticks around." ]

[ "A few reasons. First of all, KI really only protects your thyroid gland. Your thyroid gland produces hormones that include iodine, so if you ate radioactive iodine, then eating more iodine (KI) helps reduce the amount of radioactive iodine that gets used in those hormones. The less used in the thyroid hormones, the less sticks around to harm you. That brings me to point two, KI only protects you when you ate radioactive iodine! It doesn't protect you from external radiation sources, for instance. And lastly, CT scans have low radiation doses, and there's really not much risk at all, unless for some reason you needed a ton of them." ]

[ "The main reason is the waste problem, and more specifically, the way it is handled. The current storage facilities were classed as safe and durable by the environmental ministry (then led by Angela Merkel), and now have been found unsuitable (guess what, metal containers in a salt mine rust quickly), which gives people a feeling of having been misled. Another thing is that if you count the tax money being spent on cleanup and storage of spent fuel as subsidies to the industry (because, in fact, they are) it is fairly obvious that this is in no way cheaper than even solar. So, there is no real point in nuclear power." ]

[ "The biggest difference between CPU and a GPU is that CPU is designed for general purpose computing, meaning it's supposed to be able to handle large amount of different tasks and change between them quickly. A GPU is more like a Chinese sweat shop, where you have tons of cores doing the exact same thing over and over again." ]

[ "The cells that make up your body divide and multiply as a normal part of your life. When you have cancer, though, it causes your cells to go crazy and multiply out of control. *Chemotherapy*, the special name for the medicines that are used to fight cancer, works by killing cells that multiply quickly. For the most part, the cells that are killed are the infected cells. Unfortunately, there are other cells that grow quickly when they're healthy - notably the cells in your stomach and your hair. This is why chemo patients go bald and can have bad problems with nausea. Angela Zhang's discovery is a particle that, if it works, will be able to guide chemotherapy drugs to only attack cancer cells and ignore healthy cells. There's still a lot of work and testing to be done before we're able to use her finding, though. Source: [This article](_URL_0_) I read from Wall Street Journal, some Wikipedia for general info on cancer and chemotherapy, and my own experience as a cancer survivor." ]

[ "The big one is that they was the jeans in an industrial washing machine with a bunch of cinder blocks. This beats the shit out of the jeans making them appear distressed, worn, and softer. They also can use UV torches that fade the dye, sandpaper, etc." ]

[ "[Striped shirts](_URL_0_) tend to cause problems with video recording and, if the pattern is fine enough, photos. It is due to the creation of a [moire](_URL_1_) pattern where 2 sets of parallel lines that are not quite parallel (the lines on the shirt and the pixels on the sensor) create a illusion of density waves in the final image." ]

[ "Fundamentally, like any market, the labor market is driven by supply and demand. If a company needs more workers than it can find who will agree to work at a particular wage, they'll have to raise the wage they're willing to pay until they can find enough workers. However, over the last several decades, two major factors have worked to largely prevent this from causing US wages to rise: automation and outsourcing. Outsourcing gives companies access to a very large number of workers who are willing to work for wages that are extremely low by American standards. Meanwhile, automation allows companies to produce more without hiring any additional workers at all." ]

[ "Hi there -- while we've approved this question, we would like to remind potential respondents of our [current events](_URL_0_) (AKA \"20-year\") rule -- it's fine to discuss events through 1997 (inclusive) and their effects, but not events after 1997. Thanks!" ]

[ "First, your assertion that, \"Humans become older because chromosomes become shorter\" is not correct. It is true that telomere (i.e. the \"end caps\" of chromosomes) shortening is associated with aging, mortality and aging-related diseases. However, it is not known whether short telomeres are just a sign of cellular age or actually contribute to the aging process themselves. Said another way, aging is a complex biological process that cannot be fully accounted by the phenomenon of telomere shortening. In short, human germ cells lines produce telomerase that elongates the telomeres in these cell lines. That's why offspring (produced from sperm and ovum) generally have longer chromosomal telomeres than the somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) of the parents." ]

[ "Physically developing we are close to a bobcat or other animals in terms of lifespan. We have a much, much more complex world than any other animal does though. We have to eat that play-doh and stick that key in the electric socket to learn that we want to be a philosophy major or an architect. Bobcats can't build skyscrapers, baby." ]

[ "Rubbing the area simulates blood flow; which promotes healing. Rubbing also provides variations in the sensation; which gives the brain more to focus on than the initial trauma. It can also dislodge small irritants that may have attached to the area." ]

[ "Our brains didn't evolve with cars in mind. They evolved with, like, being hunted by a jaguar (or whatever) in mind. So your brain doesn't know what to do with a car. It thinks hey, we're sitting, our body's not really doing anything physical, there's very little activity or stimulus... this seems like a good time to go to bed! What it gets amped up for is you running, lots of stimulus and physical exertion and excitement... in other words, the stuff you go through when being hunted by a jaguar. Try falling asleep while running. Your brain won't go for it." ]

[ "My understanding is that we are moving towards the Great Attractor, as in overcoming expansion by that amount. Otherwise they would say we were be receding from the Great Attractor. Using the other posters math, that is instead how much expansion is slowing down our approach." ]

[ "Historically, gravity was thought of as a force between massive objects. Einstein's theory of general relativity trumped that with the idea that gravity is actually caused by the interaction between space and something called the \"stress-energy tensor\", which basically measures the density of energy (of which mass is one type) in space. When mass/energy is present in a region, the space around it \"bends\". This changes how objects (including photons!) move through that space, by literally changing the shape of paths through the space. What makes black holes special is that, within a certain distance (the Schwarzschild radius), the space is so bent that, although there are paths that go in, there are no paths going out. Even light can't get out, because there *is no out* from inside the event horizon of a black hole." ]

[ "So it doesn't seem like it could collide with the moon, the article there states that our gravity keeps it within 38-100 times the distance of our moon at all times, so its far to distent to do that. it isn't big enough to effect our tides in any way it is also fairly small, so with the naked eye id doubt, but wih star gazing binocs or a telescope you could, assumeing you could zero in on it (again its rather quite small) based on the article it doesn't seem like it could impact earth." ]

[ "A long time ago in places like Greece, Rome and even before that in really, really long ago places like Sumeria, and Egypt people made up stories about the stars/planets and the pictures they thought groups of stars made. These stories were usually about beings they considered to be gods or demigods (the word demigod here means \"half-god\" or \"almost-a-god\"). At one time Rome was pretty much in charge of the known world for a really long time (around 1700 years). During that time they shared their stories about stars and planets being where the gods lived with everyone they were in charge of who didn't already have stories like that of their own. People got used to the idea, and it kind of stuck. Some scientists/astronomers today do it because really old texts and star charts have them recorded that way, and some because they think the old stories are cool or because after so many years it's kind of a tradition." ]

[ "From what I've read they ate a lot more rough course foods. Chewing things that are hard scrape our teeth for us kind of like it does for other animals. The problem for our modern teeth is we eat a lot of soft refined foods and a lot of sugar. That stuff just sits there and gets stuck which causes tooth decay." ]

[ "It depends on how much money they had. In a one way migration from town to town, If they were poor or even middle class they had it on them in a physical way, either in cash, coinage, or mostly they bought supplies with it (wagon, oxen, rifles, etc) before they left. Later migrations they might have a check or a bank draft they could deposit in a new bank. If you mean they are in a town, and they travel to another town to buy different supplies then what they could get in their home town, they carried cash, or a check. Here's a brief history on the use of Bank Checks: _URL_0_" ]

[ "Ok here it goes.... it takes blood flow and cells to regenerate and heal. When we are injured more blood is redirected to the area that swells. Swelling is fine and is a natural response to an injury but in some cases your body's healthy response can be unhealthy (like say if your throat was injured and swells... not good. The reason we take anti infalmmatories and ice it isn't really directly meant for reducing the swelling, it reduces the swelling which does what we're REALLY looking for and reduces the pain. Basically, we're reducing the pain indirectly by reducing the swelling. It's like our body's allergic reaction... if something you are allergic to touches your skin, your body releases an antihistamine to block the \"invader\" from spreading and neutralize it. This also kills the cells that were effected by the \"intruder\" causing a rash. did this help?" ]

[ "Inflation means that the longer you hold onto your money the less it's worth. This isn't always a bad thing, it encourages you to buy and sell things and otherwise contribute to the economy, it discourages people from 'hoarding their gold'. However if the USA dollar inflates faster than the global economy, businesses will start to deal abroad where foreign currency is more stable; which puts a strain on Americans looking for work. If banks cannot keep their interest savings high enough to counteract rising inflation, people will save less of their money which prevents banks from making as many investments and loans as they'd otherwise be able to. You can't *really* say that inflation is good or bad, different industries benefit and suffer from it, but rampant \"burn money for heat\" inflation is almost as bad as \"the king owns all the gold and he ain't sharing\" no inflation." ]

[ "Under the War Powers Resolution of 1973 the President must explain to Congress a military action within 48 hours. Congress then has 60 days to either declare war, pass a resolution allowing continued military action, or demand withdrawal. At the end of that 60 day period, the President has 30 days to withdraw forces. The legality, practicality, and enforcability of the war powers resolution has been debated for 40 years." ]

[ "Essentially the events in Crimea threaten to destabilize the European continent. To give you some scale Crimea is about roughly the same size as Belgium. The real scale of territory that Russia seized really did not hit me until I really compared them on a map. Anyway, since the Second World War there has not been any major land wars on the continent, a relatively rare thing in the continents long & bloody history. Simply put an expansionist Russia threatens that status quo by pitting Russia and its \"near-abroad\" vs. the West (NATO) for the first time since the dissolution of the USSR in '91. This concerns you because if Russia decides to attack any member of NATO we are bound by treaty to consider it an attack on American soil and along with the 26 other member countries will provide any available assistance to the country being attacked. The good news is that this is not something to worry about as formidable as Russia is it can not match the military might of NATO with conventional forces." ]

[ "Plumber for ten years now. Go with pex you will not regret it. In fact just forget that pvc(and cpvc) water lines exist(as a new or replacement option) and you will be better for it. Pex is slightly more flexible than pvc and not brittle like pvc. It is far stiffer than clear vinyl hose and will last far longer. Skip the sharkbites (they have to be secured from movement and vibration) and buy one of the stainless steel cinch ring tools(like [this](_URL_0_), also available at lowes)" ]

[ "I live in coastal New England. One thing to note is our winters are extremely unpredictable. Last year we had like 20 feet of snow, this year we haven't had any (and am only getting a few inches from this storm). How do you budget in something that can cost anywhere from five million to nothing. Another thing to note is that our snow tends to be very wet and heavy. 18-24 inches of snow means collapsed buildings and roads that can't be plowed by anything but heavy duty, commercial trucks and machinery. My town of 80,000 relies mostly on private contractors to plow neighborhoods and uses big city plows to focus on the highways. Well we got 20 inches of wet heavy snow and the private contractors simply couldn't push it. On top of that we had downed power lines. So there were millions of people who had no power, no heat, and no ability to go anywhere. Also, the east coast of the US has ALOT of people. Any weather event that effects millions of people is overly covered." ]

[ "All the time our cells get damaged and dies. New cells are created in order to replace them. Every time cells copy and duplicate themselves they have to copy and duplicate the DNA, too. The DNA is ordered in sequences called chromosomes. When a chromosome is duplicated, a short sequence of the DNA at its end gets cut off. The ends of chromosomes have some dummy DNA called telomeres. When all the telomeres have been consumed the cells can not duplicate themselves anymore. There is a special protein called [telomerase](_URL_0_) which adds extra telomerase to the end of chromosome. The protein is usually active only in stem cells. If it gets accidentally activated in ordinary cells, the growth of cells may result in a cancerous growth." ]

[ "We are not seeing it in real time. If you're looking into a mirror the light has to bounce off of you, into the mirror, back to you eyes and then your brain has to interpret the signals. You are not seeing in real time, you are seeing into the past (sorta), similar to when you look at a star and you see it as it was when the light left many years ago. The time you are seeing back in time when looking in a mirror depends on how far away you are from the mirror." ]

[ "When radioactive stuff breaks down, it gives off energy and particles, like gamma rays and alpha / beta particles. These rays and particles can pass through a lot of materials, kinda like light through a piece of paper. Some makes it through, some keeps going. In the Geiger counter there is a tube of gas, like neon or argon. When one of these particles or rays hits the gas, the gas becomes slightly conductive. You can put this tube of gas as part of a circuit, and when the circuit completes, you can have it make a sound or have a blip on a screen. More blips or more sounds means the circuit is being completed more often, and it means more radiation." ]

[ "One hot topic recently has been the detection of gravitational waves. Just as there is a spectrum for electromagnetic waves, there's also a [gravitational wave spectrum](_URL_2_). One point has been discovered so far, by LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory. It's essentially a telescope that doesn't see light but \"sees\" gravitational waves. Other such alternate telescope exist. For example, we have neutrino detectors ([spectrum](_URL_0_)) and cosmic ray detectors ([spectrum](_URL_1_)) as well." ]

[ "Height has been correlated with higher incidence of cancer, see e.g. [this open-access review]( _URL_0_). The authors do suggest the higher number of cells as a possible rationale, but there are a lot of other possible explanations e.g. chemical signals which cause greater body growth may also cause greater growth of tumours (since cancer is basically uncontrolled growth). The best explanation still hasn't been established yet." ]

[ "They'd both experience the call as taking the same amount of their time. (So if they both texted each other the number of seconds they thought elapsed during the conversation when they were done, they'd both send the same number to the other person.) But, for both of them, that amount of time would be *longer* than it would if they had the same conversation with someone who was moving along side them at the same speed. (Because each of them would hear the other person talking more slowly than \"normal\".)" ]

[ "I've written some replies on this topic before: * [Preceding the Persian invasion of Greece, what factors prepared them to stave off such an overwhelming threat?](_URL_1_) * [Why wasn't Xerxes more prepared to face the Greeks?](_URL_0_) And in reply to your specific question: * [Why was the invasion of Greece by Xerxes unsuccessful?](_URL_2_)" ]

[ "Enron basically used non-GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) accounting methods to cover up their massive overleveraged position, (i.e., they had way more debt than equity). By keeping this debt off their books, they could overstate earnings. However, when people, including the SEC (Securities Exchange Commission) began investigating, everything unraveled. As news of Enron's massive debt crisis and overstated earnings spread, its stock price plummeted. Enron couldn't scrap enough money to pay its creditors, so it declared Ch. 11 bankruptcy and that was that. EDIT: \"more debt than equity\"" ]

[ "First of all, keep in mind that all studies of ancient languages are theories, or loose estimations. No one can REALLY know for sure. That being said, things such as imagery and even living conditions help. For example, say a throne is found in a temple, with a large hieroglyph carved on the back. Clearly, this symbolizes a ruler or god. Now imagine that same hieroglyph appears on a wall, with other writings, and a painting of a rain cloud. One could infer that this is a god of rain. Also, many languages and writing systems stem from a root. Such as Latin, so similarities can be found." ]

[ "It's [subvocalization](_URL_1_). Apparently rather than engaging their vocal chords, [some deaf people engage their forearms](_URL_0_), so that's a different kind of inner monologue." ]

[ "In case we find out we were wrong." ]

[ "Every time you make a copy of a cell, there is a chance for errors. For example when you photocopy a first print, it is pretty crisp and close to the original, but there are a few minor discrepencies. Now if you photocopy the copy, it gets more distorted, and so on until some letters get hard to read, it gets difficult to discern a comma from a period, etc. Add to this, that our cells have a thing called telomeres, which cap off the ends of our DNA. Think of it like the period at the end of a sentence. Well each time you make a copy, that period gets a little smaller, and smaller, until its gone and then your DNA can't copy properly anymore, because it doesn't know where to end. So your cells get confused about the information on those strands of DNA, like trying to read a page of a book with no periods at all!" ]

[ "I dont really know all that much about the question in itself, but remember that the capital at the time was NOT moscow. It was St. Petersburg. Also I would assume that there was still enough non-burned rural land in western Russia, afterall the Grande Army could not have covered everything, so there probably was enough farmland to survive the comming winter." ]

[ "Short answer, volcanoes. Even though everything on the surface of the earth was frozen, the mantel was just as hot if not hotter than today, and plate tectonics still took place. All these volcanoes still dumped massive amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere. A green house effect ensued and warmed everything back up. Over time the CO2 was reabsorbed back into the earth through natural processes. Source: My university made us select from some different categories of classes as part of our basic studies. For my sophomore year I did the Geology and Earth Sciences group. Learned this same thing in 2 different classes. One about climate change and another about volcanoes." ]

[ "It's not completely wrong but it's not right either. Under FDR the American government took on a lot of reforms that would help the American people. While it's true that the amount of government spending and new employment supporting the American war machine was extremely helpful for the economy these reforms also helped significantly. FDR spent a lot of money not just on the war machine but on public projects that would provide employment for people. It's worth noting that while FDR was not formally educated in economics he still managed to contribute to the economy. He realized that the American people simply didn't have money to spend and so the economy shut down. He knew if he could get the American citizens spending money the American economy could gain strength. Before his administration the American government wasn't very concerned with the economic well-being of its people but under FDR's administration that changed." ]

[ "The biggest determining factor was which service you were affiliated with. Marines were sent almost exclusively to the Pacific theater, due to their focus on amphibious warfare and the island-hopping nature of that fight. Since both major theaters involved a significant ocean voyage, the navy was involved in both sides, however aircraft carriers were stationed largely in the Pacific, so Navy and Marine aviators and support personnel were largely sent to the Pacific, not Atlantic. The Army and Army Air Forces (USAAF, the precursor to the USAF) were both predominantly sent to Europe, although divisions were sent to the Pacific, South Pacific, and North African theaters as well. Not to forget the forgotten service, the Coast Guard was mobilized and served in the Atlantic, Pacific, and North African theaters as well as sent to more exotic locations like Greenland" ]

[ "I can't speak from a neuroscience perspective, but I have learned a second language as an adult. Initially I translated thoughts in my head as I was speaking, but the more fluent I became the less I had to think in my native language. Over time concepts become directly linked to the foreign words in your head, and you skip the middle-man, so to speak." ]

[ "Yo ho ho! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Does all the dust and dirt we breathe in during our lives just build up in our lungs? ](_URL_1_) ^(_48 comments_) 1. [ELI5 : What happens to objects that you breathe into your lungs? ](_URL_0_) ^(_13 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How does the lung get rid of all the dust particles, flakes and small hairs/threads we breathe on a daily basis? ](_URL_4_) ^(_ > 100 comments_) 1. [ELI5: I clean about 2 pounds of dust from my room every month. What does this means for my lungs ? ](_URL_2_) ^(_27 comments_) 1. [ElI5: How our lungs prevent/eliminate dust ? ](_URL_3_) ^(_32 comments_) 1. [ELI5: do hairs and dust ever get into our lungs? And if so what does our body do about it? ](_URL_6_) ^(_29 comments_) 1. [When you inhale dust, is it stuck in your lungs forever? ](_URL_5_) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How the body removes particles that you inhale, such as metal dust when grinding. ](_URL_7_) ^(_4 comments_)" ]

[ "It's called [orthostatic hypotension](_URL_0_), which is just medical Greek for straightening-up low-[blood]-pressure. Some people, when standing up quickly, sometimes get dizzy. It's caused by temporary low blood pressure. It typically passes after a few seconds. It doesn't happen to everyone- apparently, it's never happened to you." ]

[ "This is called as some white cloak disorder or something similar. Had read it on the net. This happens to me every time my doc measures my BP. The only remedy to this is to tell your doc that this happens before he measures your BP and while noting it down, the doc might normalise it." ]

[ "Phone calls are live data stream. Its transferred in real time. Text messages are not. They're queued and sent whenever the network wants.. When the network is busy, like after a disaster, text msgs are delayed minutes or hours later" ]

[ "Paramedics rarely if ever carry blood on an ambulance. We use normal saline solutions or Ringers Lactate for volume replacement. Hospitals can do blood typing in a matter of minutes so it's not a huge inconvenience if they don't know immediately." ]

[ "Because if the best Apps are blocked, there's less reason for someone to buy the phone." ]

[ "Taxis have been under an immense amount of regulation. There were restrictions on how much they could charge, restrictions on how many taxis are allowed, and so on. Taxi medallions in New York (essentially a piece of paper giving you the right to operate a taxi) were going for over a million dollars. Uber and Lyft are trying to bypass all of those rules which gives them an advantage that the existing taxi companies, complying with those rules, can't match." ]

[ "Composer here. It's similar to writing a book or making a painting. You find a reason to write and a message to convey, then use your knowledge of music, theory, and instrumentation to tell your story. To create melody, some composers may improvise on an instrument until they hear something they like. I personally just try to \"imagine\" a melody, something like improvising in my mind, then write it down. Harmony works the same way." ]

[ "In the past, the hardest thing about writing a new program wasn't the programming language. It was understanding how your programming tools worked. To use C as an example, in order to write your first program, you would need to: 1. Understand how your text editor worked, a non-trivial task on a text only, mouseless computer. 2. Understand how the file system worked, and how to save your program with the correct file extension to the correct location. 3. Understand how to run your compiler. This was before graphical interfaces, so you couldn't just click a button. You had to exit your text editor, type something like \"cc -Wall hello.c -o hello\", see if there were any syntax errors, and they pull up you text editor to fix them again. 4. Understand how to execute your program once you got it to compile. That is a lot of things to figure out, \"Hello, world!\" is an exercise in getting them right." ]

[ "It's probably due to how ripe the fruit is. The longer a fruit stays attached the plant, the larger it will get. As it gets older/riper, the fruit changes its sugar/acid composition, to more sugar less acid, making it sweeter. The small less ripe ones have less sugar and more acid, making them sour." ]

[ "Your brain has a gating mechanism. Basically if you feel the same sensation for an extended time, your brain decides that feeling isn't important anymore and ignores it. This includes all sorts of things, like the feeling of your teeth on your tongue, your lips touching, the clothes on your skin, your phone in your pocket, and many more. & #x200B; When you see a bug crawling around, part of your brain actually accesses your memories of bugs, including the feeling of a bug crawling on you. Then your brain decides to check if there is a bug crawling on you, so it turns off the gating mechanism and you suddenly become aware of all the sensations your skin is feeling. And the light brush of your clothing can feel like a bug. & #x200B; Simply put: you don't feel your cloths on your skin, when you see a bug you become scared a bug is on you, suddenly you feel your cloths and they feel like bugs." ]

[ "I'm not crazy about looking to Nazi law as a source of how the government worked. Insofar as there were such laws under the Third Reich, they were generally subordinated to the Führerprinzip, meaning that absolute subordination to the will of one's superiors was what was generally valued, rather than legalistic or bureaucratic hairsplitting. Ironically, because of Hitler's leadership style and total aversion to anything that smacked of bureaucracy, the Third Reich was marked by inane court politics and fighting over scarce resources within the government. (Hitler was famous within the Nazi inner circle for only giving oral commands.) Albert Speer's firsthand accounts in Inside the Third Reich are fascinating for this, and one of the few good sources of how the German government worked during this era." ]

[ "This article looks pretty relevant, Neural Correlates of Reexperiencing, Avoidance, and Dissociation in PTSD: [\\[PDF link warning\\]](_URL_0_). Quote from article: > As predicted, state reexperiencing severity was associated positively with right anterior insula activity and negatively with right rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). Avoidance correlated negatively with rACC and subcallosal anterior cingulate activity. In addition, as predicted, dissociation correlated positively with activity in the left medial prefrontal and right superior temporal cortices, and negatively with the left superior temporal cortex." ]

[ "Samurai were primarily mounted archers. Firing a bow and controlling a horse at the same time didn't lend itself to using a shield, you didn't have a free hand for it. Foot soldiers initially used spears, eventually supplemented by matchlock muskets. While it is possible to use a short spear with a shield, the Japanese soldiers seem to have used longer spears that did not pair well with a shield. Foot soldiers did sometimes use a large freestanding shield called a tate. These were set up standing on their own without needing to be held; the soldier would crouch behind them to avoid enemy missiles." ]

[ "Back then people still needed jobs, now they dont and can practice harder for longer. And science helps by showing then methods on improving motions. You cam find cool videos on youtube" ]

[ "internet locations that aren't accessed or indexed by search engines like google. it's like an elite nightclub: you only can find it if you already know where to go, you won't ever \"stumble\" upon it." ]

[ "The Tor Project is Awesome. If you can afford a VPN-That's better!" ]

[ "Yes! This is actually covered in Lawrence M. Krauss' [A Universe From Nothing](_URL_0_) (which is **absolutely** worth reading, and it's only 120 pages!). Essentially, yes, 1.5 to 2 trillion years from now, the universe will have expanded so much that there will be no method of observation into the cosmos. Even forms of light such UV, IR, radiowaves, and visible light will be utterly undetectable. Future alien races will have absolutely no means or reason to think there is anything else out there, and we are *very* fortunate to have evolved when we did." ]

[ "Both light and gravity waves want to travel at \"instantaneous\" speed. The problem is that the maximum speed allowed in the fabric is the [speed of causality](_URL_0_). Causality is the relation of a cause and effect. And the speed of casuality is the maximum speed the effect can travel away from the source. So if you create a star 1 light year away from Earth right now. We would only see it's light and feel it's gravity one year away from now. Even if we looked at other bodies between Earth and your star we would not be able to tell that a new start is there because gravity travel at the speed of light, and, from Earth perspective, everything would look the same until one year has passed" ]

[ "\"Pain Gate Theory\", is the one I learnt is the most likely. Extra stimulation covers up pain signals." ]

[ "The rate at which a human brain processes information is not constant. It changes based on a number of factors. When you feel a sudden threat, your body releases hormones that trigger a change in the rate at which your brain can process information. If your brain is processing information more quickly, your perception will be that everything is slowing down. This is your body trying to give you an edge to get out of whatever threatening situation you are in. There are several things that you can do to artificially trigger this kind of response without actually being threatened. For some people, running is one of those things, especially if you push your limits when running. TLDR: Your body wants to save you from whatever you are running from. It makes your brain better for a short time." ]

[ "No, because the conservation of energy argument only applies to closed systems (ie, systems for which there is no net energy input or output. However this is not the case for earth, since the sun is constantly putting energy into the earth. Indeed the origin of wind is due to the atmospheric pressure differentials created by the fact that the earth is heated more at the equator than at the poles, and it's this pressure difference that leads to wind in the first place (since gas will flow to equalise the pressures)." ]

[ "Fans have a rotational symmetry, but have no symmetry in the direction of airflow. They propel air one direction only, toward the direction that the leading edge of fan blades point toward. Of course, you can reverse the airflow by simply reversing the fan rotation. However, many fans aren't symmetrical in this sense either, and are only meant to be spun efficiently in one direction." ]

[ "Round is pretty much the default shape for things. It's what you get when nature has no reason to prefer one direction over another." ]

[ "What you're looking for is the shape known as the *[geoid](_URL_0_),* the shape the earth's oceans would take under the influence of gravity and rotation alone. Recent advances in satellite *geodesy,* or the measurement of Earth's fundamental properties, allow us to model the geoid to remarkably high precision; that shape is the basis for measuring inland elevation against sea level." ]

[ "* [WWI Anti-Tank Weapons and Methods] (_URL_1_) * [How did the Germans react to the first use of Tanks?] (_URL_0_) These answers I've given should answer your question. In short, while the Tank did cause some panic early on, countermeasures were quickly taken, and it's mechanical unreliability was also noted. It also seems that the Germans had some idea of a 'secret weapon', likely some kind of armoured 'wire crusher', but nothing could prepare them for what they faced, for the firth time, during the Battle of Flers-Courcelettes in September 1916. Christopher Duffy and Jack Sheldon have both written accounts of the Somme using German sources, and Duffy especially looks at the response to the tank. His book is called *Through German Eyes: the British and the Somme*; Sheldon's is simply *The German Army on the Somme 1914-16*." ]

[ "Not to discourage any further answers, but you find these older answers to be informative: [What would \"boot camp\" and PT have been like for Roman soldiers around the time of the Punic Wars?](_URL_0_) by /u/Celebreth [I have just joined the Roman army, what is my life going to be like now](_URL_1_)? [People from Germanic tribes are often shown as being large in size in movies and books, such as in Gladiator. Was that a common stereotype for political reasons or was it based in reality? What were the stereotypes or accounts regarding the size of people living in the British Isles?](_URL_2_)" ]

[ "Common cold symptoms may appear as early as 16 hours after exposure. That gives a person around a day to transmit a cold to another person before symptoms appear. the person won't be able to do this via cough or sneeze since those are symptoms, but hand-to-hand transmissions can spread the virus as well." ]

[ "The movie was [Days of Thunder](_URL_0_) and he was talking about [Slipstreaming or Drafting](_URL_1_). As to your question, this depends on * The velocity of the cars * Geometry of both cars * Atmosphere status (temperature, rain, snow ... although they have very little effect at higher speeds) On the street it's not asdvisable to try this, as you will have to come closer than a minimum safety distance, so you actually have to be pretty close. I guess for moderate speeds you won't notice positive effects more than 3m (10 feet) away." ]

[ "Aside from I think it being personal preference, there's something to be said about developing discipline that a fighter needs. They need to eat healthy, train consistently, and be willing to sacrifice time that would be spent drinking/partying on focusing on helping their bodies. Going to bed early means reducing the chance for those temptations to arise and also helps develop better discipline by waking early. Also in the morning is when you'll be least likely to have distractions or issues in life pulling you away from training." ]

[ "I watched the protests and movements in Hong Kong religiously for about a month. Of course there were many highs and lows of population in the streets throughout, but the streets tended to fill up after work and school hours and would die back down around 2 or 3 am. Those that were skipping school or work to protest stayed in the streets all day (and even pitched tents), but not everyone did so, so the busiest times were after work." ]

[ "There is a sense in which this is true, for the same reason that 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 +... = -1. Specifically, we can write your number as 9 + 9\\*10 + 9\\*10^2 + 9\\*10^3 + ..., or 9\\*Σ10^(n) where n runs from 0 to infinity. The analytic continuation of the series Σx^(n) is 1/(1 - x) for x ≠ 1, so we can say that your number is 9\\*[1 / (1 - 10)] = -1. However, it's important to understand that this uses a *nonstandard* summation. It's valid, but it's important to be clear about how you're drawing the conclusion when stating it." ]

[ "Put five apples onto a table. Now take no apples away. Now take no apples away again. Keep taking no apples away, and when you've finished, tell me how many times you were able to take no apples away from the five apples on the table." ]

[ "It would burn up like a meteor. The density of the atmosphere is too high at the surface. If we neglect that effect, and also neglect drag, friction, etc. then yes, it would escape the Earth. The funny thing about escape velocity is that *direction doesn't matter* as long as there is no impact against the surface or atmospheric entry. Assuming your vehicle is moving *exactly* at escape speed, over a small distance it would look like travelling on the surface. But the curvature of the parabola is lower than the curvature of Earth, so after a while it would look like \"taking off\", then getting higher and higher as it flies into space. If it's moving a little bit faster then the trajectory becomes a hyperbola, but the rest stays the same." ]

[ "The problem of carrying sufficient fuel cannot be overstated. Since the amount of propellant you need rises exponentially with the mass of the spacecraft, you very quickly approach a limit where it just isn't possible to realistically get the mass out of Earth orbit. Another (often forgotten) issue is where do you plan to go. Traveling to the moon or Mars is awesome and all, but if you're going to sink trillions of dollars into a program you need a better reason than \"because it's cool.\" The problems of getting out of LEO are mostly economical and ones of practicality, not specific problems that haven't been solved yet. We just need a destination before building the ship to get us there; the issues of how do you survive for extended periods of time on the moon/Mars must be solved before we can seriously think of sending humans anywhere." ]

[ "Probably related - are there any oral traditions among indigenous peoples referring to the Viking settlement either in the New World or Greenland?" ]

[ "depends on your measuring stick. people did what was best for them given the amount of natural resources, environment, etc around them. for example, maybe europeans had guns, but tomatoes originated in central america. where would you be without tomatoes? guns have little to no effect on your life, but i bet youve eaten lots of tomatoes have you seen the city layout of places like Tenochtitlan? much nicer looking than most european cities of that time period" ]

[ "In the refrigeration cycle, there are five basic components: fluid refrigerant; a compressor, which controls the flow of refrigerant; the condenser coils (on the outside of the fridge); the evaporator coils (on the inside of the fridge); and something called an expansion device. Here’s how they interact to cool your food. 1. The compressor constricts the refrigerant vapor, raising its pressure, and pushes it into the coils on the outside of the refrigerator. 2. When the hot gas in the coils meets the cooler air temperature of the kitchen, it becomes a liquid. 3. Now in liquid form at high pressure, the refrigerant cools down as it flows into the coils inside the freezer and the fridge. 4. The refrigerant absorbs the heat inside the fridge, cooling down the air. 5. Last, the refrigerant evaporates to a gas, then flows back to the compressor, where the cycle starts all over." ]

[ "[This is someone's doctoral thesis which contains information on the vibration of flat plates. On page 38 of the PDF (31 of the document), you will see some vibrational modes drawn for a flat plate. The higher-frequency AA mode ought to look familiar.](_URL_0_) While this is water and not a flat plate, the behavior is similar enough for this to give you an idea of what's happening. Basically, the ice cube tray has a certain resonant frequency (its natural characteristics cause it to respond to vibration much more strongly at one particular frequency). The knocking on the sink provides an impulse - which generates waves of all frequencies - and that vibrates the ice cube tray. It just so happens for this particular tray that, like the flat plate in the diagram I linked, its natural frequency vibrates the water such that grid-like waves are formed. This should seem at least a little natural to you, since the walls of the tray are indeed rectangular." ]

[ "Not a very scientific answer, but \"frying\" in oil is the same as \"boiling\" in water. Water doesn't boil at near hot enough temperature as oil boils, which causes that nice crunchy texture to food. Frying and boiling mean the same thing in cooking, essentially." ]

[ "You can figure out what components are in the food through a series of chemical tests. So if you want to know how much fat is in the food, you could extract out the fat using an organic solvent, filter out the non-dissolved parts, and weigh how much each part weighs. Or if you want to know how much salt is in the food, you could perform a precipitation titration using a diluted silvernitrate solution, which will react with the chloride in the salt. Basically, for each component part of your food you want to know about, there's ways to isolate and analyse that. If you do your tests well, hopefully it should all add up to 100% in the end." ]

[ "Almost enough, but not quite. The egg lets in air, so the developing chick can breathe. And the hen (or incubator) provides thermal energy, keeping the developing chick warm. Other than that, yes. Eggs are nutritious! Also, I have to point out that until hatching, the chick just kinda sits around growing. Which doesn't take as much energy as you might think." ]

[ "Emergence. _URL_0_ Radiolab did an excellent episode/podcast on it. But in essence, we don't *really* know. How does the brain work when it is 'just' a collection of cells?" ]

[ "Do you mean besides there being almost no user base for an operating system that old? Or that it is no longer maintained by the developer of that OS, so no bug patches, security or driver updates? Or that the hardware it runs on is also likely to be ancient? Or that you won't have access to the latest API?" ]

[ "Imagine you are a travelling salesman, and you spend most of your time driving from place to place across the country. Today you need to get from Denver to Dallas. You could use High Level Navigation. You know how to get from Denver to Wichita, Wichita to Oklahoma City, and Oklahoma City to Dallas. String those together, and you have a pretty easy to follow route. Or you could use Low Level Navigation. You spend more time studying the map, and find a more direct route along back roads and unpopulated area you haven't been to before. You'll have to pay more attention to stay on the route, but in the end it will probably be faster. The same is true with languages. Each command in a high level language is essentially turned into a miniature machine code program, and strung together with other programs representing other commands. The result code usually is not going to be as efficient has hand written code, which can take shortcuts the high level code cannot." ]

[ "Follow up question: **Was it because it became more efficient to add stability and move up (rather than buy(?) more land sideways), or for some other reason?**" ]

[ "Just as a follow-up question - with this sort of topic, is it possible to give a really solid answer if there is no source that says \"there is no evidence of this?\" This isn't my field at all, so I'm really curious about how this sort of question is answered. Is a better response one that examines where such a stereotype may have come from (as in, \"no one ever claimed to witness this, but it was first described in an Edgar Rice Burroughs story from 1917,\" or something along those lines)?" ]

[ "Being out of breath and being deprived of O2 are different. Your blood hold O2 quite well, well enough that one breath can sustain you for minutes. It isn't so good at holding CO2 (produced by metabolic processes in the body like making muscles move). The CO2 essentially must be dissolved in the liquid of the blood as carbonic acid, then when exposed to air in the lungs splits to water and CO2 that you breath out. So the capacity for CO2 is low. You breathe quickly because you want to pull that CO2 out of your blood. The problem is when you breath too quickly you don't exhale fully, so no new air gets deep, or you can actually over oxygenate your blood and cause new severe problems. Drinking water forces you to stop breathing so fast, a paper bag does the same. Better to just practice exhaling fully and breathing deeply." ]

[ "very simple, Air is a horrible transfer medium for energy, Water is a good tranfter medium for energy. It takes longer for the energy in the air to flow to the ice cube then the energy in the water to flow in the ice cube, When when there is steam in the air, its still maybe 50% humidity compared to 100% humidity in water. TL;DR energy flows better through water then air." ]

[ "Your cells require oxygen and other nutrients, and blood is the \"conveyor belt\" that takes those things to the cells. Your blood is the freeway of your body, where delivery men dive around delivering fuel and tools." ]

[ "it scares off most things that would bite us and it attracts other humans' attention, which before our culture shifted away from common interest in helping each other meant help would come quickly." ]

[ "Over engineering. For the most part modern bridges are built to last indefinitely with maybe a bit of regular maintenance and inspection, but things dont always go exactly as planned. But with modern science we can analyze every force that will act on a bridge down to every last nut and bolt. We can predict where and how its most likely to fail and then we build in a safety factor by making the weakest points say 3 times stronger than the largest force we ever expect it to encounter. In the past this was impossible in many cases and impractical in others. You deal with this by over-engineering the bridge. Instead of a safety factor of 3 lets make it 30. Build the thing absolutely fucking bulletproof. Its mostly a huge waste of time and resources when you know exactly what the forces are, but when you dont its the only surefire way to make sure your bridge stays upright." ]

[ "A quick [PubMed](_URL_0_) search for these drugs brings up a vast amount of peer-reviewed papers, some of which are free even if you are not at a University with access. The short answer is that even though these early compounds were effective, the side effects were astronomical. We've moved towards more specific compounds that have better efficacy with less side effects. For salvarsan, that was one of the pioneering discoveries in Pharmacology since Ehrlich and colleagues tinkered with the molecule in a systematic way until they developed a better drug. Since then, our capabilities of altering chemical structures have grown rapidly." ]

[ "It hosts the naval base that hosts their black sea/Mediterranean fleet which is pretty strategically important. That would be the biggest reason by far." ]

[ "This CGP Grey video does a really good job of explaining it all. _URL_3_" ]

[ "Not all of the glucose produced in photosynthesis is used for respiration. Some is used to make cellulose, some to make starch. There's a lot of oxygen left over then." ]

[ "Rockets are complicated. Saturn V is a three-stage rocket with 7.8 Mlbs, 1.2 Mlbs, and 0.2 Mlbs thrust. All three stages are used to insert into earth orbit with a significant amount of fuel left over for injecting into a trans-lunar orbit. The SpaceX mars spacecraft is a two stage rocket with 29 to 31 Mlbs for the first stage and 7 Mlbs for the second stage. The second stage fuel is entirely used getting into earth orbit and then refilled in orbit before burning to get into a trans-martian orbit. Points to answer your question: * The first stage of the SpaceX rocket doesn't have less thrust, it has nearly 4x more. * The final stage injecting into lunar orbit for Saturn V had 0.2 Mlbs thrust, the final stage injecting into mars orbit for SpaceX has 7 Mlbs thrust. * The SpaceX rocket has significantly more efficient engines and denser fuel * The SpaceX rocket is refueling in orbit before going to Mars" ]

[ "The Turkic nation-states that exist today are Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. There are also the Crimean Tatars, Tatars in other parts of what is now Russia and eastern Europe, the Bashkirs in Bashkortostan (Russia), the Uighurs in Xinjiang (China), and some other smaller Turkic groups in places like the Caucasus. That covers a pretty massive geographical area so you might have to be more specific with your question. Regarding the Turks of Turkey and Azerbaijan (and also Turkmenistan, and also the Turkmen of the Arab world), their origin lies in the migration of the Oghuz, a Turkish tribe, mainly from the region north of Lake Aral (in modern Kazakhstan), into other parts of Central Asia (e.g. Transoxiana) and the Middle East. These migrations began in late 10th when the collapse of the Samanid state in Central Asia, an Iranian Sunni polity, created a political vacuum. If you're interested, here's a short academic encyclopedia entry on the subject: _URL_0_" ]

[ "on Antarctica, here are some previous posts to check out for previous responses: [Do we know or do we have any evidence of any Peoples or societies that existed on the Antarctic landmass before it got covered in ice?](_URL_1_) [Is it possible that the native inhabitants on the Tierra del Fuego peninsula explored or saw Antarctica before Europeans. Such as the Selknam](_URL_3_) [Was it ever possible for prehistoric humans to reach Antarctica?](_URL_2_) [History of... Antarctica.](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "Leptons are fundamental particles with a non-zero lepton number. Lepton number is a conserved quantity in a reaction. If neutrinos aren't considered leptons, then we wouldn't have conservation of lepton number, which helps determine which reactions are allowed or forbidden." ]

[ "The common methods? Nuclear pants *are* the common method. Neutron research facilities tend to be built at them. Another way is use a particle accelerator to create unstable nuclei that decay by neutron emission. The [Spallation Neutron Source](_URL_0_) collides protons into mercury to produce neutrons." ]

[ "That is only one definition of a species, and, by itself, it's not a good one. Plants of different species form hybrids rather readily, and the concept completely falls over when you look at asexual species. Ultimately the definition of what constitutes a species is fuzzy at best, and an absolute mess at worst. I remember a phylogenist saying that there was a case where people wanted to classify different parts of the same plant as different species. In most cases, formation of a viable hybrid is not, by itself, a good indication that two things are the same species. _URL_0_" ]

[ "Are you referring to American slavery? That is normally what folks on here are referring to. Be a little more specific please; if this is about America, I can tell you that the answer is \"no\" but only because Americans certainly knew that African slaves were \"human,\" or at the very least the law recognized they were human. What it really came down to was a question of degrees. For example, in some states, a person with even a drop of African blood was considered \"mulatto\" or \"black\" for the purposes of slave status. If you would like me to source this please message me back - I am currently on the road but will be home to my library this afternoon." ]

[ "Babies don't breathe at all during pregnancy. Instead, they get oxygen directly from the mother's blood via the placenta, and expel carbon dioxide the same way. In essence, they breathe using their mother's lungs. However, in the womb, babies will make breathing motions, pulling amniotic fluid into their lungs, which helps with proper development of the lungs. But no oxygen is obtained that way." ]

[ "The same reason you can walk through an airplane isle even though you are unable to move at hundreds of miles an hour (or fly). The same reason you are able to survive walking around outside even though the earth is spinning around at thousands of miles per hour. Ir more precisely, why you can swim in a pool even though that pool is spinning around the earth at thousands of miles an hour. The entire interior and the air of the car (or plane, or your place on earth) are all movin at the same speed. To the fly it makes no difference if the car is stopped or moving. It is sitting in a giant pool of air. All ot has to do is swim through that air." ]

[ "Humans also have larger lifespans than most mammals, which means they live to experience the detrimental effects of bad hygiene. E.g., your general dog that lives 12 to 15 years will never experience their teeth falling out from neglect compared to a human who's average lifespan runs to about 80 years. Other animals also do not drink things like soda or eat things like candy on a regular basis. As for other hygiene problems that may arise in humans, most mammals also have fur that protects from the elements in their environment. Imagine having fur to trap the oils of your skin so that you don't become dry and itchy in the winter. For other hygiene problems I cannot really answer. I am not a zoologist or any other certified official in any doctrine. I am just adding my two cents to why this is observed." ]

[ "Hi OP, this is a cultural question, so it would greatly assist anyone considering answering if you could specify which culture you're asking about. For example, the name of a cultural group / country / geographic region, plus a rough time period. Otherwise, this question is simply too broad, as it encompasses almost the entirety of human existence. Thanks! Also, it may be worth cross-posting the question to /r/AskAnthropology or /r/AskSocialScience for their insights on this subject." ]

[ "A large number of people use only cash, so an online service that draws from a bank account they don't have would be useless." ]

[ "A number of reasons. Looking true to life is not the best test of an artist. If you want something photorealistic you just get a photo. More to the point the point of art is not that it's technically difficult but that it produces something we find pleasing. Good art, like good music, doesn't have to be hard work. This is why rock and roll is more popular than freeform jazz or prog drum solos. The people you mention are truly unique individuals who painted works that look like nothing before or since except maybe \"someone trying to copy van Gough\" etc.. So they're unusual and rare and so there's a premium on that. They also in many cases moved on the artform and changed how we think about painting which isn't something which can be said of many people however technically brilliant. So there's an academic merit and interest. And then there's snobbery and money and the fact that rich people like to drop names people know." ]

[ "I would say that's incorrect from NPR. It's more that most nations have a traditional playing style e.g. Italy: deep defensive line and counter attacking, brazil: attacking with lots of flair, England are stereotyped as playing long balls up to a target man. Recently Spain have been defined by their possession based short passing tiki-taka game. You could vastly generalise by saying European teams are more defensive than South American teams but as football has globalised all the styles have kind of merged and styles have become less nation specific. Changes in style nowadays are more depend on the managers mentality rather than the origin of the team." ]

[ "I've always been fascinated by the wide variety of \"Fall of Rome\" arguments and how they're affected by historical perspective. I was wondering: **Does your historical specialty advocate a certain theory for the fall of the Roman Empire? or what's a unique argument for the fall of the Roman Empire that you've come across in your research?**" ]

[ "A babies head is too large to fit through the vaginal canal at birth. The head had two soft spots that allow the head to compress so it can squeeze through. The soft spots firm up after a month and a half or so." ]

[ "There are authors who claim the practice began during the colonial period as an early \"mens\"/ \"ladies\" designation for an illiterate populace (the sun and moon being popular symbols for the genders during those times). The book : *The Little Red Schoolhouse: A Sketchbook of Early American Education* has the following insert : \"The woodshed was often a lean-to attached to the schoolhouse, but the most accepted arrangement was to place it between the schoolhouse and the privy, with a fence separating the boys' entrance from the girls'. The ancient designation of privy doors was to saw into them a sun (for boys' toilet) and a moon (for girls' toilet).\"" ]

[ "As a tangent, if that's ok, why does English use Leonardo and Michelangelo but not Raffaello? Is it related to /u/CubicZircon's answer about when the name was imported?" ]

[ "Comic book writers at the time wanted the character's name to scream what he / she does - especially where a character appears in many different short stories that someone might pick one up for no apparent reason in the middle of the story. Rather than having to read through the first episodes to understand that \"Peter Parker\" has superpowers of a spider, if his name was just Spiderman, people will know that he's a man, and that he's got something to do with spiders without even knowing the story." ]

[ "It's engine was crap, but so was the stainless body which was impossible to keep clean, it was expensive, and slow. Basically, John DeLorean bit off FAR more than he could chew. The man was a dreamer with an inflated sense of self-worth, and attempted (when nobody else would, for good reason) to start a brand new car company with the first car being a radical mid-engined two seater that was neither fast nor ground-breaking in design. It had one selling point: it was unique looking, and that never sells cars for long. With skyrocketing costs, everybody involved lost their shirts." ]

[ "Really simple. Because the ticket sites can't afford the server power and high end technicians on something that only happens once in a blue moon." ]

[ "Isn't it usually the only other female that you have as much contact with as your actual mother? I mean you see her almost every day and she's still in a position of power. What I want to know is why after you say it that you become super embarrassed." ]

[ "Every time you make a copy of a cell, there is a chance for errors. For example when you photocopy a first print, it is pretty crisp and close to the original, but there are a few minor discrepencies. Now if you photocopy the copy, it gets more distorted, and so on until some letters get hard to read, it gets difficult to discern a comma from a period, etc. Add to this, that our cells have a thing called telomeres, which cap off the ends of our DNA. Think of it like the period at the end of a sentence. Well each time you make a copy, that period gets a little smaller, and smaller, until its gone and then your DNA can't copy properly anymore, because it doesn't know where to end. So your cells get confused about the information on those strands of DNA, like trying to read a page of a book with no periods at all!" ]

[ "Because they displace that weight with the sheer size of the hollowed out size of the ship. The volume of water moved by the hull matches the weight of the hull. Archimedes principle - _URL_0_" ]

[ "I'm not positive what you mean when you say \"deal with fog\". If you mean when coming into port then they would have used lighthouses just like today. If you mean dealing with fog while in open waters then one was was to use the sun during the day since you can usually still tell where it is in the sky even through heavy fog. This would give a navigator at the very least his east and west. Also they would use wind currents and their temperatures to tell north and south. The northern winds are going to be colder and the southern winds are warmer (assuming they are in the northern hemisphere). I hope this helps a little bit to answer your question." ]

[ "The [vagus nerve](_URL_0_) can cause that 'sinking' feeling in your stomach, chest, and even throat. It has a lot to do with stress and anxiety." ]

[ "Hey, I made a quick [video](_URL_4_) to answer your video! If you don't want to watch the video here's what I run over: - Sometimes our thoughts wander, leading us to a thought that we may see as sad or depressing! This can be done subconsciously and without us knowing! - Stimuli can affect our mood, for example: if you're lonely one evening that may lead to sadness! - We associate smells with memory, if you smell something that reminds you of the time you and your significant other argued or broke up, that will lead to sadness. This is also done subconsciously so we don't even know it happens! Hope that helps, also I hope you enjoyed the joke at the end of the video. Have a great day!" ]

[ "Depending on the state it could be fairly easy to impersonate a registered voter and vote in their place. But in actuality, voter fraud involving mistaken identity virtually never happens. I don't remember the exact number, but in my state the number of documented cases like this is in the single digits. The estimated cost of implementing measures to prevent it would cost hundreds of thousands of dollars per each instance. It is simply a solution for a problem that doesn't exist. We should be far more concerned with fraud in the area of tabulating and collecting the votes. If you're going to rig an election that's how you're going to do it, not by going to every precinct and recruiting armies of fake voters." ]

[ "They basically just keep track of how much energy they provided to the communal grid, and how much their customers drew from the communal grid. They can produce it at a certain price, and prove their customers drew that power out the other side, so it doesn't really matter where the specific electrons came from as long as they provided enough for their customers' use. Make sense?" ]

[ "Critics point to the emergence of a largely lawless Libya which is in the control of various militias. This had led to the state becoming a prime breeding ground for radical groups to base themselves out of as well as create a hub for the international trafficking of weapons." ]

[ "Greetings everyone. In the few minutes this sub has been up, it's attracting sub-standard responses. Just a reminder of a few of the rules: * no responses covering events/conditions post-1994, per this sub's \"20-year rule\" prohibiting discussion of current events * no anecdotes * no speculation OP: your question implies that you're asking about both *current* policy and historical reasons. If you want to pursue discussion on the former, do consider x-posting that question to another sub, e.g. /r/politics" ]

[ "There is one proposal that the impact may have triggered a period of intense volcanic activity in India (there was already some volcanic activity there, the idea is that the impact triggered a particularly intense episode), which might have had some effect on the future motion of the subcontinent. But there are no plates that abruptly changed direction or broke apart near the time of the impact." ]

[ "I suggest reading David Fromkin's A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East. Mr. Fromkin describes how and why the Allies, through the Sykes-Picot agreement, drew the lines of the Middle East. He also points to imperial ambitions and Europe's lack of understanding of the region's politics, religion, and culture. _URL_0_" ]

[ "Suits of Japanese armour became a fashionable gift for nobles to send each other but they were considered curios and would not have been worn on the battlefield. The portrait of Sir Neil O'Neill by John Michael Wright from the 1680's displays a suit of Japanese armour that O'Neill had been gifted." ]

[ "For the basics, I'd start with Nehemiah Levtzion's (older) Ancient Ghana and Mali. Susan Keech McIntosh has a paper reviewing developments since that book was published, \"Reconceptualizing Early Ghana\" (Canadian Journal of African Studies 42 (2008), 343\\-373). Susan McIntosh and Rodney McIntosh have a wide range of publications based on archeological work in the region. Some specifics \\- this was mostly a mixed agro\\-pastoral economy. Lots of farmers, artisans, and fishers as well as pastoralists and traders. People ate rice and millet, among other grains, and kept sheep, goats, cattle, and camels. The most famous art form of the region is probably the praise song, performed by the casted occupational group know as griots or jeliw. Variety of settlement patterns, including cities and nomadic pastoralism. Significant diversity of languages, religion, and economic strategies." ]

[ "The Placenta. It acts as a nutrient exchange between fetal blood and maternal blood so they don't need to mix at any point." ]

[ "Because breast milk is made of human fat and protein and formula is made of cows milk protein. That’s like saying why can’t we use peanut butter to make steak substitute? The protein is not engineered- it is natural - just not human." ]

[ "> Jacques, pronunced exactly like Jack, is a common male french given name that doesn't exist in english Isn't it [ʒak](_URL_0_), though?" ]

[ "\"Just about everyone here\" Where is \"here\" for you? It sounds like your question's premise is based on a small sample set based on personal observation. Before your question is addressed, you should be making sure the premise is valid..." ]

[ "You have some function f(x). It's basically a black box; you put some number x in, and it will do some math on it and spit out some number y. You can plot the answers on a graph if you like; that's how most people visualize functions. The domain of f(x) are all the possible values of x that you can put in and get a defined answer back. For a simple function like f(x) = 2x, the domain is all numbers. But if your function is something like f(x) = 1/x, if you put in x = 0 the answer is 1/0 which is undefined. For that reason, the domain of f(x) = 1/x is all numbers except zero. The range is all the possible defined answers you can get from the function. For a f(x) = 2x, the range is all numbers again, because every possible number *n* can be reached by performing the function on n/2. But for a function like f(x) = sin(x), the range is finite; no matter how many values of x you try, sin(x) will always be between -1 and 1." ]

[ "You can find the gravitational field as a function of distance from the center of the Earth [here](_URL_0_)." ]

[ "Think about your own body. How does everything move? All of your joints rotate, they do not slide in a linear motion. The size of your muscle determines the amount of linear force it can generate. But this alone doesn't dictate how much strength you will have for the motion. The other factor is the lever arm: where your tendon attaches to the bone to apply a rotational force. The greater the distance between the joint and where the tendon attaches, the more torque you generate for the same applied force. Taller people have a greater distance for these connections than shorter people, thus taller people are usually stronger. Other apes though have tendons that connect way away from the joint. This allows them to generate a lot of torque without a large muscle mass." ]

[ "There is a site, _URL_9_, that does an ELI5 for each xkcd strip. This particular strip is explained here: _URL_9_/wiki/index.php/1545:_Strengths_and_Weaknesses Your question isn't answered directly in the Wiki, but it does contain a link to the MCA (Most Common Ancestor) wiki article, here: _URL_11_" ]

[ "Night vision goggles have a few tricks up their sleeves. First of all, they use infrared light - infrared light are like colors of light that your eyes can't see - but they're around us all the time. This helps to see in the dark because there can be more infrared light around than visible, especially at night. Then they use extremely sensitive to light cameras - these cameras can take very little incoming light and make it very bright to the person wearing the goggles. And finally, if there isn't enough light available, you can actually turn on an infrared flashlight on your goggles. This infrared flashlight is invisible to the naked eye, but to your goggles, they're lighting up the room like a big bright flashlight. Now, if you have nightvision goggles and are spying on somebody, and they also have nightvision goggles, you don't want to turn on that flashlight, because then they'll see you." ]

[ "The stars you can see depend on your latitude (north-south), but not on your longitude (east-west) because the earth is constantly spinning around." ]

[ "This is currently being researched: [Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA](_URL_0_). As I understand it, the storage density is very high but it is very slow to preform reads/writes as compared to traditional hard drives. The authors of this article suggest that DNA storage could be used for archiving in the same way that tape drives are now. Eventually it may be used for commonplace storage, but right now that does not look practical." ]

[ "To give a really simple example.... Say you want to compress a text file that contains: \"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA\" Originally that file is 20 characters long. You can compress it by doing this instead: \"Ax20\" You've now reduced it to 4 characters with no loss of information. In reality, compression works similarly to this, it looks for patterns that can de described in a shorter way. For example it may take less space to say the word \"and\" appears at certain locations than to actually list the word again and again." ]

[ "In the medieval period, dragons were strongly associated with the devil and the heroes who killed them were usually saints. Since medieval people were pretty keen on stories about how the devil and his agents were constantly threatening mankind and being defeated by the forces of christianity, they had a lot of dragon stories." ]

[ "The American Midwest is a flat steppe that runs from the Artic of Northern Canada, to the deserts of Northern Mexico. The lack of natural barriers(mountains) for such a long stretch allows cold Artic air to mix with hot tropic air which creates the conditions necessary for tornadoes to form." ]

[ "Well, here's a slice of something I read not too long ago. Not a huge influence but: Yasuke (c. 1556-?) was a black (African) retainer who for a short time was in the service of the Japanese warlord Oda Nobunaga. The name \"Yasuke\" (彌介) was given to him after he took service with Nobunaga; his original name is not recorded. _URL_0_" ]

[ "They probably didn't. [Sweet potatoes, a south american crop, are found in Polynesia](_URL_0_), and [chicken, an Asian bird, is found in south america](_URL_1_), both pre-contact. Also, [Polynesia DNA is found in south america](_URL_2_)." ]

[ "Because we don't use weight to lift. We use a force. Chemical energy in our muscles is converted into a force that pushes up on the object being lifted. If the force we can exert is bigger than the force of gravity, the object will move." ]

[ "The orbit was chosen so that the things that needed to be done for ISS - both construction and servicing - were within the payload capabilities of the available vehicles. If it was in a higher orbit, the launch vehicles would be able to bring less payload to that orbit. How bit of an issue depends on the payload margins; the Falcon 9 has enough margin that it could reach a higher orbit with the same payload, but I'm not sure if that is true for the Russian Progress resupply, and it might not be true for Soyuz. It is also possible that the radiation environment is worse in a higher orbit." ]

[ "Most symptoms of an illness, such as fever and rash, are actually your body reacting to and fighting off the infection. Different people's bodies will react in different ways. It is also possible they they caught a different strain of the disease." ]

[ "E-mail works in a similar way to the post office. You write a message and hit send, it gets passed off and the address read to see where it goes. It gets sent to that location where the address gets read and sorted into the correct mail box. Multiple clients and multiple servers all over the world just like mail boxes and post offices. Instant messaging is multiple clients and one server. Think of it like inter office mail. Everyone gives their letters to Charlie in the mailroom and he brings it up to their office. Charlie already knows where Carol is, so he can bring her a letter quickly. If who you want to talk to doesnt work in your building, Charlie can't deliver a message." ]

[ "Yes, there are many examples. These are just a few: * Chimpanzees: [Ex. 1](_URL_2_), [Ex. 2](_URL_3_), [Ex. 3](_URL_0_); there are [many more](_URL_1_). * [Monkeys](_URL_6_) * Whales: [Ex. 1](_URL_5_), [Ex. 2](_URL_4_) * Birds: [Ex. 1](_URL_8_), [Ex. 2](_URL_7_)" ]

[ "While we have specialists in the field here, /r/AskAnthropology is more directly suited to questions of this sort, so I would suggest you X-post there!" ]

[ "Hydrogen has seven known isotopes. Two of them are stable (hydrogen-1 and deuterium). One of them (tritium) has a half-life of 12 years. The rest decay in a matter of zeptoseconds. Only the first three are relevant for fusion reactors." ]

[ "Suppose we are sneaking around at night. I can signal you to do something by blinking my flashlight, that is the basics of communication. Radio waves are the same sort of thing as visible light, just with a much larger wavelength. We can and do do the same sort of thing with UV light in television remotes, but we don't use it in the same way as radio because the longer wavelength of radio allows it to penetrate walls while visible and UV light cannot." ]

[ "The molecules have energy at the start. They are rotating, vibrating and moving around. There is a spread of energies and so some of the molecules will have enough to react. If the reaction adds enough thermal energy to the system, then more molecules with have enough to react i.e. a chain reaction. Thermodynamics: You're forming two very energetically stable products, water and nitrogen. So it turns out the reaction is favourable and has a fair amount of \"free energy\" associated with it. The reaction therefore increases the system temperature. Kinetics: Increased temperatures increase reaction rates. So the reaction gets faster as it occurs i.e. a chain reaction. If the reactions activation energy is low then this is even more pronounced." ]

[ "You're right to be confused. It is 100% wrong as depicted in the movie, and a lot of people of wondered about why they made such a grave error considering the rest of the movie was *somewhat* realistic. It is likely that the reason this happens in the movie is that it makes things more dramatic. Artistic license is a real thing, and directors often employ it for emotional or dramatic effect. It bugs us science types, but that is the world we live in!" ]

[ "It's a very tiny effect for the ISS, but since it is orbiting the Earth with some speed relative to the ground, a very small time dilation happens because of special relativity. Technically, when you are walking away from someone, you are also going a little bit slower than them, but it's all relative to the speed of light and doesn't become very significant until you are going multiple percent of the speed of light." ]

[ "Well i dont sleep good at night time very often, so when i get home from school i crash right away. Im guessing its just based on your body clock and what time you eat/go to sleep. Basically it just depends what your daily schedule is...." ]

[ "Yes, the aircraft will have insurance, and that insurance will cover the cost. It's really no different to if a car drives into a house and damages it. Source: I'm a pilot, all the aircraft I fly have insurance. If my work requires me to fly an aircraft that I'm not familiar with (or even if I am familiar with it), checking the insurance is valid is one of the things I do before I fly it." ]

[ "Need more detail! Was the pilots voice being played *through* the speakers? If so, are your headphones wireless? Or did the headphones not cancel out the noise like you thought they should? Edit-- * If playing through the speakers, your headphones are wireless and the signal sounded fine: digital comm problem (implausible) * If playing through the speakers and the signal sounded poor: Accidental induction, demodulation (maybe, but unlikely if this has not happened many times before) * If not cancelling: Noise cancelling is extremely hard to do perfectly. Most likely explanation: the pilot was talking loudly and you heard it because you were in the front row. Otherwise, we have a mystery on our hands." ]

[ "In prison, many, many people are unable to afford goods purchased through commissary. So, literally anything that you can get through it(snacks, paper, envelopes, writing utensils, hygiene products, etc) becomes a battering tool for those that have it." ]

[ "It's how poor students would pay teachers many years ago. Before schools were publicly funded, families had to pay for their kids to attend school. This resulted more in a barter system where kids of farmers would pay with apples or frequently potatoes." ]

[ "From my undergraduate-level understanding of physics and engineering, atmospheric pressure drops when it rains. When atmospheric pressure drops, your joints will swell because the fluid around them expands since the atmosphere isn't compressing it as much as it was before. Swollen joints are stiff and achy, at least in my experience. You can observe this pressure effect with a plastic water bottle in an airplane. Put a dent in it before takeoff. When you're at high altitude, the atmospheric pressure will be slightly lower (the cabin is pressurized, but not perfectly) so the ambient air won't be pushing on the bottle as much. The pressure inside the bottle now has less force to fight against and can then push the dent out, kind of like if you're pushing on a door and it suddenly gives and you go flying through. TL;DR Pressure differences cause joints to swell, which generally makes them achy." ]

[ "You are on the correct trail in researching Milankovitch cycles. The question of does it effect weather is really one of time-scales. The characteristic time scale of Axial precession (wobble) is 26,000 years so any effect on our 'weather' would be on similar time-scales. It is basically impossible for something which varies once every 26,000 years to effect weather which changes on a daily basis. Milankovitch cycles are relevant for climate-changes of 10,000s of years, but not weather." ]

[ "The Nicole Etcheson book was offered by the History Book Club when it first came out. It was the first serious historical work on the topic of Bleeding Kansas in thirty years, when it was published, back in 2004. Amazon still has a paper back edition for sale, but the History Book Club no longer stocks the hard cover edition. Robert McGlone \"John Brown's War Against Slavery\" was published in 2009, but it pays scant attention to John Brown's time in Kansas. That book focuses on the theological under pinning of his Abolitionism and the raid on Harpers Ferry." ]

[ "The way history class goes in Saudi Arabia is pretty much as follows: (We'll ignore the fact that much of the recent history glosses over some very important subjects) Grade 1-3: History of the Prophet Muhammad Grade 4-5: History of the Rashidun Khalifs (First 4 khalifs after the Prophet Muhammad) Grade 6-8: History of the Umayyad, Abbasid, Mamluk, and Ottoman dynasties, including their rise and falls. The first 3 or 4 crusades are in there somewhere. Grades 8-10: History of Saudi Arabia starting from the pact between the Saudi and AbdulWahab clans, up till the founding of the country. We don't study anything relating to WWI, WWII, or really anything post unification of Saudi Arabia in 1932. That's as far as it went for me since I majored in natural science in my last 2 years of high school. Arts majors continue to take history, but I've no idea what they study." ]

[ "Aluminium is naturally very reactive, but is often covered in a thin layer of passivating aluminium oxide that prevents the rest of the aluminium from reacting. Aluminium oxide is amphoteric, and thus easily soluble in alkaline or acidic solutions. The hot bicarb solution is alkaline, and dissloves the aluminium oxide, and allows the underlying aluminium to react with water into more aluminium oxide, that gets dissolved, and it repeats until the metal is entirely gone. The oxidizing aluminium, in turn, reduces the silver tarnish into silver when placed in contact with the aluminium. The strong smell is probably the silver sulfide (black silver tarnish) reducing into silver metal and hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotting eggs." ]

[ "\"One of the most common ingredients used was dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), which belongs to a class of materials known as quaternary ammonium compounds, or quats. This kind of ingredient is useful because part of the molecule has a positive charge that attracts and binds it to negatively charged fabric fibers. This charge interaction also helps disperse the electrical forces that are responsible for static cling.\" Read more: _URL_1_ Another great article: _URL_0_" ]

[ "Beer makes you piss, and piss has salt in it." ]

[ "I'm only speculating but it could be Pavlovian response. You've probably heard of Pavlov's dog where the scientist would ring a bell and then give the dog some food, repeat, repeat, repeat. Eventually the dog would associate the bell with food and begin salivating at the sound of the bell, whether there was any food there or not. When you pee there is the sound of liquid hitting liquid, you've been doing it for a long time, you have probably come to associate the two even if only subconsciously." ]