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The study "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators" by Professor John Ioannidis and his team at Stanford University USA, includes eight faculty professors from the University of Piraeus. This study lists the world's leading scientists based on the impact of their published work throughout their careers and includes the top 100,000 scientists worldwide from all scientific subjects, as well as 2% of the top scientists in their main subfield discipline. The evaluation was based on the impact of their research work and specifically on the reports, it has received according to the Scopus database. Scopus is the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature: scientific journals, books and conference proceedings. Delivering a comprehensive overview of the world's research output in the fields of science, technology, medicine, social sciences, and arts and humanities, Scopus features smart tools to track, analyze and visualize research. The 8 professors of the University of Piraeus included in the list are the following: Theodoridis Yannis Professor at the Department of Informatics, Director of the Data Science Lab. Maglogiannis Ilias Professor at the Department of Digital Systems and Director of the Computational Biomedicine Lab. Douligeris Christos Professor at the Department of Informatics, Director of the Network and Telecommunication Systems, Services and Security Lab. Gritzalis Stefanos Professor at the Department of Digital Systems and member of the Systems Security Lab. Vergados Dimitrios Professor at the Department of Informatics and Director of the Laboratory of Digital Culture, Smart Cities, IoT and Advanced Digital Technologies & Services. Virvou Maria Professor at the Department of Informatics, and Director of the Software Engineering Lab. Kanatas Athanasios Professor at the Department of Digital Systems and Director of the Telecommunication Systems Lab. Demestichas Panagiotis Professor at the Department of Digital Systems and Director of the Telecommunication Networks and integrated Services (TNS) lab. The Stanford team study is available here: https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000918

A prominent educator and patron of the arts, Henry Cole travelled in the elite, social circles of early Victorian England, and had the misfortune of having too many friends. During the holiday season of 1843, those friends were causing Cole much anxiety. The problem were their letters: An old custom in England, the Christmas and New Year’s letter had received a new impetus with the recent expansion of the British postal system and the introduction of the “Penny Post,” allowing the sender to send a letter or card anywhere in the country by affixing a penny stamp to the correspondence. Now, everybody was sending letters. Sir Cole—best remembered today as the founder of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London—was an enthusiastic supporter of the new postal system, and he enjoyed being the 1840s equivalent of an A-Lister, but he was a busy man. As he watched the stacks of unanswered correspondence he fretted over what to do. “In Victorian England, it was considered impolite not to answer mail,” says Ace Collins, author of Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. “He had to figure out a way to respond to all of these people.” Cole hit on an ingenious idea. He approached an artist friend, J.C. Horsley, and asked him to design an idea that Cole had sketched out in his mind. Cole then took Horsley’s illustration—a triptych showing a family at table celebrating the holiday flanked by images of people helping the poor—and had a thousand copies made by a London printer. The image was printed on a piece of stiff cardboard 5 1/8 x 3 1/4 inches in size. At the top of each was the salutation, “TO:_____” allowing Cole to personalize his responses, which included the generic greeting “A Merry Christmas and A Happy New Year To You.” It was the first Christmas card. Unlike many holiday traditions—can anyone really say who sent the first Christmas fruitcake?—we have a generally agreed upon name and date for the beginning of this one. But as with today’s brouhahas about Starbucks cups or “Happy Holidays” greetings, it was not without controversy. In their image of the family celebrating, Cole and Horsley had included several young children enjoying what appear to be glasses of wine along with their older siblings and parents. “At the time there was a big temperance movement in England,” Collins says. “So there were some that thought he was encouraging underage drinking.” The criticism was not enough to blunt what some in Cole’s circle immediately recognized as a good way to save time. Within a few years, several other prominent Victorians had simply copied his and Horsley’s creation and were sending them out at Christmas. While Cole and Horsley get the credit for the first, it took several decades for the Christmas card to really catch on, both in Great Britain and the United States. Once it did, it became an integral part of our holiday celebrations—even as the definition of “the holidays” became more expansive, and now includes not just Christmas and New Year’s, but Hanukkah, Kwanzaa and the Winter Solstice. Louis Prang, a Prussian immigrant with a print shop near Boston, is credited with creating the first Christmas card originating in the United States in 1875. It was very different from Cole and Horsley’s of 30 years prior, in that it didn’t even contain a Christmas or holiday image. The card was a painting of a flower, and it read “Merry Christmas.” This more artistic, subtle approach would categorize this first generation of American Christmas cards. “They were vivid, beautiful reproductions,” says Collins. “There were very few nativity scenes or depictions of holiday celebrations. You were typically looking at animals, nature, scenes that could have taken place in October or February.” Appreciation of the quality and the artistry of the cards grew in the late 1800s, spurred in part by competitions organized by card publishers, with cash prizes offered for the best designs. People soon collected Christmas cards like they would butterflies or coins, and the new crop each season were reviewed in newspapers, like books or films today. In 1894, prominent British arts writer Gleeson White devoted an entire issue of his influential magazine, The Studio, to a study of Christmas cards. While he found the varied designs interesting, he was not impressed by the written sentiments. “It’s obvious that for the sake of their literature no collection would be worth making,” he sniffed. (White’s comments are included as part of an online exhibit of Victorian Christmas cards from Indiana University’s Lilly Library) “In the manufacture of Victorian Christmas cards,” wrote George Buday in his 1968 book, The History of the Christmas Card, “we witness the emergence of a form of popular art, accommodated to the transitory conditions of society and its production methods.” The modern Christmas card industry arguably began in 1915, when a Kansas City-based fledgling postcard printing company started by Joyce Hall, later to be joined by his brothers Rollie and William, published its first holiday card. The Hall Brothers company (which, a decade later, change its name to Hallmark), soon adapted a new format for the cards—4 inches wide, 6 inches high, folded once, and inserted in an envelope. “They discovered that people didn’t have enough room to write everything they wanted to say on a post card,” says Steve Doyal, vice president of public affairs for Hallmark, “but they didn’t want to write a whole letter.” In this new “book” format—which remains the industry standard—colorful Christmas cards with red-suited Santas and brilliant stars of Bethlehem, and cheerful, if soon clichéd, messages inside, became enormously popular in the 1930s-1950s. As hunger for cards grew, Hallmark and its competitors reached out for new ideas to sell them. Commissioning famous artists to design them was one way: Hence, the creation of cards by Salvador Dali, Grandma Moses and Norman Rockwell, who designed a series of Christmas cards for Hallmark (the Rockwell cards are still reprinted every few years). (The Smithsonian’s Archives of American Art has a fascinating collection of more personal Christmas cards sent by artists including Alexander Calder.) The most popular Christmas card of all time, however, is a simple one. It’s an image of three cherubic angels, two of whom are bowed in prayer. The third peers out from the card with big, baby blue eyes, her halo slightly askew. “God bless you, keep you and love you…at Christmastime and always,” reads the sentiment. First published in 1977, that card—still part of Hallmark’s collection—has sold 34 million copies. The introduction, 53 years ago, of the first Christmas stamp by the U.S. Post Office perhaps speaks even more powerfully to the popularity of the Christmas card. It depicted a wreath, two candles and had the words “Christmas, 1962.” According to the Post Office, the department ordered the printing of 350 million of these 4-cent, green and white stamps. However, says Daniel Piazza, chief curator of philately for the Smithsonian’s National Postal Museum, “they underestimated the demand and ended up having to do a special printing.” But there was a problem. “They didn’t have enough of the right size paper,” Piazza says. Hence, the first printing of the new Christmas stamps came in sheets of 100. The second printing was in sheets of 90. (Although they are not rare, Piazza adds, the second printing-sheets of these stamps are collectibles today). Still, thanks to the round the clock efforts by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, a total of one billion copies of the 1962 Christmas stamp were printed and distributed by the end of the year. Today, much of the innovation in Christmas cards is found in smaller, niche publishers whose work is found in gift shops and paper stores. “These smaller publishers are bringing in a lot of new ideas,” says Peter Doherty, executive director of the Greeting Card Association, a Washington, D.C.-based trade group representing the card publishers. “You have elaborate pop up cards, video cards, audio cards, cards segmented to various audiences.” The sentiments, too, are different than the stock greetings of the past. “It’s not always the touchy-feely, ‘to you and yours on this festive, glorious occasion’ kind of prose,” says Doherty. “Those cards are still out there, but the newer publishers are writing in a language that is speaking to a younger generation.” Henry Cole’s first card was a convenient way for him to speak to his many friends and associates without having to draft long, personalized responses to each. Yet, there are also accounts of Cole selling at least some of the cards for a shilling apiece at his art gallery in London, possibly for charity. Maybe Sir Cole was not only a pioneer of the Christmas card, but prescient in his recognition of another aspect of our celebration of Christmas. It’s big business. More from Smithsonianmag.com:

The Unfilmable: What is Lovecraftian Cinema? By Desmond Reddick 27 November 2006 — In his 1927 canonical essay "Supernatural Horror in Literature," Howard Philips Lovecraft explained everything about his work in one sentence: "The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown." But, in a world where scary movies do their best to have monsters lick pretty young actresses' faces and send heroes out to kill sea creatures, where does Lovecraftian horror fit? While he may not necessarily be considered a father of modern fiction like Poe is, he is most certainly the weird uncle your parents would never leave you alone with. H.P. Lovecraft had a life shaped by tragedy, poverty, illness, racism and insanity. When he finally came to write prose he was already crafting dark stories of madness and unknown creatures lurking in the dark. Almost the entirety of Lovecraft's work can be summed up in the term "cosmic dread." His characters are out of place in the world and the world itself seems out of place. Dark things creep in the shadows making awful noises, and old gods drive cults to strange rituals. Often, his characters start out being the only sane people in the story and, of course, by the end they are either dead or very, very mad. This is the world Lovecraft saw in his dreams. With his most famous elder god, Cthulhu, and his most famous creation of all, the Necronomicon, there is no doubt of the awesome influence Lovecraft has had on the genres of fantasy, science fiction and, most of all, horror. His direct influence on young writers Robert Bloch (Psycho) and Robert E. Howard (Conan the Barbarian) as well as indirect influence on any number of rock bands and modern horror writers in undeniable. His stories have directly inspired some 65 films. Inspiration from Lovecraft is seen in countless other films like the Evil Dead trilogy, Slither, the Alien quadrilogy. But, have any of them really ever captured the same emotion his prose elicits? Furthermore, what constitutes "Lovecraftian" cinema? Lovecraft opens "The Call of Cthulhu," one of his most famous stories, with the following: "The most merciful thing in the world, I think, is the inability of the human mind to correlate all its contents. We live on a placid island of ignorance in the midst of black seas of infinity, and it was not meant that we should voyage far. The sciences, each straining in its own direction, have hitherto harmed us little; but some day the piecing together of dissociated knowledge will open up such terrifying vistas of reality, and of our frightful position therein, that we shall either go mad from the revelation or flee from the light into the peace and safety of a new dark age." This is the central tenet to Lovecraft's horror and, seemingly, his philosophy. Ignorance is bliss and, as human beings, we are insignificant. There is a higher power but to think that it created us in its image is foolish. When we finally discover that higher power we are doomed. Cheery bloke, isn't he? There, in my mind, is only one film which comes close to accomplishing that outlook: In the Mouth of Madness. In fact, John Carpenter's entire Apocalypse trilogy (which includes The Thing and Prince of Darkness) fits the bill. All three films deal with otherworldly threats and the "terrifying vistas of reality" their characters experience. In the Mouth of Madness, in particular, uses various Lovecraftian tropes throughout. There is a very dangerous book driving people to madness and murder, a New England town populated by weirdoes and cultists, and otherworldly monsters threatening dominion over earth. Of course, it's not the only film to use these, but it is in the way that it uses them that sets this film apart. In it, Sam Neill plays an insurance adjuster looking into the disappearance of mysterious writer, Sutter Cane. Sutter Cane, an obvious Stephen King analogue has disappeared with his new novel and his publisher wants that novel. It turns out that Neill, along with the publisher's assistant, end up in what they thought was the fictional town of Hobb's End. Shenanigans ensue — Lovecraftian shenanigans. It captures the madness and other films in the trilogy capture the despair and hopelessness of Lovecraft's writing. These three films do Lovecraft better than just about any other. There are, however, a few Lovecraft adaptations that I will recommend. But bear in mind that these (unless otherwise noted) are more recommendations of horror films and not Lovecraft adaptations. The Call of Cthulhu was made by members of the H.P. Lovecraft Historical Society. This 45-minute silent black and white film is the most accurate adaptation of a Lovecraft story. The intent was to create the film had it been adapted from Lovecraft's work when it was published in 1926. Incidentally, Lovecraft considered film crude and artless in his time. The Haunted Palace, based on The Case of Charles Dexter Ward, was misleadingly titled on American release as Edgar Allan Poe's The Haunted Palace. Lovecraft was a Poe fan, he would have liked that. Not really a good movie, but I'm a whore for Vincent Price. Stuart Gordon's films, although they often play Lovecraft's stories as gory comedies, are fun in varying degrees. His first in a long list of Lovecraft adaptations, Re-Animator, happens to be one of my favourite films and film series. Jeffrey Combs plays the self-righteous modern Frankenstein whose mysterious green goo reanimates the dead into savage monstrous zombies. From Beyond quickly followed and essentially used Lovecraft's story of the same name as its title sequence. What follows is an orgy of crazy monsters, weird sex and fluorescent colors. It's currently being restored and re-edited for release on DVD. Castle Freak gets the same criticism everywhere: too much castle and not enough freak. Taken from "The Outsider," it depicts some of the most unnerving scenes put to film, things Lovecraft surely never imagined. It holds a special place in my heart for reasons I'll discuss later. Dagon adapts not so much "Dagon" but one of my favorite stories, "Shadows over Innsmouth." Weird townsfolk, fish people, mermaids and horror's greatest chase scene await lovers of fun horror. It's not easy to find on DVD, but it's worth the viewing. Gordon's last Lovecraftian effort is one of the better episodes of Masters of Horror's first season, "H.P. Lovecraft's Dreams in the Witch-House." It is a little silly and tries to jam way too much into 50 minutes (hallucinations, witchcraft, string theory, a talking rat) but still manages to unnerve. Gordon's films suffer from what all Lovecraft adaptations, and many horror films, suffer from: they show too much. Lovecraft is famous for describing ad nauseum, but when it came to monsters, he let the reader's imagination take over. A scenario you will often find in his writing goes something like this: I opened the creaking door and entered the dark room. I could hear deep breathing coming from the corners of the dark room. The match caught easily when scratched against the door frame. Lighting the lantern with ease, I rose it into the darkened abyss and beheld something so horrific I could not begin to describe it. It may be obnoxious at times but it is part of his charm. I would love to see a film use this aesthetic, but I fear that in this age of wanton gore it would be almost universally panned. Now that this week's article is coming to a close I would like to make known what may be the most important thing I ever say. Something so profound I fear that humanity is not prepared to hear it. A phrase so horrific that I cannot begin to type it...

TEXTUAL VIOLENCE & THE WORKSHOP: RESPONDING TO DIFFICULT POETRY BY WOMEN Kristina Marie Darling Mar 01, 2018 As a student, I was obedient. I rarely questioned anyone who spoke with the least bit of authority. Yet the whole time, I remember an unease blossoming beneath my skin. Its petals unfurling one by one as the pages of my manuscript were turned by my classmates. I cannot seem to enter the text. The text isn’t granting me access. Why can’t I enter the text. At the time of the critique, I had been keenly interested in exploring textual difficulty as a feminist gesture. By then twenty-eight years old, I spent several years bouncing back and forth between various low-residency MFA programs, artist colonies, and noncredit workshops, searching for a sense of artistic community. No matter what landscape, building, or campus, I remained deeply disturbed by one thing: the difficult text was almost always spoken about as though it were a female body, and as though the primarily male readers in the room were entitled to "access” it. This mindset – the belief that every artistic work should yield to the hand of a reader who attends closely enough to syntax, his pocket Lacan dictionary at arm’s reach – was, in my estimation, deeply symptomatic. In recent years, the reading act has ceased to be an exercise in humility, but has instead been transfigured into a visible wielding of mastery, a desire to dominate and colonize. As Teresa D. Lauretis observes in her recent study of gender and reading practices, “French feminism goes as far as to consider the act of interpretation a patriarchal enterprise, the goal of which is to achieve power or mastery over a given text. In this theoretical schema, the text is identified with femininity, and interpretation becomes a way of arresting the free play of meaning analogous to the way patriarchy contains women and women’s sexuality.” In so many of these classroom discussions, the text is made to stand in for the female body, and all the violence that is suffered by female bodies, here, is done again through language, through interpretation, and through the orders of power that undergird the settings in which this feedback is given. Of course, many of the poems I submitted for the requisite critiques intentionally violated readerly expectations. I reacted against the abiding belief that as a younger female writer, I was expected to give a certain amount of emotion, not more, not less. In her book The End of the Sentimental Journey, Sarah Vap describes the fraught relationship between the reading act and what she calls “a payoff.” According to Vap, readers need a text to be “just easy enough.” That is, readers generally like to feel as though the text has given into them, but also, they like to feel that they’ve worked for it. She situates textual difficulty and easiness on a spectrum, asking the reader to find the sweet spot. Certainly, Vap calls our attention to the similarities in how textual bodies and physical bodies are constructed in language. The challenge to us as her audience, then, was to exist beyond or outside of this conversation. To forge a new vocabulary, a new syntax, a lexicon that’s more hospitable to innovation by women. For me, this feminist utopia had already become a republic of one. We tend to forget that the workshop model of creative writing instruction is predicated on disenfranchisement. We watch as others attempt to gain visible mastery over our voices, our aesthetic predilections, our lives in language, and in most pedagogical settings, we are not allowed to interject. For individuals who come from a demographic in society that has been silenced, denied, or disempowered in some way, the workshop model often appears as yet another manifestation of power and violence. The only good writer in a workshop is a dead writer. You are a dead writer starting NOW… In a recent essay, Viet Thanh Ngugen notes that “Literature and power cannot be separated. American literature is read around the world not only because of its inherent value, but because the rest of the world always reads the literature of empires.” The workshop model of instruction often functions as an extension of empire, facilitated by those who have vested stakes in the current orders of power. Yes, of course, graduate students need to learn how to receive constructive feedback gracefully, to listen, and speak only when it is their turn. But the usual workshop pedagogy affects different types of artistic practitioners in dissimilar, often incommensurable, ways. It is perhaps most problematic for a writer working outside of legible and familiar forms, attempting to effect social change through very foundations of society: language itself. As an experimental feminist practitioner, I often felt as though I were staring the status quo in the face during my class critiques. After all, nearly ninety percent of full-time faculty in such settings are white, and well over seventy percent are white men. WORKSHOP VIOLENCE: A PARTIAL ARCHIVE “The speaker of the poem is not a likeable girl.” “No. You have to understand. Kristina chose this found language and the fact that she chose it, well, this says something about her.” “Kristina’s poems are an insult to her accomplished collaborator’s intelligence.” “I don’t understand why Kristina writes in broken forms. Maybe this means she was the victim of sexual violence at some point.” “Writing a feminist response to Shakespeare is elitist. And classist. I mean, you have to have gone to a college and read Hamlet to get the poem.” “I think the poem is about…” In my nearly ten years in graduate school, what disturbed me most about workshops were the moments in which the writing served as merely vehicle, a vast storehouse of language from which men (and sometimes women) could craft pickup lines. Textual and bodily conquest were indelibly linked for many aspiring and mid-career practitioners. A recent survey found that 38% of female respondents in graduate programs have been sexually harassed by men in a position of authority over their academics. The percentage that includes harassment by male peers is much larger. I haven’t heard from you in a couple of months, Kristina. Now tell me whether or not you’ve had sex with him. I enrolled in my first workshop because I aspired to better journal publications. Instead, I was surveilled by male poets via the internet, and by their departmental secretaries when they did not have time to surveille me themselves. I witnessed frustrated desire exorcised onto my poems, which in turn became sites of various male poets’ catharsis. My poems also served as a mere opportunity for various abuses of power. You and I should work on a collaboration, Kristina. I think a good first step would be you buying a plane ticket and flying here to have sex with me. When I mentioned this exchange to my friend, she looked at me and said, “You are clearly just the girl in this batch of girls. Next year there will be a fresh batch.” In late 2012, I was the victim of an attempted assault by my instructor’s colleague. He switched my drink at a party, but I wouldn’t drink it. In the months that followed, I changed my phone number. Still, he sent me the most terrifying things in the mail. Needless to say, my writing workshopmates were bludgeoned with angry story after angry story, all of them about young women who looked like me, and who were eventually found dead in the woods. The class critiques quickly turned into a trial, and my ability as the star witness was called into question: The language is not compelling when you write about the violence men have done to you. I don’t understand why you would have chosen that dress at all. No, no, this work is not on the same level as your poems to him about love. When violence could no longer be enacted on my physical body, the text was again proffered as a substitute, standing in as the object of male aggression. With that said, I never took my evals. I did not want an institutional record of my trauma because I did not want to see it redacted, written over, or erased.

Mesquite, Nv. Tonight, the Virgin Valley Water Board (VVWB) voted to spend $45,000 on a water study that violates Nevada water policy in an apparent act of legislative defiance. And they voted to ignore input from the City of Mesquite, which sets the water board’s primary water demand. On June 9, 2017, Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval, R, signed into law Senate Bill 47 (NRS 533.024). That legislation required the State Water Engineer to prepare a “water budget” for groundwater and manage that water source “conjunctively” with surface water. According to King, conjunctively also includes effluent. The City of Mesquite manages effluent. In 2019, Governor Steve Sisolak, D, signed into Law, SB150 requiring a county or city government to develop a water resource plan that contains an analysis of existing water demand in the community. Further, SB150 requires these branches of government to identify “all known sources of surface water, groundwater, and effluent that are physically and legally available for use in the community” and no longer rely on single-source studies like the perennial analysis. SB150 does allow a local water district to conduct the planning for the community. Still, that requires at least an attempt at understanding actual water availability as defined by, in this case, the city and doing so in a manner approved by the legislature. That is not what the VVWB wants to do. Instead, they want to ignore relying on the Nevada Water Engineer to perform a conjunctive study (which includes a perennial analysis) and disregard input from the City of Mesquite. And give away $45,000 to Glorieta Geosciences (Glorieta) to: - In phase 1, review literature and records reviews of previous perennial yield on the local basin 222 for $45,000, and, - In phase 2, find a methodology to calculate a perennial yield and do other things on basin 222 at a future unidentified cost. A literature review should be the responsibility of the Water District hydrologist, Aaron Bunker. Any sophomore college student can do a literature review. Indeed, at the meeting, the Board received a detailed source list of 42 studies on their Basin from 1969 to date that Bunker could review and republish as his own. And at no cost to the ratepayers. Finding the perennial yield calculation is as simple as looking up formulas from the Desert Research Institute. [i] Or Bunker could review the 2010 United States Geological Survey (USGS) “Conceptual Model of the Great Basin Carbonate and Alluvial Aquifer Systems.’ The Model included Colorado System Virgin River Valley Subarea 222, which suggested that the Discharge from that Basin exceeded 5,000 AFA over the recharge. Here is the real story. The VVWB wants to control the information that comes from a contractor rather than have objective information and studies performed by the legislated authority that would reveal two things: - The VVWB is pumping water above the perennial yield on basin 222, and - The VVWB is relying on certificates and permits to use water above what is available in Basin 222. In 1969, Glancy and Van Denburgh for the Department of Interior-United States Geological Survey (USGS), published a water appraisal of the Lower Virgin River Valley (recon report 51). Based upon that report, the Water Engineer for the Nevada Division of Water Resources set the system (all source) yield on Basin 222 at 100,000 Acre Feet Yearly (AFY). [ii] On August 18, 1980, William J. Newman, the Nevada Water Engineer, designated Basin 222 (order 753) under NRS 534.110 as a critical management area in which groundwater continually exceeded the perennial yield of the Basin and closed it to further permitting. On May 14, 2020, the paper water activity[iii] on Basin 222 exceeded the system yield by 94,527.29 Acre Feet Annually (AFA) over the Basin’s capacity. On March 14, 2017, former Nevada Water Engineer Jason King addressed Nevada’s legislative Committee on Natural Resources, Agriculture, and Mining. He said: “It is the general policy of the State Engineer to limit groundwater withdrawals from a basin to the average annual recharge to the groundwater basin or its perennial yield.” The Water Engineer set the underground perennial yield at 3,600 AFA. On paper, [iv]the total perennial yield exceeds its authorized rate by 21,893.81 AFA. Of that, 20,159.48 AFA (92.08 %) reflects the activity of the VVWB. The Water Engineer set the underground manner of use above the perennial yield at 12,547.95 AFY. That activity exceeds Basin 222s total manner of use by 12,945.86 AFA. Of that, 11,211.53 AFA (86.60 % is from the Virgin Valley Water District. In 2010 the USGS issued the “Conceptual Model of the Great Basin Carbonate and Alluvial Aquifer Systems.’ The Model included Colorado System Virgin River Valley Subarea 222, which suggested that the Discharge from that Basin exceeded 5,000 AFA over the recharge. In December 2011, during a Virgin Valley Water District Board of Directors meeting, then-President Karl Gustaveson called upon Forsgren Associations, Inc., to discuss an Integrated Water Resource Management Plan for Basin 222. The plan called for a coalition of all Basin stakeholders to determine how much water is available in the aquifer. The Board coupled the Forsgren concept with a USGS proposal by then VVWB General Manager Ken Rock to perform a “Hydrologic Evaluation of the Lower Virgin River Basin (221, and 222), Clark and Lincoln Counties, Nevada, and Parts of Washington County Utah and Mohave County, Arizona.” Vote. The Lower Virgin River Basin is part of the Lower Colorado River Basin. In 2012, Rock proposed an Integrated Water Resources Management Plan for Water Basin 222. The purpose: “to make sure we had affordable, reliable water for the future.” Virgin Valley Water Board members Sandra Ramaker and Karl Gustafson voted for the study. The majority turned it down. In 2015 Former Nevada Water Engineer Jason King told a Desert Valley Times reporter when asked about the amount of water in the local aquifer, “I’m not sure how much water is in the aquifer now; I couldn’t even estimate how much is there.” In the same article, the District’s hydrologist said: “It would take extensive work to figure out how much water is in the aquifer. On March 14, 2017, King told Nevada’s legislative Committee on Natural Resources, Agriculture, and Mining that: “It is the general policy of the State Engineer to limit groundwater withdrawals from a basin to the average annual recharge to the groundwater basin or its perennial yield.” In response to a question about perennial yield included in reconnaissance reports, King said: “. . . Based on reconnaissance reports that the United States Geological Survey (USGS) performed in the 1950s, 1960s, and I believe most of them were done in the 1970s. I would tell you that although they are old, we found them, by and large, to be very good and to be accurate.” He continued: “We have many of those basins throughout the state where we have real live pump tests over time where we can see that those recon reports, for the most part, are good estimates of how much water is there. We have had some busts that have been identified, and we have updated many of those estimates over the past 20 years. We are always looking to update them with the latest and greatest science. I still believe that those old reports provide great value to us.” On May 4, 2017, King addressed The Nevada Legislative Assembly Committee on Natural Resources, agriculture, and Mining, which was considering an improvement to water management in the state. He said: “I think the conjunctive management Act supports the fact that Nevada should holistically manage and use all of its water resources: groundwater, surface water, and effluent. [v] On July 25, 2017, Timber Weiss, a water resource specialist for the Nevada Department Division of Conservation and Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, warned the Water Board that the perennial yield from local Basin 222 is only 3,600 Acre Feet Annually (AFA). The board ignored the warning. Here is what they fear: During tonight’s meeting, Bunker referred to a June 15 State Water Engineer order (1309), which lowered the Lower White River Flow System (LWRFS) [vi] from 30,630 AFA to 8,000 Acre Feet Annually (AFA) following their perennial yield study. The 8,000 AFA is slightly above the 7,100 AFA perennial yield of the LWRFS. Increasing their concern, Bunker referred to October 7, 2020 (Order #1316 to determine the perennial Yield of Dry Valley located in Northern Nevada. Following Bunker’s comments, Board member John Burrows asked if such studies might result in a reduction of water. Bunker did not know. Burrows motioned to approve spending $45,000 for their own Glorieta Geosciences (Glorieta) study. It passed five to zero. [i] in 1969 George B. Maxey, for the Center for Water Resources, Desert Research Institute, outlined methodologies for Colorado river Desert Basin Hydrology studies. [ii] Hydrographic Area 222 Summary, Virgin River Valley, Colorado River Basin. [iii] Hydrological abstract 222. [v] Nevada’s legislative Committee on Natural Resources, Agriculture, and Mining (Pg. 16 of the testimony). [vi] That order reduced water rights in the Kane Springs Valley 206, Coyote Springs Valley 210, Black Mountains Area 215, Garnet Valley 216, Hidden Valley 217, California Wash 218, Muddy River Springs Area 219.

Saludos toddos, and welcome to our final book review for the semester and for the year! We are continuing our December themes this week with one last review on winter holidays. Our book for this week is La Noche Buena, A Christmas Story, written by Antonio Sacre and illustrated by Angela Dominguez. Sacre is a new name here on our blog, but I have already reviewed several books illustrated by Dominguez, including Mango, Abuela and Me, which won Dominguez the 2016 Pura Belpré Illustrator Honor Book, and Maria Had a Little Llama/ María tenía una llamita. La Noche Buena is a heartwarming story about a young girl who travels from her New England home down to Miami to spend Christmas and Christmas Eve with her Cuban relatives. It is her first time traveling to Miami for the winter holidays, and at first the warmth and humidity seem strange at this time of year: “How will Santa land his sleigh in the heat?” The unnamed, female protagonist’s parents are divorced and it is her Cuban father’s turn to have her for the holidays. The fact that the protagonist is unnamed helps readers identify with her, and her position as a child of divorced parents is an important perspective for children to witness and experience through literature. Divorce is such a common occurrence, but it is still a difficult experience for children. As young readers watch the protagonist transition between two parents, two cultures, two languages, they will witness how strong and resilient she is, a positive example for children going through similar struggles. Buenos días a todas y todos, The Vamos a Leer theme for this month, as written in Keira’s Sobre Deciembre post, is focused on winter celebrations. I was eager to explore children’s and YA literature around this topic in hopes of finding books that are reflective of the diverse familial celebrations, religious and spiritual practices, and cultural traditions throughout Latin America. However, it would be disingenuous to state that this eagerness remained after learning the outcome of the election. Rather, like many others, I began to reflect on the multiple uncertainties that our communities face. More specifically, what will the future hold for those that are from other countries and living in the United States? With everything that I read being filtered through this lens, I decided it was best to reframe the theme a bit. Saludos todos! I hope everyone had a nice and relaxing Thanksgiving break! This week we’re continuing with our November themes of food and the cultural importance of food while also transitioning into our brief December focus on winter celebrations. We’ve spent November highlighting the importance of food in cultural celebrations and rituals as well as community environments, which has been a nice way for us to bridge the celebrations of late October and early November such as Day of the Dead, late November celebrations such as Thanksgiving, and December celebrations such as Christmas and Las Posadas. Our book for this week, Miracle on 133rd Street, written by Sonia Manzano and illustrated by Marjorie Priceman, focuses on the frantic energy of the yuletide season, as a family tries to find space for their holiday roast. The oven is too small in the family’s tiny, New York City apartment, forcing them to journey through the halls of their apartment complex, seeking help from their diverse neighbors, all of whom are also anticipating and preparing for their own holiday celebrations. The plot of finding space for the holiday roast is what drives the story showing how food facilitates community and brings people together. Food is at the crux of this exciting and endearing plot, as it is for many of us celebrating the holidays. Saludos todos and welcome to the start of our November-themed book reviews! Our themes for this month will focus on food and the cultural importance of food, topics that seem to fit well with the harvest season that is upon us and the subsequent winter holidays for which food plays such a significant role. Along with traditional practices, food is an important cultural element that can awaken the senses, harken back to fond memories and seasonal associations, and bring people together though collection, preparation, and shared enjoyment. Our book to start this exploration is The Cazuela that the Farm Maiden Stirred, written by Samantha R. Vamos and illustrated by Rafael López. This fun and engaging book tells the story of a young farm maiden who, by enlisting the help of various farm animals and the farmer boy, makes a steamy, delicious pot of arroz con leche. The book has a lively, festive tone and the cooking process is described as a fun, unifying celebration, emphasizing the cultural and communal importance of food. In preparing the arroz con leche, everyone at the farm, including the anthropomorphized animals, must do their part and contribute. This not only exemplifies good team work, but also shows how everyone has a valuable skill or asset to contribute. Saludos todos! As we continue our October themes of death, grief and loss, this week I will be reviewing The Spirit of Tío Fernando, a Day of the Dead Story/ El espíritu de tío Fernando, Una historia del Día de los Muertos, written by Janice Levy, illustrated by Morella Fuenmayor, and translated into Spanish by Teresa Mlawer. Although this year we’ve tried to expand our October themes to focus on the general concept of death, and not just as it relates to specific holidays, I felt it appropriate to feature at least one book on Day of the Dead. Since Day of the Dead is a celebration and cultural ritual that we’ve worked on extensively here on the blog, we wanted to expand our themes a bit this year; however, there is a reason that we’ve worked so extensively on Day of the Dead, and I find it nearly impossible to talk about the concept of death in Latin America without mentioning this beautiful holiday. Moreover, this particular story does a nice job of exposing readers to the various elements and practices of the holiday as it is celebrated in Mexico, while centering primarily on the young, male protagonist’s experience with death and grief. Saludos todos! This week we will be reviewing a book that has recently come out and was a finalist for the International Latino Book Awards in both the category of “Best Educational Children’s Picture Book—English” and “Most Inspirational Children’s Picture Book—English.” My Abuela is Sick, written by Jennifer Bisignano and illustrated by Gaston Hauviller, tells the story of a young, female protagonist who confronts the reality of her ailing, dying grandmother, which is likely also her first encounter with death. Keeping in line with our themes for the month, this book is especially useful for young children to begin discussing and conceptualizing death, and for those already struggling with these experiences, to find solace in the shared experience of a relatable protagonist. The book may also aid teachers looking for resources to help their students through difficult times. Saludos todos and welcome to our first October book review! As in the past several years, we’re using the month of October to reflect on the many ways in which death is honored, acknowledged, and remembered in different Latin American countries. Our monthly focus is prompted in part by the upcoming Día de los Muertos, but also more broadly by the seasonal shift into autumn – a time of transition and change. Last year we used this opportunity to feature books that discussed Día de los Muertos celebrations and cautionary legends such as those about La Llorona. This year, however, we have decided to expand these themes to focus more loosely on death as a general concept — the experience of love and loss, the process of grief and healing, and, particularly, the ways in which educators can help students through these tough moments. This month our books will feature protagonists who experience grief, and identify books that explore the concept of death in different cultures. This last theme is the focus of today’s book, Light Foot/ Pies ligeros. Saludos todos! Our book for this week is Portraits of Hispanic American Heroes, written by Juan Felipe Herrera and illustrated by Raúl Colón (the same illustrator from last week’s book, Tomás and the Library Lady). Portraits of Hispanic American Heroes won the Pura Belpré Honor Book award for narrative in 2015, and perfectly embodies this month’s endeavor of honoring exceptional Latinos in children’s literature, as well as in society as a whole. Each chapter of this wonderful compilation of portraits narrates the life and work of a Latinx hero, ranging from iconic activists such as Dolores Huerta and César Chávez, to trail-blazing intellectuals such as Sonia Sotomayor and Tomás Rivera, to some of my own personal idols, such as contemporary singer Joan Baez and 1920s author Julia de Burgos. Saludos, todos! Welcome to our last book review of the year. This week I will be reviewing Feliz Navidad, written by José Feliciano and illustrated by David Diaz, to wrap up this month’s holiday themes. This book is written in both Spanish and English and is best for ages 3-7. However, with a sing-song rhythm and dramatic illustrations, it could brighten any home or classroom. The book begins with a two-page introduction describing the Puerto Rican holiday tradition of parranda. Parranda is a yuletide tradition where carolers, or parranderos, go from house to house singing classic holiday songs called aguinaldos. The first neighbor to receive a visit invites the carolers in for singing, dancing, and food. From there, the party of carolers grows and the group continues to other houses in the neighborhood. At the final house, there is a big party where everyone gets together to celebrate family, friends, and the holiday season. According to the book’s introduction, “This feast unites families, friends, and neighbors for a magical celebration during the Christmas season.” For those of you who read last week’s book review, the tradition of parranda may remind you a bit of las posadas, a Mexican tradition where a group of people go from house to house asking for food and warmth in a reenactment of Mary and Joseph’s journey to Bethlehem. Parranda, however, is a unique Christmas tradition celebrated on the tropical island of Puerto Rico, as well as other Caribbean islands, such as Cuba. Continue reading ¡Feliz viernes a todos! Here we are, already in December! This semester just flew right by. Before delving into winter celebrations in Latin America, I just want to quickly extend gratitude to everyone reading, whether you are here for the first time or have been following my posts this entire semester. Thank you for your readership, especially during the busy holiday season that is now upon us (Ahh!). In the past, we have focused our December posts mostly on Las Posadas (you can find a number of our past Las Posadas posts here). This year, I am including a musical playlist to offer both a complement to our presentations of Las Posadas and also a broader view of winter celebrations in Latin America. I have a couple links to feature here that can be used in the classroom or for your own personal knowledge to aid in creating a culturally informed holiday discussion and celebration in your classroom. The first feature is a very diverse musical playlist, which includes music from Spain, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and the United States. Feliz Navidad from Smithsonian Folkways adds rhythm to the celebration of the holidays throughout the Spanish-speaking countries of the world! Incorporating villancicos, aguinaldos, bulerias, zambas, and arrullos, this is truly a musical voyage through Christmas celebrations in Latin America. To take it a step further, I am featuring another link to a musical map, which is a great way to illustrate where each different rhythm originates. This world map is overlaid with the contents of the music from the first playlist, and in addition, playlists that collect music from holiday celebrations in other parts of the world (mainly, Africa and Eastern Europe, with various other locations, as well). Continue reading

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Reimagining home in epic terms In her first work of literature, House of the Executioner: Tales from the Golden Age (A hóhér háza, Történetek az Aranykorból – regény), the distinguished theatre critic Andrea Tompa (b. 1971) sets her sights on the grand epic. Born in Cluj-Napoca, Romania—that cultural-economic center of Transylvania which Hungarians (including the city’s sizeable population thereof) know as Kolozsvár—Tompa devotes her first work of fiction to reimagining her hometown. Not even while Romania was led by the dictator Nicolae Ceauºescu did this colorful city lose its luster, and this book’s smart, cultured narrators thoroughly scan the spaces of “inner freedom” that lurked within the country’s otherwise constricting, dictatorial atmosphere. The book comprises thirty-eight chapters and as many different sentences that feel like novels in and of themselves; that is to say, Tompa adopts the style of Thomas Bernhard aptly, telling her story by way of musically structured colossal sentences and epic fugues. Each and every sentence goes practically to the limit of breathing itself, of what is possible to express. The novel’s other virtue, alongside its meticulously crafted language and its richly detailed, informative story is its theatrical nature, its vivid immortalization of dramatic situations. In the theater of memory, every city is made up both of stages and behind-the-scenes places—comprising a fiction that seeks to trace the elusive trails by which we remember the past.Download contents in PDF!

I was at a loss last weekend in terms of what to read, as I had no library books checked out and nothing that I had to read for my committee. It was a dilemma, one I solved by turning my head slightly to the left and scanning the bookshelf that is closest to my reading chair. My eyes lit upon the Ian McEwan section, and I realized that there were still two of his books that I own but haven’t yet read, Solar and Sweet Tooth. I decided quite randomly to read the one with fewer pages, and Sweet Tooth won by nine pages. In the opening chapter, we meet Serena Frome (“rhymes with “plume”), the daughter of an Anglican bishop, whose first 18 years were so uneventful that she skips over them almost completely. She has a younger sister, Lucy, who gets herself into a bit of a trouble and goes on to live a hippie-ish lifestyle, despite the fact that it’s the early 1970s. Serena, on the other hand, does what her mother advises and goes to Cambridge to study mathematics, even though her real passion is reading fiction. She will read anything, from Jane Austen to Ian Fleming, and anything in between. She begins seeing a history student, then begins an affair with his professor, Tony Canning, with whom she spends a wonderful summer (weekends only) on a remote island. Tony teaches her to cook and takes charge of her reading program, insisting she read history texts rather than fiction. Serena falls in love with Tony, but is unexpectedly spurned by him one weekend, leaving her devastated. She does, however, follow Tony’s advice and, upon finishing school, begins working at MI5 in a low-level position. She forms few friendships, but manages to form an alliance with Shirley Shilling, with whom she works on her floor of the building. Serena also becomes fixated on a man from another floor of the building, Max, and believes that they are heading towards a relationship. Serena is finally approached about going out in the field and working undercover as a literary agent, trying to recruit new arts talent, specifically Tom Healy, a graduate student at one of the new colleges who has written some short stories and is to be approached to write a novel. He is to receive funding, under the guise of a literary foundation that promotes artists whose works have been politically challenged or censored. She takes on this project, named “Sweet Tooth”, and meets up with Tom at his college office, where he is an assistant lecturer. She falls instantly in love with him, and they arrange liaisons at his flat on weekends. Meanwhile, Shirley is suddenly sacked, Serena is furious, but no one will tell her why this happened. She continues to see Tom, and his novel, which she secretly hates, is being promoted by his publisher as a contender for the Jane Austen literary prize. All seems to go swimmingly for the couple, but Serena constantly feels guilty that she is deceiving the man she loves, pretending to be someone she is not. Does she reveal the fact that she works for MI5 and not the literary foundation? If so, would Tom despise her and end the relationship? But can she live with herself knowing the relationship is founded on lies? When I started this book, I was happy to see that McEwan had returned to espionage fiction, like his 1990 novel The Innocent. But I was soon disappointed when I realized that this was not an espionage novel, it was a love story, and a fairly predictable one at that. I felt that the characters were underdeveloped and the story uninspired, despite being very literary. I don’t want to give anything away, but I personally thought that the “big reveal” was pretty much what I expected, although it may account for the shallowness of the main characters. When I first read McEwan’s 2007 novel, On Chesil Beach, I felt as though it had been a waste of time, but once I had time to think about it, I realized that it was, in fact, a brilliant novel. I was hoping that the same would happen with this book, but alas, it did not. The writing was solid, the characters believable (though not very interesting), and the story was OK. I just felt that it lacked that special something, that “je ne c’est quoi” that would really make it a great book. If nothing else, this book has made me interested in possibly rereading his Booker Prize nominated 1981 novel, The Comfort of Strangers, and possibly watching again the fabulous film adaptation of this book, starring Christopher Walken and Helen Mirren. I would rate Sweet Tooth 7 out of 10, and would not recommend it to anyone who has never read anything by McEwan before. By the way, I’m anxiously awaiting notification from the library that his new book, Nutshell, is ready for me to pick up - maybe that will happen over the Christmas Break (“Please, Santa! I promise I’ve been good this year!”) And I finished listening to a novel by Daniel Silva, A Death in Vienna, the fourth book in the “Gabriel Allon” series. It begins with a bomb exploding at a Holocaust research centre in Vienna, killing two researchers and injuring the director of the centre, Eli Levon. Gabriel Allon is brought in to help find out who sent the bomb, and despite his desire to give up his work as an assassin for the Israeli Office and live out his days peacefully (and safely) as an art restorer, he leaves Venice and travels to Vienna, the city where, over a decade earlier, a bomb went off in his car, killing his son and injuring his wife so badly that she remains hospitalized to this day, having lost her mind over grief and guilt. Levon, after all, is an old friend, whose mission in life is to hunt down Nazi war criminals and bring them to justice. It turns out that Levon had been working on a case brought to him by Max Klein, a fellow Jew who thought he recognized a former Nazi SD officer, Erich Radek, living in Vienna under a new name, Ludwig Vogel. When Klein is also killed, Allon is compelled to follow the clues that lead him deeper and deeper into the world of the Nazi prison camps during WWII, and his own mother’s experiences as a prisoner at Treblinka and as a participant in the Death Marches in 1945, led by Radek. The search takes him from Austria to Israel to Argentina, and involves not only the Israeli Office, but also the American CIA. I don’t want to give any more details away about this complex plot, but if you are in the mood for a fast-paced spy thriller, this may be the book for you. Of course it is not completely believable, but it’s not supposed to be. The purpose of plot-driven books is to transport the reader and to entertain. To quote an article I recently read, “Popular fiction tends to portray situations that are otherworldly and follow a formula to take readers on a roller-coaster ride of emotions and exciting experiences” (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/novel-finding-reading-literary-fiction-improves-empathy/). It kept me listening eagerly right to the end, and it was narrated by John Lee, which may have played a small part in my sustained interest! It’s not great literature, but it was certainly complex and interesting, and the myriad of characters kept my attention fixed on the narrative to keep them all straight. It was a satisfying listening experience, and I would seek out others in this series to listen to (especially if they were narrated by "you-know-who"!). As a fast-paced thriller, I would give it an 8 out of 10. That’s all for today. Have a warm, wintery afternoon! Bye for now…

|Born||Junduh bin Hujr al-kindi| Al-Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia |Died||544 (aged 42–43)| Imru' al-Qais Junduh bin Hujr al-Kindi (Arabic: ٱمْرُؤ ٱلْقَيْس جُنْدُح ٱبْن حُجْر ٱلْكِنْدِيّ, ALA-LC: ʾImruʾ al-Qays Junduḥ ibn Ḥujr al-Kindīy) was an Arabic poet in the 6th century AD, and also the son of one of the last Kindite kings. He is sometimes considered the father of Arabic poetry. His qaṣīda, or long poem, "Let us stop and weep" (Arabic: قفا نبك qifā nabki) is one of the seven Mu'allaqat, poems prized as the best examples of pre-Islamic Arabian verse. Imru' al-Qais was born in the Al Qassim region of northern Arabia sometime in the early 6th century AD. His father was said to be Hujr bin al-Harith (حجر ابن الحارث / Ḥujr ibn al-Ḥārith), the Kindah monarchy's regent over the tribes of Asad and Ghatfan, and it is believed that Imru' al-Qais was born in the territory of Asad. His mother was said to be Fatimah bint Rabi'ah al-Taghlibi (فاطمة بنت ربيعة التغلبي / Fāṭimah bint Rabī‘ah al-Taghlibī). Legend has it that Imru' al-Qais was the youngest of his father's sons, and began composing poetry while he was still a child. His father strongly disapproved of this habit in his son, believing poetry to be an unseemly pastime for the son of a king. His father also disapproved of Imru' al-Qais' scandalous lifestyle of drinking and chasing women, and eventually banished him from his kingdom, or so the legend goes. But later, when the tribe of Asad rebelled and assassinated his father, Imru' al-Qais was the only one of his brothers to take responsibility for avenging his death. Renouncing wine and women, he fought the tribe of Asad until he had exacted revenge in blood, and spent the remainder of his life trying to regain his father's kingdom. Like many figures of early Arabia, which at that time lacked a formal writing system and relied on the oral transmission of stories, the details of the life of Imru' al-Qais are hard to determine with any certainty. Even so, historians have been able to compare the various stories written down by later biographers with clues from Imru' al-Qais' own poems and information about major historical events in the Persian and Byzantine empires to reconstruct a probable account of the life and ancestry of this most famous of the Jahili poets. According to one account, his full name and ancestry was Imru' al-Qais, son of Hujr, son of al-Harith, son of 'Amr, son of Hujr the eater of bitter herbs, son of Mu'awiyya, son of Thawr of the tribe of Kindah (Arabic: إمرؤ القيس ابن حجر ابن الحارث ابن عمرو ابن حجر اكل المرار ابن معاوية ابن ثور الكندي). He was also referred to as "The Lost King" (الملك الضليل / al-Malik aḍ-Ḍalīl), because he was never able to recover his father's throne. The name Imru' al-Qais (in classical Arabic nominative Imru'u l-Qays(i) or Imra'a l-Qays(i), accusative Imra'a l-Qays(i), genitive Imri'i l-Qays(i)) means "man of Qais", (al-)Qais being the name of a pre-Islamic deity. According to the Arabic-English Lexicon of Edward W. Lane (1863), the name is normally pronounced Imra-el-Ḳeys or Imr-el-Ḳeys in modern Arabic. The tribe of Kindah had its origins in the South Arabia of and migrated north to Najd sometime in the 4th or 5th century AD. Sometime in the 5th century they asked the king of Yemen to select them a king, and Hujr Akil al-Murar ("eater of bitter herbs") became the first Kindite king. He was succeeded by his son 'Amr, who was succeeded by his son al-Harith, who was the greatest of all the Kindite kings. One of al-Harith's sons was Hujr, and he made him regent over the tribes of Asad and Ghatfan, and Hujr was the father of Imru' al-Qais." Of al-Harith, it is told that when the Persian emperor Kavadh I adopted the teachings of the religious revolutionary Mazdak, al-Harith converted to Mazdakism with him. This caused Kavadh to make al-Harith king of the Hirah, a region in the south of modern-day Iraq, and expel his previous Arab vassal al-Mundhir. Kavadh's son Khosrau I rejected Mazdakism and rebuked al-Harith, restoring al-Mundhir to the throne of the Hirah. It is not known for sure how al-Harith died, but some reports indicate he was captured by al-Mundhir as he fled al-Hirah, and then killed along with two of his sons and more than forty of his kinsmen. Imru' al-Qais mourns this tragedy in one of the poems attributed to him: - Weep for me, my eyes! Spill your tears - And mourn for me the vanished kings - Hujr ibn 'Amru's princely sons - Led away to slaughter at eventide; - If only they had died in combat - Not in the lands of Banu Marina! - No water was there to wash their fallen heads, - And their skulls lie spattered with blood - Pecked over by birds - Who tear out first the eyebrows, then the eyes. - (Diwan, Poem 2) In 525 AD Yemen was occupied by the Negus (Emperor) of Axum (modern-day Ethiopia). With their sponsor destroyed, the Kindah monarchy quickly fell apart. It is probably during this period that the tribe of Asad rebelled and killed Imru' al-Qais' father, Hujr. Historians are divided as to the year of Imru' al-Qais' birth, but one estimate is that he was born sometime around 526 AD. He was said to be the youngest of the sons of Hujr, king over the tribes of Asad and Ghutfan. Some historians have pointed out that his father had other wives and concubines than his mother, in accordance with the custom of kings at this time, and it is possible that he received little fatherly attention. He began composing poetry from an early age, an activity that his father strongly disapproved of because it was not considered appropriate for the son of a king. Al-Tahir Ahmad Makki comments that "among the northern tribes, likewise, each tribe had its chief and its poet, and the two were hardly ever the same." Another source of friction with his father was Imru' al-Qais' excessive dedication to lewd drinking parties and his scandalous pursuit of women. One story says that, concerned with his son's lack of responsibility, Hujr tried putting Imru' al-Qais in charge of the family's camel herds, an experiment which ended in disaster. Another story says that Hujr finally disowned his son after Imru' al-Qais publicly courted his cousin 'Unayzah, and after failing to win her hand in marriage, managed to enjoy her affections in secret, which caused a considerable scandal in the family. Yet other stories say that Imru' al-Qais may have written some lewd verses about his father's wives or concubines, and that this was the cause of their falling out. Whatever the reason, most of the stories agree that Hujr became exasperated with his son's behavior and expelled him from his kingdom. In his exile Imru' al-Qais wandered with his group of rebellious friends from oasis to oasis, stopping to drink wine, and recite poetry, and enjoy the performance of the singing-girls, sometimes tarrying for days before packing up to wander again. Imru' al-Qais' adventures with women also formed an important part of his early life, consisting according to some records of dozens of marriages, divorces and affairs, all ending badly for one reason or another. Imru' al-Qais' lovers feature large in his poetry, as he praises their graces, lambasts their cruelty, and laments their absence and the longing in his heart. The death of his father Some stories tell that Imru' al-Qais was in his father's army fighting the tribe of Asad when his father was slain, but this is not agreed by all the biographers. The most popular story comes to us from ibn al-Kalbi (d. 826 AD). Ibn al-Kalbi holds that Imru' al-Qais was still in exile at the time of his father's death, and that the news reached him while he was in the midst of a party with his friends. Upon hearing the news, he said "May God be merciful to my father. He let me stray when I was small, and now that I am grown he has burdened me with his blood. There will be no alertness today, and no drunkenness tomorrow," followed by perhaps his most famous quote: "Today is for drink, and tomorrow for serious matters." It is told that of all his father's sons, Imru' al-Qais was the only one to take responsibility for avenging his father. One story tells that the tribe of Asad sent him an emissary and offered him three options—either that he kill one of their nobles to equal the death of his father, or that he accept a payment of thousands of sheep and camels, or that he make war on them, in which case they asked for one month to make ready. Imru' al-Qais chose the third option. The tribes of Bakr and Taghlib agreed to support him and fought with him against Asad, killing many Asad tribesmen. Bakr and Taghlib withdrew their support once they judged that enough of Asad had been killed to satisfy the requirements of revenge. Exile and death After exacting his revenge upon the tribe of Asad and losing the support of Bakr and Taghlib, Imru' al-Qais travelled all over the Arabian peninsula and the Levant, taking refuge with different tribes, running from his enemies and seeking support to regain his father's kingship. His last journey was to Constantinople, to seek support from Emperor Justinian I. The Ghassanid prince Al-Harith ibn Jabalah, Justinian's north Arabian vassal, sponsored Imru' al-Qais in his appeal, and most accounts indicate that he won some promise of support from the Byzantine emperor, and perhaps even a contingent of troops. Some reports indicate that Justinian pressed the Negus of Axum to support Imru' al-Qais' bid, but that he refused due to the ongoing feud between the Axumite Empire and the tribe of Kindah. After leaving Constantinople, Imru' al-Qais travelled until he fell ill near the city of Ankara in modern-day Turkey. He remained there until he died. There is a story which says that Emperor Justinian became angry with Imru' al-Qais after he left, and sent a messenger with a poisoned jacket, and that Imru' al-Qais wore the jacket and the poison killed him. This story says that Justinian was angry because he discovered that Imru' al-Qais had an affair with a woman in his court. However, most historians downplay the likelihood of this account, in favor of the story that Imru' al-Qais actually died from a chronic skin disease, a disease which he mentioned in one of his poems. The best estimates of the years of Imru' al-Qais' embassy to Justinian and death in Anatolia are from 561 to 565 AD. It has been said that after the death of Imru' al-Qais the Greeks made a statue of him on his tomb that was still seen in 1262 AD, and that his tomb is nowadays located in Hızırlık, Ankara. Makki summarizes the accounts of the biographers in identifying three older poets who Imru' al-Qais could have met and learned from. The first was Zuhayr bin Janab al-Kalbi, a well-known poet who was a friend and drinking companion of his father. It is also possible that Imru' al-Qais learned from Abu Du'ah al-Iyadi, and some accounts say that the young Imru' al-Qais was his reciter (a poet's disciple who would memorize all of his poems). A third possible poetic influence was a 'Amr bin Qami'ah who was a member of his father's retinue, and was said to have later joined Imru' al-Qais' retinue and accompanied him until his death. Most historians in the centuries since Imru' al-Qais' death have been content with the assumption that, as an Arab before the advent of Islam, he was pagan. More recently some researchers have called this view into question, most notably Louis Shaykho (c. 1898), a Jesuit missionary, who insisted that Imru' al-Qais was a Christian. The evidence that Shaykho cites to support his claim consists mostly of a handful of references to Christian practices and symbols in Imru' al-Qais' poems, as well as a few instances of the Arabic word for (the one) God (Allah). Other historians have said that references to Christianity can be explained by the presence of monasteries and missionaries along the northern frontier of the Arabian peninsula, and the fact that many Arabs would have been impressed by these scenes without necessarily converting themselves. It can be explained by the fact that Arabs have been close to Jewish tribes since ancient times, too (Gindibu helped the Kingdom of Judah during the Battle of Qarqar) because of their ethnic similarity and geographic proximity. Others have pointed out that the word "Allah" was in use by the pagan Arabs long before the advent of Islam, and merely referred to the high God (above all the many others). Imru' al-Qais may have been a Hanif. Makki reports that some historians have suggested Imru' al-Qais could have been influenced by the purported Mazdakism of his grandfather, but also states that, in his opinion, there is little direct evidence to support this. To this day Imru' al-Qays remains the best-known of the pre-Islamic poets and has been a source of literary and national inspiration for Arabic intellectuals all the way into the 21st century. In his entry in the Dictionary of Literary Biography, Al-Tahir Ahmad Makki says this about Imru' al-Qais: - The Prince-Poet Imru' al-Qais, of the tribe of Kindah, is the first major Arabic literary figure. Verses from his Mu'allaqah (Hanging Poems), one of seven poems prized above all others by pre-Islamic Arabs, are still in the 20th century the most famous--and possibly the most cited--lines in all of Arabic literature. The Mu'allaqah is also an integral part of the linguistic, poetic and cultural education of all Arabic speakers. Ibn Sallam al-Jumahi (d. 846 AD) said of Imru' al-Qais in his "Generations of the Stallion Poets" (Arabic: طبقات فحول الشعراء): - Imru' al-Qais was the originator of a great many things the Arabs considered beautiful, and which were adopted by other poets. These things include calling up his companions to halt, weeping over the ruins of abandoned campsites, describing his beloved with refinement and delicacy, and using language that was easy to understand. He was the first to compare women to gazelles and eggs, and to like horses to birds of prey and to staves. He 'hobbled like a fleeing beast' [a reference to his famous description of his horse] and separated the erotic prelude from the body of his poem. In the coining of similitudes, he surpassed everybody in his generation. Some historians[who?] have emphasized the historical significance of the Kindah monarchy as the first attempt to unite the central Arabian tribes before the success of Islam, and Imru' al-Qais' tragic place as one of the last Kindite princes. Others have focused on his colourful and violent life, putting it forward as an example of the immorality and brutality which existed in pre-Islamic Arabia. Iraqi writer Madhhar al-Samarra'i (Arabic: مظهر السامرائي) in his 1993 book Imru' al-Qais: Poet and Lover (Arabic: إمرؤ القيس الشاعر العاشق), calls Imru' al-Qais the "poet of freedom": - The poet Imru' al-Qais had a gentle heart and a sensitive soul. He wanted the best not only for himself but for all the people of his society. The freedom that he struggled for was not confined to the romantic and erotic relations between him and his beloved Fatimah, and was not limited to his demands to lift the restrictions on sexual relations between men and women, but exceeded all this, so that he was singing for the freedom of all mankind-- and from this point we are able to name him, the Poet of Freedom. - M.M. Bravmann (1977). Studies in Semitic Philology, p. 146. - Makki 2005, p. 213 - "Imru al Qais - Excerpts from Kitab al-Aghani of Abu al-Faraj al-Asfahani". Fluent Arabic Blog. Retrieved December 27, 2018. - "A Note on the Poet" Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine - Makki 2005, p. 215 - "al-Kāmil fit-Tārīkh". al-eman.com. Retrieved December 26, 2018. - Makki 2005, p. 220 - Arabic theology, Arabic philosophy: from the many to the one, Richard M. Frank, James Edward Montgomery. p.60 - Makki 2005, p. 216 - Makki 2005, p. 212 - Makki 2005, p. 222 - al-Samarra'i 1993, p. 40 - “A Note on the Poet: Imru’ al-Qais” [Arabic: نبذة على الشاعر: إمرؤ القيس]. almoallaqat.com. Web. - Makki, al-Tahir Ahmad. "Imru' al-Qays." Dictionary of Literary Biography. Ed. Cooperson, Michael and Toorawa, Shawkat. Vol. 311. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005. Print. - al-Samarra’i, Mazhar. Imru’ al-Qais: Poet and Lover [Arabic: إمرؤ القيس: الشاعر العاشق]. Amman, Jordan: Dar al-Ibda’, 1993. Print. - “Imru al Qais - Excerpts from Kitab al-Aghani of Abu al-Faraj al-Asfahani” Fluent Arabic Blog. fluentarabic.net. Web. - public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amru'-Ul-Qais". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the |Wikiquote has quotations related to: Imru' al-Qais| |Arabic Wikisource has original text related to this article:|

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- Is wordy a Scrabble word? - What is a wordy sentence? - What is the word for using too many words? - What does too wordy mean? - Is it bad to be wordy? - What are cliches in English? - What is a descriptive language? - What does loquacious mean? - What do you call a person who doesn’t talk very much? - What is another word for wordy? - How do you avoid wordy in a sentence? - How do I clean up my writing? - What are inappropriate colloquialisms? - What does wordiness mean in writing? - What type of word is worry? - What is weak or uncertain language? - What is a dilettante person? - Is wordiness a word? - How do you remove words? - What is long drawn? - What is a Nemophilist? Is wordy a Scrabble word? WORDY is a valid scrabble word.. What is a wordy sentence? Wordy sentences use too many useless words that clutter writing. Good writing is simple and direct; it uses the simplest word possible that conveys the same meaning. … If you can remove a word while keeping the sentence’s meaning, the sentence is wordy. What is the word for using too many words? Pleonasm is using more words than you need to, either accidentally or deliberately. The Greek root word in pleonasm is pleonazein, which describes something as more than enough. … Used accidentally, a pleonasm is just long-winded wordiness, like a sentence that includes far more words than is necessary. What does too wordy mean? wordy, verbose, prolix, diffuse mean using more words than necessary to express thought. wordy may also imply loquaciousness or garrulity. a wordy speech verbose suggests a resulting dullness, obscurity, or lack of incisiveness or precision. Is it bad to be wordy? Being wordy isn’t bad, it just means that we can be rebellious every now and then in the face of the literature police and just express ourselves the way we want to, how we want to. No one would tell Picasso or Rembrandt how to paint, and likewise we don’t tell writers how to write. What are cliches in English? Clichés are terms, phrases, or even ideas that, upon their inception, may have been striking and thought-provoking but became unoriginal through repetition and overuse. Popularity made them seem trite, turning them into what we now know as clichés. What is a descriptive language? Descriptive language is vivid and specific, and helps someone imagine a scene he didn’t witness. … The word descriptive comes from the Latin descript-, meaning “written down.” Something that is descriptive uses an account of words to give us a sense of what it’s like. What does loquacious mean? Loquacious is an adjective we use to describe someone who talks easily, fluently, and a lot. What do you call a person who doesn’t talk very much? A person who doesn’t speak often or much is called taciturn. What is another word for wordy? How do you avoid wordy in a sentence? Eliminating WordinessUse the Key Noun. (the doer of the action) as the Subject of the Key Verb (the main action in the sentence). … Use Active Voice rather than Passive Voice Verbs. … Avoid Unnecessary Language. … Use Nouns rather than Vague Pronouns as Subjects. … Use Verbs rather than Nouns to Express Action. … Avoid a String of Prepositional Phrases. How do I clean up my writing? To help you avoid that fate, we’ve put together some tips to keep in mind when you’re writing and editing.Outline your content. … Cut out the jargon. … Keep it simple and to the point. … Cut long sentences in two. … Remove excessive verbiage. … Use contractions. … Remove extra punctuation. … Use the active voice.More items…• What are inappropriate colloquialisms? Colloquialisms are slang, informal, or localized language. When writing formal papers, both clichés and colloquialisms are inappropriate. Eliminating them requires changing habits. Examples of inappropriate phrases: “She was running around like a chicken with her head cut off. “ ( What does wordiness mean in writing? Wordiness is one of the most common ESL mistakes. It happens when a writer, either intentionally or unintentionally, uses far too many words or unnecessarily complex or abstract words. Wordiness can seriously detract from the coherency and quality of your writing and frustrate your readers. What type of word is worry? The verb worry is an anxious word; it means to be concerned or nervous. What is weak or uncertain language? Weak language is any word (or sound) that doesn’t add value to your message. But not only does weak language not add value – it dilutes and undermines your message. What is a dilettante person? 1 : a person having a superficial interest in an art or a branch of knowledge : dabbler Mr. Is wordiness a word? Adjective: wordy. Contrast with conciseness, directness, and clarity. Wordiness, says Robert Hartwell Fiske, is “arguably the biggest obstacle to clear writing and speaking” (101 Wordy Phrases, 2005). How do you remove words? 10 Tricks to Reduce Your Word Count in Academic WritingDelete “The” You can often omit the word “the” from your text without losing any meaning. … Erase “That” … Remove Adverbs and Adjectives. … Use Shorter Words. … Trim Wordy Phrases. … Choose Active Voice. … Revise Needless Transitions. … Eliminate Conjunctions.More items…• What is long drawn? A long drawn out process or conflict lasts an unnecessarily long time or an unpleasantly long time. What is a Nemophilist? Nemophilist (pronounced ne-‘mo-fe-list), is an obscure word that hasn’t really been used for over 100 years. It means someone with a love or fondness for forests, woods, or woodland scenery, or someone who often visits them – a ‘haunter’ of woods.

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This day of testing includes a 5-minute optional tutorial followed by 180 multiple-choice items, divided into 6 blocks of 30 items; 45 minutes are allotted for completion of each block of test items. The second day also includes a 7-minute CCS tutorial. This is followed by 13 case simulations, each of which is allotted a maximum of 10 or 20 minutes of real time. Multiple-choice Items. One-best-answer formats are used. Items may stand alone or may be grouped together as a set of 2 to 3 items. Some sets are considered sequential and function differently than other sets. It is important to study the descriptions in the USMLE Step 3 Sample Test Questions booklet. Test items present detailed clinical situations usually from the patient’s perspective. The presentation may be supplemented by one or more pictorials or audio. Assessing the patient’s situation in the context of his or her environment or family is an important element of many Step 3 questions. Items with an associated pharmaceutical advertisement or scientific abstract are included in the examination. Each pharmaceutical advertisement or scientific abstract will appear as a 2- or 3-item set; you will see no more than 5 of these item sets in the examination. Exam Format: Study Guide During the time allotted to complete the test items in a block, you may answer the items in any order (excluding sequential item sets), review responses, and change answers. After exiting a block, no further review of items or changing of answers within that block is possible. Practicing with the multiple-choice items on the Web site will provide you with a realistic understanding of the computer interface and timing of the examination. A table of normal laboratory values for frequently ordered laboratory tests, including standard international conversions, will be available as an online reference when you take the examination. You will manage one case at a time. Free-text entry of patient orders is the primary means of interacting with the format. Buttons and check boxes are used for ordering a physical examination, advancing the clock, changing the patient’s location, reviewing previously displayed information, and obtaining updates on the patient. At the beginning of each case, you will see the clinical setting, simulated case time, and introductory patient information. Photographs and sounds will not be provided. Normal or reference laboratory values will be provided with each report; some tests will be accompanied by a clinical interpretation. Understanding USMLE Step 3 Examination: Content Areas and Format Purpose and Design of the Examination The Step 3 examination devotes attention to the importance of assessing the knowledge and skills of physicians who are assuming independent responsibility for providing general medical care to patients. 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This test day consists solely of multiple-choice questions and includes some of the newer item formats, such as those based on scientific abstracts and pharmaceutical advertisements. Step 3 Advanced Clinical Medicine (ACM) This test day focuses on assessment of the ability to apply comprehensive knowledge of health and disease in the context of patient management and the evolving manifestation of disease over time. Content areas covered include assessment of knowledge of diagnosis and management, particularly focused on prognosis and outcome; health maintenance and screening; therapeutics; and medical decision making. Knowledge of history and physical examination, diagnosis, and use of diagnostic studies also is assessed. This test day includes multiple-choice questions and computer-based case simulations. USMLE Step 3 LIVE and ONLINE Classes Our USMLE Step 3 live and online classes help you master the difficult examination situations and remain confident in your approach. GoldUSMLE offers these live workshops or classes for students from USA (Texas, Florida, New York, Georgia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Chicago, NYC etc) that can easily attend our Atlanta or Houston workshops. While the online classes are specially for the students from all around the globe including USA, India, Canada, Europe, Australia, China, Dubai, Africa, Asia etc. WE WILL EMPHASIZE THE FOLLOWING TOPICS IN OUR RAPID REVIEW Patient Care: Management Patient Care: Diagnosis Communication/Professionalism/Systems-based Practice & Patient Safety Pregnancy, Childbirth, Female Reproduction, and Breast General Principles of Foundational Science Immune System, Blood & Lymphoreticular System, and Multisystem Processes/Disorders Nervous System & Special Senses Skin & Subcutaneous Tissue Renal/Urinary & Male Reproductive Systems Pregnancy/Childbirth & Female Reproductive System & Breast Biostatistics & Epidemiology/Population Health & Interpretation of the Medical Literature Social Sciences: Communication Skills/Ethics/Patient Safety Blood & Lymphoreticular System Behavioral Health Nervous System & Special Senses Skin & Subcutaneous Tissue Musculoskeletal System Renal & Urinary System Pregnancy, Childbirth, & the Puerperium Female Reproductive System & Breast Male Reproductive System Multisystem Processes & Disorders Biostatistics & Epidemiology/Population Health & Interpretation of Medical Literature You will have a more meaningful experience if you practice with the interactive software on our website prior to taking the examination. Practicing with interactive cases can have a positive impact on performance. It is essential that you become familiar with both the software interface and the background information provided. Cases are allotted varying amounts of maximum real time, but you may not need to use the entire time. USMLE Step 3 Cases, Patients, CCS Each case is a dynamic, interactive simulation of a patient-care situation designed to evaluate your approach to clinical management, including diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The cases provide a means for observing your application of medical knowledge in a variety of patient care situations and settings over varying periods of simulated time. As simulated time passes, a patient’s condition may change based on the course of the underlying medical condition(s), or your management, or both. Patients may present with acute problems to be managed within a few minutes of simulated time or with chronic problems to be managed over several months of simulated time. The cases used in the CCS portion of the Step 3 examination are based upon a CCS examination blueprint. The blueprint defines the requirements for CCS examination forms. The CCS blueprint is used to construct CCS examination forms focusing primarily on presenting symptoms and presenting locations. Presenting symptoms are related to the USMLE Content Outline and include, but are not limited to, problems of the circulatory, digestive, renal/urinary, endocrine/metabolic, behavioral/emotional, respiratory, and reproductive systems. Presenting locations include the outpatient office, emergency department, inpatient unit, intensive care unit, and the patient’s home. Case Interface and Format You will manage patients using the software. Information about a patient’s condition will be displayed on the computer screen. At the start of each case, you will receive a brief description of the reason for the encounter and the patient’s appearance and status along with the vital signs and history. You must initiate appropriate management and continue care as the patient’s condition changes over simulated time. Patient information will be provided to you in response to your requests for interval history and physical examination findings, tests, therapies, and procedures. Requests for interval history and physical examination automatically advance the clock in simulated time. To see results of tests and procedures and to observe effects of treatment, you must advance the clock in simulated time. Physical examination should be requested if and when you would do the same with a real patient. You can begin management by selecting the desired components of a physical examination, writing orders before examining a patient, changing the patient’s location, or advancing the clock in simulated time. If physical examination reveals findings that you believe render selected orders inappropriate, and the orders have not yet been processed, you can cancel those orders by clicking on the order and confirming the cancellation. At subsequent intervals of your choosing, you can also request interval histories, which are analogous to asking the patient, “How are you?” Order Sheet: Patient Care and Management Actions You will provide patient care and management actions by typing on the order sheet section of the patient chart. The order sheet enables you to request tests, therapies, procedures, consultations, and nursing orders representing a range of diagnostic and therapeutic management options. It is also your means of giving advice or counseling a patient (e.g, “smoking cessation,” “low-fat diet,” “safe-sex techniques”). The order sheet has a free-text entry. Note: You can place orders only in the order sheet section of the patient chart. You cannot place orders on any other section of the chart (i.e, Progress Notes, Vital Signs, Lab Reports, Imaging, Other Tests, Treatment Record). In some locations (e.g, the office, the inpatient unit), there may be cases where a patient already has orders on the order sheet at the beginning of the case. In these situations, the patient’s orders will be displayed on the order sheet (e.g, “oral contraceptive”) with an order time of Day 1 @00:00. You must decide whether to continue or cancel the orders as you deem appropriate for the patient’s condition; these orders remain active throughout the case unless canceled. Advancing the Clock: USMLE Step 3 Tricks Advancing the clock is what “makes things happen.” You must advance the clock in simulated time to see results of tests and procedures, and to observe effects of treatment. After you enter and confirm all the orders you deem appropriate at a given time, you will see report times displayed on the order sheet. You must advance the clock to the indicated report times or the next time you wish to evaluate the patient in order to receive the study result and observe the effect of therapies. Note: In CCS numeric lab tests, normal ranges are included with the results; these normal ranges may differ slightly from those in the MCQ portion of the examination. As simulated time passes, you might receive notification of change in a patient’s condition through messages from the patient or the patient’s family or from other health care providers if the patient is in a setting such as the hospital. You decide whether these messages affect your management plan. Note that if a clock advance to a requested appointment time is stopped after reviewing results from processed orders, the requested appointment is canceled. Also note that if you advance the clock in simulated time and no results are pending, the case will advance to the next patient update or to the end of the case. Case-End Instruction Screen Tips Cases end under different circumstances and after varying amounts of simulated and real time. A case will end when you reach the maximum allotted real time. Alternatively, a case may end when you have demonstrated your skills sufficiently. Encountering the Case-end Instructions screen before you think you are finished managing a patient does not necessarily mean you did something right or wrong. Once you are prompted with the Case-end Instructions screen, real time permitting, you will have a few minutes to finalize your orders and review the chart. At this point you can cancel orders and add new ones. Note that after receiving the Case-End instructions screen, you cannot order physical examination components, change the patient’s location, order a follow-up appointment, or see the results of any pending tests. After finalizing patient care, you must select Exit Case to enter the final diagnosis and exit the case. If you use the entire real time allotted after the Case-end Instructions screen, you will not be able to enter a final diagnosis. Note: Diagnoses entered are not used in scoring your performance. If a case has not ended and you feel you have finished management of the case, you can end it by advancing simulated time. Use the clock as you normally would to receive results of pending tests and procedures. Once there are no longer any pending patient updates, tests, or procedures, use the clock to advance simulated time until the case ends. Responsibilities of the Physician In the simulation, you should function as a primary care physician who is responsible for managing each simulated patient. Management involves addressing a patient’s problem(s) and/or concern(s) by obtaining physical examination results, diagnostic information, providing treatment, monitoring patient status and response to interventions, scheduling appointments and, when appropriate, attending to health maintenance screenings and patient education. You will manage one patient at a time and should continue to manage each patient until the end-of-case screen is displayed. Assume that you are the primary care physician for each patient you manage. In this generalist role, you must manage your patient in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Sometimes this may involve management in several locations—initially caring for a patient in the emergency department, admitting the patient to the hospital, and discharging and following the patient in the outpatient setting. You should not assume that other members of the health care team (e.g, nurses, consultants) will write or initiate orders for you. Some orders (e.g, “vital signs” at the beginning of a case and upon change of location) may be done for you, but you should not make assumptions regarding other orders. For example, orders usually requested to monitor a patient’s condition, such as a cardiac monitor and pulse oximetry, are not automatically ordered. You are responsible for determining needs and for making all patient management decisions, whether or not you would be expected to do so in a real-life situation (e.g, ordering IV fluids, surgical procedures, or consultations). If you order a procedure for which you are not trained, the medical staff in Primum cases will either assist you or take primary responsibility for implementing your request. Computer-based Case Simulations (CCS) As in real life, consultants should be called upon as you deem appropriate. Typically, consultants are not helpful since computer-based case simulations are designed to assess your patient management skills. However, requesting consultation at appropriate times may contribute to your score. In some cases, it may be necessary to implement a course of action without the advice of a consultant or before a consultant is able to see your patient. In other cases, a consultant may only be helpful if called after you have obtained enough information to justify referring the patient to his or her care. ALL REGISTERED STUDENTS THAT HAVE MADE THE PAYMENT BELOW WILL RECEIVE AN ECONFIRMATION LETTER TO GAIN ACCESS TO OUR CENTER. Our Online LIVE INTERACTIVE USMLE Step 3 sessions will take place via our virtual classroom. You will be sent a private link to your email to access the virtual classroom. Study Material, Tutorials, Flashcards, Resources, Notes and Qbank We provide study material, tutorials, flashcards, resources, notes, Qbank, lectures, cases, practice questions, tutorials, recommend books and even help the students reduce their anxiety in our USMLE Step 3 prep course. Our experienced tutors ensure that you give your maximum and attain high scores in your exams. We have over 2500 student success and 99% success rate in USMLE exams. So what are you waiting for? Enroll now and leave the rest to us. - Lectures are M-F, from approx. 9:00am – 4:00pm, followed by tutoring and drills with plenty of time left over for self-study. LIVE WORKSHOPS IN ATLANTA AND HOUSTON Facilities closes by 10:00pm. Saturday classes are from 9:00am – 4:00pm. - Classes have 10 min. breaks every hr. and a 1 hr. lunch INCLUDED SERVICES: (Online or LIVE Step 3 workshop options) - NBME practice exams and weekly challenge exams - Live Lectures - Group Sessions - GoldUSMLE copyrighted HIGH YIELD Question sets coverage for 6, 8, 10 or 12 week sessions - One-on-One Tutoring Sessions - USMLE Step 3 skill sessions - Unlimited use of the computer lab (during center hours) Live sessions for USMLE STEP 3 will take place in either Atlanta or Houston GoldUSMLE center. Online sessions will be conducted via video conference. For a FREE DEMO please add Skype ID goldusmlereview007 HOUSTON GOLDUSMLE Step 3 workshop will be conducted at 416 N SAM HOUSTON PARKWAY EAST, HOUSTON, TEXAS 77060 MEDICAL SUITE 416E For GOOGLE MAP CLICK HERE For a FREE DEMO please add Skype ID goldusmlereview007 To register please fill out the registration form below: or call 1-866-446-5327 ALL REGISTERED STUDENTS THAT HAVE MADE THE PAYMENT BELOW WILL RECEIVE AN ECONFIRMATION LETTER TO GAIN ACCESS TO OUR CENTER Our Online LIVE INTERACTIVE USMLE Step 3 sessions will take place via our virtual ZOOM classroom. You will be sent a private link to your email to access the virtual classroom. USMLE Step 3 is the final examination required for independent medicine practice in the U.S. After passing the Step 3 USMLE exam, the candidate becomes eligible for license for unsupervised medical practice. Before applying for USMLE Step 3 registration the candidate must pass USMLE Step 1, Step 2 CK and Step 2 CS. Candidates with MD, DO or equivalent degree are eligible to apply for this exam. International students must obtain a ECFMG certification before applying. RECENT GOLDUSMLE STEP 3 MCQ AND CCS TESTIMONIAL BY DR. ARNIKKA RUBIA I scored high on my step 3 thanks to Goldusmle step 3review sessions. It is the perfect review for students that want to brush up the topics just before their exam. I was able to answer the questions on my real exam with a steady pace, and never had to hesitate for any question in each block. You have to be consistent when it comes down to the timing and GoldUSMLE review helped me develop the CCS skills necessary to do well on the modules, and the MCQ review was fantastic. – Dr. Emilia B. I decided to try GOLDUSMLE step 3 online classes and it was the best choice I made. At Goldusmle, I was able to understand why things worked the way they did instead of memorizing a bunch of random facts. Thanks to Dr. Thomas’ teaching style and the tutors’ 1-on-1 attention, I passed not only Step 3 but also matched into the program that was close to my home ! GoldUSMLE is the reason I continued medical school and became a doctor. – Dr. Evan D. Please accept my sincere THANKS to Dr. Thomas and the entire GoldUSMLE step 3 team. It really was a wonderful experience for me and was definitely worth it! I thoroughly enjoyed the online review sessions, they were very convenient especially with this COVID situation. – Dr. Maria D. Thank you, Dr. Thomas and staff for all your support and help during what was the most challenging and emotionally trying time for me with the COVID 19 pandemic I was forced to stay home, thank god I was able to learn from you guys.. You gave me the courage to continue and tools to know how to do so. I am happy to say I scored higher than my practice tests on my step 3 exam and I look forward to doing the practice residency interview training with you guys. – Dr. Ajay J. Two of my best friends took the USMLE Step 3 at GoldUSMLE online sessions. One has passed and the other is waiting for her results. Every time I have the chance to speak to them they tell me how wonderful the program is. I never considered taking a review until 3 weeks ago. I studied on my own and passed Step 2 Then I started studying for Step 3 but something happened & my world flipped upside down – My mother died. Now I can’t even look at a book and my concentration is completely gone. I feel confident that your program would help me move forward with my study plans and helped me focus despite the tragedy I experienced. – Dr. Mark S. I have a student who just came back from your program. She said “I learned tremendous amount in a short period of time!!” This is great! I have been telling students about the program for the MCQs and the CCS . They are always energetic about how to best prepare for the step3. – Dr. Lyam C. I had a lot of things going on in my life that were preventing me from studying well. I couldn’t make any progress. I tried 2 other review courses which turned out to be a waste of time and money. When I heard about GoldUSMLE I was hesitant because I had already spent a fair amount of money. I felt I had few options left and decided to try it because of the small class size and the access to the staff & Dr. Thomas. I was hopeful with the first week and by the second week I had my confidence back. Dr. Thomas’ methodology really clicked for me, and he really nailed it when it came to my hang-ups and the staff was always patient & kind. Long story short, I am now in my first year of residency doing well. – Dr. Parvathy S. Thank you so much for your encouraging words and support. You helped me through the most challenging experience of my life. You gave me the tools that I needed to make it and I know I have what it takes to get through my step 3 exam. I will miss all of the staff at GoldUSMLE. I consider you my friends. – Dr Danielle M. Thanks to all for reminding me to have confidence in myself. Without Dr. Thomas and his staff, I would not have had the confidence to do well & pass my exam. I will take your influence & powerful concepts with me! Love this program & everyone in it! – Dr. Daniel S. I had such a positive experience at GoldUSMLE. I have wanted for years to see all the information I have been exposed to in my medical education presented in a cohesive way that would allow me to understand it rather than just simply memorize it. The staff was so friendly, and I could not think of a better place or better people to spend several weeks with. Dr. Thomas was easily the best teacher I have had throughout my years in medical training, and thanks to him I now understand core physiological principles that will allow me to reason through problems. Best of all, I am excited about my education now! Thanks so much to GoldUSMLE and all the staff for a stellar program and experience! – Dr L .Liu Thanks again for all the help when I was there. GoldUSMLE is a great program and I have recommended it to my friends. I felt a lot more confident after all the step 3 classes and my test taking skills are at an all time high as it has never been better. It was also very helpful to have the tutors point out where I had problems, it helped me know where to focus. I am still waiting for my results and Im confident that I passed. -Dr. Kimberly S.

The classic comedy by Willy Russell ‘Educating Rita’ premiered yesterday at Teater Komedija BTC, the theatre which has been amusing Slovenian audiences for five years already. The play can be seen from December onwards at the Mercurius BTC congress hall. Welcome to the home of comedy and great fun! December will be marked by Teater Komedija BTC staging a classic comedy by the master of dramatic plots, Willy Russell, namely ‘Educating Rita’. It is directed by Vinko Möderndorfer and has a distinguished cast, Janez Hočevar–Rifle playing the role of the university teacher Frank and Mojca Funkl playing Rita. Frank is a university teacher of literature while Rita is his eccentric and demanding student who shows great enthusiasm about contemporary literature. This lively piece is packed full of laughter will suit even the most sophisticated theatre tastes. Tickets can be purchased at the Kompas agency in the basement of Hall A (telephone: 01/ 520 69 00), Cankarjev dom (telephone: 01/ 241 72 99), online at our web page www.btc-city.com where you can also find more information about Teater komedija BTC, and at the theatre box office one hour before the play starts (telephone: 01/ 585 13 02). For any additional information please do not hesitate to contact Ms Mojca Hrženjak on 01/585 14 32 or by e-mail email@example.com. Maja Oven, Marketing and Public Relations Department BTC plc, telephone: 01 585 13 19, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org

Provider Access Statement This alludes to The Bulmershe School’s arrangements for managing the access of providers to pupils at the school for the purpose of giving them information about the provider’s education or training offer. This complies with the school’s legal obligations under Section 42B of the Education Act 1997. Pupil entitlement. All pupils in years 8-13 are entitled: • To find out about technical education qualifications and apprenticeships opportunities, as part of a careers programme which provides information on the full range of education and training options available at each transition point • To hear from a range of local providers about the opportunities they offer, including technical education and apprenticeships – through options events, assemblies and group discussions and taster events • To understand how to make applications for the full range of academic and technical courses. Management of provider access requests Procedure: A provider wishing to request access should contact Kelly Roberts who can be contacted on 0118 9353 353 or emailed at firstname.lastname@example.org Opportunities for access Several events integrated into the school careers programme, and highlighted in our Career Plan, will offer providers an opportunity to come into school to speak to pupils and/or their parents/carers. Please contact Kelly Roberts to identify the most suitable opportunity for you. Premises and facilities The school will make the main hall, classrooms, or private meeting rooms available for discussions between the provider and students, as appropriate to the activity. The school will also make available AV and other specialist equipment to support provider presentations. This will all be discussed and agreed in advance of the visit with Kelly Roberts. Providers are welcome to leave a copy of their prospectus or other relevant course literature at Reception. All literature will be made available in the dedicated Careers and STEM hub that is available to all students at lunch and break times.

I have an interdisciplinary approach to creativity and teaching. My goal is to create a positive and dynamic space for students to share their ideas and personal stories, as well as reinforce their individual strengths and interests. I hope to help students not only improve their writing skills, but discover all the ways writing can serve a greater purpose. During our academic writing sessions together, you will learn to: * Develop flexible strategies for reading, drafting, reviewing, collaborating, revising, rewriting, rereading, and editing. * Engage in the collaborative and social aspects of writing processes. * Understand and use a variety of technologies to address a range of audiences. * Respond to a variety of audiences that call for shifts in rhetorical strategies, voice, tone, level of formality, design, medium, and/or structure. * Locate and evaluate research materials for credibility, accuracy, timeliness, and bias, including journal articles and essays, books, the library’s databases or archives, and Internet sources. * Compose texts that integrate ideas with appropriate sources using strategies such as interpretation, synthesis, response, and critique. * Practice systematic application of citation conventions. I'm a writer with an MFA in Creative Writing and a B.A. in English. As a teaching artist, I’m passionate about helping students reach their full potential by sharing my knowledge, creativity, and enthusiasm for reading and writing. I assist with reading comprehension, academic and creative writing, as well as help improve challenges with grammar, punctuation, and expressing complex ideas. Virginia and I met over four years ago at City College. I got the pleasure of working side by side with her. She leads by example. She teaches from a place of compassion, wisdom and humility. She does this while being head strong and sure of her core values. I highly recommend Virginia. She is very dependable yet creative. If anyone has the opportunity of working with, being guided by or taught by Virginia that person would be better for it. literature lessons close by? Here's a selection of teacher ads that you can check out. Superprof can also suggest creative writing lessons to help you. Learning isn't a problem, essay writing lessons for all! Taking literacy lessons has never been easier: you're going to learn new skills. |at her home||at your home||By webcam|

About the author: Phebe Davidson received her PhD from Rutgers University. She is currently G. L. Toole Professor of Literature at the University of South Carolina – Aiken. Earlier works published with Mellen include Film and Literature: Points of Intersection (1997); New Readings of Spiritual Narrative from the 15th to the 20th Century (1995) and Religious Impulse in Selected Autobiographies of American Women (1993), and several books of poetry.2001 0-7734-7342-4 Six wide-ranging essays which track the evolving representation and understanding of stories and themes, an exercise in seeing where a particular idea, image, or sequence of events will lead. For example, Chapter One traces the evolution of the black/white masculine friendship pair from James Fenimore Cooper through Die Hard to The Green Mile. Chapter four discusses Thelma and Louise and Leaving Normal as complementary cultural texts which serve to extend gender definitions found in earlier American literature and which continue actively to engage men and women in American culture today. “There’s nothing ordinary about Davidson’s always interesting insights throughout these six essays. . . . An engrossing, original look at film, energetic and lively. As a cultural observer, Davidson is sensitive and conscientious, and she reveals the American myths that both imprison and liberate.” – Book ReaderPrice: $139.951996 0-7734-2684-1 Poems of an imaginary poet at an artists' colony.Price: $39.951997 0-7734-8612-7 This collection of essays explores the ways in which film and fiction share narrative and thematic material while serving as cultural texts. The collection is intended to reflect a broad spectrum of critical positions. Works include Last Exit to Brooklyn, Angel Heart, Frankenstein, Wise Blood, Rambling Rose, Smooth Talk, Trifles, The Glass Key, Catch 22, Forrest Gump, Silence of the Lambs, The Glass Key, Miller's Crossing. Topics include the social construction of character, underlying messages, the evolution of work from novel to film, ethics, women's studies.Price: $159.951995 0-7734-8878-2 This volume offers an eclectic assortment of new readings of spiritual narrative, indicative of both the liveliness and breadth of current scholarly interest in spiritual narrative as a subject for serious intellectual discussion and exploration. What all of these essays have in common, aside from the rather broad subject designation of spiritual, is a recognition that spiritual narrative has almost always co-existed with its secular counterpart, often in the same text, and that it has served (and continues to serve) as the paradigm for narrative forms heretofore viewed in other contexts, whether as fiction, autobiography, or political tract. The complexity of vision offered in these readings is compelling and provocative.Price: $139.952000 0-7734-1264-6Price: $79.951993 0-7734-9354-9 This study develops the theme of spiritual rhetoric as an important foundation of the American autobiographical tradition and the related idea that the marginalized voices of women and African-Americans worked to alter and redefine America's conception not only of autobiography but of self and gender. The redefinition process is illustrated through readings of texts ranging from Puritan conversion (Anne Bradstreet) through evangelical autobiography (African-American evangelist Amanda Berry Smith) and from Indian captivity narrative through the slave and ex-slave (post-bellum) narratives.Price: $179.951995 0-7734-9598-3 Wry wit and lyrical reflection on the silence that lies at the center of individuals and their relationships with one another.Price: $39.95

Who We Are What We Do Research & Development Research & Development Murray Valley Pork St Bernards Free Range Pork High Country Pork Murray Valley Pork St Bernards Free Range Pork High Country Pork Learning & Development Seasonal Work Opportunities Our Recruitment Process Current Work Opportunities Learning & Development Seasonal Work Opportunities Our Recruitment Process Current Work Opportunities Rivalea Trading Terms Definitions and Interpretations In these Trading Terms: "Australian Consumer Law" means Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) as amended; means Rivalea (Australia) Pty Ltd (ACN 004 892 835) and its trading entities; means a person acquiring Goods defined as a “consumer” under Australian Consumer Law. means ‘goods of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, household or domestic use or consumption’, as that expression is used in Australian Consumer Law. means a consumer guarantee applicable to these Trading Terms as defined under Australian Consumer Law. means the person described in the Company’s Application for a credit account as “the Applicant” and/or the person or entity in whose name an account is maintained by the Company and/or the person or entity that purchases Goods and services from the Company. “Event of Default” The Customer fails to pay when due any moneys owing to the Company under these Trading Terms. The Customer gives any third party a security interest in accounts as original collateral in respect of any proceeds of any Goods supplied to the Customer; An Insolvency Event occurs or is continuing. Any representation or warranty made or issued by the Customer proves to have been untrue in any material respect when made. The Customer breaches any other provision of these Trading Terms and fails to cure it within five (5) business days notice from the Company to do so. means Customer’s dealing with Corowa Feed Sales. "Force Majeure Event" is defined in Clause 18 herein. "Financing Change Statement" means a "financing statement" and a "financing change statement" within the meaning of the PPSA. means any goods supplied by the Company to the Customer under these Trading Terms. They include goods described in any invoice, quotation or any other documents provided by the Company to the Customer. means "GST" within the meaning of the applicable GST Act as amended. means the goods and services tax in Australia. means, in relation to a party, one of the events specified in Clause 17 herein has occurred in relation to that party. means any intellectual property of the Company including without limitation patents, trademarks, copyright, designs, layouts, knowhow, software, object codes, source codes, and confidential information. means Customer’s dealing with Corowa Meat Sales, Melbourne Baxters, Sydney Coral Park and Brisbane Rivalea. means a purchase money security interest as defined in the PPSA. means the Personal Property Securities Act 2009 (Cth) as amended. means the price for the Goods as set out on the Sales Invoice sent by the Company from time to time. "Proceeds" means "proceeds" within the meaning of the PPSA. means the Personal Property Securities Register established under the PPSA. means the sales invoice relating to Goods supplied or services rendered by the Company to the Customer from time to time. means a "security agreement" within the meaning of the PPSA. means a "security interest" within the meaning of the PPSA. means Meats Customers are fourteen (14) days from invoice, and Feeds Customers are thirty (30) days from the end of the account calendar month of invoice. Terms and expression defined in or for the purposes of the PPSA and the Australian Consumer Law have the same meaning when used in these Trading Terms. Any special conditions specified on the Sales Invoice shall, to the extent they are inconsistent with these Trading Terms, prevail over these Trading Terms. These Trading Terms shall, to the extent that they are inconsistent with any terms contained in any credit application, prevail over that credit application. Words importing the singular shall include the plural (and vice versa). These Trading Terms apply to: The establishment, operation and use of the account of the Customer with the Company; All transactions effected by the Customer with the Company for the supply of Goods or services on its account or on a cash basis unless otherwise expressly agreed in relation to any particular supply of Goods; and The exclusion of all others including any terms and conditions of the Customer. These Trading Terms shall apply as if incorporated into each order placed by the Customer with the Company. These Trading Terms may be varied only with the written agreement of the Company. The Company may at any time and from time to time by written notice to the Customer alter these Trading Terms. The Customer may place and the Company may accept or reject orders in part or full for the supply of Goods upon these Trading Terms by a communication in writing (including by e-mail) or any other means that the parties may agree on including by telephone and by internet ordering. The Company reserves the right to specify a minimum order value and/or quantity which it will accept from time to time and to impose a surcharge should the Customer require delivery of goods having a value less than the minimum order value. Delivery of ten percent (10%) more or less than the quantity specified on the delivery documentation will constitute fulfilment of the order and any excess not exceeding that amount will be taken by the Customer who must pay for the actual quantity delivered. The Company reserves the right to vary the order of the Customer at any time prior to delivery of the Goods. Orders accepted by the Company cannot be cancelled or altered in whole or in part without the Company' written consent. The Company reserves the right, irrespective of whether or not an order has been accepted and without notice to the Customer, to withhold supply to the Customer and/or to cancel any obligation it may have to the Customer and the Company will not be liable for loss of damage resulting directly or indirectly from such action where: The Company has insufficient Goods to fulfil the order; The Goods ordered have been discontinued; The Customer has failed to observe these Trading Terms or the Company’s payment terms or The Company has determined, in its absolute discretion that credit should no longer be extended to the Customer. Pricing, Delivery & Risk The price quoted on an order shall be in Australian dollars unless specified on an order. All prices quoted or agreed are on a tax exclusive basis. The applicable amount of GST or other taxes or duty will be disclosed on invoices and is payable by the Customer. In certain circumstances, the invoice price may vary from the catalogue or order price, but this is rare and normally occurs when suppliers alter their pricing. Accordingly, the prices and product specifications in published price lists are subject to alteration without notice at any time prior to delivery, including the right to correct printing and clerical errors without notice. The Company will make every attempt to advise the Customer of any increase in any published price list. Unless otherwise agreed in advance, the Company reserves the right to: charge the Customer for the cost of freight, delivery and imposts including any import duty and taxes and additional duty and taxes incurred as a result of importation prior to the proposed delivery date on the order and GST; charge for re-scheduling and delivery for all variations to the original contract; and adjust prices if and when necessary prior to acceptance of any offer from the Customer. If delivery of Goods is delayed because of the late payment by the Customer of any of the sums due under Clause 5a)iv) herein, storage charges shall be at the expense of the Customer. Any time quoted for delivery is an estimate only. The Customer is not relieved of any obligation to accept or pay for Goods because of any delay in delivery. The Company shall deliver Goods to the Customer as soon as reasonably practical after acceptance of any order from the Customer. The Company reserves the right to deliver by instalments and each instalment will be taken to be sold under a separate contract. Failure of the Company to deliver any instalment will not entitle the Customer to cancel the balance of the order. If the Customer defaults in payment for any instalment, the Company may elect to treat the default as a breach of contract relating to each other instalment. If the Company determines that it is, or may be, unable to deliver within a reasonable time, or at all, the contract may be cancelled by the Company. If the contract is cancelled, the Customer will have no claim against the Company for any damage, loss, cost or expense. The Company will deliver Goods to the delivery address as notified in writing at the time of ordering, and will use its own nominated carriers and charge the Customer for freight on the invoice. Whilst the Company shall use all reasonable endeavours to comply with the Customer's particular delivery requirements and order specifications, the Customer will not be entitled to claim compensation by reason of failure to comply with their delivery requirements. Delivery shall be deemed to have taken place when the Company or its agent deliver or leave Goods at the address shown on the Sales Invoice for the delivery of such Goods. Applies to Meats Customers only - Goods sold on a “hot weight” basis are considered delivered ex-works and in such cases where the Company agrees to arrange for the dispatch of Goods to the Customer, all costs of delivery will be for the Customer's account. Any date agreed for delivery of Goods shall only be varied with the consent of the Company. If the Company agrees to postpone the delivery date, the Goods shall be stored at the Customer’s risk. Subject to the provisions contained in Clause 13 herein, the Company shall not be liable for any failure to deliver or delay in delivery for any reason including, without limitation: Any Force Majeure Event as set out in Clause 18 herein; Breakage, accident or other damage to or failure of machinery or equipment, whether of the Company’s or of the any person on which the Company is relying, directly or indirectly, to meet the Company's obligations to the Customer; Unavailability or shortage of raw materials, labour, power supplies or transport facilities; or Failure or inability to obtain licences or the effect of any applicable laws, orders, rules or regulations of any government or competent authority. Where in order to deliver the Goods the Company or its Carrier enters upon the Customer’s premises, the Customer will provide full and safe access to the Company or its Carrier and will be liable for, and indemnify the Company against the cost of all loss, damage to property or injury to persons, occurring directly or indirectly as a result of the failure by the Customer to ensure the said full and safe access. The Company reserves the right not to provide Goods to any Customer who fails to provide a safe environment for the Company’s employees or its agents. Applies to Meats Customers only - The Company retains the right to possession of all slides, gambrels and other equipment used for the delivery of Goods sold to the Customer. It is the Customers responsibility to ensure the return of all slides, gambrels and other equipment to the Company or the Company’s Agent. Applies to Meats Customers only - The risk of loss, damage and the maintenance of food safety of the Goods shall pass to the Customer or its agent when delivered to the Customer or when the Goods become under the Customer’s control in any way. Applies to Feeds Customers only - The risk of loss and damage of the Goods shall pass to the Customer or its agent when delivered to the Customer or when the Goods become under the Customer’s control in any way. Applies to Meats Customers only - From the date of delivery of the Goods the Customer shall be responsible for compliance with food safety requirements relating to the storage, processing, sale and display of the delivered Goods. Goods in transit- Goods dispatched by the Company will be at the Customer's risk and the Company is under no obligation to insure the goods while in transit. The Customer agrees to insure the Goods from the time of delivery and will note the Company’s interest as an interested party. Retention of Title Arrangements Property in and title to any Goods remains with the Company until the Customer has paid in full (and in cleared funds) all amounts owing by the Customer to the Company in connection with the Goods. Until all Goods supplied by the Company have been paid for in full, the Customer will hold the Goods on trust and as bailee for the Company and the Company may appropriate any payments received from the Customer to such Goods and accounts as the Company thinks fit, notwithstanding any purported appropriation by the Customer to the contrary. Unless otherwise agreed by the Company, the Customer must identify and store the Goods in a manner that clearly shows that they are the property of the Company and so they are maintained in good condition. Notwithstanding any of the matters set forth in this Clause 6 herein, the Customer may sell the Goods to a third party in the ordinary course of their business. The Company shall be entitled to trace the sale Proceeds (or any insurance proceeds if an insurance claim has been made in respect to them), which Proceeds shall be held by the Company in a separate bank account on trust for the Company. If the Customer is in default under these Trading Terms, they must return any goods not paid for to the Company upon request. The Customer irrevocably authorises the Company and provides its consent to any of its lawful agents, at any reasonable time, to enter the Customer’s premises or any premises occupied by the Customer or its agents and re-take any Goods supplied under these Trading Terms and then to re-sell those Goods and retain the Proceeds without prejudice to the Company’s rights to claim the balance of all moneys due under the Trading Terms. The Customer indemnifies the Company in respect of any such entry. The provisions of this clause survive the termination of any Security Agreement that arises in respect of these Trading Terms. The Customer acknowledges and agrees that these Trading Terms (including any order and invoice covering any goods ordered by the Customer) are a Security Agreement for the purposes of the PPSA and gives the Company a Security Interest in: all Goods supplied to it that are described in any invoice or delivery and/or shipping documentation provided to it and/or order documentation that it gives to the Company including all present and after-acquired goods held by the Customer as inventory and any accounts relating to them. all present and future property of the Customer including real property. The Security Interest given by this clause is given as beneficial owner. If the Customer is a trustee of any trust, it acknowledges that the Security Interest is given by it covers both the assets of the trust and any personal assets that the Customer owns. Any Security Interest that arises under this clause is a continuing Security Interest that applies to all Goods and their Proceeds and secures the due and punctual payment of all moneys payable by us under these Trading Terms. It is not extinguished or in any way diminished even if the Goods or any part of them is processed or commingled with and becomes part of a product or a mass as part of a manufacturing, assembling or commingling process. Any account arising by virtue of any sale of any Goods supplied to the Customer takes effect as a transfer. The Customer acknowledges and agrees that the Company may register a financing statement including any financing change statement on the PPSA Register. If requested, the Customer will reimburse the Company for any costs and expenses and other charges incurred by it in registering them. The Customer irrevocably waives any rights to receive a copy of any verification statement. The Customer acknowledges that until they have paid for all Goods they are not the owner of those Goods and, as such, if chapter 4 of the PPSA applies to these Terms, then the Customer contracts out of the enforcement provisions of the PPSA specified in section 115(1). The Company and the Customer agree that neither party will disclose to an interested person or to any other person, any information of the kind described in section 275 (1) of the PPSA except that the Company may disclose that information to an interested person where section 275(7) of the PPSA applies. If an Event of Default occurs or is continuing, the Company may immediately enforce these Trading Terms. Without limitation this includes: Retaking possession of any Goods not paid for by the Customer; Suspending delivery of any Goods on order and/or refusing to process any unfulfilled order; Enforcing any security interest. Requiring cash on delivery. Requiring payment of any proceeds held by the Customer in a separate account or otherwise. Appointing a receiver and manager of any of the Customer’s real or personal property. The Customer agrees that any such receiver and manager has the powers conferred by the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) as amended. If the Customer is in default they agree that the Company may exercise any of the powers conferred by these Trading Terms, including at law or in equity. The Customer appoints the Company its attorney by way of security for the purpose of exercising any powers the Customer gives the Company under these Trading Terms. If the Customer has not been paid for the sale of the Company’s goods by any of its customers, at the Company’s option, it may in addition to the powers in section 120 of the PPSA, collect that account on giving that customer notice in writing to that effect. The Customer will be entitled to issue proceedings in the Company’s name against that customer for recovery of that account for the Company’s benefit. The Customer indemnifies the Company in respect of any such action and proceedings. For the purposes of this clause, the Customer must keep proper records and accounts in respect of such unpaid sales, including the dates of sale, price, amount and identity of such customer and the Goods. The Company may in its discretion despite section 14(6) of the PPSA apply any moneys received in respect of any PMSI obligations of the Customer on a pro rata basis. Payment Terms and payment defaults The Customer must pay accounts on cash on delivery (COD) basis, unless otherwise negotiated or stated. Where the Company has agreed to provide the Customer with credit, the Customer must (unless otherwise agreed in writing) pay the Company for the Goods supplied in accordance with the Standard Terms from the date of the invoice rendered by the Company to the Customer or within such other time frame as the Company approves in writing. All payments shall be made free of any deductions, withholding or set-off. Payment is to made by way of cheque, credit card or bank transfer of cleared funds in Australian dollars to the Company’s designated bank account unless agreed otherwise by the Company at the time of order, in which case such special conditions or additional security may be required by the Company as in its absolute discretion it deems fit. Where the Customer purchases Goods on a cash basis, the following arrangements will apply: Full payment of the Goods to the Company must be made strictly in advance of delivery. Cancellation of purchase orders will only be accepted in accordance with the provisions specified in Clause 15 herein of these Trading Terms. Other Conditions May be Imposed The Company may, at its option, as a pre-requisite to manufacturing the Goods or making delivery, require all or any part of the following payment arrangements: Payment of the Price in full; A letter of credit for the total amount of the Price from the Customer; or A deposit of a portion of the Price. If the Customer does not make payment as required by the Trading Terms, the Customer may be required by the Company to pay by liquidated damages for a breach of contract a default charge in relation to the unpaid amount calculated by applying an interest rate being 3% per annum above the RBA (Reserve Bank of Australia) Cash Rate as published on the RBA website on the unpaid amount on a daily basis from the date the unpaid amount became due until the date that it is paid in full. If the Customer fails to pay for any Goods or services supplied by the Company when due, then by notice to the Customer the Company may declare any amounts actually or contingently owing by the Customer to the Company to be immediately due and payable. Where the Customer is overdue with any payment or the Company is in receipt of credit references that it regards as unsatisfactory, the Company reserves the right to change the Customer to a COD account and all Goods on a COD account shall be paid for before they are supplied. Application of Payments Any payments received by the Company will be applied first to any enforcement costs, then any interest and then towards any amount that is overdue. Credit Card Payments If the Customer pays its outstanding account by a credit card, at the time the transaction is processed, the Company reserves the right to charge the Customer an amount that the Company determines (acting reasonably) to be equal to the merchant service fee or any similar fee payable by the Company to its transaction acquirer in connection with the transaction. The following fees will apply: 1.7% for Visa and Master Cards will be payable by the Customer and will be added to the invoice price of the Goods sold. The Company may add any amount payable by the Customer under Clause 10a) to the sale price of the relevant Goods or services supplied or to be supplied by the Company to the Customer. To the extent that a party makes a taxable supply in connection with these Trading Terms, the consideration payable by a party under these Trading Terms represents the value of the taxable supply for which payment is to be made, unless otherwise expressly agreed. Subject to Clause 11c) herein, if a party makes a taxable supply pursuant to these Trading Terms for a consideration which, under Clause 11a) herein, represents its value, then the party liable to pay for the taxable supply must also pay, at the same time and in the same manner as the value is otherwise payable, the amount of any GST payable in respect of the taxable supply. A party's obligation to make payment under Clause 11b) herein is subject to a valid tax invoice being delivered to the party liable to pay for the taxable supply. Default Arrangements & Enforcement Expenses: If the Customer fails to pay any amounts when due, then in addition to any other amount payable under these Trading Terms, the Customer must pay to the Company upon demand any costs incurred in connection with enforcement of any of the Company's rights in connection with the supply of goods on these Trading Terms including without limitation: Any legal costs (on a solicitor and own client basis) incurred by the Company; Any mercantile agents fees incurred by the Company in recovering or attempting to recover any amount payable by the Customer under these Trading Terms; and Any dishonour or bank fees incurred by the Company in connection with payments or remittances that are made or that should have been made by the Customer. Exclusions of Warranties, Limitations of Liability and Indemnity: The Company acknowledges that the Australian Consumer Law and similar legislation provides: Certain rights for Consumers that cannot be excluded; and In relation to the supply of Goods, that in some circumstances the Customer may be a Consumer. Subject to paragraph (c), the Company excludes any and all conditions, warranties, terms and consumer guarantees implied by statute, general law or custom applicable to any supply of Goods. The Consumer Guarantees apply to any supply of Goods where the Customer is a Consumer, and the liability of the Company in connection with the Consumer Guarantees is not limited except as stated in paragraph (d). If the Customer is a Consumer in relation to the supply of Goods, and those goods are not of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use or consumption, then the liability of the Company in connection with the Consumer Guarantees is limited to one of the following (as selected by the Company): The replacement of the Goods or the supply of equivalent Goods; The repair of the Goods; The payment of the cost of replacing the Goods or of acquiring Goods equivalent to the Goods; or The payment of the cost of having the Goods repaired, except where it is not Fair and Reasonable to limit liability in this way. Excludes any liability in contract, tort (including negligence) or otherwise, in connection with: any supply of Goods or from the non availability of stock, any loss in the course of transport, for any indirect damages or losses or for any special, punitive or exemplary damages; Limits its liability in contract, tort (including negligence) or otherwise, in connection with any supply of Goods, to the price payable by the Customer for the Goods; and Excludes any liability for or in connection a claim that the Goods are not fit for a particular purpose or function, except where the Company has a liability as contemplated by Clauses 13a) or 13d) herein. In so far as permissible by law and except as provided under this Clause 13 herein, the Customer will indemnify the Company from or against any physical, direct, indirect and consequential damage, loss or costs (including legal costs on a solicitor- client basis) sustained by the Company or any other person arising from the supply of the Goods or services under these Trading Terms and will indemnify and save harmless the Company from any claim or proceeding against it to the extent caused or contributed to by the Customer in respect to any Goods supplied under these Trading Terms after risk or title has passed to the Customer. The Customer agrees to notify the Company in writing of any change in ownership or shareholding of the Customer within seven (7) days from the date such change or immediately if an Insolvency Event as specified in Clause 17 herein hereof occurs and the Customer shall indemnify the Company against any loss or damage incurred by it as a result of its failure to notify the Company of such change or Insolvency Event. Claims and Returns The Customer will be responsible for immediate examination of the Goods upon arrival at their destination and will be taken to have accepted Goods received by it as being in accordance with its order unless it notifies the Company in writing of its claim, including invoicing shortages, within forty eight (48) hours (time being of the essence) from the date of receipt of the Goods. All returns must comply with the Company’s “Return of Merchandise Procedure as set out in this Clause 14 herein (or as maybe notified to the Customer from time to time). The Customer must take all reasonable steps to mitigate any loss in connection with its claim or any defect in the delivered Goods. The Company will not accept the return of Goods that are specifically made to the Customer’s specifications or ordered for special manufacture. No return of Goods that are allegedly defective or faulty will be accepted by the Company unless either: The Customer is a Consumer in relation to those Goods and is entitled to return them because a Consumer Guarantee applies; or The Company has given prior written authorisation for the return of the Goods and has allocated the Customer with a Claims Reference Number (“CRN”) (This number can be obtained by contacting the Company and a reference number will be provided by telephone. CRNs will only be issued for genuine claims for shipping errors, faulty goods or damaged goods). The CRN and the invoice number must be clearly noted on the outside of the parcel or container containing the returned Goods. All Goods for return must be inspected by a representative of the Company prior to the Company accepting any obligation for the return of Goods. If the Company consents under Clause 14d)ii) herein for the return of any Goods, the Customer must: Return the Goods to the Company as directed by the Company; Provide to the Company a written statement setting out the reasons for return of the Goods and the nature of the fault or shipping error and any other relevant information such as a copy of the signed order confirmation; Give the Company details of the original invoice number and the date of delivery of the Goods; Provide to the Company a copy of the receipt or delivery docket relating to the Goods delivered; Return the Goods in their original condition as at the time of their sale and/ or packed in their original, undamaged state. Any returns that do not strictly follow the procedures specified herein will not be accepted. In the event of the Company delivering the Goods to the Customer's nominated carrier, the Customer shall be responsible for the expense of that carrier, and the Company shall be liable only to replace defective or faulty Goods and not Goods damaged in transit. Upon arrival of a faulty product, the damaged or faulty Goods will be assessed by the Brand Manager or the equivalent. The Customer will be notified within seven days the outcome of any claim and whether they will receive a repair, exchange or credit. Exchanges are only possible if the item is available in stock. The Company will only exchange faulty items for the same item in the same style, subject to availability. In the event of the Company agreeing to accept a return of Goods, these shall be returned to the Customer at the Customer’s expense (unless the Goods are deemed faulty by the Company within its terms of warranty). The Company shall credit the Customer's account with an amount equal to the invoiced sum. Where the company determines that the Customer’s claim under Clause 14 herein is valid, the Company will provide an adjustment note. Payment of the amount specified on the invoice must not be withheld whilst adjustment notes are being published. Cancellations and Variations of Orders Any change to or cancellation of orders by the Customer must be directed to the Company’ Account Manager in writing and must be received by the Company by no later than seven (7) days after the initial order. Back orders will be shipped when stock becomes available, unless the Goods subject to the back order have been cancelled, and the cancellation has been accepted by the Company. The Company endeavours to meet all orders placed. However, for various reasons including delayed availability of product from our suppliers this may not be possible, and accordingly the Company accepts no responsibility for undelivered orders. The Customer may not cancel or vary an order unless the Company in its absolute discretion consents in writing to the cancellation or variation. The Company may charge the Customer for any reasonable costs incurred in preparation of any order that has been varied or cancelled. The Company reserves the right to immediately cancel any contract for the supply of Goods or suspend any such supply without incurring any liability to the Customer in any of the following circumstances: The Customer is overdue with any payment due under these Trading Terms or is otherwise in breach of these Trading Terms or An Insolvency Event has occurred. Cancellation by the Company under this clause shall be without prejudice to the Company’s right to recover payment from the Customer for Goods previously supplied. If the Customer: becomes insolvent or bankrupt; is the subject of an application to wind up, or if a Liquidator, Provisional Liquidator, Receiver, a Receiver and Manager, or an Administrator is appointed with respect to the Customer or any of the Customer's assets; makes an arrangement or composition with its creditors or attempts to make such an arrangement or composition; is unable to pay their debts as they fall due; fails to comply with a statutory demand made under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) as amended for payment of a debt; ceases to operate; has execution levied against any of their assets; or has a mortgagee, Liquidator, Provisional Liquidator, Receiver, Receiver and manager or Administrator enter or seek to enter into possession of any of its assets, then any monies actually or contingently owing to the Company at that time under any contract formed on these Trading Terms (including any amounts which would not otherwise be payable until a later date or dates) are immediately due and payable (without the need for any demand by the Company). The Company may suspend any or all of its obligations to the Customer that are affected by any act of God, fire, flood, storm, earthquake, strike, lockout, labour dispute, breakdown, theft, crime, delays in shipping, or the inability of the Company to procure necessary materials or articles preventing or retarding performance of the contract or any other cause not reasonably within the control of the Company (each a Force Majeure Event) and the Company is not responsible for any delay, default, loss or damage due to any Force Majeure Event. When a Force Majeure Event ceases to affect the performance of any of the Company's obligations, the Company must lift any suspension of those obligations that it makes under Clause 18 a) herein. The Customer shall not infringe the intellectual property rights of the Company or any third party nor shall it engage in any conduct that is detrimental to the Company’s interests, reputation and goodwill and shall ensure that at all times that any Goods supplied by the Company are displayed and promoted in such a manner that the goodwill and reputation of the Company and the owner of any brand name of the Goods are protected. If the Company determines that the Customer is not complying with the obligations contained in this clause, it shall have the right to cancel any existing orders and demand immediate payment of all outstanding amounts that are owed to the Company. A certificate of the Customer's liability under any contract or contracts formed on these Trading Terms, signed by an officer of the Company, is prima facie evidence of the Customer's liability to the Company under these Trading Terms as at the date of the certificate. Either party may terminate the arrangements under these Trading Terms by not less than thirty (30) days notice to the other or immediately by notice to the other party if the other party is subject to an Insolvency Event. Upon termination all amounts actually or contingently owing by the Customer to the Company are immediately due and payable and the Customer shall immediately on demand deliver up to the Company all goods purchased from the Company for which it has not paid. Time is of the essence for payment of any monies owed by the Customer to the Company pursuant to the provisions specified in these Trading Terms. Survival of indemnities Each indemnity and payment obligation of the Customer under these Trading Terms is a continuing obligation, separate and independent from all other obligations, and survives termination of these Trading Terms. It is not necessary for the Company to incur expense or make a payment before enforcing a right of indemnity. The Customer acknowledges and agrees that: It will advise the Company if it changes its name, registered office, if any of its directors change, it becomes a trustee of any trust or the constitution of any partnership of which it is a member changes within seven (7) business days of any such change. The Company may act on any privacy and PPSA authorisations provided in any credit application or request to supply Goods made by it to the Company. Neither the Company nor any person purporting to act on its behalf has made any representation or given any promise or undertaking which is not expressly set out in writing, whether as to the fitness of the Goods supplied for any particular purpose or any other matter. Literature and suitability of Goods Literature provided by the Company to the Customer in conjunction with the supply of Goods (including instructions in relation to food safety) contains information concerning the limitations of the Goods and their use. That literature must be read and considered carefully by the Customer. The Customer must satisfy itself that the Literature in which it is relying upon is the current version at the time of use. The Customer acknowledges that it alone is responsible for determining the fitness of the Customer’s Goods for the purpose for which the Customer intends to use them. Failure by the Company to insist on strict performance of any term, warranty or condition of the Trading Terms will not be taken as a waiver of it or of any rights the Company may have and no waiver will be taken as a waiver of any subsequent breach of any term, warranty or condition. No waiver is effective unless in writing. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provisions of these Trading Terms shall not effect the validity or enforceability of the remaining provisions. No delay or failure to act is a waiver of any of the provisions herein contained. These Trading Terms shall bind the Company and the Customer and their respective successors and permitted assigns. The Customer may not assign any of its rights or obligations under these Trading Terms without the prior written consent of the Company. These Trading Terms are governed by the laws of the State of New South Wales. The parties submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of the State of New South Wales in relation to any dispute or claim arising under or in connection with the supply of Goods or otherwise concerning these Trading Terms and waive any rights to claim that such courts are an inconvenient forum. Any notice required under these Trading Terms may be given by any party, including any director or authorised person of that party. Any notice may be given at that party’s registered address or other address stipulated in application in connection with these Trading Terms or as notified in writing for the purposes of this clause. Without limitation this includes any electronic address notified to the other party.

Best Book Beginnings But these back to school books for your pre-k and kindergarten classroom are both fun and educational. That being said, no matter the publisher, you will know that as the numbers progress, so too does the complexity of the text. Imagination Library, a program started by Dolly Parton in 1996, sends a new, age-appropriate, high-quality book in the mail each month to children under the age of 5 at no cost to their families. You think you’re being introduced to the persecution of an innocent man, but if you read the chapter that follows carefully, you see that Josef K. is in fact doing all sorts of bad things in his life. If you then go back and reread the first sentence, it becomes significant that the very first impulse of the narrator (who is aligned with Josef K.’s point of view) is to blame somebody else. The end of your first chapter is the springboard from which the reader will leap into the rest of your novel. Show them something to make them keep reading. This Awesome Graphic Lays Out The Best Literary First Lines Of All Time It’s probably enough to say that in the Massachusetts Mt. Rushmore of big, gruesome tragedy, there are the Kennedys, and Lizzie Borden and her ax, and the burning witches at Salem, and then there’s me. One night when she was four and sleeping in the bottom bunk of her bunk bed, Ruth Cole woke to the sound of lovemaking–it was coming from her parents’ bedroom. It was a totally unfamiliar sound to her. A lot of the time these hooks are crisp, clean, and intriguing, but not necessarily. You can have a longer starting line, too, one full of mystery that makes me think, “What happens next? If you are considering this book, you are probably bothered by these conditions and are looking for ways to help those in your sphere of influence find their way out of the morass. ” On Charles Dickens’s Bleak House. To see what your friends thought of this book,please sign up. Early Chapter Books That Build Stamina And A Love Of Reading Karen Beaumont’s delightful rhyming text paired with David Catrow’s whimsical illustrations make for the perfect beginning of the year read-aloud that also builds self-esteem. Perfect to pair with an All About Me theme. On one hand, it makes a claim we might argue with. ‘Happy families are just as diverse as unhappy ones,’ we might object. The 50 Most Influential Books Of All Time They’re writing about themselves and their knowledge while having a conversation with the reader. There are many ways to hook a reader that don’t require shocking them. Many first-time Authors think they have to shock the reader to make them take note. Tucker has sold over 5 million books as a 4x NYT Bestselling Author and is the co-founder of Scribe. Should you choose for a death to occur right away, take some time to consider the meaning of this death for your story and why you believe your story needs this type of start. is the hilarious read you need at the end of a long day. Instead, she discovers that the man she loved so deeply is not the man she thought she knew. Holden’s words come across as sarcastic and world-weary, creating a vivid portrait of a disaffected teen. The direct address to the reader takes the reader into the narrator’s confidence, rapidly establishing intimacy, too. This inviting voice gets us to invest emotionally in the narrator quickly. The adventure, symbolism, and characterization contained in Don Quixote has promoted the book to the incredible popularity it has today. Don Quixote became one of the earliest canonical texts and has been inspiring artists of all kinds for hundreds of years. These are the most influential books in literature. I start with Muggie Maggie by Beverly Cleary. It is about a girl who is afraid to learn cursive handwriting, we are also starting cursive at the same time. Forget the flies, this old lady is ready to go back to school and swallowing the things she needs to take with her. A fun, rhyming introduction to a humorous approach to school. A friendless, bullying, insecure fifth-grader as the protagonist? In this book, the unlikely main character learns to like himself and begins to open up to those around him. A great reminder that there is good in everyone. Mirroring The Readers Pain It was interesting, but I’m not quite sure how useful except that I will probably add some of the books to my To Read list. “… readers always empathize with victims of perceived injustice.” On Mario Puzo’s The Godfather. “101” is good for people honing their writing skills but it also works for people who are interested in finding out about the beginnings of books they may or may not have heard of but might want to read. I’ve been trying to think of a more engaging way to begin one of my own manuscripts, and this book, along with a two-hour brunch with my talented plot-pointing, character-crafting girlfriend, came to the rescue. After absorbing Conrad’s deluge of varied and magnificent openings, I am left with no shortage of ideas. I recommend this book to any writer looking for possibilities, as well as any reader looking for a deeper appreciation of how writers pull off such magical engagements. To ask other readers questions about101 Best Beginnings Ever Written,please sign up. - If you practice, let the people who read your blog know. - A fun, rhyming introduction to a humorous approach to school. - This “inciting incident” all happens within the first ten pages of the novel. - The trouble is that most authors do not have the skill set of Kesey or Atwood or Wolfe. I think it sets up the story better. I find present tense annoying, but wouldn’t pass up a good story if I was an editor. I’d hope to avoid editors like you who go by personal preferences instead of well-written stories, though I’m sure you mean well. A reassuring story about a young girl who has the same first day of school anxiety as your students. Embracing your identity is important and Chrysanthemum is faced with challenges at school because of her name. A gentle story about individuality and bullying. Encouragement and inspiration are plentiful in this book aimed at delivering positive message to little learners. Finding the right read-alouds at the beginning of the school year can help alleviate student anxiety. For lower elementary grades this is particularly important. Stock your read-aloud basket with some of the great titles below to get you started. By leading with one, Will immediately intrigues his readers. But what is “right” for some books can be totally “wrong” for others. An action-packed opening scene may work for certain novels, but for literary fiction, many readers are much more enticed by a well thought out passage. Some back to school pre k books may not be the best choices for reading aloud at the beginning of the year because they may not be the right fit for the ages and attention spans of your students at that time. The education experts at Scholastic use the latest research on children’s literacy to develop leveled readers designed to build reading confidence throughout elementary school. The Level 1 readers tell an engaging story with simple sentences and a mix of familiar words and new vocabulary — perfect for readers just beginning their literacy journey. tells the story of Danica Greene, whose world is thrown into chaos after her pilot husband’s plane disappears. Her husband, Etsell, had accepted a job in Alaska, despite their settled homelife in Iowa. When Danica goes to Alaska in search of answers in the wake of his disappearance, she discovers that not everything about their marriage was as it appeared. one final time, forcing all four Bailey women to confront their past relationships with him and each other, as well as the fears and desires they’ve worked so hard to ignore. Candid, moving, and unflinchingly honest, this is a powerful story of heartache and new beginnings, friendship and family. Rowan Coleman’s touching and ultimately triumphant novel is a reminder that it’s not what you leave behind that defines you but what you’re running toward. Some Books Grab You Right From The Start The Rights of Man argues that political revolution is acceptable and permissible when a government fails to perform its duty of protecting the natural rights of its citizens. Written around 380 BCE, this text is considered to be one of the most influential pieces ever written. The Republic observes justice in man and politics and discusses the role of the philosopher in society. Many of the intellectual concepts contained in The Republic are still discussed today, but the text is also an important historical document that provides historians with a snapshot of Greece at the time of its writing. This story is locally well known, and so I won’t go into it here.

Ingrid E. Lilly The Fertility of Bones: Towards a Corporeal Philology of Reproduction 11,90 € including VAT Addressing the scholarly inattention to male fertility in the Hebrew Bible, this article examines how bones are figured in male bodies and configured in discourses about reproduction and kinship. Drawing on insights from new kinship studies, I analyze texts about bones in ancient Near Eastern medical and related literature to argue that wet bones are a cultural index for male fertility while dry bones signal infertility and a crisis of social regeneration. With special attention to Isaiah 66, we see male children sprout moist bones in their milky bodies as a promise of clan regeneration and the establishment of a future through male seed. By way of conclusion, towards a corporeal philology, I argue that Hebrew philology must incorporate embodiment and the materiality of language into its approaches, using examples from linguistic history and material culture of ʿṣm.

Showing all 27 titles. June 2019. xxi, 351 pp. Gender in English changed dramatically from the elaborate system found in Old English to the very simple he/she/it-alternation in use from (late) Middle English onwards. While either system is well described and understood, the... read more May 2021. xv, 231 pp. Bermudian English. A sociohistorical and linguistic profile focuses on a hitherto severely under-researched variety of English. The book traces the origins and development of Bermudian English, so as to situate the... read more October 2019. xiii, 268 pp. This book presents a new and innovative theory on the origin of the Germanic languages. This theory presents solutions to four pivotal problems in the history of Germanic with critical implications for cultural history: the... read more April 2020. xii, 305 pp. This book showcases eleven studies dealing with corpora and the changing society. The theme of the volume reflects the fact that changes in society lead to changes in language and vice versa. Focusing on the English language, be... read more February 2019. vii, 294 pp. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the research carried out over the past thirty years in the vast field of legal discourse. The focus is on how such research has been influenced and shaped by developments in corpus... read more May 2019. vi, 312 pp. Spanning the time from Old English to modern American English, this volume provides fresh perspectives on core issues and theories in the morphosyntactic history of English nominal, verbal and adverbial constructions. The... read more November 2020. vii, 313 pp. This volume explores the complex relations of texts and their contextualising elements, drawing particularly on the notions of paratext, metadiscourse and framing. It aims at developing a more comprehensive historical... read more May 2020. xvii, 241 pp. This textbook serves a dual purpose. It is, first, a comprehensive introduction to historical linguistics, intended for both undergraduate and graduate students who have taken, at the least, an introductory course in linguistics.... read more July 2020. xi, 495 pp. The collected articles in this volume address an array of cutting-edge issues in the field of historical linguistics, including new theoretical approaches and innovative methodologies for studying language through a diachronic... read more April 2014. xx, 338 pp. The English language in its complex shapes and forms changes fast. This thoroughly revised edition has been refreshed with current examples of change and has been updated regarding archeological research. Most... read more November 2015. xi, 443 pp. This book provides a linguist with a statistical toolkit for exploration and analysis of linguistic data. It employs R, a free software environment for statistical computing, which is increasingly popular among... read more November 2019. x, 289 pp. The current volume presents a number of chapters which look at informal vernacular letters, written mostly by emigrants to the former colonies of Britain, who settled at these locations in the past few centuries, with a focus on... read more March 2020. vii, 359 pp. The past few decades have witnessed an unprecedented surge of interest in the language of the Late Modern English period. Late Modern English: Novel Encounters covers a broad range of topics addressed by international experts in... read more December 2019. xix, 432 pp., incl. CD-RoM The eighteenth century in medicine is a fallow period lying between the innovations of the Royal Society (1662–) with its new ways of doing science and the nineteenth-century achievements of clinical and laboratory... read more Expected June 2021. vi, 366 pp. While research on language change has formulated robust empirical generalisations about processes and motivations underlying the emergence and spread of linguistic elements, their decline and loss is less well understood. So far... read more August 2020. viii, 298 pp. This volume traces the multifaceted concept of manners in the history of English from the late medieval through the early and late modern periods right up to the present day. It focuses in particular on transgressions of manners... read more May 2020. vi, 355 pp. This volume brings together ten contributions by leading experts who present their current usage-based research in Diachronic Construction Grammar. All papers contribute to the discussion of how to conceptualize constructional... read more May 2019. v, 215 pp. This volume explores changing norms and conventions in the English language, as displayed in a broad range of historical data from more than five centuries. The contributions discuss the interplay of sociocultural conditions,... read more September 2018. xi, 311 pp. Eighteenth-century English is often associated with normative grammar. But to what extent did prescriptivism impact ongoing processes of linguistic change? The... read more January 2019. vii, 288 pp. This volume explores a pivotal period in European history, the ‘long’ nineteenth century. Politeness scholars have suggested that the nineteenth century heralds a significant transition in the meanings and realisations of... read more August 2019. vii, 263 pp. The present volume brings together leading scholars studying language change from a variety of sociolinguistic perspectives, complementing and enriching the existing literature by providing readers with a kaleidoscopic... read more December 2020. ix, 310 pp. English local documents – leases, wills, accounts, letters and the like – provide a unique resource for historical sociolinguistics. Abundant from the early fifteenth century, they represent the language and concerns of people... read more April 2018. xxvii, 572 pp. The book is a comprehensive corpus study of analogical developments in the nominal morphology of four Northern West Germanic languages: Old English, Old Frisian, Old Saxon and Old Low Franconian. It examines the patterns of... read more July 2020. ix, 258 pp. This book is a textbook on R, a programming language and environment for statistical analysis and visualization. Its primary aim is to introduce R as a research instrument in quantitative Interactional Linguistics. Focusing on... read more October 2020. xiii, 348 pp. This volume provides a diachronic and synchronic overview of linguistic variability and change in involved, speech-related and spoken texts in English. While previous works on the topic have focused on more limited time periods,... read more October 2019. vii, 278 pp. This volume focuses on the relationship and interaction of language and science between 1700 and 1900. It pays particular attention to English History writing in late Modern English as compiled in the Corpus of... read more Expected October 2021. xv, 307 pp. + index “All families and genera”: Exploring the Corpus of English Life Sciences Texts aims at exploring scientific writing in late Modern English. This volume is the fourth of its kind devoted to the analysis of the... read more

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“Women in Peace and Conflict: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow” A panel discussion with Jody Williams (1997 Nobel Peace Prize recipient and chair of the Nobel Women’s Initiative), and Wendy E. Chmielewski, George R. Cooley Curator, Swarthmore College Peace Collection Moderated by Marjorie Murphy, James C. Hormel Professor in Social Justice Date: September 28, 2015 Place: Scheuer Room, Kohlberg Hall, Swarthmore College (Directions) Time: 7:30 p.m. Open to the public, Reception to follow Jody Williams received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997 for her work to ban landmines through the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, which shared the Peace Prize with her that year. At that time, she became the 10th woman – and third American woman – in its almost 100-year history to receive the Prize. Since her protests of the Vietnam War, she has been a life-long advocate of freedom, self-determination and human and civil rights. Williams chairs the Nobel Women’s Initiative and from 1992 she oversaw the growth of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines to over 1,300 organizations in 95 countries working to eliminate antipersonnel landmines. In an unprecedented cooperative effort with governments, UN bodies and the International Committee of the Red Cross, she served as a chief strategist and spokesperson for the ICBL as it dramatically achieved its goal of an international treaty banning antipersonnel landmines during a diplomatic conference held in Oslo in September 1997. Since 1998, Williams has also served as a Campaign Ambassador for the ICBL. Wendy E. Chmielewski is the George R. Cooley Curator of the Swarthmore College Peace Collection, a position she has held sine 1988. Trained as a historian, she has specialized in the history of women, social movements, and social reform. Chmielewski received her Phd in American History from the State University of New York at Binghamton in 1989, and her dissertation explored issues of feminism and women’s roles in U.S. communal societies and utopian literature of the nineteenth century. Parts of this work were published in a volume she co-edited Women in Spiritual and Communitarian Societies in the United States, Syracuse University Press, 1993. Chmielewski has since published several articles, essays, and books on the history of women, peace, and communal societies, with her most recent publication being a co-edited volume on Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Jane Addams: Jane Addams and the Practice of Democracy, edited by Marilyn Fischer, Carol Nackenoff, and Wendy Chmielewski, University of Illinois Press, 2009. Chmielewski’s most recent projects include work on the role women played in both the in the nineteenth century British and American peace movement. She is also one of the founders and directors of “Her Hat Was in the Ring: U.S. Women Elected to Political Office Before 1920,” <www.herhatwasinthering.org>, a digital humanities project tracing over 5,000 women who campaigned for elective office before the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, granting women the right to vote. For her work on this continuing project Chmielewski received two fellowships in 2013-2014 from the Gilder-Lehrman Institute for American History and the Carrie Chapman Catt Center on Women and Politics at Iowa State University. Chmielewski has worked on the board of several institutions, including the Archives Committee of the American Friends Service Committee, the Communal Studies Association, the Centre for Peace History at the University of Sheffield, and the Peace History Society. From 2002-2004 she was the president of the PHS. In 2014 Chmielewski was invited to join the Advisory Council for the American Museum for Peace. She has also served on the board of her local public library in Lansdowne, Pennsylvania. Marjorie Murphy teaches courses on U.S. history, especially in the fields of working-class history, women and gender, and foreign affairs. Her other scholarly interest are in the history of the teachers union and educational reform. Murphy earned her Ph.D. in History at the University in California at Davis in 1981, under the guidance of David Brody. She taught at Loyola College and Bryn Mawr College before coming to Swarthmore in 1983. Professor Murphy’s book, Blackboard Unions, came out in 1991. (Williams’ bio was adapted from the website of the Nobel Women’s Initiative.)

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Greetings and salutations fellow readers! Before I jumped into chatting about the amazing Crossed Genres press, I wanted to welcome you to “Beyond the Front Tables,” a column dedicated to highlighting small and independent presses and some of the titles I have loved from these presses. But first, allow me to introduce myself… My name is Shana and I am an extreme bibliophile. If there were a book event at the X Games I would be all over it! And, as a former Marine I do love some competition. Currently, I am pursuing my MA in English with a concentration in Literary Studies. And I also work full-time at an insurance company, but it is utterly boring as I deal with numbers all day (…zzz). But enough about me, let us get back to why we are all here: BOOKS! A few years ago I realized I was limiting my reading to what the bookstore put in front of me and I decided I wanted to change things. I started seeking out titles I hadn’t heard about a hundred times over. The joy of finding a new-to-me author is infectious and something I started sharing with friends and family. And now, Luna Station Quarterly is going to let me share my passion here as well! Each column will feature a small or independent press, some information about what they publish, where you can find their books, etc. I will also share a title I personally enjoyed as well as what I plan on reading next from the press. As a note, every book I read is picked out and purchased by me and the endorsement of any title is a reflection of the enjoyment I had upon reading. I look forward to having many chats about books with all of you, my amazing fellow readers, so without further delay… LET’S GET THIS PARTY STARTED! Small Press: Crossed Genres Crossed Genres is a small press I only recently discovered. The press focuses on “progressive speculative fiction” and is comprised of two branches, the Crossed Genres Magazine and Crossed Genres Publications. One of the many reasons I adore this press is their mission statement (from their website): “It’s the mission of Crossed Genres Publications to give voice to people often ignored or marginalized in SFF, which has led us to publish titles focused on older women, overweight women, immigration, skilled laborers, QUILTBAG families, and people marginalized throughout history.” That is a mission I can embrace and support with all my heart and purchasing power. When I started subscribing to their monthly SF/F magazine (something you can do here) I had not been aware of the book publishing side of the press. I fell in love with the stories in the magazine from the first issue I read. Then, when I was putting the book Long Hidden: Speculative Fiction from the Margins of History on my shelf, I noticed “Crossed Genres” on the spine and boom! one of my “light bulb” moments. Title I read and loved: Ink by Sabrina Vourvoulias Length: 236 pages Book description (from the book’s website): “The near-future, dark speculative novel INK opens as a biometric tattoo is approved for use to mark temporary workers, permanent residents and citizens with recent immigration history – collectively known as inks.” This is a gut-punch of a book. The short length does mean things move quickly and for me that made it all the more powerful of a read. Seeing how quickly society allowed a system of institutionalized population control to become the status quo was alarming. And yet, I could see how it could happen even today, which was even more alarming. A book that makes you think, sticks with you long after reading, and is one of the first things you want to recommend to people is a book full of win. Seriously, go read this book, right now, go! Title I am looking forward to next: MENIAL: Skilled Labor in Science Fiction edited by Kelly Jennings and Shay Darrach Format: Patiently waiting in my kindle app Length: 150 pages / 17 stories Book description (from the publisher website): “Miner. Harvester. Mechanic. Sanitation Worker. These are not the typical career of your average science fiction protagonist. Until now.” I am so excited to read this book. You always read about the exciting hero, the mysterious traveler, or the amazing warrior rushing into battle, but what about the people that make those worlds go round? Here is a collection that focuses on those often ignored group of people, in literature and our own society. Another reason I am particularly anxious to dig into this collection is because many of the authors are new-to-me and I will be reading them for the first time. That is one of the reasons I love anthologies; they offer the opportunity to discover some wonderful new voices. I hope you will join me in reading this collection! Happy reading and until next time, remember to read Beyond the Front Tables!

What do you think of, in regards to smarts, when I say: “Sexy Blond model type”? What about: “Strong Athletic Jock?” What about: “Scrawny nerdy band geek?” My guess is most people would answer: Dumb, Dumb, Smart – or something to that context. In HR we call this profiling and make no mistake, profiling is done by almost all of our hiring managers. The problem is everything we might have thought is probably wrong in regards to our expectations of looks and brains. So, why are ugly people smarter? Slate recently published an article that contradicts all of our ugly people are more smart myths and actually shows evidence to the contrary. From the article: Now there were two findings: First, scientists knew that it was possible to gauge someone’s intelligence just by sizing him up; second, they knew that people tend to assume that beauty and brains go together. So they asked the next question: Could it be that good-looking people really are more intelligent? Here the data were less clear, but several reviews of the literature have concluded that there is indeed a small, positive relationship between beauty and brains. Most recently, the evolutionary psychologist Satoshi Kanazawa pulled huge datasets from two sources—the National Child Development Study in the United Kingdom (including 17,000 people born in 1958), and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in the United States (including 21,000 people born around 1980)—both of which included ratings of physical attractiveness and scores on standard intelligence tests. When Kanazawa analyzed the numbers, he found the two were related: In the U.K., for example, attractive children have an additional 12.4 points of IQ, on average. The relationship held even when he controlled for family background, race, and body size. That’s right HR Pros, pretty people are smarter! I can hear hiring managers and creepy executives that only want “cute” secretaries laughing all over the world! The premise is solid though! If you go back in our history and culture you see how this type of things evolves: - Very smart guy gets great job or starts a great company and makes a ton of money. - Because of his success, this smart guy now has many choices of very pretty females to pursue as a bride. - Smart guy and pretty bride start a family which genetically result in Pretty-Smart children. - Pretty-smart children grow up with all the opportunities that come to smart beautiful more affluent families. - The cycle repeats. First, this is a historical thing so my example of using a male as our “Smart guy” and not “Smart girl” is just how this originally developed in society. I’m sure in today’s world this premise has evolved yet again adding women as breadwinners, but attractiveness probably remains. We are talking about how we got to this point, not where are we now. Additionally, we are looking at how your organization can hire better. So, how do you hire better? Hire more pretty people. White, black, male, female, American, Hispanic, gay, straight, it really doesn’t matter, just make sure they’re attractive! Seems simple enough. Heck, that is even a hiring process that your hiring managers would support! The one thing I’ve never had a hiring manager tell me, male or female, is “hey, you know Tim, they’re just too pretty, they won’t work here.” Never happened. Never will. Want to increase the talent in your organization? Just hire pretty people!

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Spoken by about 75 million people around the globe, mainly in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh , Telugu belongs to the Dravidian family of languages, with the largest number of speakers in the family; and is also the most spoken Indian language, after Hindi . It ranks 15 among the World's languages in the largest number of speakers. It also has the distinction of one of the four classical languages of India . Though Dravidian in origin, about 70 % of its words are Sanskrit based. Telugu literature has a history from around 11th century. Nannaya Bhattarakudu is considered the aadi kavi ('the first poet') of the language), and his Andhra Mahabharatamu, an adaptation of the Sanskrit , as the first literary work in the language (Nannaya is also known for his grammatical work, Andhra Sabda Chintamani.). Literature in Telugu should have been existence even before this adaptation, which is in chaste and polished style, came out. There are evidences like a 7th century inscription, a metrical composition (In Malayalam, another important language of the Dravidian family, Ezhuthachan , who composed Addhyatma Ramayana , is considered the father of letters in the language; and it does not mean that Malayalam came into being from this author. In fact, these Dravidian languages have history, long before the adaptations came from Sanskrit and Indo-Aryan texts and legends.). It is not only possible, but plausible that most of the pre-10th century literature and evidences of Telugu could be destroyed and wiped off by the religious opponents as is seen in other parts of India too, especially in the south. The Telugu script is an adaptation from the Braahmi script used in the Mauryan Empire. What does 'Telugu' mean? Where did the word come from? What is the etymology of the term? The ardent 'devotees' of the language derive the word by reconstructing it as: telugu> telungu> te:lungu> te:nungu> te:nugu> te:nu and then explain with a typical Dravidian touch that it is the:nmozhi to mean language-honey. This has a folkish touch about it. Yet another opinion takes a path towards the early days when the Andhra land was attacked and conquered by a tribal group called tailaing and in course of time the land itself came to be known as tailaing out of which came telugu. Another interesting theory takes us to Gondi, a lesser known Dravidian tongue, in which telu means 'white' and –unga is a pluralizing suffix, and together it denotes the people who are not black or brown as the other Dravidians, but fairer. Another group of scholars suggests that ten denotes south, and tenunugu would mean the people of the South. In earlier times, the Telugu land was known as Telenga Desha. Tele-and –nga or –gu are common formatives in Dravidian. The base –teli would mean clearer or bright, and so telugu is a 'brighter' or 'clearer' language. Yet another theory goes that the term is derived from a Hindu mythological legend and that it has come down from trilinga desha, a land lying among three Shiva temples - Kalahasthi, Srisailam and Draksharamam. The principal geographic entity of the people speaking Telugu falls among these three temples and hence the name of the language, the proponents of the idea argue. There are some other hypotheses too regarding this. Some people bring in Plini, some others A. D Campbell and Bishop Caldwell quoting their opinions, some bring in Kalinga, which became famous by Ashoka 's campaign of conquest, and the subsequent edicts and other inscriptions of the emperor. There has been no consensus till now on the etymology of the term and the arguments go on. Where did Telugu find its source? Being a cognate language of the Dravidian family of languages, it should have its origin in the so-called Proto-Dravidian root, like Tamil or Malayalam or Kannada , or like the far away Thai of Thailand; but over a period, it borrowed heavily from Sanskrit , and even the Telugu grammarians have stated that without reference to a Sanskrit Dictionary, it would be impossible to write a sentence with accuracy and finish. Early Telugu goes back up to 400 BC, according to some experts. Apart from Andhra Pradesh , the language is spoken in Tamil Nadu , and also among the diaspora population in various countries around the world. The reach of the language among the people of India also shows the depth of the roots of it. During 500-1100 AD, Telugu became the vehicle for poetic composition, and it also was in vogue in royal courts and among scholars. Translations too came in, like the one of ganitasara, a mathematical work of Mahivaracharya. A section of scholars think that Kumara Sambhavam, the widely noted work of Nanne Choadudu was written before Nannaya's Mahabharathamu. But the real development of Telugu began during the period 1100-1600, following grammatical prescriptions. This was the period when the language came under the influence of Sanskrit . The 12th and 13th centuries saw the emergence of Virasaivisam, propagating the bhakti or devotion towards Shiva as the only path for salvation. The next is the Age of Srinatha (1400-1500). Srinatha was a popular writer 0f immense caliber, King of poets or Kavi sarvabhamuma. He adorned the court of the Reddy Kings, and it was during this period that the popular Telugu literary form styled the Prabandha evolved. The major works of Srinatha include Sringara Naishadham, Marutarat Charitra, Saalivahana Sapta Sati, Haravilasamu and Kashikhandamu Pinavirabhadrudu (1450-1480) translated Kalidasa's Shakuntalam into Telugu (Shakunatala Parinayamu). Dubagunta Narayana (1450-1500) translated Panchatantra in Telugu adaptation. Annamchaarya (1408-1503) composed thousands of devotional songs of high literary and musical value. His wife Timmamba, believed to be the first Telugu poetess, was the author of famous works like Subhadra Kalyanamu and Nandimallya. As in the case of Kannada, the Vijayanagara period (1336-1565) marked a golden era for Telugu too. Nachana Somanatha, a court poet of Bukka I, wrote Uttaraharivamsamu, a major work of poetry. Emperor Krishnadeveraya (1509-1529) himself a poet of brilliance, wrote the Mahakavya, Amuktamalayada. His court was adorned by eight literary luminaries called Ashtadiggajas. The next two centuries too found a flourishing time for Telugu literature under both the nayaka kings and the mughals . In the second half of the 17th century, Muslim rule extended to further south, and established the princely state of Hyderabad in 1724. This resulted in the influence of Persian/Arabic on the Telugu language, and this went on till the 19th century. The late 19th century and the early 20th century marked the period of the influence of the English language. The British rule brought in modern technologies of communication and the printing press. This brought in a mix of classic and modern styles and the change was epochal. Movies, television, radio and newspapers changed the format of Telugu literature and it is now going through a dramatic quality change.

Suddenly, COVID-19 has changed the world and the way people work. Companies had to accelerate something they knew was imminent in the future, but not immediate and extremely humongous. This situation poses a huge challenge for companies to survive and thrive in this complex business environment and for employees, who must adapt to this new way of working. An effective e-leadership, which promotes companies’ adaptability, is needed. This study investigates the existing knowledge on teleworking and e-leadership; and analyzes the supposed challenges. The literature review shows that companies with effective e-leadership can view teleworking as an opportunity. It is advantageous for not only companies’ productivity but also the environment and people who work remotely. However, a traditional or no leadership can result in some risks. Thriving in remote work environments implies that managers must adjust the companies’ structure, making them less hierarchical, and developing new abilities to establish a strong and trustworthy relationship with their employees to maintain their competitiveness, while retaining a genuine concern for their employees’ well-being. Similarly, successful e-leadership must be able to consolidate and lead effective virtual teams to accomplish organizational goals. This study contributes to the literature and leaders during the pandemic. All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

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Has Christianity become a threat to the established order in areas controlled by Myanmar’s United Wa State Army (UWSA), the nation’s largest and best-armed rebel army situated in its remote northeastern hills? Or does China aim to further consolidate its near-monopoly on Myanmar’s peace process by squeezing out rival Western nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and blocking potential Western agents from accessing the area while masquerading as Christian missionaries? These questions have been raised by Swedish journalist in an article published on Asia Times. The China-aligned UWSA’s political wing, the United Wa State Party (UWSP), issued a September 9 statement instructing all of its military officers and administrators to “find out what the [Christian] missionaries are doing and what are their intensions.” The Chinese language statement, obtained and reviewed by Asia Times, pledges to punish any local administration cadres who support missionary activities, bans the construction of new Christian churches, and requires that priests and workers in existing churches must be local not foreign. The announcement also bans religious teaching in schools in the Wa Hills area and UWSP functionaries are as per the order no longer allowed to be members of any “religious organizations.” The edict uses the Chinese term jidujiao for Christianity, the term for Protestants and evangelical Christians, and not tianzhujiao, which is used to denote Roman Catholics. It thus seems that only certain Christians will be targeted by the new order. Hardly coincidentally, the announcement comes after John Cao, an ethnic Chinese pastor and permanent US resident of the state of North Carolina, was arrested in China in March for illegally crossing the Sino-Myanmar border. In June, he was sentenced to seven years in prison on immigration-related charges. According to Christianity Today, a US-based website, Cao had helped to build 16 schools that serve around 2,000 children in the Wa Hills area. With the help of Christians in China, Cao was also able to bring in 100 tons of clothing and supplies to the poor region, the report said. The website quoted Cao’s wife Jamie Powell as saying that her husband acted because he “was shocked by the poverty he saw” in the Wa Hills, which straddle the border between China and Myanmar. He saw “children without clothes” and a “makeshift school with a pigpen adjacent to the classroom.” He also noted that the region’s child mortality rate was exceptionally high, the report said. According to Powell: “It’s is clear to us that John was set up for arrest because of his faith-driven work and accused of facilitating organized border crossing. This charge is often used to prosecute human traffickers.” Cao, a prominent figure in China’s “house church movement” — where believers gather at home rather than in officially approved and tightly controlled churches — first became active in the Wa Hills in 2013. Because “house church” members are heavily persecuted in China, it is plausible that Cao was being watched by Chinese authorities even before he travelled to the Wa Hills. How he ended up there is uncertain, but it possible that he had heard of an existing, small Christian minority among the Wa and wanted to work among them. There is no reason to believe that Cao was more than a philanthropic church worker, but the Chinese as well as the UWSP may see the emergence of faith-based organizations and movements as a challenge to their authority. Around a century ago, mainly American evangelical missionaries converted some Wa to Christianity. As such, there were churches in the area when it was taken over by the insurgent Beijing-backed Communist Party of Burma (CPB) in the early 1970s. Although atheist, the CPB allowed the churches to continue functioning, but any kind of religious work was not encouraged by the party. The CPB held control over the Wa Hills until a mutiny broke out among the predominantly ethnic Wa rank-and-file of the party’s armed forces in 1989. The CPB’s leaders, orthodox Maoists steeped in the tradition of China’s Cultural Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s, were forced into exile into China, where Chinese authorities provided them with housing and pensions. The CPB’s army, once heavily supplied by China, subsequently split into four different ethnic armies of which the UWSA, with between 20,000 and 30,000 soldiers, emerged as the strongest. In the late 1980s, China switched from exporting revolution to promoting trade with its neighbors and many UWSA leaders and their associates grew rich on trade with China and Thailand, including from the illegal narcotics trade. But those capitalist gains have not transplanted the old communist mindset when it comes to issues of governance. A Sinologist who examined the UWSP’s September 6 statement says that the text is completely “people’s republican” and that “it could not have been done better in Beijing.” China has cause to be suspicious of foreign missionaries in the Wa Hills, especially those with American connections. In the 1920s, Vincent Young and other American missionaries developed a writing system based on Latin letters for the Wa language which was used in hymnbooks and other religious literature.

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General Surgery – Educational opportunities Teaching sessions include daily consultant emergency on call ward rounds, weekly MDT in upper and lower GI cancer, and a Monday morning radiology meeting. There is a programme of education sessions that follow on from the radiology meeting. A simulation programme is also being developed using the resources in our well-equipped education centre. Research is strongly encouraged and supported by specialist research nurses. We routinely participate in collaborative research with trainees regionally and nationally. Postgraduate Medical Education and Training St Richard’s Hospital has a long tradition of high quality postgraduate education. There is an excellent and active Medical Education Centre (CMEC) supported by a comprehensive library with full facilities for on-line computer searching of research literature. A wide variety of courses, tutorials and seminars with local and visiting speakers are organised by the Director of Medical Education, for clinical staff of all disciplines. All grades of medical staff are able to meet at lunch facilities within the centre. St Richard’s Hospital is recognised for undergraduate teaching by the Universities of London, Southampton and Brighton. A large number of undergraduate medical students are placed in Chichester each year and are accommodated in the Medical Student Centre within purpose built residential accommodation. More information can be found on the PGME website

The Clinicopathological Features of Epithelioid Undifferentiated Sarcoma with TFE3 Amplification with One Case Report Yuejiao Lang1#, Xiaojuan Li2#, Shaoyu Chen3, Pei Xiang4, Anjia Han1* #Authors contributed equally to this work 1Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China 2Department of Pathology, Yuncheng Central Hospital, Yuncheng, China 3Guangzhou LBP medical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China 4Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China *Corresponding Author: Anjia Han, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China Received: 17 December 2020; Accepted: 08 January 2021; Published: 14 January 2021 Citation: Yuejiao Lang, Xiaojuan Li, Shaoyu Chen, Pei Xiang, Anjia Han. The Clinicopathological Features of Epithelioid Undifferentiated Sarcoma with TFE3 Amplification with One Case Report. Archives of Clinical and Medical Case Reports 5 (2021): 129-136.View / Download Pdf Share at Facebook Herein, we first reported a case of undifferentiated sarcoma with epithelioid features harboring TFE3 amplification. A 66-year-old woman with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and chemotherapy presented with a 4 cm palpable nodule in the left lower leg. Microscopically, the large epithelioid tumor cells with remarkable pleomorphism and the small round tumor cells intermingled with each other in a diffuse sheet or a hemangiopericytoma-like vascular growth pattern. Atypical mitotic figures and lymph node metastasis were found while tumor necrosis was absent. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was positive for vimentin, TFE3, and CD34. TFE3 gene amplification was identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The patient was alive and well without recurrence or metastasis for 12 months after tumor resection. The tumor should differentiate from PEComa, alveolar soft part sarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, epithelioid angiosarcoma, and epithelioid rhabdomyosarcoma. Epithelioid undifferentiated sarcoma; TFE3; Gene amplification As a number of microphthalmia/transcription factor E (MiT/TFE) family, the transcription factor E3 (TFE3) protein plays an important role in tumorigenesis [1-2]. Strong nuclear expression of TFE3 protein is characteristically identified in several tumors including alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS), perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComas), Xp11.2 renal cell carcinomas, granular cell tumor, and epithelioid haemangioendothelioma [3-7]. The genetic or epigenetic alterations involving TFE3 expression are complicated and have not been fully elucidated. Apart from gene translocation, TFE3 gene amplification has been proven to be an additional, novel mechanism leading to increased TFE3 protein expression in several cases of PEComas [8-10] and renal cell carcinoma . In this article, we first presented a case of undifferentiated sarcoma with epithelioid features harboring TFE3 amplification. 2. Case Presentation A 66-year-old woman presented with a 4 cm palpable and painful nodule in the left lower leg that was detected approximately 1 month before consultation. The patient had a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and had been treated with chemotherapy 8 years ago. The therapy was effective and completed 2 years ago. The familial history was uneventful. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an oval juxtacortical lesion with a well-defined margin to the anterolateral left tibia, measuring 4.9 × 2.4 × 1.2 cm. Periosteal reaction of the tibia was identified, indicating its aggressiveness. Neither cortical erosion nor marrow infiltration was observed (Figure 1A-E). Tumor resection was performed. Grossly, the resected specimen consisted of multiple fragments with gray or white on cut surface, measuring 6 × 3 × 2 cm in size. Microscopically, the well-circumscribed but unencapsulated lesion displayed variable cellularity. Two morphologically distinct types of tumor cells intimately intermingled with each other and were arranged in a diffuse sheet or a hemangiopericytoma-like vascular pattern (Figure 2A). One type of tumor cells was the large epithelioid cells with remarkable cytologic atypia. The abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm was homogeneous, granular, or vacuolated. The appearance of large hyperchromatic nuclei ranged from oval to polygonal and centric to eccentric. Multinucleated giant cells with up to three to four nuclei per cell, were not uncommon. Prominent eosinophilic nucleoli and intranuclear inclusions were observed (Figure 2B). The other type of tumor cells was the small round cells with an oval or irregular nucleus. The cytoplasm was scant without a distinct cellular boundary. Myxoid stromal change was evident focally, imparting a relative hypocellular appearance (Figure 2C). Small- to medium-size blood vessels were scattered throughout the lesion. Lymphocytic infiltration was identified and was prominent along the perivascular spaces. Atypical mitotic figures were abundant in the large epithelioid tumor cells but less remarkable in the small round cells (Figure 2B). Tumor necrosis was absent. Tumor metastasis was present in one lymph node (Figure 2D). Immunohistochemically, both the components were diffusely positive for vimentin, TFE3 (Figure 3A), and CD68 (Figure 3B), partially positive for CD34 (Figure 3C), and retained the nuclear expression of INI1. The tumor cells were negative for CK, desmin, myogenin, MyoD1, SMA, HMB45, MelanA, MiTF, STAT6, CDK4, MDM2, S-100 protein, CD31, CD163, FLI-1 and MPO. The Ki-67 index was up to 60% in the hot spot area (Figure 3D). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with TFE3 Probe was breakapart designed to detect gene rearrangement and could be also used for the detection of polyploidy or target gene amplification. In normal cells of the present case (female), the copy of TFE3 gene is 2. But in tumor cells, TFE3 Probe show more copies, and the average copy number in each cell is 7. Of which, the number of Green probe and Orange probe is equal in each amplified cell. One hundred consecutive nuclei were counted, 1R1G1F accounted for 1%, and the polyploid proportion was 68% (Figure 4A). Gene fusion of TFE3 with PRCC, ASPSCR1 or NONO was not identified by FISH with gene fusion probe. One hundred consecutive nuclei were counted, 1R1G1F accounted for 1%, 2% and 3%, the polyploid proportion was 68%, 65% and 61%, respectively (Figure 4B-D). Therefore, no TFE3 rearrangement but TFE3 gene amplification was identified in the present case. We made the diagnosis of undifferentiated sarcoma with epithelioid features harboring TFE3 amplification. The patient was alive and well at 12 month follow-up information after surgery by radiological examination. Figure 1: Radiological characteristics illustrated by magnetic resonance imaging. The tumor (white arrows) appeared iso-intense on coronal T1WI (A), hyper-intense on coronal (B) and axial (C) T2WI with fat-suppression. It appeared hyper-intense on diffusion-weighted image (b=800 s/mm2) (D) with corresponding decreased apparent diffusion coefficient values on apparent diffusion coefficient map (E), indicating diffusion restriction. The periosteal reaction of tibia was noted on T2WI with fat-suppression (black arrows on B and C). Figure 2: Histological characteristics of the tumor. (A) The well-circumscribed lesion was unencapsulated with variable cellularity; (B) Large epithelioid tumor cells with marked nuclear pleomorphism arranged in a diffuse sheet pattern. Atypical mitotic figures were identified; (C) Small bland cells bear oval or irregular nuclei and scant cytoplasm, with large epithelioid cells in between. Myxoid stromal change was prominent; (D) Metastasis was identified in one lymph node. Figure 4: Genetic characteristics of the tumor. (A) TFE3 break-apart probe showed no TFE3 rearrangement but TFE3 gene amplification by FISH. The TFE3 probe contains a 627 kb probe labeled in green, which lies proximal to the TFE3 gene that located at Xp11.2 region, and a 637 kb probe labeled in orange extends distally from the TFE3 gene. (B-D) Gene fusion of TFE3 with PRCC(B), ASPSCR1(C) or NONO(D) was not identified by FISH with gene fusion probe. Green, the 5′- terminal region of the TFE3 gene; orange, the 3′- terminal region of the PRCC/ASPSCR1/NONO gene, respectively. Undifferentiated sarcoma with epithelioid features harboring TFE3 amplification is very rare. The tumor should differentiate from several tumors. Based on the morphological and genetic features, PEComa is a strong consideration for the diagnosis. PEComas can be composed of epithelioid and spindle cells arranged in a hemangiopericytoma-like vascular pattern. TFE3 is positively expressed in a number of PEComas resulting from gene fusion . TFE3 gene amplification, a characteristic finding in the present case, has also been documented in three cases of PEComas; all of these PEComas were found in adults and showed predominant or pure epithelioid morphology. Among these, two cases displayed marked atypical large cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, nuclear anaplasia, and multipolar mitotic figures, sharing histological overlaps with the present case. However, tumor cells in PEComas commonly are positive for melanocytic and smooth muscle markers; all the three cases were positive for Melan-A and actin/SMA, two were positive for HMB45 [8-10], whereas none of Melan-A, HMB45 and actin/SMA were expressed in the present case. Therefore, evidence for classifying the tumor as PEComa is insufficient. Several sarcomas including ASPS, epithelioid sarcoma, epithelioid angiosarcoma, and epithelioid rhabdomyosarcoma should be differentiated from our diagnosis. ASPS typically is composed of large eosinophilic cells in nest or pseudoalveolar growth pattern delineated by fibrous septa. Increased cytologic pleomorphism and nuclear pleomorphism are uncommon but have been described . ASPS demonstrates nuclear expression of TFE3, resulting from the oncogenic fusion or rearrangement of TFE3 with ASPSCR1 on chromosome 17 . However, such characteristic chromosomal translocation was not detected by FISH in the present tumor. The intracytoplasmic accumulation of rod-shaped crystals, which is another specific character of ASPS, could be found in a majority of the cases. Both epithelioid sarcoma and epithelioid angiosarcoma are composed of diffusely arranged large tumor cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, vesicular nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. As for epithelioid sarcoma, especially in the proximal-type, pleomorphism is prominent . It is one of the few mesenchymal neoplasms that metastasize to lymph nodes. However, epithelioid sarcoma is positive for CK and EMA, and usually loss of nuclear INI1 expression . Epithelioid angiosarcoma presents irregular vascular spaces lined by protuberant epithelioid tumor cells which usually positive for endothelial markers such as CD31, CD34, ERG and FLI-1 . In contrast to the obvious cytologic pleomorphism in the present case, cells and nuclei in epithelioid rhabdomyosarcoma tend be relatively uniform in size. Skeletal muscle differentiation should be proven based on immunostaining for myogenin and myoD1 . The most common chromosomal abnormalities involving TFE3 are translocations and rearrangements, and are among the earliest reported gene fusion in tumorigenesis [17-18]. TFE3 gene fusion can occur with different partners, such as PRCC, ASPSCR1, SFPQ, and NONO, all of which provide active gene promoters, and therefore, lead to higher levels of TFE3 fusion proteins than wild-type TFE3 [5, 19-20]. Apart from PEComas, it has also been confirmed in four cases of renal cell carcinomas with moderate to strong nuclear expression of TFE3 . An interesting finding is that it might be associated with aggressive biological behavior [8-11]. As for renal cell carcinoma, patients with TFE3 amplification exhibited a significantly poorer cancer-specific survival rate than those with translocation . As for PEComas, distant metastasis and recurrence were documented [8-10]. In the present case, tumor aggressiveness has been suggested by radiological examination, and one lymph node metastasis was identified. In conclusion, we present a case of epithelioid undifferentiated sarcoma with characteristic genetic alteration. Even comprehensive immunohistochemistry and molecular examination could not help in classifying the tumor under any of the existing soft tissue tumor classification. Therefore, we designated it as epithelioid undifferentiated sarcoma with TFE3 amplification. Our report indicated TFE3 amplification as an additional chromosomal abnormality might induce increased expression of TFE3 protein, and suggested the possible relationship between the genetic alteration and aggressive biological behavior of tumor. Disclosure of Conflict of Interest - Hemesath TJ, Steingr í msson E, McGill G, et al. Microphthalmia, a critical factor in melanocyte development, defines a discrete transcription factor family. 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Granular cell tumors overexpress TFE3 without gene rearrangement: Evaluation of immunohistochemistry and break-apart FISH in 45 cases. Oncol Lett 18 (2019): 6355-6360. - Mohamed AD, Tremblay AM, Murray GI, et al. The Hippo signal transduction pathway in soft tissue sarcomas. Biochim Biophys Acta 1856 (2015): 121-129. - Argani P, Aulmann S, Illei PB, et al. A distinctive subset of PEComas harbors TFE3 gene fusions. Am J Surg Pathol 34 (2010): 1395-1406. - Jimbo N, Nishigami T, Noguchi M, et al. Hepatic angiomyolipomas may overexpress TFE3, but have no relevant genetic alterations. Hum Pathol 61 (2017): 41-48. - Wang H, Zhan H, Yao Z, et al. Malignant renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma with TFE3 gene amplification mimicking renal carcinoma. Clin Nephrol Case Stud 6 (2018): 11-15. - Macher-Goeppinger S, Roth W, Wagener N, et al. Molecular heterogeneity of TFE3 activation in renal cell carcinomas. Mod Pathol 25 (2012): 308-315. - Thway K, Fisher C. PEComa: morphology and genetics of a complex tumor family. Ann Diagn Pathol 19 (2015): 359-368. - Matthew R, Lindberg DL, Jerad M Gardner, et al. Diagnostic Pathology: Soft Tissue Tumors. 2nd Canada: Elsevier (2016). - Guillou L, Wadden C, Coindre JM, et al. “Proximal-type” epithelioid sarcoma, a distinctive aggressive neoplasm showing rhabdoid features. Clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of a series. Am J Surg Pathol 21 (1997): 130-146. - Hornick JL, Dal Cin P, Fletcher CD. Loss of INI1 expression is characteristic of both conventional and proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 33 (2009): 542-550. - Jo VY, Marino-Enriquez A, Fletcher CD. Epithelioid rhabdomyosarcoma: clinicopathologic analysis of 16 cases of a morphologically distinct variant of rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 35 (2011): 1523-1530. - Shipley JM, Birdsall S, Clark J, et al. Mapping the X chromosome breakpoint in two papillary 9 renal cell carcinoma cell lines with a t(X;1)(p11.2;q21.2) and the first report of a female case. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 71 (1995): 280-284. - Sidhar SK, Clark J, Gill S, et al. The t(X;1)(p11.2;q21.2) translocation in papillary renal cell carcinoma fuses a novel gene PRCC to the TFE3 transcription factor gene. Hum Mol Genet 5 (1996): 1333-1338. - Clark J, Lu YJ, Sidhar SK, et al. Fusion of splicing factor genes PSF and NonO (p54nrb) to the TFE3 gene in papillary renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 15 (1997): 2233-2239. - Weterman MA, Wilbrink M, Geurts van Kessel A. Fusion of the transcription factor TFE3 gene to a novel gene, PRCC, in t(X;1)(p11;q21)-positive papillary renal cell carcinomas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (1996): 15294-15298.

Recently, while in the throes of a hypoglycemic episode, I had what I took to be a revelation. When I came to — sweating, delirious, but finally able to think again — I couldn’t recall a single cogent thought I’d had the entire time I’d been under. I was left, then, with impression of having had a revelation, minus the revelation. “I went up the mountain,” the forgotten prophet tells us. “Forgot to take notes.” I’ve been reading The Making of the Atomic Bomb. It’s a thousand pages long. I’m on page 367 and still don’t know how to make an atomic bomb. “Don’t tell me,” I say to my brother in law, master’s degree in history, emphasis in World War II. I’d become interested in the Atomic Bomb not for its destructive capabilities, but for its time travel properties (ala Back to the Future), its asteroid splitting properties (ala Armageddon), its ability to restart the core of the earth (ala The Core). All things considered, an atomic bomb seems like a handy piece of equipment to have around. That’s crazy-talk though. It’s impossible to consider all things. “How big would this device have to be that could alter the course of human events?” a Nazi general asks in The Making of the Atomic Bomb. A Nazi scientist cups his hand like he’s holding an invisible pineapple. “Have you ever seen an invisible pineapple?” In Cat’s Cradle, Vonnegut’s 3rd best book, a man is sitting at a bar. “Did you hear?” he says to the bar tender. “They figured out the meaning of life.” “Yeah?” the bar tender says. “What is it?” The man shrugs. “Something about proteins.” Weather Report (Tuesday May 12, 2020): Scattered thunder storms, high levels of dogwood and pollen, ozone warning mild, low of 54. A late bloomer: At thirty-two I’m suffering from allergies for the first time in my life. J says: “Something is not agreeing with you.” At night my eyes water. It feels like I’m crying but I’m not crying. My head goes fuzzy. It feels like I’m exhausted but I’m not exhausted. My throat swells up. It feels like I can’t breathe. I can breathe a little. “There’s a certain type of cholesterol,” C tells me, “that can make you feel suicidal.” “But you’re not actually suicidal?” I say. “No,” C says. “You only feel like you are.” Which reminds me of a joke. “Are you sure you want to kill yourself?” the therapist asked the suicidal man. “Of course not!” the suicidal man said. “But I’m sure I won’t regret it.” Otherwise lacking any sort of actual stakes in my life, I often perform inconsequential tasks while imagining somebody holding a gun to my head. “Find your copy of Old Man and the Sea in the next ten seconds,” he says. “Or I blow your fucking brains out.” Something’s not agreeing with me. Or I’m not agreeing with it. “Do you think you’re abusing alcohol?” the nurse practitioner asks, when I tell her my daily alcohol consumption habits, divided by two. “Absolutely not!” I say. “Alcohol is abusing me! I’m the victim here!” As a perk of devoting my life and talents to the large, faceless corporation — something I never thought I’d do! — I am gifted a 3-month subscription to small-batch, fresh-roasted coffee, delivered twice monthly right to my front door. The coffee is catered to my personal preferences. “Which do you prefer,” the online questionnaire asks. “Coffee that tastes like coffee? Or coffee that tastes like something else?” I think for a second. Then I click on “Coffee that tastes like coffee.” “Great!” the survey says. “We’ll send you coffee that tastes like coffee!” When the coffee arrives, I make some. I use a French press. “Sir,” I say to my wife. “We’re ready for you.” She presses the plunger down into the coffee like a TNT detonator in a Wile E. Coyote cartoon. When it hits the bottom, I nod. “Albuquerque,” I say. “Is gone.” Lieutenant General Leslie Richard Groves Jr. on being commanded to lead the Manhattan Project: “Men like to recall, in later years, what they said at some important or possibly historic moment in their lives…I remember only too well what I said to General Somervell that day. I said, ‘oh.'” “Find your waffle house souvenir coffee mug in the next six seconds,” the man with the gun says. “Or it’s lights out.” I don’t know what I’m going to do when I’ve finished reading The Making of the Atomic Bomb and I know how to make an atomic bomb. I guess I’m going to make one. I’m not really all that busy. They’re the size of a pineapple. Maybe I’ll put it in my bathroom. I read a book years ago. It said that a bunch of atomic pineapples have gone missing. They weren’t stolen. They were misplaced. “Believe it or not,” Professor Solomon tells us in his thin 1993 volume How to Find Lost Objects, “things are often right where they’re supposed to be.” Or, like he reminds us in principal six of his “Amazing Method!”: “You’re looking right at it.” “It is a profound and necessary truth that the deep things in science are not found because they are useful,” Robert Oppenheimer once said, an epigraph to The Making of the Atomic Bomb, “They are found because it was possible to find them.” Weather Report (Thursday May 14, 2020): Party cloudy, 84% humidity, 10mph wind, mild pollen count, high of 72. The nurse practitioner tells me that allergies are particularly bad this year. She says: “Dogwood and pollen counts.” She says: “Flowers and stuff.” She says: “A FUNDAMENTAL INCOMPATIBILITY WITH THE EARTH.” It’s possible I’m not a thousand percent listening. Allergies aren’t that interesting to me. Anytime anyone says anything to me about their allergies my immediate reaction is to not be that interested. “I’m not that interested in this!” I think as my eyes burn and my skin blisters and my throat closes up, symptoms not entirely distinct from those of caused by mild exposure to radiation. Something, I think, isn’t agreeing with me. In the days after my hypoglycemic episode I am careful not to administer my prescribed daily insulin injections for fear of triggering another hypoglycemic event. It’s easy. I just don’t administer them. Most problems, I find, can be solved by inaction. The first principal of Professor Solomon’s Amazing Method! for finding a lost object is: “Don’t Look for It.” I read that in the 1960s, to treat severe depression, doctors would sometimes give non-diabetic patients large injections of pig insulin. Their blood sugar would drop to dangerous lows. 50 mg/dl. 45 mg/dl. That’s coma territory. They would leave them like that. I guess they wanted to see what happened. If they learned anything. If they brought anything back with them. The deep things in science are not found because they are useful. After a while the doctor would give the patient a glass of orange juice. “There is,” I tell my genius writer friend John, “some euphoria to it all.” The first atomic bomb didn’t look like an atomic bomb. It looked like a pile. They called it The Pile. A new field of study was born. Pile Physics. “Write this down,” a night professor at community college told us one evening, in Introduction to Literature, “All of us have everything we need to completely destroy our lives.” It’s important to remember that nuclear energy wasn’t invented. It was there all along. We were looking right at it. It was pretty obvious to all of us in the class that night that our professor was talking about himself. Weather Report (Friday May 15, 2020): Overcast, scattered showers, high of 91. In my early 20s I was diagnosed with a rare form of diabetes. Then, in my early 30s, I was diagnosed with it again. In between I forgot. “You, sir, have diabetes,” the nurse practitioner told me, in my early 30s. I remember what I said. I said: “Oh.” I knew that I had diabetes, of course. I’d just forgotten that I knew that. My blood sugar was 500+ mg/dl. That’s coma territory. When your blood sugar is that high you’re not in your right mind. You’re in your wrong mind. I didn’t know how long I’d been in my wrong right mind. I suspected it had been a while. “Blood sugar that high can make you feel miserable,” the nurse practitioner told me. “But you’re not actually miserable?” I said. “No,” she said. “You only feel like you are.” My second hypoglycemic episode in a month: I am walking around the pond off Keller Springs when my brain turns into a snow globe. Hypoglycemia can mimic the effects of drunkenness. Five weeks without a drink, it’s not exactly unwelcome. I stumble around, sweating profusely, having IDEAS. I don’t write any of them down. I’m sure I’ll remember anything worth remembering, I reassure myself. “I was supposed to tell you guys something,” the forgotten prophet said. “But I’m totally blanking.” After finishing Richard Rhodes’s 1986, 886-page, multi-award winning, more-than-comprehensive volume The Making of the Atomic Bomb I still don’t know how to make an atomic bomb. Except I suspect that I do know how to make an atomic bomb. I just don’t understand, in any way whatsoever, what it is that I understand. “Something about isotopes,” I explain to J. Weather Report (Monday May 18, 2020): Clear skies, high levels of pollen and dogwood, high of 91. The nurse practitioner prescribes Claritin-D and a daily regimen of blasting out my sinus cavities using a turkey baster and a cup of warm salt water. “Aren’t I a little old to suddenly become allergic to all of this?” I say. “Think of it this way,” she says. “What took you so long?” When my next bag of small-batch, fresh-roasted coffee arrives on my front porch — flavor: coffee — I brew it up immediately in the French press we keep above the sink. I bring the carafe to J. She’s playing a video game in the office. It has something to do with animals. You make an island for them. There doesn’t seem to be a point. I make my fingers into a pistol and aim it at her head. “Sir,” I say. She presses the plunger down into the coffee, slowly, not looking, one hand still on her controller moving her guy around, sending us 45 years back in time, splitting the asteroid that’s headed for the western hemisphere, restarting the core of the earth like when we used to push-start Jason B’s ’85 Pontiac Fierro after work outside of Culver’s off 75 — this was back in 2003 or 4 — before our lives had become what it seems to me now like they had no other possible way of being. Mike Nagel's essays have appeared in apt, Hobart, Salt Hill, DIAGRAM, and The Paris Review Daily.

The Board of Governors of the 17-campus University North Carolina has selected some of the University’s most outstanding faculty to receive its 2015 Awards for Excellence in Teaching. The 17 recipients, representing an array of academic disciplines, were nominated by special committees on their home campuses and selected by the Board of Governors’ Committee on Personnel and Tenure. Each award winner will receive a commemorative bronze medallion and a $12,500 cash prize. All awards will be presented by a Board of Governors member during each campus’ spring graduation ceremonies. Winners include Associate Professor Jennifer L. Burris, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Appalachian State University; Associate Professor Carol Goodwillie, Department of Biology, East Carolina University; Professor Ephraim T. Gwebu, Department of Natural Sciences, Elizabeth City State University; Professor Annie McCullough Chavis, Department of Social Work, Fayetteville State University; Associate Professor Jerono P. Rotich, Department of Human Performance and Leisure Studies, NC Agricultural and Technical State University; and Associate Professor Karen Keaton Jackson, Department of Language and Literature, NC Central University. Other winners are Professor David G. Haase, Department Physics, NC State University; Professor Leah Greden Mathews, Department of Economics, UNC Asheville; Associate Professor Terry Sullivan, Department of Political Science, UNC-Chapel Hill; Associate Professor Tracy C. Rock, Department of Reading and Elementary Education, UNC Charlotte; Associate Professor Joseph M. Starobin, Department of Nanoscience, UNC Greensboro; Professor Sivanadane Mandjiny, Department of Chemistry and Physics, UNC Pembroke; Professor Cara N. Cilano, Department of English, UNC Wilmington; Associate Professor Hans Gabriel, Division of Liberal Arts, UNC School of the Arts; Associate Professor Alexander S. Macaulay, Department of History, Western Carolina University; Associate Professor Michael J. McKenzie, Department of Exercise Physiology, Winston-Salem State University; and Noreen A. Naiman, Instructor of biology and chemistry, NC School of Science and Mathematics. The oldest public university in the nation, the University of North Carolina enrolls more than 222,000 Students and encompasses all 16 of North Carolina’s public institutions that grant baccalaureate degrees, as well as the NC School of Science and Mathematics, the nation’s first public residential high school for gifted students. UNC campuses support a broad array of distinguished liberal-arts programs, two medical schools and one teaching hospital, two law schools, a veterinary school, a school of pharmacy, 11 nursing programs, 15 schools of education, five schools of engineering and a specialized school for performing artists. The UNC Center for Public Television, with its 11-station statewide broadcast network, is also under the University umbrella.

Directed by Michel Gondry based on the book Froth on the daydream by Boris Vian. French. 2013. Cert. 12am. 1hr 34mins. This version is the reduced one. Less 30mins. It seems audiences were considered in some locations to have insufficient capacity for a possibly more extended film. Cast. Romain Duris, Audrey Tatou, Gad Elmaleh, Charlotte de Bon, Michel Gondry. also Aissa Maiga as Alise, Sacha Bourdo as La sour is, Natacha Regneir as La marchande de remedies, Philippe Torrenton as. Jean-Sol Parte, Alain Chabret as Gouffe. French avant-garde surrealism internalised. When I see an image I believe in it or reject it. The above image I saw fully equipped as a part of a narrative we know nothing of. We do not know the associated story if there is one. I remade, copied it and made it less dark than the original Yet it remains placed in the kind of time frame, era, as Mood Indigo I think. I read the light flickering as moonlight and the woman deep in solitary reflection. The Incline of the steps seems to be a natural balancing place when we should be expecting her sitting on a level surface. This I believe is what subverts the consciousness with us believing in the story from the start BUT on closer inspection something odd and still more unelained is in front of our eyes but we cannot see it for looking. The artist may know. Enclosed Mind So is this film undirecting us to the internal story? Eternal ….spotless mind… Sleeping are the directors comfort zone and this peculiar auteur omnibus is nothing more than a book rendered into drawn images, sketches of the expectation of the written word. Then the special effects are to be expected. Executed. Animated. Some of the sketches may have made it to the screen. Is there another way of presenting this love story that would rely less on trickery and be through time shift, location being totally surreal and more like the Parisian emigre Beckett an approach? How was the Japanese version (Kuroe 2001) approached, I haven’t seen it or read about it? Nature marvels before us. The auteur is of course the writer and his developed story is of the limits of pleasure in the most sublime of circumstances and the narrative literally unravels into small elements. No control of the natural world is possible. It is as Jean Rhys observation in Wide Sargasso Sea on the part of the pubescent Antoinette – of all things natural being better and at a level above us. She opens her thinking on Jamaica – “And if the razor grass cut my legs and arms I would think ‘Its better than people.’ Black ants or red ones, tall nests swarming with white ants, rain that soaked me to the skin – once I saw a snake. All better than people. Better. Better, better than people.” That in 1966. On pre-war colonialists. Boris Vian has imaginably, consciously as other artists did, must have formed art by re-telling our ancient placation with animals when they were given as the bible once proposed joint dominion or was that Jesus and the bible elevated us. It would not surprise me if that is part of the logic, if is can be so called, that is driving the book, therefore the film; the imagined takeover of the superior forms organic and innate Garden of Eden universally prodded, cajoled and capitulated too, there is fundamental sadness in the foibles of humanity as the film iterates. Pacifism Left Bank The plainer style of filmmaker has no mainframe reference of philosophy or even more the intensity of daydreams or preternatural functions of he human being. To a writer whose output is not confined to the literature of his own kind Boris Vian is a satrap of the College of Pataphysics – (a version of imagination indulged as counter psychology to the philosophy of the cuckoldry of JPS who is the target in the film of arch mockery) – in which the imagination is King. It is enchant savage on the Rive Gauche. Whether he was a subordinal of any kind when he died aged only 39 he was never aware of it. More evidently he would appear to attend to the modifications he sought to make WITHIN the SYSTEM. The songs he wrote chiefly Le deserteur lamented on the hypocrisy and futility of war and he cleaned up the world musically by endorsing jazz and co-producing concert performances of Duke Ellington – enter Mood Indigo – and the impossible to define preternatural talent Miles Davis. When I saw Mlles Davis play in London he was at the tightest of tight in playing sublime occasion filled music and it was very possibly fueled by a little cocaine. Of the trumpet and the cocaine both required the lips to be licked incessantly to obtain the note sought inside or out, we were none the wiser! A Mrs Davis appears as well as the good director himself as a quack Doctor when a malady strikes and Nicholas who is connected everywhere recommends him. Still the same breakdown of instinct to a level obtained no where else was the kind of thing Boris Vian would have experienced by his extraordinary reach and it informed his writing as others informed their art. That Paris era was drenched in a polyphonic saturation of ideas we now incorporate at leisure and unwittingly into our own life’s as a cultural narrative. The animation of this film together with its digital effects are very drawn from Alice in Wonderland as are the nuances of the sexual liberty found on an edge of fantasy and the reaction the author draws from his own disaffection given the interpretation of JPS. It is beseeching a mortality on one railtrack or another. Boris Vian has deep condolences for his own musings of his soul. Where is it and it is in that branch of Pataphysics he became in thrall to? Morality has its kingdom and this breathing living love story is the quintessence of faultless love. In other words it is as a Grimms fairy tale amidst the horrors of reality Grimm never saw television, nor saw a picture except the Dantesque paintings and mind altering folklore told in a canon of religiosity. Never content with simple things Vian paid homage to his surrealist imagination in ways he could not indulge visually which is where the filmmakers he worked with up to his untimely death never reached the vision as he saw it. When the animation is less dominant when the love story enters its sense of wonder the film gives us some respite from the over vexed visual orgy of indulgence that is delivered by a vast team and not the bricolage handle given. Thankfully this saves the treatment of the book. It is not to be savaged to morte after all. This film is misunderstood firstly as a book of 1949 that has become cult reading. Therefore film directors, Michael Gondry – has been described as a bricolage director – have a hill and trough to transcend into a pictorial spree. It is distinctly misleading to term a director as bricolage unless they pear isolated as a few who do their own thing. Bricolage – DIY or DYOT. Each Director needs to do his own thing in order to deliver the film. He has not written the story The plot is entirely transposed and the draft of visual effects are, and this is where realisation might provide invention, the outcome is a brocade of embroidered surface. Very little depth develops and as a love story it is carried by the narrative which only just shows, is revealed awkwardly and incoherently as a montage of colour washing out of the lives encountered as it becomes that much darker as it progresses from its lighthearted opening scenes. In this we have a rich man servant, the same modality in a new century of master servant with Colin, Roman Duris aided by the brilliance of his entrusted, Duke Ellington lookalike, Omar Sy. Is it racism abhorred? The friend Colin takes his cue from is Chick, Gad Elmaleh. Colin is very rich and as well as being handsome – Boris Vian was himself a very attractive Parisian appearing as the Cardinal in ‘The Hunchback of Notre Dame’ so he couldn’t be more defining of the dominion in a ‘Godlike’ role! He seemed unconscious of this through neglect of himself and became so fraught with intellectual burden and drive he summoned his death it would appear. The love appears on Colin’s list of needs; it became so when Chick found himself a girlfriend, in the coquettish subtle beauty of Chloe, Audrey Tatou. How do you do AT justice as her acting is delicious and a convincing panoply of emotion almost always. The meeting part is delivered well, withstanding the super animation found necessary by the director and entourage. It has in it the introduction of a party host whose art of being a gem amongst pebbles Isis, Charlotte de Bon is bristling with witty entertaining playful hospitality. In a further later part she morphs into another this time an intelligent purveyor of Colin’s floral needs. The love becomes as full and promising as ever can be imagined. Then tragedy appears. The world or the Gods have played a cruel trick on Chloe to the most unfathomable depths of humanities conction. The unexplained phenomonen takes their future lives on an inconceivable journey as a counter to the love and adoration of each other. It is so well configured as a proposition – the novel clearly pushes the reader into new realms of understanding themselves and humanity – it requires any filmmaker to take that journey forward not only by rapier emotional depiction of the splendid cast but less for want of a better word gratuitous indulgence in mimicry with objects and the domestic life. Normal is not the default state and it is a reliance on creating a vision of normality and then subverting it where Michael Gondry lacks vision or creative license. The only blessing is his budget might have drawn in his unconscious behaviour after the indulgent overplaying of extravagance, in an overcooked first part. Creative propping, set building displays of collected montages of tried and tested decadence, photographic ‘pleuritic’ disgorgement, taxidermy and sensual stock period truth is one thing but as other it fails to convince as. I return to the requirement for you to suspend any annoyance with trickery and obvious CGI and relate to the proximity of the other in your own minds eye. Get a Chemical reaction? I hope so. Films not only pour visuals into the visual cortex indeed, they stimulate the nerve ends of memory and perceptions of accumulated thought the person who is you relies on. The film takes us around memorable parts of Paris and the Saint Germaine and bohemian lanes. There are more trees than ever in the beautifully planted central Paris and surrounding adroissments. Part of the over cultivation of nature having taken over as the love story extends. We see the machines of offices where life goes to waste and a compositors inter web thing as a unfunny long joke. We see cretins on the wood pile. Through a fence amusingly we see the new roots of Paris at the awful but now demolished Le Halle. The hyped lift up to the sky takes in Notre Dame and continues wearisomely as another piece of bonding. The authors take? Few methods of digital merriment are overlooked while the mouse in miniature within Colin’s household keeps a mousicum of order while scuttling hither and tither on across the Rue Balzac or wherever in the train like 4th floor compartment. Upper deck is poop deck for sleeping and it is amorphously engaging after most trickery subsides. Conclusion ###3 had it the extra 1/2hr who knows? Not this time around. Mood Indigo is not inaccessible. It requires something of a visual submersion, maybe less immersion in the constant over developed imagery and reliance on your own approximations of the unseen but underlying concepts and human patterns of behaviour. It asks how we savour life and extend ourselves a carefree indulgent indifference to our outside with the consequences always coming back and with the inevitably destructive revisiting of our expectations fantasied. By seeing it in the Cinema, even given the dimensions of Widescreen HDTV it will be more than worth taking the trip to see it at a Cinema. Primarily you may delight in the visuals in the beginning and throughout. The book is apparently one for adolescents which also has not come across as it is a French passage of life book savoured and imagined in a myriad of ways. The Froth of the Daydream takes us into our subconscious. Last night I had a dream, a small element in glorious technicolor and correct elaborate detail, of which a trip involving touching down in a 747 cargo plane which was piloted by Mick Jagger and he and I were the only human passengers on board. Instead of the usual calling with Airport Security etc, not that we were hiding anything, he decided to drive home in the plane which was to Farnham. As we got near Farnham corridor of Hedges loomed in over the narrow road and Mick steered a down the middle with the wings cutting evenly and as a municipal hedge cutter would trimming the hedge. A lorry with a huge painting roped to the trailer behind stopped at the opposite end where we were headed. Mick said ” Thank Christ for that” and on we went. Several other totally different scenes we dreamed continuing the story. Everyone has bizarre dreams and hopefully they are as vivid and as up disturbing as can be. The Froth is sometimes in the daydream but even stranger things are imagined and appear in separation from everyone else. By show don’t tell rules this Film is explicitly harbouring on the margins of that idiom. Where is the don’t tell? It may not make you one with nature and may have a lasting divergent affect on any horticultural ambitions you may hold. Provocatively we are given sumptuous interiors, they also become smaller. The Hausmann ideal Paris and the boulevard acquaintance with the order that town planning brought an already astere correctness with a modicum of socialist racism intensely disliked by the likes of Francois Mauriac (Therese). Read Memoires Interieurs if you haven’t for a sublime insight to the French and this mans self deprecating non autobiographical account of his genus loci. To think my French teacher put me off French by his airs and failures of communication in his native language. 23 July 2014 QFT beginning in August. Check new programme – issued last week in July for times and dates.

Judaism in the Middle Ages Eastern Roman Empire The Eastern Roman Empire, under assault from barbarian invasion, passed a number of laws in the early Middle Ages, including the legislation of Justinian, which culminated in the principle of taking away civil rights from heretics and unbelievers and of making their existence as difficult as possible. The restrictive laws of Constantine and Theodosius were renewed with increased rigor. The public observance of their religion was forbidden the Jews. The loss of their civil rights was followed by disregard for their personal freedom. In the wars waged by the Iconoclasts (eighth and ninth centuries) the Jews especially had to suffer, and mostly at the hands of iconoclastic emperors who were suspected of being heretics with Jewish tendencies. Many Jews fled to the neighboring states of the Slavs and Tatars, which were just coming into existence, and found refuge and protection on the lower Volga and on the northern shores of the Black Sea in the realm of the Khazars. Western Roman Empire While the East-Roman empire engaged in perpetual warfare with neighbors who were ever growing stronger, the Western Roman Empire fell prey to the barbarians. With the exception of the restrictive laws of the first Christian emperors, which still remained in force, the Jews were not troubled on account of their faith. Not until the beginning of the ninth century did the Church succeed in drawing all humanity within her jurisdiction, and in bringing together and definitely settling the regulations in canonical law which the authority of the Church ordained for believers and their treatment of non-believers. Intercourse with Jews was almost entirely forbidden to believers, and thereby a chasm was created between the adherents of the two religions, which could not be bridged. Jews and the Christian Church On the other hand, the Church found herself compelled to make the Jew a fellow citizen of the believer; for she enforced upon her own communities the Biblical prohibition against usury; and thus the only way left open to her of conducting financial operations was to seek loans at a legally determined rate of interest from the adherents of another faith. Through these peculiar conditions the Jews rapidly acquired influence. At the same time they were compelled to find their pleasures at home and in their own circles only. Their sole intellectual food came from their own literature, to which they devoted themselves with all the strength of their nature. This was the general condition of the Jews in Western lands. Their fate in each particular country depended on the changing political conditions. In Italy they experienced dark days during the endless wars waged by the Heruli, Rugii, Ostrogoths, and Longobardi. The severe laws of the Roman emperors were in general more mildly administered than elsewhere; the Arian confession, of which the Germanic conquerors of Italy were adherents, being in contrast with the Catholic characterized by its tolerance. Among the Burgundians and Franks, who professed the Catholic faith, the ecclesiastical sentiment, fortunately for the Jews, made but slow progress, and the Merovingian rulers rendered only a listless and indifferent support to the demands of the Church, the influence of which they had no inclination to increase. In the Pyrenean peninsula, from the most ancient times, Jews had lived peaceably in greater numbers than in the land of the Franks. The same modest good fortune remained to them when the Suevi, Alani, Vandals, and Visigoths occupied the land. It came to a sudden end when the Visigothic kings embraced Catholicism and wished to convert all their subjects to the same faith. Many Jews yielded to compulsion in the secret hope that the severe measures would be of short duration. But they soon bitterly repented this hasty step; for the Visigothic legislation insisted with inexorable severity that those who had been baptized by force should remain true to the Christian faith. Consequently the Jews eagerly welcomed the Arabs when the latter conquered the peninsula in 711. Those Jews who still wished to remain true to the faith of their fathers were protected by the Church herself from compulsory conversion. There was no change in this policy even later, when the pope called for the support of the Carolingians in protecting his ideal kingdom with their temporal power. Charlemagne, moreover, was glad to use the Church for the purpose of welding together the loosely connected elements of his kingdom when he transformed the old Roman empire into a Christian one, and united under the imperial crown all the German races at that time firmly settled. When, a few decades after his death, his world-empire fell apart (843), the rulers of Italy, France, and Germany left the Church free scope in her dealings with the Jews, and under the influence of religious zeal hatred toward the unbelievers ripened into deeds of horror. The trials which the Jews endured from time to time in the different kingdoms of the Christian West were only indications of the catastrophe which broke over them at the time of the Crusades. A wild, unrestrained throng, for which the crusade was only an excuse to indulge its rapacity, fell upon the peaceful Jews and sacrificed them to its fanaticism. In the First Crusade (1096) flourishing communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed. In the Second Crusade (1147) the Jews in France suffered especially. Philip Augustus treated them with exceptional severity. In his days the Third Crusade took place (1188); and the preparations for it proved to be momentous for the English Jews. After unspeakable trials Jews were banished from England in 1290; and 365 years passed before they were allowed to settle again in the British Isles. The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the Shepherds' Crusades of 1251 and 1320. Persecution and Blood Libel The justification for these deeds was found in crimes laid to the charge of the Jews. They were held responsible for the crime imputed to them a thousand years before this; and the false charge was circulated that they wished to dishonor the host which was supposed to represent Jesus' body. They were further charged with being the cause of every calamity. In 1240 the plundering raids of the Mongols were laid at their door. When, a hundred years later, the Black Death raged through Europe, the tale was invented that the Jews had poisoned the wells. The only court of appeal that regarded itself as their appointed protector, according to historical conceptions, was the "Roman emperor of the German nation." The emperor, as legal successor to Titus, who had acquired the Jews for his special property through the destruction of the Temple, claimed the rights of possession and protection over all the Jews in the former Roman empire. They thus became imperial "servi cameræ." He might present them and their possessions to princes or to cities. That the Jews were not utterly destroyed was due to two circumstances: (1) the envy, distrust, and greed of princes and peoples toward one another, and (2) the moral strength which was infused into the Jews by a suffering which was undeserved but which enabled them to resist persecution. The abilities which could find no expression in the service of country or of humanity at large, were directed with all the more zeal toward the study of the Bible and Talmud, toward ordering communal affairs, toward building up a happy family life, and toward bettering the condition of the Jewish race in general. Everywhere in the Christian Occident an equally gloomy picture was presented. The Jews, who were driven out of England in 1290, out of France in 1394, and out of numerous districts of Germany, Italy, and the Balkan peninsula between 1350 and 1450, were scattered in all directions, and fled preferably to the new Slavic kingdoms, where for the time being other confessions were still tolerated. Here they found a sure refuge under benevolent rulers and acquired a certain prosperity, in the enjoyment of which the study of the Talmud was followed with renewed vigor. Together with their faith, they took with them the German language and customs, which they have cultivated in a Slavic environment with unexampled faithfulness up to the present time. As in Slavic countries, so also under Muslim rule the persecuted Jews often found a humane reception, especially from the eighth century onward in the Pyrenean peninsula. But even as early as the thirteenth century the Arabs could no longer offer a real resistance to the advancing force of Christian kings; and with the fall of political power Arabic culture declined, after having been transmitted to the Occident at about the same period, chiefly through the Jews in the north of Spain and in the south of France. At that time there was no field of learning which the Spanish Jews did not cultivate. They studied the secular sciences with the same zeal as the Bible and Talmud. But the growing influence of the Church gradually crowded them out of this advantageous position. At first the attempt was made to win them to Christianity through writings and religious disputations; and when these attempts failed they were ever more and more restricted in the exercise of their civil rights. Soon they were obliged to live in separate quarters of the cities and to wear humiliating badges on their clothing. Thereby they were made a prey to the scorn and hatred of their fellow citizens. In 1391, when a fanatical mob killed thirty thousand Jews in Seville alone, many in their fright sought refuge in baptism. And although they often continued to observe in secret the laws of their fathers the Inquisition soon rooted out these pretended Christians or Maranos. Thousands were thrown into prison, tortured, and burned, until a project was formed to sweep all Spain clean of unbelievers. The plan matured when in 1492 the last Moorish fortress fell into the hands of the Christians. Several hundred thousand Jews were forced from the country which had been their home for 1,500 years. Many of them fled to the Balkan peninsula, where a few decades before the Crescent had won a victory over the Cross through the Osmanli Turks. These exiles have faithfully preserved the language of the country they were forced to leave; and to-day, after a lapse of more than 400 years, Spanish is still the mother tongue of their descendants. - "Jewish history." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history> Text from this source has been incorporated into this article. |Title||Judaism in the Middle Ages| |Published||March 17, 2004| |Last Updated||January 28, 2021| |MLA Citation||“Judaism in the Middle Ages.” ReligionFacts.com. 28 Jan. 2021. Web. Accessed 13 Jun. 2021. <religionfacts.com/medieval-judaism>|

When it comes to the subject of classification, a conventionalist view might at first blush seem quite welcoming. After all, many classificatory systems are in place for our convenience, and as such we should be free to change them if a new system seems to be doing a better job (given our needs). As examples one might take the many differing library classification systems, or The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) of the World Customs Organization – probably the most ambitious classification system ever created, as anything that might cross borders will have a place within the HS. The thing with such systems of classification is that we build them out of whole cloth; they are in no sense “found in the world”. So, here our intuitions might guide us to be conventionalists about classifications. They are things we impose on the world. So, are all classificatory systems like HS or the Dewey Decimal system? Lewis Carroll provides us a reason to doubt this in his poem The Hunting of the Snark, where the map that the Bellman has provided is described thus: “What’s the good of Mercator’s North Poles and Equators, Tropics, Zones, and Meridian Lines?” So the Bellman would cry: and the crew would reply “They are merely conventional signs! “Other maps are such shapes, with their islands and capes!Carroll 1876/1999, 683, emphasis in the original. But we’ve got our brave Captain to thank” (So the crew would protest) that he’s bought us the best– A perfect and absolute blank!” To Carroll’s eyes, if a system is not based on something real, it might as well not exist. How can we navigate the seas (or do mathematics for that matter) based on convention? Carroll overshoots the mark, as no conventionalist worth their salt would say that a map lacking “such shapes, with their islands and capes” would be of any use, only that the choice of zones and meridian lines is quite arbitrary. Still he does raise a worry: can all things be classified by mere convention? A realist would answer: “no, some classifications are natural and we find them through careful study of nature”. The realist can of course say that anyone is free to use some other classificatory system than the natural one, but such systems are built, not found. Natural systems include (says the realist) the system of elementary particles, the periodic table of elements, and the classification of taxa in biology. Take biological classification as an example. Although biological classification started more or less as an exercise in sorting similar looking organisms in the same families, it has now for a long time been based on evolutionary relations between organisms – relations that can (at least for extant organisms) be supported by genetic similarities. And it is not only that taxonomy is based on testable evolutionary relations, but biological classifications also allow for inductive generalisations. For instance, if you happen to know that a thus far unknown (at least to you) critter is in the family Felidae you will be able to surmise that it, among other things, will be a carnivore and will lack the capacity to digest (or taste!) sugars. Could such knowledge be gained from mere conventions? Here the conventionalist will interject: “But of course! We choose our conventions to aid us in navigating the world, and as such we would expect such success in these matters.” The realist will have none of it: “Such success is – must be – an indication that our classifications are tracking the structure of the world. So, insofar as there is success, there is a natural system of classification.” Here the conventionalist will point out that conventions such as the Dewey decimal system allow for inductive generalisations – upon encountering a Dewey decimal for a previously unknown (at least for our investigator) book, if its code starts with an 8, one will be able to infer that it is a work of literature, and if with 88 a work of Greek literature and so on. The realist will retort that this is a case of deduction rather than inductive generalisation. To which the conventionalist will reply: “is then not the case with Felidae also a case of deduction? In turn the realist will point out that success of non-natural systems is predicated in knowing the intent of the purposes of the system in question, an idea that plays little role in, say, biology or physics. And so it will go on, with thrust and parries, feints and ripostes, both sides claiming points and victories. For once I will leave things in as much disarray as I found them. I have no way of brokering peace between the realist and the conventionalist. But perhaps the whole question of “is x real or a product of convention?” is not a good question. (Compare: is x real or socially constructed?) Maybe we should only care about what we can do with x, with what role it can play in our investigations? Lewis Carroll was the nom de plume of the mathematician Charles Dodgson, who was quite opposed to conventionalism in mathematics and logic. Carroll, Lewis (1876/1999) The Hunting of the Snark, in The Complete Lewis Carroll, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1999, 680–699.

Demographic Sunset in the Land of the Rising Sun: Japan in the 21st Century By Michael Lee “There’s a difference between being comfortable and being viable. We are gradually losing our viability …Japan has been utterly defeated as an economy. We’re losing the economic game.” Tadashi Yanai, CEO of Fast Retailing “Our choice is rebirth or ruin.” Yoichi Funabashi in “Japan’s Zero Hour” Everyone has a favourite iconic Japanese consumer product – the Sony Walkman, a Panasonic DVD recorder, Blu-ray disc player, a Canon, Nikon, Minolta or Pentax camera or even a Toyota Prius. But this century will witness the long, slow sunset of Japan’s power. That’s because the country’s ageing and depopulating society will drag the economy down with it, as it has already started to do. Although there is a moderate danger before 2050 of a nationalistic war with China, the new Asian giant, it is more likely that Japan will manage its century-long decline in relative peace, probably accompanied by a final flowering of exquisite Japanese art and literature, tinged with nostalgic tones. Then, after several decades of graceful decline, population ageing and demographic shrinkage, the country will face colonisation by an Asian power. If the conquerors subsequently inter-breed with the Japanese, it could mean an eventual vanishing of Japan within a generation or two of this conquest. Another great civilisation will have been consigned to history, at some time in the 22nd century, fatally weakened from within by a depopulation process which began, ironically, in the midst of the nation’s greatest economic boom. Click here to read the full essay.

If you are applying from a Canadian province outside of Ontario you must meet admission requirements specific to your province. At Brescia, offers are extended to out-of-province high school students with a minimum final average of 79.5%. Competitive programs may require higher final averages. Students are encouraged to contact the Admissions Office to confirm their eligibility for admission as an out-of-province high school applicant. |Alberta, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut||English 30-1 plus the next best four acceptable academic courses numbered 30, 30-1, or 31.| |British Columbia and Yukon Territory|| English 12 plus the next best four acceptable academic courses numbered 12. |Manitoba||English 40 plus the next best four acceptable academic courses numbered 40 or 45.| |New Brunswick||English 121 or 122 plus the next best four acceptable academic courses at the Grade 12 level.| |Newfoundland and Labrador||One of Language 3101 or Labg. Stud. 3104 and one of Literature 3201 OR Lit. Her. 3202 plus the next acceptable thirteen credits at the Grade 12 level numbered 3000 or above.| |Nova Scotia||English 12 plus the next best four acceptable academic courses at the Grade 12 level.| |Prince Edward Island||English 621 plus the next best four acceptable academic courses at the Grade 12 level.| |Quebec: Bishop’s College School and Lower Canada College||Six academic courses at the Grade 12 level including English.| |Quebec: Stanstead College||Six academic courses numbered 600 including English.| |Quebec: CEGEP||Students in pre-university program: minimum of twelve academic semester credits excluding Physical Education used for consideration to first year university. Minimum average in high 70s is required.| |Saskatchewan||English A 30 and B 30 plus the next best three acceptable academic courses at the grade 12 level.|

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PT. Pegadaian (Persero) as the Indonesian State-Owned Pawnshop is now facing the era of disruption that brings some new changes for business environment. This Phenomenon is causing various challenges and forces PT. Pegadaian (Persero) to exit from its status quo by reformulating a new innovation strategy in order to survive and not be disrupted. Based on that condition, this research aims to explain the challenges that emerged in the era of disruption and the innovation strategy carried out by PT. Pegadaian (Persero) in answering those challenges. This is a qualitative research by conducting some comprehensive literature studies and in-depth interviews. The results of this research will show both external and internal challenges that show up in this era of disruption for PT. Pegadaian (Persero) as a conventional State-Owned Enterprise and also the innovation strategy that have been implemented to answer those challenges. Therefore, the results of this research can become a solution and help other companies that are struggling to respond and adapt in this disruptive era. |Number of pages||9| |Specialist publication||Test Engineering and Management| |Publication status||Published - 7 Jan 2020| - State-Owned Pawnshop

If France gave us the greatest revolution, then Germany has given us the greatest revolutionaries, not only Luther, but Karl Marx and Ludwig Von Beethoven. In 1771, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote a short epistolary novel called The Sorrows of Young Werther. The revised edition would come out in 1787, only two years before the storming of the Bastille. A few years later, in 1792, the French Revolution would enter its most radical phase, culminating in the first, and hopefully not the last, red terror. Ten years earlier, a 19-year-old cadet at the Karlsschule military academy in Stuttgart named Friedrich Schiller was deeply immersed in the plays of William Shakespeare. At some point, probably after reading Richard III, he thought to himself “hey I bet I can write something like this.” Then he sat down and did just that. It was a lot like a similar 19-year-old in the 1980s or 1990s picking up a guitar, playing Stairway to Heaven and saying “hey maybe I can be a rock star” but with one important difference. Schiller was not only a genius, he was a genius open to the collective passions of the age. Over the next few years, he would not only write one of the greatest works of German Romanticism, playing Eddie Vedder to Goethe’s Kurt Cobain, he would predict Robespierre and Marat, Georges Danton and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, for if ever a work of literature could be called “revolutionary” it is The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller. But don’t take my word for it. In 1792, the French National Convention had written a letter making Schiller an honorary citizen of the French republic. Interestingly enough, Schiller had also written the National Convention a letter asking that they spare the life of King Louis XVI. While that may at first seem a bit surprising, it’s well in keeping with his exploration of revolution, and of its consequences, in The Robbers. Karl Moor, the plays hero, and his brother, Francis Moor, its villain, represent two sides of modern man, the duality of the human soul under capitalism. Karl, good looking, moody, rebellious, the romantic outcast, embodies a lot of the same qualities that the Swedish environmental activist Greta Thunberg attributes to herself for being on the autism spectrum. He cares little about convention. He dreams of a more heroic past. He detests “the law,” rank and hierarchy. Francis, on the other hand, is rational, calculating, diplomatic, the perfect capitalist. “He is a fool,” he thinks while rationalizing to himself his plan to steal his brother’s inheritance, and his girl, “who takes any view that is contrary to his own interest.” The result of this unresolved contradiction, of their father’s inability to mediate between his two very different sons, is disaster, violent revolution, fire, brimstone, death and damnation, the French Revolutionary Terror in a five act play. But what made the young Schiller a genius was not so much his ability to express the passionate rebellion of youth, but the regrets of middle age. Karl, returning to his family estate, from which he had been banned by his gullible father at the urging of his treacherous brother, looks upon the landscape of his childhood and suddenly realizes the happy future he’s lost. He’ll never get married or have a family with his beloved Amelia. He’ll never grow old watching his children and then his grandchildren take his place. He will live the rest of his life as an outcast and a rebel, a damned soul wandering the earth, never knowing peace or contentment, a son rejected by his father. The golden age of boyhood lives again in the soul of the outcast. I was then so happy, so wholly, so cloudlessly happy—and now—behold all my prospects a wreck! Here should I have presided, a great, a noble, an honored man—here have—lived over again the years of boyhood in the blooming—children of my Amelia—here!— Schiller, Friedrich. The Robbers (p. 81). Kindle Edition. As we near the end of the human species, extinction by global warming, it’s worth meditating on what we’ve lost. The French Revolution and the Enlightenment opened up the possibility of a world transformed through human reason, a society free of hierarchy, exploitation, superstition and ignorance, but it was not to be. Over the course of history, Francis Moor prevailed over Karl Moor, self-interest over the urge for a better, more noble, more poetic world. The Industrial Revolution, which began at about the same time as Schiller sat down to write The Robbers, could have freed us from poverty and back breaking labor. Instead it gave us environmental devastation. The French Revolution and the industrial Revolution could have given us democracy. Instead it gave us capitalism. There’s nothing much to do at this point — for we will not rebel against our own extinction — but mourn what could have been.

Modern grid codes demand the integration of voltage support capability with photo-voltaic (PV) generators to ensure a secure operation of power systems. On the other hand, short-term voltage instability (STVI) of distribution networks (DNs) is one of the key issues to be addressed. It can occur due to high proportion of induction motor loads. However, the existing literature lacks a thorough analysis of short-term voltage stability (STVS) of DNs following an asymmetrical fault. Furthermore, an effective voltage-support strategy for PV units, which can improve the STVS while mitigating the excessive voltage swell, is essential for secure operation. Hence, firstly this paper thoroughly investigates the STVS of DNs subjected to asymmetrical faults. It is perceived that voltage support through conventional methods can increase the risk of STVI and excessive voltage swell. Secondly, a new voltage-support strategy is proposed based on the negative sequence voltage at point of common coupling (PCC) aimed at mitigating the STVI and regulating the phase voltages within the margins. The key features of the proposed strategy are, fast and accurate estimation of the network's impedance at PCC is not required and it can be easily re-designed considering the network's dynamic behaviors. The efficacy of the proposed method is validated on two IEEE benchmark test systems, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness in improving the STVS and alleviating over voltage issues.

Click here to get started today! Verse-by-Verse Bible Commentary New American Standard Version Bible Study Resources Nave's Topical Bible - Character; Courage; Ephesus; Gospel; Joy; Miletus; Minister, Christian; Paul; Prudence; Self-Denial; Zeal, Religious; Thompson Chain Reference - Completion; Gospel; Leaders; Life's Purpose; Ministers; Paul; Purpose; Religious; Right; Self-Sacrifice; Selfishness-Unselfishness; Seven; Spiritual; Stability; Steadfastness; Steadfastness-Instability; True Spirit; Work, Religious; Work-Workers, Religious; The Topic Concordance - Endurance; Torrey's Topical Textbook - Afflicted Saints; Afflictions; Apostles, the; Gospel, the; Grace; Joy; Life, Natural; Ministers; Self-Denial; Verse Acts 20:24. None of these things move me — Ουδενος λογον ποιουμαι; I consider them as nothing; I value them not a straw; they weigh not with me. Neither count I my life dear — I am not my own; my life and being are the Lord's; he requires me to employ them in his service; I act under his direction, and am not anxious about the issue. Finish my course with joy — Τον δρομον μου, My ministerial function. We have already met with this word in application to the same subject, Acts 13:25, where see the note. And the apostle here adds, by way of explanation, και την διακονιαν, even that ministry which I have received of the Lord. The words μετα χαρας, with joy, are omitted by ABD, some others; the Syriac, Erpen, Coptic, Sahidic, AEthiopic, Vulgate, and some of the fathers. If we consider them as genuine they may imply thus much: that the apostle wished to fulfil his ministry in such a way as might meet with the Divine approbation; for nothing could give him joy that did not please and glorify God. To testify — Διαμαρτυρασθαι, Earnestly, solemnly, and strenuously to assert, vindicate, and prove the Gospel of the grace of God, not only to be in itself what it professes to be, but to be also the power of God for salvation to every one that believes. Clarke, Adam. "Commentary on Acts 20:24". "The Adam Clarke Commentary". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/acc/acts-20.html. 1832. To Jerusalem with the offering (20:13-21:16) From Troas Paul went by land to Assos, where he rejoined the rest of the party and sailed to Miletus (13-16). Since Miletus was only about fifty kilometres from Ephesus, Paul took the opportunity to call the elders of the Ephesian church to come and meet him. He wanted to give them some final encouragement and pass on helpful warnings (17). Paul’s opponents in Asia had probably been trying to turn the Christians against him. Therefore, he reminded the Ephesian elders of his tireless work in Ephesus and of the constant danger he faced from the Jews (18-24). The Christians at Ephesus also were about to be shaken by serious troubles. Paul knew that, in spite of his preaching in Ephesus, people both from within the church and from outside would try to destroy the work of God in that city. The elders would need to be watchful, understanding, hard-working and strong if the church was to withstand Satan’s attacks (25-31). Paul reassured the elders that by God’s grace and through his Word they would be built up. He also reminded them that, like him, they were to sacrifice their rights and comforts for the sake of others, and never use their position of leadership for personal profit (32-38). From Miletus Paul and his party sailed to Patara, where they changed ships and sailed across the Mediterranean to Phoenicia (21:1-3). They had fellowship with the Christians at Tyre, Ptolemais and Caesarea, where churches had been founded by those scattered after the killing of Stephen. One of those early evangelists, Philip, was still in Caesarea and Paul’s party stayed with him several days (4-9; cf. 8:4-5,40; 11:19). In Caesarea, as in Tyre, prophets warned Paul of the trouble that he would meet in Jerusalem, but he was determined to go on (10-14; see also v. 4). Finally, Paul reached his destination, Jerusalem. There he stayed with Mnason, who was a Jewish Christian from Cyprus and an early member of the Jerusalem church. He was probably one of the few in Jerusalem who were fully in agreement with Paul’s work among the Gentiles (15-16). These files are public domain. Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission. Flemming, Donald C. "Commentary on Acts 20:24". "Brideway Bible Commentary". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/bbc/acts-20.html. 2005. But I hold not my life of any account as dear unto myself, so that I may accomplish my course, and the ministry which I received from the Lord Jesus, to testify the gospel of the grace of God. The unselfish devotion of Paul to the Christian gospel was too intense and fervent to be diminished by considerations of his personal safety. Not merely "living," but "accomplishing his course and ministry" was the dominant purpose of the dauntless apostle. Gospel of the grace of God ... See under next verse. Coffman Commentaries reproduced by permission of Abilene Christian University Press, Abilene, Texas, USA. All other rights reserved. Coffman, James Burton. "Commentary on Acts 20:24". "Coffman Commentaries on the Bible". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/bcc/acts-20.html. Abilene Christian University Press, Abilene, Texas, USA. 1983-1999. Move me - Alarm me, or deter me from my purpose. Greek: “I make an account of none of them.” I do not regard them as of any moment, or as worth consideration in the great purpose to which I have devoted my life. Neither count I my life - I do not consider my life as so valuable as to be retained by turning away from bonds and persecutions. I am certain of bonds and afflictions; I am willing also, if it be necessary, to lay down my life in the prosecution of the same purpose. Dear unto myself - So precious or valuable as to be retained at the sacrifice of duty. I am willing to sacrifice it if it be necessary. This was the spirit of the Saviour, and of all the early Christians. Duty is of more importance than life; and when either duty or life is to be sacrificed, life is to be cheerfully surrendered. So that - This is my main object, to finish my course with joy. It is implied here: (1) That this was the great purpose which Paul had in view. (2) That if he should even lay down his life in this cause, it would be a finishing his course with joy. In the faithful discharge of duty, he had nothing to fear. Life would be ended with peace whenever God should require him to finish his course. Finish my course - Close my career as an apostle and a Christian. Life is thus represented as a course, or race that is to be run, 2 Timothy 4:7; Hebrews 12:1; 1 Corinthians 9:24; Acts 13:25. With joy - With the approbation of conscience and of God, with peace in the recollection of the past. Man should strive so to live that he will have nothing to regret when he lies on a bed of death. It is a glorious privilege to finish life with joy. It is most sad when the last hours are embittered with the reflection that life has been wasted. The only way in which life may be finished with joy is by meeting faithfully every duty, and encountering, as Paul did, every trial, with a constant desire to glorify God. And the ministry - That I may fully discharge the duty of the apostolic office, the preaching of the gospel. In 2 Timothy 4:5, he charges Timothy to make full proof of his ministry. He here shows that this was the ruling principle of his own life. Which I have received of the Lord Jesus - Which the Lord Jesus has committed to me, Acts 9:15-17. Paul regarded his ministry as an office entrusted to him by the Lord Jesus himself. On this account he deemed it to be especially sacred, and of high authority, Galatians 1:12. Every minister has been entrusted with an office by the Lord Jesus. He is not his own; and his great aim should be to discharge fully and entirely the duties of that office. To testify the gospel - To bear witness to the good news of the favor of God. This is the great design of the ministry. It is to bear witness to a dying world of the good news that God is merciful, and that his favor may be made manifest to sinners. From this verse we may learn: (1) That we all have a course to run, a duty to perform. Ministers have an allotted duty; and so have men in all ranks and professions. (2) We should not be deterred by danger, or the fear of death, from the discharge of that duty. We are safe only when we are doing the will of God. We are really in danger only when we neglect our duty, and make the great God our enemy. (3) We should so live as that the end of our course may be joy. It is, at best, a solemn thing to die; but death may be a scene of triumph and of joy. (4) It matters little when, or where, or how we die if we die in the discharge of our duty to God. He will order the circumstances of our departure, and He can sustain us in the last conflict. Happy is that life which is spent in doing the will of God, and peaceful that death which closes a life of toil and trial in the service of the Lord Jesus. Barnes, Albert. "Commentary on Acts 20:24". "Barnes' Notes on the Whole Bible". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/bnb/acts-20.html. 1870. 24. I care not. All the godly must be so framed in their minds, and chiefly the ministers of the Word, that, setting all things apart, they make haste to obey God. The life is, indeed, a more excellent gift than that it ought to be neglected; to wit, seeing we be therein created after the image of God, to the end we may think upon that blessed immortality which is laid up for us in heaven, in which the Lord doth now by diverse testimonies and tokens show himself to be our Father. − But because it is ordained to be unto us as a race, we must always hasten unto the mark, and overcome all hindrances, lest any thing hinder or stay us in our course, For it is a filthy thing for us to be so holden with a blind desire to live, that we lose the causes of life for life itself; and this do the words of Paul express. For he doth not simply set light by his life; but he doth forget the respect thereof, that he may finish his course; that he may fulfill the ministry which he hath received of Christ, as if he should say that he is not desirous to live, save only that he may satisfy the calling of God; and that, therefore, it shall be no grief to him to lose his life, so that he may come by death unto the goal of the function prescribed to him by God. − And we must note that which he saith, with joy, for his meaning is, that this is taken from the faithful by no sorrow or grief, but that they both. live and die to the Lord. For the joy of a good conscience is more deeply and surely laid up, than that it can be taken away by any external trouble, or any sorrow of the flesh; it triumpheth more joyfully than that it can be oppressed. Also, we must note the definition of his course; to wit, that it is the ministry received of the Lord. Paul doth indeed speak of himself; yet, by his own example, he teacheth that all those go astray who have not God to be the governor of their course. Whereupon it followeth that his calling is unto every one of us a rule of good life. Neither can we be otherwise persuaded that the Lord alloweth that which we do, unless our life be framed and ordered according to his will, which certainly is required, especially in the ministers of the word, that they take nothing in hand unless they have Christ for their author. Neither is it to be doubted but that Paul, in giving his apostleship this mark, (as he useth to do very often) doth confirm the credit thereof. He calleth it the gospel of the grace of God, of the effect or end, notwithstanding this is a title of rare commendation, that, by the gospel, salvation and the grace of God are brought unto us. For it is very expedient for us to know that God is found there to be merciful and favorable. − Calvin, John. "Commentary on Acts 20:24". "Calvin's Commentary on the Bible". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/cal/acts-20.html. 1840-57. Last week we left Paul in Ephesus, in the midst of a near riot in town, as Demetrius the silversmith got together his companions in trade and pointed out how the preaching of Paul was about to put them out of business. Because these men made little likenesses of their goddess Diana, and Paul was going around telling everyone they weren't true gods. And so these silversmiths stirred up the city and they were gathered together in the arena crying, "Great is Diana of the Ephesians." Half the people didn't know what was going on. But it was quite an uproar, until finally the town clerk stood up and appeased the crowd telling Demetrius that there are courts of law, if he has any real case against Paul and all to bring it before the courts and let it be settled in a lawful matter. The Roman government was in danger; they were in danger of being called by the Roman government to answer for that uproar of which they really had no good answer. So he had then dismissed that crowd of people that had gathered in that town square. So chapter 20. And after the uproar ceased, Paul called unto him the disciples, and embraced them, and departed to Macedonia ( Acts 20:1 ). Macedonia, of course, was the northern area of Greece. Greece was divided after the death of Alexander the Great into four divisions. You have Greece, Macedonia, and then the Syria and Egypt. So then Paul, rather then causing any further, he'd been in Ephesus for three years, and his heart now is sort of stirring to go back to Jerusalem. But when he goes back to Jerusalem, he desires to take to the church in Jerusalem an offering from the Gentile churches. For the church in Jerusalem had become very poor. And so Paul was seeking to show the brotherhood of Christianity, and really the support of the . . . really he was trying to show the oneness of the body of Christ, where there is neither Jew nor Greek, one member suffers, they all suffer. So in Paul's Corinthian epistle he told them when they gathered together on the first day of the week that each man was to bring an offering as he purposed in his own heart. They should give willingly and not by pressure, for God loved a cheerful giver. So Paul wanted now to go through Macedonia and Greece and collect these offerings that he had asked them to take up for the poor saints in Jerusalem. In order as Paul returned to Jerusalem he could take the offerings for the poor brethren there from the Gentiles. So he embraced those from Ephesus, and he sailed across again to Macedonia, where, of course, was the church of Philippi and Thessalonica and Berea. And when he had gone over those parts, and had given them much exhortation, he came into Greece. And he stayed there about three months. And when [he found out that] the Jews were lying wait for him, as he was about to sail into Syria, he purposed to return through Macedonia ( Acts 20:2-3 ). Now at that time it was the feast of the Passover and Paul was probably wanting to get back to Jerusalem for the feast of the Passover. But thousands of Jews would come for the feast of the Passover from all over. And there would be many chartered type ships coming from Greece, from Athens, from . . . to go to Jerusalem, they would be filled with Jews coming for the feast. And Paul, no doubt, got wind of a plot to throw him overboard from one of these ships filled with Jewish pilgrims that were coming back for their holy days. And so rather than getting on a ship and being thrown overboard in the middle of the night, Paul took the wise course and rather than coming by ship back to Syria to go to Jerusalem, he went up then again through Macedonia and he went by land on up again to Macedonia. And evidently, the churches there realized that there were real threats being made upon Paul's life, and so there were several brethren from the different churches that accompanied Paul, in order, no doubt, to afford him a certain amount of protection. So there accompanied him to Asia Sopater of Berea; and of the Thessalonians, Aristarchus and Secundus; and Gaius of Derbe ( Acts 20:4 ), Now that's a different Gaius than the one of Corinth. and Timotheus of Derbe [and that is the Timothy that we know]; and of Asia, there was Tychicus and Trophimus [whom Paul mentions in some of his epistles as his companions]. And these going before waited for them at Troas ( Acts 20:4-5 ). So these fellows went ahead across to Asia and waited there at Troas for Paul. And so we ( Acts 20:6 ) The plural personal pronoun again showing that Luke is a companion of Paul once more. We sailed away from Philippi after the days of unleavened bread ( Acts 20:6 ), And so that was the feast of the Passover was now over because that was the Feast of Unleavened Bread. and we came to them in Troas in five days; where we abode with them for seven days ( Acts 20:6 ). Now the trip from Troas to Macedonia when Paul received his vision; saw the man of Macedonia saying come over and help us, and immediately they got a ship and sailed from Troas to Macedonia, that took them only two days. And so here a trip that had only taken Paul two days in the past, took them five days this time, evidently sailing against the wind and probably under adverse circumstances. And it could be some very rough seas and all. And so they came to Troas where they stayed for seven days. Now upon the first day of the week, when the disciples came together to break bread, Paul preached unto them, ready to depart on the next day; and he continued his speech until midnight ( Acts 20:7 ). Now I've been accused of being longwinded, but you haven't had to put up with anything like that. It is interesting for me to note that it records that they had gathered together on the first day of the week to break bread. So often you will hear the Seventh Day Adventist or others such as Herbert W. Armstrong who believe in Sabbath day worship. You will hear them declare that worshipping on Sunday did not begin until Constantine and he was the one who introduced Sunday worship to the church. Not so. There seems to be indications that the Gentile church worshipped on Sunday, almost from the beginning. Here we find the Gentile church gathering together on Sunday, the first day of the week, to break bread. One of the early church fathers, Tertullian, said that in as much as Jesus rose on the first day of the week, they felt that was the only day really in which the church should break bread. I don't go along with Tertullian, but it seems that as early as the time of Tertullian, which was before Constantine, that the first day of the week was already a common practice in the gathering of the church. Now it could be that there was a dispute over which day of the week you should worship the Lord in the early church because in two of Paul's epistles he makes mention of the fact that it really doesn't matter which day you worship the Lord. As he was writing to the Romans he said, "One man esteems one day, another man esteems another day. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind." In other words, it really doesn't matter. Some people esteem one day above another, some esteem another day above another, you know. Whatever, you know, pleases you. When the church in Jerusalem sent to the Gentile believers concerning their relationship to the law, they mentioned nothing about the observance of the Sabbath day. In Exodus when God gave the Sabbath day law, God said it was a special covenant between Him and Israel. Even as was the right of circumcision a special covenant between God and Israel, but not something that was required of the Gentiles. When Paul was writing to the Colossian church, he said, "Don't let any man judge you in respect to the eating of meat or of Sabbath days, or new moons or holy days, which were all just a shadow of things to come." The real substance is Jesus. Therefore, Paul is saying that the Sabbath day was just a shadow. The Sabbath day was what? It was a day of rest where the people were to rest from there labor. As a shadow of the things to come, the substance being Christ, what is he saying? He is saying what Paul, or what the author of Hebrews said in chapter 4, that Jesus is our rest. So the Sabbath day was only a shadow of Jesus who was coming, who has become the rest for His people. And our rest is in Jesus Christ, and in His finished work. So Paul said one man esteems one day above another, another man esteems every day alike. Well that's me; I esteem every day the Lord's day. And every day to me is, I live unto the Lord no matter if it be a Saturday, a Sunday, Friday or whatever. I live every day unto the Lord, and so I esteem every day alike. Now my wife doesn't appreciate that. Because it goes for birthdays and anniversaries too. She says I do that on hers, but I really want special perks on mine. But uh, that's not so. We went to her favorite place to eat on my birthday. So they gathered on the first day of the week to break bread. That is to have communion. And communion, it seems, was a very common practice in the early church. That reminder of the broken body of Jesus Christ and of His blood which was shed for our sins. And it was a very common practice in the early church. They did it, it would seem, once a week at least. They did not only though in church, but from house to house. It was a beautiful thing. Christians gathered together, "Let's break bread together, you know." It was just a beautiful thing. Now they also had on a weekly basis what they called the "love feasts" in which they also took communion at the end. The love feast is what we would call today a potluck dinner. Where the church would gather together one day a week for these love feasts and everybody would bring something to add to the common table and they would all eat together and then would conclude it with the communion. This love feast was especially significant for the slaves because it was probably the only good meal they had all week long. But in the church there was neither bond nor free, you know, they were all one in Christ. And so, they had weekly these love feasts and that beautiful fellowship. Now there is a real value, I think, in eating together. There's just a closeness of communion. I love potlucks. And I love the eating together. You notice how when we go on tour to Israel together, how much closer we seem to get to one another. And I think it's because we eat together all the time. And there is something that just creates a closeness, a bond, eating together. And so the early church here gathered in Troas, on the first day of the week Paul preached until midnight. And there were many lights in the upper chamber, where they were gathered together. And there sat in the window a certain young man named Eutychus, being fallen into a deep sleep ( Acts 20:8-9 ): Now it could be that he had carbon monoxide poisoning. If he was sitting there in the window and there were all of these lights there which, of course, were candles burning; and you know the carbon monoxide going from the burnt candles and probably going out the window and sitting there in the window with all that smoke curling out, it could be that he just got deprived of the oxygen level. And he fell into a sleep, sunk down with sleep, and he fell down from the third loft ( Acts 20:9 ), Probably, now the windows there, of course, weren't glass windows, they were just openings, open windows; sitting there in the window he fell out the window into the patio below, three stories. and he was taken up dead. And so Paul went down, and fell on him, and embracing him said, Trouble not yourselves; for his life is in him ( Acts 20:9-10 ). So, again, a real miracle as God restored life to Eutychus. It's interesting Paul fell on him embracing him. There's an interesting story in the Old Testament of the prophet Elisha and the Shunammite woman whose son died. And Elisha actually did a pulmonary resuscitation kind of a thing. He breathed into him and all, and doing it three times, the young boy revived. Now that doesn't take away from the fact that there was a definite miracle of God. And God brought life, because you can, you know, if you take a person who's been dead as long as that kid had been dead, there's no way any resuscitation is gonna bring him back. But the fact that he did that is interesting to me, in as much as we have discovered today, you know, this resuscitation and cardiac arrest and things of that nature. I'm not suggesting that that's what Elisha did to the young man, because this young man had been dead for hours. And God brought him back to life. Here was Paul falling on him, embracing him, much as Elisha did to the Shunammite woman's son. So when he was therefore come up again, and had broken bread, and eaten, he continued to talk until the break of day ( Acts 20:11 ), So a slight distraction, and yet, Paul went on talking to them 'til daybreak. And they brought the young man alive, and they were not a little comforted ( Acts 20:12 ). Now I am certain that the Lord has allowed at times the miracles of bringing back a person to life. We know that this happened in the ministry of Jesus. We know that it happened with the ministry of Peter when he went and brought back to life through prayer Dorcas. But I am also certain that the miracle of restoring life was never for the person but for the people around who were grieving because they were gone. Here it says, "And they were much comforted." It didn't say that Eutychus was. But the people that were there were comforted by the fact that he was brought back to life. And that miracle that God works in bringing a person back to life is really never for that person's benefit. But for the benefit of those that would be sorrowing. And I say that because if ever the Lord should see fit to take me and I am there reveling in His presence, and suddenly I feel my spirit returning to my body, and when my eyes flicker, and when I open them up and I see you with hands laid upon me praying, "Oh God, restore life to him," the first thing I'm gonna do is bust you in the mouth. We may pray that the Lord restore a person's life for our benefit, but it surely doesn't benefit them. "For to be absent from this body is to be present with the Lord." And so for the sake of the people, God performed this miracle on Eutychus. "And they were not a little comforted." I mean, they were really comforted. Actually in the Orient, at death they start shrieking. And the women have a particularly shrill shriek at the time of death. And so when Eutychus fell out the window and they rushed down there and saw that he was dead, these Oriental women probably started their shrieking. And that's why Paul went down and said, "Oh hush, hush, hush, he's alright, his life is still in him," and as God restored life to Eutychus. And so we went before to ship, and we sailed to Assos, and there we intended to take in Paul: because he had decided to go by foot ( Acts 20:13 ). Now from Troas to Assos is twenty miles by land and thirty miles by sea. You have to go around the cape there. And Paul wanted to walk. You know, I think that walking is one of the greatest ways to meditate. I think it's a tremendous way to sort of collect your thoughts. When you have a decision to make, it's amazing how that in walking you can sort of sift things out. And I think Paul just had a lot of things to sift out in his mind. And so he said, "You guys just go ahead and go in the boat and I'll meet you over at Assos, I'll just walk." And so he walked that twenty miles as they went around by ship and met him then at Assos. And he met us at Assos ( Acts 20:14 ), Luke evidently went in the ship, we took him in, and we came to Mitylene. And we sailed from there, and came the next day over against Chios; and in the next day we arrived at Samos, and we tarried at Trogyllium; and the next day we came to Miletus ( Acts 20:14-15 ). Which is about thirty miles from Ephesus. And from there they sent messengers up to Ephesus to tell the elders at the church of Ephesus to come down and meet Paul at Miletus because he was in a hurry. He didn't want to go all the way up to Ephesus and back because he desired to get to Jerusalem in time to participate in the feast of Pentecost. So from Miletus they sent to Ephesus, called the elders of the church. And when they were come to him, he said unto them, You know, that from the first day that I came to Asia, what manner of life I have lived among you at all seasons, serving the Lord with all humility of mind, with many tears, and trials, which befell me by the lying in wait of the Jews ( Acts 20:17-19 ): Paul said, "You know that how from the very first day when I came into Asia, the way I lived among you. For I have been serving the Lord with all humility of mind." Paul always saw himself as the servant of the Lord. And I think that that is an important mental attitude for everyone who is in the ministry to maintain. I am a servant of our Lord Jesus Christ. Therefore, everything that I do, I must do to the glory of God. I should not be doing anything for the glory of man. For whatever I do, word or deed, do all to the glory of God. Not seeking to be a man pleaser, but seeking to please the Lord, knowing that of the Lord I am going to receive my rewards. And so Paul said, "You know that my attitude the whole while I've been with you is one of a servant of the Lord, serving Him in all humility of mind." The man who has received a true vision of the Lord is a man who has humility of mind. That man who is proud has not had a true encounter with God. No man can have a true encounter with God and still maintain a prideful position. In seeing God, in really seeing God, I see myself. And I realize how nothing I am. Isaiah said, "In the year that King Uzziah died, I saw the Lord high and lifted up, sitting on the throne. And His glory filled the temple. Then said I, woe is me" ( Isaiah 6:1 , Isaiah 6:5 ). Hey, that's always what a man says when he really sees God, "Woe is me!" Peter, when he saw the Lord, said, "Depart from me, Lord! I'm an unclean man" ( Luke 5:8 ). Daniel, as he talked about his vision and all, he said "Then my beauty was turned into corruption" ( Daniel 10:8 ). Seeing God is an important thing. Jesus said, "Blessed are the poor in spirit for theirs is the kingdom of heaven" ( Matthew 5:3 ). But that poverty of spirit always comes to the man who has had a true encounter with a living eternal God. You cannot stand in the consciousness of the true and the living God and still maintain that prideful state. And so, "I've been serving you," Paul said, "with all humility of mind, and with many tears. And in real trials, tribulations, because the Jews were always lying in wait to ambush me." And how I've kept back nothing that was profitable unto you ( Acts 20:20 ), Paul gave himself for the people because he was serving the Lord. You see, as a minister of Jesus Christ, He requires that I be the servant of the body. Jesus said that if any of you would be chief, then let him become the servant of all. He's talking about the ministry, talking to His disciples. So my serving the Lord involves my serving you. And Paul talks about his service to the men and the people there in Ephesus. How I held back nothing that could [benefit you or be of] profit to you, but I have showed you, and taught you publicly, and from house to house ( Acts 20:20 ), So both in the public gatherings there in the . . . where was it we studied it . . . that place in Ephesus where Paul was teaching . . . come on, someone help me . . . Tyrannus, yes, very good. You get an A. The school of Tyrannus publicly, but then also from house to house. Now notice Paul said, "I was showing you and teaching you." Sometimes the best lessons are object lessons. If our lives don't show it, the teaching becomes meaningless. As a minister, I have to not just proclaim, I must live by it. Showing you, demonstrating by my life, the lifestyle that I lived among you, as well as teaching you. And so that faithful minister. Testifying both to the Jews, also to the Greeks, repentance towards God, faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ ( Acts 20:21 ). So Paul was teaching their repentance, the necessity of repentance toward God and faith towards Jesus. And now, behold, I go bound in the spirit unto Jerusalem, not knowing the things that are going to befall me there: except that the Holy Spirit is witnessing in every city, saying that bonds and afflictions are waiting for me ( Acts 20:22-23 ). "I really don't know what's going to happen to me when I get to Jerusalem. All I know is that I am to be bound and I am to be imprisoned. The spirit is warning me this everywhere I go." But none of these things disturb me, neither count I my life dear unto myself, so that I might finish my course with joy ( Acts 20:24 ), "My chief desire is to finish my course with joy. It doesn't bother me that I have to be imprisoned. It doesn't move me that I'm going to be bound. My chief desire is to just to finish my course." So Paul's great drive to finish that course that God had set before him. He finally wrote to Timothy and he said, "I have fought a good fight, I have finished the course." That was his last epistle just before being beheaded by Nero. "I fought a good fight, I finished the course. Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, our righteousness judge, shall give. Not only to me, but to all those who do love His appearing" ( 2 Timothy 4:7-8 ). It's just a shame that Paul didn't know the power of positive thinking, and positive confession. He could have escaped an awful lot of things. But, poor fellow, he was beheaded suffering for Jesus' sake. Because he didn't know that it was God's will that no one should suffer. That it's a lack of faith or commitment that anybody would suffer. Poor Paul. I trust you know that my tongue is in my cheek. I love this. I love commitment. Give me some men who are stouthearted men who will fight for the right they adore. Start me with ten who are stouthearted men and I'll soon give you ten thousand more. I love Paul; he was a stouthearted man. I mean, he was committed to a cause, a cause of Jesus Christ. And hey, nothing was going to detour him or deter him from finishing that course with joy. So, "Well, it's probably the last time I'll see you, but it doesn't bother me. I know I'm going to be thrown in jail. Beyond that I don't know. But I'm not worried by this. For I do not count my life dear unto myself. What I really desire is just to finish my course with joy," and the ministry, which I have received of the Lord Jesus ( Acts 20:24 ), What is the ministry, Paul, you have received of the Lord Jesus? to testify of the gospel of the grace of God ( Acts 20:24 ). Testimony of the gospel of the grace of God. What is the gospel of the grace of God? God loves you, no matter how badly you failed. No matter how deeply you have sunk into sin, God loves you. But God hates sin because He loves you. And God knows what a destructive force sin is. And because God loves you so much, He doesn't like to see you being destroyed. And so He hates that which is destroying you. God loves the sinner. God hates the sin. Because He loves the sinner. And He sees what sin is doing. The blighting, damning influences of sin on a person's life. And so God hates the sin, because He loves the sinner. And so God has made provision to free a person from that power of sin, by sending Jesus Christ, His son, who took our sins and died in our place. That by our believing in Him we can be forgiven from whatever sins we may have ever committed. And through faith in Him can receive power over that bondage to corruption. And one day, as we are translated by the spirit into His presence, we will be freed from even the presence of sin. So that is the gospel of the grace of God. Not because I deserve it, not because I merit it, but just because God loves me. It was necessary that Paul should testify of the gospel of the grace of God, because nature, though it reveals God to man, does not reveal the grace of God to man. There is no gospel of grace in nature. Nature testifies to the God of law; to the God of power; to the God of wisdom; to the God who loves beauty; to the God of orderliness. But there's no testimony in nature to the gospel of the grace of God, and that is why God has called men to bear testimony of the gospel of the grace of God. And this testimony began with Jesus Christ. For the law came by Moses, but grace and truth by Jesus Christ. And so Paul testifying the gospel of grace. And now, behold, I know that ye all, among whom I have gone preaching the kingdom of God, shall see my face no more ( Acts 20:25 ). Now this is what Paul felt. He's talking out of his heart. There are indications from some of the secular historians or early church historians that Paul did get to see those in Ephesus once again. The book of Acts leaves Paul sort of imprisoned in Rome awaiting his trial before Nero. But according to church history, the early church historians, Paul's first appearance before Nero ended in an acquittal by Nero. And that Paul was released for a time, and just what happened during that period we don't know for sure. There are stories that he came back to the church of Ephesus for a time. And also stories that he went to Spain with the Gospel. Secular history gives us something quite interesting. You remember Jesus told His disciples that, you know, that, "They're going to bring you before the judges and before magistrates and before the kings. And don't take any forethought what you're going to say in the hour that you're there the Holy Spirit will give you the words to say. And it will give you an opportunity to witness." Now Paul took this literally. Every time he was brought before a judge, a magistrate, or a king, Paul took the opportunity to witness. And the higher up the guy was, the heavier Paul laid on the witness. Because Paul, I think, always felt, "Man, if I can convert this guy, wow," you know. And so when he finally got before King Agrippa, I mean, he was really pushing, pushing hard. "Agrippa, do you believe the scriptures? I know you believe the scriptures," you know. And he said, "Wait a minute, wait a minute, back off, Paul. Wait a minute," you know. "Are you trying to convert me?" Paul said, "Oh, how I wish I could." Because I'm sure that Paul, and we'll get to that in a few chapters now, Paul's defenses were fabulous. I mean, Paul really was pressing. Because he, no doubt, thought, "Wow, if Agrippa would just accept Jesus Christ, what an influence this could have." Well, imagine when he got to Nero. I imagine that Paul really pressed the claims of Jesus Christ on Nero like nothing we have ever heard. I'm certain that Paul thought, "Wow, if I could just win Nero to Jesus Christ." Now, as you follow secular history, you will find that Nero wasn't such a bad guy in his early reign of the Roman Empire. He did some good things. But there came a time in Nero's life where he had almost a total personality change. Where he became a beast. In fact, that's what they called him in those days, "the beast." It was as though he had a total change of personality, like a man who was almost demon possessed. And if you will study the secular history, you will find that this dramatic change came in Nero just about the time that Paul witnessed to him. I believe what happened is that Paul did lay on such a heavy witness to Nero, that it was a now-or-never situation for Nero's salvation. And in turning his back upon the Gospel, I believe he became possessed by an evil spirit. And that is why he became such a beast. He released Paul on the first trial, but soon called Paul back from Ephesus and beheaded him, as he turned into that beast. So Paul is saying, "I don't think I'm going to see you again." It seems that maybe he did get to see them again. Wherefore I call you to record this day, that I am pure from the blood of all men. For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God ( Acts 20:26-27 ). Paul felt it very important that he be up front with people as far as the Gospel is concerned. To declare the truth, the whole counsel of God to man so that he would not be accountable for them. "I'm free from the blood of all men because I haven't shunned to tell you everything, the whole counsel of God." Now take heed therefore unto yourselves, and unto the flock, over which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, that you feed the church of God, which he has purchased with his own blood ( Acts 20:28 ). And this is the charge and the responsibility that God has placed upon the ministers: to feed the flock of God. But it is so difficult to find pastors today who will really feed the flock of God. We get letters by the hundreds. The other night when I was in Indianapolis, scores of people afterwards said to me, "Would you please start a work here in Indianapolis? We've been praying for five years that God would establish a Calvary Chapel here in Indianapolis. We want a place where we can just go and be fed the Word of God." People are hungry to be fed the Word of God. And so Paul said to these overseers of the church of Ephesus, "Feed the flock of God." Peter in writing his epistle said, "Feed the flock of God which is among you." Jesus said to Peter, "Feed My sheep." I don't know why pastors don't realize that this is the most important function of a pastor is to feed the flock of God. We have those who are seeking to entertain the flock of God. And then God help us, unfortunately we have those who are seeking to fleece the flock of God. But how few are really feeding the flock of God. Also of your own selves. For I know this ( Acts 20:29 ), The reason why to feed them is in that they might become strong. Because wolves are going to come in. after I depart grievous wolves are going to enter in among you, not sparing the flock ( Acts 20:29 ). Paul stocked them that would come in. Weird concept and ideas. Men who would try to draw groups after themselves. There's always that. God establishes a work, and then there are always those who try and come in. Even out of your own midst, there will come those who will try to break off a group, to bring them as after themselves. Sad and tragic. Paul when he was writing to the Ephesians said that God has placed in the church, apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastor-teachers, for the perfecting of the saints for the work of the ministry. That's what we're here for. That you might be fed the Word of God, that you might be perfected for the work of the ministry. The building up of the body of Christ. Until we all come into the unity of the faith of the knowledge of the Son of God. Into that complete person. Unto the measure of the stature of the fullness of the image of Christ. That you be no more as babes who are tossed to and fro with every wind of doctrine and slight cunning of men who lie in wait to deceive. The greatest burden on the heart of Paul, the greatest grief and sorrow were those men who would come in to prey upon the flock of God. To draw men after themselves. And so Paul said to these Ephesians, "I know that after I depart there are going to be grievous wolves that are going to enter in, not sparing the flock." Also out of your own midst shall men arise, who will be speaking perverse things [not really teaching the word of God, teaching the concepts of man], who try to draw disciples after them. Therefore watch, and remember, that by the space of three years I ceased not to warn every one of you night and day with tears ( Acts 20:30-31 ). It doesn't make any difference. There are always those foolish little sheep that will go traipsing after any bell. And though Paul warned them three years night and day with tears that, "Hey, get sound in the Word, get founded in the Word." Yet I know that, you know, they're going to, you know, that they're going to rip some of you off. And now, brethren, I commend you to God, and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up, and give you an inheritance among all them that are set apart by God ( Acts 20:32 ). I commend you to God and the Word of His grace. Oh, it's that which is able to build you up and bring us into that glorious inheritance. I have coveted no man's silver, or gold, or apparel ( Acts 20:33 ). Oh, God, give us more Pauls. Yea, ye yourselves know, that these hands have ministered unto my necessities, and to them that were with me ( Acts 20:34 ). "Hey, fellows, you've seen the calluses; I've worked with my own hands. I've took care of myself and those that were with me. I, you know, I earned my living. I didn't covet your silver or gold or apparel. I wasn't here to rip you off or to fleece you. I was here to minister and to feed you." Now he was telling them that because those false prophets are always seeking to fleece the sheep. Always some new gimmick to take a second offering or a third offering. Always the emphasis upon your giving to God rather than what God has given to you. Watch that one who is constantly emphasizing what you ought to be giving to God. The New Testament emphasizes what God has given to you. I have showed you all things, how that so laboring you ought to support the weak, and to remember the words of our Lord Jesus, who said, It's more blessed to give than to receive ( Acts 20:35 ). We just completed a conference with the worldwide distributors of Maranatha music. They've come in from all over the world: Africa, Singapore, Philippines, Hong Kong, Europe, distributors of Maranatha music. We had a farewell luncheon with them Friday in which these distributors got up and just sort of expressed themselves concerning the conference that they just had. And they said, "You know, been to a lot of conferences but never one like this. It seems that all the conferences we go to their always trying to get something from us, but when we came here, you've been ministering to us. It's like you're giving and trying to give to us rather than taking from us." And I said, "You have just stumbled on to the philosophy of Calvary Chapel. We exist to minister to people, not to be ministered to by people. That's our basic philosophy. We're here to give, not to receive. And that is why there is never an emphasis upon your giving. The emphasis is always upon what God has given to us. And we are here to give to you in the name of Jesus Christ." And it is so blessed to be able to go onto the radio all over the United States, not to be ministered to by the people, "Now, friends, please send in your offerings this week. Because if we don't hear from you this week, we're so far behind in our bills and all, we've got to hear from you this week." Never, never, never. We are just there to minister God's Word to the people all over the country; to give. And thus, we send out the literature, we give away thousands upon thousands of tapes every year. Get the word out. We give away music albums. Get the music out, get the word out. People write and say, "Can we duplicate your tapes?" and we say, "Yes!" I read in Christianity Today, someone wrote a letter into Christianity Today and they told how that they had problems their church was wanting to sing choruses. And so how they found out that they couldn't copy choruses on a little chorus sheet without infringing on the copyrights of those choruses. And so they wanted to print up these chorus sheets for their church and they sent to all of the publishers asking for permission and they all demanded a royalty. Just for these little, you know, mimeograph chorus sheets for the church. He said there was only one publisher who told us just go ahead, use it freely. He said it was Maranatha Music. And I said, "Praise God." "To give," Paul said, you know, "Our Lord told us it's more blessed to give than to receive." Now, if we take that philosophy, God takes care of us. God takes care of the church. He more than supplies for our needs. But we never have to emphasize that side. God takes care of that side. Jesus said if you seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness, all these other things will be added to you. But these poor unfortunate pastors who are striving to attain find themselves trapped. Because if you strive to attain, then you have to strive to maintain what you have attained. And you get in that position of constant pressure, constant striving. "Now what new gimmick can we include in our letter this week, you know to get the people to send more bucks to us, you know." You get in that trap and it seems there's no way out. If we would only learn, Jesus has established the principle, "It's more blessed to give than to receive." And if we give freely, even as we have received freely, God will take care of our needs. As He has proved, I believe that He has chosen to use Calvary Chapel more or less as a example of what God can and will do if we just follow His principles. And all over people look to us and say, "Well, Calvary Chapel is different." Sure it is, a whole different philosophy. We are here to minister rather than to be ministered to. We're here to give rather than to receive. And God takes care of the needs. More than takes care of the needs. He so blesses that we're able to sponsor "The Word for Today" all over the world. He is so good. Ah, when will people learn? And when he had thus spoken, he kneeled down, and prayed with them all ( Acts 20:36 ). I can picture on the beach Paul the apostle; the ship is waiting off shore. There's a little dinghy there. And here are the elders of the church of Ephesus and Paul sitting on the beach there with them and he's talking and saying, "Hey, now feed the flock of God. Just take care of them. Because wolves are going to come in, and you know I've warned you with tears." I'm sure that Paul was crying now. And he said, "Watch over them. It's more blessed to give than to receive." And then I can see the circle of men kneeling as they join hands in prayer, not knowing what the future holds. And they all of them began to weep, and they fell on Paul's neck, and they kissed him. Sorrowing most of all for the words which he spake, that they would probably not see his face again. And they accompanied him unto the ship ( Acts 20:37-38 ). Copyright © 2014, Calvary Chapel of Costa Mesa, Ca. Smith, Charles Ward. "Commentary on Acts 20:24". "Chuck Smith Bible Commentary". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/csc/acts-20.html. 2014. Paul’s address to the Ephesian elders 20:17-35 "Paul’s farewell address to the Ephesian elders is the nearest approximation to the Pauline letters in Acts. Its general content recalls how in his letters Paul encouraged, warned, and exhorted his converts. Moreover, its theological themes and vocabulary are distinctively Pauline. In his three missionary sermons (Acts 13:16-41; Acts 14:15-17; Acts 17:22-31) and five defenses (chs. 22-26), Paul addressed non-Christian audiences. But he was speaking to Christians here. It is significant that, in a situation similar to those he faced in many of his letters, this farewell to the Ephesian elders reads like a miniature letter of his. This becomes all the more significant when we recall that nowhere else in Acts is there any evidence for a close knowledge of Paul’s letters. "The address is constructed in a way familiar to all readers of Paul’s letters. The body of it has three parts, which deal with (1) Paul’s past ministry at Ephesus (Acts 20:18-21), (2) Paul’s present plans in going to Jerusalem (Acts 20:22-24), and (3) the future of Paul himself and of the church at Ephesus (Acts 20:25-31). It concludes with a blessing (Acts 20:32) and then adds further words of exhortation that point the hearers to Paul’s example and the teachings of Jesus (Acts 20:33-35). Heading each section is an introductory formula: ’you know’ (hymeis epistasthe) at Acts 20:18; ’and now behold’ (kai nyn idou) at Acts 20:22; ’and now behold I know’ (kai nyn idou ego oida) at Acts 20:25; and ’and now’ (kai ta nyn) at Acts 20:32." [Note: Longenecker, pp. 511-12. See Witherington, p. 610, for a chart comparing terms and concepts Paul used in this address with similar ones he used in his epistles.] This is probably one of the few speeches in Acts that Luke heard with his own ears. The Greek physician Galen wrote that his students took down his medical lectures in shorthand, so perhaps this is what Luke did on this occasion. [Note: Robertson, 3:346-47.] These files are public domain. Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission. Constable, Thomas. DD. "Commentary on Acts 20:24". "Expository Notes of Dr. Thomas Constable". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/dcc/acts-20.html. 2012. Paul’s "gospel of the grace of God" was a continuation of the good news Jesus preached but in a universal context. Thus he equated it with "preaching the kingdom" (Acts 20:25). These files are public domain. Text Courtesy of BibleSupport.com. Used by Permission. Constable, Thomas. DD. "Commentary on Acts 20:24". "Expository Notes of Dr. Thomas Constable". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/dcc/acts-20.html. 2012. But none of these things move me,.... From the hope of the Gospel, nor from the ministry of the word, nor from his journey to Jerusalem; they did not shake his faith, nor inject fear into him, nor cause him to alter his purpose and design: neither count I my life dear unto myself: life is a very valuable thing, no outward or temporal enjoyment can be dearer to a man than life; all that he has he will give for his life: this therefore must not be understood in an absolute sense, as if the apostle despised his life, and esteemed of it meanly, when it was the gift of God, and had been not only so eminently preserved in providence, but had been so useful in a way of grace to so many valuable purposes; but it must be taken in a comparative sense, with respect to Christ and his Gospel, and when it should be called for to be laid down for him; and that, in such circumstances, and under such considerations, he made no account of it at all, but preferred Christ and his Gospel to it: this sense appears by what follows, so that I might finish my course with joy; the course and race of his life, ending it by suffering cheerfully and joyfully for Christ; or his Christian course and race, which began at his conversion, ending that with a joyful prospect of being with Christ in an endless eternity; or else the course of his ministry, sealing that with his blood, and rejoicing that he was counted worthy to suffer for the name of Christ, and so he did finish his course, 2 Timothy 4:7 and the ministry which I have received of the Lord Jesus; which seems to be explanative of the former, or of what is meant by his course, namely his ministry, the ministry of the Gospel: Beza's ancient copy, and the Vulgate Latin version read, "the ministry of the word"; this he had received from Christ, both the Gospel which he ministered, and gifts qualifying him for it, and a mission and commission to minister it; and which he was desirous of fulfilling in such a manner, as to give up his account with joy to him from whom he had received it, and to whom he was accountable; namely, to testify the Gospel of the grace of God; to profess and preach it, to bear a constant and public testimony to it at death, as in life, and faithfully to declare it, and assert it to the last; which he calls not only the "Gospel", or good news of salvation by Christ; but the Gospel "of the grace" of God: which brings the account of the free grace, love, and mercy of God, displayed in the scheme of salvation of the grace of God the Father, in pitching his love upon any of the sons of men; not because they were better and more deserving of his favour, than others, but because of his sovereign will and pleasure, who will be gracious to whom he will be gracious; and in choosing them in Christ unto salvation, before they had done good or evil, and without any consideration or foresight of, or motive from good works hereafter done by them; in drawing the scheme and model of their salvation in Christ, appointing him to be the author of it; and in making a covenant of grace with him, stored with all the blessings and promises of grace; and in sending him, in the fulness of time, to suffer and die for them, not sparing him, but delivering him up for them all, and giving all things freely with him; and in accepting the sacrifice, satisfaction, and righteousness of his Son on their account, as if done by themselves. It also gives an account of the grace of Christ in undertaking the salvation of men; in assuming their nature, and becoming mean and low in it; in dying for their sins; in his intercession for them at the right hand of God; and in the care he takes of them in this world, until he has brought them safe home to himself. Likewise it gives an account of the grace of the Spirit in regeneration and sanctification; in working faith in the hearts of men; in being a comforter to them, a witnesser of their adoption, the earnest of their inheritance, and the sealer of them unto the day of redemption. And the Gospel may be so called, because all the doctrines of it are doctrines of grace; it asserts election to be of grace, and not of works; and ascribes the justification of a sinner to the free grace of God, through the righteousness of Christ, imputed without works and received by faith, which faith is the gift of God, and it denies it to be of the deeds of the law; it represents the pardon of sin to be according to the riches of God's grace, though it is through the blood of Christ, and not owing to humiliation, repentance, confession, and new obedience, as causes of it; it attributes regeneration and conversion to the abundant mercy, the free favour of God, and to the efficacy of his grace, and not to the will of the flesh, or the will of man; and in a word, as the great doctrine of it is salvation, whence it is called the Gospel of salvation, it declares that the whole of salvation, from first to last, is all of grace. And it may also bear this name, because it is a means of conveying grace unto, and implanting it in the hearts of men; regenerating grace comes this way; God begets men by the word of truth, they are born again of incorruptible seed by it; the Spirit of God, as a spirit of sanctification, is received through it, and faith comes by hearing it; and both that and hope, and every other grace, are quickened, encouraged, and drawn forth into exercise by it; all which is, when it is attended with the Spirit of God and power: and this being the nature and use of the Gospel, made it so precious and valuable to the apostle, and made him so intent upon testifying it, and fulfilling the ministry of it, and to prefer it to life and everything in this world; and it cannot but be highly valued and greatly desired by all those who have tasted that the Lord is gracious. Beza's ancient copy, and some others, read, "to testify to Jews and Greeks the Gospel of the grace of God". The New John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible Modernised and adapted for the computer by Larry Pierce of Online Bible. All Rights Reserved, Larry Pierce, Winterbourne, Ontario. A printed copy of this work can be ordered from: The Baptist Standard Bearer, 1 Iron Oaks Dr, Paris, AR, 72855 Gill, John. "Commentary on Acts 20:24". "The New John Gill Exposition of the Entire Bible". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/geb/acts-20.html. 1999. |Paul's Address to the Elders of Ephesus.| 17 And from Miletus he sent to Ephesus, and called the elders of the church. 18 And when they were come to him, he said unto them, Ye know, from the first day that I came into Asia, after what manner I have been with you at all seasons, 19 Serving the Lord with all humility of mind, and with many tears, and temptations, which befell me by the lying in wait of the Jews: 20 And how I kept back nothing that was profitable unto you, but have showed you, and have taught you publicly, and from house to house, 21 Testifying both to the Jews, and also to the Greeks, repentance toward God, and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ. 22 And now, behold, I go bound in the spirit unto Jerusalem, not knowing the things that shall befal me there: 23 Save that the Holy Ghost witnesseth in every city, saying that bonds and afflictions abide me. 24 But none of these things move me, neither count I my life dear unto myself, so that I might finish my course with joy, and the ministry, which I have received of the Lord Jesus, to testify the gospel of the grace of God. 25 And now, behold, I know that ye all, among whom I have gone preaching the kingdom of God, shall see my face no more. 26 Wherefore I take you to record this day, that I am pure from the blood of all men. 27 For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God. 28 Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood. 29 For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the flock. 30 Also of your own selves shall men arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away disciples after them. 31 Therefore watch, and remember, that by the space of three years I ceased not to warn every one night and day with tears. 32 And now, brethren, I commend you to God, and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up, and to give you an inheritance among all them which are sanctified. 33 I have coveted no man's silver, or gold, or apparel. 34 Yea, ye yourselves know, that these hands have ministered unto my necessities, and to them that were with me. 35 I have showed you all things, how that so labouring ye ought to support the weak, and to remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said, It is more blessed to give than to receive. It should seem the ship Paul and his companions were embarked in for Jerusalem attended him on purpose, and staid or moved as he pleased; for when he came to Miletus, he went ashore, and tarried thee so long as to send for the elders of Ephesus to come to him thither; for if he had gone up to Ephesus, he could never have got away from them. These elders, or presbyters, some think, were those twelve who received the Holy Ghost by Paul's hands, Acts 19:6; Acts 19:6. But, besides these, it is probable that Timothy had ordained other elders there for the service of that church, and the country about; these Paul sent for, that he might instruct and encourage them to go on in the work to which they had laid their hands. And what instructions he gave to them they would give to the people under their charge. It is a very pathetic and practical discourse with Paul here takes leave of these elders, and has in it much of the excellent spirit of this good man. I. He appeals to them concerning both his life and doctrine, all the time he had been in and about Ephesus (Acts 20:18; Acts 20:18): "You know after what manner I have been with you, and how I have done the work of an apostle among you." He mentions this as a confirmation of his commission and consequently of the doctrine he had preached among them. They all knew him to be a man of serious, gracious, heavenly spirit, that he was no designing self-seeking man, as seducers are; he could not have been carried on with so much evenness and constancy in his services and sufferings, but by the power of divine grace. The temper of his mind, and the tenour both of his preaching and conversation, were such as plainly proved that God was with him of a truth, and that he was actuated and animated by a better spirit than his own.--He likewise makes this reference to his own conduct as an instruction to them, in whose hands the work was now left, to follow his example: "You know after what manner I have been with you, how I have conducted myself as a minister; in like manner be you with those that are committed to your charge when I am gone (Philippians 4:9), what you have seen in me that is good do." 1. His spirit and conversation were excellent and exemplary; they knew after what manner he had been among them, and how he had had his conversation towards them, in simplicity and godly sincerity (2 Corinthians 1:12), how holily, justly, and unblamably he behaved himself, and how gentle he was towards them, 1 Thessalonians 2:7; 1 Thessalonians 2:10. (1.) He had conducted himself well all along, from the very first day that he came into Asia--at all seasons; the manner of his entering in among them was such as nobody could find fault with. He appeared from the first day they knew him to be a man that aimed not only to do well, but to do good, wherever he came. He was a man that was consistent with himself, and all of a piece; take him where you would he was the same at all seasons, he did not turn with the wind nor change with the weather, but was uniform like a die, which, throw it which way you will, lights on a square side. (2.) He had made it his business to serve the Lord, to promote the honour of God and the interest of Christ and his kingdom among them. He never served himself, nor made himself a servant of men, of their lusts and humours, nor was he a time-server; but he made it his business to serve the Lord. In his ministry, in his whole conversation, he proved himself what he wrote himself, Paul a servant of Jesus Christ,Romans 1:1. (3.) He had done his work with all humility of mind--meta pases tapeinophrosynes, that is, in all works of condescension, modesty, and self-abasement. Though he was one that God had put a great deal of honour upon, and done a great deal of good by, yet he never took state upon him, nor kept people at a distance, but conversed as freely and familiarly with the meanest, for their good, as if he had stood upon a level with them. He was willing to stoop to any service, and to make himself and his labours as cheap as they could desire. Note, Those that would in any office serve the Lord acceptably to him, and profitably to others, must do it with all humility of mind, Matthew 20:26; Matthew 20:27. (4.) He had always been very tender, affectionate, and compassionate, among them; he had served the Lord with many tears. Paul was herein like his Master; often in tears; in his praying, he wept and made supplication,Hosea 12:5. In his preaching, what he had told them before he told them again, even weeping,Philippians 3:18. In his concern for them, though his acquaintance with them was but of a late standing, yet so near did they lie to his heart that he wept with those that wept, and mingled his tears with theirs upon every occasion, which was very endearing. (5.) He had struggled with many difficulties among them. He went on in his work in the face of much opposition, many temptations, trials of his patience and courage, such discouragements as perhaps were sometimes temptations to him, as to Jeremiah in a like case to say, I will not speak any more in the name of the Lord,Jeremiah 20:8; Jeremiah 20:9. These befel him by the lying in wait of the Jews, who still were plotting some mischief or other against him. Note, Those are the faithful servants of the Lord that continue to serve him in the midst of troubles and perils, that care not what enemies they make, so that they can but approve themselves to their Master, and make him their friend. Paul's tears were owing to his temptations; his afflictions helped to excite his good affections. 2. His preaching was likewise such as it should be, Acts 20:20; Acts 20:21. He came to Ephesus to preach the gospel of Christ among them, and he had been faithful both to them and to him that appointed him. (1.) He was a plain preacher, and one that delivered his message so as to be understood. This is intimated in two words, I have shown you, and have taught you. He did not amuse them with nice speculations, nor lead them into, and then lose them in, the clouds of lofty notions and expressions; but he showed them the plain truths of the gospel, which were of the greatest consequence and importance, and taught them as children are taught. "I have shown you the right way to happiness, and taught you to go in it." (2.) He was a powerful preacher, which is intimated in his testifying to them; he preached as one upon oath, that was himself fully assured of the truth of what he preached and was desirous to convince them of it and to influence and govern them by it. He preached the gospel, not as a hawker proclaims news in the street (it is all one to him whether it be true or false), but as a conscientious witness gives in his evidence at the bar, with the utmost seriousness and concern. Paul preached the gospel as a testimony to them if they received it, but as a testimony against them if they rejected it. (3.) He was a profitable preacher, one that in all his preaching aimed at doing good to those he preached to; he studied that which was profitable unto them, which had a tendency to make them wise and good, wiser and better, to inform their judgments and reform their hearts and lives. He preached ta sympheronta, such things as brought with them divine light, and heat, and power to their souls. It is not enough not to preach that which is hurtful, which leads into error or hardens in sin, but we must preach that which is profitable. We do all things, dearly beloved, for your edifying. Paul aimed to preach not that which was pleasing, but that which was profitable, and to please only in order to profit. God is said to teach his people to profit, Isaiah 48:17. Those teach for God that teach people to profit. (4.) He was a painstaking preacher, very industrious and indefatigable in his work; he preached publicly, and from house to house. He did not confine himself to a corner when he had opportunity of preaching in the great congregation; nor did he confine himself to the congregation when there was occasion for private and personal instruction. He was neither afraid nor ashamed to preach the gospel publicly, nor did he grudge to bestow his pains privately, among a few, when there was occasion for it. He preached publicly to the flock that came together into the green pastures, and went from house to house to seek those that were weak and had wandered, and did not think that the one would excuse him from the other. Ministers should in their private visits, and as they go from house to house, discourse of those things which they have taught publicly, repeat them, inculcate them, and explain them, if it be needful, asking, Have you understood all these things? And, especially, they should help persons to apply the truth to themselves and their own case. (5.) He was a faithful preacher. He not only preached that which was profitable, but he preached every thing that he thought might be profitable, and kept back nothing, though the preaching of it might either cost him more pains or be disobliging to some and expose him to their ill-will. He declined not preaching whatever he thought might be profitable, though it was not fashionable, nor to some acceptable. He did not keep back reproofs, when they were necessary and would be profitable, for fear of offending; nor did he keep back the preaching of the cross, though he knew it was to the Jews a stumbling-block and to the Greeks foolishness, as the Roman missionaries in China lately did. (6.) He was a catholic preacher. He testified both to the Jews and also to the Greeks. Though he was born and bred a Jew, and had an entire affection for that nation, and was trained up in their prejudices against the Gentiles, yet he did not therefore confine himself to the Jews and avoid the Gentiles; but preached as readily to them as to the Jews, and conversed as freely with them. And, on the other hand, though he was called to be the apostle of the Gentiles, and the Jews had an implacable enmity against him upon that score, had done him many an ill turn, and here at Ephesus were continually plotting against him, yet he did not therefore abandon them as reprobates, but continued to deal with them for their good. Ministers must preach the gospel with impartiality; for they are ministers of Christ for the universal church. (7.) He was a truly Christian evangelical preacher. He did not preach philosophical notions, or matters of doubtful disputation, nor did he preach politics, or intermeddle at all with affairs of state or the civil government; but he preached faith and repentance, the two great gospel graces, the nature and necessity of them; these he urged upon all occasions. [1.] Repentance towards God; that those who by sin had gone away from God, and were going further and further from him into a state of endless separation from him, should by true repentance look towards God, turn towards him, move towards him, and hasten to him. He preached repentance as God's great command (Acts 17:30; Acts 17:30), which we must obey--that men should repent, and turn to God, and do works meet for repentance (so he explains it, Acts 26:20; Acts 26:20); and he preached it as Christ's gift, in order to the remission of sins (Acts 5:31; Acts 5:31), and directed people to look up to him for it. [2.] Faith towards our Lord Jesus Christ. We must be repentance look towards God as our end; and by faith towards Christ as our way to God. Sin must by repentance be abandoned and forsaken, and then Christ must by faith be relied on for the pardon of sin. Our repentance towards God is not sufficient, we must have a true faith in Christ as our Redeemer and Saviour, consenting to him as our Lord and our God. For there is no coming to God, as penitent prodigals to a Father, but in the strength and righteousness of Jesus Christ as Mediator. Such a preacher as this they all knew Paul had been; and, if they will carry on the same work, they must walk in the same spirit, in the same steps. II. He declares his expectation of sufferings and afflictions in his present journey to Jerusalem, Acts 20:22-24; Acts 20:22-24. Let them not think that he quitted Asia now for fear of persecution; nor, he was so far from running away like a coward from the post of danger that he was now like a hero hastening to the high places of the field, where the battle was likely to be hottest: Now, behold, I go bound in the spirit to Jerusalem, which may be understood either, (1.) Of the certain foresight he had of trouble before him. Though he was not yet bound in body, he was bound in spirit; he was in full expectation of trouble, and made it his daily business to prepare for it. He was bound in spirit, as all good Christians are poor in spirit, endeavouring to accommodate themselves to the will of God if they should be reduced to poverty. Or, (2.) Of the strong impulse he was under from the Spirit of God working upon his spirit to go this journey: "I go bound in the spirit, that is, firmly resolved to proceed, and well assured that it is by a divine direction and influence that I am so, and not from any humour or design of my own. I go led by the Spirit, and bound to follow him wherever he leads me." 1. He does not know particularly the things that shall befal him at Jerusalem. Whence the trouble shall spring, what shall be the occasion of it, what the circumstances and to what degree it shall arise, God had not thought fit to reveal to him. It is good for us to be kept in the dark concerning future events, that we may be always waiting on God and waiting for him. When we go abroad, it should be with this thought, we know not the things that shall befal us, nor what a day, or a night, or an hour, may bring forth; and therefore must refer ourselves to God, let him do with us as seemeth good in his eyes, and study to stand complete in his whole will. 2. Yet he does know in general that thee is a storm before him; for the prophets in every city he passed through told him, by the Holy Ghost, that bonds and afflictions awaited him. Besides the common notice given to all Christians and ministers to expect and prepare for sufferings, Paul had particular intimations of an extraordinary trouble, greater and longer than any he had yet met with, that was now before him. 3. He fixes a brave and heroic resolution to go on with his work, notwithstanding. It was a melancholy peal that was rung in his ears in every city, that bonds and afflictions did abide him; it was a hard case for a poor man to labour continually to do good, and to be so ill treated for his pains. Now it is worth while to enquire how he bore it. He was flesh and blood as well as other men; he was so, and yet by the grace of God he was enabled to go on with his work, and to look with a gracious and generous contempt upon all the difficulties and discouragements he met with in it. Let us take it from his own mouth here (Acts 20:24; Acts 20:24), where he speaks not with obstinacy nor ostentation, but with a holy humble resolution: "None of these things move me; all my care is to proceed and to persevere in the way of my duty, and to finish well." Paul is here an example, (1.) Of holy courage and resolution in our work, notwithstanding the difficulties and oppositions we meet with in it; he saw them before him, but he made nothing of them: None of these things move me; oudenos logon poioumai--I make no account of them. He did not lay these things to heart, Christ and heaven lay there. None of these things moved him. [1.] They did not drive him off from his work; he did not tack about, and go back again, when he saw the storm rise, but went on resolutely, preaching there, where he knew how dearly it would cost him. [2.] They did not deprive him of his comfort, nor make him drive on heavily in his work. In the midst of troubles he was as one unconcerned. In his patience he possessed his soul, and, when he was as sorrowful, yet he was always rejoicing, and in all things more than a conqueror. Those that have their conversation in heaven can look down, not only upon the common troubles of this earth but upon the threatening rage and malice of hell itself, and say that none of these things moved them, as knowing that none of these things can hurt them. (2.) Of a holy contempt of life, and the continuance and comforts of it: Neither count I my life dear to myself. Life is sweet, and is naturally dear to us. All that a man has will he give for his life; but all that a man has, and life too, will he give who understands himself aright and his own interest, rather than lose the favour of God and hazard eternal life. Paul was of this mind. Though to an eye of nature life is superlatively valuable, yet to an eye of faith it is comparatively despicable; it is not so dear but it can be cheerfully parted with for Christ. This explains Luke 14:26, where we are required to hate our own lives, not in a hasty passion, as Job and Jeremiah, but in a holy submission to the will of God, and a resolution to die for Christ rather than to deny him. (3.) Of a holy concern to go through with the work of life, which should be much more our care than to secure either the outward comforts of it or the countenance of it. Blessed Paul counts not his life dear in comparison with this, and resolves in the strength of Christ, non propter vitam vivendi perdere causas--that he never will, to save his life, lose the ends of living. He is willing to spend his life in labour, to hazard his life in dangerous services, to waste it in toilsome services; nay, to lay down his life in martyrdom, so that he may but answer the great intentions of his birth, of his baptism, and of his ordination to the apostleship. Two things this great and good man is in care about, and if he gain them it is no matter to him what becomes of life:-- [1.] That he may be found faithful to the trust reposed in him, that he may finish the ministry which he has received of the Lord Jesus, may do the work which he was sent into the world about, or, rather, which he was sent into the church about,--that he may complete the service of his generation, may make full proof of his ministry,--that he may go through the business of it, and others may reap the advantage of it, to the utmost of what was designed,--that he may, as is said of the two witnesses, finish his testimony (Revelation 11:7), and may not do his work by halves. Observe, First, The apostleship was a ministry both to Christ and to the souls of men; and those that were called to it considered more the ministry of it than the dignity or dominion of it; and, if the apostles did so, much more ought the pastors and teachers to do so, and to be in the church as those who serve. Secondly, This ministry was received from the Lord Jesus. He entrusted them with it, and from him they received their charge; for him they do their work, in his name, in his strength; and to him they must give up their account. It was Christ that put them into the ministry (1 Timothy 1:12); it is he that carries them on in their ministry, and from him they have strength to do their service and bear up under the hardships of it. Thirdly, The work of this ministry was to testify the gospel of the grace of God, to publish it to the world, to prove it, and to recommend it; and, being the gospel of the grace of God, it has enough in it to recommend itself. It is a proof of God's good-will to us, and a means of his good work in us; it shows him gracious towards us, and tends to make us gracious, and so is the gospel of the grace of God. Paul made it the business of his life to testify this, and desired not to live a day longer than he might be instrumental to spread the knowledge and savour and power of this gospel. [2.] That he may finish well. He cares not when the period of his life comes, nor how, be it ever so soon, ever so sudden, ever so sad, as to outward circumstances, so that he may but finish his course with joy. First, He looks upon his life as a course, a race, so the word is. Our life is a race set before us,Hebrews 12:1. This intimates that we have our labours appointed us, for we were not sent into the world to be idle; and our limits appointed us, for we were not sent into the world to be here always, but to pass through the world, nay, to run through it, and it is soon run through; I may add, to run the gauntlet through it. Secondly, He counts upon the finishing of his course, and speaks of it as sure and near, and that which he had his thoughts continually upon. Dying is the end of our race, when we come off either with honour or shame. Thirdly, He is full of care to finish it well, which implies a holy desire of obtaining and a holy fear of coming short. "Oh! that I may but finish my course with joy; and then all will be well, perfectly and eternally well." Fourthly, He thinks nothing too much to do, nor too hard to suffer, so that he may but finish well, finish with joy. We must look upon it as the business of our life to provide for a joyful death, that we may not only die safely, but die comfortably. III. Counting upon it that this was the last time they should see him, he appeals to their consciences concerning his integrity, and demands of them a testimony to it. 1. He tells them that he was now taking his last leave of them (Acts 20:25; Acts 20:25): I know that you all, among whom I have been conversant preaching the kingdom of God, though you may have letters from me, shall never see my face again. When any of us part with our friends, we may say, and should say, "We know not that ever we shall see one another again: our friends may be removed, or we ourselves may." But Paul here speaks it with assurance, by the Spirit of prophecy, that these Ephesians should see his face no more; and we cannot think that he who spoke so doubtfully of that which he was not sure of (not knowing the things that shall befal me there,Acts 20:22; Acts 20:22) would speak this with so much confidence, especially when he foresaw what a trouble it would be to his friends here, unless he had had a special warrant from the Spirit to say it, to whom I think those do wrong who suppose that, notwithstanding this, Paul did afterwards come to Ephesus, and see them again. He would never have said thus solemnly, Now, behold, I know it, if he had not known it for certain. Not but that he foresaw that he had a great deal of time and work yet before him, but he foresaw that his work would be cut out for him in other places, and in these parts he had no more to do. Here he had for a great while gone about preaching the kingdom of God, preaching down the kingdom of sin and Satan, and preaching up the authority and dominion of God in Christ, preaching the kingdom of glory as the end and the kingdom of grace as the way. Many a time they had been glad to see his face in the pulpit, and saw it as it had been the face of an angel. If the feet of these messengers of peace were beautiful upon the mountains, what were their faces? But now they shall see his face no more. Note, We ought often to think of it, that those who now are preaching to us the kingdom of God will shortly be removed and we shall see their faces no more: the prophets, do they live for ever? Yet a little while is their light with us; it concerns us therefore to improve it while we have it, that when we shall see their faces no more on earth, yet we may hope to look them in the face with comfort in the great day. 2. He appeals to them concerning the faithful discharge of his ministry among them (Acts 20:26; Acts 20:26): "Wherefore, seeing my ministry is at an end with you, it concerns both you and me to reflect, and look back;" and, (1.) He challenges them to prove him unfaithful, or to have said or done any thing by which he had made himself accessory to the ruin of any precious soul: I am pure from the blood of all men, the blood of souls. This plainly refers to that of the prophet (Ezekiel 33:6), where the blood of him that perishes by the sword of the enemy is said to be required at the hand of the unfaithful watchman that did not give warning: "You cannot say but I have given warning, and therefore no man's blood can be laid at my door." If a minister has approved himself faithful, he may have this rejoicing in himself, I am pure from the blood of all men, and ought to have this testimony from others. (2.) He therefore leaves the blood of those that perish upon their own heads, because they had fair warning given them, but they would not take it. (3.) He charges these ministers to look to it that they took care and pains, as he had done: "I am pure from the blood of all men, see that you keep yourselves so too. I take you to record this day"--en te semeron hemera, "I call this day to witness to you:" so Streso. As sometimes the heaven and earth are appealed to, so here this day shall be a witness, this parting day. 3. He proves his own fidelity with this (Acts 20:27; Acts 20:27): For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God. (1.) He had preached to them nothing but the counsel of God, and had not added any inventions of his own; "it was pure gospel, and nothing else, the will of God concerning your salvation." The gospel is the counsel of God; it is admirably contrived by his wisdom, it is unalterably determined by his will, and it is kindly designed by his grace for our glory, 1 Corinthians 2:7. This counsel of God it is the business of ministers to declare as it is revealed, and not otherwise nor any further. (2.) He had preached to them the whole counsel of God. As he had preached to them the whole counsel of God. As he had preached to them the gospel pure, so he had preached it to them entire; he had gone over a body of divinity among them, that, having the truths of the gospel opened to them methodically from first to last in order, they might the better understand them, by seeing them in their several connections with, and dependences upon, one another. (3.) He had not shunned to do it; had not wilfully nor designedly avoided the declaring of any part of the counsel of God. He had not, to save his own pains, declined preaching upon the most difficult parts of the gospel, nor, to save his own credit, declined preaching upon the most plain and easy parts of it; he had not shunned preaching those doctrines which he knew would be provoking to the watchful enemies of Christianity, or displeasing to the careless professors of it, but faithfully took his work before him, whether they would hear or forbear. And thus it was that he kept himself pure from the blood of all men. IV. He charges them as ministers to be diligent and faithful in their work. 1. He commits the care of the church at Ephesus, that is, the saints, the Christians that were there and thereabouts (Ephesians 1:1), to them, who, though doubtless they were so numerous that they could not all meet in one place, but worshipped God in several congregations, under the conduct of several ministers, are yet called here one flock, because they not only agreed in one faith, as they did with all Christian churches, but in many instances they kept up communion one with another. To these elders or presbyters the apostle here, upon the actual foresight of his own final leaving them, commits the government of this church, and tells them that not he, but the Holy Ghost, had made them overseers, episkopous--bishops of the flock. "You that are presbyters are bishops of the Holy Ghost's making, that are to take the oversight of this part of the church of God," 1 Peter 5:1; 1 Peter 5:2; Titus 1:5; Titus 1:7. While Paul was present at Ephesus, he presided in all the affairs of that church, which made the elders loth to part with him; but now this eagle stirs up the nest, flutters over her young; now that they begin to be fledged they must learn to fly themselves, and to act without him, for the Holy Ghost had made them overseers. They took not this honour to themselves, nor was it conferred upon them by any prince or potentate, but the Holy Ghost in them qualified them for, and enriched them to, this great undertaking, the Holy Ghost fell upon them,Acts 19:6; Acts 19:6. The Holy Ghost also directed those that chose, and called, and ordained, them to this work in answer to prayer. 2. He commanded them to mind the work to which they were called. Dignity calls for duty; if the Holy Ghost has made them overseers of the flock, that is, shepherds, they must be true to their trust. (1.) They must take heed to themselves in the first place, must have a very jealous eye upon all the motions of their own souls, and upon all they said and did, must walk circumspectly, and know how to behave themselves aright in the house of God, in which they were now advanced to the office of stewards: "You have many eyes upon you, some to take example by you, others to pick quarrels with you, and therefore you ought to take heed to yourselves." Those are not likely to be skilful or faithful keepers of the vineyards of others that do not keep their own. (2.) "Take heed to the flock, to all the flock, some to one part of it, others to another, according as your call and opportunity are, but see that no part of it be neglected among you." Ministers must not only take heed to their own souls, but must have a constant regard to the souls of those who are under their charge, as shepherds have to their sheep, that they may receive no damage: "Take heed to all the flock, that none of them either of themselves wander from the fold or be seized by the beasts of prey; that none of them be missing, or miscarry, through your neglect." (3.) They must feed the church of God, must do all the parts of the shepherd's office, must lead the sheep of Christ into the green pastures, must lay meat before them, must do what they can to heal those that are distempered and have no appetite to their meat, must feed them with wholesome doctrine, with a tender evangelical discipline, and must see that nothing is wanting that is necessary in order to their being nourished up to eternal life. There is need of pastors, not only to gather the church of God by bringing in of those that are without, but to feed it by building up those that are within. (4.) They must watch (Acts 20:31; Acts 20:31), as shepherds keep watch over their flocks by night, must be awake and watchful, must not give way to spiritual sloth and slumber, but must stir up themselves to their business and closely attend it. Watch thou in all things (2 Timothy 4:5), watch against every thing that will be hurtful to the flock, and watch to every thing that will be advantageous to it; improve every opportunity of doing it a kindness. 3. He gives them several good reasons why they should mind the business of their ministry. (1.) Let them consider the interest of their Master, and his concern for the flock that was committed to their charge, Acts 20:28; Acts 20:28. It is the church which he has purchased with his own blood. [1.] "It is his own; you are but his servants to take care of it for him. It is your honour that you are employed for God, who will own you in his service; but then your carelessness and treachery are so much the worse if you neglect your work, for you wrong God and are false to him. From him you received the trust, and to him you must give up your account, and therefore take heed to yourselves. And, if it be the church of God, he expects you should show your love to him by feeding his sheep and lambs." [2.] He has purchased it. The world is God's by right of creation, but the church is his by right of redemption, and therefore it ought to be dear to us, for it was dear to him, because it cost him dear, and we cannot better show it than by feeding his sheep and his lambs. [3.] This church of God is what he has purchased; not as Israel of old, when he gave men for them, and people for their life (Isaiah 43:3), but with his own blood. This proves that Christ is God, for he is called so here, where yet he is said to purchase the church with his own blood; the blood was his as man, yet so close is the union between the divine and human nature that it is here called the blood of God, for it was the blood of him who is God, and his being so put such dignity and worth into it as made it both a valuable ransom of us from evil, and a valuable purchase for us of all good, nay, a purchase of us to Christ, to be to him a peculiar people: Thine they were, and thou gavest them to me. In consideration of this, therefore, feed the church of God, because it is purchased at so dear a rate. Did Christ lay down his life to purchase it, and shall his ministers be wanting in any care and pains to feed it? Their neglect of its true interest is a contempt of his blood that purchased it. (2.) Let them consider the danger that the flock was in of being made a prey to its adversaries, Acts 20:29; Acts 20:30. "If the flock be thus precious upon the account of its relation to God, and its redemption by Christ, then you are concerned to take heed both to yourselves and to it." Here are reasons for both. [1.] Take heed to the flock, for wolves are abroad, that seek to devour (Acts 20:29; Acts 20:29): I know this, that after my departure grievous wolves shall enter in among you. First, Some understand it of persecutors, that will inform against the Christians, and incense the magistrates against them, and will have no compassion on the flock. They thought, because, while Paul was with them, the rage of the Jews was most against him, that, when he had gone out of the country, they would be quiet: "No," says he, "after my departure you will find the persecuting spirit still working, therefore take heed to the flock, confirm them in the faith, comfort and encourage them, that they may not either leave Christ for fear of suffering or lose their peace and comfort in their sufferings." Ministers must take a more ordinary care of the flock in times of persecution. Secondly, It is rather to be understood of seducers and false teachers. Probably Paul has an eye to those of the circumcision, who preached up the ceremonial law; these he calls grievous wolves, for though they came in sheep's clothing, nay, in shepherds' clothing, they made mischief in the congregations of Christians, sowed discord among them, drew away many from the pure gospel of Christ, and did all they could to blemish and defame those that adhered to it; not sparing the most valuable members of the flock, stirring up those whom they could influence to bite and devour them (Galatians 5:15); therefore they are called dogs (Philippians 3:2), as here wolves. While Paul was at Ephesus, they kept away, for they durst not face him; but, when he was gone, then they entered in among them, and sowed their tares where he had sown the good seed. "Therefore take heed to the flock, and do all you can to establish them in the truth, and to arm them against the insinuations of the false teachers." [2.] Take heed to yourselves, for some shepherds will apostatise (Acts 20:30; Acts 20:30): "Also of your ownselves, among the members, nay, perhaps, among the ministers of your own church, among you that I am now speaking to (though I am willing to hope it does not go so far as that), shall men arise speaking perverse things, things contrary to the right rule of the gospel, and destructive of the great intentions of it. Nay, they will pervert some sayings of the gospel, and wrest them to make them patronize their errors, 2 Peter 3:16. Even those that were well thought of among you, and that you had confidence in, will grow proud, and conceited, and opinionative, and will refine upon the gospel, and will pretend with more nice and curious speculations to advance you to a higher form; but it is to draw away disciples after them, to make a party for themselves, that shall admire them, and be led by them, and pin their faith upon their sleeve." Some read it, to draw away disciples after them--those that are already disciples of Christ, draw them from him to follow them. "Therefore, take heed to yourselves; when you are told that some of you shall betray the gospel, you are each of you concerned to ask, Is it I? and to look well to yourselves." This was there fulfilled in Phygellus and Hermogenes, who turned away from Paul and the doctrine he had preached (2 Timothy 1:15), and in Hymeneus and Philetus, who concerning the truth erred, and overthrew the faith of some (2 Timothy 2:18), which explains the expression here. But, though there were some such seducers in the church of Ephesus, yet it should seem by Paul's Epistle to that church (wherein we do not find such complaints and reprehensions as we meet with in some other of his epistles) that that church was not so much infested with false teachers, at least not so much infected with their false doctrine, as some other churches were; but its peace and purity were preserved by the blessing of God on the pains and vigilance of these presbyters, to whom the apostle, in the actual foresight and consideration of the rise of heresies and schisms, as well as of his own death, committed the government of this church. (3.) Let them consider the great pains that Paul had taken in planting this church (Acts 20:31; Acts 20:31): "Remember that for the space of three years" (for so long he had been preaching in Ephesus, and the parts adjacent) "I ceased not to warn every one night and day with tears; and be not you negligent in building upon that foundation which I was so diligent to lay." [1.] Paul, like a faithful watchman, had warned them, and, by the warnings he gave men of the danger of their continuing in their Judaism and heathenism, he prevailed with them to embrace Christianity. [2.] He warned every one; besides the public warnings he gave in his preaching, he applied himself to particular persons according as he saw their case called for it, which he had something to say peculiar to. [3.] He was constant in giving warning; he warned night and day; his time was filled up with his work. In the night, when he should have been reposing himself, he was dealing with those he could not get to speak with in the day about their souls. [4.] He was indefatigable in it; he ceased not to warn. Though they were ever so obstinate against his warnings, yet he did not cease to warn, not knowing but that at length they might, by the grace of God, be overcome; though they were ever so pliable to his warnings, yet he did not think this would be a sufficient excuse for him to desist, but still he warned those that were righteous as not to turn from their righteousness, as he had warned them when they were wicked to turn from their wickedness, Ezekiel 3:18-21. [5.] He spoke to them about their souls with a great deal of affection and concern: he warned them with tears. As he had served the Lord, so he had served them, with many tears,Acts 20:19; Acts 20:19. He warned them with tears of compassion, thereby showing how much he was himself affected with their misery and danger in a sinful state and way, that he might affect them with it. Thus Paul had begun the good work at Ephesus, thus free had he been of his pains; and why then should they be sparing of their pains in carrying it on? V. He recommends them to divine direction and influence (Acts 20:32; Acts 20:32): "And now, brethren, having given you this solemn charge and caution, I commend you to God. Now that I have said what I have to say, The Lord be with you; I must leave you, but I leave you in good hands." They were in care what would become of them, how they should go on in their work, break through their difficulties, and what provision would be made for them and their families. In answer to all these perplexities, Paul directs them to look up to God with an eye of faith, and beseeches God to look down on them with an eye of favour. 1. See here to whom he commends them. He calls them brethren, not only as Christians, but as ministers, and thereby encourages them to hope in God, as he had done; for they and he were brethren. (1.) He commends them to God, begs of God to provide for them, to take care of them, and to supply all their needs, and encourages them to cast all their care upon him, with an assurance that he cared for them: "Whatever you want, go to God, let your eye be ever towards him, and your dependence upon him, in all your straits and difficulties; and let this be your comfort, that you have a God to go to, a God all sufficient." I commend you to God, that is, to his providence, and to the protection and care of that. It is enough that, from whomsoever we are separated, still we have God nigh unto us, 1 Peter 4:19. (2.) He commends them to the word of his grace, by which some understand Christ: he is the word (John 1:1), the word of life, because life is treasured up for us in him (1 John 1:1), and in the same sense he is here called the word of God's grace, because from his fulness we receive grace for grace. He commends them to Christ, puts them into his hand, as being his servants, whom he would in a particular manner take care of. Paul commends them not only to God and to his providence, but to Christ and his grace as Christ himself did his disciples when he was leaving them: You believe in God, believe also in me. It comes to much the same thing, if by the word of his grace we understand the gospel of Christ, for it is Christ in the word that is nigh unto us for our support and encouragement, and his word is spirit and life: "You will find much relief by acting faith on the providence of God, but much more by acting faith on the promises of the gospel." He commends them to the word of Christ's grace, which he spoke to his disciples when he sent them forth, the commission he gave them, with assurance that he would be with them always to the end of the world: "Take hold of that word, and God give you the benefit and comfort of it, and you need no more." He commends them to the word of God's grace, not only as the foundation of their hope and the fountain of their joy, but as the rule of their walking: "I commend you to God, as your Master, whom you are to serve, and I have found him a good Master, and to the word of his grace, as cutting you out your work, and by which you are to govern yourselves; observe the precepts of this word, and then live upon the promises of it." 2. See here what he commends them to the word of God's grace for, not so much for a protection from their enemies, or a provision for their families, as for the spiritual blessings which they most needed and ought most to value. They had received the gospel of the grace of God, and were entrusted to preach it. Now he recommends them to that, (1.) For their edification: "It is able (the Spirit of grace working with it and by it) to build you up, and you may depend upon this, while you keep close to it, and are deriving daily from it. Though you are already furnished with good gifts, yet this is able to build you up; there is that in it with which you need to be better acquainted and more affected." Note, Ministers, in preaching the word of grace, must aim at their own edification as well as at the edification of others. The most advanced Christians, while they are in this world, are capable of growing, and they will find the word of grace to have still more and more in it to contribute to their growth. It is still able to build them up. (2.) For their glorification: It is able to give you an inheritance among all those who are sanctified. The word of God's grace gives it, not only as it gives the knowledge of it (for life and immortality are brought to light by the gospel), but as it gives the promise of it, the promise of a God that cannot lie, and which is yea and amen in Christ; and by the word, as the ordinary vehicle, the Spirit of grace is given (Acts 10:44; Acts 10:44), to be the seal of the promise, and the earnest of the eternal life promised; and thus it is the word of God's grace that gives us the inheritance. Note, [1.] Heaven is an inheritance which gives an indefeasible right to all the heirs; it is an inheritance like that of the Israelites in Canaan, which was by promise and yet by lot, but was sure to all the seed. [2.] This inheritance is entailed upon and secured to all those, and those only, that are sanctified; for as those cannot be welcome guests to the holy God, or the holy society above, that are unsanctified, so really heaven would be no heaven to them; but to all that are sanctified, that are born again, and on whom the image of God is renewed, it is as sure as almighty power and eternal truth can make it. Those therefore that would make out a title to that inheritance must make it sure that they are among the sanctified, are joined to them and incorporated with them, and partake of the same image and nature; for we cannot expect to be among the glorified hereafter unless we be among the sanctified here. VI. He recommends himself to them as an example of indifference to this world, and to every thing in it, which, if they would walk in the same spirit and in the same steps, they would find to contribute greatly to their easy and comfortable passage through it. He had recommended them to God, and to the word of his grace, for spiritual blessings, which, without doubt, are the best blessings; but what shall they do for food for their families, an agreeable subsistence for themselves, and portions for their children? "As to these," Paul says, "do as I did;" and how was that? He here tells them, 1. That he never aimed at worldly wealth (Acts 20:33; Acts 20:33): "I have coveted no man's silver, or gold, or apparel; nor do you, and then you will be easy." There were many in Ephesus, and many of those that had embraced the Christian faith, who were rich, had a great deal of money, and plate, and rich furniture, and wore very good clothes, and made a very good appearance. Now, (1.) Paul was not ambitious to live like them. We may take it in this sense: "I never coveted to have so much silver and gold at command as I see others have, nor to wear such rich clothes as I see others wear. I neither condemn them nor envy them. I can live comfortably and usefully without living great." The false apostles desired to make a fair show in the flesh (Galatians 6:12), to make a figure in the world; but Paul did not do so. He knew how to want and how to be abased. (2.) He was not greedy to receive from them, silver, or gold, or apparel; so far from being always craving that he was not so much as coveting, nor desired them to allow him so and so for his pains among them, but was content with such things as he had; he never made a gain of them,2 Corinthians 12:17. He could not only say with Moses (Numbers 16:15), and with Samuel (1 Samuel 12:3; 1 Samuel 12:5), Whose ox have I taken? Or whom have I defrauded? But, "Whose kindness have I coveted, or asked? Or to whom have I been burdensome?" He protests against desiring a gift, Philippians 4:17. 2. That he had worked for his living, and taken a great deal of pains to get bread (Acts 20:34; Acts 20:34) "Yea, you yourselves know, and have been eye-witnesses of it, that these hands of mine have ministered to my necessities, and to those that were with me; you have seen me busy early and late, cutting out tents and making them up;" and, they being commonly made of leather, it was very hard work. Observe, (1.) Paul was sometimes reduced to necessities, and the want of the common supports of life, though he was so great a favourite of Heaven and so great a blessing to this earth. What an unthinking, unkind, and ungrateful world is this, that could let such a man as Paul be poor in it! (2.) He desired no more than to have his necessities supplied; he did not work at his calling to enrich himself, but to maintain himself with food and raiment. (3.) When he was to earn his bread, he did it by a manual occupation. Paul had a head and a tongue that he might have got money by, but they were these hands, saith he, that ministered to my necessities. What a pity was it that those hands by the laying on of which the Holy Ghost had been so often conferred, those hands by which God had wrought special miracles, and both these at Ephesus too (Acts 19:6; Acts 19:11), should there be obliged to lay themselves to the needle and shears, the awl and tacking-end, in tent-making, purely to get bread! Paul puts these presbyters (and others in them) in mind of this, that they may not think it strange if they be thus neglected, and yet to go on in their work, and make the best shift they can to live; the less encouragement they have from men, the more they shall have from God. (4.) He worked not only for himself, but for the support of those also that were with him. This was hard indeed. It had better become them to have worked for him (to maintain him as their tutor) than he for them. But so it is; those that are willing to take the labouring oar will find those about them willing they should have it. If Paul will work for the maintenance of his companions, he is welcome to do it. These files are public domain and are a derivative of an electronic edition that is available on the Christian Classics Ethereal Library Website. Henry, Matthew. "Complete Commentary on Acts 20:24". "Matthew Henry Complete Commentary on the Whole Bible". https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/mhm/acts-20.html. 1706. the Week of Proper 7 / Ordinary 12

This message, which could be used in a mailing, or in a script for a phone canvasser, is packed with phrases that have been shown in scientific experiments to nudge people into voting. Here’s why these words can convince voters to get out to the polls. 1. We don’t like being shown up by our friends and neighbors. Voting may be a civic duty, but getting people to do the right thing can be tough. That’s why political operatives were blown away in 2008, when a team led by political scientists at Yale University revealed how to ratchet up the social pressure to get people out to the polls. Before the 2006 primary elections in Michigan, the researchers mailed 80,000 households telling them: “Do your civic duty — vote!” By itself, this message boosted turnout from 29.7% to 31.5% — hardly a game-changer. But when the mailings also described the past voting records of members of the household and their neighbors, and said that updated information would be mailed after the election, turnout shot up to 37.8%. Compared to actually talking to potential voters, mailings are usually ineffective. But this boost in turnout beat the typical bump provided by phone calls and rivaled the effects face-to-face canvassing. Although we may think of ourselves as independent, it turns out that we like to be seen as part of the virtuous crowd. The key phrase is “be seen,” which is why our optimized message contains a subtle reminder that voting records are public, and includes the suggestion that you’ll get a call after the election to ask about your voting experience. In an experiment published in April, researchers led by Todd Rogers of Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government sent a get-out-the-vote letter to more than 770,000 potential voters in 29 battleground districts in the 2010 congressional elections. The version that included the wording about a post-election follow-up call was the most successful in boosting turnout. 2. And that social pressure can be contagious. Nowadays, pressure to vote doesn’t just come through the mailbox — it can also happen on social media. During the 2010 congressional elections, Facebook ran a massive experiment in which more than 60 million users received a message in their News Feed encouraging them to vote, providing a link to find polling places, and including a button to announce to their friends that “I Voted.” The message also revealed the pictures of up to six of their friends who had clicked the same button. Because some people might have clicked the button without voting, Facebook later compared the actual voting records of those who received the message to users who didn’t see it. Those who got the message were more likely to vote, and clicking the “I Voted” button also seemed to influence their closest friends. The effects were small, but on such a huge platform the numbers stacked up. Overall, Facebook estimated that the message itself nudged about 60,000 people who received it into voting, while a further 280,000 people were triggered to vote as the “I Voted” ripples spread from friend to friend. 3. But don’t overdo it. (Looking at you, Ted Cruz.) While social pressure definitely works, there’s a potential downside: Sending mailers comparing people’s voting records to those of their neighbors can creep them out. For campaign operatives, that poses a dilemma. Unlike academic political scientists, who run non-partisan experiments, campaigns have to worry about whether their candidate will be perceived as manipulative and hectoring. For them, a message that sends people to the polls determined to vote for a rival is the worst possible result. “Heavy-handed social messages have the potential to backfire,” Costas Panagopoulos, a political scientist at Fordham University in New York, told BuzzFeed News. Most campaigns have steered away from piling on the social pressure. But not Ted Cruz, who before February’s Iowa caucuses sent out mailers that not only graded the voting records of recipients and their neighbors, but were styled to look like an official citation and marked “Voting Violation.” Many potential voters were outraged, and the tactic earned a strong rebuke from Iowa’s top elections official, Paul Pate. "Today I was shown a piece of literature from the Cruz for President campaign that misrepresents the role of my office, and worse, misrepresents Iowa election law," he posted on Facebook shortly before the caucus. “There is no such thing as an election violation related to frequency of voting.” Still, some experts believe campaigns could exert more social pressure, without going the full Cruz and accusing people of spurious violations. “Concerns from political campaigns might be overblown, and they might be leaving votes on the table,” David Nickerson, a political scientist at Temple University in Philadelphia, told BuzzFeed News by email. 4. Always say “thank you.” Expressing gratitude, in contrast, carries no risk of turning people off. During the 2009 race that saw Chris Christie become the governor of New Jersey, Panagopoulos sent out non-partisan mailers to some 40,000 potential voters. Turnout among those who were thanked for voting in the past was 39.2%, 2.5 points higher than those who were not thanked. “The effects are not as strong as for explicit social pressure, but they’re pretty strong,” Panagopoulos said. In the past few years, similar messages of thanks for past voting have become a staple of campaign messages. There’s nothing to lose, and votes to gain, from being polite. 5. Try to make voters feel worthy. Our optimized message contains the phrase “being a voter,” rather than than simply thanking people for voting. The idea of swapping a verb for a noun comes from research led by psychologist Christopher Bryan of the University of Chicago, who found that it boosted turnout among when delivered in an online survey to potential voters in the 2008 presidential election, and the 2009 race for New Jersey governor. The message worked, the researchers suggested, because it linked voting to people’s sense of self, allowing those who subsequently voted to “assume the identity of a worthy person.” But earlier this month, a team led by Alan Gerber of Yale University published a larger contradictory study, contacting voters by telephone before the 2014 primary elections in Michigan, Missouri, and Tennessee. It found no significant boost in turnout from including the “voter” wording in the phone script. So the jury is still out on this one. But Gerber told BuzzFeed News that he sees no potential for a backlash in describing people as voters, and some political operatives’ are already framing their messages in this way. For example, instructions to canvassers working for Bernie Sanders in the Florida primary contained the following script, to be said to people who described themselves as supporters or leaning toward the candidate: “Thank you for being a voter for Tuesday! We are calling voters all across the state and while it looks like turnout is going to be high, the race is close and your vote could be the one that makes the difference.” 6. But don’t pander (especially if you’re not sure who you’re talking to). In the run-up to the 2000 presidential election, an article in The New Republic raised the curtain on campaign data mining, noting that politicians “know not just your name, address, and voting history but also your age and the age of your children, whether you smoke cigars, where you shop, where you attend church, what kind of car you drive, how old it is, whether you’re on a diet, and what type of pet you have.” That’s true. Democratic Party operatives, for instance, use data from a company called Catalist that contains up to 700 different data points on each potential voter. From a small sample of people whose opinions have been surveyed, the theory goes, it’s possible to predict the views of everybody else. Welcome to political “microtargeting,” in which the electorate is sliced and diced into groups that can be sent different messages to reflect their predicted passion for gun rights, environmental protection, and so on. Increasingly, these messages are being delivered not just by mail or phone, but as targeted ads on Google and Facebook. But microtargeting may have been oversold. During the 2012 election cycle, Eitan Hersh of Yale University gained access to the Democratic Party’s data sources and surveyed operatives to find out how it was used. He concluded that detailed consumer data added little to the information available through public records — such as party registration, voting history, gender, and (in some states) race. According to Nickerson, two additional pieces of personal information are valuable: education level, which helps predict how people will vote, and telephone numbers, which are crucial to making contact. “Pretty much everything else is just hype,” he said. And Nickerson should know: In 2012, he was director of experiments for the Obama campaign’s data analytics team — seen as the most sophisticated in political history. Targeted messages can also backfire. In experiments run in 2010 and 2011, Hersh sent a sample of potential voters a mailing about a fake political candidate called Williams. The letters either made general pledges that Williams would work on voters’ behalf, or more specific promises to help groups such as born-again Christians or Latinos. Participants were then asked whether they were likely to vote for the candidate, on a scale of 0 to 100. The targeted messages had only modest effects when sent to members of the intended group (such as born-again Christians or Latinos). But when they were misdirected, they drove support down by 20 points or more. “People hate being mistargeted,” Hersh told BuzzFeed News. 7. And just before election day, send a reminder. Emails seem to be ineffective, unless they come from public officials. But text messages seem harder to ignore. In 2010 primary elections in California, including the race for governor, researchers sent the message above to the cell phones of more than 14,000 voters. It boosted turnout from 8.9% to 9.8%.

How to Throw the Ultimate Elf Themed Christmas Party 33 Festive Ways to Decorate Your Christmas Tree. Meaning Meaning is what a word, action, or concept is all about — its purpose, significance, or definition. It came into use as a Christian name after the Protestant Reformation, and it was popular with the Puritans in the 17th century. A classic smiley, turned upside down. How to use this in a sentence. Of a colour like that of snow, milk, or bone: 2. Herzlich Willkommen zum gro&223;en Produktvergleich. Often used in combination: our attic. 5” turquoise blue vintage-inspired radio and enjoy songs by the original artists such as Smokey Robinson and Bing Crosby. Check everything off your holiday to-do list with our favorite Christmas ideas. Dedicated to increasing public outreach opportunities for White River NWR, along with helping the refuge with many other duties, Friends of White River NWR is always looking for extra helping hands! 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This is the name of the wife of Isaac and the mother of Esau and Jacob in the Old Testament. Com has been a trusted source of names and meanings for 25 years. Enjoy the best selection of free Christmas music online with unlimited skips. OrgAlso try:. In turn, that symbolizes brightness and virtue. 8 White also represented death in ancient Egypt, representing the lifeless desert that covered much of the country; black was held to be the color of life, representing the mud-covered fertile lands created by the flooding of the Nile and giving the country its name (Kemet, or "black land"). Meaning, purport, sense, significance denote that which is expressed or indicated by something. Worauf Sie vor dem Kauf Ihres In this occasion meaning Acht geben sollten. Easy to Share Just email a link to the web page to let others view and edit your whiteboard. 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Christmas Discover Disney-inspired ideas for the Christmas holiday season including Christmas crafts and gift ideas, warming Christmas recipes, ornaments and more. The most popular dictionary and thesaurus for learners of English. A Castle-shaped restaurant. Awarded 5 stars from Canstar Blue, the only toothpaste company in to be awrded 5 stars! More Meaning videos. Here's everything you need to know. Receive complimentary UK delivery on orders of &163;100 or over. Christmas kitchen. Most Christians celebrate the holiday on December 25, but it is celebrated on January 7 in the Orthodox Church due to the use of a different calendar. White House as the name of the U. 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AGCO is a global leader in the design, manufacture and distribution of agricultural equipment. 📻 You’ll be able to rock all winter long with Snowtunes Radio, turn the dial on this 10. (transitive) To make white; to whiten; to bleach. Discover Virgil Abloh’s take on street fashion. Posted. White (comparative whiter, superlative whitest) 1. The connotative relation is the relation between signs and their interpretant signs. Already the bad boy of American literature, from Less Than Zero to American Psycho, Ellis has also earned the wrath of right-thinking people everywhere with his provocations on social media, and here he escalates his admonishment of received truths as expressed by today&39;s version of "the. Witeboard is the fastest way to collaborate real-time with your team anywhere. White Oak Armament | PFSkip to Content. Abbreviation; word in meaning; location; Examples: NFL, NASA, PSP, HIPAA,random Word(s) in meaning: chat "global warming" Postal codes: USA: 81657, Canada: T5A. &0183;&32;From 16 December, Christmas at Kew is permitted to continue under Tier 3 guidance following Covid-19 secure conditions. Find definitions, meanings, synonyms, pronunciations, translations, origin and examples. Besides reports on its key events and standalone publications such as the Global Competitiveness Report, the Global Risks Report and the Global Gender Gap Report, the. Do not be fooled by what I am saying. Get it as soon as Wed, Dec 23. 20, Construe My Meaning: 1,26€ 6. Learn more. Get accurate and free address and phone number information with a white pages lookup instantly! In heraldic symbolssuch as that of England, white represents the metal silver. VGC calculator by Jake White This calculator is currently being optimized for Sword & Shield + Crown Tundra. 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Traditionally, this started on Christmas Eve and lasted until January 6, the feast of the Three Kings (the original Twelve Days of Christmas); now, however, especially in the U. Many of these people claimed to have the ability to do such things because of knowledge or power that was passed on to them through hereditary lines, or by some event later in. 1325 Ross st, PETALUMA, CA, 94954, United States. 25 – 26 Mason's Yard London SW1Y 6BU. Off-White has been defining the grey area between black and white since, and has become an iconic brand for millennials. Christmas wreath design live orange ilex & magnolia 24" add to cart. Girls just wanna have fun, even if it might take place over Zoom. NEW games added every week. Es gibt etliche Abk&252;rzungen im Englischen, z. White Cube Hong Kong. Christmas From making Christmas candy and baking Christmas cookies, to decorating Christmas trees and gift ideas, find what you need to plan a perfect holiday. 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I wasn't nervous until the morning of my wedding, but everyone assured me that I had just gotten cold feet. &0183;&32;White Pass features slopeside lodging at the Village Inn, on-site Child Care, multiple dining options, full-service Learning, Nordic, Rental & Retail Centers, all found in a relaxed family atmosphere. Subscribe Subscribe now! The gallery. They fall in love. With Keshia Knight Pulliam, Michael Xavier, Nakai Takawira, John B. · Find the meaning, history and origin of surnames, also called last names or family names, as well as famous bearers and usage statistics. You&39;ll find names that mean powerful and those that mean beauty, names with water meanings and those with fire meanings. Synonyms: anal retentive Antonyms: oral a stage in psychosexual development when. Ai meaning - Der absolute Favorit der Redaktion Herzlich Willkommen hier. Meaning & History From the old Irish name Áedán meaning "little fire", a diminutive of Áed (see AODH ). Call us today! The Isle of Wight Festival will take place from the 17th to 20th June at Seaclose Park, Newport. Welcome to the Ellen G. Christmas is a Christian holiday to celebrate the birth of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity. Rainier National Park at the summit of US HWY 12, a national scenic byway. Play over 40 free online Christmas games. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is. Uh, yes, white has related colours. Auf YouTube findest du die angesagtesten Videos und Tracks. Beyond Experts. " Answer: The true meaning of Christmas is love. American. Read More ». 537,000+ Vectors, Stock Photos & PSD files. The real Christmas story is the story of God’s becoming a human being in the Person of Jesus Christ. Im & meaning Vergleich konnte der Testsieger bei den Kriterien abr&228;umen. Exclusive access to properties not advertised anywhere else. The lists here organize baby names by meanings, sometimes with related name meanings -- light and sun and clarity, for instance -- grouped together. The Bible does not give the date of Jesus’ birth, nor does it say that we should celebrate his birthday. Unsere Redaktion hat. This is also said to be the symbolism of the veil. Discover the meaning and history behind your last name. Bring ideas, content and people together – from your computer, phone or tablet. Michael Bubl&233; &183; Album &183; &183; 16 songs. After considerable refurbishment, our hotel offers modern comfortable rooms and. The directory of Temple University students, faculty, and staff. Christmas Music For Everyone! White stool isn&39;t normal and should be evaluated promptly by a doctor. When you tilt your head to the side, you see that : is the eyes, - the optional nose, and ) is the mouth. White Earth Tribal Headquarters, 35500 Eagle View Road, Ogema, MN. Army portal for soldiers and DA civilians. 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Note: This page may contain content that is offensive or inappropriate for some readers. We verify the humanity of more than a trillion online interactions a week. Unsere Redakteure begr&252;&223;en Sie als Kunde zum gro&223;en Vergleich. &0183;&32;Friends of White River NWR. Fri 8:00 to 5:00. It's useful to have some more "fun" activities for the end of the year, when childrens' attention begins to wonder and you need to fit in some learning amongst the Christmas play practices and parties! Com for Shoes, Clothing & Accessories. Biblical: the patriarch survivor of the Great Flood who drifted in the ark for 40 days of rain. 1920 John and Otto are reunited in Spokane at the corner of Main and Stevens. 6 out of 5 stars 186. The :-) notation is known as a smiley, and means that the statement it follows was intended as humor. Check out the site and song! Patient meaning - W&228;hlen Sie unserem Favoriten. Meanings and definitions of words with pronunciations and translations. Der Offizielle Converse Shop Deutschland bietet die komplette Converse Sneakers und Kleidungskollektion. Sympathy is a feeling of pity or sense of compassion — it's when you feel bad for someone else who's going through something hard. White definition, of the color of pure snow, of the margins of this page, etc. , 18:55 Multiy. Thu 8:00 to 5:00. Hunting Land, Ranches, Farms & Recreational Property for Sale. Get ready with pretty decorations—garlands, ornaments, and centerpieces, plus outdoor decorating ideas that start with Christmas wreaths and sparkling Christmas lights. Find out what any acronym, abbreviation, or initialism stands for. The White family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 18. Anyone who protests the results of the US Presidential Election without any proof or evidence and refuses to recognize Joe Biden as the 46th President of the United States of America. Das Team vergleicht diverse Faktoren und verleihen dem Produkt am Ende die abschlie&223;ende Bewertung. No plugins or downloads needed - all games play right in your browser. Merry Christmas! &174; Experience the support of a dedicated team of economists and consultants, built for you. Compare Lithuanian šviẽsti (“to gleam”), šviesa (“light”), Old Church Slavonic свѣтъ (světŭ, “light”), свѣтьлъ (světĭlŭ, “clear, bright”), Persian سفید (sefid), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (spaēta, “white”), Sanskrit श्वेत (śvetá, “white, br. White House hotel is located downtown near the White House, top D. We look for companies that have established significant product-market fit in their local market, and use our cross-border networks to help companies scale internationally and become global champions. Contact search Main Menu. Um so neutral wie m&246;glich zu bleiben, schlie&223;en wir. For some, Christmas is an exclusive family affair, while others invite friends to a Christmas buffet or pot luck meal. (sometimes capitalized) Of or relating to Caucasians, people of European descent with light-coloured skin. The meaning of Kamala Devi. (countable) Anything that is of the color white. The WordReference Dictionaries are free online translation dictionaries. Nummer Produktname Preis; 1: Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief: 44,15€ 2: A Quest For Meaning OV/OmU 3,49€ 3: The Meaning of Mariah Carey: 31,46€ 4: Meaning (Choral Version) 1,26. Email Address. Com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. 336 – First documentary sign of Christmas celebration in Rome. 50 Connaught Road Central Hong Kong. For outdoors, find Christmas light projectors, Christmas reindeer, Christmas gnomes, Christmas yard signs, holiday placemats, Christmas outdoor mats, Star Wars Christmas projector, white Christmas village houses and blue and white outdoor Christmas decorations to give your friends and family a warm holiday welcome. More news for Meaning. 🎙🎵 mrchristmas. Rhymes: -aɪt 4. The term "colly" is Old English slang meaning birds dark as coal, a. ) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 2. Hallo und Herzlich Willkommen zu unserem Test. Perhaps from Fanny, a nickname for Frances. White Cube Mason's Yard. Generate meaning - Unsere Auswahl unter allen analysierten Generate meaning! This was the name of an Irish monk and saint of the 7th century. Your abbreviation search returned 115 meanings. Define white. Festive starter recipes. White Oak Armament is the destination for quality parts for competitive and recreational marksmen. Over 1 hour of the top Christmas songs featuring all of your favorite classic Christmas songs. It is of Hebrew origin, and the meaning of Elizabeth is "God is my oath". Starring: Kurt Russell, Darby Camp, Judah Lewis. Word in meaning; location; Examples: NFL, NASA, PSP, HIPAA,random Word(s) in meaning: chat "global warming" Postal codes: USA: 81657, Canada: T5A 0A7. Lee Valley White Water Centre in Hertfordshire is just 40 minutes from central London and offers a range of white water activities including white water rafting on the London Olympic course, corporate days, hen and stag parties, children parties and much more. Situated in prime position on the seafront, opposite the newly reopened Pier, the White Rock Hotel in Hastings is the perfect place for your visit to Hastings, whether for business or pleasure. It is the color of fresh snow, chalk and milk, and is the opposite of black. The easiest way to spread Christmas cheer is to deliver thoughtful seasonal gifts to the ones you love. Thanks so much for your patience while we work to respond to all of our guests over the coming days and weeks. Define BOP at AcronymFinder. In other old versions of the song, the partridge we know and loved is replaced with a “very pretty peacock. First Name Last Name Email Address I consent to collection of my personal info for delivery of occasional emails and ads from WWG Digital Subscriber Epic Backer Newsletter Opt-in Press Gen Con Press WA/OR Epic Backers Atlanta Area Epic Backers DragonConEpicBackers PAX West Press VirginiaArea Epic Backers California Epic Backers UK & Irish Epic Backers Hero Realms Late Backers. Meaning - traduction anglais-fran&231;ais. The definition of meaning is what is intended to be, referred to or understood. (Can we date this quote? The story of the Nativity, or the events surrounding the birth of Jesus, are particularly important in religious celebrations of Christmas. Whether it&39;s holiday decorating trends, new family traditions or inspired gift ideas, we&39;re here to help make your season as festive can be with the cheeriest selection and merriest prices around. Celebrate the most wonderful time of the year with the best Christmas songs of all time! If you prefer to stay cozy and warm indoors, Lowe’s is here to help you deck the halls. Emoji Meaning. Another important component is sharing words of adoration and affection with those who have touched our lives. This notation is often used in email, text messages, and other postings to communicate emotional context that would otherwise be lost or unclear. Auf welche Punkte Sie als Kunde beim Kauf Ihres & meaning Acht geben sollten! Implemented as a flipped version of 🙂 Slightly Smiling Face on most platforms. The best selection of Christmas Fonts for Windows and Macintosh. Obwohl dieser Gag meaning ohne Zweifel eher &252;berdurchschnittlich viel kostet, spiegelt sich der Preis ohne Zweifel in den Kriterien Ausdauer und Qualit&228;t wider. In some Asian cultures, white is considered to be a color that represents death. 2 days ago · Pioneers in Language Reference for 200 years. Icreer Christmas Tree Gifts Christmas Decorations,Mini Christmas Trees LED Decoration,Christmas/Xmas Gifts for Family, Friends, Kid&39;s Bedside Decor,Height 8. Es ist jeder & meaning rund um die Uhr bei Amazon. Whether you&39;re choosing a name for your baby or just love names, you&39;ve come to the right place! Christmas Birth of Jesus Also called Noël, Nativity, Xmas Observed by Christians, many non-Christians Type Christian, cultural Significance Commemoration of the Nativity of Jesus Celebrations Gift-giving, family and other social gatherings, symbolic decoration, feasting etc. Marks the 12th consecutive year the. White and black has the biggest. From Middle English whit, hwit, from Old English hwīt, from Proto-Germanic *hwītaz (whence also West Frisian wyt, Dutch wit, German weiß, Norwegian Bokmål hvit, Norwegian Nynorsk kvit), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱweydós, a byform of *ḱweytós (“bright; shine”). Votes: 173,364 | Gross: 3. Its intent can be similar to the bemused Oh well! White River School District is a great place to learn, work and grow. White flag of truce or surrender is from c. Practitioners of white magic have been given titles such as wise men or women, healers, white witches or wizards. White phrase. After his wife divorces him, a Polish immigrant plots to get even with her. Christmas Party Outfits For Women Who Are Too Fabulous For The LBD. White buffalowere considered sacred among the Native Americans of the Great Plains, as they symbolized fertility and the gods of the earth. Have some fun in the festive season with these Christmas worksheets and classroom printables. However, many traditions that are around today have their roots in pre-Christian winter festivals. White Star Capital is an investment firm that supports global founders building industry-defining businesses. Get deals on women s dresses with curbside pickup & free shipping available! White magic has traditionally referred to the use of supernatural powers or magic for selfless purposes. Your email address * b; a; x; Sales. A platitude verbal contribution to a group, to show you are alpha, but has little or no value, and provides no constructive solution, only talk. Is It White? Com for women s White dresses. However, due to it&39;s simplicity, deities were often depicted wearing white clothes. By Natasha Bird Advertisement - Continue Reading Below. White is a racial classification and skin color specifier, used mostly and exclusively for people of European and, more broadly Western Eurasian descent; depending on context, nationality, and point of view. Herzlich Willkommen zu unserer Analyse. Wir haben uns der Mission angenommen, Produktvarianten verschiedenster Art ausf&252;hrlichst zu analysieren, sodass potentielle K&228;ufer unkompliziert den In this occasion meaning ausw&228;hlen k&246;nnen, den Sie zu Hause haben wollen. See more results. Create today! Commonly used to convey irony, sarcasm, joking, or a sense of goofiness or silliness. In 1840 there were 1,367 White families living in New York. Read the latest tips from Tony Robbins. 65 Beautiful Christmas Tree Decorating Ideas 88 Photos Trim your tree with our unique DIY projects and design tips from holiday decorating pros. In many countries it is marked by a variety of popular observances, such as the lighting of Advent candles. Please listen carefully, try to hear what I am not saying. Google&39;s free service instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. White magic was practiced through healing, blessing, charms, incantations, prayers, and songs. For example, a white elephant was considered very sacred to the people of historical Myanmar, Cambodia, Thailand and Laos. Choose from over 50 channels of holiday Internet radio. There’s no place like home for the holidays. The biggest holiday hits, new and old, can be found right here. & meaning - Betrachten Sie dem Gewinner. After accidentally crashing Santa's sleigh, a brother and sister pull an all-nighter to save Christmas with a savvy, straight-talking St. 6 out of 5 stars 26,439 . They called her "La Pata Blanca" which means White. & meaning - Der Favorit unserer Produkttester. De verf&252;gbar und kann direkt gekauft werden. Official White Glo Store - The World's best oral care White Glo's Whitening Toothpaste is rated number 1 among major toothpaste brands for overall customer satisfaction in. Create an extra-special Christmas with M&S, from the perfect dinner to the final finishing bauble on the tree and gifts for the whole family. Meaning is the general word denoting that which is intended to be or actually is expressed or indicated: the meaning of a word or glance. Find yummy Christmas recipes, Christmas stories, Christmas entertainment and free games to play. It is of Hebrew origin, and the meaning of Noah is "peaceful". I will tell you everything that is nothing, and nothing of what is everything. What does OP stand for? White Christmas is attested from 1847. Org: Your online dictionary for English-German translations. Anal: 1 adj of or related to the anus “ anal thermometer” adj a stage in psychosexual development when the child&39;s interest is concentrated on the anal region; fixation at this stage is said to result in orderliness, meanness, stubbornness, compulsiveness, etc. A fast emoji search experience with options to browse every emoji by name, category, or platform. Your link to the Isle of Wight, with large, open onboard spaces | Flexible bookings with refundable Standard tickets | Crossing times from just 22 minutes. 1915 John White sets up shop in Spokane, WA. Christmas is the annual. An example of meaning is someone explaining the intention behind what they said. The true meaning of Christmas is the celebration of this incredible act of love. See more videos for Meaning. Get cozy and unpack a digital stocking’s worth of Christmas movies and other seasonal favorites. Bible, Matthew xxiii. Whitetail Properties is made up of the industry’s finest land managers & market analysts. Housing units, J, (V,684,244: Owner-occupied housing unit rate,: 64. · White Pass Ski Area, 48935 US Hwy 12, White Pass, WA 98937. Circa (from Latin &39;around, about, roughly, approximately&39;) – frequently abbreviated ca. The denotative relation is the relation between signs and objects. (Latein: „id est“) –. Join Us on National Beer Day for A. When her Philadelphia radio station is closed for repair for the holidays, DJ Kara Porter is forced to broadcast from the small town of Bethlehem. The day known as Christmas Day is celebrated on the 25th day of December. Designed and Developed by. Shop sneakers, ready-to-wear and accessories for women & men. Wed 8:00 to 5:00. Boxset inkl. Most people have some idea of their name meaning or where their name came from. Da ein Gro&223;teil der H&228;ndler leider in den letzten Jahren ausnahmslos durch hohe Preise und vergleichsweise minderwertiger. Learn more about our range of White Wine. To judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of something: The insurers will need to assess the flood damage. WhitePassFamily. Enter a partial first name or leave the first name blank to expand your search; For first name, try more formal variations (e. Enjoy Christmas with Santa Claus at the North Pole, an award-winning Christmas website. The sign that Christmas is finally here is when the Christmas tree goes up. Christmas Carols, Hymns and Songs Free for you to enjoy during the Christmas Season from Shiloh Worship Music as we remember that “Jesus Is The Reason For The Season”. Register now. Aussagen von Konsumenten &252;ber & meaning. White Rose Meaning: Purity, Chastity and Innocence. 18 synonyms of white from the Merriam-Webster Thesaurus, plus 61 related words, definitions, and antonyms. Stay and play in Packwood - 20 miles west of the summit or in Yakima, 50 miles east of the summit, or stay right here at the White Pass Village Inn! With Brant Daugherty, Lana McKissack, Kimberly Daugherty, Ryan Merriman. We are experiencing heavy call, email, and social media inquiries. Alles was auch immer du letztendlich zum Produkt Gag meaning erfahren wolltest, siehst du auf unserer Webseite - genau wie die ausf&252;hrlichsten Gag meaning Vergleiche. Can also mean "God&39;s promise", "God&39;s satisfaction" or "God&39;s perfection". How to use meaning in a sentence. White Labs News. The Hampton Inn Washington, D. Mind & Meaning - Learn the true meaning of having complete power over your mind. Eine Zusammenfassung der favoritisierten & meaning. Great wave-like dunes of gypsum sand have engulfed 275 square miles of desert, creating the world&39;s largest gypsum dunefield. Advent, in the Christian church calendar, the period of preparation for the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ at Christmas and also of preparation for the Second Coming of Christ. And nothing like it before, or since. Together with; plus. The latest version allows you to easily browse, read, search, and share the writings in Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish. According to the biblical account, all the world&39;s nations are descended from Noah&39;s three sons. White definition: 1. Posted. Christmas cards provide the opportunity to reach out to those you might not have spoken to in a while. But because the company owns its farms, it. This definition is - the person, thing, or idea that is present or near in place, time, or thought or that has just been mentioned. Dictionary definition is - a reference source in print or electronic form containing words usually alphabetically arranged along with information about their forms, pronunciations, functions, etymologies, meanings, and syntactic and idiomatic uses. White nationalist definition is - one of a group of militant whites who espouse white supremacy and advocate enforced racial segregation. Heads is a Jerk. The White Chocolate Grill has a diverse menu of classic American fare; made from scratch using only the highest quality ingredients. A white heart emoji to accompany other hearts such as ️🧡💛💚💙💜🖤 approved as part of Emoji 12. Google's free service instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Find Classic Chuck, Chuck 70, One Star, Jack Purcell & More. Think of Lowe's as your Christmas tree shop, with a wide variety of artificial Christmas trees and real Christmas trees to choose from. Constantius allows him to live as a private citizen on a state pension. Another word for meaning. 00 WSMSettembre Via Tortona, 54 9. · Meaning & History From the old Irish name Áedán meaning "little fire", a diminutive of Áed (see AODH ). &0183;&32;Rockefeller Center Christmas: Famous 75-foot tree arrives in New York City Despite its appearance, the Rockefeller Center Christmas tree didn't get bent out of. White elephants are also found in Buddhism, as they are associated with the birth of Buddha. & meaning zu testen - wenn Sie von den preiswerten Aktionen des Des Unternehmens nutzen ziehen - ist eine weise Entscheidung. Hi, what is the meaning of running at one quarter speed in the following text: He cooked steaks first, for dinner, then grilled sausages, hot dogs, pork chops, and everything else in the freezer, which was running at one quarter speed. Two cute sisters live together. With respect to the philosophy of left-hand path and right-hand path, white magic is the benevolent counterpart of malicious black magic. Bettering Your Brand Through Staff. White Rock Hotel With stunning sea views, fabulous cafe-bar, lovely rooms and perfect location, why stay anywhere else? Find a huge collection of DIY Christmas decoration ideas, including Christmas tree themes and how to properly string lights. Provides quick access to installation and travel information, training links, the latest news, and other knowledge centers across the Army. It governance meaning - Der Favorit. Com provides up to date white pages listing on everyone and anyone you&39;re looking for. Send a letter to Santa Claus or a Christmas card to a friend. Christmas Window Clings-8Sheet Christmas Window Sticker Christmas Window Decorations Quarantine Christmas Decorations Decals Stickers Home School Office Quarantine Party Supplies Double Printed. , it tends to begin around Thanksgiving and ends just after Christmas Day. White Sands National Park preserves a. How to use white lie in a sentence. Forums pour discuter de meaning, voir ses formes compos&233;es, des exemples et poser vos questions. White Cap is one of the nation's largest suppliers of power tools and specialty materials to professional concrete contractors. Die Redaktion vergleicht verschiedene Eigenarten und verleihen jedem Produkt dann eine finale Testnote. Instead, an examination of the history of Christmas exposes its roots in pagan religious rites. See more videos for Christmas. Free Christmas Song to download: DreamEnglish. Wir haben uns der Kernaufgabe angenommen, Verbraucherprodukte jeder Variante unter die Lupe zu nehmen, sodass K&228;ufer auf einen Blick den & meaning bestellen k&246;nnen, den Sie als Leser kaufen wollen. Every president since John Adams has occupied the White House, and the history of this building extends far beyond the construction of its walls. White is Bret Easton Ellis&39;s first work of nonfiction. Get Free Shipping & Free Returns 24/7! FTD Christmas Collection ‘Tis the season to give the gift of joy to the ones you love. They magically wake up in a Christmas movie. You&39;ll find everything you need to create the perfect Christmas right here in our Christmas Store. Tue 8:00 to 5:00. White Castle. Popular and trusted online dictionary with over 1 million words. We know radically traditional farming creates products that are better for our land, our livestock and our village. Offering forums, vocabulary trainer and language courses. Welcome to the Cherry & White Directory! The name White Duck Taco Shop originates from a nickname the Chef earned when she frequently got excited and talked too much to the kitchen staff. Christmas Birth of Jesus Also called Noël, Nativity, Xmas Observed by Christians, many non-Christians Type Christian, cultural Significance Commemoration of the Nativity of Jesus Celebrations Gift-giving, family and other social gatherings, symbolic decoration, feasting etc. , 9:15 Barnabeast. Listen to Christmas Music 365 days a year on the K-LOVE Christmas channel! BOP abbreviation. Want to know the latest at White Industries? White (third-person singular simple present whites, present participle whiting, simple past and past participle whited) 1. Meaning is what a word, action, or concept is all about — its purpose, significance, or definition. Be a part of the Penn State community for . Christmas Stockings, Dreampark Big Size " Classic Christmas Stocking Santa Snowman Reindeer Xmas Character for Party Decoration (Style 2) 4. With thousands of baby names for girls and boys, complete with baby name meanings and origins, Disney Family is bound to have the perfect name for you. In Japanese weddings, white is to symbolize the "death"citation neededof their former family and their introduction into their new family. These are the best Christmas songs of all time. 350 – Vetranio meets Constantius II at Naissus and is forced to abdicate his title (Caesar). Die Betreiber dieses Portals haben es uns zum Ziel gemacht, Verbraucherprodukte unterschiedlichster Variante zu checken, dass K&228;ufer unkompliziert den & meaning finden. Christmas cards are also given or sent out prior to Christmas Day. Showing only Slang/Internet Slang definitions. More news for White. White & Case is an international law firm that helps companies, governments and financial institutions achieve their global ambitions. White Industries. We're under construction adding new sets! The color/colour of snow or milk; the colour of light containing equal amounts of all visible wavelengths. The latest tweets from The White House Historical Association is a private, nonprofit organization founded in 1961 by First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy with a mission to protect, preserve, and provide public access to the rich history of America’s Executive Mansion. Christmas: It's the most wonderful time of year! 00 WOW-White on Web. The traditional date of December 25 goes back as far as A. Listen to Christmas on Spotify. White Ops is the global leader in bot mitigation, bot prevention, and ad fraud protection. White Writings Website The Complete Published Writings of Ellen White are now available online in several languages. Baylor Scott & White Health has a strong commitment to innovation, collaboration, integrity and compassion for patients. I just realised you are supposed to read these comments going up. Auf welche Faktoren Sie zuhause bei der Auswahl Ihres Art meaning achten sollten. Search Tips. Unsere Redakteure haben es uns zum Ziel gemacht, Produktvarianten jeder Art zu checken, dass K&228;ufer schnell und unkompliziert den & meaning ausw&228;hlen k&246;nnen, den Sie als Kunde haben wollen. · Hi, what is the meaning of running at one quarter speed in the following text: He cooked steaks first, for dinner, then grilled sausages, hot dogs, pork chops, and everything else in the freezer, which was running at one quarter speed. &0183;&32;Look no further for Christmas recipes and dinner ideas. Fan·ny (făn′ē) n. W&228;hrend viele H&228;ndler leider seit vielen Jahren ausschlie&223;lich noch durch hohe Preise und zudem sehr schwacher Beratung Bekanntheit erlangen k&246;nnen, hat. , James rather than Jim or Jimmy) or vice versa. Køb online & få fri fragt, lynhurtig levering & service i verdensklasse. Indoor Christmas D&233;cor. Link/Page Citation. Ich empfehle Ihnen definitiv zu erforschen, ob es bereits Tests mit diesem Artikel gibt. Find more ways to say Christmas, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus. This site has been set up as a free etymology and onomastics resource to look up the history and meaning of names. The association of white with purity and peace is used by many religions. White in it. White objects fully reflect and scatter all the visible wavelengths of light. Christmas Surely one of the biggest holidays of the year, the Christmas season honors family traditions. Com, be sure to visit the most festive Disney-style ugly sweater ever! With comprehensive contact information, including cell phone numbers, for over 275 million people nationwide, and Whitepages SmartCheck, the fast, comprehensive background check compiled from criminal and other records from all 50 states. Auf was Sie zuhause vor dem Kauf Ihres & meaning Acht geben sollten. (sports, billiards, snooker, pool) The cue ball in cue games. 508 – Clovis I, king of the Franks, is baptized into the Catholic faith at Reims, by Saint Remigius. Top 10 Christmas dinner starters. 0 in, and now available on major platforms. An arbitrary association exists between the signified and the signifier. Whether you choose individual or. With Zbigniew Zamachowski, Julie Delpy, Janusz Gajos, Jerzy Stuhr. Um zweifelsohne sagen zu k&246;nnen, dass die Auswirkung von & meaning auch in Wirklichkeit gut ist, sollten Sie sich die Ergebnisse und Meinungen zufriedener Personen im Internet ansehen. Could it get any better than that? Why did God do such a thing? Try the Christmas 1 vocabulary game for the same set with vocabulary practice, spelling, Q&A games, and grammar exercises as well. New York had the highest population of White families in 1840. Christmas, a Christian holiday honoring the birth of Jesus, has evolved into a worldwide religious and secular celebration, incorporating many pre-Christian and pagan traditions into the. Observances Church services Date December 25: Western Christianity and part of the Eastern churches January 7 O. Com is the world’s leading online source for English definitions, synonyms, word origins and etymologies, audio pronunciations, example sentences, slang phrases, idioms, word games, legal and medical terms, Word of the Day and more. 144 – 152 Bermondsey Street London SE1 3TQ. What does white expression mean? How to use white in a sentence. &0183;&32;Question: "What is the true meaning of Christmas? . . Attractions and dining. Meaning, purport, sense, significance denote that which is expressed or indicated by something. Add a personal touch to your Christmas tree this holiday season with our DIY ornaments every member of the family can make. Christmas (which means "Feast day of Christ") is a Christian holiday that refers to the birth of Jesus (whom Christians believe is the Son of God), and a cultural holiday for non-Christians. Shop at Vans. Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief: 44,15€ 2: Man's Search For Meaning: The classic tribute to hope from the Holocaust (English Edition) 6,08€ 3: Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely: 1,26€ 4: The Power of Meaning: Crafting a Life That Matters: 11,62€ 5: Meaning (Choral Version) 1,26€ 6: The Meaning of Mariah Carey (English. There are currently a total of 130 various languages available. W&228;hrend einschl&228;gige Fachm&228;rkte in den letzten Jahren nur noch mit hohen Preisen und l&228;cherlich schlechter Beratung bekannt bleiben. &0183;&32;The World Economic Forum publishes a comprehensive series of reports which examine in detail the broad range of global issues it seeks to address with stakeholders as part of its mission of improving the state of the world. What does BOP stand for? Christmas Music Playlist BEST Christmas Songs and Carols! Other dictionaries. Located 12 miles Southeast of Mt. Definitions by the largest Idiom Dictionary. Gewinner FRESH BLOOD AWARD Publikumspreis HOTEL MUMBAI von Anthony Maras mit Armie Hammer, Jason Isaacs, Dev Patel und Nazanin Boniadi. Browse through name meaning, rankings, other people&39;s comments, ratings, and other statistics in addition to the name meanings. Um Ihnen zu Hause bei der Produktwahl ein wenig zu helfen, haben unsere Tester au&223;erdem einen Testsieger gek&252;rt, welcher ohne Zweifel unter all den verglichenen Patient meaning enorm auff&228;llig ist - vor allem im Punkt Preis-Leistungs-Verh&228;ltnis. Celebrating 30 Years Of Exploring. White House Black Market offers polished black and white women&39;s clothing with pops of color and patterns. All faculty, staff, and students are included in this directory. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. See all artists, albums, and tracks tagged with "christmas" on Bandcamp. Gewinner KURZFILM AWARD Publikumspreis A PURGATORY STORY von Tom Albanese. 1381, quoted in Hans Kurath & Sherman M. · The meaning of Kamala Devi. Whitepages is the authority in people search, established in 1997. Shakin' Stevens recalled in The Observer Music Monthly on the 18th of December, "I'm very, very proud to be associated with a 1 classic Christmas song, up there with your Bings and your Lennons and Slades. You'll have more luck submitting bug/feature reports/requests through Github than. White Flower Farm is a family-owned mail-order nursery located in northwestern Connecticut. Also possibly "long-lived", "comforter", or "wanderer". (countable and uncountable) White w. 30 ultimo giorno 9. Christmas is also widely observed in secular (nonreligious) ways. Meaning is: ⓘ Click the infinitive to see all available inflections v pres p verb, present participle: -ing verb used descriptively or to form progressive verb--for example, "a singing bird," "It is singing. Spreading cheer with Christmas gifts is only one part of the season. 7 out of 5 stars 225 . From singing Christmas karaoke to making commemorative salt-dough ornaments, these are the best quarantine Christmas ideas you can do at home or while social distancing in. The White Chocolate Grill is a contemporary American restaurant. This is the name of the wife of Isaac and the mother of Esau and Jacob in the Old Testament. Find more ways to say meaning, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus. Get quality White Wine at Tesco. Good luck getting her out on stage—she always gets cold feet before a performance. Online Events & Streaming. And less frequently circ. Misc Christmas tabs, chords, guitar, bass, ukulele chords, power tabs and guitar pro tabs including angels we have heard on high, away in a manger, alle jahre wieder, angels from the realms of. Of 🤷 Person Shrugging or the shruggie emoticon, ¯&92;_(ツ)_/¯. For two millennia, people around the world have been observing it. White River School District is strongly focused on providing the best education possible to prepare our students for successes during their school years and beyond. Stream white noise by pvris it has. Unser Testerteam hat unterschiedliche Hersteller & Marken ausf&252;hrlich getestet und wir pr&228;sentieren unseren Lesern hier unsere Resultate des Vergleichs. My eyes have evaporaTED. Mon 8:00 to 5:00. In everyday life, whiteness is often conferred with white pigments, especially titanium. Abbreviation to define. Free for commercial use High Quality Images. Get cold feet To experience nervousness or anxiety before one attempts to do something, often to the extent that one tries to avoid it. TV-PG 1h 45m Children & Family Movies. Deck the halls of your school with Christmas these adorable Christmas craft projects! Wir haben uns dem Ziel angenommen, Produkte verschiedenster Art zu analysieren, dass Verbraucher problemlos den Art meaning sich. · The :-) notation is known as a smiley, and means that the statement it follows was intended as humor. Animals that are white are considered sacred to many cultures. The latest tweets from In 1921, it all started out so innocently. We offer a wealth of excellent opportunities for students and staff at all levels. The most popular dictionaries are the Spanish Dictionary, French Dictionary and the Italian Dictionary. See full list on symbolism. White Christmas SUND. Definition of white in the Idioms Dictionary./73e18465c-988 /5843 /76619661 /6078/995 /6163aeb75/491 /9f1c2df9ba8 /902010 /b5f72e875ae5/616 /75611874 /82550d222325383 -> Merry christmas bichon -> Christmas flamingo fabric

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Councilwoman Jan Perry called out the leader of IBEW Local 18 today, saying that a union-backed campaign against Bernard Parks is nothing more than a “massive, ridiculous tantrum.” Two union groups have so far spent $192,000 $207,000* to defeat Parks in the city election on March 8. The L.A. County Federation of Labor and Working Californians have a long list of grievances against the pro-business councilman, and are supporting challenger Forescee Hogan-Rowles. Speaking today at the L.A. Current Affairs Forum, Perry argued that Brian D'Arcy, the business manager of IBEW Local 18, is waging a personal vendetta against her council ally. *Another $15,000 since lunch. “This all goes back to Brian basically not getting his way and he's acting out,” she said. “It's a massive, ridiculous tantrum.” Perry said she had heard labor leaders acknowledge that Hogan-Rowles doesn't have much of a chance against the well-known incumbent. They say, 'Oh yes, he'll win. We're just trying to teach him a lesson,'” she said. 'It's a candidate that they themselves don't believe to be extremely viable.” Perry lamented D'Arcy's tactics, which she said reminded her of those of organized crime back in Cleveland, where she grew up. “I'm a little tired of people being intimidated,” she said. “I don't take well to that kind of behavior. It needs to stop.” Parks and Perry are two of the most business-friendly members of the council, and they often vote together. Labor groups spent more than $8 million to defeat Parks in the Second District Board of Supervisors race in 2008. IBEW Local 18, which represents workers at the Department of Water and Power, objected strongly last year to Parks' plan for the council to take greater control of DWP pension benefits. Asked to respond, D'Arcy issued a statement that hits all the Hogan-Rowles talking points: “We want to let voters know that Forescee Hogan-Rowles understands what it takes to get people working again. As CEO of a local financial institution, Forescee has helped small businesses succeed by providing loans where big banks wouldn't, so local entrepreneurs could grow and create jobs. Forescee Hogan-Rowles has been a trailblazer in breaking down barriers and expanding opportunity for our community.” Parks has far outraised Hogan-Rowles. She reported bringing in only $17,000 last year, and is not well known in the district. But she has much greater independent support than Parks does. The union groups have put out half a dozen mailers and bought radio and TV time to introduce Hogan-Rowles to voters. The literature touts her as a small businesswoman who has helped entrepreneurs through her job as CEO of Community Financial Resource Center. Though the Apartment Association of Greater Los Angeles has vowed to launch an independent campaign for Parks, so far only $615 of independent money has been spent on his behalf. Lamar Advertising spent $500 for a billboard and the L.A. Clean Sweep committee spent $115.39 for a door hanger. Update: Here's a TV spot that Working Californians just put up on YouTube. Very soft-focus and uplifting. Presumably the nasty stuff is coming later:

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Title: El fotolibro latinoamericano Publisher: Editorial RM El fotolibro latinoamericano presents 150 volumes from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru and Venezuela. It begins with the 1920s and continues up to today, providing revelatory perspectives on the under-charted history of Latin American photography, and featuring work by great figures. The book is divided into thematic sections such as “The City,” “Conceptual Art and Photography” and “Photography and Literature,” the latter a category uniquely important to Latin America. Richly illustrated, El fotolibro latinoamericano is an unparalleled resource for those interested in Latin American photography or in discovering these heretofore unknown gems in the history of the photobook at large. El fotolibro latinoamericano also exists in English and French. Brilliant and superb! Amazon.co.uk, Amazon.fr, Amazon.de, Amazon.co.jp

Why were these decades simultaneously rubbish and amazing? The most existential question of all perhaps. But to be more specific, this place is about growing up in 60s and 70s as a questioning and not a passive child. This blog is for the more discerning Generation X young consumer, those who weren’t fooled into thinking that Blue Peter was good for you (OK, it was occasionally), those who felt patronised by Play School, The Children’s Film Foundation and The Banana Splits, those who were able to see the weirdness of much of 60s and 70s variety and those who genuinely wanted to be challenged in their viewing, reading and general media consumption. If you fall into any of those categories then you have come to right place. Of course much of this is in the eye (or ear) of the beholder so thoughts, disagreements, reminiscences and suggestions are greatly welcomed. Many people of my age look back with the rosy glow of nostalgia at some of the TV programmes, films and literature created for children in the 60s and 70s. Most in my opinion were crap. The problem with children’s TV during these decades particularly was that it was created by middle-aged, middle-class, middle-brow people who thought they knew what children wanted. Nothing too challenging, nothing too scary, nothing too real. Most children, and I include myself in this category, wanted exactly that. Challenging texts that pulled back the boundaries of reality. Stories that made us think, that made us uncomfortable, that made us laugh, that didn’t patronise us. With that in mind there will be little discussion on these pages of Play School, of Mr Pastry, of Biggles, of Scooby Doo or even of Crackerjack (although I do have a sneaking admiration for the great Peter Glaze). There will be plenty about the programmes, films and literature that treated children as sentient beings with more intelligence than they were ever given credit for by some programme makers. Just occasionally, though, a particularly heinous example of bargain basement telly might be considered. Just for a laugh, of course… He may have tiptoed through the tulips but he left giant footprints in the happening New York scene of the 60s Tiny was kind of a Dadistic statement of performance art that reshaped our point of view of what a singer could be, what a man could be. You’re a gas! Telegram to TT from George Harrison 1968 Ask anyone of a certain age with an interest in popular culture what they associate with the America of the 60s and they might mention Folk Music, Flower Power, Greenwich Village, Bob Dylan, Andy Warhol, ‘Happenings,’ psychedelia, Youth Culture and general weirdness amongst other things. What do they all have in common? I’ll tell you, as if you hadn’t already guessed: Tiny Tim. TT was everywhere, did everything, was known by virtually everyone in America, pulled back the boundaries of the idea of ‘celebrity’, took weirdness to a new level and rubbed shoulders with the great, the good and the bleedin’ awful. In short, he did it all. OK, his fame was transitory, as it so often is, but Tiny Tim, for a short glorious period was, after the President, the most famous person, not just in America, but all over the world. And he did it in a way that was endearing, funny, talented, ground-breaking, unassuming, self-mocking, eye-poppingly strange and, believe it or not, sincere. And you thought he was just a long-haired weirdo with a high voice and a ukulele. He was all that but he was so much more….. I first came across TT on 23 November 1969 at the height of his fame. After conquering America without really trying too hard he toured Europe stopping off for a couple of weeks in the UK and making some TV and personal appearances. Oh, and also selling out the 5,200 capacity Albert Hall for one night. My encounter with TT was slightly more prosaic when he turned up on that Genxculture favourite and Sunday afternoon staple, The Golden Shot. I’ve written in previous posts about how TGS often featured unusual guest stars and this was one example (See Like A Bolt From The Blue: The Golden Shot). The first thing that surprised me, rather than Tiny himself, was that my mum had actually heard of him before. ‘Oh it’s Tiny Tim! He’s a scream!’ she giggled. I was curious as to how she’d heard of him as my mum and dad hardly had their fingers on pulse of popular culture in late-60s Edinburgh. But he’d been on a range of other British TV programmes during his previous 1968 tour (such as the Tonight programme which was a bit like The One Show but with proper journalists who didn’t ask such banal questions), so I can only imagine she’d spotted him on one of those. He seemed very tall, with long, dark, flowing wavy hair, a sports jacket your dad might have worn and, curiously, a shopping bag from which he pulled out his ukulele. He had a quick chat with the great Bob Monkhouse and then launched straight into his signature tune, ‘Tiptoe Through The Tulips‘ in his trademark falsetto voice. After he’d completed his set the audience went wild (ish) and he proceeded to blow them kisses, which was an odd thing to see on the resolutely conservative British TV, but I kind of liked it. After that I don’t really remember seeing him on telly again but he was around the entertainment scene for many years, and though his fame diminished his personality never did and he carried on performing right up until his untimely death in 1996. In the 1960s and 70s the USA was not just another country but another planet to us in the UK. All we had to go on was American films, TV series, the odd documentary, comics and news stories. There was, of course, no internet, and with only three TV channels, what we learned about America was limited. But America was exciting, pulsating, shiny, huge and, above all, different. And what I had no idea about was just how huge Tiny Tim was in the US before and after his British trips in 1968 and October 1969. Tiny Tim’s, or his birth name Herbert Khaury, date of birth, as one might expect with so ephemeral a personality, was open to debate. However, it’s generally accepted that he was born in 1932 and was around 30 when he first became noticed. His upbringing in one of the less salubrious areas of Upper Manhattan inevitably included a fair amount of bullying, a less than successful academic track record and a stormy relationship with his parents, who never encouraged or praised him in his attempts to be a singer, until, of course, he achieved success in the late-60s. Throughout his childhood he was obsessed with the songs and records of the 20s and 30s and sat in his bedroom playing them over and over again and memorising the words and melodies. On dropping out of High School he was so desperate to be accepted as a singer that he packed in a number of dead-end jobs in order to perform for free at any New York bar or dive that would have him. He did, however, play at some of the most well-known venues in Greenwich Village and rubbed shoulders with the great and the good of NY folk music at the time. He was first spotted in 1962 singing at a freak show called Hubert’s Museum in Times Square, billed as ‘The Singing Canary.’ From there he received his first poorly paid engagement at the legendary Cafe Bizarre in Da’ Village, where he was billed as ‘Larry Love‘, a jazz and poetry venue which hosted Kerouac and Ginsberg during the same period. Two years later at the same place, Warhol would stroll in and spot the uniquely strange house band performing to virtually no customers and, on the spot, declare himself to be their manager. They were called The Velvet Underground. From there he moved on to the just-as-legendary, and still around, Cafe Wha‘ in which musical royalty such as Jimi Hendrix, Bob Dylan, Peter, Pauland Mary and, latterly, Bruce Springsteen would cut their musical teeth. It was here he struck up a friendship with, as the great Clive James brilliantly punned him, ‘The Hoarse Foreman of the Apocalypse,’ Bob Dylan and stayed in touch with him until the end of the sixties, even appearing in a home movie Dylan was making at his home in Woodstock in upstate New York. The film is believed to still exist but little of it has been seen and is thought to still be in the possession of the enigmatic Mr Zimmerman. He moved on to yet another legendary bar, Page Three, which had been, and maybe still was, a lesbian bar. It was here he met Lenny Bruce as they shared the same management and the two really hit it off. Lenny was obsessed with a single Tiny had given him. When Lenny had a gig at the also legendary Cafe Au Go Go in da Village, Tiny opened for him over two nights. Sadly, though unsurprisingly for the time, on those two nights Lenny Bruce was busted for obscenity by the buttoned-up NYPD. A third Bruce/ TT gig at the Fillmore East was cancelled on the night as Bruce was busted yet again before the show even started. But Tiny, once again, had a grandstand seat to everything that was happening in ‘happening’ New York at the time. He would then find a more regular but no more financially lucrative gig at a midtown NY venue called The Scene, which was a discotheque mainly populated by rich but untrendy students. A place for ‘..rich kids who wanted to act like Village hippies,’ as TT described it. The Scene featured a mind blowing array of many yet-to-big acts such as Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, The Doors and The Turtles, as well as Warhol’s Exploding Plastic Inevitable, and also attracted a NY celebrity clientele. Tiny was billed as ‘The Incredible Tiny Tim: 365 Nights A Year.’ In fact, for The Doors shows in 1967 Tiny opened the evening for them. Jim Morrison was impressed with Tiny and offered him a song he had recently written which he thought might suit Tiny’s increasingly odd repertoire. The song was ‘People Are Strange‘ and, to me, this was would have fitted into TT’s set list perfectly. Sadly for Tiny, The Doors‘ career suddenly took off in a big way and they decided to record ‘People Are Strange‘ themselves, but what a version that could have been. His friendship with Jim Morrison almost hit the skids, however, when Morrison in full live performance mode almost knocked Tiny unconscious with his swinging microphone. Luckily Tiny was unhurt as was their friendship. During his time at The Scene Tiny also developed a habit which might seem a tad creepy nowadays but at the time, I feel, was sincerely meant, though certainly on the eccentric side. During each year of his residency at The Scene he would select an attractive and vivaceous female regular attender to be his ‘Girl of the Year‘. The lucky lady would receive a shop-bought trophy from Tiny as well as, sometimes, a poem or even a song. This ritual continued for many years, even after his marriages, and the recipients seemed happy and not a little flattered. When The Scene’s recipient of the 1969 trophy, Miss Corky Ducker, was sacked from her job there, Tiny refused to play again until she was reinstated. Tiny, of course, got his way. It was here Peter Yarrow of Peter, Paul and Mary saw him and alerted Reprise Records to him and they would eventually sign TT. He also appeared in a friend of Yarrow’s, Barry Feinstein, underground film which explored the ‘craziness and nuttiness of …the time‘, You Are What You Eat, to not much acclaim. His appearance features him performing his set backed by a group of musicians known at the time as The Hawks. They would later become Bob Dylan’s backing band, going by the more prosaic name of The Band. In 1967 Reprise Records commissioned Tiny to record his first album in LA produced by Richard Perry who had previously produced such A Listers such as Harry Nilsson, Captain Beefheart, The Pointer Sisters, Diana Ross, Andy Williams and latterly even Leo Sayer. The album entitled God Bless Tiny Tim received some excellent reviews and is still seen by many to be a psychedelic classic. It was Tiny’s most complete and characteristic recording and reached the Billboard top ten in July 1968. Amongst the tracks laid down included an obscure Irving Berlin song entitled Stay Down Here Where You Belong, and some songs which became Tiny standards such as Strawberry Tea, Ever Since You Told Me That You Love Me (I’m A Nut) and Never Hit Your Grandma With A Shovel. On Then I’d Be Satisfied With My Life a wispy voice in the background sighing ‘Oh Tiny!’ just happened to be an up and coming model and singer known as Nico. As I said, Tiny was everywhere and came into contact with everyone who was anyone or was about to become someone at the time. While recording this album Richard Perry took TT to The Hog Farm hippy commune outside LA where he performed and went down a storm. In the audience that day was a frustrated musician, a certain Charles Manson who would make a slightly different name for himself a year later. Shortly after completing this record Tiny appeared at the Newport Pop Festival, second on the bill to Jefferson Airplane and above The Animals, The Byrds, Grateful Dead, Canned Heat and Steppenwolf. No mean feat and a good indication just how well known Tiny was becoming. It was at this time when he was becoming well-known that he began a life-long love of cosmetics and developed a rigorous skin care regime. During the height of his fame he would usually walk on to a TV studio set carrying a bog average quality shopping bag which would contain his ukulele and also his increasing range of skin care products. Before each show, whether on TV or live he would apply Elizabeth Arden white powder to his face which made him look even more bizarre and it quickly became a regular part of the TT ‘look.’ Tiny’s other personal habits also seemed a touch extreme. He had a revulsion of public toilets and during recording sessions in New York, if he needed to go for any reason, he would walk the 10 blocks back to his parents’ flat and return to the studio a couple of hours later. Although Tiny was becoming very well known around the US, 22 January 1968 was the date that his personality exploded before the American viewing public. This was the day the pilot episode of Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In was broadcast and along with Lorne “Ben Cartwright’ Greene, Leo G ‘Mr Waverley‘ Carroll, US comedian Flip Wilson and psychedelic rockers The Strawberry Alarm Clock, Tiny was unleashed on a mostly unsuspecting multi-million TV audience and a completely unsuspecting Dick Martin. Martin had not been told about a ‘special guest’ and after a brief introduction by a chain-smoking Dan Rowan who then left the set, Dick was left to make what he would of Tiny who walked on with his customary shopping bag and brimming confidence. Dick’s incredulity is palpable as he tries to make sense of this larger than life character in front of him and it cemented the character of Tiny Tim in the US zeitgeist for years to come. So much so that Tiny was invited back to Laugh-In regularly and it’s only surprising he didn’t become a permanent member of the cast. Tiny was up for anything, which suited the producers and writers who came up with many weird and wonderful scenarios for him. Not least with that bastion of patriotic conservatism, Big John Wayne. One might think that a meeting between ultra-conservative Big John and unwitting symbol of late-60s ‘flower power’ Tiny Tim would be awkward to say the least. Not so, however. Big John was always up for something different and was happy to send himself up, hence he appeared a number of times on the fairly anarchic and non-establishment Laugh-In. And, oddly enough, Tiny was something of a self-proclaimed conservative himself. He was deeply religious, thought America’s role in the Vietnam War was right and he believed women were made to look after men and tend the home, despite his love and fascination for the girls who became his fans at The Scene and anywhere else he was performing, not forgetting his rather libertarian approach to his many marriages, and he just loved Richard Nixon. Strange bedfellows indeed but it’s those sort of weird encounters which make this cultural period so interesting. And talking of strange bedfellows, while TT was recording an album at a New York studio in 1968 the person in the next studio had heard about Tiny and dropped in for a rap. Photographs were taken and one of them ended up on the back this artist’s album. The artist was Frank Sinatra, one of TT’s idols, and the album was ‘Cycles.’ In the same way TT was a regular guest on Laugh-In, he was also a great favourite with one of America’s most popular programmes, Johnny Carson’s The Tonight Showappearing, in what may be a record, an incredible 28 times. So why was this rather odd individual so popular? Because he was a chat show host’s dream. It’s no surprise that he also appeared numerous times on: The Merv Griffin Show The David Frost Show (13 times including once as guest host) The Mike Douglas Show (15 times) The Jackie Gleason Show The Dick Cavett Show The Arsenio Hall Show The Howard Stern Show The Conan O’Brien Show ….amongst many others. Chat show hosts loved him because all they had to do was light the blue touch paper, sit back and unleash Tiny who would pontificate at length on pretty much any subject thrown at him. It was while doing The Merv Griffin Show on March 7 1966 that he was spotted by a casting director in LA. From this he was offered a part, playing himself obviously, on the pilot episode of Ironside for which he was paid $300. A lot of money in those days and certainly a lot of money for Tiny at that time. But it was The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson that on December 17th 1969 gave Tiny his most memorable TV moment. It was on this night that Tiny Tim married his first wife, Miss Vicki, live in front of a TV audience estimated to be approaching 50 million. It’s said 84% of viewers in New York watched the glitzy ceremony. In Martin Scorsese’s brilliant satire, The King of Comedy, celebrity wannabe, Rupert Pupkin played by Robert De Niro, dreams of being on a Johnny Carson-type chat show, hosted in this case by the fictional Jerry Langford played by Jerry Lewis, who suddenly brings Rupert’s girlfriend on to the set and suggests they get married live on the show. Rupert, after a bit of initial mock-shock, is only too happy to go along with it. One can’t help but surmise that Tiny and Miss Vicki’s media marriage was on Marty’s mind when he was making this film. TT had met 17 year old Miss Vicki Budinger only a few months before at a book signing, a book of his own personal philosophies, ‘Beautiful Thoughts,’ and decided he wanted to marry her as she was the most beautiful girl he had ever seen. That month as least. The ceremony was everything one would expect from such a tacky, media-driven event. Even up to the point when TT turned down the glass of celebratory champagne offered by Carson’s sidekick Ed McMahon preferring to drink glasses of milk into which he dropped spoonfuls of honey for himself and Miss Vicki, in keeping with his strictly vegetarian diet (even that was seen as weird in the US in the late sixties!). The marriage famously, and possibly unsurprisingly, didn’t last long. TT had already told the lovely Miss Vicki that she could never hope to be the only woman in his life. Word got out to the pursuing press pack that things in the tulip garden were less than rosy and within a couple of weeks Carson was making jokes in his opening monologue that Miss Vicki had put a sign up on the door of their hotel bedroom saying ‘Please Disturb.‘ That said, TT hung around long enough to father his only child named, believe it or not, Tulip. Miss Vicki has resolutely refused to discuss with anyone her brief marriage to TT, however she reappeared in the newspapers a few years ago when it was discovered she was having a relationship with a Rabbi who was convicted of hiring a hitman to murder his wife. Strange how publicity just follows some people. The years ’68-’69 proved to be the zenith of Tiny’s career. He was everywhere although the US was more familiar with his exploits and ubiquity than the UK. But in October 1968 that was all to change. Tiny brought his unique personality and show to a rather staid UK that didn’t quite know how to take him. I’ve already mentioned his landmark appearance on Genxculture favourite The Golden Shot in 1969, his second UK tour, and according to the definitive TT biography, the superb ‘Eternal Troubadour: The Improbable Life of Tiny Tim‘ by Justin Martell and Alanna Wray McDonald, Tiny appeared on The Dave Allen Show, which was a chat show at the time, The Mike and Bernie Winters’ Show and BBC’s Tonight magazine programme with heavyweight journalist Kenneth Allsopp during his first visit in 1968. However, IMDB does not mention Tiny appearing in any of these shows at the time, although, with the exception of ‘Tonight‘ with Kenneth Allsop which ceased broadcasting in 1965, all were being broadcast at the time of Tiny’s UK tour. Because such light entertainment series were routinely wiped straight after transmission, it’s possible TT did appear on them but his participations have been criminally lost in the mists of time. It’s common that even production notes of most of those series may also have been destroyed. So with regards to TT’s British TV appearances , with the exception of The Golden Shot, it’s anybody’s guess and, sadly, TT is no longer around to confirm any of them, not that he’d probably remember. What is beyond doubt about this UK visit was on October 30 1968 Tiny Tim performed at the 5000+ capacity Royal Albert Hall in London. Also on the wonderfully 60s bill that night was Peter Sarstedt, who’d had a number 1 hit with ‘Where Do You Go To My Lovely?‘ that year, Joe Cocker and the wonderful, and almost as ubiquitous as TT, Bonzo Dog Doo-dah Band (wonder what Tiny made of them?). Tickets for this gig were £37 each, a king’s ransom in those days. The programme for the evening even reproduced a telegram Tiny received from heavy rockers Deep Purple wishing him luck. In the audience were members of The Beatles (John Lennon definitely) and The Rolling Stones, Marianne Faithful, Harry Nilsson and the greatest liggers of all, members of the royal family who never turned down a free gig. In acknowledgement of the Beatles and Stones‘ attendance Tiny did his own personal versions of ‘Nowhere Man‘ and ‘I Can’t Get No Satisfaction.’ In fact The Beatles were so impressed with Tiny that they invited him to record his version of Nowhere Man for their Fan Club’s Christmas album of 1968. He did that in George Harrison’s New York apartment during a visit with him earlier that year. By the early 70s Tiny’s career was on the wane. In keeping with his rather rudimentary grasp of business affairs he had a succession of managers, business advisers, lawyers and agents all working for him. Some were completely trustworthy while some were, to say the least, mercenary. TT had no idea how much he was making from concerts, personal appearances, record sales, book sales and TV roles. To be fair TT was fairly loose with his money also spending huge amounts on cosmetics and various other non-essentials. All his entourage had to be paid and he left them to do that themselves. Even Miss Vicki was on a retainer. At one point in the late 60s TT was being managed by two individuals who may or may not have had strong associations with The Mob. So much so that no one in his pay was brave enough to tell them they were fired. The novelty of Tiny’s act began to wear off, his TV appearances began to get fewer and his rather conservative views began to sound hugely dated, not to say distasteful and most certainly unfashionable, during the climate of fervent anti-Vietnam feeling. One of his 1970 releases was his version of an old patriotic anthem called ‘What Kind Of An American Are You?’ which didn’t go down well with the Anti- War movement young people who had previously made up a large section of his fan base. That said, he was still famous enough and media-friendly enough to guest host three episodes of The David Frost Show in the US, amongst his guests being an intriguing encounter with Orson Welles. He even recorded an English patriotic medley for the David Frost Show. Now that is weird! Possibly his last major public appearance was at the Isle of Wight Pop Festival where he performed There’ll Always Be An England to a rapturous 600,000 crowd. He continued to perform for the rest of his life, popping up occasionally on The Howard Stern Show in the US and playing a psychopathic clown in the horror film Blood Harvest in 1987. He divorced Miss Vicki in 1972 and was married twice more to Miss Jan and finally Miss Sue who he was still married to at his death in 1996. Tiny just loved performing, whether it was to an audience in single figures or the Isle of Wight Pop Festival with an audience of 600,000. And it was performing that eventually killed him. After he suffered a serious heart attack in 1996 he was advised by doctors to stop performing immediately but he just couldn’t do that. He died while performing the song he’s most associated with Tiptoe Through The Tulips at a festival in Minneapolis on November 30 1996. It’s how he would have wanted to go. Tiny Tim was seen by many people at the time as a weirdo, someone who was affected and was ‘at it.’ Few believed his act was really sincere but many liked him all the same. But he was sincere, there was nothing about Tiny Tim that was artificial. I began this article as one of those slightly cynical people but have concluded that, despite some real eccentricities, he was what you saw and heard and I ended up with a genuine affection for him. He was someone who just wanted to make the world a better place (despite his odd political beliefs). And the world at the time would have been a worse place without him and what an albeit brief but stratospheric professional life he had. Tiny rubbed shoulders with anyone who was anyone in the culturally explosive New York of the 60s and they appreciated him. So, God bless Tiny Tim. He was a one-off. And in a nice way. Everyone knew Jack Wild in the 60s and 70s and for a short glorious time he could do no wrong For most people of a certain age, Jack Wild was the quintessential Artful Dodger in Carol Reed’s classic musical version of Oliver!, written by Lionel Bart, in 1968. It seemed the world was Jack Wild’s oyster after this film and it really was. America had awarded the Best Film Oscar to Oliver! and he was nominated as Best Supporting Actor, although this went to Jack Albertson for a film no one remembers called The Subject Was Roses. An American sojourn ensued and Wild appeared in a range of US productions including the weirdly psychedelic HR Pufnstuff. His career trajectory dipped during the late 70s, however, and never really recovered. It was the classic story of too much, too young maybe with drink playing an important part and Wild died in 2006 at the tragically young age of 53. But for a golden period in the late 60s to mid-70s Jack Wild was a household name and his achievements were significant and it is those achievements and career highs this blogpost will focus on, rather than his very sad demise. Before Jack was catapulted to fame by Oliver! he had had small parts in some highly respected British TV series of the late-60s including Z Cars, the almost forgotten BBC serial The Newcomers and the superb and innovative BBC science fiction series Out Of The Unknown, which was his first speaking part (for the record the episode was Come Buttercup, Come Daisy, Come….). Despite playing the part of The Artful Dodger and sounding like the archetypal cockney kid from Central Casting, Jack Wild was actually born in Lancashire and moved to London as a child. He was spotted playing football with his brother Arthur by, of all people, Phil Collins’s mum June who was a theatrical agent and this led to him being cast in the London West End production of Lionel Bart’s hit musical about Oliver Twist, Oliver! Although some reports claim he had the title role, he was actually just one of Fagin’s gang but this eventually resulted in him being cast as Dodger for the film. His confident and cheeky demeanour as The Artful Dodger in Oliver! endeared him to the viewing public and before long everyone knew of Jack Wild and the massive success of the film in the US had producers clamouring for his services. Oliver! changed Jack’s life forever. His role in the film struck a chord with the public and catapulted him to success. For a while at least. He was even nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Oscar. Up against Seymour Cassel for Faces, Daniel Massey for Star and Gene Wilder for The Producers, the award went to the prolific Jack Albertson, a well-known TV face, for the almost forgotten, The Subject Was Roses. Albertson was probably best known as Grandpa Joe in the classic version of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, coincidently with fellow-nominee Gene Wilder. I remember him well as appearing in long-running Dr Simon Locke, (alternately known as Police Surgeon) on British afternoon TV during the 70s. This is nothing new, of course, as British actors who find themselves nominated for Academy Awards or even just appear in a successful TV show always tend to have a short period of stateside success. I’ve already featured the wonderful Judy Carne in this little blog space and how her US career skyrocketed after she appeared in the American sitcom Fair Exchange. Her TV dad in this show during the early sixties, one of the most well-known faces in British film and TV at the time, Victor Maddern, went on to appear in episodes of top-rated shows Perry Mason and Bonanza on the strength of his short-lived US exposure. Another example, of many, was Jean Marsh who not only helped create but also appeared in almost every episode of Upstairs Downstairs which was massively successful in the US. She went on to have a very successful career in America appearing in big series such as Hawaii Five-O, Trapper John, obviously Murder, She Wrote and The Love Boat. Anyone who was was anyone in the acting business appeared at some time in The Love Boat! In fact it was the US equivalent of Casualty or The Bill. Everyone in the acting profession eventually appeared in it at some point in their career. Jack’s fame spread like a rash and he was soon courting the chat show kings such as Simon Dee and Johnny Carson. To see Jack Wild’s mature but slightly vulnerable interview here on Dee Time is really quite fascinating but also sad as we now know what showbusiness traps were awaiting him. But that wasn’t before he appeared in one of the weirdest, most psychedelic, eye-popping series of the 60s and 70s: HR Pufnstuf. During the premiere of Oliver! in the US, Jack met producers and puppeteers Sid and Marty Krofft who thought he’d be perfect to star in a new show they were developing called HR Pufnstuf. For two series and a feature length film Jack would star in this most psychedelic and weird series. Having been shipwrecked on to Living Island where everything is alive, they are constantly under attack from Witchypoo (Billie Hayes) who wants Jack’s magical flute. He befriends a timid dragon (HR Pufnstuff) who helps him fend off the ruses of Witchypoo and a jolly time is had by all. The garish colours, the surreal setting, the odd narratives and the fairytale, abstract characters all suggest the writers and directors were on something a little more than creative energy. Something the producers, Sid and Marty Krofft, always denied, although possibly less vehemently than one might have expected for the time. And what the hell? It was a terrific and wonderfully weird series and, let’s face it, many of the greatest artistic endeavours throughout the last 100 years have benefitted from a little chemical inspiration. For me, it makes the series even more memorable. In 1978 the Kroftts created a Saturday morning show entitled The Kroffts’ Superstar Hour for the US. This very successful format included characters from Pufnstuf as well as, believe it or not, The Bay City Rollers! The show eventually morphed into The Bay City Rollers Show which as well as Pufnstuf characters also included The Rollers doing sketches and performing. I had no idea they had their own American show, as well as the awful cut-price Muriel Young produced show in the UK. I wonder what the American audience made of The Rollers’ terrible acting and Scottish accents? We may never know… The Kroffts had previously been involved with another iconic 60s series, The Banana Splits which had a similarly scatter-gun approach to narrative, characterisation and mise-en-scene. To be honest, although I watched The Banana Splits on a Saturday morning (there wasn’t a lot of choice in those days), I always felt it was trying just a bit too hard. It was zany and madcap (two words coined by Shakespeare) and although we missed out on the flamboyantly colourful sets, as we still had only monochrome then, it was something different. It clearly had a lasting effect on young viewers though. Everyone who lived through the sixties remembers the theme tune and The Dickies even had a punk-lite hit with it in 1979 reaching a high of number 7 with The Banana Splits Song. As a 9 year-old I always looked forward to The Sour Grapes Bunch making an appearance. They were menacing and intimidating. Unlikely this sort of thing would be encouraged nowadays. Also appearing regularly were The Dilly Twins singing Ta-Ra-Ra-Boom-De-Ay. Just plain irritating. Like any decent comedy programme The Banana Splitshad their catchphrases and regular routines such ‘Hey Drooper, Take out the trash….’ Drooper was the most laid back of The Splits. One could have imagined him puffing on a J (if we’d known what that was in those days) behind the backlot between scenes. Fleegle would encounter all sorts of difficulties collecting the mail each week. Every week. They would also have to try and translate Snorky’s toots and honks each episode. Interspersed between the Splits‘ ‘crazy’ antics were a few cartoon and live action serials. One-trick pony cartoon Arabian Nights (Size of a cow!), a cartoon version of that most overdone novel The Three Musketeers and the mildly racist live action Danger (Uh-oh, Chungo!) Island. I don’t remember any of my pals being fans of The Banana Splits exactly but we watched it every week and it was slightly upmarket of any offering from The Children’s Film Foundation. Due to his fame on Pufnstuf and the Kroffts’ involvement, Jack made an appearance on The Banana SplitsShow, an event he remembers very little about as he wasn’t really aware of how big they were at the time. All he remembers about it was that he entered The Banana Splits‘ house sliding down a chute, which sounds about right. He bought an expensive camera with his appearance fee. It’s difficult to imagine just how famous Jack was during the early 70s, particularly in the US. It’s always an indication of someone’s popularity when some record producers see the chance of making a fast buck by cashing into this fame. And such was the case with Jack Wild who released three albums of mainly cover songs: The Jack Wild Album, Everything Comes Up Roses and Beautiful World. He even appeared on Top Of The Pops on 6 July 1970 singing his current single, Some Beautiful, which only reached a high of 46 despite heavy airplay on Radio Luxembourg. Interestingly his TOTP appearance created some short-lived tabloid controversy (is there any other kind?) when the producer dropped unfashionable warbling diva Dorothy Squires, of all people, for Jack. As you can imagine, The Squiresatollah was less than happy and kicked up an almighty stink. Sadly, even this gilt-edged publicity didn’t get Jack any higher in the charts. The show itself was an interesting one, as so many TOTP’s from that era were, and was introduced by friend of The Royals and Margaret Thatcher, a certain Jimmy Savile. The line-up ranged from heavy duty MOR to psychedelia and R-A-W-K and was as follows, with chart standings, and, no, I’ve no idea who Soft Pedalling were : (1) MUNGO JERRY – In The Summertime (and chart rundown) (21) HOTLEGS – Neanderthal Man (2) FREE – All Right Now (NEW) JACK WILD – Some Beautiful (10) SHIRLEY BASSEY – Something (NEW) SOFT PEDALLING – It’s So Nice (28) JONI MITCHELL – Big Yellow Taxi (video) (NEW) DOZY, BEAKY, MICK & TICH – Mr. President (20) TEN YEARS AFTER – Love Like A Man (video) (danced to by Pan’s People) (NEW) COUNTRY JOE MacDONALD – I Feel Like I’m Fixin’ To Die Rag (13) ELVIS PRESLEY – The Wonder Of You (video) (4) THE KINKS – Lola (crowd dancing) (1) MUNGO JERRY – In The Summertime As well as an appearance on TOTP, he notched up 7 (seven) appearances on Genxculture favourite, Lift Off with Ayshea including a ‘Jack Wild Special‘ on 3 November 1971. His singing career in the US led to hysteria when he made personal appearances at record stores (as they call them) and chat shows all over the country! It was around this time that Jack was also asked to appear on The Bing Crosby Christmas Special. He was also invited to perform his new single on The Johnny Carson Show, America’s most watched chat show. Having completed three films and a hugely successful US TV series, Jack was becoming something of a diva. He admits this in his autobiography, ‘It’s Dodger’s Life‘, published shortly before his untimely death in 2006. At the age of 16 he’d already sacked his agent, June Collins, and various other ‘mentors’ in his life and decided he didn’t want to sing on Johnny Carson as his musical director wasn’t available, so he turned it down. A quite mind-boggling decision for a 17 year old. He was also asked to introduce Tiny ‘Tiptoe Through The Tulips‘ Tim, a Rowan and Martin Laugh-In regular, at LA’s legendary Troubador club. This also almost went tits up as Jack discovered TT was wearing the same shirt as he was and he nearly pulled out of the introduction when he was asked to change. He did go through with it but was less than happy. He expected Tiny Tim to change rather than him, which wasn’t going to happen. That said, Jack felt TT was ‘completely out of it‘ anyway and totally oblivious to the shirt faux pas. This was a measure of Jack’s fame in the early 70s that he had the power at such a young age to make almost career-changing decisions and it was also the time when alcohol began to play a more significant part in his life. No one around him felt influential enough to warn him of the consequences of some of the decisions he was making as they all relied on him for at least part of their livelihood. Such are the vicissitudes of fame. But his life in the early 70s was still a rollercoaster of transatlantic success, and after making the excellent Alan Parker-directed Melody about teenage romance with his old mucker Mark Lester he then teamed up again with his old Oliver! mentor Ron Moody to make the film Flight of the Doves in Ireland. One of the oddest stories from the making of this film was how, according to Jack’s autobiography, he was convinced that his parents were trying to force him and his co-star, Dana (yes, that Dana), together throughout the duration of filming. That would have been a romance made in tabloid heaven. Think he had a lucky escape there…. A particularly interesting film he was asked to appear in, although Jack was not particularly enthusiastic about it, was a David Puttnam production of The Pied Piper of Hamelin starring 60s psychedelic troubadour Donovan and directed by French auteur Jacques Demy. An interesting cast included John Hurt, who Wild got on very well with, Michael Hordern, Roy Kinnear (who also appeared with Jack in Melody) and the inevitable Diana Dors. Jack was asked by Donovan, who had written the film’s soundtrack, to sing a song in the film but, again, he refused, as he felt he wasn’t up to singing ballads and was more at home with up-tempo numbers. It was another example of Jack’s burgeoning confidence which may not have gone down too well with directors. So far so good, but eventually fame begins to thin a little and the public and media find new people to adulate. That’s not to say Jack’s career imploded but the parts he as being offered were becoming less interesting. After his period as the cheeky young chappie everyone loved, he was growing older but casting directors didn’t think of him as an adult. Wild was also aware of this and he was becoming frustrated at the fact he was 18 and still being asked to play schoolkids. Film roles began to dry up after The Pied Piper. Jack continued to work but in TV series such as The Onedin Line and another Dickens’ part in Our Mutual Friend followed soon after by another classic TV serialisation, Gogol’s The Government Inspector, also featuring ‘Doctor’ Robin Nedwell. In-between these two fairly prestigious TV productions Jack starred in a film already mentioned elsewhere in this little blog site (see Standing at the Crossroads of TV Quality’), a film written by Crossroads‘ creator Hazel Adair, who, in an unlikely collaboration with wrestling commentator Kent Walton, went in for a bit of soft porn in her latter years. Keep It Up Downstairs says pretty much all about the film and Jack’s claim that he had little idea of what it was all about until he viewed the finished product is slightly dubious. But it was an earner when the offers begin to dry up a bit and I’m sure respected actors like the ubiquitous Diana Dors, Willie Rushton and the lovely Aimi MacDonald, who also appeared in the film, were just happy to take the cash, and who can blame them? Even illustrious film composer Michael Nyman provided the soundtrack. Well, everyone has to start somewhere…. It must have been an extremely odd viewing experience to have watched Jack as, ahem, Peregrine Cockshute but at least he was being offered an adult role! It was around this time that the decent roles really did begin to dry up and his drinking began to take off. In his autobiography It’s A Dodger’s Life, he describes how he made Keep It Up Downstairs almost through the haze of alcohol. He feels he just about got away with it but people in the TV and film industry are not stupid. One can’t help but think that this was noticed and, of course, these stories circulate very quickly. Jack himself tells the story of highly respected actor John Collin, who appeared with him in Our Mutual Friend. It was well-known throughout the production that Collin had a drink problem and all the actors were instructed to do what they could to keep him out of the pub. One can’t help but feel that maybe Jack’s drinking also became known over the years and this, more than anything, could have affected the number of parts he was being offered during the mid to late Seventies. Around the same time a successful court case brought by June Collins, his first agent, against Jack’s agent of the time, was also a huge setback in his career. The outcome affected Jack in the sense that he picked up the not inconsiderable tab for the case and had to pay June Collins a substantial sum for ‘lost earnings’ despite not really doing anything wrong other than change his agent. It’s true he did become something of a ‘diva,’ which he fully admits, when younger, but this story, once again, highlights the precariousness of showbiz. During the mid-70s Jack returned to the US to appear in a Krofft brothers production at the Hollywood Bowl and it was here when Marty Krofft suggested to Jack he stay in LA and find work in Hollywood. This was not an unrealistic possibility as Jack was still very well-known in the US and a great favourite of the successful Krofft Brothers. Jack decided against it, however, as all his family were still in the UK but one can’t help but speculate whether his career might have been more lucrative in the US. Of course, drinking may still have been a problem amongst other distractions but maybe if he had been working more regularly he might have kept things more in check? Who knows, but it was a pivotal decision for Jack at a time when his career was certainly hanging in the balance. During the 80s Jack’s work pretty much dried up. Was this because of his drinking? It was certainly a huge factor. Although a part in Kevin Costner’s blockbuster, Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves looked like Jack might be getting back on the rails, it was too little too late. His health began to deteriorate seriously as did his private life. It’s a situation seen too often in the showbiz industry but in his autobiography Jack doesn’t go in for self-pity. He knows he was solely to blame and how it affected not only himself but also the people around him. His story is tragic not just because it wrecked his career and his marriage but also because it denied the viewing public of a unique talent. Everyone knew and loved Jack Wild at one time. He was, without doubt, one of the faces of the seventies and no one of a certain age will forget Oliver! or HR Pufnstuf. He was ubiquitous, appearing on the most watched variety shows in both the UK and the US including The Liberace Show, Bing Crosby Christmas Special, The Englebert Humperdinck Show, The Val Doonican Show, The David Frost Show and that Genxculture favourite, The Golden Shot, amongst many others. And what is just as tragic is to consider what he could have done had his career not been destroyed by booze. He would have been a shoo-in for Eastenders, for example. Sought after for Celebrity Big Brother and I’m A Celebrity, Get Me Out Of Here. OK, these shows are not at the top of the professional ladders but they’d have been good earners for Jack and provided him with a pretty decent lifestyle and kept him in the public eye. Also with the, albeit brief, resurgence of the British film industry in the 80s and 90s driven by David Puttnam and Alan Parker, both of whom Jack worked with, there could have been many opportunities for Jack to become what he really wanted to be, an serious adult actor. And he could have achieved that. I could also have seen Jack as a lively and entertaining compere in various TV shows similar to the type Ant and Dec front. Britain’s Got Talent would have suited Jack down to the ground! But it wasn’t to be. Jack Wild died after a long battle with cancer, which he said was the result of his heavy drinking and smoking, in 2006. But he left behind a wonderfully strange and beautiful legacy of work which is still watched and enjoyed today. For a glorious period in the late 60s and early 70s, Jack Wild was the kid who had it all. Its popularity may have been short-lived, but for a brief period during the mid-sixties Batman was even bigger than The Beatles! Like The Beatles, it’s difficult to understand just what a phenomenon the 1960s TV series Batman actually was. If you were a child between the ages of 5 and 15, for a couple of years, and it was only a couple of years, this TV programme dominated your life. If you were a sophisticated adult you’d have loved the campness and archness of the script. To watch it today brings back just how funny, enjoyable and often downright surreal so many of the episodes were. Its charm and inventiveness has not diminished, it has influenced a range of other TV programmes over the years and has been parodied regularly. Not least in sophisticated TV series of the last few years including The Simpsons, Futurama, Spongebob Squarepants, FamilyGuy and even Only Fools and Horses. Nothing like it had ever been seen on TV in 1966. Not only was it a character who everyone knew through reading American comics but this was a high quality production that used eye-catching special effects (for the time), had memorable music that people still remember today (Da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da, da-da-da-da-da -da-da-da, Bat-maaan!), where every episode was a roller-coaster ride and weird characters abounded. What wasn’t to like? It seemed to be really funny but why were Batman and Robin taking it so seriously? We know now that this was the essence of its brilliance. And some of the Special Guest Villains were certainly strangely creepy, occasionally threatening and the casting was often wonderfully bizarre. Not forgetting the trademark fight sequences with their pop-art onomatopoeic graphics (Pow! Blam! Splat!). As a five-year old when Batman was first shown on British TV in 1966 I was obsessed. Every boy of my age and older had to have a Batman or Robin outfit. They could be bought commercially but it was easier and just as effective to have your own made. My dad, who was quite good at those things, made me a Batman outfit from some black plastic tarpaulin, my pal Graham got a long bit of yellow material from his mum and instantly became Robin, The Boy Wonder, and we’d run through the streets singing ‘Da-da-da-da-da-da-da-da, da-da-da-da-da -da-da-da, Bat-maaan!’ It was so much fun. It really was. For two years between 1966 and 1968 Batman dominated popular culture in a similar way to The Beatles. Memorablia such as character models, toy vehicles, sweets and trading cards were available and he even made some of those great favourites of Genxculture, Public Information Films. After Series 2 Batman’s star waned and we moved on to other things, probably Star Trek or Joe 90 and TV Century 21 comic as this was a massively creative decade in the media. But that period was really special and today this series looks and sounds even better than it did due to us being able to watch it in living colour which we couldn’t do then. In short, it’s still funny, satirical, brilliantly staged, wonderfully acted, endlessly inventive, featuring a who’s who of showbiz for the time and it’s still as camp as a Millet’s window display. Yes, the gadgets, the cars, the weird torture machines, the fast paced narratives, the special effects, the villains all added to the excitement of the show but it was the portrayal of the central characters, Adam West’sBatman and Burt Ward’sRobin, that really lifted the series to a level rarely seen on TV up to that time. As creator, producer and narrator William Dozier said at the time, ‘It’s the only situation comedy on the air without a laugh track.’ The show was also influenced by very 60s TV series such as The Man From Uncle which wore its irony and bizarre gadgetry, sometimes literally, on its sleeve. Three series of the show were made between January 1966 and March 1968 and although Series 3 saw a lull in its popularity, Series 1 and 2 were hugely successful. Dozier was not a fan of the American superhero comics and felt them, particularly Batman, to be unnecessarily serious and often po-faced. Hence his idea of bringing a much livelier, colourful (for a few), bizarre, fast paced and uniquely ironic TV version of The Caped Crusader. The success of this very unusual type of show was going to be, crucially, finding the right actors to portray the heroes and villains. The great Adam West was spotted playing ‘Captain Q’ in a series of Nesquik adverts on US TV. West was attracted by the show’s ‘scrupulously formal dialogue‘ which he played completely straight from episode 1 until the end with resounding success. BurtWard was straight out of stage school when he landed the audition. He had the good fortune to be teamed up with the much more experienced West for the auditions and, out of 1100 audition hopefuls, his chemistry with West was obvious. TV’s Batmanand Robin were born. The producers had originally decided that the new camp Batman series would debut as a full-length feature film to introduce the characters to the great viewing public. For various reasons this didn’t happen before the series went out and the film was eventually rolled out to cinemas after the first series had concluded. For me this made Batman more exciting as, for one thing, we saw it in eye-popping colour for the first time which was a revelation to say the least. I mean, The Joker had green hair, for example! And, secondly, a new range of thrilling Bat-accessories were revealed such as the Bat-Copter, Bat-Bike and the Bat-Boat. The children’s matinee at the Tivoli cinema on Gorgie Road was certainly buzzing that Saturday afternoon in 1966! The show had many recurring elements which, for young viewers, was particularly exciting. Playing their ‘real’ identities as rich socialite Bruce Wayne and his ‘ward’ Dick Grayson, they would receive word via the ‘Batphone‘ from Commissioner Gordon that some heinous crime had been committed by one of the ‘Special Guest Villains‘ and could they help? Cue the most exciting sequence in the show when they would secretly enter the bat cave through a secret passage (‘to the batpoles!) and emerge in a roaring, speeded-up Batmobile to consult with Commissioner Gordon. Clues would be left by the villains and Batman and Robin would start to solve these bizarre clues until a final showdown punch-up (no guns were used) with the villains which would be punctuated with pop art images showing the onomatopoeic words such as Blam!, Pow!, or ‘Kapow! in flamboyant colour. Of course, that element of Batman was completely lost on our monochrome 60s telly and, apart from the Batman film which we saw at the local fleapit, it would be another 15 years before we’d see Batman in the same vivid, psychedelic colour on telly. In between the two part episodes (shown on two different evenings of the week) Batman and Robin might find themselves in a cliff-hanger scene at the end of part one where they were invariably trapped in a situation that might lead to their deeply unpleasant demise. The narrator, William Dozier, would then chip in asking the audience if Batman will survive. ‘Tune in tomorrow! Same Bat-time, same Bat-channel!‘ Of course he’ll survive! Often due to some amazing Bat-gadget that he could just about grab from his Bat-utility belt. The laughs came from the completely straight performances by Adam West and Burt Ward. Little gags abounded throughout the episode which you had to be quick to notice. At one point the ferociously law-abiding Batman in pursuit of a Special Guest Villain parked the Batmobile outside a large public building. As he leapt out of the driver’s seat he spotted a ‘No Parking‘ sign. Despite the imminent destruction of Gotham City he doubles back to move the car when a friendly policeman arrives and tells him, ‘That’s OK Batman,’ and rolls the sign away. The future of one of America’s great cities may be in the balance but that’s no excuse for not abiding by the law and getting a parking ticket! The soaraway success of the series led to a range of celebrities of the time making appearances in the show. Either as ‘Special Guest Villains‘ or as themselves. One recurring sequence was when the Dynamic Duo were hauling themselves up the side of a high building with the aid of the Batrope. Of course, the camera was just turned 45 degrees to give the impression of them walking up the building, which was a joke in itself. Suddenly a window would open and a ‘famous’ person would pop their head out. To us in Scotland, many of these ‘celebrities’ were unknown given our three TV stations of the time and a limited amount of space to show many American series. But some of the celebrities were well-known including Jerry Lewis (apparently very difficult and insisting on directing and lighting himself according to Ward’s biog), the great Sammy Davis Jnr, nutty dishevelled comedienne Phylis Diller, Hollywood film gangsters George Raft and Edward G. Robinson, and one I clearly remember, Werner Klemperer in his well-known role as incompetent German POW prison commandant Colonel Klink in Hogan’s Heroes and Ted Cassidy in his role as Lurch in The Addams Family, a show which had many connections with Batman over its three year lifespan. The most bizarre of these ‘celebrities’ popping their heads out of the window for a slightly awkward rap with the Caped Crusaders was ‘Carpet King‘ Cyril Lord. Now completely unknown by anyone under the age of 55, he was an English businessman who became well known for appearing in TV adverts for his own Cyril Lord carpet company. With the long-running booming jingle ‘These are carpets you can afford by Cyril Lord!,’ he became, like his carpets, a household name. In the TV ad jingle I always thought the name was ‘Cirr-a-lorr.’ Clearly his fame in the US was even greater. Like Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In which appeared shortly after Batman’s cancellation, celebrities were queuing up to appear on the show. It was even rumoured that Frank Sinatra had expressed an interest in the role of The Penguin when the show was being cast. And talking of Batman villains.. A range of tried and tested Hollywood stars were cast as Special Guest Villains. The series began with those which appeared in the comics, or, at least, camper more outrageous versions of them, if that was possible. The Joker: The first ever Special Guest Villain played by Cesar Romero, an actor whose biography was as long as your arm and your leg combined. He appeared in well over 100 films, most famously as The Cisco Kid in a series of 40s westerns, and pretty much every well known American TV show between the 50s and the 90s including The Man From Uncle, Rawhide, Alias Smith and Jones, Daniel Boone, Ironside, Bonanza, Dr Kildare and The Golden Girls. Romero appeared in 22 episodes of Batman as well as the full length film. Romero refused to shave off his trademark moustache during filming and had The Joker’s thick white makeup hide it. To me he always came across as quite a menacing character, despite the series’ camp and overblown treatment of the villains. But that was how it was meant to be. The Penguin: Appeared in as many episodes as The Joker. I was never that keen on The Penguin. He just wasn’t evil enough. Played by Hollywood stalwart Burgess Meredith, he wasn’t the first choice for the role. The producers of Batman wanted Spencer Tracy as The Penguin which would have been very interesting indeed. A bit like when the producers of Columbo originally wanted Bing Crosby to play the eponymous role. However, he said he’d only do it if he could kill Batman, and that wasn’t going happen. Maybe he only said this to wriggle out of the part but, after its incredible success and popularity, I wonder if he regretted it? Non-smoker Meredith developed The Penguin’s squawk as a way of not having to inhale the smoke from his ever-present cigarette holder. The success of Batman, even spilled over into another hugely successful series of the mid-60s when Meredith appeared as The Penguin in an episode of The Monkees. Catwoman: The most frequent Special Guest Villain, appearing 15 times over the three series. Originally played by newcomer Julie Newmar who, for the first two series, the sexual chemistry with Batman added an extra frisson to their scenes together. Was she really attracted or was she merely using her not inconsiderable feline charms to entrap him? You decide. But one could understand why Batman’s super powers of restraint were severely tested. For the third series Newmar, who was filming McKenna’s Gold at the time, was replaced by the legendary Eartha Kitt in, for the time, an audacious bit of casting for ultra-conservative America. Of course, this meant the chemistry between them changed as the idea of Batman being romantically linked with black woman was a bridge too far for the producers in a 60s US not exactly embracing multiculturalism. That said, this sort of intimate relationship was only a couple of years away with Kirk and Uhura in Star Trek. But it was still, almost unbelievably, a big deal on mainstream US TV. For the film version which should have been released before the TV series but wasn’t, Catwoman was played by Lee Merriwether, who some still remember as the original Catwoman, even though she never appeared in the TV series. Kitt’s ability to purr her lines and generally behave in a feline sort of way came naturally to her, she was perfect (I refuse to say ‘purr-fect’) for the character and her car had to be seen to be believed. Catwoman was one of my favourite villains and she still is…… The Riddler: Played by American impressionist and comedian Frank Gorshin, a huge star in the US but not very well known in the UK at the time. I have a vague memory of him appearing on a British variety show during the 60s. I don’t think he went down that well as his impressions were all of American celebrities and we were used to Mike Yarwood doing Harold Wilson and Ted Heath, so his repertoire left British audiences fairly cold. On further research the good people at IMDB seem to think it was The Dave Allen Show in 1969. This would be after Batman ended its three series run, however. He appeared on pretty much every American variety show including the Jerry Lewis, Andy Williams, Sammy Davis Jnr and Dean Martin shows. He also appeared on The Danny Kay Show in 1966 which we definitely did get in the UK, which may have gone out before Batman hit our British screens. Either way I distinctly remember seeing Frank Gorshin do his impressionism act before I’d seen him as The Riddler. Another interesting fact about Frank Gorshin (well, I think it’s interesting..) is that he appeared on the same Ed Sullivan Show as The Beatles when they made their US debut in 1964. Craig Brown in his brilliant new book on The Beatles, One, Two, Three, Four, includes a superb chapter told from the viewpoint of some of the other guests on the show that day of 9th February 1964. It’s also hard to believe that ‘two-ton’ Tessie O’Shea also appeared, as did the Broadway cast of Oliver! including British performer Georgia Brown and a young cast member named Davy Jones. Wonder whatever happened to him? Maybe with all these British performers, Ed Sullivan thought The Beatles might feel at home. He appeared in 9 episodes of Batman which I found surprising as he seemed to be involved much more often. He didn’t appear at all during series 2 as some have claimed he was sidelined by the producers for making unrealistic wage demands. His role was taken for one episode by The Addam’s Family’s John Astin. However, he returned to the fold for one last episode of the third series in 1967. Cool, Cruel Mr Freeze: With three different, very interesting and unusual actors playing this villainous part, Mr Freeze appeared in all three series of Batman. First up was a typically left-field choice, suave and prolific Hollywood actor George Sanders. Sounding every inch the superior and upper crust, often quietly menacing, English cad, Sanders was actually born in Russia and moved to England with his family at the outbreak of The Russian Revolution in 1917. He ended up in Hollywood in the 1930s playing a pre-Roger MooreSimon Templar in a series of US-made The Saint films. His other notable roles included playing dodgy aristocrats in Hitchcock’sRebecca, Addison De Witt in All About Eve, for which he won an Oscar and RobertoRossellini’s neo-realist classic, Journey To Italy with Ingrid Bergman. The role he is best remembered for though, is voicing tiger Shere Khan in Disney’s classic The Jungle Book. In true Hollywood style he married four times, weirdly two of them being Gabor sisters, Zsa Zsa and Magda (the latter lasting only 32 days). His voice and manner inspired Peter Sellers to base the character of Hercules Grytpype-Thynne on in The Goon Show. In 1958 he released an album of songs, some composed by him with the wonderful title, The George Sanders Touch: Songs For The Lovely Lady. I really would love to hear that sometime. Sanders died of an overdose of barbiturates in 1972 in a village near Barcelona. His suicide note did not dwell on disappointment but just stated he was bored with life and had had enough. His role as Mr Freeze could not have suited him more. An even stranger choice to take over from Sanders and one that couldn’t have been more different was legendary Hollywood director Otto Preminger. Although achieving world-wide acclaim as a director of classics such as Laura, The Man With The Golden Arm and the excellent British Film Noir, Bunny Lake Is Missing, he had done some acting, mainly during the 40s and 50s. His most well known role being as Oberst von Scherbach in Stalag 17, directed by Billy Wilder. According to Preminger he’d never heard of Batman but his grandchildren persuaded him to ask for a part. Apparently Preminger knew producer William Dozier and asked to be cast. However, Preminger couldn’t adapt to the idea of being an actor rather than a director and rubbed many of the cast members up the wrong way by shouting at them to ‘concentrate’ if they fluffed their lines. He was frozen out (ho ho) and wasn’t invited back in series 3 to play Mr Freeze again. Once a director, always a director! The next and last Mr Freeze was another legendary Hollywood actor, ‘method’ actor supreme Eli Wallach. Egghead: Played by ubiquitous Hollywood actor, the excellent Vincent Price (much more on him dotted around this little blog space), he was the self-styled World’s Smartest Criminal. So much so he was one of only two BatmanGuest Villains who worked out Batman’s real identity. His weapons of choice were always in the form of eggs, the most memorable being the Tear-Gas Eggs laid by hens fed exclusively on onions. Chandell: played by, of all people, Liberace! He was probably the most well known of all the Special Guest Villains and not only did he play the villain, Chandell, a cute little reference to one of his trademarks, the chandelier, but he also played his even more crooked brother in some groundbreaking split-scene photography. But in one of his final scenes we see him in jail wearing prison stripes as does his grand piano. A superbly subtle and funny Batman touch! Liberace went on to appear in many cult series of the 60s and 70s including Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In, Kojak and The Muppets. And in The Monkees he even smashes a grand piano. Liberace’s life was arguably so full of excess, intrigue, and hyperbole that nothing he did professionally was as overblown as his private life. And, in Batman, he found a role that suited his larger-than-life profile. To be honest I don’t have a particularly clear memory of Liberace’s appearances on Batman at the time but on viewing some of them today, he was perfect for the show. There may be more to come on Liberace within his little blog space in the near future…… King Tut: Played by Hollywood actor Victor Buono, King Tut appeared in eight episodes of Batman over the whole three series, Only Joker, Riddler, Catwoman and Penguin appeared more often. Playing a mild-mannered professor of Egyptology who turns into the evil King Tut when he receives a bump on the head, it’s hard to believe Buono was only 28 when he played the role. A stalwart of many films and cult 60s telly, Buono also appeared in Voyage To The Bottom of the Sea,The Man From UNCLE, I Spy and even The Flying Nun. For me, though, King Tut wasn’t weird, evil or threatening enough to be an acceptable Batman villain and the episodes involving him are only sketchy in my memory. Like Egghead, King Tut was the only other villain to guess Batman’s identity but, luckily for the Caped Crusader, another blow to the head made him forget by the end of the episode. Many other Special Guest Villains appeared in Batman, some memorable like The Archer and The Minstrel, played by Hollywood actors Art Carney and Van Johnson. Other members of Hollywood royalty queued up to play villains on Batman. Some scarcely remembered such Minerva (Zsa Zsa Gabor), Clock King (Walter Slezak), Lola Lasagne (the formidable Ethel Merman) and Louie The Lilac (Milton Berle). The British acting contingent was represented by Joan Collins as The Siren, one of the last Special Guest Villains in series 3, Maurice Evans was The Puzzler, he would soon play a career defining role as Dr Zaius in one of the greatest science fiction films ever made, Planet Of The Apes as well as Samantha’s father in Bewitched. A fellow-simian colleague of Evans from Planet of the Apes was Roddy MacDowall who played Bookworm in Series 3. The Sandman played by Michael Rennie, who also played Harry Lime in the long-running US TV series of the 60s The Third Man as well Klaatu in the 50’s cold war classic The Day The Earth Stood Still. But it was a case of too much, too late for Batman and the third series proved to be the last. Another network eventually decided to take over the franchise but by that time the expensive sets had been demolished and it didn’t happen. One interesting guest who was not a Special Guest Villain was a certain Jay Sebring.Sebring was a fashionable Hollywood hairdresser who appeared in a Catwoman episode on December 15 1966 during Series 2 where he was billed as Mr Oceanbring (geddit?). On the night of August 9 1969 he would be one of the five victims of the Manson family at the Cielo Drive home of Sharon Tate and Roman Polanski in the Hollywood hills. Batman’s massive popularity in the UK even led to Adam West making a Public Information Film in the UK showing children how to cross the road safely. For some reason the producers of these films always seem to think a famous person would hammer the point home more effectively. Maybe they were right but when you think of the many other ‘celebrities’ who, over the years, also helped children across the road it does make you wonder. Recently departed Dave Prowse (Darth Vader) as ‘Green Cross Man,’ Alvin Stardust (You must out of your tiny minds.…), Les Gray of Mud, Boxer Joe Bugner, footballer Kevin Keegan and John ‘Dr Who‘ Pertwee with his frankly baffling ‘SPLINK’ campaign. Out of that lot I’d listen to Batman every time. He’s more believable. Another campaign that Batman and Robin got behind, that few will remember, involved children launching themselves out of high buildings. Or so we were led to believe by some tabloid newspapers. Whenever something takes off (wrong description maybe!) like Batman did in 1966, people look for the downside of the fandom and phenomenon. According to some newspapers, children, believing Batman could fly, were emulating him by jumping out of high windows, although I don’t remember a single specific incident of this type being reported. Any young child, like myself at the time, would have known full well that Batman, unlike Superman, could not fly. They’d watch the TV programme, read the comics or talk to other Batman fans. Another example of the media wrongly believing children to be stupid. Anyway, Batman was asked to nip this supposed pernicious behaviour in the bud. And at the end of certain episodes a short insert was tagged on. Batman and Robin would speak directly to their young viewing public and remind them that Batman could not fly. As with any phenomenon, irrespective of how short-lived, the spin-off memorabilia was huge. For a while everything was Batman related. Action figures, sweets, outfits, toy cars, posters and sundry other memorabilia were everywhere. My own personal favourite out of all this Batman-related tat were the trading cards which were released in 1966. Three different versions (black, red and blue symbols) were available, each with either a description of the scene depicted or part of a larger puzzle on the back which could be constructed when all the relevant cards had been collected. The cards showed scenes which included Batman’s most prolific foes such as The Joker, The Riddler, Catwoman and The Penguin as well as a few newly created adversaries such as the supernatural Jack Frost and even some dinosaurs. The lack of authenticity of some of the cards to the TV series certainly didn’t put us off collecting all three series. Some of the cards also depicted scenes from the TV series. Although essential collecting for the 6/7/8 year old, I don’t quite remember the same frisson of excitement one felt when collecting the Civil WarNews or Battle cards of a couple of years previously. (See Aiieee!: the Blood-Soaked Realm of 60s Children’s Trading Cards below). By the time the cards became available, Batman’s popularity was on the wane slightly. Like all, mainly male, 7 year olds in 1966 I received a toy Batmobile for my Christmas. Unlike much Bat-related merchandise of the time, Batmobiles were high quality, sturdy items made of metal. When you rolled them along the ground orange plastic flames emerged from the back exhaust of the vehicle, small cannons at the back could launch missiles (which you’d lost by Christmas afternoon) and a metal cutting tool (I think that’s what it was, I was never that sure) which could be pulled out on the front bonnet. Like James Bond‘s car, the Aston Martin DB5 which was popular around the same time, these toys are worth a small fortune now and, of course, I have no idea what happened to mine. To be honest, I’d lost some interest by the time series 3 came along. There seemed to be a plethora of strange and sometimes not very engaging characters and it didn’t seem the same when The Joker, The Riddler, The Penguin and Catwoman were not involved. I think I now appreciate these episodes more as an adult but this wonderful highly stylised, highly camp treatment of Batman maybe had a relatively short shelf-life, like a very expensive, flamboyant meal. The first few courses would be amazing but eventually you’d have had enough. But for a couple of years in the mid-60s Batman was a hugely important element of the zeitgeist and Adam West and Burt Ward’s brilliant portrayal of the Dynamic Duo as well as the over-the-top characters made it essential viewing. So if you want an excursion that is still as cool, camp and clever now as it was all those years ago, you know where to go. From hero to zero in three years, but no one epitomised the sixties more than Simon Dee For many people who lived through this tumultuous decade Simon Dee epitomised the guy who had it all: his own Saturday evening chat show, viewing figures of 18 million, rubbing shoulders with anyone who was anyone in the 60s, having a hopelessly glamorous life, being paid a relative fortune (£250,000 when he defected to ITV, nearly £4 million today) and being known by everyone. Then it all disappeared, almost overnight. Where did it all go wrong? The general perception is that his huge ego got the better of him and made him too many powerful enemies, which is true to an extent. But there was more going on in Simon Dee’s life than met the eye and even though he became a victim of his own success, it wasn’t always his fault and he became very much a casualty of the extremely limited media of the 60s and 70s. Dee hosted one of the most popular programmes of the late 60s. Dee Time‘s five series ran between 1967 and 1969 and broadcast 157 shows and subsequently The Simon Dee Show in 1970. The format rarely changed, two or three guests to chat with Simon and a couple of musical guests to pad out the variety. At first it went out twice a week, on a Tuesday and Thursday, but as its popularity grew it reverted to just once a week on the greatly coveted Saturday tea-time slot, hence Dee Time! It was the first show of its type and at its peak attracted up to 18 million viewers, but, of course, there were only three channels then and, therefore, less competition. But that’s not to denigrate the influence and public profile of Dee Time. Anyone growing up in the late 60s would have watched Dee Time. The format may sound very conventional now but Dee Time featured pretty much anyone who was anyone during this groundbreaking period and aspects of the show, as well as Dee himself, that demand some sort of analysis. For me, the highlight of Dee Time was not only the range of guests who dropped in ‘for a chat,’ and there was some very odd combinations of people indeed put before a Saturday tea-time audience, but also the who’s who of, often quite spectacular, 60s musical acts who regularly graced the studio. Nicholas Henty-Dodd, aka Simon Dee, was born in Manchester in 1935 attending private school, obviously (who at the BBC in the 50s and 60s didn’t?) before doing his National Service then a series of dead end jobs before being recruited as a DJ for pirate Radio Caroline in 1964 courtesy of a friend who ran the station. He was eventually taken on by the pre-Radio One BBC in 1965 to present a programme called Midday Spin where he played new releases of ‘pop’ records. I’m always surprised, in a way, as to how so many 60s and 70s DJs just walked into these jobs without any seeming musical background or knowledge. Probably producers just thought if someone was young, looked the part and could talk in a reasonably fluent manner they could do the job (See The Moronic World of 70s Radio One DJs, below). But, to be fair to Dee, he was interested in music and this was reflected in the wide and varied styles of music he played on his show. However, he fell foul of the management when he played twice Scott Walker’s brilliant version of Jacques Brel’sJackie, despite being bizarrely banned by the station. It may have been the references at various times to ‘opium dens,’ ‘ authentic queers’, and ‘phony virgins’ that worried the Broadcasting House top brass, as if anyone really listened to the lyrics! However, the great Scott Walker had already performed it all at peak viewing time on The Frankie Howerd Show on a less traditionally driven ITV at the same time. And it was this surreal juxtaposition of high art and downmarket variety, so redolent of the times, that made Dee Time such strange experience. I have discussed at length the weirdness that was Sunday Night At The London Palladium (Tarbuck Memories below) and TV at the time was trying to cope with the biggest change to society since the Second World War, the explosion of 60s youth culture. TV was desperately attempting to keep its older, less demanding, viewers happy with more conventional fare while, at the same time, trying to attract the huge and growing teen viewership who wanted something very different. It was a precarious balancing act and Dee Time along with SNATLP tried to appeal to both markets often creating a curious and decidedly odd viewing experience. Strangely, Dee was spotted by BBC Light Entertainment executive Bill Cotton’s mother while he was advertising Smith’s Crisps on an ITV ad. Clearly Dee was well-known enough to be offered such a, presumably quite lucrative, gig. And after a perfunctory meeting with Cotton at the BBC, was propelled into the maelstrom that was the Sixties scene and his own TV chat show, despite having little or no experience of this medium. Luckily for him tea time chat shows were relatively new and no one really had anything else to compare him to. The BBC desperately wanted Simon Dee to be the epitome of 60s glamour and despite some of Dee’s guests being resolutely of the entertainment old school, his opening and particularly his closing credits sequence were very definitely all about swinging London, even though the early shows were filmed in Manchester! The opening credits were nicked wholesale from The Johnny Carson Show with a disembodied voice (sports commentator Len Martin) bawling the names of tonight’s guests and finally announcing ‘Here’s your host, Siiiiiii-mon Dee!’ But the closing sequence was even better. After Dee had wished the viewing public goodnight the credits roll and we see him driving through a multi-storey car park in an open top white E-Type Jag. Waiting for him, and filmed from a low-angle to accentuate her model-like figure, is a dark- coated blonde in kinky boots, dressed like The Girl From Uncle. She jumps into the car as it zooms off (and if you’re quick you’ll see her being rather unceremoniously knocked backwards by the power of the acceleration!). The camera follows the car round and round swinging ..erm… Manchester at high speed and from dizzying angles until the credits have rolled. And if that doesn’t yell ‘Sixties!’ I don’t know what will. Phew! The fact he was married with two children obviously wasn’t important, it was his image that really mattered. It’s safe to say Dee was no Michael Parkinson. Never seen as a particularly fearsome interviewer, his style was laid-back, chummy and unthreatening to the point of trivial, but well suited to the early evening viewership. And there seemed little thought put into who should appear on any show. Guests were rarely selected to compliment each other or create a theme. It was more a case of ‘Who’s hot and available?’ Of course, it wasn’t possible for every show to feature a ‘happening’ interviewee or musical act and certain shows featured some unlikely bedfellows. Unlike Parkinson where the final part of the show was for all the guests to get together for a discussion, the vast majority of guests on Dee Time were interviewed alone. As is the case with so many TV shows of the time, only one complete Dee Time has survived with a few odd sections of others. For once it wasn’t a case of all the shows being wiped to save money, but all shows were live and, for some reason, probably to save money, just weren’t recorded. When some of Dee’s guests are considered, however, this was an omission just as culturally reprehensible. Because of this there is some debate as to who appeared on which show and even as to who was just there for a chat and who was performing. If the shows themselves weren’t deemed worthy of preservation, it’s unlikely many production notes or schedules were kept. There are discrepancies, for example, between IMDB and Richard Wiseman’s fascinating account of the career of Dee’s career, ‘Whatever Happened To Simon Dee?‘ In most cases I’ve relied on the latter but, either way, the list of guests Dee attracted was an A-Z of the sixties. Although a number of clips from shows still exist, though precious few, one of only two known episodes still in existence would appear to be from November 2 1968. How this episode survived is unknown. The opening routine shows Dee standing in a cloak looking superior. Clearly this was a ‘happening’ item of fashion featured in the tabloids that week which had garnered some ridicule. ‘We’re all wearing them,’ he haughtily declared. Then when an assistant came to take the cloak away Dee said ‘Can I have it off, please?’ Cue shrieks from the audience and Dee putting his fingernails in his mouth in shock at what he just said. Almost certainly scripted, this was the level of innuendo that made audiences guffaw guiltily in the 60s. Some things never change, I suppose. His first guest is Graham Leask (Graham Leask, I hear you ask?), a young lad who exports snakes to Europe, according to Dee. Clearly a warm-up amuse-bouche before the main courses of Susannah York and Lionel Jeffries. A slightly awkward encounter ensues with Dee almost realising as he spoke that this was really pretty dull. It reminded me of the wonderful chat show spoof The Larry Sanders Show, when they were short of guests they’d bring in ‘The Sea-Shell Woman’ to eat up a bit of time by displaying the sea shells she’d collected while Larry struggled to feign interest. If Graham is still with us, and he’ll be around 65 now, he must be rather chuffed that his appearance on Dee Time is one of the few interviews that survived the 60s and 70s BBC cultural purge. What were the chances of that? But Susannah York certainly brightened things up. Although clearly uncomfortable being interviewed, Dee chivvied her along getting her to talk about the films she had recently completed. Interestingly, one of them was The Killing of Sister George with the great Beryl Reid, who would be a guest on DT a few weeks later. During this exchange I couldn’t help but think ‘Will they mention it?’ And lo, they did before quickly moving on after an irate director presumably bawled into Dee’s earpiece (if he had one in those days). ‘It’s about lesbians‘ says Dee casually, ‘But we can’t can’t talk about that on this show.’ I wonder how many of the great viewing public knew what a lesbian was in 1967? And was that the first time the word ‘lesbian’ was used on tea-time telly? I was quite impressed that Dee even mentioned the word in a fairly matter-of-fact way without trying to make a joke about it. For the sixties this was extremely unusual. Gay people were mercilessly lampooned in comedy shows but lesbians were, to my knowledge, never referred to. It did demonstrate Dee’s devil-may-care attitude to celebrity interviews and the show was always likely to throw up little morsels of interest like this but sadly we’ll never know of any other similarly awkward moments, but there would certainly have been plenty, if only we could still see them. Next up was well-known British character actor Lionel Jeffries who had just completed filming ‘Chitty Chitty Bang Bang‘ and he caused uproar and a certain amount of embarrassment when he revealed the clip they had just shown from the film did not feature him in a sentry box, as Dee had said, but as he described it, ‘a bog, a lav.’ Arguably, this was more controversial than mentioning lesbians. The audience collapsed in uncontrolled paroxysms of unbridled hilarity. They’d have been nudging each other conspiratorially in the audience giggling, ‘He said ‘bog!’ They may not have known what a lesbian was but they certainly knew what a ‘lav’ was. And it didn’t come much more risque than to make a reference to a toilet in the Great Britain of 1968. Some of the shows’ lineups were wonderfully weird in a very sixties unsophisticated way. From the great to the good to the definitely not so good to the pure rubbish. They all happily accepted an invitation to be lightly sautéed by Simon Dee. I always think about what it must have been like in The Green Room prior to broadcasting, and the show was, of course, recorded live so all guests would have been sipping Campari and munching on Ritz crackers. Some of the musical acts may even have been puffing on a ‘reefer’ while engaging in polite conversation with the likes of upper crust fossil the Duke of Bedford or Genxculture favourite Anita Harris. The first ever episode on 4 April 1967 was a superb indicator as to what this show was all about and where it was going to go during the next two and half years. An uneasy combination of MOR, cutting edge rock and 60s anodyne run-of-the-mill chat. Kiki Dee: Never a household name during her long and continuing career, in fact she wasn’t even going to have a top 20 hit record for another 6 years when she got to number 13 with Amoureuse. But she was a reliable musical guest with an ever-so-slight ‘alternative’ edge on many variety shows and not quite in the easy listening ubiquity league as Clodagh Rodgers, Vince Hill or Anita Harris. It’s unknown whether Kiki was a chatting to Simon or just singing but probably just singing. Lance Percival: One of those guys who turned up everywhere during the 60s and early 70s. Everyone knew him but ask anyone ‘What did Lance Percival do?‘ and they would struggle to come up with anything more specific than he was some sort of comedian. In fact, when any show, (comedy, chat, sitcom, variety, satire, quiz) wanted someone vaguely amusing to appear he would be near the top of the list. For someone with limited talents he was never off the telly or the cinema screen for 20 years. He made his name performing topical calypsos on That Was The Week That Was (something he probably wouldn’t get away with today) and his career pretty much took off on an ever so slight upward trajectory after that. Tall, angular and gangly he looked a bit odd and this added to his comedy cache. To give a rough idea of the pies he had bony fingers in, he appeared in programmes and films as diverse as the Carry Ons (inevitable), the shockingly unfunny ‘Confessions’ films, two series of his own show, more interestingly voicing a character in Yellow Submarine, guest supporter on Quizball, celebrity guest on Bullseye, compere of a rubbish 60s celebrity panel game He Said, She Said and appearing on a raft of undemanding chat shows as a mildly witty guest. In fact, he appeared on Dee Time on four separate occasions. Mike Newman: Who? I know, I had to look him up but he was an Irish comedian and he appeared on no less than six occasions, that is six occasions, on the first series alone of Dee Time in 1967. Clearly someone on the production team liked him and he was obviously available. But it must have been a punishing routine for the poor guy if he was performing his act on each of those shows and having to come up with a new routine every time. Libby Morris: a Canadian comedian who didn’t seem to be doing much of particular note professionally at the time of this appearance in April 1967. That said, she was a well known and reliable face, like Lance Percival, of the time. To her credit she had appeared a number of times on both The Johnny Carson Show and The Merv Griffin Show in the US. The most interesting parts of her CV , for me at least, were having voiced some characters between 1963-68 on Gerry Anderson’s early puppet series Space Patrol and appearing as the mother in Alexander The Greatest with the wonderful Adrienne Posta in 1971 (See Adrienne Posta: The ’70s ‘It’ Girl below). But she did the rounds of The Golden Shot, David Nixon’s Magic Box, The Good Old Days, Call My Bluff, Celebrity Squares and Blankety Blank over a thirty year period. Respect! She appeared on DT once more during the three year run. And this is where it gets really interesting…… The Jimi Hendrix Experience: With musical guests like this Dee Time was certainly hammering its alternative credentials into the ground here. After the blandness of the opening chat line-up this was a programme desperately trying to cement its ‘happening’ musical sixties credentials. This was Hendrix’s first early evening appearance on British TV and he would make a return to Dee Time the following year. He would go on to appear on It Must Be Dusty also the following year and famously on Happening For Lulu in 1969, where the band balked at having to do a duet with Lulu and stopped their performance of Hey Joe half way through to launch into a tribute to the recently disbanded Cream, Sunshine Of Your Love. This led to them being, allegedly, banned from the BBC for life. Unusually for the Beeb, this footage still exists. Cat Stevens: It’s unknown as to what Cat Stevens actually sang on this first edition, most probably ‘I’m Gonna Get Me A Gun‘ which was riding high in the hit parade at the time, but his appearance alone, along with Hendrix, inspired radio sociologist Laurie Taylor to suggest this programme was the, ‘…forty minutes that could arguably be thought of as the moment the Sixties finally arrived onto …British television.’ Stevens would appear twice more on Dee Time and would also appear on Dee’s short-lived vehicle on ITV in 1970 Other weird lineups included…. 11 May 1967: with the great Beryl Reid (wonder if he mentioned lesbians again?) and musical guests The Move, then seen as the wild men of rock, jazzy/ bluesy group The Peddlars (who would appear a number of times on DT) and, bizarrely, Donald Peers. This juxtaposition of The Move and Peers made shows such as this so fascinating. The now virtually forgotten Donald ‘The Laughing Cavalier Of Song’ Peers was a 50s crooner of some note whose signature tune was ‘By A Shady Nook By A Babbling Brook.’ Clearly this was the producers of DT throwing the older generation a few crumbs to try and maintain their interest. It was a ploy that continued throughout DT’s run but it was flogging a very dead horse as DT was all about the Sixties and everyone knew it. That said, Donald Peers appeared quite a few times over the next few years. One could just imagine oldies watching at home pointing to the black and white grainy screen and saying, ‘Now that’s a proper singer!‘ 20 June 1967: This was an edition I actually remember. Or at least some of it. Heading the bill was 60s musical sensation Lionel Bart. Well known for his West End Theatre smashes Fings Ain’t What They Used To Be and Oliver!, Bart performed one of his own songs on DT. What I remember vividly, and this was very Sixties, he sat on the darkened set singing and each time he completed a verse he’s take a long drag on the cigarette he was holding and slowly exhale the smoke in time to the music. This disgusted my non-smoking parents who commented on how revolting this looked. I can’t remember whether Bart indulged in some unthreatening banter with Dee, but also on the bill was Warren Mitchell, riding high with ‘Till Death Us Do Part which had begun its long run the previous year, safe pair of chat show hands Leslie ‘Ding Dong’ Phillips and second musical act, up-and-coming American crooner Neil Diamond, who was yet to have a UK top twenty hit. Making up the numbers was rock- a- boogie duo with the rubbish name, The Young Idea, who were in the charts with a version of The Beatles‘ ‘With A Little Help From My Friends. They wouldn’t bother the charts again. 2 March 1968: This edition is also worth noting due to the wide and completely random nature of the guest line-up! This was a fusion of the new, the old, the curious, the sophisticated and the downright bizarre. In a way, a perfect Dee Time storm. The old was represented by former radio quiz inquisitor, occasional actor, including the role of the dad in the original film version of Billy Liar, and soon-to-be sitcom star in ‘For The Love Of Ada’Wilfred Pickles. For a slightly younger but still fairly mature audience we had Frankie Vaughan. His best days were a long way behind him but he appealed to the parents of 60s pop kids. And talking of pop kids another musical act featured in this edition was perennial popsters Dave Dee (no relation), Dozy, Beaky, Mick and Titch performing their current chart hit and their only Number One, The Legend Of Xanadu. A left field choice next was Esther and Abi Ofarim with their gibberish hit, also a Number One, Cinderella Rockafella. They divorced soon after and Esther Ofarim was, surprisingly, given her own BBC 2 variety show special, Meet Esther Ofarim. It would a fleeting liaison. And finally, now-disgraced Liberal MP, stalwart of Radio 4’s Just A Minute and TV chef Clement Freud who was always a lugubrious but witty chat show guest. Phew! Poor old Si must have been knackered after all that. And talking of disgraced former Liberal MPs, Jeremy Thorpe appeared on the 10 February 1969 and the interview was reviewed very favourably by the ‘clever-clogs’ newspapers (as Alan Partridge might describe them) due to Dee’s questioning on Parliamentary reform and televising the Commons. But, truth be told, this wasn’t what the punters tuned in to see of a Saturday evening. And having politicians as guests was a rarity. Towards the end of his BBC tenure in 1968, however, Dee Time hosted a number of members of the aristocracy on a couple of his shows. Why this was has been lost in the mists of time but one can imagine Dee wanting to show that they were ‘just like you and me‘ and doing a bit of brown-nosing while he was at it. And talking of the mighty Partridge, it reminded me of an episode of his radio chat show ‘Knowing Me, Knowing You‘ in 1992 when one of his guests was the Duchess of Stranraer and he spent the entire interview trying to wangle a weekend invite to her country pile. Often the chatting guests may have been on the bland side and some completely forgotten (Susannah Young? Ross Hannman? Arthur Murphy?) but many of the musical guests were, not to put too fine a point on it, mind-blowing! Anyone who was anyone from ‘the pop scene’ appeared on Dee Time and one does wonder what a 60s older tea-time audience would have made of some of the more wonderfully psychedelic acts such Traffic, The Turtles, The Move, Procul Harum, The Kinks, The Herd (with a young Peter Frampton), The Troggs or even Cat Stevens! DT did, of course, feature many slightly more house- trained performers such as The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, The Bee Gees and that most British of bands, The Tremeloes (4 times!). Solo acts, more in keeping with the older part of the audience’s taste, included Genxculture favourites Clodagh Rodgers and Anita Harris, the wonderful Dusty Springfield and Sandie Shaw not to mention the amazing Nina Simone. Blander fare included the singer with the most un- ‘with-it’ of names, the virtually forgotten Malcolm Roberts, Julie Rodgers (who made a career out of one hit), the inevitable Vince Hill (who made a career out of no hits), Cilla Black popped in a couple of times to screech her latest single as well as Jackie ‘Mrs Tony Hatch’ Trent and Lena Martell (who I once met and she was lovely). And let’s not forget those twin colossi of 60s pop, Pinky and Perky (as they said at the time, ‘£100 a week and they live like pigs!‘). Suffice to say, Dee Time was a treasure trove of the musical great and the good (and the not so good), which makes it even more galling to think the vast majority of these performances have been lost forever. For every legendary act that appeared on DT there were almost as many who disappeared without trace. Simon Dee was a great believer in featuring acts who he thought deserved some exposure, which showed he maybe wasn’t the pop expert that Radio Two DJ Steve Wright is (OK, that’s a joke). For example, The Warm Sound, The Frugal Sound, The Dollies, The Gentle Power Of Song, The Tinkers, The Bats and The Nocturnes maybe didn’t make the splash they hoped to make after an appearance on Dee Time. Each one of those now utterly forgotten acts probably deserve some sort of analysis as they will all have their own story to tell, and I have no doubt a few will be of interest, but, sadly, that’s for another time on Genxculture. There is still too much to explore in the fascinating Simon Dee story….. For one thing, it’s a little known fact that the warm-up act for much of Dee Time’s BBC run ws a certain Larry Grayson who reportedly went down a storm with the audience. Now, during the 70s and 80s I have to admit I was never a fan of Grayson. I didn’t think he could hold a candle to Bruce Forsyth as compere of The Generation Game. However. Having watched his act on a mid-70s edition of that surreal variety masterpiece Sunday Night At The London Palladium ( see posting below) brought to us by those wonderful people at Talking Pictures TV, I’ve really changed my opinion of him. He was really quite superb. His timing was second to none and I very much stand corrected on that one. Everard will be pleased….. But back to Simon Dee. His fame and ubiquity wasn’t limited to the small screen, either. At the height of his fame he appeared in the classic 60s film The Italian Job at the behest of one of his showbiz pals, Michael Caine. In Dee’s own very 60s words, ‘I played a poofy Savile Row tailor and I was so good that the poofs started chasing me.’ He also claimed to have been propositioned by Brian Epstein when invited round to his Belgravia house to discuss a project that never happened. Was there anything Simon Dee didn’t do in the 60s? If you believe him the answer is no. Dee was receiving £250 a show when he was broadcasting twice a week from Manchester up until September 16 1967. This equated to nearly £4000 a show today. As he was appearing twice weekly that was nearly £8000 a week which was pretty decent in anyone’s language. Due to the popularity of the show it was eventually given the hugely prestigious Saturday tea-time slot and despite this massive promotion, the BBC continued to pay him £250 a show, so the number of shows a run was halved and so was his salary. One can see Dee’s point that he was effectively being given a pay cut. And this is where his problems really began. Fallouts with his producer and Head of Light Entertainment at the BBC, Bill Cotton, led to Dee being accused of having a huge destructive ego and unreasonable wage demands. So much so at one point, when Dee became extremely unhappy about losing his opening Johnny Carson-esque monologue due to the producers believing it wasn’t working, he went AWOL and this worried his producers so much that they had Tony Blackburn standing-by to do that night’s Dee Time incase of a no-show by Dee. He did show up in time to do the show but with his lawyers, who Cotton had to deal with. Cotton won out in the end, not surprisingly, but it was the beginning of the end for Dee at the BBC. The question of his salary, of course, came up again shortly after and many people who worked with him reportedly began to complain of his ego growing and getting in the way, although just as many seem to disagree with this notion. Again, the popularity of Dee Time and his perceived importance to the show inevitably led to him becoming a little to full of his own importance but this tends to happen any most personality driven TV vehicles and I wouldn’t really blame him for this. But in swinging London he was everywhere, at every premiere, fashion show, up market night club, driving around in his Bond Aston Martin DB5 bought from Bond villain Robert Shaw and he was even dating Bond girl Joanne Lumley, amongst others! It’s undocumented what his wife thought about this. According to Dee he even was considered for the part of Bond himself after Sean Connery jumped ship. Although unsuccessful in his audition, Dee’s contention that it was because he was thought to be ‘too tall’ for the part seems a little unlikely given Connery was six feet two. Something had to give. And, of course , it did, the story of his demise almost writing itself. The BBC top brass became thoroughly pissed off with Simon Dee and his final request for a pay rise fell on, not only deaf ears, but a growing desire to cut him loose. They began the disengagement process by moving his show to a Monday evening and rubbing salt into the wound by replacing Dee Time with Happening for Lulu, a lot like Dee Time but with Lulu, and the writing was well and truly on the wall for him. His demise at the BBC was the worst kept secret on Fleet Street and when ITV came calling, waving a bulging cheque book, they were only too happy to let him go and Simon couldn’t believe his luck when they offered him an eye-watering £1,000 a show and a two year contract. Too good to be true? You know where this is going…. ITV also happened to have David Frost in its ranks, a more serious, tougher interviewer and he was reportedly unhappy that the network had brought in another chat show personality, albeit a more lightweight one. Bizarrely, they scheduled Dee’s new show straight after Frost’s show late on a Sunday night at a time when most of the viewing public went to bed earlier. Dee was convinced Frost was trying to sabotage his show and there may have been something in that. Mind you, Dee was also convinced he was being monitored by MI5 and CIA and there may have been something in that also. His new show was a ratings flop and the straw that broke the camel’s back was an interview with the new Bond (funny how Bond keeps cropping up in the Dee story) George Lazenby who was high as kite and expounded his weird theories as well as naming names on the assassination of JFK, which was only eight years previously. dee was dragged over the coals at ITV for allowing Lazenby to waffle on about such rubbish and this was the beginning of the end for the show. It’s believed also on the show that night was John Lennon and Yoko Ono. Quite a coup even in those days although John Lennon‘s stock had fallen hugely with the break-up of The Beatles and his taking up with Yoko. She was blamed for the break-up of The Beatles and, therefore, the media and much of the Great British Public hated Yoko with a vengeance. She was vilified in a way that was not only racist but also misogynist, a situation that still exists, but to a slightly lesser extent, today. Due to the Lazenby interview, however, their participation is virtually forgotten and, of course, no known record of the show still exists. Another sign that Dee’s reputation wasn’t quite what it was involved, weirdly, the England 1970 World Cup Squad. They had been booked to appear on the Sunday night show to debut their shouty new single, Back Home, even before it had been featured on Top Of The Pops. This would have been a huge triumph for Dee not to say a massive and badly needed ratings boost. But boring old Alf Ramsey vetoed the appearance at the last minute as it would mean keeping the boys up too late. Despite the show being recorded at tea time on the same Sunday as the broadcast went out. It’s unlikely this would have happened if Dee had still been on the BBC. To be fair, the guest list for this run of the show was less than impressive. Although details are sketchy and few documents relating to the show have been kept, as well as the disastrous Lazenby interview, American comedienne Carol Channing, reportedly a very difficult interviewee, cheery cockney songster Joe Brown, stalwart British character actor Patrick Cargill, and Dee favourite Robert Morley all appeared but hardly set the pulses racing. Other guests of some note included Ned Sherrin, Samuel Becket muse Billie Whitelaw, Laurence Harvey (who’s girlfriend Dee allegedly had a dalliance with, although whether Harvey was bothered is unknown), Terry Thomas and 70s TV sex-bomb Peter Wyngarde. One of the few shows show of any real interest involved the always good value Vincent Price, who apparently poached a piece of haddock in a dishwasher on the show, and, oddly, paranormal author and extreme Right-winger Dennis Wheatley, which may have been worth staying up for but few did. And, to be honest, it was thin gruel. The show did go out with a bang though. Reports vary as to who appeared on the very last Simon Dee Show but some believe that on 21st June 1970 the recently sadly departed Sean Connery, Michael Caine, Bruce Forsyth and Harry Secombe (can’t win them all!) made up the very last edition. Other reports believe it was the Archbishop of Canterbury doing a solo gig which wasn’t so good, but we’ll probably never know as no recordings of those shows seemingly exist. The straw that broke the camel’s back for Dee inadvertently involved, bizarrely, unthreatening MOR crooner Matt Monro. Dee had wanted him to provide the musical entertainment in one of his shows but the producers didn’t, for some reason. Dee took a strop similar to the one he took at the BBC and went AWOL again. The producers had reliable 50s DJ Pete Murray on standby in the same way the BBC had Tony Blackburn waiting in the wings the previous year. Dee did turn up in time to do the show but the big-wigs at ITV had had enough and cancelled the show. Although their story was that The Simon Dee Show was never cancelled, Dee’s contract was just never renewed. A bit like the way The Monkees ended. They didn’t split up, they just didn’t have their contracts renewed. And that was pretty much that for Simon Dee. It has to be remembered that with only three channels and two networks there was nowhere for him to go having burned his boats at both the BBC and ITV. Today he’d have ended up on Channel 5 or Channel 4 or even the darker regions of cable TV such as Dave but in a strange sort of way it was this severely limited media structure that made him so big but also destined him to obscurity. His life sped out of control and went downhill very quickly and included a couple of short jail terms for petty offences which the tabloids made the most of. In fact, Channel 4 brought him back for a one-off Dee Time in 2003 and one critic wrote that Dee reminded him of Alan Partridge- a toxic mix of naff, bitterness, strange vulnerability and pompous self-regard. The talentless Elizabeth Hurley, whose acting career took a similar trajectory to Dee’s when it was discovered she couldn’t act, said he was the personality Austin Powers was based on. I’m not so sure though. Was it his massive ego that resulted in such a humiliating fall? No, it really wasn’t. He was just a victim of his times. Maybe a touch of humility would have made a difference but humility didn’t really go with the territory. His life went from 60s superhero to ultimate zero but, you have to say, it was quite a ride. Few people under fifty will remember Marty Feldman but he was a prolific writer and performer responsible for some of the most innovative comedy ever Mention Marty Feldman to anyone over the age of fifty and most would reply, ‘Was that him with the eyes?’ And that’s how he is remembered by most, by his unusual appearance. There are a number of theories as to why he looked how he did: Grave’s Disease, a botched operation after a serious car crash, being damaged through boxing in his youth but this misses the point about Marty Feldman completely. Yes, he did use his appearance for comedy purposes and he often said his unusual face was his fortune but it’s easy to forget that he was one of the funniest, most innovative and certainly most prolific comedy writers of the 60s and 70s. He was responsible for comedy that not only pushed the envelope for the time but he was also a prime mover in the satire boom as well as paving the way for the surrealism of the Pythons and many other comedy icons. It will surprise many people that he died at the tragically young age of 48 of a heart attack brought on by food poisoning after eating shellfish while filming on Yellowbeard, a disappointing Python spin-off, in Mexico City in 1982. At his death he was well-known for being a Mel Brooks collaborator and Hollywood star but it’s the vast range of work in the 60s and 70s that really made his name and it’s that that this post will focus on. Born in 1948 and brought up in East London before stumbling into comedy writing, he had a number of jobs that seem appropriate for a left-field comedy writer such as a tipster at a greyhound track and an assistant to an Indian fakir in a fairground sideshow act. Soon he was writing for one of the most inadvertently surreal productions of the 50s, Educating Archie, the radio ventriloquist comedy show. Here he worked with two stalwarts of British sitcom, writers Ronald Wolfe and Ronald Chesney (See ‘Cor Blimey Stan, How Did You Do It?‘ below). In 1954 he met Barry Took and they remained as comedy writing partners for the next twenty years. Their first foray into TV was writing some episodes of the hugely successful The Army Game and shortly after the spin-off Bootsy and Snudge. But in 1964 they hit comedy gold with the long-running radio show Round The Horne. Described once as featuring ‘downmarket material in an upmarket way,’ Round The Horne was pure, unadulterated glorious filth. But it was filth in the way those wonderful Donald MacGill seaside postcards were. Everyone knew what they meant on Round The Horne, or at least thought they knew what they meant, but because it was all implicit they got away it. Even the title of the show was incredibly rude although it was hidden by a much less vulgar pun. Hearing repeats on BBC Radio 4 Extra it’s difficult to know how some of the jokes escaped the censor in those incredibly stuffy, buttoned-up times. But morality and that greatly abused word ‘decency’ was what the establishment claimed to be the social norm and the public requirement. But most people knew better. Despite complaints from some MPs and the inevitable Mary Whitehouse (who obviously understood the jokes if they were to find them distasteful), Feldman and Took were encouraged to be almost provocative in their groundbreaking scripts and this set the tone for Feldman’s work for the next 25 years. The upper-middle class accent of the wonderful Kenneth Horne helped sneak much of the humour under the fence and the virtuoso cast of the great Kenneth Williams, Hugh Paddick, Betty Marsden and Bill Pertwee. As Kenneth Horne said, ‘If ever I see a double entendre, I whip it out.’ And RTH was well and truly stuffed with double entendres. The most popular characters on RTH were Julian and Sandy played by Williams and Paddick. For a time when homosexuality was still illegal in the UK Feldman and Took rode roughshod through the (oppressive) laws of the land in a way that was not only brave but also hilarious. Using the gay secret language ‘palare’, Julian and Sandy’s dialogues pushed innuendo to its limits. Of course, in those days many people would not even have heard the word ‘homosexuality,’ let alone know what it meant. It was an aspect of society that was very much brushed under the carpet by those who were aware of it, hence the complete lack of awareness from most ordinary people. Feldman and Took’s genius, along with the brilliant characterisations of Williams and Paddick, made it mainstream and definitely ‘unthreatening’. They even managed to sneak many otherwise proscribed ideas through the script such as references to a ‘cottage upright.’ And if you don’t know what that is, use your imagination. It’s rarely wrong, particularly with regards to this brilliant show. Every character’s name had a hovering air of rudeness to it such as J. Peasmold Gruntfuttock, Rambling Sad Rumpo (Williams) and Daphne Whitethigh (Marsden). Even the studio orchestra was known as ‘The Hornblowers!’ Feldman and Took’s reputation as writers meant they were in high demand as scriptwriters for other shows. One of those was that Genxculture favourite, Sunday Night At The London Palladium. I have written about this weird variety experience at length elsewhere in this little blog space (Tarbuck Memories, see below). In 1965 SNATLP was undergoing a facelift and was trying to drag itself into the happening 1960s through featuring acts that were certainly ‘with it.’ Peter Cook and Dudley Moore, Spike Milligan and even The Beatles rubbed shoulders with the more traditional screeching operatic singers and terribly predictable comedians. And talking about terribly predictable comedians or maybe just terrible comedians, there was new host Jimmy Tarbuck. His Liverpudlian background and cheeky chappie demeanour was a perfect new broom for a refurbished SNATLP. Feldman and Took as two of the most fashionable writers in the UK at the time were brought in to give the script a modern spin. They must have been up to their eyes (no pun intended, Marty) with Round The Horne as Tarbuck’s script is execrable and bears no resemblance to the cutting edge stuff they were producing for RTH. I can only imagine they accepted the job as it was well paid and met in a pub to cobble something together, probably on the back of a fag packet as Marty was a very heavy smoker. ‘Ringo and has wife have so much money they’re putting it into Zack’s‘ was one of the better gags, which says more about the rest of Tarbuck’s routine. It would be unfair to judge this script though given the fact that Tarbuck was probably unconcerned about the quality, he was just so happy to be there. As was said at the time, a Palladium audience would laugh at a horse defecating. After three series of RTH Feldman’s own performing career was beginning to take off and his writing was moving in other directions and he left RTH. At Last The 1948 Show was Feldman’s first production as writer and performer. Initially the idea to produce an unconventional sketch show was that of David Frost who brought together a group of comedy actors and writers, some of whom had worked on The Frost Report, John Cleese and Graham Chapman along with sadly recently departed Tim Brooke Taylor, who then suggested Marty Feldman. A bit of good old fashioned 60s glamour was added through the lovely Aimi MacDonald (she was always referred to as ‘lovely’) who played the dumb blonde character, usually in sequins and feathers, and linked many of the sketches. ALT1948S is a production which rarely is given the credit for being the first to usher in the winds of comedy change. Coming almost a year before the wonderful Do Not Adjust Your Set with Palin, Jones and Idle, many of the sketches eventually found their way to being performed on Monty Python including the legendary Four Yorkshiremen sketch and the programme’s main catchphrase, And now for something completely different. My memories of this show are sparse. I remember thinking it odd but, for me, that was a good thing. Even at the tender age of nine I was bored with formulaic sitcoms and wanted something more. The aspect of the show that really sticks in my memory was Aimi MacDonald’s links. Guest stars included a plethora of comedy writers of the time including Frank Muir and Denis Norden, Dick Vosborough and the great Barry Cryer. Ronnie Corbett (a colleague of Cleese’s from The Frost Report), Bill Oddie (shortly to team up with Tim Brooke-Taylor in The Goodies) and a non-speaking Eric Idle, also provide cameos. Other than two episodes it was believed all others were lost but all except two have been found, which is a turn up for the books! If Round The Horne brought innuendo and a stealthy social element to the airwaves, ALT1948S brought a satirical silliness to our screens which would be the spark to ignite a range of comedy programmes which pulled back the boundaries of humour, often pulling them back so far they were out of sight for many people. And from this seminal but almost forgotten series Marty Feldman’s public profile began to develop and so did his writing. The period between 1965-70 was a prolific time for Marty Feldman. As well as Round The Horne he was writing for The Frost Report which starred a young John Cleese, Ronnie Corbett and Ronnie Barker, who would soon become The Two Ronnies (who Marty also wrote for), According To Dora starring the great Dora Bryan, The Dick Emery Show (along with another writer called Harold Pinter..yes, Harold Pinter), Terry Scott’s own sketch show Scott On…. and even scripts for It’s Lulu! Two almost forgotten shows of note he worked on which are worth mentioning were No, That’s Me Over There starring Ronnie Corbett and Henry McGee and Broaden Your Mind, another high quality sub-Pythonesque sketch show of the type which were being churned out in the late 60s. No, That’s Me Over There was ostensibly a fairly formulaic middle-class suburban comedy, but a look at the production team suggests otherwise. Written by, amongst others, Barry Cryer, Graham Chapman and Eric Idle and produced by Marty, it’s a Reggie Perrin-type of comedy with Ronnie Corbett in his first starring role. Sadly, most of the first two series have been lost although one episode is available on Youtube. Marty contributed to the scripts of Broaden Your Mind, one of the first colour programmes to be broadcast on the fairly new BBC2, was a suitably daft precursor to The Goodies starring Tim Brooke Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie. One surviving sketch, ‘Ordinary Royal Family‘ appears to have Marty’s iconoclastic fingers all over it. Very funny and available on that thing they call the Youtube. Launched in 1968 Marty! (and for the second series It’s Marty!) was Feldman’s own sketch show which allowed his writing to develop and flourish in an unconventional and often anarchic style. Following on from ALT1948S the sketches in Marty! were of an altogether more surreal nature than those on the more mainstream Dick Emery or Mike Yarwood Shows, for example. Feldman took John Cleese and Graham Chapman from ALT1948 and Michael Palin and Terry Jones from Do Not Adjust your Set and The Frost Report with him to supplement Feldman and Took’s contributions. At various points along the two-series way Tim Brooke Taylor, John Law and John Junkin (who also appeared in both series) also weighed in. The result was a wonderfully scattergun and hilariously strange concoction. One sketch I remember vividly was ‘Lightning Tours‘ where Marty played a recurring character, an irritating little man in long coat to his feet, an even longer scarf wound around his neck and a bowler hat. John Junkin was the tour guide and the tour took place on a coach being driven through the English countryside at breakneck speed. Very funny! Maybe even a skit on the recently broadcast Magical Mystery Tour? In another suitably nutty sketch an elderly couple are in bed and the old man gets up go to the toilet, next thing we see him speeded up in a car to meet a beautiful girl each time in an increasingly unlikely situation. At one point flying off on a plane, landing on a tropical island, playing the guitar to a dancing island girl and then we see his journey back and ending with him slowly re-entering the bedroom where his little old lady wife is still reading and still berating him in bed. The punchline being he’s too tired each night to make love to her. With Marty and Took writing along with most of the soon-to-be Python team, the sketches were surreal, absurd, highly stylised and extremely funny. At the end of the second series of It’s Marty! all went their separate ways to Python, The Goodies and Feldman was poached by ITV. The success of Marty’s TV shows and his prodigious writing output eventually got him his first film in 1970, Every Home Should Have One. Produced by That Was The Week, That Was’s Ned Sherrin and written by Marty, Barry Took and Denis Norden, this satire on advertising was Marty’s first serious mis-fire. And it was a bad mis-fire. A uncomfortable juxtaposition of satire, slapstick and antediluvian sexual politics and although having some interesting points to make about advertising and morality, this swipe at the Mary Whitehouse morality faction completely misses the point. Marty is an advertising writer and decides the way to sell frozen porridge is through sex. So far, so 70s. But by ‘sex’ we’re really talking about the exploitation of young attractive women while all the men in the film are middle-aged, sweaty, leering beasts. One particular character played by Shelley Berman, a middle-aged, unattractive advertising executive is girl-mad! And one of the recurring ‘jokes’ is about all the young attractive girls he beds who all want a job from him. So far, so HarveyWeinstein. Later Marty’s character has an affair with the family’s very attractive Scandanavian Au Pair (only in the 70s did well-off people have ‘Au Pairs’) Julie Ege and his wife (the excellent Judy Cornwell, see Adrienne Posta: The 70s ‘It’ Girl) takes it not quite as badly as most women would or should. It’s a film that today leaves a rather nasty taste in the mouth, although that sounds like a comic line from the film. The film did have an excellent cast of tried and tested British character actors like Judy Cornwell, Penelope Keith, Dinsdale Landen, Patrick Cargill and Michael Bates but the script lacked the sophistication, innovation and comic invention that Feldman and Took were synonymous with. One can’t help thinking that Marty saw this as his big chance to get to the next level and didn’t want to take any chances of being too clever for the British cinema audience weaned on Carry Ons and On The Buses. To be honest, Carry On Up The Jungle and Carry On Loving, released within the same year as EHSHO, were much funnier as they didn’t try to have intellectual pretensions. That said EHSHO was one of the most successful films of 1970 in the UK. There was no accounting for taste in the 70s and sweaty, revolting, unattractive old men being successful with young girls was the norm in British cinema and TV. It would be unfair to put all the blame on Marty for this execrable mess but he was about to make the connection with Hollywood he so badly desired through his next, and final, TV project. Although rarely interviewed Marty had very strong opinions about many things and was very much on the left of the political spectrum. In 1971 he gave evidence for the defence in the Oz trial and caused gasps of surprise when he refused to swear on the bible to the utter disapproval of the judge who clearly hadn’t come across people who refused to tow the establishment line. Throughout the case Marty aimed jibes at the old fossil sitting on the bench, cementing his radical credentials. Around this time Marty’s growing public profile also made it into an iconic film of 1971. In Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange (See ‘A Clockwork Orange’ post below) when Alex, played by Malcolm MacDowall, returns to his family home after a period in prison, his dad, played by Genxculture favourite Philip Stone, is reading a newspaper with the strange headline ‘Marty Feldman’s Wife Banned.’ Where this headline came from is anyone’s guess but it’s this type of bizarre trivia that make articles like this interesting. Although I would say that, wouldn’t I? By this time America was beginning to take notice of Marty and his new vehicle, The Marty Feldman Comedy Machine was partly commissioned by the ABC network. There are different takes on how Marty had become known in the US. One suggestion was that At Last The 1948 Show had been reasonably successful there but more plausible, I feel, is that MASH writer and producer, Larry Gelbart, had been living in London at the time and had spotted Marty. It was his idea to get together with Lew Grade at ITV and ABC in the US and produce a more upmarket vehicle for Marty that could be shown in America as well as the UK. The result was Marty Feldman’s Comedy Machine which although only partially successful on both sides of the Atlantic, would be his calling card to Hollywood. The show itself was a curious concoction of American glitz and British comedy talent. Keen to appeal to both markets, a dizzying range of British and American talent was drafted in at considerable cost but although some of the American stars were household names in the US, some were virtually unknown in the UK and vice versa. Looking at it now it seems a strange brew with the great Beryl Reid on one hand and Orson Welles on the other, Round The Horne’sHugh Paddick in some shows and Roger Moore in another. It was hugely impressive to have featured Orson Welles and Groucho Marx though, for example. And what would the Americans have made of Spike Milligan, who also wrote for the show? Terry Gilliam also did some Pythonesque animations which added an interesting element. Another interesting guest was Godfrey Cambridge, a black actor and comedian little known in the UK. His most well known film role was in 1970’s The Watermelon Man about a white bigot who woke up one day and his skin had become black. Cambridge played both parts and, though rarely seen today, it had some very prescient points to make about black peoples’ experiences in the U.S. during the 60s. Like Marty, Cambridge, at the height of his success, died at the tragically young age of only 43 of a heart attack. Producer and writer Larry Gelbart and Marty did not always see eye to eye (sorry Marty, no pun intended) and the production was often a little fraught. It took Marty away from the mainstream (or as mainstream as it was possible for him be) and this slightly more daring and certainly innovative comedy was not only an hour long but was also given a late night broadcast slot on ITV. Although reasonably successful in the UK it didn’t really take off in the US despite the high production values and glittering guest roster. But Marty had his eyes on the prize (sorry Marty..) of American recognition and it led to some very strange guest spots over the next few years. Offers to appear on US comedy and chat shows started flooding in and Marty guested on The Dean Martin Show four times in 1970 and ’71 along with a long line of shows we didn’t get in the UK such Carol Burnett,Flip Wilson, Bill Cosby, Mac Davis, Johnny Carson (4 times) and even Cher! It’s fair to say Marty was in demand. During the mid-seventies Marty also made a number of appearances on Hollywood Squares (Celebrity Squares to us) alongside the likes of Lee ‘Catwoman’ Merriweather, Vincent Price, Kelly Monteith (whatever happened to him?) Lynne Redgrave and Dionne Warwick. My favourite of Marty’s guest appearances in the US was as the ‘mystery guest’ on ‘What’s My Line‘ which also featured strange bedfellows ex-President Jimmy Carter and screen legend Joan Fontaine. He even acted in a U.S. TV version of the classic 40s Hollywood screwball comedy ‘The Man Who Came To Dinner‘ playing the part originally played by the great Jimmy Durante, ‘Banjo.’ This I would love to see! It was a far cry from Round The Horne with Kenny Williams and Betty Marsden. Marty had hit the big time! It wasn’t long before Mel Brooks with Young Frankenstein and Silent Movie would come calling and Marty would become part of the Hollywood establishment. But that’s another and not quite so interesting story. To look back on Marty Feldman’s eye-popping (sorry…) but tragically curtailed career is to look back on the golden age of British comedy. As well as laying the foundations for the new breed of surrealist, iconoclastic comedy that was Monty Python, he was up there with Galton and Simpson, Spike Milligan, the Pythons, Clement and Le Fresnais and David Nobbs as one of the great writers of TV comedy. Although his latter career was patchy and sometimes lacked the cutting edge of his earlier work, he was still hugely successful, he did become a household name and he did become more than just ‘.. him with the eyes.’ And although few people under 50 will remember Marty, the legacy of his comedy lives on. The unlikeliest of pop stars, their artistic tentacles stretched far and wide throughout the 60s and 70s cultural landscape The popular culture of the 60s and 70s rarely, if ever, leaves me stuck for ideas for a new post. Ideas sometimes come in the most unpredictable of places, however. For example, while on a leg of the North Coast 500 of Bonny Scotland last week, just outside Durness on the far north-west corner to be precise, a short shuttle to the UK’s most northerly point, Cape Wrath, my lovely wife and I went into a cafe within an artisan craft community and at the counter were a pile of very expensive looking photography books. ‘Help yourself‘, said the assistant, ‘They’re free.’ So, of course, I did, not even the threat of a contribution from HRH Prince Charles on the book jacket was enough to put me off. The book was entitled, ‘Mike McCartney’s North Highlands.’ Now this struck a chord with me. Could this be the same Mike McCartney who was once Mike McGear, younger brother of Paul McCartney, lead singer and composer of 60s pop and comedy group The Scaffold and later GRIMMS? On further examination of the inside cover, it surely was! And this got me thinking whilst driving our camper van through the breathtaking scenery of that part of Scotland. There really was more to The Scaffold than just Lily The Pink. As far as 60s credentials go, few could compete with The Scaffold, whether you liked them or not. They appeared on everything from Top of The Pops to The Basil Brush Show to cutting edge satirical comedy and poetry shows to ads for insipid beer to public information films to gigs at the prestigious Talk of the Town in that London and even their own TV series! For a few years at the end of the 60s until the early 70s The Scaffold were everywhere. The Scaffold were Mike McGear, who changed his name from McCartney to create a bit of artistic distance from his older brother Paul although it was the worst kept secret in showbiz, Roger McGough and John Gorman who all met in Liverpool in the early sixties. Rather than a pop group, were really a poetry/drama/comedy/musical act so beloved of the Edinburgh Fringe at the time and they appeared there many times before becoming well-known. They were originally called The Liverpool One Fat Lady Electric Show. ‘Two Fat Ladies‘ being the bingo call for the number 88, so as they lived in Liverpool 8 they became ‘One Fat Lady.’ But that wasn’t going to work long-term so they became The Scaffold after the classic French thriller starring Jeanne Moreau, Lift To The Scaffold. It’s often forgotten that it’s a rather grim name for such a fun group. So far, so bohemian, but that was about to change. They were spotted at the Edinburgh Fringe and eventually signed for The Beatles‘ label Parlaphone Records and were even managed by Brian Epstein for a while. But it’s when they became famous that their story really begins……. I remember quite well the first time I saw The Scaffold. Although I can’t be 100% certain, I’m pretty sure it was on an edition of that late 60s early Saturday evening floppy cheeseburger of ‘chat,’ Dee Time (much more on this strange beast to come). I’ve narrowed it down to November 4 1967 and they appeared singing their soon-to-be first hit, Thank U Very Much. It’s a song still remembered by anyone over the age of 50 due to the infectious nature of its chorus and has been used on all sorts of ads ever since. Must be nice in terms of royalty payments. Note the phonetic use of ‘U’ in the title, a few years before Slade’s deliberately poor spelling was even thought of. Clearly there was something a little different about this group. They looked like the most unlikely of pop stars but the song rocketed to No. 4 in the hit parade and made them a household name (although few households have a scaffold in their living room, I’d imagine). Written by McGear, the line ‘Thank u very much for the Aintree Iron‘ continues to confound those trying to work out what this item actually is. McGear refuses to explain and many increasingly odd theories have been propounded. One bizarre suggestion was from someone who claimed to have heard McGear explain that it was a reference to Brian Epstein who lived in Aintree and he was a cockney rhyming slang ‘iron hoof.’ This sort of language was not unusual in the 60s, of course, and might have explained why McGear is so reticent to explain its meaning. But McGear refutes this theory completely as Epstein didn’t even live in Aintree and I believe him. I can’t help but think, though, it’s something rude or even defamatory hence McGear’s reticence to reveal its meaning. But the mystery rumbles on to this day and there’s nothing like a good mystery to keep the memory of a group alive. Their follow-up Do You Remember, written by McGear and McGough, didn’t have the catchiness or singalong quality of Thank U Very Much and only reached No. 34 in the hit parade. Talking about remembering, I also do remember seeing them performing this in white tuxedos on the almost forgotten Roger Whittaker children’s TV show, replacing Crackerjack during the summer, Whistle Stop. I really wasn’t too impressed with this waxing although to listen to it now the lyrics were very different to Thank U Very Much and were very sixties and very Roger McGough to say the least. Nice! Sun was high So was I Clouds were low Down below…. But their musical zenith was just around the corner and in November 1968 Lily The Pink was unleashed on an unsuspecting world. It roared to No. 1 all over Europe and Asia and spent 4 weeks in the top spot in the UK and a massive 25 weeks in the chart. I even had the single! Again, it was that singalong quality that made it so successful and as a song, everyone who lived through that era will remember it and be able to recite a couple of verses. Although they had a couple of minor hits over the next few years, it’s not just their chart successes that make them interesting, I feel. It was only after Lily The Pink that The Scaffold, in my view, became really interesting. Between 1969 and 1973 The Scaffold were ubiquitous throughout popular culture. For example, they were regular guests on a range of TV variety shows, often sharing these shows with some strange bedfellows. I’ve already mentioned The Scaffold’s possible first ever TV appearance on the 4 November 1967 edition of Dee Time but their appearance on the same show a year and a half later happened to be the day before the Apollo moon landing astronauts returned to Earth. This would explain TV astronomer Patrick Moore’s appearance on the show but not legendary British actor Wilfrid Hyde-Whyte. Whether The Scaffold performed a song is unknown but they were up against the variety might of Genxculture favourite Clodagh Rodgers and one-hit-wonders Zager and Evans who were on their way to the No.1 spot with ‘In The Year 2525.’ A suitably space-age song for a suitably space-age edition of Dee Time. The weird juxtaposition of guests on Dee Time was a regular aspect of the programme and Genxculture will be returning to this strange variety melange very soon. As well as Crackerjack and Whistle Stop their TV appearances were regular and they performed on many wide and varied TV series of the 60 s and 70s including Top of The Pops (obviously), Ready Steady Go, The Golden Shot, The Basil Brush Show (excellent!), Doddy’s Music Box (Excellent!) and the 60s alternative to TOTP pop show All Systems Freeman with Fluff Freeman. In early 1968 The Scaffold were the resident musical act in all five episodes of a virtually forgotten satirical late night (or at least late in those days) Saturday show entitled ‘At The Eleventh Hour.’ Billed by the Radio Times as ‘An end of the week look at the world or an end of the world look at the week.’ It was similar in content to That Was The Week That Was‘ and, from the little I remember of it, it was a slightly more demanding watch. Roger McGough also appeared as ‘himself’ reading his poetry. As well as The Scaffold it starred a young Miriam Margolyes and Oz magazine’s Richard Neville. 60s radical or what? The show also featured a Ray Davies of The Kinks penned current affairs song every week. He is quoted as saying that it was one of the most enjoyable jobs he ever had as he was given the topic for the song on Thursday, wrote it on Friday and it was recorded by the show’s singer, Jeanie Lambe, on Saturday and he received £25 per song. Lot of money in those days! Sadly, most of the songs are lost and most of the programmes have been inevitably wiped although it’s said two episodes are still intact in the BBC archives. I have a vivid recollection of Roger McGough reciting a poem entitled ‘At The Eleventh Hour‘ at the end of one of the shows. Pretty audacious TV even in 1968. Interestingly, on a BBC viewers’ feedback programme of the time called Talkback, hosted by, of all people, the legendary sports commentator David Coleman, At The Eleventh Hour was accused of being blasphemous! Sounds great but it was the sixties and fifties attitudes were still fairly prevalent. They recorded the theme song to a curious film starring Warren Mitchell called All The WayUp in 1970. The story of a ultra-ambitious business man and zealous social climber featured an excellent cast included Richard Briars, Kenneth Cranham and, Genxculture favourite, Adrienne Posta. Recently shown on the always excellent Talking Pictures TV, it was a waste of everyone’s talent including The Scaffold’s. But a film soundtrack allowed them to tick off yet another genre. In 1971 they were given their own BBC children’s TV series, Score With The Scaffold. This allowed their anarchic side to emerge more fully and this was hugely popular with kids. But, you’ve guessed it, no episodes of this show still exist and I have only a few memories it. The main one being the theme tune which was a version of their single 2 Days Monday from 1966 and the chorus, ‘Is everybody happy? You bet your life we are…‘ Rather chillingly, a guest on the final show of the second series was friend of The Royals and various politicians, Jimmy Savile…. In early 1971, as a precursor to decimalisation, The Scaffold were asked to write and record five short songs to help people get their heads around this fundamental societal change. The 5-minute programmes entitled ‘Decimal Five‘ went out straight after Nationwide each weeknight. The establishment tones of newsreader Robert Dougall explained how the new monetary system would work and The Scaffold sang the short ditties as aide-memoires. It’s strange that so many people still remember these one-line songs. The ones I remember were ‘Use your old coppers in sixpenny lots, meaning old pennies could only be used in multiples of six after Decimalisation Day on February 15 1971. Also One pound is a hundred new pennies, which might seem like stating the bleeding obvious now but was quite a quantum leap in thinking for people then. Even Max Bygraves released a decimalisation single! Not content with one Public Information Film they were also asked to do another about the more prosaic subject of turning right safely whilst driving. The refrain ‘Nice and easy gets you there‘ became a very seventies grim juxtaposition between two young people dying horribly in a car crash and the alternative scenario of the young man being successful in his sexual conquest. And it was all down to being able to turn right safely. But as well as PIFs The Scaffold were also happy to make a fast buck from a bit of TV advertising. And who could blame them! To the tune of Lily The Pink they advertised Watney’s Pale Ale in their trademark white tuxedos in 1969, changing the lyrics of their blockbuster hit slightly. Inevitable, I suppose and I hope they got paid a packet. And it does look quite strange now to see famous people drinking alcohol in adverts. When Carla Lane wrote the long running series Liverpool-set comedy series The Liver Birds it made sense to have a Liverpool group do the theme tune. And who were the Liverpool group of the moment in 1969? Why, The Scaffold of course and their self-penned theme is still strongly identified with that long running series. The Scaffold’s association with The Beatles didn’t end with Mike McGear either. Mike was one of the individuals taken along on the legendary The Magical Mystery Tour (See posting below) and it was McGear who recommended The Bonzo Dog Doodah Band to Paul when he was looking for an act to perform in the strip club scene of the film. The Scaffold had worked with The Bonzos before and worked with them again after they‘split up’ in the early 70s as GRIMMS. Roger McGough even wrote the bulk of the dialogue for Yellow Submarine but, for some reason, was uncredited. Now if that’s not interesting, I don’t know what is! However, he is reported to have received £500 for his contribution, a pretty tidy amount in the 60s but I still think I’d have liked a credit. The Scaffold also sang backing vocals on various Beatles‘ albums, often uncredited. The Scaffold never really split up properly, they just became involved in their own particular interests. Roger McGough worked with The Mersey Sound poets Adrien Henry and Brian Patten, became a prolific and hugely successful writer of poetry, eventually began presenting Poetry Please on BBCRadio 4 (which he still does) and is now President of The Poetry Society. John Gorman appeared in a number of 70s films such as Up The Chastity Belt with Frankie Howerd, Alan Parker’s excellent ‘Melody‘ and Terry Gilliam’s ‘Jabberwocky.’ He eventually joined the cast of Tiswas, went on to write and appear in the adult version OTT and continued to write scripts for Chris Tarrant. Mike McGear (now McCartney again) had a relatively successful solo career, formed GRIMMS with the great Viv Stanshall and the sadly recently departed Neil Innes and later devoted his time to photography. All have reformed at various times to perform as The Scaffold and all are happily still very much with us. They may not have looked or even sounded like pop stars but what an amazing and hugely enjoyable cultural trip they had. Few TV series reflect the weirdness of the sixties quite like The Avengers and it still stands the test of time, in fact it has benefitted from it. The Avengers, for me, is the second most brilliant TV programme of the 60s (and probably the 70s). So why has it taken Genxculture so long to write about this fantastic series? Really, because it’s such a difficult, complex and unique series to unpack and with so much to write about, it’s a mammoth task. Where to start? But with the incredibly sad passing of the wonderful Diana Rigg recently it seemed the right time to celebrate a show that was quirky, unique, funny, clever, sometimes violent, usually weird and always utterly engaging. As sixties attitudes go, it had it in bucketloads. The Avengers ran from 1961 to 1969, or until 1977 if you count the awful New Avengers (which we won’t be doing there…). But for real Avengers’ aficionados the classic period was from series 4 in 1965 to series 6 in 1969. The previous version (Series 1-3), although influential in many ways, was just a crime/ espionage thriller and lacked the quirkiness, the humour, the atmosphere, narrative creativity and utter weirdness of the subsequent series 4-6. It did introduce John Steed played by Patrick MacNee, of course, who was a much more serious, mainstream sort of character and it also introduced the legendary proto-feminist Cathy Gale, played by also recently sadly departed Honor Blackman. What’s important about this character is that she was the first female character on TV to be not only intelligent, she was an anthropologist, and dressed in leather boots and catsuits, she could also look after herself in a physical fight with men. She eventually left the series in 1964 to take the role of Pussy Galore in Goldfinger but her influence endured and many of her facets were adopted by the wonderful Diana Rigg when she took over as Steed’s partner in 1965 for series 4. An indication of the programme’s popularity and of Blackman’s was that both she and Patrick MacNee released a single entitled Kinky Boots, originally created for an item on That Was The Week That Was by Ned Sherrin. Although not a hit, it was played regularly and was well known at the time. By the time the producers and creators, Brian Clemens and Albert Fennell got around to recruiting a young up and coming actress, Diana Rigg, to replace Blackman, they had decided to take The Avengers in a very different direction and one that would write the series into TV history. The conventional narratives of series 1-3 were laid to rest, the flirtatious, innuendo filled exchanges between Steed and Emma, and later Tara, the eccentric nature of characters and plots, the flamboyant sixties sets and iconography and the often uneasy but fascinating juxtaposition of violence and comedy took centre stage. It has to be remembered that 1965 was a time of monumental change in British society. Young people were beginning to question the supposed cherished ideals of the 50s. It was a time when literature, theatre and the cinema were experimenting with unconventional narratives. A time of Pinter, the French Nouvelle Vague and Godard, Italian post-neo realism and Antonioni, The Beatles were starting to pull back the boundaries of music, Stockhausen was throwing out the classical music rule books, post-modernism was all around and was manifested in the literature of Burroughs and Malamud and the pop art of Warhol, Hockney and Liechtenstein while Lindsay Anderson, Tony Richardson and Dick Lester were making a type of film we’d never seen before. TV and film could now take chances, it didn’t all have to be believable or realistic. In fact, the less realistic the better as the 50s had been a decade of stultifying realism. And into this dizzying cultural milieu emerged a series that embraced and nodded to many of these game-changers. The Avengers! The first stage in the creation of this newly and vastly improved series was the introduction of Diana Rigg as Emma Peel. Although not the first choice for the role she took to it like a hog to persimmons and her on-screen chemistry with Patrick MacNee was clear from Episode 1 of series 4. Producer Brian Clemens had decided the series needed a female protagonist similar to Blackman but with extra ‘m(an)-appeal’ and Emma Peel was born. Diana Rigg appeared in 51 episodes of The Avengers beginning in September 1965 with The Town of No Return and finishing almost exactly three years later with The Forget-Me-Knot in September 1968, which also introduced her successor Linda Thorson as Tara King. Rigg went on to become a Bond girl, like Honor Blackman, in one of the best Bond’s ever, On Her Majesty’s Secret Service and then became an acclaimed stage, film and TV actress until her very sad death in 2020. Linda Thorson never really filled the Rigg leather catsuit and lacked the confidence, wit, intelligence and athleticism of Emma Peel but she did appear in some classic Avengers’ episodes. How she got the part has always been a little mysterious. It’s alleged the short-lived producer of series 6, John Brice, was having a relationship with her at the time they were scouting around for Rigg’s replacement. With little acting experience she was always going to be a stretch but she did become synonymous with the classic Avengers and was certainly in better episodes than any of the awful New Avengers. It was one of the first British series to be sold and aired on prime-time US television, ABC paying £2 million for the first 26 episodes of the MacNee / Rigg era. This allowed the producers to use outdoor locations and employ casts of leading actors as well as expensive indoor sets and impressive special effects. It also meant that in 1966 series 5 would be filmed in colour. Although this didn’t affect the UK market as colour broadcasting was still some way off, it appealed to the more technically sophisticated American market. And it was this American popularity that pushed the writers into creating stories that were quintessentially English, not British, although most Americans probably thought English was British as many still do. So Steed’s bowler hat, umbrella, vintage car and impeccable manners became a vital part of The Avengers’ USP. Many stories also pushed this anglocentric narrative but often in a hugely ironic way that British viewers would have noticed and enjoyed but most Americans would probably have missed but certainly have appreciated in a different way. Steed’s image was so important to the marketing of the series to other countries that often their titles reflected it. In Germany, for example, The Avengers was known as Mit Schirm, Charme and Melone or ‘With Umbrella, Charm and Bowler Hat‘ or in France Chapeau melon et bottes de cuir (Bowler Hat and Leather Boots which sounds like a 60s soft-porn film). Not exactly giving the casual viewer much inkling as to what this series might be about. Watching The Avengers today really reveals what an exceptional series it was. The acting of Patrick MacNee, at the time, seemed casual almost as if he wasn’t really trying but on further analysis it was quite superb. As well as having to play other characters as in ‘Who’s Who‘ (S5,E16) and ‘They Keep Killing Steed‘(S6,E12) he also played other people when working undercover. The effortless chemistry between Steed and Emma is a shining example of two-handed acting at its best and because you hardly even notice it, it makes it even more impressive. When Linda Thorson arrived there was still chemistry but the dynamic had changed. They were still partners, probably even romantic partners, but it was not, like Steed and Emma, an equal partnership. Tara was very much the junior, more subservient partner. She did not have the confidence, the wit, the physical presence or the acting ability of Rigg. But, after a while, she settled into the role. The Avengers was never quite the same but it still retained that surrealistic, strange, distinctive atmosphere. And with some of the Tara episodes, even more so. So what was it about The Avengers that made it so unique? Well… The openings: Although the opening credits changed occasionally the opening ‘teaser’ sequence was always designed to get the viewer interested, intrigued and usually puzzled straight away. The sequence normally began in a straightforward way with conventional characters in a conventional settingbut the pay off would be of a bizarre, strange or ludicrous nature. For example, in The £50,000 Pound Breakfast (S5,E19) a man driving a car is having a conversation with an unseen passenger, who sounds like a child, about driving to Switzerland. Suddenly he is involved in a crash which renders him unconscious. As bystanders drag him out of the car the door of the passenger seat is opened and a ventriloquist’s dummy tumbles out. In The Town Of No Return (S4,E1) a fisherman on the beach is mending his nets. Suddenly an object that looks like a bubble emerges from the sea. The bubble begins to unzip revealing a city gent in a bowler hat and umbrella who walks up the beach, nodding to the fisherman who carries on unsurprised by what just happened, In The Murder Market (S4,E7) a middle-aged man and woman meet up on a blind date and after some brief pleasantries the woman pulls out a gun from her handbag and shoots the man, In The Correct Way To Kill (S5,E9) a foreign agent lurks at night in the foggy back alleys of some British town. He is approached by two city gents in bowler hats and umbrellas who greet him before producing guns with silencers and shoot the foreign agent dead. In Murdersville (S5,E23), two country-types sit outside a pub in a picturesque English village drinking beer and chatting about the weather, suddenly a man emerges from the doorway of the pub pursued by another who shoots him dead. The yokels carry on chatting as if nothing has happened. In Death’s Door (S5,E18) a British diplomat is driven in a limousine to a conference but when he approaches the entrance to the building he suddenly panics and refuses to cross the threshold fearing for his life. For the start of Series 6 we also had an idiosyncratic opening straight after this ‘teaser’ sequence where Emma would be involved in some activity like painting or decorating or watching TV when she would notice a message appearing in the most unexpected way saying ‘Mrs Peel, we’re needed!’ And Steed would appear. This opening was scrapped after about 15 episodes to save money, for some reason. My particular favourite ‘teaser’ to an episode, however, is The Girl From Auntie (S4,E17). It’s an early sunny morning and we’re outside the entrance of what seems like a huge house near a river. Emma suddenly emerges in her finery with balloons having been attending a very big all-night party (this was the sixties after all!) and moves towards her car. Another female party-goer comes out followed by a male in a tuxedo wearing a pig’s head mask. They embrace and drive off leaving Emma watching them. Suddenly, on the road, an old lady dressed in black on a bicycle approaches and falls off. Emma runs across to help but the old lady produces some knitting needles from the bicycle’s basket and stabs Emma who collapses unconscious. And if that doesn’t get an audience interested I don’t know what will. The stories: The original three series of The Avengers with MacNee and Blackman used a fairly conventional crime/ espionage narrative. From series 4, however, convention went out the window. Stories often belonged to the science fiction genre, they were fantastical, technological, macabre, mysterious and usually downright weird. They weren’t meant to be believable, there was plenty of that on telly already, but The Avengers wanted their viewers to be transported for an hour to forget about verisimilitude or realism and exist in Avengerland for a while. Who cares if Emma or Steed are transported back in time, or reduced to 6 inches in size, or that the population of a military aerodrome suddenly disappears, or that a quaint English village becomes populated with murderous assassins, or that a terrifying comic strip character comes to life to kill its enemies, or that two music hall comedians go on a psychotic killing rampage, or that they are pursued by an invisible killer or that their lives are threatened by psychopathic robots? I could, of course, go on but this gives only a taste of the some of the quirkier plots which all seemed completely normal when watching The Avengers. Narrative techniques: The relatively generous budget enjoyed by The Avengers production allowed a dizzying range of techniques to be used. Moving camera, unusual camera angles, highly coloured sets (in Series 5 and 6), expensive props, flamboyant costumes, expansive location filming, dream sequences and special effects (for the time) were all used liberally to enhance the strangest of plots. Sixties iconography: The Avengers wore its swinging sixties credentials on its designer sleeves. Apart from Emma and Steed’s ultra-fashionable gear, the pop art backdrops, abstract narrative concepts and postmodern textual references were all over the series like a rash. Have a look at the dream-like hypnotism sequences in ‘Something Nasty in The Nursery‘ (S5, Ep 14), or the flamboyant set of The Superlative Seven (S5,E12), a spoof on The Magnificent Seven, (S5, Ep 12) or some of the imagery in ‘The Hour That Never Was,‘ (S4 Ep 9) or the weird opening sequence of The Girl From Auntie, mentioned above, a reference to popular US series The Girl From Uncle (S4, Ep 14) or the pop art sets in ‘Game‘(S6, Ep2), or The Winged Avenger (S5,E6). It’s all there in spade loads. Eccentric guest characters: Between 1965 and 1969 The Avengers featured an A-Z of great British (and occasionally American) character actors. Name a well-known character actor from the 60s and he or she will almost certainly have appeared in The Avengers, often on more than one occasion. Usually this actor will have played a wonderfully observed British eccentric and eccentricity ran through The Avengers like the writing through Blackpool Rock. Examples, in no particular order, included: Bernard Cribbins: Plays Arkwright, a knitting instructor (geddit?) who conducts his lessons like a sequence dance in The Girl From Auntie (S4, E17) and then a brilliant turn in Look, (Stop Me If You’ve Heard This One), But There Was These Two Fellers.. (S6, E11) as Bradley Marler, a joke writer who is almost engulfed by the discarded jokes surrounding his desk. It’s a bit like Winnie in Beckett’s Happy Days, if that doesn’t sound too pretentious. Which it does. Also appearing in this episode was a young John Cleese as Marcus Rugman, a crotchety civil servant whose job it is to keep the archives of each individual clown’s face makeup painted meticulously on eggs. That story writes itself… Roy Kinnear: Great comic character actor was perfect for the sort of roles required in The Avengers. He appeared in three Avengers episodes (four if you include an early Cathy Gale Avengers outing), and was in the very last classic Avengers episode Bizarre (S6 Ep33) as Bagpipes Happychap (they were trying just a bit too hard by this time) as a jolly undertaker. He also played an Avengers’ favourite in The See-Through Man (S5, Ep4), a nutty scientist experimenting with explosives. This story also wrote itself. Ronnie Barker: He had to appear at some point in The Avengers and it just happened to be a quintessentially brilliant, but quite violent, episode, The Hidden Tiger (S5, E8). He plays the nutty plus-foured Mr Cheshire, the manager of PURRR, (Philanthropic Union for the Rescue, Relief and Recuperation of Cats). A wonderfully daft and visually striking episode. Warren Mitchell: The early classic Avengers was still ostensibly about espionage and Warren Mitchell turned up twice as the same character, an inept and reluctant Russian spy, Brodny, who enjoyed the comforts of the West a little too much, who Steed played like balalaika. He is the only guest character to appear twice, in Two’s A Crowd (S4, E12) and The See-Through Man (S5, E4). Four legendary Dad’s Army actors appeared in classic The Avengers episodes: Arthur Lowe: A racing nut with a Brand’s Hatch simulator In Dead Man’s Treasure (S6, E16) Clive Dunn: As an eccentric toy shop owner who manufactures toys for the aristocracy in Something Nasty In The Nursery (S5, E14) John Laurie: As a slightly unhinged railway enthusiast in A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Station (S5, E13). He also appeared in Tara King episode Pandora (S6, E31) as well as two Cathy Gale episodes. John Le Mesurier: As a dodgy gun-toting butler in What The Butler Saw (S4, E22). Peter Wyngarde: TV sex-bomb Wyngarde appeared in two classic Avengers episodes including the most notorious ever, A Touch of Brimstone (S4, E21) which recreated The Hellfire Club and had Emma dressed in all sorts of bondage gear! Very daring even for the 60s. So much so that ABC in America pulled this episode as all their bible belt Christian fundamentalists would have probably enjoyed this episode a little too much. Wyngarde also camped it up in Epic (S5, E11) where he plays an ageing Hollywood actor who, along with another actor and director, essentially are filming a snuff movie with Emma as the star/ victim. Jeremy Lloyd: Are You Being Served writer and once Rowan and Martin’s Laugh In cast member appeared as an upper class chimney sweep (what was he in when he wasn’t ‘upper-class’?) in From Venus With Love (S5,E1), the first full colour episode of The Avengers and then in the later Thingamajig (S6, E26) as a vicar friend of Steed’s. Violence: It was decided at the start of Series 4 that Avengerland would not feature the police, as the cases Steed and Emma were called to were of a nature that excluded the police. The police being called, apart from getting in the way of Steed and Emma/Tara’s investigation, would have added too much of an everyday realism to the show, something that was anathema to Avengerland. It was also decided that there would be no blood in any of the murders, killings and assassinations featured throughout the series. Although other characters used guns, it was rare for for Steed or Emma to wild them. This, of course, added to the comic strip violence which often concluded many episodes but that’s not to say the series wasn’t violent. Much of the death in The Avengers was very violent, so much so that for the afternoon re-runs on ITV 4 some years ago, some supposedly violent scenes were edited out and the ABC network in the US during the 60s scheduled the programme at 10.00pm due to this. Episodes: Between the start of Series 4 in 1965 and the final episode of Series 6 in 1969 for anyone unfamiliar with The Avengers I would, quite literally, recommend any episode should one want to experience just a taste of what The Avengers was all about. Every episode involved the classic elements that made the series so unique. But if I was pressed to come up with what I believe were the most memorable and the ones that included every wonderfully surreal component in bucketloads (in no particular order) I would suggest….. Death At Bargain Prices (S4, E4) After an agent is killed in a large London department store Emma and Steed are sent to investigate. The surrealism the director and writers manage to squeeze out of this location is impressive and the ending is genuinely weird! Some superb use of outsize cartoon characters. The Murder Market (S4, E7) Some things never change and computer dating is explored here although of a slightly less technological type than now. Steed and Emma investigate some bafflingly motiveless murders linked to Togetherness Inc. dating agency. MacNee is superb in this episode and the opening sequence is wonderfully surprising. The Hour That Never Was (S4, E9) One of my top five Avengers episodes of all time. Emma accompanies Steed to a military reunion at an airfield in the English countryside. On their arrival they find it deserted but with some tantalising signs of life. An abandoned bicycle with its wheel still revolving, a mysterious milk float always being mysteriously driven just out of reach, the officers’ mess set for the celebration. A wonderfully surreal episode with some quite existential images of isolation and alienation. Too Many Christmas Trees (S4, E13) Worth watching for Steed’s brilliantly creepy opening dream sequence, the brooding supernatural atmosphere and the final fight scene in a hall of mirrors. The Girl From Auntie (S4, E17) Another of my personal favourites and a nod to their US market through their humorous reference to the popular Girl From Uncle TV series (More on this later). I’ve already mentioned the fantastically surreal, quintessentially sixties opening sequence. With a superbly eccentric turn from the great Bernard Cribbins as a terpsichorean knitting instructor to the high body count and Emma being kidnapped and held in a gilded cage, replaced for the episode by ubiquitous 60s actress Liz Fraser, it’s a complete joy but, as with so many Avengers plots, don’t think through the ending too much. The House That Jack Built (S4, E23) An Avengers all-time top three episode for me. Truly terrifying, existential and brilliantly constructed by creator and regular writer Brian Clemens. Emma is lured to an isolated country house and is trapped in a murderous web of psychological terror. I actually remember watching this episode when it was initially broadcast on 5 March 1966 and it had a profound effect on me then. Genuinely disturbing and absolutely engrossing. A tour de force. Escape In Time(S5, E3) Who would have thought The Avengers would get involved in time travel? Well, me for one as nothing surprises me about Steed and Emma’s adventures. A terrific turn by Peter Bowles as the psychopathic Matthew Thyssen and a superbly weird, almost silent, scene in an Avengerland thoroughfare called Mackidockie Street (which crops up in another Avengers episode) as they investigate some world criminals disappearing, seemingly into thin air. The Winged Avenger (S5, E6) Another classic which is not only frightening but superbly written. With some pop art references to wonderful mega-US series Batman (more on this later), Steed and Mrs Peel investigate the brutal deaths of some businessmen from the publishing industry. The men appear to have been torn to ribbons by powerful claws (although no blood is in evidence, obviously) and the trail leads to the writers of a super hero comic strip. Another episode I remember watching on its first broadcast on 18 February 1967 and found it terrifying, particularly the opening sequence. An Avengers’ triumph in every way. Something Nasty In The Nursery (S5, E14) A group of men involved in government secrets find themselves regressing to childhood and sitting in their nurseries with a bouncing ball, and an unseen nanny lurks in the background. This leads Steed and Emma to a school for training nannies and the strangeness just develops from here. With guest stars including Clive Dunn and Yootha Joyce, the regressive sequences are beautifully psychedelic and strange. Look-(stop me if you’ve heard this one before) But There Were These Two Fellers… (S6, E10) Although this is the only Tara King episode I’ve included, its a cracker! At the beginning of filming what turned out to be the final series of the classic Avengers, writer Dennis Spooner revealed that they knew it was going to be the last series. ABC had scheduled the previous series up against the hugely successful Rowan and Martin’s Laugh In and The Avengers just couldn’t compete. Because they knew it was final series writers and directors knew they could pretty much do what they wanted to do for the last 32 episodes and that’s exactly what they did. Plots got even weirder, characters even more eccentric, and plots even more unbelievable (if that was possible). Sometimes this laissez faire approach worked and sometimes it didn’t. For me, this episode summed up the wonderfully overblown surrealism of the series and although it’s the episode that splits Avengers’ fans, there is so much to admire in it. There’s far too much going on it to describe here but it involves two music hall clowns (Jimmy Jewell and a silent Julian Chagrin) bumping off a number of people involved in the building industry. It’s extremely funny (particularly the scenes in the Vauda Villa, a rest home for underused variety artists), colourful, bizarre, includes terrific guest star turns from Bernard Cribbins, John Cleese and, as mentioned, Jimmy Jewell and is often quite disturbing. Even more so for anyone suffering from coulrophobia. In a word: sensational! But not for everyone….. So where did it all go wrong? Well it didn’t really, but because of the incredible standard of the series 4 and 5, series 6 just seemed a bit predictable and pedestrian at times. It didn’t help that Linda Thorson was no Diana Rigg but some episodes just seemed to be constructed of gratuitous Avengerisms. Some episodes, though, were still excellent such as The Interrogators with Christopher Lee (S6,E13), Wish You were Here (a homage to The Prisoner, more on that to come…) (S6,E19), Take Me To Your Leader (S6,E21) and My Wildest Dream (S6,E31). It was far from being bad, it just wasn’t as good or creative as many of the earlier episodes. The introduction of ‘Mother‘ (Patrick Newell) and his non-speaking assistant Rhonda, Steed and Tara’s boss, didn’t help. Including another regular character took it further away from Avengerland I felt, and although some of Steed’s meetings with Mother were characteristically strange (on the top of a London bus, down a manhole, in a swimming pool) it added too much of a comedy element. There was always comedy in The Avengers but Mother tipped the scales in the wrong direction slightly. But to quibble about the final series is a bit like complaining about the quality of different brands of champagne (an appropriate analogy for The Avengers). It pulled back the boundaries of what TV thrillers could be, in fact what TV could be, and few programmes have lived up to its audacious, anarchic, creative and surreal mood. Although over 50 years old, it still seems as fresh and daring now as it did then. But, should you decide to dip in to this visual rollercoaster of 60s genius, don’t think too much about the destination, just enjoy the ride. And after all that, what is the greatest TV programme of the 60s? Well, The Prisoner. Obviously. Or is it…..? Find everything you’ll ever need to know about this TV classic at the superb www.theavengerstv.com He may have been largely forgotten but his music is remembered by everyone It continually surprises me just how connected the showbiz world of the 60s and 70s was. So many of the posts below seem to feature the same people in the most bizarre of circumstances. And it isn’t, by any means, only Ed ‘Stewpot’ Stewart, but even he has another walk-on part in the story of the man who composed the soundtrack for 60s and 70s Britain. No one under the age of 40 will know who Tony Hatch is. Few people over the age of 40 will remember him. But everyone will know his music as it has been omnipresent within our popular culture for over 60 years. Still very much with us, Tony Hatch should be remembered as penning hit records, film scores, advertising jingles and of course, TV themes. He was even the very first nasty talent show judge. Tony Hatch, we salute you! Starting out as a tea boy with a London music company at 16, he subsequently joined Top Rank Records and was producing acts as diverse as Bert Weedon (‘We are normal, we dig Bert Weedon‘), Adam Faith and Carry On’s Kenneth Connor. Before long he was writing songs and this where the legend that is Tony Hatch really began. Writing under the pseudonym Mark Anthony,Hatch wrote ‘Messing About On The River’, a hit for Scottish singer Josh McCrae. At this time he was also writing and producing for the Pye label’s American roster which included Chubby Checker,Connie Francis, Pat Boone and Big Dee Irwin. During the early 60s when The Beatles and the Liverpool Explosion were dominating popular culture, on his first trip to Liverpool he discovered a band called The Searchers, who were named after the classic John Ford western, and wrote Sugar and Spice for them, giving the group their first huge number one hit. As a producer at Pye he worked with some of the greats and not so greats of the 60s music industry. Some of his more interesting collaborations included Benny Hill (great), Bruce Forsyth, Norman Vaughan (not so great), French crooner (and brilliant jazz guitarist) Sacha Distel and the bafflingly successful Craig Douglas (see The Lost World of TV Ventriloquists). He also worked with The Overlanders, who reached Number One in 1967 with a cover version of The Beatles ‘Michelle‘. They were one of the few bands to cover a Lennon/ McCartney song which The Beatles hadn’t released as a single themselves, at least not in the UK. This song won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year ahead of such easy listening classics as The Impossible Dream, Born Free, Somewhere My Love and Strangers In The Night. Hatch, with his writing partner of the time, soon to be his wife, Jackie Trent also composed ‘Joanna‘ for the great Scott Walker. Achieving a chart high if No. 7 it helped re-launch Walker’s career after he split from The Walker Brothers, who, of course, weren’t brothers. This was a time when serious artists like Scott Walker might collaborate with easy-listening supremos like Hatch but he would also sing Jacques Brel as well as his own compositions. In fact, it’s a measure of the weirdness of 60s and 70s variety that Walker would perform Brel’s ‘Jackie‘ on The Frankie Howerd Show in 1967, or Jimi Hendrix would perform Purple Haze on It’s Lulu or Dizzy Gillespie would perform Be-Bop jazz on The Golden Shot, all in the early 70s. Strange days. But it was his collaborations with Petula Clark in the mid-late 60s which really made his name. ‘Don’t Sleep in the Subway,’ ‘The Other Man’s Grass,’ ‘I Couldn’t Live Without Your Love‘ and the all-time classic ‘Downtown‘ were all huge hits. Many written with Jackie Trent, it was a hugely successful period for Hatch. If any song is to be associated with Tony Hatch it would have to be Downtown. As a song it still sounds fresh and immediate today, evoking the atmosphere and excitement of a busy metropolis. The song, not surprisingly, was written while Hatch was in New York and the title certainly suggests a busy American city, the word ‘downtown’ not really being common in the UK, which only added to its uniqueness. He supposedly wrote it with The Drifters and Ben E. King in mind and one can see that collaboration really working, even though Hatch denied ever offering it to them. But Petula Clark made it, pretty much, her theme song and it has been covered by over 150 other artists including Frank Sinatra. It was only stopped getting to number one in the Hit Parade by The Beatles at their popular zenith with ‘I Feel Fine‘ which sold a gargantuan 1.42 million copies and is the fourth highest selling Beatles‘ single. Interestingly, playing guitar on the Downtown recording session was a young session musician called Jimmy Paige. But as well as his huge successes with Petula Clark, Hatch also had a fairly lucrative and still hugely memorable sideline in writing TV themes. Everyone, and I mean everyone, in the UK during the 60s and 70s remembers Tony Hatch theme tunes. Many of which are still synonymous with the programme they were written for, and many of his themes are remembered long after the programme has been forgotten. And it this element of his work which, for me, raises him to legendary status. I have written previously in this little blog space of how certain TV programmes of the 60s and 70s were more popular than they deserved to be at the time and endured, mainly due to a killer theme tune. Van Der Valk would never have been as successful, I feel, without the brilliant Eye Level by The Simon Park Orchestra or the wonderfully expansive theme for The High Chaparral which provided such up-market packaging for a fairly humdrum 70s western series. Some of Hatch’s themes did this for many 60s and 70s series. It’s nearly 60 years (yikes!) since Crossroads hit our screens and for many of a certain age (i.e. me) it is still a memorably bad but much missed series. If a straw poll was taken of people who are aware of Tony Hatch and his work, and there are many, this, I feel, would be the piece of music he will always be associated with, whether he likes it or not. I wouldn’t imagine he’d be too happy about this given the scale, quantity and quality of his output over the years but, as Harry Worth would say, there it is. This does not diminish his achievements in any way but everyone is remembered for something. I have written about the amazing Crossroads and its iconic theme elsewhere in this little blog space (See Standing At The Crossroads of (TV) History) so won’t dwell on it too long, but this is the theme of themes. Memorable, catchy, melodic, unusual (in it’s use of the oboe and harp) and absolutely totemic. It was even re-worked by Paul McCartney on his Venus and Mars album and this version was eventually used occasionally for particularly sensitive conclusions to episodes (and there were plenty of those!). Thematic genius and, I’m sure, a nice little earner for Tone. And he repeated it again in 1972 for Emmerdale Farm (it’ll always be Emmerdale Farm to me), still played every weekday night to this day and, of course, Neighbours in 1985, composed with his then-wife Jackie Trent, which isn’t played every night anymore, but anyone from that era could still sing the opening few lines, even if they didn’t watch the programme. And there was, of course, The Champions. Now, I loved The Champions. At the time. Having watched a few episodes recently I couldn’t help but feel the premise of some secret agents having super powers endowed after a plane crash in the Himalayas was silly, not to say repetitive, and the plots formulaic. You waited for most of the one hour episode until the moment when they used their super powers. The rest was pretty humdrum. Despite being very popular it, surprisingly, only lasted two series and 30 episodes between 1968 and 1969. I always thought Alexandra Bastedo (Sharon MacReadie), a great favourite of adolescent boys, was a bit mealy-mouthed and too sweet to be wholesome and William Gaunt (Richard Barrett) a touch miscast as he looked and behaved a little like an Assistant Manager in a Building Society. But that’s just me in my boring maturity. However, humming Hatch’s theme in my head still gives me a feeling of excitement and anticipation like it did then when The Champions was broadcast all those years ago. For an 8 or 9 year old this was a big weekly event. Bizarrely, and we do like bizarre things at Genxculture, in 2007 Guillermo Del Toro was reported to be writing and producing a screenplay for a big screen adaptation of The Champions. Sadly, to date, nothing has come of it but that would have been interesting. Very interesting. In those 60s and 70s days when football was severely rationed, and all the better for it, we were sometimes thrown some crumbs of football highlights on a Wednesday night along with the odd boxing match, although I can’t really remember any other sports being broadcast, on Sportsnight With Coleman presented by the legendary David Coleman. Tony Hatch’s theme tune caught the excitement of the cut and thrust of competitive sport perfectly as the floodlights in the opening credits blazed brightly over the sporting arena. Like so many of his other themes, anyone of a certain age will remember this from the first couple of bars with the anticipation of being able to watch some grainy monochrome floodlit football footage on a Wednesday night a real treat. As Tony himself once said, “With an action show, you need an action theme.‘ and he gave us that here in spade loads. He also composed the theme to long-running BBC 2 sociological documentary series Man Alive. Few will remember the programme but everyone will be familiar with the theme music. Other memorable series in which Hatch contributed the theme included suave Gerald Harper upper-crust vehicle Hadleigh and proto-type Holby City teatime daily serial from the late 60s, The Doctors. Of course, no one’s perfect and he was responsible, again with Jackie Trent, for the awful Mr and Mrs theme. An awful theme for an awful programme. Hosted by ‘Mr Border TV’ Derek Batey, it permeated the myth that all married couples were deliriously happy and knew everything about one another. ‘And does he have any filthy disgusting habits that really irritate you?’ Derek would giggle as her husband was led to the soundproof box. My favourite question on Mr and Mrs was when some poor dolt was shown four different types of ladies’ shoes and asked, ‘And which of these lovely shoes would your wife prefer?’ How would he know, for crying out loud? He could see the £47 jackpot disappearing before his very eyes. I wonder how many couples’ marriages ended in divorce when it became obvious they knew nothing whatsoever about each other? And lovely hostess Susan Cuff would always sign off with, ‘Take care. Lots of care’ giving the game away that their core audience was probably not in the summer of its life. What really brought Tony Hatch to the public’s attention, however, was New Faces which took over from long-running talent show Opportunity Knocks in 1973 and was the first show of its kind to feature a panel of judges. Tony Hatch was one of the original judges and quickly became TV’s first Mr Nasty due to his honest and forthright comments on many of the performers. In those days New Faces‘ judges had to give points out of ten for ‘Presentation,’ ‘Content‘ and ‘Star Quality.’ For a troupe of Russian Dancers (a perennial favourite of talent shows) one week Tony Hatch awarded them zero for ‘Star Quality‘ which caused gasps from the studio audience. But he was right. They were hardly going to set the showbiz world on fire but I’m sure they’d get the odd gig in a church hall. The performers were also kept on camera when they were receiving their feedback, which often made for excruciatingly uncomfortable, but entertaining, viewing. It’s important to remember a couple of things in relation to current talent shows, particularly the dreadful X Factor. Tony Hatch actually knew about music having worked in the industry all his adult life. Unlike the venal Simon Cowell who knows nothing about music but does know how an act (and TV programme) might make him money and Louis Walsh who only knows about…..well, I’m not sure what he knows. Tony Hatch didn’t humiliate the contestants by featuring the poor deluded ones who couldn’t sing for the delectation of the viewing audience. He was constructive and did actually offer advice. And, unlike Cowell, he knew what he was talking about. Tony Hatch aside, the New Faces’ judges were an odd bunch. Made up of old variety stagers like Ted Ray and Arthur Askey, a few token ‘with-it’ members such as record producer Mickie Most and then-DJ Noel Edmonds, showbiz insiders like Genxculture favourites Crossroads‘ matriarch Noelle Gordon (a Hatch connection here!) and amateurish teenage pop show producer Muriel Young, the father of Ed ‘Stewpot’ Stewart’s 17 year old wife, manager Jimmy Henney but also Ed ‘Stewpot’ himself (he didn’t half get around)! But then the line-up just became surreal (or rather even more surreal). TV agony aunt Marjorie Proops, Hammer Horror actress Ingrid Pitt, dog-food advertiser and Liberal MP Clement Freud and, quite unbelievably, ‘clean-up-TV’ campaigner Mary Whitehouse! Eh? Tony also wrote the very popular theme music for New Faces entitled ‘Star‘ which was sung by ex-wild man of rock and former lead singer of The Move, Carl Wayne which became a minor hit. You’re a star, superstar On you go it’s your finest hour And you know that you’ll go far ‘cos you’re a sta-ar A verse almost everyone could recite in those days. In later years Hatch’s marriage to Jackie Trent ended acrimoniously after he ran off with her best friend and after living for many years in Australia he moved to Menorca, Spain where he still lives. In 2013 he was inducted into the Songwriter’s Hall of Fame and about time too. For every Downtown, Hatch also had a Mr and Mrs and for every Crossroads he had a Neighbours but the fact is, these songs and tunes still endure after all these years and no one encapsulated a particular time in music like the great Tony Hatch. What was it with 70s radio DJs? The size of their egos (and bank balances) were in inverse proportion to their knowledge of music. For a medium which is about playing popular music to the masses there can be no individuals less qualified to deliver this seemingly uncontroversial melodic diet to our pop kids than 70s DJs. Where did it all go wrong? Well, it went wrong from the day of Radio One’s inception on September 30 1967 when a smooth-voiced male of indeterminate accent welcomed us to ‘the wonderful sound of Radio One,’ and proceeded to play Flowers in the Rain by The Move. It was all downhill from there. To understand 70s DJs you have to separate them from the music they played because most had little interest and even less knowledge of music. They had no discernible accents, they talked incessantly without really saying anything, they rarely referred to the music other than to introduce it as ‘the sensational sound of…….’ They all had their own platforms but every one sounded the same. A few DJs had their own schtick, but generally the shows were all the same and the vocabulary used was the same but the voices just sounded slightly different. Radio was just a useful peg to hang their cloak of moronic banter on and the records they played merely allowed them to take a breather, but they still managed to talk over the beginning and end of every record. A real pain when you were poised over the radio speaker with the microphone of a cassette recorder. Over the years the cult (yes, I said ‘cult’) of the personality DJ just grew. The programmes were about them, people wanted to hear them, some deluded people even wanted to see them. Thousands turned up to see The Radio One Road Show during the summer months, although I would argue that if you were young and on holiday in Cleethorpes, Margate, Blackpool or Morecambe, then of course you’d go and watch it. What else was there to do? To be fair there were a few DJs on Radio One in the 60s and 70s who actually did like music and were able to be knowledgeable about it and discuss it. John Peel, of course, fought a life-long rearguard battle to keep non-mainstream music alive on R1 but he was tucked away at the end of the day throughout the week. In the end he sort of joined them by presenting TOTP and various other R1 frivolities but he could never take that look of distaste off his face in any photograph or the heavy irony from his voice. A mucker of JP’s was former RadioLuxembourg DJ David ‘Kid’ Jensen who styled themselves ‘The Rhythm Pals‘, almost to remove themselves from the morass of blandness elsewhere on R1. Although sounding like a slick Canadian presenter (which he was) Jensen also championed new music on his Saturday morning show and certainly was responsible for helping new acts be successful in the UK. He was the first to play regularly Sultans of Swing by Dire Straits in 1979 and achieving a high of No. 8 and the rest is pop history. He also was almost single-handedly responsible for the success of Althea and Donna’s classic Uptown Top Ranking, transforming it from an obscure reggae song on a tiny label into a worldwide smash. Like Peel, Jensen’s show was on a Saturday morning so as not to frighten the weekday audience who, they perceived, wanted a diet of bland, anodyne banter and unchallenging soft pop. There were other 70s DJs who really did like music and were able to talk about it on-air. The excellent Stuart Henry, Johnnie Walker (who eventually left as he was completely pissed off with the gerontocratic culture), Alan ‘Fluff’ Freeman with his Saturday Rock Show and Paul ‘The Great Gambo’ Gambacini, for example. At the time, for young people just becoming interested in music like myself, Wonderful Radio One was the only music radio available during the day, the crackly sound of Radio Luxembourg was available at night given a decent tailwind, but it wasn’t that much different. The DJs that were broadcasting from Luxembourg would, inevitably, be the DJs broadcasting on Wonderful Radio One eventually. So I became a Wonderful Radio One listener through necessity. It was the only place to hear current popular music and, to be fair, if you knew where to go, there was non-chart music to be found in various places around the station. What has become clear to me about these disembodied radio voices is that, for most, that is all they are. My research has revealed there is precious little of any interest to say about many of these individuals, but I suppose that just goes with the territory. What was I expecting? So, in no particular order….. Peter James Barnard-Powell joined wonderful Radio One in 1977, like so many other DJs , after a stint on Radio Luxembourg. Over the next few years he glided smoothly through the various DJ slots upsetting no applecarts or stirring up any hornet’s nests. However, his innate BBC conservatism occasionally manifested itself through the permasmile and verbal superlatives. One such incident was on his Sunday morning show where he played The Smiths’ excellent new single, The Boy With The Thorn In His Side. The title of the album the track came from, The Queen Is Dead‘, was just too much for Pete’s establishment background and he launched into a mini-diatribe about how tasteless and unnecessary this album title was. Well, he had his CBE to consider! John Peel also talked about PP’s bourgeoise attitude to anything new or different when he gave an interview to the Glasgow Herald in 2004. Peter Powell was a dick, I’m afraid. It was Peter who came to me and told me that I shouldn’t be playing hip-hop when I first started playing that because it was the music of black criminals. Unlike so many other wonderful Radio One DJs, he did have some semblance of a personal life. And what a cast-iron showbiz, Radio One personal life it was! In 1990 he married BluePeter and Wish You Were Here’s Anthea Turner in a mainstream media match from tabloid heaven. The more cynical might even have seen it as a C-list PR set-up. She had even been in a previous relationship with castle-dwelling Radio One elf Bruno Brookes, which, according to some outlets, was less than harmonious to say the least. Mind you, he had had a ‘very public’ relationship with Keith Chegwin’s sister, Janice Long. Anyone might think this was a C-List PR set-up…….. Powell is now a very successful manager of bland, mainstream morning TV celebrities (are there any other type?) including Simon Cowell, Piers Morgan and Richard and Judy. He still continues to manage Anthea Turner and I hoping he’s doing a better job of it than when they were married, though recently, you have to say, he’s taken his eye off that particular ball. The first voice heard on WonderfulRadio One on September 30 1967 and still very much around the airwaves. Blackburn is probably the DJ most associated with Radio One during the 60s and 70s. Like so many of his Radio One colleagues, his middle-class BBC credentials were as solid as his indeterminate middle-England accent. He set the tone for Wonderful Radio One, describing every record as ‘a smash‘, ‘sensational‘ or ‘poptastic,’ which, incidentally was the title of his gossamer-thin 2007 autobiography. Backed by his faithful but irritating hound Arnold, Tony Blackburn has filled pretty much every presenting slot and is still broadcasting with the BBC, although slightly less effusively. Tony conducted much of his private life over the airwaves during his mid-seventies marriage to lovely actress Tessa Wyatt. I have a vivid memory of Tone using his radio platform to lambast some tabloid journalist who dared to question Tessa Wyatt‘s acting credentials, motivating him to take a few minutes breather from playing records to read out her CV, just to hammer his point home. But Radio One DJs could do that in those days, they were so powerful within the corporation (more examples of DJs abusing the airwaves coming up). Tony was well-known enough to secure parts in pantos each Christmas and it was during the power cuts of 1973, when a power cut happened during his panto performance, that he took to the airwaves to say that the miners should go back to work as it was ruining people’s enjoyment of his art. In later years he admitted that a broadcaster should keep their political allegiances to themselves, while at the same time admitting he had no great love of unions or the TUC. Sadly, his marriage foundered when the lovely Tessa got a part in Alan Partridge’s favourite TV sitcom Robin’s Nest (‘Needless to say, plates got broken and Robin got annoyed!’). The chemistry between 60s and 70s TV stalwart Richard O’Sullivan and Tessa was not just confined to the restaurant kitchen and poor old Tony almost had a breakdown on air as a result. To be fair to Tone he has championed soul music for many years on the radio although it’s more The Stylistics and Diana Ross than The Temptations or Isaac Hayes. But credit where it’s due. Few people in the media in those days were playing black music regularly. Much to his annoyance, he was lampooned savagely in 1978 by Binky Baker and The Pit Orchestra whose single Toe-Knee Black-Burn was played widely. To add insult to injury said Binky Baker just happened to be Annie Nightingale‘s husband. Bet Radio One Christmas Parties were swinging after that. Ed ‘Stewpot’ Stewart Edward Stewart Mainwaring or should I say Ed ‘Stewpot’ Stewart has the bizarre ability to pop up in the most unexpected of places in this little blog space. Mainly because he turned up in the most unexpected of places within the 60s and 70s media, never quite reaching the pinnacle of the profession. Although, in my humble opinion, he was a terminally dull man, this didn’t stop him become something of a Radio One legend, but it, of course, went with the territory. Despite this, his career was certainly more interesting than many of the other Radio One bozos. Like most of his Radio One colleagues his middle-class credentials were solid, private school obviously, his dad a Treasury solicitor. He came to Radio One via a Hong Kong radio station and pirate radio. There is no evidence that he was particularly interested in or knew anything about music before he became presenter of Junior Choice on Saturday mornings. Silly jingles (‘ello darlin‘), Terry Scott with My Bruvver,Clive Dunn‘s Grandad, Sparky’s Magic Piano (radical), The Laughing Policeman and loads of birthday requests set the tone for this unchallenging BBC offering which he presented for 12 years. But Ed ‘Stewpot’ was never satisfied. A 6 year stint on Crackerjack between 1973-79, where he looked perennially uncomfortable, the Holiday programme with his lovely young (very young) wife Chiara, figurehead of kids’ version of TV Times, Look-In (la-la-la-la-la Look-In!) with ‘Stewpot’s Newsdesk‘. A failed attempt to become a BBC football commentator through entering a competition where he was up against Ian St. John amongst others in 1970, and various other hosting roles including the intriguing Exit! It’s The Way Out Show with a pre-Blue PeterLeslie Judd as hostess in 1966 and as a panellist on ITV talent show New Faces all helped pad out Ed ‘Stewpot’s‘ CV. He even provided the posh male voice on Lynsey De Paul’s 1973 number 14 smash, Won’t Somebody Dance With Me. According to LDP she was hit by a bus as a child (what’s funny about that?) and spent three months in bed and grew so fat no one would dance with her at junior functions. Ed ‘Stewpot’ seemed to fit the bill though. Why? Well, read on….. In 1971 Ed ‘Stewpot‘ was invited to a friend’s house, Jimmy Henney, fellow New Faces judge and manager of the great Glen Campbell, and the door was opened by his 13 year old daughter, Chiara. Thirty year- old children’s radio show presenter Ed ‘Stewpot‘ later wrote in his autobiography: I arrived at 7pm and was greeted at the door by what I can only describe as a 13 year-old apparition. She was simply stunning! Even more stunning was the fact they were married four years later and Chiara was given the day off school to attend the ceremony. But it was 1974, it was ok! The marriage eventually ended some years later when she went off with a golf pro. Ed ‘Stewpot‘ was an Everton fan as he constantly reminded listeners on Junior Choice. What’s more interesting though, he was Everton F.C.’s guest supporter on BBC’s Quizball in 1966. I’m not sure how good he would have been at quizzing but I think he was probably a ‘Route 2’ man, as he was for most of his career. Ed ‘Stewpot’ Stewart continued to broadcast at the BBC as well as many of the radio stations that ended with the word ‘Gold.’ He’ll be remembered as a DJ who didn’t seem to want to be a DJ and a nearly man who didn’t quite reach the heights he wanted to, a children’s radio and TV presenter who seemed rather awkward in the presence of children (or at least most children), a sports fan who was never really given the opportunity to be one on air and a radio and TV ‘personality’ who didn’t really have that much of a personality. Diddy David Hamilton How tickled I am….. Diddy David Hamilton‘s career changed almost as often as his hairline. Sidekick to Ken Dodd (hence the ‘diddy), Tommy Cooper and Benny Hill, on-screen announcer on Thames TV, as well as the official announcer at Fulham FC’s Craven Cottage football ground, for which Mohammed El Fayed paid him a whopping £1000 a match! Like Ed ‘Stewpot’ Stewart, Diddy David Hamilton was a voice which suited Wonderful Radio One. At the age of 35 he got his own afternoon show in 1973 and stayed there until 1986, when, at the age of 48 he left acrimoniously, lambasting the BBC due to their ‘geriatric’ music policy. Was he championing punk or did he feel German abstract electronica was being ignored or maybe he felt too few rock-a-boogie beat groups were being sidelined by the DLTRadio One pop panel. We will never know, unless, of course you read his autobiography, The Music Game, which might be a bridge too far. How bizarre, though. Diddy David has appeared on pretty much every British TV quiz show (Blankety Blank, Celebrity Squares, The Weakest Link), variety shows (Ken Dodd, Benny Hill, Dickie Henderson, Cilla Black, Morecambe and Wise), comedy concept shows ( The Golden Shot, Quick On The Draw, Give Us A Clue, The Generation Game) and even news shows ( Nationwide, Northern Life, Today) and he walked the gamut of worthy, high quality TV (Clive James On Television) as well as the nadir of TV ‘entertainment’ (An Audience with Jim Davidson). He is even one of a small select band of celebrities who have appeared on Monty Python’s Flying Circus (the others being Lulu, Ringo Starr and BBC newsreader Richard Baker). He also hosted, up and down the country, many of that most 70s of TV spectacle, the beauty contest. Miss Westward, Miss TV Times and Miss Thames TV, amongst others, all benefitted from the Diddy David Hamilton smooth treatment. He was the host in velvet jacket, frilly shirt and huge dicky-bow who gigglingly asked the searching questions as the contestants, in their swimsuits, shivered in an icy seaside wind. ‘And what will you do with the £500 if you win this contest?’ leered Diddy David. ‘I’d like to travel the world, David, and put my mother through parachute school.’ ‘And thank you Yvonne from Basingstoke. Big round of applause!’ In short, Diddy David has been around a bit and maybe that autobiography might not be the stretch it initially seemed. It’s hard to believe, I know, but Radio One DJs were seen during the 70s as glamorous, ‘happening’ people and having their finger on the pulse of the nation. Unfortunately, the pulse they had their finger on was one of a very old, very conservative, very easily pleased old man. Unless you were Jimmy Savile, DLT or even Ed ‘Stewpot’ Stewart, but that’s another story… Those wonderful people at Talking Pictures TV showed an obscure British film some months back from 1979 called Home Before Midnight. The story of a 30-something pop music composer who met a girl at a club, fell into a wild passionate affair with her, only to find out she was 15. Oops. Although the film had some interesting points to make, the representation of women was pure 70s. In an early scene the main character is entering a very fashionable, up-market London nightclub when who does he meet coming out? Why it’s man-about-town, sexy and charismatic record spinner, Diddy David Hamilton, with a tall, scantily- clad young-ish girl in tow. A conversation ensues between Diddy David and the main character along the lines of ‘What you doing with this one then, you old charmer?’ etc. During the exchange the young girl says nothing, just stands there, pouting and she is only referred to in the third person. This was clearly the director’s idea of depicting the glitterati of late swinging London, and a short, balding 41 year old radio DJ was supposed to epitomise this vibe. Clearly, Jonathan King wasn’t available. To be fair to Diddy David Hamilton, his CV is pretty impressive and he’s worked with many of the Greats, albeit in a superficial way most of the time. Just don’t try to make out he was ever glamorous or a babe magnet….. Dave Lee Travis Where to start? Well this arbiter of the young record-buying public’s music taste was Pipe Smoker of the Year 1985. And that’s about as interesting as it got with DLT. In an interview with Q Magazine not long after he ignominiously resigned ‘on air’ for maximum dramatic effect but with sadly few people really noticing, Dave Lee Travis insisted that he be known as a ‘broadcaster.’ This was his way of trying make out what he did (i.e. talk reactionary inconsequential crap for 3 hours till he was relieved by some other moron), had so much more gravitas than most gave him credit for. In fact, he was really a DJ, a disc jockey, someone who plays music for the enjoyment of listeners. Unfortunately DLT and many of his colleagues had, over the years, changed their job descriptions into cults of personality. The shows were not about the music but about them. Their jingles, their wacky comedy items, their zany quizzes, their name-dropping, their references to tabloid news stories and their private life revelations. Oh, and some records. Out of all the many purveyors of daily drivel at Radio One, DLT, The Hairy Monster, was probably the most loathsome and summed up the utter puffed up, self-aggrandising nature of those gargantuan egos. The blind rage he felt when the purge came, courtesy of Matthew Bannister in 1993, resulted from, what he believed, was his untouchable status due to 26 years believing he was bigger than the station. Not only had he occupied pretty much every prestigious presenting spot but he also sat on the Radio One playlist panel which decided what the listening public should be allowed to hear. This is the same man, as John Peel observed at a party DL:T was throwing, who possessed no records in his vast Buckinghamshire mansion and was now arbitrating on which artists should be allowed to be heard over the airwaves. Dave was never slow to let the listening public know his views on many issues of the time. During a newspaper strike in the 80s, for example, a newsagent rang in to compete in a quiz DLT ran on his show, the silly ‘snooker on the radio’ he thought was so hilarious. ‘Is there anything you’d like to say to the strikers who are affecting your livelihood?’ enquired The Hairy Monster. ‘No, not really,‘ replied the newsagent. ‘I quite agree with their grievance.‘ Nice try Dave. He even had a hit record in 1976 with the ‘comedy’ parody of C.W. McCall’s hit of the same year Convoy. Along with fellow forgotten Radio One DJ Paul Burnett, whose schtick was comedy voices, under the name Laurie Lingo and the Dipsticks they got to a nose-bleed inducing No. 4 in the charts with Convoy GB. The song was as funny as the group’s name. DLT looked menacing in his mask, the sort of guy you wouldn’t want to meet up an alley on a dark night. Especially if you were a woman. But that’s another story. Shortly after he left Radio One (just before he was pushed) he scouted around the media looking for anyone who might listen to him. It seemed that now that he had left the station, few people were really that interested. It turned out that listeners are only interested in who happens to be on the radio at the time. There didn’t appear to be dedicated DLT fans, which must have come as a shock to the Hairy Monster. Eventually Q Magazine gave him an outlet to vent his spleen and in a bizarre, often hysterical, ego- driven interview he let fly. Top of the Pops is full of shite. There’s no guiding light anywhere. There’s nobody like me to say ‘Hang on. You’re doing this all wrong.’ And, of course, DLT always had his finger on the nub of youth so he must know what he’s talking about. John Peel observed accurately in the 70s that Noel Edmonds was never bothered about being a DJ as he, like so many of his colleagues, had no particularinterest in music. It was really just a stepping stone towards what he really wanted to be: a TV presenter. Peel was usually pretty spot on about these things and I could leave things just there as every knows about Deal Or No Deal, The Late, Late Breakfast Show, Crinkly Bottom, Gotchas, Telly Addicts and god knows how many other shit Edmonds’ vehicles have sullied our TV screens. But Edmonds was responsible for an aspect of Wonderful Radio One that’s almost forgotten and it was something that really spelled the beginning of the end for Radio One as we knew it. Edmonds burst on to the Radio One big league when he replaced Blackburn on The Breakfast Show in July 1973. Like so many other DJs he’d graduated from Radio Luxembourg and had been noticed presenting various weekend shows and filling in for the likes of Kenny Everett. I can remember being quite sad when Blackburn had left The Breakfast Show as I had always listened to him as I was getting ready to go to school. I’d been given my first radio as a birthday present in November 1971 (Coz I Luv U by Slade was at number 1) and I had become a Radio One addict, well, in my defence, there was nothing else to listen to. Quickly, I realised there was more to this Edmonds than I had, at first, thought. He had some ‘zany’ characters such as Flinn The Milkman and Desmond Duck. He was really quite anarchic, or so I thought at the age of 13. He was a resounding success and Blackburn must have been raging as he only had his faithful hound Arnold who could only woof, woof for company. It was probably the first radio show, in this country at least, in which the comedy took centre stage. And to be fair, it was pretty good although now I think ‘What about the music?’ which had taken a back seat. With every other DJ it was their mindless banter, with Edmonds he was curating a show and he had seen the way radio was heading, sadly. With all the items on his show he must have been working flat out, or had a team of people working flat out to prepare it all. My favourite Edmonds’ item was The Golden Guillotine. I can’t really remember why it was called that other than at the end of the routine you’d hear the guillotine blade fall and a head bump on the ground. In fact, it was just an elaborate pun on a record he was about to play. He’d tell a story and the punchline would be the title of the song or the artist performing it. The only punchline I remember was about a burglar trying to break into a house and attempting to dislodge the glass in the window so he could gain entry. ‘And finally he….freed a pane.’ Cue Band of Gold by Freda Paine. Well, it amused me at the time. He even did a public information film for The Blood Transfusion Service in he mid-70s. Punter: How are you feeling Noel? Edmonds (in the process of giving Radio One blood): Fine. Quite, quite fine. But with success comes hubris and before long Edmonds was racing cars, living on a huge estate and commuting in a helicopter. He would regularly be photographed in a one-piece monogrammed flying suit, helmet and goggles against the backdrop of a glistening chopper. ‘My busy lifestyle demands this mode of transport,’ he’d tell us. This included ferrying performers to Wembley for Live Aid in 1985. Despite DLT dabbling in stock car racing, Edmonds took radio celebrity to a whole new plutocratic level. In fact, Noel Edmonds is the person DLT wishes he had been. To be fair, Edmond’s stratospheric rise only began properly after he left Wonderful Radio One. But it was here he really showed some talent although, like the rest, music only got in the way. When he left Wonderful Radio One in 1983 it was never going to be the same again. It wasn’t enough for DJs just to turn up every day, spin records and talk shit, although this did continue, obviously. But DJs had got too big for their boots, too rich for their own good, too secure in their tenures, too outspoken in their views, too obvious in their lavish lifestyles. Waiting in the wings was a certain Mr Matthew Bannister who was about to throw a molotov cocktail into the sherry party that had been Radio One. Although Steve Wright, strictly speaking, is an 80s DJ, I felt it worth mentioning him as he is the ultimate example of a DJ weaned on the moronic diet of Radio One in the 70s. In a Comic Strip story from the 80s two DJs are having a conversation, one with dyed blonde hair and clearly middle-class and the other played by Nigel Planer who is a little more rough and ready. ‘I’m currently working around Esher,’ says the posh jock ‘and I’ve met Steve Wright.’ ‘You’ve met Steve Wright!!!’ says Planer incredulously looking off into the middle distance. ‘Dear god……dear god….’ If ever anyone mastered the black art of talking without saying anything it was Steve Wright. I’m convinced if you ever had a private conversation with Steve Wright he would talk in the same inconsequential manner as he does on radio. In other words, there are no hidden depths to him. What you hear on the radio is the way he is. The radio love-child of Tony Blackburn, Peter Powell and Kenny Everett, if that were possible, as two-dimensional characters go, some of the ventriloquists’ dummies featured in The Lost Art of TV Ventriloquism (see below) were more human. A man so superficial he is almost translucent. Although, ironically, there is much more to Steve Wright today than when he arrived at Wonderful Radio One in 1978. Sadly for him, this is only corporeal. Steve Wright has been the great plagiarist. Nothing Steve Wright has ever done on the airwaves has been original, despite his claims. He is still known to travel to the US today to purloin things he hears US DJs doing on their shows and then maintains they are his ideas. That said, these ‘ideas’ are hardly pulling back the boundaries of radio. Arriving at Wonderful Radio One in 1978 he supposedly introduced the ‘Zoo’ format which really just means he had a couple of bozos doing the show with him. This was something he brought back from the US where it had been happening for years. He was described as being ‘anarchic,’ ‘zany’ and ‘irreverent’ but, in fact, he was, and is still, deeply conservative and is the natural progression from Blackburn, DLT and Peter Powell in terms of blandness. His ‘madcap’ characters such as Mr Angry, Damian the Radio One Social Worker and The Old Lady certainly padded out his programme and, no doubt, some people found them funny but he was really just copying Kenny Everett who’d been doing this years before and much more cleverly. In 1994 Wright won Radio Personality of the Year as voted by Sun, Daily Mirror and Record Mirror readers. Not a great return for so many years of broadcasting despite him constantly reading out letters he receives which invariably end ‘Love the show, Steve.’ To describe Steve Wright having a ‘personality’ is certainly stretching the point and it is no surprise that very little is known about Wright’s private life. He makes out it’s because he prefers to be secretive about it but I suspect it’s because there really is nothing else to know. He’s the robotic Radio One DJ taken to its inevitable conclusion in some weird Science Fiction story by Philip K. Dick. He is really only a voice but has become a totem for a type of DJ who dominated the airwaves during the 70s and are now remembered, at least a few of them, for reasons unrelated to music but entirely related to their gargantuan and unhinged personalities. How Steve Wright survived the Bannister cull in the 90s is anybody’s guess, although he did disappear from Radio 1 for a while before returning to Radio 2. Maybe he blended into the studio background and no one noticed he was there but given his years of activity, one can’t but wonder if there really is so little to the Wright backstory as there appears to be. In a tabloid article I read some years ago Steve Wright was described as a ‘pop expert‘. Never has a title been so abused given his show revolves around that malevolently trivial pentagram of Radio One, the tabloids, The One Show, Twitter and celebrity magazines such as Hello and OK. To try to conclude this article on a positive note, Steve Wright is the end of an era of banality, blandness and boring conformity. Few young people will listen to Wright and think, ‘That’s what I want to be,’ but inevitably something just as horrendous will replace it. And in Radio One‘s case during the 90s it was the appalling Chris Evans, arguably a more unhinged ego than the individuals discussed above. So much for progress but that’s life, I suppose. Crucially we have Radio 6 Music now, the station Radio One should have been all those years ago. And we have properly brilliant presenters like Stuart Maconie, Mark Radcliffe, Annie Mac, Trevor Nelson, Steve Lamacq, Lauren Laverne and Shaun Keaveney and others who not only can discuss music knowledgeably but also -and how radical is this- like it! Now just don’t get me started on local radio DJs……. The singles charts are no more but is this a good thing? The way we listen to music now has changed in a way no one could have imagined 30 years ago. Spotify, Deezer, Youtube and iPod were just fantasies in a mad science fiction writer’s crazed mind. To sit down at a small computer and, within seconds, start listening to a piece of music you hadn’t previously possessed is mind-blowing to someone like me who grew up in the 60s and 70s and listened to music in a way that is now completely obsolete. And I actually miss this anti-diluvian system of music consumption in many ways but, although, deep down, I know that the revolution has been good for music fans in so many unimaginable ways (maybe not so much for artists), I miss hugely that fulcrum of musical information, the nexus of any week’s pop knowledge, that perennial pivot of pop power, the weekly singles and album charts. Now I know charts still exist and are probably still issued weekly by some anonymous data company somewhere and are based partly on record sales (although who buys new music from a shop nowadays?) but, more importantly, ‘downloads.’ Any young person looking at these charts will get an idea of who’s hot and who’s not at the time, but nothing like in the same way we did 30 or 40 years ago. To a music and knowledge obsessed teenager like myself (who couldn’t get a girlfriend), the charts were pure gold in so many ways and guaranteed, literally, hours of analysis, interpretation, scrutiny and downright, old-fashioned enjoyment. And why was this? Read on if you’re not already mindnumbingly bored by the subject……. In the 1950s singles were really just a way of publicising an artist’s new album by releasing a single track from it. Someone somewhere had the genius idea of compiling a chart of the best sellers and the record industry never looked back. It tapped into a youth market that maybe couldn’t afford to buy albums and a whole new musical culture was created. The element of competition between artist, the emerging fan bases, the ease by which many groups and singers could more easily get themselves known and the developing TV and radio mediums all aligned at the same time to give birth to the institution they called The Hit Parade. We all knew they were manipulated, tampered with and generally orchestrated by the record companies but we didn’t really care. The singles charts were here to stay! (for a long time at least…) My first recollection of the singles charts was in 1967. We had a brown and white Bakelite radio that my mum would listen to in the morning to what was the forerunner of Radio 1, The Light Programme. She loved a record by Anita Harris (a 60s and 70s variety stalwart and still very much with us!) that was played quite regularly called Just Loving You and I remember very clearly how excited she got when she heard it had got to number 30 in the charts. To me number 30 seemed nothing special but in later years I realised getting into the top 30 meant selling a shitload of records, thousands in fact, unlike today when you can get to number 1 by getting a dozen downloads. Anita Harris eventually got to a nose-bleed- inducing number 6 and spent a staggering 30 weeks in the top 50. That was the moment I knew there was much more to the charts than met the eye. A few months later I began to take more notice of what was being played on the wireless and have a vivid memory of absolutely loving Hole In My Shoe by Traffic. My passion for weirdness and psychedelia in music was well and truly inspired from this moment. There were three things to look forward to every week at the age of about 15. The first was Friday at 4.00pm when school finished and the whole weekend stretched before us, secondly, Saturday night at the youth club when I could rub shoulders with girls of my own age, none of whom were interested in me obviously and Thursday when the music papers were available in newsagents and the new updated singles, albums and US charts were published. Never has so much vital information been condensed into such a small space. The movers, the non-movers, the bubblers, the fallers, the number of weeks on the chart and the new entries. All had to be digested, analysed and assessed, which could take a while and I would read NME, Sounds and Record Mirror from cover to cover. Luckily time was something I had plenty of. The charts sat in the middle of a triumvirate of media outlets, TV, Radio and the music press, each having an effect, although not necessarily an equal one, on the following week’s chart. Radio One, of course, had the chart rundown on a Tuesday but it was the music papers’ charts that really allowed some deep analysis to be undertaken. As a young person in the 60s and 70s, you were severely limited as to where you could hear, not just the current hits, but any popular music at all outside of TOTP and Radio 1. You might hear a record being played on a juke box in a cafe, Blue Peter occasionally featured unthreatening bands such as Freddie and the Dreamers (see The Beatles of Uncool below)or flute-driven soft rockers Vanity Fair, you might run up a shockingly high (but mercifully unitemised) phone bill by ringing BT’s Dial-A-Disc service, a friend might show-off by playing you a current single they’d bought or you might catch someone playing a tranny in the street, but that was about it. Slim pickings to say the least and so you were at the mercy of TOTP and Radio 1 whether you liked it or not, but, at that time, you did tend to like it because you knew no better. For most people it was Thursday night at around 7.00pm that allowed them to engage with the pop charts. Top of the Pops had replaced the musically and stylistically superior Ready Steady Go in the mid-sixties, purely because TOTP based their show on the pop charts and RSG just featured acts that were ‘hot.’ If you didn’t have a song in the charts, you weren’t on TOTP. And everyone knew that an appearance on TOTP would, almost certainly, have a massively beneficial effect on the artist’s disc. To be invited onto TOTP was most artist’s dream as it was often the making of them, as the majority of the millions of TV viewers every Thursday night probably didn’t listen to the radio and certainly didn’t read the music press. And although many young people who attended live TOTP shows tell a different story, the show came across on TV as vibrant, happening and exciting and everything an up and coming act would look and sound good on (despite miming). Around this time during the early 60s many young people began buying records purely on how a band or performer looked on TOTP. It was also the case that most young people, including myself, for a while believed that the charts couldn’t lie. If an act got to number one, then they must be good and they’d want to be a part of this movement of fandom and would buy the record. Of course, it didn’t take me long to understand that this was really not the case and I quickly realised Middle of the Road, Esther and Abi Ofarim, Peters and Lee, Des O’Connor or Cilla Black were neither good nor fashionable. But millions of people still bought their records! The influence on the charts of TOTP cannot be underestimated. But another huge and, I would contend, insidious influence on the singles charts was wonderful Radio 1. From its inception in 1967 it was always staffed by a bunch of guys (and it was mainly guys) who could have been our rather sleazy uncles, with a few exceptions. Throughout the 60s and 70s Radio 1 decided each week which records should be placed on their all-important ‘playlist.’ This playlist pretty much decided which records were going to be successful and which were not. These DJs were generally selected on their ability to talk utter bollocks incessantly rather than on their musical knowledge and having an interest in or knowledge of music was not really encouraged. It was clear that the important element of most Radio 1 shows was the DJ banter between records rather than the records themselves. The music was really only there to give the DJs a breather. Of course, there were a few exceptions to this rule. The great John Peel obviously, Johnny Walker (who eventually left because he got pissed off with this culture), the virtually forgotten but excellent Stuart Henry, Kid Jensen, Paul Gambacini and Alan ‘Fluff’ Freeman with his Saturday Rock Show. Those apart, it was a litany of middle-aged guys who loved the sound of their own voices, their funny characters, amusing quizzes, hilarious jingles (What’s that Arnold?) and wacky tabloid news stories. But their influence on the singles chart was terrifyingly significant! John Peel told a story of being invited to a party at Dave Lee Travis’s huge mansion (they all lived in ‘mansions’ apart from Bruno Brookes who lived in a castle). The first thing Peel did when he went to someone’s house was go and have a look at their record collection. He spent some time searching from room to room before realising that DLT, the ‘Hairy Monster,’ Pipe Smoker of the Year 1982, self-styled arbiter of pop culture, possessed no records whatsoever or even a sound system. I watched one of those excellent Friday night music documentaries on BBC 4 some months ago, Charts Britannia, which showed footage of the Radio 1 panel which selected records for its playlist each week. On this panel sat a number of men and women, most over 50 and some well into their 60s and one Dave Lee Travis. It’s little wonder Peters and Lee, Cliff, Cilla and Des did so well in the charts in these days. I once saw Radio 1’s ghastly Steve Wright described in a UK tabloid as a ‘pop expert.’ That single sentence put me in a bad mood for 3 years. (Much more on 70s DJs to come at Genxculture). That said, the singles charts, the top 50, was an archeological dig of the good, the bad and the hideously ugly. And that’s what made them so fascinating. The singles charts were a melange of the great, the quite good, the horrendously awful, the bizarre, the inexplicably successful, the shocking, the revelatory, the jaw-dropping weirdness, the utterly amazing and, sometimes creating a frisson of excitement, the banned. Take the following randomly selected, but musically significant, edition of the NME singles and albums chart of May 22 1976 for example. Within this mid-70s chart exists, I would argue, all the above categories of hit single but it also offers a revealing template for society at that time as every chart did to varying extents. We can quickly bypass the number 1 and 2 singles as little more needs to be written about Abba, other than, as The Guardian‘s Pete Paphides observed accurately, ‘If you don’t like Abba, you don’t like pop.‘ Little also needs to be said about Abba wannabes Brotherhood of Man with their bland and irritating Euro winner Save Your Kisses For Me. But it’s the nether regions that always held the greatest interest. Have a look a little further down the top 10 and at 9, up a massive 10 places, is Andrea True Connection with the wonderful disco classic, More, More, More. For me, this was the quintessential single of that very trashy period we called the mid-70s. Now Andrea True was actually a porn star and the publicity pics for her record were a little racy, and taking the record’s lyrical content into account, this was a catchy, beautifully produced, trashy record that epitomised that era. But if you want to know How I really feel Get the cameras rolling Get the action going Baby you know my love for you is real Take me where you want to Then my heart you’ll steal In short, superb! Remember what I said about the ‘inexplicable successes? Well check out numbers 20 to 22. On its way down from a high of 4, Convoy GB by Laurie Lingo and The Dipsticks and on its way to Number 1, Combined Harvester by The Wurzels. What have both of these records got in common? Correct. But would you Adam and Eve it? Laurie Lingo and the Dipsticks just happened to be our old pal, the hairy cornflake, DLT and his partner in musical crime, Radio 1’s forgotten DJ (must have kept his nose clean) Paul Burnett. As a comedic parody of CW McCall‘s 1976 blockbuster Convoy, it was about as funny as a burning orphanage. And it raises the perennial question, who bought that shit and did these people actually think it was funny? Laugh? I thought I’d never start. The Wurzels were originally Adge Cutler and The Wurzels had appeared on the iconic 60s chat show Dee Time (much more on this to come) before settling comfortably into ITV afternoon easy listening shows (the ones you watched when you’d skived off school for the afternoon) in the 70s, particularly The Great Western Music Show (I think it was called) until Adge sadly turned his sports car over in 1974 and they became The Wurzels. Combined Harvester was a parody on Melanie’s 1972 No.4 hit Brand New Key and although they may have overstayed their welcome in the charts over the next few years, this was, I suppose, a fairly decent comedy record if you liked that kind of thing. She’s a fine looking’ woman and I can’t wait to get me ‘ands on her land….. Interestingly, one of The Wurzels came from Penicuick, Midlothian. Fancy that! Also falling into the embarrassingly bad and ‘how did that ever get into the charts ?’ category, Reggae Like It Used Be by Paul Nicholas nestles in the middle of this triple decker of trash. I have written in much more detail about PN in Rubbish Songs, Inexplicable Hits section of this little blog, specifically about the even more irritating Grandma’s Party. Needless to say, this was also rubbish. And notice within the ‘Bubblers’ a certain Judge Dread and his latest waxing The Winkle Man, on its way to a high of No. 35. Judge Dread had 8 top 40 hits in the 70s, none of which were played on Radio 1 or TOTP. His songs were Reggae-inflected rudeness , two of his later minor hits being Up With The Cock and Y Viva Suspenders. You get the idea. Which just goes to show the record buying public loved something a little risqué, whether they had heard the record or not, and it was probably not. There was a certain type of kudos achieved by surreptitiously revealing a Judge Dread record to your pals in the same way you might by conspiratorially display a copy of Playboy from its hiding place under your bed. Up until a few months ago I had never heard a Judge Dread song. In December of 2019 I attended a Bad Manners gig in Edinburgh and in support was, believe it or not, a Judge Dread tribute act who reeled off his ‘Big’ hits from soup to nuts. He was really quite good. Judge Dread was probably only ever outdone in the chart rudeness stakes by Ivor Biggun and The Red Nosed Burglars with their 1978 No. 22 smash, I’m A Winker, and they were very insistent that this was a misprint. Strangely, wonderful Radio 1, DLT and the septuagenarian pop panel failed to add this to the Radio 1 playlist. Turned out Ivor Biggun was Doc Cox from Esther Rantzen’s awful consumerist show, That’s Life. He couldn’t even stop himself being slightly rude on that show either, given his TV name. Mind you, they were obsessed with rude-shaped vegetables. But rudeness aside, records that were not on the Radio 1 playlist rarely made it into the charts unless they had some notoriety. Anyone casually perusing this chart from 1976 might notice just how many MOR records peppered the top 30, songs that were written in committee as vehicles for various MOR acts. In fact, out of the top 30, well over half could be described as easy listening or middle of the road. There is nothing in this chart that is particularly threatening or might scare the horses. Brotherhood of Man, Cliff, The Stylistics (who really churned out the bla’ hits in the 70s), Bellamy Brothers, Sutherland Brothers and Quiver, Frankie Valli, Stylistics clones Sheer Elegance (rubbish name), the overwrought Eric Carmen and just creeping into Top 30, the lovely Tina Charles with yet another song that sounded exactly like I Love To Love. We even have a young Midge Ure and Slik encroaching into chart territory with the bombastic but certainly not fantastic Requiem. With the exception of the legendary Isaac Hayes, some interesting experimental pop from Diana Ross and a bit of ultra-smooth soul from the wonderful Gladys Knight, there is little in this chart to excite any young person with an interest in music. But hang on a cotton-pickin’ moment! Who’s that making such an unholy row around that adjacent temporal corner? Why it’s The Sex Pistols and their punk pals! Come to save us from being smothered by marshmallow light musical blandness. Hurrah! It just takes a cursory glance at this particular chart to see that things had to change. The charts had be wrested back from the terminal Radio 1 mediocrity that controlled them, that had almost turned da kids into The Children of the Damned (and I don’t mean Dave Vanian and Rat Scabies. Yet). But that’s what the singles charts did. They provided a template for our society at any given time. And irrespective of the blandness quotient, they still provided hours of analytical fun. I would go as far as to argue that any chart from the 50s until their ostensible end in the early 90s could be analysed meaningfully either sociologically, economically, politically, musically and, of course, aesthetically, which is where the fun would really begin. As mentioned previously in ‘Rubbish Songs, Inexplicable Hits‘, anyone in the public eye could have a hit record, irrespective of whether they could sing or not. There was an unpleasant alliance between ‘celebrities’, Radio 1, some record companies and TOTP. When a ‘celebrity’ (a word I’ve always hated due to the implication that those people should be ‘celebrated’) was ‘hot’ someone would approach them from a smallish record company and suggest they make a single. The celebrity would, through one eye see pound signs and through the other mainstream pop coolness. How deluded they usually were. But because these bozos were well known, they could guaranteee being placed on the septuagenarian Radio 1 playlist and a spot on TOTP. If they could get that, they were made (for a short time at least)! The combination of Radio 1 playlist repetition, exposure to 20 million viewers on a Thursday night along with the TV show they were famous for was irresistible to many gullible sections of the record buying public. Hence we were subjected to the likes of: Telly Savalas of Kojak fame who got to No. 1 in 1975 with a shocking version of Bread’s ‘If‘ David Soul of Starsky and Hutch who had five, that is FIVE, top 20 hits between 1976 and 1978 Windsor Davies and Don Estelle of It Ain’t Half Hot Mum who got to No. 1 with Whispering Grass (doubt we’ll ever see that show again) Dennis Waterman of Minder who scored twice with I Could Be So Good For You in 1980 and the embarrassing What Are We Gonna Get ‘er Indoors in 1983 Dick Emery who crept into the top 50 in 1973 with ‘Ooh You Are Awful’ Russ Abbott got to a nose-bleed inducing No.7 in 1984 with the irritating Atmosphere. I remember watching TOTP when the video was premiered and I sat there waiting for something funny to happen, after about 2 minutes I realised it was serious. What a let-down. Radio 2 DJ Terry Wogan‘s version of The Floral Dance with the Brighouse and Rastrick Brass Band. Like Telly and Shatner he couldn’t sing so spoke the lyrics. Either way he shouldn’t have bothered. And the less said about Robson and Jerome, of the Soldier, Soldier military drama serial, the better. Unbelievably, they sit at No. 9 in the chart of most successful singles EVER with Unchained Melody selling an eyewatering 1.85 million copies! One of the hard and fast rules of the singles charts always was, ‘The blander the song, the bigger the hit.’ Thus, also in the top ten all-time sellers were Boney M (twice), Queen, Elton John, Wings and John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John During the 80s various actors from Aussie soaps Neighbours and Home and Away, in the days when those programmes were particularly popular here, tried their luck in the UK charts while the going was good for them. The vast majority being dreadful with Stefan (Paul Robinson) Dennis achieving the nadir of Aussie pop with Don’t It Make You Feel Good in 1989. But even that got to no. 16! The charts even provided a home for sports people, particularly footballers to try their hands at something very different to kicking a ball around. For all of them (and I mean all of them), they should have stuck to putting the boot into opponents rather than into the charts. The first footballers to strike chart gold was the oddly tuxedoed 1970 England World Cup Squad who bawled out their, albeit, quite catchy tune on TOTP, Back Home. This got to number 1 probably because of its novelty value as no football team had ever featured in the charts before. It began a trend for international teams as well as club teams to record songs which, presumably, only their own fans ever bought. That was enough for many to creep into the charts. Probably the type of single of any genre which has the least, if any, aesthetic value. Even Boney M and Queen singles have more. Not content with football teams trying for chart success, some individual footballers were puffed up enough to think they might have a chance of pop career. In the front row above, sandwiched between Big Jack Charlton and Alan Mullery, we see West Bromwich Albion’s striker Jeff Astle. On the strength of the EWCS smash hit he released a solo single called ‘Sweet Water‘ but he, sadly, choked on the bitter taste of failure. The single missed the charts completely, a bit like that sitter he screwed past the post against Brazil a few months later. But not so Mr Kevin Keegan in 1979 when he reached number 31 with Head Over Heels in Love written by Smokie’sChris Norman. Or Glenn Hoddle and Chris Waddle, or Glenn and Chris as they chummily wanted to be referred to, whose ‘Diamond Lights’ got to No. 12 in 1987. Probably not the worst song ever to appear on TOTP but their performance is one of those ‘watch through your fingers’ moments. But the charts often throw up (and I chose those words carefully) such moments as these. One of the often unadmitted joys of the charts is watching a single or act you particularly dislike moving inexorably towards the top ten. The Bay City Rollers at their peak had a 14 year old me almost ripping up the music papers in disgust. When something has this effect on you it must have a lot going for it. Or when a particular favourite has a head-to-head race to get to the top spot first, such as The Sweet v Gary Glitter or Slade v David Bowie. And to spot early a single no one else had noticed edging its way up the hit parade towards Numero Uno, to have given your pals the SP on it and told them to watch this one go was hugely enjoyable. Sultans of Swing by Dire Straits in 1977 was a good example of this type of slow-burner, having been played regularly by David ‘Kid’ Jensen on his Saturday morning show on wonderful Radio 1, before anyone had even heard of Dire Straits. Or Althea and Donna’s brilliant Uptown Top Ranking which similarly slowly nosed its way up the charts after an inauspicious start. Chart moments like these proved there was a discerning record buying public out there, a public who weren’t just content to listen to Queen, Boney M or Cliff. And the singles charts highlighted such behaviour in a way that bolstered your faith in other music-loving people of all ages. The charts also provided the basis of many in-depth discussions which wore long into the night. Did a particular band or single ever get to number 1? What was the best number 2 single ever. How many David Bowie top 30 singles can you name? Which was the most successful Motown act? How many number 1s did The Stones have? What was the weirdest single ever to get into the top 10? What was the worst number 1 ever? And in the days before you could access some of these facts on a phone, some of the debates could go on for days, even weeks. Of course, anyone with even a passing interest in the charts will remember that in 1980 Ultravox’s overblown electronic classic Vienna was kept off the top spot by Joe Dolce and Shaddap Your Face. Although I was big a fan of Ultravox, sometimes the charts didn’t lie and the best song did get to No. 1. And that’s why I loved them. I’m told some form of singles and album charts still exists but it really isn’t the same. Music consumption is completely different today. People no longer wait with baited breath on a particular act’s new release or track its progress inexorably up and down the hit parade. Or argue with friends which particular track from a new album is the strongest single. Or feel that warm glow of satisfaction when a favourite act surpasses someone shit like Brotherhood of man, Bay City Rollers or Queen in the charts. But music of all genres and periods is still listened to, downloaded, streamed, pirated and, for some odd people (like myself) even played on record players. Thankfully, music is still very much alive and kicking, I’m happy to say, in its many different incarnations.

As temperatures rise and Edmonton drivers get slightly less terrible, it’s obvious summer is just around the corner. For the majority of University of Alberta students, this also means freedom from approaching deadlines and avoiding suffering through yet another eClass crash. With some free time on your hands, here are the best local summer activities to enjoy. 1. Support a local cause Local community activists are constantly organizing in the Edmonton area. From the Black Lives Matter protests which took place last summer, to the recent Drive for Palestine rally, there are always opportunities in the city to make your voice heard. Keeping an eye on social media, local news outlets, and the work done by local organizers is a great way to stay aware of what is happening in the Edmonton community, and find a cause that aligns with your views. 2. Hike at Elk Island National Park My favourite way to spend time outdoors is an afternoon at Elk Island National Park, which is only 35 minutes east of Edmonton. The park offers facilities for hiking, kayaking, canoeing, and stargazing, but it may be a good idea to contact the park before your trip to see what specific services are running under Alberta’s COVID-19 health restrictions. My favourite hiking path in the National Park is the Shirley Lake Trail, named after the daughter of Dr. Love, who was an early park superintendent. At around 11 kilometres, this path is great to observe some of Alberta’s lakes while occasionally catching a glimpse of grazing elk. Don’t forget an extra pair of shoes and socks, because the trail can definitely get muddy! 3. Visit a local shop There is nothing I love more than justifying my frivolous spending habits. Instead of putting your money towards larger corporations and franchises, supporting locally owned Edmonton businesses is a great way to spend an afternoon. If you’re looking to do some summer reading, Glass Bookshop is the place for you. Focusing on queer and racialized writers, Canadian writing, and independent publishers, Glass Bookshop carries a diverse selection of literature for any reader. For quick food shopping, I love shopping at the locally owned Rayan Grocery & Halal Meats in northeast Edmonton. Carrying a wide variety of quick snacks, spices, and drinks, this is the perfect place for a quick snack break. 4. Volunteer for a local organization Without the stresses of deadlines and due dates, you might be looking for something to keep you busy during the summer months. From soup kitchens to event organizing, there’s volunteer positions available for anybody. One of the area’s most prominent volunteer organizations is the Edmonton Food Bank. By working towards seeking solutions towards hunger in Edmonton, the food bank is one of the many organizations making a difference in the lives of Edmontonians. 5. Relax and do nothing! This past semester has been a difficult and stressful time for most students and staff at the U of A. Giving yourself some time to relax is essential in maintaining physical and mental well-being. Putting aside some time in the summer to laze around is a great way to rejuvenate after a stressful year, and ensure you are ready for whatever comes your way this fall.

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Universities of Grodno city Grodno Universities. Best universities of Grodno Grodno is one of the oldest settlements in Belarus. Not far from Grodno there are borders of Belarus with Lithuania and Poland. And if you have always dreamed of studying in a quiet province, every corner of which is saturated with history, this article is for you. Below you will find information about universities of Grodno city. Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno On February 22, 1940 by the decision of the BSSR SNK in Grodno was founded the Teachers' Institute, the development of which was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War. Already in 1944, classes continued, and in parallel, the Teacher's Institute was transformed into a pedagogical institute with three faculties: Physics and Mathematics, Literature and Foreign Languages. In 1957, the Institute was named after Yanka Kupala. On May 1, 1978 the Pedagogical Institute was reorganized into Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno. Picture 1 Photo by Wikipedia.org Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno has been participating in the rating of Webometrics Ranking of World Universities since 2006 and is on the 3rd place among Belarusian universities. For students and teachers there is an educational portal of GrSU, where you can view the schedule of classes, programs, look into the scientific library, read the electronic journal. GrSU takes care of the development of international relations – the university has the following student exchange programs: Erasmus, DAAD, IAESTE, MOST, "Baltic University". Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno has 15 faculties and offers a wide range of specialties: 65 at the first level of higher education and 48 at the second level of higher education, as well as 41 specialties of postgraduate studies and 1 master's degree. Faculties of GrSU: - faculty of Biology and Ecology; - military faculty; - faculty of Pedagogy; - faculty of Psychology; - faculty of pre-university training; - faculty of Physics and Technology; - faculty of Engineering and Construction; - faculty of Physical Culture; - faculty of Innovative Technologies in Mechanical Engineering; - faculty of Philology; - faculty of Arts and Design; - faculty of Economics and Management; - faculty of History, Communication and Tourism; - faculty of Law; - faculty of Mathematics and Informatics. The University offers foreign citizens training in both Russian and English in the following specialties: - international law (law faculty); - finance and credit (Faculty of Economics and Management); - mathematics (Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics); - information technology software (Department of Mathematics and Informatics); - tourism and hospitality (Faculty of History, Communication and Tourism). Cost of training for foreign citizens on preparatory training 1980$ for 9 months. The cost of training at the first level of higher education for foreign citizens in Russian is 2550$, and in English 3500$. As you see universities of Grodno are not expensive comparing to EU and other universities. Grodno State Agrarian University Grodno State Agrarian University is the largest university in Grodno, which trains specialists for the agro-industrial complex at daytime and part-time departments. The University was opened on January 17, 1951 and in the same year 200 students were admitted. GSAU closely cooperates with universities of Iraq, Lithuania, Poland, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, Finland and Sweden. The Agrarian University actively develops Erasmus+, TEMPUS, FOSTERC programs.

|Top Previous Next| Although numerous publications in the past several years have described the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in various patient populations, disparity still exists regarding the most appropriate methods of monitoring, including therapeutic range, timing of peak determinations, and methods for adjusting doses. 1. Antimicrobial spectrum Vancomycin is primarily effective against gram-positive cocci. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, including both methicillin-susceptible (MSSA & MSSE) or resistant-species (MRSA & MRSE), are usually sensitive to vancomycin with minimum inhibiting concentrations (MIC) less than 1.5 mg/L. Most strains of streptococcus are sensitive to vancomycin. Vancomycin is considered bactericidal (MBC/MIC < 4) except with enterococci and some tolerant (MBC/MIC > 32) staphylococci. When staphylococcal tolerance has been demonstrated, most clinicians add a second antibiotic such as an aminoglycoside to the regimen. Enterococcal infections should be treated with vancomycin combined with gentamicin. Vancomycin is also effective against the anaerobes, diphtheroids and clostridium species, including C. Difficile. Significant controversy has arisen in recent years regarding the efficiency by which vancomycin kills gram positive bacteria and the potential misuse of the drug. Several studies have shown that with both staphylococci and enterococci vancomycin does not kill the bacteria as quickly or sterilize the blood as rapidly as nafcillin or ampicillin. For this reason many authors suggest that unless the patient has an allergy to beta-lactams or has a methicillin resistant staphylococcal infection, the patient might be better served using a beta-lactam agent over vancomycin. Concern over the ever increasing problems with vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) prompted the Center for Disease Control to issue a statement suggesting appropriate prescribing criteria vancomycin (MMWR 44:No RR-12, September 22, 1994). Vancomycin is not recommended for: 2. Concentration-toxicity relationships Ototoxicity is an infrequent event occurring in fewer than 2% of patients receiving vancomycin. It is unclear whether elevated trough or peak levels are responsible for ototoxicity. Data in the literature suggest that trough levels of 13 to 32mcg/ml and peak levels of 21 to 62mg/ml are associated with this adverse effect. Such a wide range makes determination of the precise correlation of vancomycin serum levels with ototoxicity difficult. A histamine-mediated reaction, often called 'red man syndrome', involves a rash over the upper body, possibly accompanied by hypotension. The syndrome is thought to be related to peak serum concentration. Healy (1990) reported that none of 11 volunteers receiving vancomycin 500mg every 6 hours demonstrated evidence of this reaction, while 9 of the same 11 showed symptoms consistent with 'red man syndrome' when receiving vancomycin 1000mg every 12 hours. Vancomycin nephrotoxicity appears to be concentration-related, with an increased risk at trough concentrations greater than 15 mcg/ml. Higher vancomycin doses carry a substantial risk for nephrotoxicity. Recent studies have shown that higher-dose vancomycin regimens are associated with a higher likelihood of vancomycin-related nephrotoxicity. A significant difference in nephrotoxicity between patients receiving >= 4 g vancomycin/day vs those receiving <4 g vancomycin/day was noted: 34.6% vs 10.9%. Critically ill patients, patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, and patients with already compromised renal function are particularly at risk for vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity. This risk is incremental with higher trough levels and longer duration of vancomycin use. 3. Concentration-efficacy relationships The pharmacodynamic properties of vancomycin are: The ideal dosing regimen for vancomycin maximizes the amount of drug received. Therefore, the 24h-AUC/MIC ratio is the parameter that correlates with efficacy. For vancomycin, a 24h-AUC/MIC ratio of at least 125 is necessary (some researchers recommend a ratio of 400 or more for problem bugs). Vancomycin Outcome vs 24h-AUC/MIC ratio Hyatt et al, Clin Pharmacokinet 28: 143, 1995 4. Pharmacokinetic parameters When given by IV infusion over 60 minutes, vancomycin follows a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model; alpha (distribution) and ß (elimination). The alpha (distribution) phase is relatively long, averaging two hours. This has important implications for peak serum level sampling. If the peak level is drawn during the distribution phase, it cannot be used for analysis of the one compartment model. Volume of distribution Compared with aminoglycosides, the variability in the distribution volume of vancomycin is much larger. Published inter-patient variability has been reported as 0.26 to 1.30 L/kg, 0.21 to 1.51 L/kg, 0.2 to 1.3 L/kg, and 0.37 to 1.40 L/kg in a series of studies. The average Vd also varies widely in the literature, with early reports suggesting a value of 0.9 L/kg and more recent studies indicating a smaller Vd of 0.5 L/kg. There does not appear to be any readily identifiable clinical characteristic to explain this variability. Unlike the aminoglycosides where one can often predict a larger or smaller than average Vd based on fluid status, variability in vancomycin Vd appears to be completely unpredictable. Obese patients present another conundrum, however most clinicians recommend TBW. Like the aminoglycosides, vancomycin is primarily cleared by glomerular filtration. Correlation of vancomycin clearance to creatinine clearance typically gives values for slope of between 0.5 and 0.8 and y-intercept (non-renal clearance) of up to 15 ml/min. All studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between vancomycin clearance and creatinine clearance, however, there is significant variability in the non-renal clearance component. This unpredictability is particularly evident in patients with impaired renal function who are more dependent on nonrenal clearance. Therefore, extra caution is required when estimating clearance in patients with markedly decreased renal function. Given the variability of Vd and clearance seen with vancomycin, standard doses are likely to be associated with a significant degree of variability in serum concentrations. 5. Dosing methods An evaluation of the accuracy of seven popular vancomycin dosing methods has recently been published. John Murphy and colleagues concluded "The seven methods studied for estimating vancomycin pharmacokinetic parameters varied widely in predicting vancomycin trough concentrations compared with measured serum concentrations and were not sufficiently reliable to replace therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin serum concentrations." These following adult dosing recommendations are based on a consensus statement of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the IDSA, and The Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists on guidelines for vancomycin dosing. Modification of vancomycin dosing is a major concern in the patient with renal insufficiency. For patients with creatinine clearances less than 15ml/min, the method of Matzke may be the best choice. Vancomycin is not removed appreciably by hemodialysis and thus is administered only every 7 to 10 days in dialysis patients. Clearance during peritoneal dialysis is more controversial. Originally thought not to be removed by peritoneal dialysis, recent reports have shown that vancomycin is cleared by this route. Dosing of vancomycin in peritoneal dialysis patients remains controversial. For evaluation of serum level data, methods incorporating Bayesian principles appear to give the best overall predictive performance compared with traditional methods of vancomycin dosage adjustment. The Bayesian approach combines both population and patient-specific information (i.e., serum level data) in predicting dosage requirements. The pharmacokinetic model most widely used by clinicians has been one-compartment. Because vancomycin exhibits a multi-compartment pharmacokinetic profile, the clinical application of the one-compartment model requires post-distribution serum samples which are often difficult to accurately obtain. Compared with the 1-compartment model, the 2-compartment model results in a significant improvement in both bias and precision in predicting vancomycin peak and trough concentrations. However, there are situations where a 1-compartment model may be more appropriate, therefore both models are included in Kinetics. If large doses (15-20mg/kg) over extended intervals (every 12 to 48+ hours) are required, and peaks are being drawn 1 or 2 hours after the dose, then a 1-compartment model may be more appropriate than the 2-compartment model.

Rfx: Biological Overview | Regulation | Developmental Biology | Effects of Mutation | Evolutionary Homologs | References Gene name - Rfx Cytological map position - 86A8--B1 Function - transcription factor Keywords - PNS, sensory cilium differentiation, sensory perception Symbol - Rfx FlyBase ID: FBgn0020379 Genetic map position - 3- Classification - RFX DNA-binding domain Cellular location - nuclear |Recent literature||Lau, L. Y., Reverter, A., Hudson, N. J., Naval-Sanchez, M., Fortes, M. R. S. and Alexandre, P. A. (2020). Dynamics of Gene Co-expression Networks in Time-Series Data: A Case Study in Drosophila melanogaster Embryogenesis. Front Genet 11: 517. PubMed ID: 32528531 Co-expression networks tightly coordinate the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression unfolding during development. Due to the dynamic nature of developmental processes simply overlaying gene expression patterns onto static representations of co-expression networks may be misleading. This study aimed to formally quantitate topological changes of co-expression networks during embryonic development using a publicly available Drosophila melanogaster transcriptome data set comprising 14 time points. A network approach was deployed that inferred 10 discrete co-expression networks by smoothly sliding along from early to late development using 5 consecutive time points per window. Such an approach allows changing network structure, including the presence of hubs, modules and other topological parameters to be quantitated. To explore the dynamic aspects of gene expression captured by this approach, focus was placed on regulator genes with apparent influence over particular aspects of development. Those key regulators were selected using a differential network algorithm to contrast the first 7 (early) with the last 7 (late) developmental time points. This assigns high scores to genes whose connectivity to abundant differentially expressed target genes has changed dramatically between states. A list of key regulators was produced - some increasing (e.g., Tusp, slbo, Sidpn, DCAF12, and chinmo) and some decreasing (Rfx, bap, Hmx, Awh, and mld) connectivity during development - which reflects their role in different stages of embryogenesis. The networks that were constructed can be explored and interpreted within Cytoscape software and provide a new systems biology approach for the Drosophila research community to better visualize and interpret developmental regulation of gene expression. The transcription factor Rfx (Regulatory factor X) is an essential regulator of ciliated sensory neuron differentiation in Drosophila. Ciliated neurons play an important role in sensory perception. Modified cilia at dendrite endings serve as sites of sensory signal capture and transduction. Mutations are described that affect the transcription factor Rfx and genetic rescue experiments demonstrate its central role in sensory cilium differentiation. Rfx mutant flies show defects in chemosensory and mechanosensory behaviors but have normal phototaxis, consistent with Rfx expression in ciliated sensory neurons and neuronal precursors but not in photoreceptors. The mutant behavioral phenotypes are correlated with abnormal function and structure of neuronal cilia, as shown by the loss of sensory transduction and by defects in ciliary morphology and ultrastructure (Dubruille, 2002). In multicellular organisms, sensory perception relies on cells with specialized sensory structures. In many sense organs these structures are modified cilia: vertebrate examples include the outer segments of the retinal and pineal photoreceptors, the kinocilia associated with the stereocilia of the hair cells and the multiple cilia on the sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium. In invertebrates, chemosensory sensilla and many mechanosensory organs, but not photoreceptors, are innervated by ciliated neurons (Dubruille, 2002). Cilia are found in most eukaryotes except for fungi and higher plants. They are distinguished by an axoneme, a radially symmetric cytoskeleton of nine microtubule doublets and associated structures, enclosed in an extension of the plasma membrane. The presence or absence of a central microtubule pair classifies cilia into two types. Those with a central pair (9+2 configuration) usually have a propulsive function, while those without a central microtubule pair (9+0 configuration) are found on many animal cell types, where they are known as 'primary' cilia. Some 9+0 cilia [e.g. those on the mammalian embryonic node, move with a circular, whirling motion. Sensory cilia are derived from primary cilia and have been modified to varying degrees; most are probably non-motile (Dubruille, 2002). In Drosophila, nonvisual sensory perception relies on two major classes of sense organs. Type I organs or sensilla include one or more neurons and several support cells that construct specialized sensory structures such as bristles. They include the olfactory and mechanosensory bristles, as well as chordotonal organs (internally located stretch receptors that transduce auditory or proprioceptive stimuli). Each neuron in a type I organ bears a single sensory dendrite with a modified cilium. Type II sense organs are multidendritic neurons that lack cilia and specialized support cells. Their sensitivities are not known, but they also have been suggested to function as proprioceptors or mechanoreceptors (Dubruille, 2002). Several mutants affecting sensory perception by type I sensilla have been isolated in Drosophila in screens for loss of mechanosensation, audition or olfaction. Those that have been molecularly characterized include nompC, which encodes a member of the TRP channel superfamily, and nompA, a component of the dendritic cap that ensheaths the sensory cilium. In nompA mutants, defects in mechanosensory behavior and electrophysiology are associated with disconnection of dendritic caps from the sensory cilia. Two other mutants specifically affecting chordotonal organs, btv and tilB, have axonemal defects illustrating the importance of axoneme integrity for chordotonal organ function (Dubruille, 2002 and references therein). Structural components of cilia such as tubulins, tektins and axonemal dynein subunits have mostly been isolated from the single-celled alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and from sea urchin but are highly conserved in other phyla. An intraflagellar transport (IFT) mechanism required for ciliary assembly is also widely conserved. Best characterized in Chlamydomonas, IFT is a rapid movement of particles along the axonemal microtubules of cilia and flagella. Although many individual proteins involved in cilium architecture and IFT are well described, factors that regulate and coordinate their expression are poorly understood. In C. elegans, one such factor is DAF-19, a member of the RFX family of transcription factors (Swoboda, 2000). Loss of function daf-19 mutations result in the absence of cilia in sensory neurons, the only type of ciliated structures present in the nematode. DAF-19 regulates several genes required for normal sensory cilium formation, including components of the intraflagellar transport complex: che-2, osm-1, osm-5 and osm-6 (Haycraft, 2001; Qin, 2001; Swoboda, 2000: Dubruille 2002 and references therein). RFX transcription factors are defined by a 76 amino acid DNA-binding domain with a characteristic wing-helix structure. The yeasts S. pombe and S. cerevisiae each have a single RFX factor (Huang, 1998; Wu, 1995), while five RFX proteins have been identified in mammals. Mammalian RFX5 is essential for the transcription of MHC class II genes in the immune response (for a review, see Reith, 2001), but little is known about the cellular functions of the other mammalian RFX proteins. Two Rfx genes can be identified in Drosophila (Durand, 2000). Rfx is homologous to daf-19 and to mammalian Rfx1, Rfx2 and Rfx3, whereas the second gene shares conserved motifs with Rfx5, the most divergent mammalian Rfx. Rfx is expressed in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), in the brain and in the testis during Drosophila development (Vandaele, 2001; Dubruille, 2002). Two Rfx mutations have been described that define a novel pseudolethal complementation group. One of these mutations, Rfx253 alters an absolutely conserved serine in the DNA-binding domain. This mutation is the first one affecting the RFX DNA-binding domain, thus confirming its importance for the biological function of RFX transcription factors. It supports predictions from crystallographic studies (Gajiwala, 2000) showing that this serine residue contacts DNA (Dubruille, 2002). Rfx function in ciliated sensory neurons is essential for the proper signaling in type I sensory organs. Rfx mutant larvae have severe chemosensory and olfactory defects, being insensitive to attractive and repulsive odors. These sensory defects could explain the peculiar, potentially insufficient foraging and feeding behavior of the mutants, and could thus be responsible for major developmental delays, leading to lethality at significant frequencies. Moreover, consistent with their adult uncoordinated phenotype, Rfx mutant bristles show clear electrophysiological defects: they are completely unable to generate mechanoreceptor potentials or currents. Reductions in resting transepithelial potentials and transepithelial resistance are not sufficient to explain the complete loss of transduction, because mutants with Transepithelial mechanoreceptor potentials (TEPs) in the normal range still show no receptor current, and receptor currents can not be restored by voltage clamping the TEP at wild-type levels. Although recordings were limited to mechanosensory macrochaete bristles, the combination of mechanosensory and chemosensory behavioral phenotypes suggests a global defect in type I sense organ function, consistent with the pattern of Rfx expression (Dubruille, 2002). Remarkably, the sensory defects are correlated with abnormal morphogenesis of the dendrite, which affects primarily the organization of its ciliated sensory endings. Indeed Rfx mutants show sensory dendrites that have severe cilium defects in femoral chordotonal organs as well as wing campaniform sensilla. This probably reflects a general defect in cilium assembly, since both the proximal and the distal parts of the organelle are disorganized -- that is, both rootlet apparatus and axonemal structures are absent from scolopidia in Rfx mutant antennae as observed by electron microscopy. All together, these observations show that the dendrite cilium is required for signal transduction in these neurons (Dubruille, 2002). The observed mutant sensory defects are probably not restricted to only cilium disorganization. Indeed, electron microscopy reveals that the scolopale cell of chordotonal organs is also modified in the mutant antennae: the scolopale rods and membranes are disorganized compared with wild type. A similar effect on the sheath cell (the homolog of the scolopale cell in bristle organs) and other supporting cells could underlie the reduced epithelial resistance and TEP observed in Rfx mutant bristles. Rfx is expressed as early as the first neural precursor and is maintained throughout successive asymmetric division in the type I neuron lineage. Rfx is transiently expressed in the accessory scolopale cell (Vandaele, 2001). It could thus be necessary for proper accessory cell differentiation and in particular for cell junction formation between these cells (Dubruille, 2002). Another observation suggesting that mutant defects are probably not exclusively restricted to the cilium is the reduced anti-HRP staining in mutant embryos. Anti-HRP has been shown to bind to neuronal membranes. It is known to recognize an epitope of carbohydrate origin, an alpha1,3-fucosylated, N-linked glycan associated with proteins such as Nervana 2, an Na+K+ ATPase expressed in all neurons, and with cell adhesion molecules, Fasciclin I and II, neurotactin and neuroglian. In Rfx mutants, either the expression of these proteins is downregulated or the relevant post-translational modification does not operate efficiently. Interestingly, a reduction in anti-HRP staining is seen in both type I and non-ciliated type II PNS neurons, even though no morphological defects of type II neurons are observed by anti-HRP labeling. Type I and type II neurons arise from common precursors expressing Rfx, but the latter lose Rfx expression upon differentiation and only type I neuron lineage express Rfx throughout embryonic development (Vandaele, 2001). Anti-HRP staining phenotype may suggest that no PNS neurons reach full terminal differentiation in Rfx mutant. Rfx transient expression in type II precursors could also be necessary for their differentiation. The anti-HRP staining phenotype could thus reflect a more general function for Rfx during neuronal differentiation (Dubruille, 2002). Cilium defects are associated with dendrite morphogenesis defects such as incorrect positioning in the wing, swollen shape in the femur and the wing. It is not known if the cilium defect is responsible for these abnormal dendrite differentiations. The swollen dendrite could be a consequence of a defect in outward transport of intraflagellar transport, resulting in an accumulation of unassembled cilium components. The cilium defect could be responsible for incorrect dendrite positioning by disrupting close interactions between the cilium and structures of the sheath and the hair cell. Interestingly, the dendritic cap in the Johnston's chordotonal organ is not affected by cilium defects: this suggests that its production by the scolopale cell does not depend on the cilium. Analyzing Rfx regulatory pathways with the available mutants will allow these question to be clarified (Dubruille, 2002). Cilia are assembled through a process called intraflagellar transport (IFT) first described in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas and highly conserved throughout evolution. osm-1, osm5 and osm-6, which encode proteins involved in IFT are under the control of daf-19, the sole RFX gene in C. elegans (Swoboda, 2000; Haycraft, 2001; Qin, 2001). osm-1 and osm-6 encode homologous proteins to Chlamydomonas IFT polypeptides p172 and p52. osm-5 encodes a protein involved in cilium assembly and is homologous to Chlamydomonas IFT88 protein and to a mouse protein called Tg737/Polaris that is required for assembly of the primary cilia in mouse kidney and node. Thus, IFT involves conserved proteins in many different organisms and plays fundamental roles in a variety of physiological functions. The conservation of function of the two invertebrate homologous genes as essential regulators of sensory ciliogenesis will allow a fruitful comparative identification of novel target genes likely to be involved in IFT (Dubruille, 2002). In C. elegans, the only ciliated cells are the sensory neurons; sperm cells are not flagellated and do not express daf-19. Conversely, in Drosophila, spermatozoids have an unusually long flagella. Interestingly, Rfx is also expressed in spermatids but after flagellar elongation during a stage in which only a few genes have been reported to be transcribed, suggesting a different role in spermatogenesis. Rfx mutant sperm are normally elongated and motile, and preliminary electron microscopy data show no gross defects in spermatid flagellar 9+2 ultrastructure. Because Rfx mutants are too uncoordinated to mate, it is not known if mutant spermatozoids are functional in fertilization. Rfx may have a function in spermatogenesis other than ciliary assembly. This would imply a different mode of flagellar assembly in Drosophila spermatozoids that could reflect structural and functional differences between sensory cilia and sperm flagella. Rfx is also expressed in subdomain-specific regions of the brain. No ciliated cells have been described in Drosophila brain at the present time, whereas ciliated cells are present in mammalian brain. Studying Rfx function in Drosophila will thus bring important information regarding the diversification of the function of RFX transcription factors in evolution. Whether the ciliary function of RFX genes has been conserved in vertebrates remains an unanswered question and is of great interest regarding human pathologies associated with cilium defects (Dubruille, 2002). In neurogenesis, neural cell fate specification is generally triggered by proneural transcription factors. While the role of proneural factors in fate specification is well studied, the link between neural specification and the cellular pathways that ultimately must be activated to construct specialised neurons is usually obscure. High-resolution temporal profiling of gene expression reveals the events downstream of atonal proneural gene function during the development of Drosophila chordotonal (mechanosensory) neurons. Among other findings, this reveals the onset of expression of genes required for construction of the ciliary dendrite, a key specialisation of mechanosensory neurons. It was determined that atonal activates this cellular differentiation pathway in several ways. Firstly, atonal directly regulates Rfx, a well-known highly conserved ciliogenesis transcriptional regulator. Unexpectedly, differences in Rfx regulation by proneural factors may underlie variations in ciliary dendrite specialisation in different sensory neuronal lineages. In contrast, fd3F encodes a novel forkhead family transcription factor that is exclusively expressed in differentiating chordotonal neurons. fd3F regulates genes required for specialized aspects of chordotonal dendrite physiology. In addition to these intermediate transcriptional regulators, it was shown that atonal directly regulates a novel gene, dilatory, that is directly associated with ciliogenesis during neuronal differentiation. This analysis demonstrates how early cell fate specification factors can regulate structural and physiological differentiation of neuronal cell types. It also suggests a model for how subtype differentiation in different neuronal lineages may be regulated by different proneural factors. In addition, it provides a paradigm for how transcriptional regulation may modulate the ciliogenesis pathway to give rise to structurally and functionally specialised ciliary dendrites (Cachero, 2011). Numerous genetic and misexpression analyses in a range of organisms have shown that proneural factors influence a neuron's ultimate phenotype (including its subtype identity) at an early stage in its development. However, the nature of this influence on the cell biological processes of neuronal differentiation has remained obscure. This study bridges the gap between early specification by the proneural factor, ato, and the differentiation of Ch neurons. The current model in both Drosophila and vertebrates is that proneural factors activate two types of target gene during neural precursor specification: a common target set for shared neuronal properties and a unique target set for subtype-specific properties. The data suggest that such neuronal subtype differences are ultimately controlled by proneural factors in several ways: by the differential regulation of both specific and common intermediate transcription factors, which in turn regulate genes for aspects of neuronal structural and functional differentiation, and by direct regulation of potential differentiation genes (Cachero, 2011). The proneural factors ato and sc commit cells to similar but distinct neural precursor fates: Ch and ES neurons are evolutionarily related cell types with similar but distinct structural and physiological properties. Notably, both are characterised by the possession of specialised ciliary-based dendrites. Thus, ciliogenesis is a key pathway that must ultimately be activated in sensory neurons subsequent to proneural factor function. However, there are important differences between the dendrites of Ch and ES neurons. Ch dendrites have a more prototypically organised axonemal structure and possess a characteristic ciliary dilation - a specialisation that separates the Ch ciliary dendrite into functionally distinct zones. Moreover, there is evidence for an active 'beat' of Ch cilia during sensory transduction. In general, ES dendrites appear reduced in structure: although a basal body and short axoneme are present, the tip of the dendrite consists of a 'tubular body' of irregularly packed microtubules. Thus the basic ciliogenesis pathway must be modulated differently in Ch and ES differentiation, and ultimately this must reflect a difference in function between ato and sc proneural factors. The ciliogenic regulator Rfx is expressed and required for both ES and Ch lineages, but it is more strongly and more persistently expressed in Ch lineages (the Ch-enriched pattern). This modulation of Rfx expression is at least partly due to differences in its regulation by proneural factors, since it appears to be a direct target of ato but not sc. This study hypothesises that differences in Rfx regulation by the proneural factors lead to differences in implementation of a core cilia biogenesis program, thereby directly linking early proneural factor function with key differences of neuronal morphology. Consistent with this idea, the data show that several known or predicted ciliogenesis genes also exhibit this Ch-enriched pattern, and some of these are predicted or known Rfx targets (Cachero, 2011). In this view, the subtype differences between Ch and ES neurons are partly produced by quantitative differences in timing or level of expression of a common differentiation process, which ultimately depends on a qualitative difference in Rfx regulation by the proneural factors. A possible example of this is CG6129. This gene is a predicted Rfx target gene and is expressed in a Ch-enriched pattern (Laurenon, 2007). The homologous mouse protein (Rootletin) localises to the ciliary rootlet and is required for its formation. Thus Ch-enriched expression of CG6129 explains the presence of the ciliary rootlet in Ch neurons but not ES neurons. One prediction of this hypothesis is that overexpression of Rfx in ES neurons will upregulate Ch-enriched genes, and this is borne out by preliminary experiments that show an increase in CG6129 expression in ES neurons upon Rfx overexpression. It is notable that differences in IFT activity are proposed to underlie differences in ciliary morphology while RFX class factors have been associated with regulating genes for IFT in a variety of organisms. This work suggests that variations in Rfx expression level and timing should be explored as a possible factor in cilium diversity (Cachero, 2011). fd3F fits the more conventional view of a proneural target gene that implements a subtype-specific program of differentiation. It is expressed downstream of ato uniquely in Ch neurons and regulates genes required for functional specialisation of the Ch ciliary dendrite. It is likely that Forkhead factors regulate specialisation of ciliogenesis in other organisms. In C. elegans, FKH-2 is expressed widely early in development but is also required specifically for ciliary specialisation of one type of sensory neuron. Foxj1 in mice, Xenopus, and zebrafish appears to be required for the motile cilia of the lung airway and embryonic node, but not for primary cilia. It remains to be determined whether fd3F regulates the machinery for the active beat that occurs in Ch dendrites as part of sensory transduction. Together, these studies of Rfx and fd3F extend the previously limited knowledge of the gene regulatory network underlying ciliogenesis and provide insight into how the core program may be modified to produce the highly specialised and diverse morphologies that cilia adopt for different functions (Cachero, 2011). Previous to this study, little was known about how ato/sc proneural genes control the acquisition of Ch/ES subtype identity, except that regulation of the Cut homeodomain transcription factor is involved. Mutant and misexpression analyses show that cut is a fate selector switch for ES identity downstream of sc, but nothing is known of its mode of action or targets. Whereas Rfx and fd3F functions are likely to be confined to neuronal morphology, cut affects the identity of support cells too. As a fate switch in the entire lineage, it appears likely that cut is involved in high-level fate specification (like proneural genes) rather than regulating aspects of differentiation directly. However, it is also possible that cut may repress ciliogenesis genes in ES neurons, either directly or by repressing Rfx expression. It will be important to integrate cut into the Ch/ES gene regulatory network in the future (Cachero, 2011). In the temporal expression profiling data, there is a steady increase in the number of known or suspected differentiation genes expressed in developing Ch cells. Many more are not expressed until after the analysis ends. Ciliogenesis is a highly intricate cellular process requiring the coordination of perhaps hundreds of genes and differences in expression onset may indicate prerequisite steps in the process of differentiation and ciliogenesis. A surprising observation was the significant number of ciliogenesis and differentiation genes that are expressed even at the earliest profiling time point. This is unexpected, since the earliest time point is predicted to be not only before differentiation but also even before cell divisions have generated the neurons. It is suggested that further analysis of expression timing may lead to insights into the cell biology of ciliogenesis. The early activation of differentiation genes may reflect the rapid pace of development in the Drosophila embryo. Thus, early expression of ciliogenesis genes may provide components that prime cells for rapid cilium assembly later once differentiation has been triggered. Along these lines, the findings mirror striking observations of retinal ganglion cells, whose rapid differentiation within 15 minutes of the exit from mitosis has been taken to imply that genes required in postmitotic cells must be transcribed before cell division. A more intriguing possibility is that early expression reflects an orderly time course for ciliogenesis that begins many hours before the final cell division. For example, unc is thought to be required for the conversion of the mitotic centriole to ciliogenic basal body, but this stuyd found that the mRNA and fusion protein are expressed even in SOPs, several cell divisions before terminal differentiation. Interestingly, in mammals newly replicated centrioles mature over two cell cycles. It is conceivable that the sensory neuron basal body might similarly need time to mature (Cachero, 2011). Since Rfx and some ciliogenesis genes are expressed in SOPs, what prevents ciliogenesis from being activated in the non-neuronal support cells? One possibility would be an extension of model recently proposed for the generation of support cell differences, in which Notch signalling between daughter cells confines the function of genes to one branch of the lineage. This would predict that ciliogenesis genes and/or Rfx are Notch target genes. Another possibility is that some of the gene products are asymmetrically segregated. Thirdly, ciliogenesis may not be triggered until one or more key gene products are produced in the neuronal cell (Cachero, 2011). As a corollary, it will be important to explore further the gene regulatory network underlying the temporal and cell-type differences in ciliogenesis genes. Some early expressed differentiation genes are known or predicted Rfx targets (Laurenon, 2007). This gives a rationale for the early regulation of Rfx by ato in Ch lineages. However, in both C. elegans and D. melanogaster, Rfx regulates only a subset of ciliogenesis genes (notably, it does not regulate IFT-A genes). Further studies on ato target genes and the ciliogenesis regulatory network in sensory neurons will identify other important regulators. It remains to be determined how many differentiation genes are, like dila, direct targets of ato. Interestingly, vertebrate proneural factors are hypothesised to regulate directly the transition from cycling neural progenitor (or neural stem cell) to postmitotic differentiating neuron. Perhaps ato has retained some part of an ancestral proneural factor function in direct regulation of terminal differentiation despite the subsequent evolution of SOPs that must undergo several divisions before differentiating (Cachero, 2011). Regulatory factor X (RFX) transcription factors play a key role in ciliary assembly in nematode, Drosophila and mouse. Using the tremendous advantages of comparative genomics in closely related species, novel genes were identified regulated by dRFX in Drosophila. A subset of known ciliary genes in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila are regulated by dRFX and have a conserved RFX binding site (X-box) in their promoters in two highly divergent Drosophila species. An X-box consensus sequence was designated (GYTRYY N1-3 RRHRAC) and a genome wide computer screen was carried out to identify novel genes under RFX control. 412 genes were identified that share a conserved X-box upstream of the ATG in both species, with 83 genes presenting a more restricted consensus. 25 of these 83 genes were analyzed, 16 of which are indeed RFX target genes. Two of them have never been described as involved in ciliogenesis. In addition, reporter construct expression analysis revealed that three of the identified genes encode proteins specifically localized in ciliated endings of Drosophila sensory neurons. It is concluded that this X-box search strategy led to the identification of novel RFX target genes in Drosophila that are involved in sensory ciliogenesis. A highly valuable Drosophila cilia and basal body dataset was established. These results demonstrate the accuracy of the X-box screen and will be useful for the identification of candidate genes for human ciliopathies, as several human homologs of RFX target genes are known to be involved in diseases, such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome (Laurençon, 2007). Ciliogenic RFX regulatory networks are conserved between C. elegans and D. melanogaster. Based on these first observations, the genomic screens that were conducted combined with functional and in vivo gene analyses led to the identification of at least 11 novel genes that had never been described as RFX targets in any biological model. In addition, this screen allowed identification of at least two novel genes specifically expressed in ciliated sensory neurons in Drosophila that are potentially involved in sensory ciliogenesis. These results validate the accuracy of the screens. This work thus provides a new set of candidate genes for further functional studies in ciliogenesis (Laurençon, 2007). The presence of a conserved X-box upstream of genes in both D. melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura is thus a good prognostic factor to predict novel dRFX target genes. The genome of both Drosophila species was screened for the presence of X-boxes. All possible matches were sought to a defined motif sequence using a Perl based algorithm. The most degenerated consensus RYYNYY N1-3 RRNRAC found 50,000 hits throughout the entire genome of D. melanogaster and, therefore, could not be used within the experimental framework. Five different more restricted consensus motifs were chosed that cover X-boxes of the entire set of known target genes at the time. Four (RYYVYY N1-3 RRHRAC, GYTNYY N1-3 RRNRAC, GYTDYY N1-3 RRNRAC, GYTRYY N1-3 RRHRAC) were searched in a 1 kb window upstream of the ATG, and the less degenerated one, RTNRCC N1-3 RGYAAC, in a 3 kb window (Laurençon, 2007). Under these conditions, 4,726 non-redundant genes in D. melanogaster and 3,848 in D. pseudoobscura with an X-box upstream of the start codon were selected. Based on a best hit reciprocal search between the two coding sequence (CDS) lists, 1,462 homologous genes were identified having an X-box in their 5' region in both species. This first set of 1,462 genes was further restricted by selecting only genes that share an X-box with no more than 4 bases different (out of the 12 nucleotides recognized by the protein on either side of the spacer) between each species and in a conserved position upstream of the ATG (500 bp difference at most). The list was thus restricted to a subset of 412 genes. An even more restricted subset of genes was selected using the X-box motif GYTRYY N1-3 RRHRAC, which was found upstream of most known target RFX genes at the beginning of this work, leading to a list of 83 genes. Indeed, among the identified dRFX target genes for which a conserved X box was found in both Drosophila species, the highest percentage of target genes (50%, 8 out of 16) was found in this list of 83 genes. The remaining 50% of known RFX target genes were not selected by the X-box screen and thus represent false negatives (Laurençon, 2007). The Drosophila genome wide X-box screen led to the identification of 83 X-box genes among which 11 novel RFX targets were identified. Combined with the genes identified by comparisons to C. elegans or to other genomic studies in Drosophila, 35 genes regulated by dRFX are reported in this study. Most of these genes can be classified based on their described function. Many of the RFX target genes are involved in IFT, which is necessary for cilium assembly and function. Remarkably, a second class of genes regulated by dRFX includes all the Drosophila homologs of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) genes. Similarly, most C. elegans BBS genes are regulated by DAF-19. This strong dependence of BBS genes on RFX control may thus be conserved in mammals. Hence, RFX proteins may be involved in BBS in humans. Interestingly, two of the three Drosophila genes coding for proteins with B9 domains are also controlled by dRFX (tectonic, CG14870). One human B9 domain protein, MKS1, is known to be involved in the human Meckel-Gruber syndrome. The molecular function of this domain is unknown and work in Drosophila suggested that these two B9 domain containing proteins are likely involved in ciliogenesis. Several of the novel dRFX target genes that were identified in this study encode known components of the ciliary axoneme and associated structures, such as axonemal dyneins or rootletin. Other genes encode different types of proteins likely involved in sensory transduction (CG4536/osm-9/TRPV4 or MIP-T3). A last class includes genes for which the function is either not described or poorly understood, such as CG31036 and CG13125. However, functional studies strongly suggest that they are also probably involved in sensory ciliogenesis in Drosophila as well. Thus, RFX target genes play various roles in ciliary structure and function and the X-box search strategy has proven to be useful to identify novel ciliogenic genes (Laurençon, 2007). This full set of dRFX target genes in Drosophila is of crucial importance, since it is now possible to more precisely define X-box sequences and the promoter context required for dRFX control. This will be particularly useful for further database mining of dRFX target genes in Drosophila. In fact, several genes that are under dRFX control, for example CG4525, CG17599) for which an X-box can be identified did not come out in the whole genome X-box screen. Several reasons can explain this result. First, homologs were not all annotated in CDS listings that were available at the time of the search (for example, CG18631, CG9595, nompB in D. pseudoobsura). Second, annotation of both Drosophila databases is incomplete, as sometimes the start codon is not properly defined for all genes. The X-box search algorithm keeps only genes for which the X-box match is upstream of the ATG. For example, for CG15666/GA13881, it was clearly predicted that the correct ATG should be considered 75 bp downstream of the currently defined ATG, based on evolutionarily conserved sequences. This definition clearly excludes the homologous genes CG15666 and GA13881 from the dataset. However, the X-box consensus cannot define a clearly conserved X-box match in the two Drosophila species for genes that appear to be down-regulated in a dRfx mutant, while several individual X-boxes are found separately in each organism. This could either reflect that these genes are not direct dRFX targets but are shut down by a feedback control loop that is not dependent on a X-box motif, or that the X-box is only loosely conserved in some promoter contexts. Notably, homologs of these genes in C. elegans are under RFX (DAF-19) control and have a well defined X-box (for example, CG9333/che-2, CG13691/bbs-8), which argues in favor of the second possibility. Interestingly, the expression levels were also quantified in control and dRfx deficient Drosophila of several genes of the DCBB dataset that did not come out of the X-box genome-wide motif search. It allowed identification of several novel genes that are indeed down-regulated in dRfx mutants, but for which no conserved X-box can be recognized based on the initial consensus motif. Altogether, these observations clearly highlight the difficulties encountered in motif definition in promoters. Similar conclusions were deduced from a parallel approach performed in C. elegans, which has led to the identification of several novel DAF-19 target genes. Interestingly, in that study the in silico search was associated with microarray analysis of transcripts in wild-type and daf-19 mutant worms. The in silico search allowed the identification of 93 X-box genes. Yet, among the 466 genes that were shown to be down-regulated at least two-fold in microarray hybridization experiments, only 25 were also represented in the 93 in silico X-box gene list. Thus, in silico searches on isolated motifs are likely hampered by a high level of false negatives. In order to improve the screening efficiency, the use of combinatorial motif searches would probably greatly enhance the accuracy of the screen as proposed by other studies. Even though, since conserved X-boxes that were identified are rarely associated with highly conserved surrounding sequences, it is reasonable to assume that other conserved nearby motifs, still to be identified, could help to discriminate between false positives and false negatives (Laurençon, 2007). 35 genes were identified that are transcriptionally down-regulated in dRfx mutants. RFX regulatory networks are conserved between C. elegans and Drosophila as most of the genes controlled by DAF-19 in C. elegans are also under dRFX control in D. melanogaster. Interestingly, the results show that only certain subsets of ciliogenic genes are regulated by RFX proteins. For example, in assay conditions all the genes known to be involved in IFT-A complexes are not regulated by dRFX, whereas all IFT-B homologous proteins are regulated by dRFX. In addition, retrograde motors are also regulated by dRFX (CG15148/btv and CG3769), whereas anterograde motors seem not to be. Indeed, in addition to CG10642/KIF3A, the main described anterograde motor in several organisms, it was shown that two other kinesin subunits, CG17461/Kif3C/osm-3 and CG7293/Klp68D, are invariantly expressed in wild-type and dRfx-deficient Drosophila. It is also interesting to note that all the BBS gene homologs in D. melanogaster are under dRFX control (Laurençon, 2007). The biological significance of these observations is unclear. It could reflect the fact that IFT-B proteins, BBS proteins and the dyneins involved in IFT are dedicated to ciliogenesis and, therefore, need to be turned on concomitantly only when the cilium is formed, whereas IFT-A complexes or anterograde transport kinesin II share more complex regulatory controls as they might be necessary also for other cellular functions. This is the case for kinesin II motors, but does not seem to be true for IFT-A complexes as these proteins are proposed to be specific for ciliated organisms. In C. elegans, the ciliary IFT machinery works in modular fashion, and it is tempting to speculate that RFX-dependent proteins could be involved in specialized ciliogenic transport modules (Laurençon, 2007). Genes necessary for centriole biogenesis or replication, such as the recently described DSas-6, DSas-4 or sak genes are not present in the screen and no conserved X-box can be found upstream of these genes. Thus, dRFX does not seem to regulate centriole biogenesis and appears to be restricted to cilia assembly only (Laurençon, 2007). To find which transcription factors are responsible for governing other sets of ciliary proteins will certainly be one track to follow. Based on the data, it would be of particular interest to compare promoter sequences of genes, either regulated by dRFX, or not. It may allow discovery og novel regulatory motifs and protein modules that are necessary to coordinate ciliogenesis control. So far, only a few transcription factors have been shown to be involved in the control of ciliogenesis: the RFX proteins, Foxj1, and HNF1-beta. However, these have no obvious homologs in Drosophila. Thus, this work strongly suggests that novel transcription factors necessary for ciliogenesis still need to be discovered (Laurençon, 2007). Some of the novel RFX target genes found in Drosophila were unexpected. For example, several proteins were identified that are proposed to be involved in flagella or cilia motility, such as dynein heavy chains (CG17150/Dhc93AB). Recently, a CG13125 homolog has also been shown to function as a motility factor in T. brucei (TbCMF46). Sensory cilia are thought not to be motile in general. However, it has been shown that Drosophila chordotonal neurons of the antenna generate motion that depends on the integrity of proteins encoded by genes such as CG15148/btv (cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain) or CG14620/tilB (LRRC6 homolog), described to affect the axonemal structure. In addition, cilia of the chordotonal neurons of the grasshopper bend upon vibration stimulation. Thus, proteins involved in axonemal motility might be important for motion generation of the cilium in response to mechanical stimulation. It will be of high interest to determine whether flies defective in these 'motility' genes are affected in hearing and, more specifically, in the motility of the mechanosensory cilium that amplifies hearing vibrations. Interestingly, CG13125/TbCMF46 does not seem to be expressed in fly testis, where the spermatozoa are the only cell type with a motile flagellum in flies. This suggests that like CG15148/btv, CG13125/TbCMF46 function could be restricted to the sensory cilium and, more specifically, in allowing these cilia to mechanically respond to auditory vibrations. Thus, the data suggest that in the fly, possible axonemal motility could be regulated by different subsets of proteins in sperm flagella and in mechanosensory cilia. This is of particular interest with regard to hearing in mammals, which is dependent on hair cell motility. It will be very interesting to determine whether the CG13125/TbCMF46 homolog in mammals does have a specific function in those cell types (Laurençon, 2007). Three genes (CG6054/Su(fu), CG13415/Cby, CG33038/Ext(2)) were identified that are known to be involved in the hedgehog or wingless signaling pathways in Drosophila. Su(fu) and Ext(2) are involved in the Hedgehog pathway and Su(fu) is localized to cilia in mammalian cells. However, Su(fu) and Ext(2) do not appear to be under dRfx control according to real-time PCR quantification results and may be false positives in the screen. This result argues in favor of the generally accepted observation that the Hedgehog signaling pathway does not seem to depend on ciliogenic proteins in Drosophila. Only Chibby (Cby) is statistically down-regulated two-fold in a dRfx deficient background. Cby was isolated in a two-hybrid screen for armadillo/beta-catenin interactors. RNAi knock-down of Cby in Drosophila embryos leads to ectopic activation of the wingless pathway. Cby is also described to antagonize the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in mammalian cells. However, the expression pattern of Cby in Drosophila is not documented, so it is not known if the variations of expression observed in the dRfx deficient background are connected to dRfx expression and, thus, if it is biologically significant (Laurençon, 2007). Among the 83 genes with conserved X-boxes between D. melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura, several genes were hardly detectable by quantitative RT-PCR. Hence it was not possible to determine by this approach if they are under dRFX control. This could reflect that these genes are expressed only in a subset of sensory neurons and, thus, difficult to detect by quantitative RT-PCR. Nevertheless, several genes are interesting as potential ciliogenic or RFX target genes. For example, CG14079 is homologous to a mouse protein that appears to be specific to testis. CG11356 is homologous to mammalian arl13, which has just been isolated in an ethyl-nitroso-urea screen for neural tube defects in mouse. Indeed, mutation of arl13 affects ciliary architecture and Sonic-Hedgehog signaling in mouse. This gene, CG11356, was not found in any previous ciliogenesis study, again illustrating the accuracy of the screen. Functional studies in Drosophila will be of particular importance to demonstrate the role of this gene in sensory ciliogenesis (Laurençon, 2007). This study has identified more than 30 dRFX target genes in Drosophila by exploiting the efficiency of the X-box promoter motif search by using two divergent Drosophila species in a comparative approach. These full sets of RFX dependent or independent ciliary genes are of particular importance for studies of X-box promoter motifs and associated promoter contexts in Drosophila. More remarkably, the screen allowed the identification of at least two novel genes specific to sensory ciliary architecture in D. melanogaster and provides several new RFX target gene candidates potentially involved in ciliogenesis. This is of particular importance with regard to the growing number of human diseases that are being associated with ciliary defects (Laurençon, 2007). Rfx expression was analyzed during embryogenesis. Rfx mRNAs are detected only in the peripheral nervous system and in the brain of the embryo (Durand, 2000). Drosophila Rfx immunoreactivity is distributed in type I sensory neuron lineage of the peripheral nervous system throughout Drosophila development and thus represents the first described type I lineage characteristic marker in Drosophila. In addition, Rfx is also detected in the brain throughout development and in spermatids in adult flies (Vandaele, 2001). In embryos, Rfx is first detected at the onset of segmentation in the sensory organ precursors (SOPs) located in the gnathal segment and in the two first SOPs of each thoracic and abdominal hemisegments described as the A (anterior) and the P (posterior) SOPs. At stages 12-14 of embryogenesis, when A and P SOPs have generated new precursors by division or recruitment, Rfx is detected in these secondary precursors. At stage 15, Rfx is found predominantly in nuclei of all chordotonal (ch) and external sensory (es) organ neurons, and, at a lower level, in the accessory sister cells resulting from the last asymmetric division of the precursors. At stage 16 of embryogenesis, Rfx progressively disappears in the accessory sister cells and is only maintained in neuron nuclei at the end of embryogenesis. These results are in agreement with Rfx mRNA expression described previously (Durand, 2000) and provide new important information on Rfx stability. Whereas Rfx messenger RNAs disappear in all cells of the peripheral nervous system except ch neurons at the end of embryogenesis, the protein still persists in es neurons. Two types of sensory neurons can be distinguished in Drosophila: (1) type I neurons that innervate es and ch organs bear a ciliated sensory process at the tip of a unique dendrite and are surrounded by specialized supporting cells, and (2) type II neurons are nonciliated multidendritic neurons. In the embryo, both types of neurons are also characterized by their relative position and shape. Using an antibody that labels all sensory neurons (mAb 22C10), Rfx is found to be restricted to type I neurons of the thoracic and abdominal segments. In the head, Rfx is detected in all sensory neurons, except Bolwig's organ, which represents the future larval visual organ (Vandaele, 2001). An accumulation of Rfx in the brain is also observed starting from stage 12 of embryogenesis in two small bilateral cell clusters in the procephalic neurogenic region. From stage 14 to 17 of embryonic development, Rfx persists in a small number of cells abutting the optic lobe invagination. Rfx is detected in the brain throughout larval and pupal development in a restricted number of cells in each brain lobe (Vandaele, 2001). During larval and pupal life, Rfx is absent in early SOPs of the imaginal discs, but appears later in development, i.e. after puparium formation (APF). Rfx is found in all adult type I sensory organ lineage analyzed (antennae, leg and wing discs). No expression is detected in the eye disc. Expression is first detected in the leg discs, at the beginning of eversion, in the innermost SOPs of the femoral ch organ, that are ready to differentiate. Similarly, Rfx is detected in the Johnston organs of the second antennal segment of the antennal discs only once they are fully everted (around 24 h APF) (Vandaele, 2001). Finally, Rfx is very transiently present in adult males during spermatogenesis in syncitial bundles of 64 spermatids. According to their shape and position within the testis lumen, these spermatids are in the elongation phase of their flagellum. The protein is not detectable in spherical spermatid nuclei nor in late condensing spermatid nuclei. Rfx was not detected in the female germline and in other tissues of whole stained dissected larvae (Vandaele, 2001). Rfx is located on the third chromosome at 86A1-2 and is flanked by two genes transcribed on the opposite strand: jumeau (also described as Domina) and CG17100. CG17100 has been suggested to be affected in stich1 mutants. Available deficiencies were investigated in the 86A-B domain that would uncover Rfx. Df(3R)hth uncovers Rfx, as visualized by polytene chromosome in situ hybridization with a Rfx probe. Moreover, no trace of RFX protein is detected in Df(3R)hth homozygous embryo tissues by immunostaining. All together with complementation results these data indicate that Df(3R)hth is a deficiency uncovering the entire 85F-86C region (Dubruille, 2002). A P-element inserted 5' of Rfx (A143.1F3) was mobilized to generate more aberrations affecting the Rfx locus. Several chromosomes were selected by molecular screening, including Rfx49, a small deficiency uncovering the 5' end of Rfx. Molecular characterization of Rfx49 breakpoints revealed that the deletion does not uncover the adjacent jumu gene. Indeed, Rfx49 complements the lethal phenotype of all jumu lethal alleles tested. Moreover, no RFX immunostaining was found in the peripheral nervous system of Rfx49 mutant embryos compared with wild-type embryos (Vandaele, 2001; Dubruille, 2002). Complementation analysis with Rfx49 and Df(3R)hth chromosomes identifies two complementation groups in the 86A1-2 region that have been identified as jumu and Rfx. All stich1 alleles fail to complement jumu loss of function alleles. S143702 is actually a deficiency uncovering both jumu and Rfx loci. All together these results imply that stich1 mutations affect the jumu gene but not CG17100 (Dubruille, 2002). The more distal breakpoint of Rfx49 maps 100 bp upstream of the 5' end of CG17100. It is therefore theoretically possible that Rfx49 also affects this gene. An EMS non-complementation screen was undertaken to isolate other Rfx alleles. The Rfx253 chromosome was isolated that defines the same complementation group as Rfx49. Sequencing analysis revealed a mutation causing an amino acid substitution, S435F, in the DNA-binding domain. Serine at position 65 of the DBD is replaced by a phenylalanine. Remarkably, the mutated serine is absolutely conserved in all RFX proteins described from yeast to mammals and, in a crystallographic structure of the mammalian RFX1 DBD, is located in the 'wing' loop that mediates most DNA contacts (Gajiwala, 2000). Electromobility shift assay confirmed that Rfx253 is no longer able to bind its target sequence. Thus, based on its lack of DNA binding, Rfx253 represents a hypomorphic or null allele of Rfx (Dubruille, 2002). Rfx is necessary for olfactory and gustatory perception in Drosophila larvae. Under standard rearing conditions, most Rfx49 and Rfx253 homozygotes die as larvae. Mutant pupae could not be observed on the walls of the culture vials, regardless of allelic combination. However, in uncrowded conditions, a small proportion of homozygous pupae were detected on vials, indicating that a few larvae can pupate. Approximately 15% of first instar larvae give rise to pupae. Mutant larvae lag their heterologous siblings by more than 3 days in development to pupae. Close observation of larvae show a peculiar foraging behavior with weak food digging efficiency. This could result from an altered peripheral sensitivity, a hypothesis that was suggested by the fact that Rfx is expressed in sensory neurons during embryogenesis (Vandaele, 2000). The gustatory and olfactory-driven behavior of mutant larvae was therefore investigated (Dubruille, 2002). An olfactory test was performed using two pure odors (butanol and n-octyl-acetate) that induce characteristic attractive and repulsive responses. Whereas control larvae responded efficiently, mutant larvae showed no sensitivity to either odor. Also, repulsion was assayed by high NaCl concentrations: while control larvae are repulsed by concentrated salt, mutant larvae do not avoid this medium, showing that Rfx mutant larvae are defective in gustatory chemotaxis as well. To demonstrate that these responses are not due to a defect in the larval motility, phototaxis behavior was tested. This is based on the finding that Rfx is not expressed in the Bolwig organs, the larval visual system (Vandaele, 2001). Rfx mutant larvae should therefore not be affected in visual perception. This was clearly demonstrated by phototaxis behavioral assay. The phototaxis behaviors of Rfx mutant and control larvae are identical, demonstrating that Rfx mutants are not affected in their capacity to move. These data led to the conclusion that Rfx is necessary for olfactory and gustatory perception in Drosophila larvae (Dubruille, 2002). Emerging adults are not able to walk and fly and thus stick to the medium and cannot be retrieved in culture vials. In order to recover adult mutants, third instar larvae and pupae were selected and raised until hatching on wet filter paper. The 15% to 30% of Rfx49/Rfx253 or S143702/Rfx253 adults that emerge from pupae, all present a characteristic uncoordinated phenotype. Mutant flies cannot stand or walk: legs are crossed and wings are held up. However, mutants do react to light stimulation by moving legs and wings in an effort to right themselves and walk, but uncoordination limits their movement to a few steps or a flip from one side to another. This transient activity indicates that general neuromuscular excitability is retained. To ascertain that Rfx is responsible for the observed phenotype, an Rfx cDNA was expressed in all neurons in Rfx49/Rfx253 mutants. The transgene expression indeed completely rescued the Rfx49/Rfx253 uncoordinated and low viability phenotypes (Dubruille, 2002). The uncoordination of Rfx mutant flies is similar to the phenotype of mutants with defects in mechanosensory transduction. Type I external mechanosensory bristles include three support cells and one neuron. The innermost support cell (sheath cell) forms a tubular extension around the sensory process and produces an extracellular dendritic cap that covers the cilium tip. The two outer support cells (shaft and socket cells) construct the cuticular bristle socket and shaft and in mature organs generate the receptor lymph. To test if Rfx mutants also have defects in mechanosensory bristle electrophysiology, transepithelial potentials (TEPs) and currents were recorded from macrochaete bristles. Unstimulated wild-type bristles have a positive TEP, due to electrogenic K+ transport by sensory support cells into the restricted apical extracellular space. This creates the electrical driving force for a receptor current that is triggered by bristle deflection: current flows from the apical extracellular space into the sensory neuron, reducing the TEP and depolarizing the neuron so that it fires a series of action potentials. The response adapts to a sustained deflection (Dubruille, 2002). The average resting TEP in Rfx mutants (12±9 mV) is significantly lower than in their heterozygous sibs (61±4 mV), although the mutant and control distributions overlap. More strikingly, no mechanically elicited changes in TEP were detected in any Rfx mutant bristle, even in bristles with TEP in the normal range. Holding the TEP constant while stimulating the bristle enables a mechanoreceptor current to be recorded. No receptor currents were elicited by mechanical stimulation in Rfx mutants, even when the TEP was clamped at a large positive value (+100 mV). Finally, no action potentials were observed in mutant neurons. Thus, the adult uncoordination phenotype probably reflects a failure of bristle mechanotransduction. Maintenance of the TEP requires both active ion transport by sensory support cells, and high cuticular and transepithelial resistance. The resistance at Rfx mutant bristles was found to be, on average, one-third that at control bristles, suggesting some reduction in the integrity of the intercellular junctions connecting the neuron and the surrounding support cells (Dubruille, 2002). Most mechanosensory mutations affect chordotonal organs as well as bristles. Chordotonal organs are type I stretch receptors that transduce proprioceptive and auditory stimuli. To test chordotonal organ operation, extracellular sound-elicited potentials were recorded from the antennal nerve projecting from the auditory chordotonal organ (Johnston's organ) in wild-type and mutant antennae. Johnston's organ comprises over 100 individual sensory units or scolopidia located in the second antennal segment, that normally respond when distal antennal segments are vibrated by near-field sound. A series of sound pulses elicited a corresponding response from Rfx49/TM6B heterozygotes, but Rfx49/Rfx253 mutants showed no response to stimuli of the same or greater amplitude, indicating a complete loss of auditory chordotonal organ function (Dubruille, 2002). Taken together, the broad spectrum of behavioral and electrophysiological defects suggest that all type I organs are affected in Rfx mutants. This idea was further pursued using light and electron microscopy (Dubruille, 2002). To examine the morphology of sensory neurons in Rfx mutants, a series of molecular markers for the peripheral nervous system (PNS) was used. With the 22C10 antibody, which stains a microtubule-associated protein in all sensory neurons, no differences were observed between mutant and wild-type embryos in the number and position of sensory neurons. By contrast, the anti-HRP antibody, which stains all neuron surfaces in wild-type embryos, revealed a very weak staining of the PNS in the mutant embryos regardless of the Rfx allelic combination used. An identical weak anti-HRP staining of sensory neurons was also reported for S143702 embryos (a deficiency mutation uncovering Rfx), confirming that this phenotype is specifically due to loss of Rfx function (Dubruille, 2002). Anti-HRP staining in mutant embryos is, however, strong enough to visualize a specific dendrite defect, particularly visible in the lateral chordotonal organ clusters (1ch5). Indeed, this array of chordotonal organs is disorganized in Rfx embryos. Most dendrites are shorter, and vary in length within a cluster. The cilia present in wild type or control embryos are always either shorter or missing in Rfx mutants (Dubruille, 2002). To visualize neuronal dendrites in more detail, mutant flies were engineered expressing a membrane-localized GFP in all neurons. Focus was placed on two types of adult sensory organs: campaniform sensilla of the wing and chordotonal organs of the femur (Dubruille, 2002). Campaniform sensilla of the wing are composed of a single neuron and three accessory cells. The neuronal cell body and the dendrite are situated in the same focal plane and are thus easily visible when marked with GFP. The cilium at the tip of the dendrite is located exactly under the dome-shaped sensilla in wild-type or in rescued wings. In Rfx mutant wings, the dendrite does not reach the dome and the cilium is either absent, or shorter (Dubruille, 2002). In the femoral chordotonal organ, each scolopidium is innervated by two ciliated neurons. Instead of external cuticular structures, a rigid scolopale structure encloses the ciliary outer segments. By confocal microscopy analysis of GFP distribution, three ciliary regions can be distinguished. These regions correlate with an ultrastuctural organization that has been described by transmission electron microscopy: the axoneme, the ciliary dilation and the tubular body enclosing the tubular bundle (a dense array of microtubules). These subregions are clearly distinguished in control or rescued Rfx mutant flies. By contrast, the cilium is always shorter and even absent in mutant flies. When present, no clear cilium subregions can be distinguished indicating that the architecture of the cilium is very disorganized. Moreover, the inner dendritic segment appears swollen. These defects are specifically rescued when the Rfx cDNA is expressed in all neurons, thus demonstrating that Rfx expression in the neuron is necessary for differentiation of the ciliated sensory ending in adult sense organs (Dubruille, 2002). Investigation of the ultrastructure of sensitive neurons was carried out on the Johnston's organ in the second antennal segment. Each scolopidium of the Johnston's organ includes two neurons, a scolopale cell and an elongated conical dendritic cap that encloses the distal tips of the two cilia. The tips of a pair of cilia are attached via an extracellular cap to a distal attachment cell (cap cell), and their bases are anchored within the neurons by a long axial filament that extends through the neuronal dendrites and cell bodies. Cross-sections performed at different proximodistal positions reveal the three different typical ultrastructural subregions of chordotonal cilia. The sensory cilium is composed of 9+0 microtubule doublets. The ciliary dilation contains a paracrystalline inclusion and the tubular body is composed of microtubule arrays that are not assembled in a stereotyped fashion as in the cilium. The two cilia are surrounded by electron dense structures (scolopale rods) produced by the scolopale cell. The cilium at the tip of the dendrite contacts an extracellular matrix (dendritic cap) (Dubruille, 2002). Examination of sectioned antennae of Rfx mutants by light microscopy showed no gross defects in Johnston's organ, but the ultrastructure of individual scolopidia was profoundly altered. Sections of several scolopidia at different proximodistal positions clearly show the 9+0 axonemal structure in wild-type antennae, but no axoneme profiles were found in serial sections of Rfx253/Rfx49 antennae. In longitudinal sections the anchoring axial filament can be clearly observed in wild type, but not in mutant scolopidia. Its absence indicates that Rfx mutant defects extend beyond the cilium proper and affect associated structures in the neuron. In addition, a non-neuronal defect is noted: the electron dense scolopale rods enclosing the cilium are not as regularly arrayed as in wild-type flies. By contrast, the dendritic cap, also produced by the scolopale cell appears equally well organized in wild type and in Rfx mutants. These results demonstrate that Rfx is necessary for proper cilium assembly in chordotonal organs (Dubruille, 2002). The RFX protein family includes members from yeast to humans, which function in various biological systems, and share a DNA-binding domain and a conserved C-terminal region. In the human transcription regulator RFX1, the conserved C terminus is an independent functional domain, which mediates dimerization and transcriptional repression. This dimerization domain has a unique ability to mediate the formation of two alternative homodimeric DNA-protein complexes, the upper of which has been linked to repression. The complex formation capacity has been localized to several different RFX1 C-terminal subregions, each of which can function independently to generate the upper complex and repress transcription, thus correlating complex formation with repression. To gain an evolutionary perspective, an examination was carried out to see whether the different properties of the RFX1 C terminus exist in the two yeast RFX proteins, which are involved in signaling pathways. Replacement of the RFX1 C terminus with those of Sak1 and Crt1, its orthologs from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively, and analysis of fusions with the Gal4 DNA-binding domain, revealed that the ability to generate the two alternative complexes is conserved in the RFX family, from S. cerevisiae to man. While sharing this unique biochemical property, the three C termini differed from each other in their ability to mediate dimerization and transcriptional repression. In both functions, RFX1, Sak1, and Crt1 showed high capacity, moderate capacity, and no capacity, respectively. This comparative analysis of the RFX proteins, representing different evolutionary stages, suggests a gradual development of the conserved C terminus, from the appearance of the ancestral motif (Crt1), to the later acquisition of the dimerization/repression functions (Sak1), and finally to the enhancement of these functions to generate a domain mediating highly stable protein-protein interactions and potent transcriptional repression (RFX1) (Katan-Khaykovich, 1999). Regulatory factor X (RFX) proteins are transcriptional activators that recognize X-boxes (DNA of the sequence 5'-GTNRCC(0-3N)RGYAAC-3', where N is any nucleotide, R is a purine and Y is a pyrimidine) using a highly conserved 76-residue DNA-binding domain (DBD). DNA-binding defects in the protein RFX5 cause bare lymphocyte syndrome or major histocompatibility antigen class II deficiency. RFX1, -2 and -3 regulate expression of other medically important gene products (for example, interleukin-5 receptor alpha chain, IL-5R alpha). Fusions of the ligand-binding domain of the oestrogen receptor with the DBD of RFX4 occur in some human breast tumors. A 1.5 Å-resolution structure is presented of two copies of the DBD of human RFX1 (hRFX1), binding cooperatively to a symmetrical X-box. hRFX1 is an unusual member of the winged-helix subfamily of helix-turn-helix proteins because it uses a beta-hairpin (or wing) to recognize DNA instead of the recognition helix typical of helix-turn-helix proteins. A new model for interactions between linker histones and DNA is proposed (Gajiwala, 2000). RFX1 binds and regulates the enhancers of a number of viruses and cellular genes. RFX1 belongs to the evolutionarily conserved RFX protein family that shares a DNA-binding domain and a conserved C-terminal region. In RFX1 this conserved region mediates dimerization, and is followed by a unique C-terminal tail, containing a highly acidic stretch. In HL-60 cells nuclear translocation of RFX1 is regulated by protein kinase C by unknown mechanisms. By confocal fluorescence microscopy, a nonclassical nuclear localization signal (NLS) has been identified at the extreme C-terminus. The adjacent 'acidic region', which shows no independent NLS activity, potentiates the function of the NLS. Subcellular fractionation showed that the tight association of RFX1 with the nucleus is mediated by its DNA-binding domain and enhanced by the dimerization domain. In contrast, the acidic region inhibits nuclear association, by down-regulating the DNA-binding activity of RFX1. These data suggest an autoinhibitory interaction, which may regulate the function of RFX1 at the level of DNA binding. The C-terminal tail thus constitutes a composite localization domain, which is able to both mediate nuclear import of RFX1, and also inhibit its association with the nucleus and binding to DNA. The participation of the acidic region in both activities suggests a mechanism by which the nuclear import and DNA-binding activity of RFX1 may be coordinately regulated by phosphorylation by kinases such as PKC (Katan-Khaykovich, 2001). Cilia were present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) and were retained by most organisms spanning all extant eukaryotic lineages, including organisms in the Unikonta (Amoebozoa, fungi, choanoflagellates, and animals), Archaeplastida, Excavata, Chromalveolata, and Rhizaria. Cilia have been lost secondarily from several groups of organisms, most notably in derived fungi (unikonts) and flowering plants (nonunikonts). In certain animals, including humans, ciliary gene regulation is mediated by Regulatory Factor X (RFX) transcription factors (TFs). RFX TFs bind X-box promoter motifs and thereby positively regulate >50 ciliary genes. Though RFX-mediated ciliary gene regulation has been studied in several bilaterian animals, little is known about the evolutionary conservation of ciliary gene regulation. This study explored the evolutionary relationships between RFX TFs and cilia. By sampling the genome sequences of >120 eukaryotic organisms, this study shows that RFX TFs are exclusively found in unikont organisms (whether ciliated or not), but are completely absent from the genome sequences of all nonunikont organisms (again, whether ciliated or not). Sampling the promoter sequences of 12 highly conserved ciliary genes from 23 diverse unikont and nonunikont organisms further revealed that phylogenetic footprints of X-box promoter motif sequences are found exclusively in ciliary genes of certain animals. Thus, there is no correlation between cilia/ciliary genes and the presence or absence of RFX TFs and X-box promoter motifs in nonanimal unikont and in nonunikont organisms. These data suggest that RFX TFs originated early in the unikont lineage, distinctly after cilia evolved (see Schematic diagram depicting the evolutionary conservation of cilia, RFX TFs, and the control of ciliary genes by RFX TFs). The evolutionary model that best explains these observations indicates that the transcriptional rewiring of many ciliary genes by RFX TFs occurred early in the animal lineage (Piasecki, 2010) Many types of sensory neurons contain modified cilia where sensory signal transduction occurs. The C. elegans gene daf-19 encodes an RFX-type transcription factor that is expressed specifically in all ciliated sensory neurons. Loss of daf-19 function causes the absence of cilia, resulting in severe sensory defects. Several genes that function in all ciliated sensory neurons have an RFX target site in their promoters and require daf-19 function. Several other genes that function in subsets of ciliated sensory neurons do not have an RFX target site and are not daf-19 dependent. These results suggest that expression of the shared components of sensory cilia is activated by daf-19, whereas cell-type-specific expression occurs independently of daf-19 (Swoboda, 2000). Cilia and flagella are important organelles involved in diverse functions such as fluid and cell movement, sensory perception and embryonic patterning. They are devoid of protein synthesis, thus their formation and maintenance requires the movement of protein complexes from the cytoplasm into the cilium and flagellum axoneme by intraflagellar transport (IFT), a conserved process common to all ciliated or flagellated eukaryotic cells. Mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans gene Y41g9a.1 are responsible for the ciliary defects in osm-5 mutant worms. This was confirmed by transgenic rescue of osm-5(p813) mutants using the wild-type Y41g9a.1 gene. osm-5 encodes a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-containing protein that is the homolog of murine polaris (Tg737), a protein associated with cystic kidney disease and left-right axis patterning defects in the mouse. osm-5 is expressed in ciliated sensory neurons in C. elegans and its expression is regulated by DAF-19, an RFX-type transcription factor that governs the expression of other genes involved in cilia formation in the worm. Similar to murine polaris, the OSM-5 protein is found to be concentrated at the cilium base and within the cilium axoneme as shown by an OSM-5::GFP translational fusion and immunofluorescence. Furthermore, time-lapse imaging of OSM-5::GFP fusion protein shows fluorescent particle migration within the cilia. Overall, the data support a crucial role for osm-5 in a conserved ciliogenic pathway, most likely as a component of the IFT process (Haycraft, 2001). In Xenopus neuroectoderm, posterior cells start differentiating at the end of gastrulation, while anterior cells display an extended proliferative period and undergo neurogenesis only at tailbud stage. Recent studies have identified several important components of the molecular pathways controlling posterior neurogenesis, but little is known about those controlling the timing and positioning of anterior neurogenesis. The role of Xrx1, a homeobox gene required for eye and anterior brain development, was investigated in the control of proliferation and neurogenesis of the anterior neural plate. Xrx1 is expressed in the entire proliferative region of the anterior neural plate delimited by cells expressing the neuronal determination gene X-ngnr-1, the neurogenic gene X-Delta-1, and the cell cycle inhibitor p27Xic1. Positive and negative signals position Xrx1 expression to this region. Xrx1 is activated by chordin and Hedgehog gene signaling, which induce anterior and proliferative fate, and is repressed by the differentiation-promoting activity of neurogenin and retinoic acid. Xrx1 is required for anterior neural plate proliferation and, when overexpressed, induces proliferation, inhibits X-ngnr-1, X-Delta-1 and N-tubulin and counteracts X-ngnr-1- and retinoic acid-mediated differentiation. Xrx1 does not act by increasing lateral inhibition but by inducing the antineurogenic transcriptional repressors Xhairy2 and Zic2, and by repressing p27Xic1. The effects of Xrx1 on proliferation, neurogenesis and gene expression are restricted to the most rostral region of the embryo, implicating this gene as an anterior regulator of neurogenesis responsible for the maintenance of anterior neuronal precursors in a proliferative state (Andreazzoli, 2003). In Drosophila, prepattern genes that are expressed before the onset of neurogenesis control the region-specific activation of proneural genes. Prepattern genes include hairy and the Iroquois family homeobox genes. In vertebrates, homologs of the Iroquois genes play a similar role, functioning during early neurulation in the specification of neural precursors in the posterior neural plate. There are several similarities between the activities of Xenopus Iroquois (Xiro) genes and Xrx1, since these genes: (1) repress neuronal differentiation at early neurula; (2) do not work through lateral inhibition; (3) are repressed by X-ngnr-1 and activated by hedgehog signaling; (4) upregulate Xhairy2 and Zic2; and (5) act after neural induction and before the selection of neuronal precursor cells (Andreazzoli, 2003). Moreover, the loss of function of Rx genes in vertebrates as well as of the Iroquois complex in Drosophila, results in the absence of the structures where these genes are normally expressed. Beside these similarities, it is worth noting that while the Iroqouis genes play a role in positioning domains of proneural gene expression, this function has not been demonstrated for the Rx genes. However, the complementary expression of Xrx1 and Xiro genes together with their similar activities suggest the existence of two gene systems, one acting in the anterior and the other in the posterior neural plate, the function of which is to control the timing and delimit the location of neuronal differentiation (Andreazzoli, 2003). Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II deficiency, or bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS), is a disease of gene regulation. Patients with BLS have been classified into at least three complementation groups (A, B, and C) believed to correspond to three distinct MHC class II regulatory genes. The elucidation of the molecular basis for this disease will thus clarify the mechanisms controlling the complex regulation of MHC class II genes. Complementation groups B and C are characterized by a lack of binding of RFX, a nuclear protein that normally binds specifically to the X box cis-acting element present in the promoters of all MHC class II genes. RFX has been purified to near homogeneity by affinity chromatography. Using an in vitro transcription system based on the HLA-DRA promoter, it has been shown that extracts from RFX-deficient cells from patients with BLS (BLS cells) in groups B and C, which are transcriptionally inactive in this assay, can be complemented to full transcriptional activity by the purified RFX. As expected, purified RFX also restores a completely normal pattern of X box-binding complexes in these mutant extracts. This provides the first direct functional evidence that RFX is an activator of MHC class II gene transcription and that its absence is indeed responsible for the regulatory defect in MHC class II gene expression in patients with BLS (Durand, 1994). DNA methylation inhibits transcription driven by the collagen alpha2(I) promoter and the 5' end of the gene in transient transfection and in vitro transcription assays. DNA-binding proteins in a unique family of ubiquitously expressed proteins, methylated DNA-binding protein (MDBP)/regulatory factor for X box (RFX), form specific complexes with a sequence overlapping the transcription start site of the collagen alpha2(I) gene. Complex formation increases when the CpG site at +7 base pairs from the transcription start site is methylated. A RFX1-specific antibody supershifts the collagen gene DNA-protein complexes. In vitro translated RFX1 protein forms a specific complex with the collagen DNA sequence; the complex is also supershifted with the RFX1 antibody. MDBP/RFX displays a higher affinity binding to the collagen sequence if the CpG at +7 is mutated in a manner similar to TpG. This same mutation within reporter constructs inhibits transcription in transfection and in vitro transcription assay. These results support the hypothesis that DNA methylation-induced inactivation of collagen alpha2(I) gene transcription is mediated, in part, by increased binding of MDBP/RFX to the first exon in response to methylation in this region (Sengupta, 1999). The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an essential eukaryotic DNA replication factor that is transcriptionally regulated by the adenovirus oncoprotein E1A 243R. Inducibility of the human PCNA promoter by E1A 243R is conferred by the cis-acting PCNA E1A-responsive element (PERE), which associates with the ATF-1, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and RFX1 transcription factors and is modulated by cellular proteins such as the coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP) and tumor suppressor p107. RFX1 also forms a complex with sequences in the PCNA promoter of mouse and rat that share homology with the RFX1 consensus site. To explore the role of RFX1 in regulating the PCNA promoter, the effects were examined of mutations in the human PERE on RFX1 binding and gene expression. Mutations within the RFX1 consensus binding site reduces RFX1 binding, whereas mutations upstream of the site, or on its border, increases RFX1 binding. These mutations also affect the transcriptional activity of PCNA-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter constructs in transient expression assays. The relative transcriptional activity of mutant PCNA promoters, both in the presence and absence of E1A 243R, is inversely related to their ability to complex with RFX1. These findings suggest that the binding of RFX1 is influenced by sequences outside its consensus binding site and that this transcription factor plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of PCNA gene expression (Liu, 1999). Interleukin-5 (IL-5) plays a central role in the differentiation, proliferation, and functional activation of eosinophils. The specific action of IL-5 on eosinophils and hematopoietically related basophils is regulated by the restricted expression of IL-5 receptor alpha (IL-5Ralpha), a subunit of high-affinity IL-5R, on these cells. An enhancer-like cis element has been identified in the IL-5Ralpha promoter that is important for both full promoter function and lineage-specific activity. RFX2 protein specifically binds to this cis element. RFX2 belongs to the RFX DNA-binding protein family, the biological role of which remains obscure. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, it has been shown that RFX1, RFX2, and RFX3 homodimers and heterodimers specifically bind to the cis element of the IL-5Ralpha promoter. The mRNA expression of RFX1, RFX2, and RFX3 is detected ubiquitously, but in transient-transfection assays, multimerized RFX binding sites in front of a basal promoter efficiently function in a tissue- and lineage-specific manner. To further investigate RFX functions on transcription, full-length and deletion mutants of RFX1 were targeted to DNA through fusion to the GAL4 DNA binding domain. Tissue- and lineage-specific transcriptional activation with the full-length RFX1 fusion plasmid on a reporter controlled by GAL4 binding sites was observed. Distinct activation and repression domains within the RFX1 protein were further mapped. These findings suggest that RFX proteins are transcription factors that contribute to the activity and lineage specificity of the IL-5Ralpha promoter by directly binding to a target cis element and cooperating with other tissue- and lineage-specific cofactors (Iwama, 1999). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced B-cell growth transformation, a central feature of the virus' strategy for colonizing the human B-cell system, requires full virus latent gene expression and is initiated by transcription from the viral promoter Wp. Interestingly, when EBV accesses other cell types, this growth-transforming program is not activated. The present work focuses on a region of Wp which in reporter assays confers B-cell-specific activity. Bandshift studies indicate that this region contains three factor binding sites, termed sites B, C, and D, in addition to a previously characterized CREB site. Site C binds members of the ubiquitously expressed RFX family of proteins, notably RFX1, RFX3, and the associated factor MIBP1, whereas sites B and D both bind the B-cell-specific activator protein BSAP/Pax5. In reporter assays with mutant Wp constructs, the loss of factor binding to any one of these sites severely impaired promoter activity in B cells, while the wild-type promoter could be activated in non-B cells by ectopic BSAP expression. It is suggested that Wp regulation by BSAP helps to ensure the B-cell specificity of EBV's growth-transforming function (Tierney, 2000). Treatment of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is known to decrease c-myc mRNA by blocking transcription elongation at sites near the first exon/intron border. Treatment of HL-60 cells with either PMA or bryostatin 1, which acutely activates protein kinase C (PKC), decreases the levels of myc mRNA and Myc protein. The inhibition of Myc synthesis accounts for the drop in Myc protein, because PMA treatment has no effect on Myc turnover. Treatment with PMA or bryostatin 1 increases nuclear protein binding to MIE1, a c-myc intron 1 element that defines an RFX1-binding X box. RFX1 antiserum supershifts MIE1-protein complexes. Increased MIE1 binding is independent of protein synthesis and is abolished by a selective PKC inhibitor, which also prevents the effect of PMA on myc mRNA and protein levels and Myc synthesis. PMA treatment increases RFX1 in the nuclear fraction and decreases it in the cytosol without affecting total RFX1. Transfection of HL-60 cells with myc reporter gene constructs shows that the RFX1-binding X box is required for the down-regulation of reporter gene expression by PMA. These findings suggest that nuclear translocation and binding of RFX1 to the X box cause the down-regulation of myc expression, which follows acute PKC activation in undifferentiated HL-60 cells (Chen, 2001). Microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 1A is expressed abundantly in mature neurons and is necessary for maintenance of neuronal morphology and localization of some molecules in association with the microtubule-based cytoskeleton. Previous studies indicated that its complementary expression together with MAP1B during the nervous system development is regulated at the transcriptional level and that the mouse MAP1A gene is transcribed under the control of 5 and intronic promoters. The regulatory mechanisms that govern the neuronal cell-specific activation of the MAP1A 5 promoter have been examined. Two regulatory factor for X box (RFX) binding sites have been found in exon1 of both the mouse and human genes that are important for effective transcriptional repression observed only in non-neuronal cells by reporter assays. Among RFX transcription factor family members, RFX1 and 3 are those that mainly interact with repressive elements in vitro. Cotransfection studies indicate that RFX1, which is expressed ubiquitously, downregulates the MAP1A 5 promoter activity in non-neuronal cells. Unexpectedly, RFX3, which is abundantly expressed in neuronal cells, downregulates the transactivity as well, when RFX3 is expressed in non-neuronal cells. Neither RFX1 nor RFX3 downregulate the transactivity in neuronal cells. These results suggest that RFX1 and 3 are pivotal factors in downregulation of the MAP1A 5 promoter in non-neuronal cells. The cell type-specific downregulation, however, does not depend simply on which RFX interacts with the elements, but seems depending on underlying profound mechanisms (Nakayama, 2002). The transcription start site of the collagen alpha2(1) gene (COL1A2) has a sequence-specific binding site for a DNA methylation-responsive binding protein called regulatory factor for X-box 1 (RFX1). RFX1 forms homodimers as well as heterodimers with RFX2 spanning the collagen transcription start site. Methylation at +7 on the coding strand increases RFX1 complex formation in gel shift assays. Methylation on the template strand, however, does not increase RFX1 complex formation. DNA from human fibroblasts contains minimal methylation on the coding strand (<4%) with variable methylation on the template strand. RFX1 acts as a repressor of collagen transcription as judged by in vitro transcription and co-transfection assays with an unmethylated collagen promoter-reporter construct. In addition, an RFX5 complex present in human fibroblasts interacts with the collagen RFX site, which is not sensitive to methylation. This is the first demonstration of RFX5 complex formation on a gene other than major histocompatibility complex (MHC) promoters. Also, RFX5 represses transcription of a collagen promoter-reporter construct in rat fibroblasts that have no detectable RFX5 complex formation or protein. RFX5 complex activates MHC II transcription by interacting with an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducible protein, major histocompatibility class II trans-activator (CIITA). Collagen transcription is repressed by IFN-gamma in a dose-dependent manner in human but not in rat fibroblasts. IFN-gamma enhances RFX5 binding activity, and CIITA is present in the RFX5 complex of IFN-gamma-treated human fibroblasts. CIITA represses collagen gene transcription more effectively in human fibroblasts than in rat fibroblasts, suggesting that the RFX5 complex may, in part, recruit CIITA protein to the collagen transcription start site. Thus the RFX family may be important repressors of collagen gene transcription through an RFX binding site spanning the transcription start site (Sengupta, 2002). Search PubMed for articles about Drosophila Rfx Andreazzoli, M., et al. (2003). Xrx1 controls proliferation and neurogenesis in Xenopus anterior neural plate. Development 130: 5143-5155. 1297534 Cachero, S., et al. (2011). The gene regulatory cascade linking proneural specification with differentiation in Drosophila sensory neurons. PLoS Biol. 9(1): e1000568. PubMed Citation: 21283833 Chen, L., et al. (2000). Activation of protein kinase C induces nuclear translocation of RFX1 and down-regulates c-myc via an intron 1 X box in undifferentiated leukemia HL-60 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275(41): 32227-33. 10918054 Dubruille, R., et al. (2002). Drosophila Regulatory factor X is necessary for ciliated sensory neuron differentiation. Development 129: 5487-5498. 12403718 Durand, B., Kobr, M., Reith, W. and Mach, B. (2002). Functional complementation of major histocompatibility complex class II regulatory mutants by the purified X-box-binding protein RFX. Mol. Cell Biol. 14(10): 6839-47. 7935401 Durand, B., Vandaele, C., Spencer, D., Pantalacci, S. and Couble, P. (2000). Cloning and characterization of dRFX, the Drosophila member of the RFX family of transcription factors. Gene 246(1-2): 285-93. 10767550 Gajiwala, K. S., et al. (2000). Structure of the winged-helix protein hRFX1 reveals a new mode of DNA binding. Nature 403(6772): 916-21. 10706293 Haycraft, C. J., Swoboda, P., Taulman, P. D., Thomas, J. H. and Yoder, B. K. (2001). The C. elegans homolog of the murine cystic kidney disease gene Tg737 functions in a ciliogenic pathway and is disrupted in osm-5 mutant worms. Development 128: 1493-1505. 11290289 Huang, M., Zhou, Z. and Elledge, S. J. (1998). The DNA replication and damage checkpoint pathways induce transcription by inhibition of the Crt1 repressor. Cell 94: 595-605. 9741624 Iwama, A., et al. (1999). Dimeric RFX proteins contribute to the activity and lineage specificity of the interleukin-5 receptor alpha promoter through activation and repression domains. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19(6): 3940-50. 10330134 Katan-Khaykovich, Y., Spiegel, I. and Shaul, Y. (1999). The dimerization/repression domain of RFX1 is related to a conserved region of its yeast homologues Crt1 and Sak1: a new function for an ancient motif. J. Mol. Biol. 294(1): 121-37. 10556033 Katan-Khaykovich, Y. and Shaul, Y. (2001). Nuclear import and DNA-binding activity of RFX1. Evidence for an autoinhibitory mechanism. Eur. J. Biochem. 268(10): 3108-16 . 11358531 Laurençon, A., et al. (2007). Identification of novel regulatory factor X (RFX) target genes by comparative genomics in Drosophila species. Genome Biol. 8(9): R195. PubMed Citation: 17875208 Liu, M., Lee, B. H. and Mathews, M. B. (1999). Involvement of RFX1 protein in the regulation of the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 274(22): 15433-9. 10336433 Nakayama, A., et al. (2003). Role for RFX transcription factors in non-neuronal cell-specific inactivation of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 1A promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 278(1): 233-40. 12411430 Piasecki, B. P., Burghoorn, J. and Swoboda, P. (2010). Regulatory Factor X (RFX)-mediated transcriptional rewiring of ciliary genes in animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 12969-12974. PubMed Citation: 20615967 Qin, H., Rosenbaum, J. L. and Barr, M. M. (2001). An autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease gene homolog is involved in intraflagellar transport in C. elegans ciliated sensory neurons. Curr. Biol. 11: 457-461. 11301258 Reith, W. and Mach, B. (2001). The bare lymphocyte syndrome and the regulation of MHC expression. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19: 331-373. 11244040 Sengupta, P. K., Ehrlich, M. and Smith, B. D. (1999). A methylation-responsive MDBP/RFX site is in the first exon of the collagen alpha2(I) promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 274(51): 36649-55. 10593968 Sengupta, P. K., Fargo, J. and Smith, B. D. (2002). The RFX family interacts at the collagen (COL1A2) start site and represses transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 277(28): 24926-37 . 11986307 Swoboda, P., Adler, H. T. and Thomas, J. H. (2000). The RFX-type transcription factor DAF-19 regulates sensory neuron cilium formation in C. elegans. Mol. Cell 5: 411-421. 10882127 Tierney, R., et al. (2000). The Epstein-Barr virus promoter initiating B-cell transformation is activated by RFX proteins and the B-cell-specific activator protein BSAP/Pax5. J. Virol. 74(22): 10458-67 . 11044090 Wu, S. Y. and McLeod, M. (1995). The sak1+ gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe encodes an RFX family DNA-binding protein that positively regulates cyclic AMP-dependant protein kinase mediated exit from the mitotic cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 1479-1488. 7862141 Vandaele, C., Coulon-Bublex, M., Couble, P. and Durand, B. (2001). Drosophila regulatory factor X is an embryonic type I sensory neuron marker also expressed in spermatids and in the brain of Drosophila. Mech. Dev. 103: 159-162 . 11335126 date revised: 30 December 2012 Home page: The Interactive Fly © 2017 Thomas Brody, Ph.D.

This article was co-authored by Stephanie Wong Ken, MFA Stephanie Wong Ken is a writer primarily based in Canada. 100% inexpensive. Our organization is aware of many college students reside on a good budget, that’s why our prices are funds-friendly. Asking us to write down faculty essays for cash, ensure it won’t hit your pockets because of reliable costs with good discounts. An Analysis Of Vital Factors In essay sample The first step: Study the work for its literal which suggests. In case you might be writing an article on a text that has a serious quantity of historic background that straight pertains to your essay, it’s attainable you’ll wish to add an introductory paragraph. This paragraph may be helpful when establishing Ap Lit Pattern Essays an essay that it is advisable start of with a intelligent anecdote, it’s doable you will add this paragraph. 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The feature of the Middle Eastern culture? Middle East is that of geography of international politics that was based on the cultural identity. In What are the such cultural identity in the Middle East area. Middle East area and Islamic culture Speaking First and Middle East area, it will include the deep ties with the Islamic culture. The Islamic culture is a term that refers to the cultural features that are common to believers of Islam (Muslims). Islam was born in the Arabian Peninsula in the century, the initial stage of development in the Arab region. Along with the rapid expansion of the then Islamic empire, we continue to expand Islamic culture. Features of Islamic culture Islam has faith only absolute of God (Allah). Muslim literature is mainly written in Arabic and Persian. Idoaru = Fitr, Idoaru = Adoha, Day of Ashura, is provided holidays such as Mawlid. Islamic art does not perform the organisms of the depiction, including humans. In the Islamic art it is often portrayed Allah as a subject matter. Islamic architecture is that of architecture that incorporates the style of the chapel mosque was built by Muhammad.

Laurie Arnold (Colville) is director of Native American Studies and assistant professor of history at Gonzaga University in Spokane. Arnold is an enrolled member of the Sinixt band of the Colville Confederated Tribes and grew up on the Colville Reservation. Her monograph, Bartering with the Bones of Their Dead: The Colville Confederated Tribes and Termination, is a federal Indian policy history written from a community orientation. As director of Native American Studies at Gonzaga, Arnold teaches about Plateau tribes and U.S. and Native American history, and also develops programs and partnerships to enhance knowledge about the Columbia Plateau, particularly the Indigenous Plateau. Arnold’s previous appointments include the University of Notre Dame and the Newberry Library’s D’Arcy McNickle Center for American Indian and Indigenous Studies. As Associate Director at the McNickle Center, Arnold co-organized the Lannan Summer Institute for Tribal College Teachers, a two-week session that focused on research and content development for Native American topic courses. Arnold also visited several of the NEH Summer Seminars and Institutes operated by the Newberry Library each year during her tenure there. Christopher Leise teaches multi-ethnic literatures of the U.S., including American Indian literatures, at Whitman College. His scholarly work focuses on origin myths and nationalist discourses; a recent book examining popular misconceptions of colonial New England in modern America, The Story upon a Hill: Myths of Puritanism in Contemporary American Fiction, was published by the University of Alabama Press in 2017. Leise has organized numerous events on Whitman's campus and in the Walla Walla region focusing on drawing greater attention to Native American voices in the telling of Columbia Plateau history, and he has an essay forthcoming on Columbia River dams in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and the Environment. His experience teaching Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) literary history to students on the Indigenous Plateau will prove useful for teachers who want to modify the Institute’s content for peoples from areas outside the Inland Northwest. Roger Amerman is a Park Ranger with the U.S. National Park Service as well as a highly accomplished Native American beadwork artist that competes throughout the western United States. He was the featured Master Artist at the exhibit “Rekindled: Contemporary Southeast Beadwork,” December 2016 thru November 2017, AH-TAH-THI-KI Museum, Big Cypress Seminole Reservation, Clewiston, FL; Cultural Interpreter and Master Artist presentation of Choctaw beadwork art, male apparel, and traditional design to an international audience at “Choctaw Days” Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington D.C., Recipient of the prestigious Southwestern Association for Indian Arts (SWAIA) “Fellowship Award” (March 2007, Santa Fe, NN). Only 6 outstanding Native artists in North America are selected each year. Katrine Barber is Associate Professor of History at Portland State University, specializing in the Pacific Northwest, the Columbia River, and public history.She is author and co-author of several books and articles, including Nature’s Northwest: The North Pacific Slope in the Twentieth Century (with William Robbins), University of Arizona Press, 2011; Death of Celilo Falls, University of Washington Press, published as part of the Emil and Kathleen Sick Lecture Book series in Western History and Biography, 2005; and Decolonizing Sustainability: Students, Teachers, and Indigenous University Partnerships, with Donna Sinclair, accepted for publication as part of the PSU Institute for Sustainable Solutions book series through Greenleaf Publishing. Larry Cebula is Professor of History at Eastern Washington University, specializing in American Indian History, the history of the U.S. West, and public history. He is the author of Plateau Indians and the Quest for the Spirit Power, 1700-1850, University of Nebraska Press, 2003 and founded and developed Spokane Historical, a smartphone app and website for local and regional history, produced collaboratively with EWU students: SpokaneHistorical.org. He also publishes Northwest History, a blog about digital, public, and western history, which won the 2008 Cliopatria Award for “Best Individually Authored History Blog.” Brian Collier is a historian and faculty member in the Alliance for Catholic Education at University of Notre Dame, teaching the history of education and American Indian Education. He also chairs the Western History Association’s Committee on Teaching. His publications include College Student Voices on Educational Reform: Challenging and Changing Conversations, Burke, Kevin, Brian S Collier, Maria McKenna, Palgrave, 2013; “Teaching the American West,” Journal of the West 49.3 (Summer 2010): 8-9, with Lindsey Passenger Wieck; and “‘To Bring Honor to My Village’: Steve Gachupin, the Community of Jemez Ceremony Running, and the Pikes Peak Marathon,” Journal of the West 46.4 (Fall 2007): 62-71. Roberta Conner (Cayuse) is Director of Tamástslikt Cultural Institute. She is the former Chair of the Board of Directors of the National Museum of the American Indian and a contributor to Lewis and Clark Through Indian Eyes. Her publications also include Čáw Pawá Láakni, They Are Not Forgotten, Sahaptian Place Names Atlas of the Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla, Hunn et. al., Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, 2015; Administrator, co-editor, contributor, Enough Good People: Reflections on Tribal Involvement and Inter-Cultural Collaboration, 2003-2006, Circle of Tribal Advisors of the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial, Grand Junction, CO: Colorado Printing Company, 2010; and “Early Contact and Incursion, 1700-1850” in Wiyaxayxt/Wiyaakaa’awn = As Days Go By: Our History, Our Land, Our People—The Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla, ed. Jennifer Karson, University of Washington Press, 2006. Cheryl Gunselman is Manuscripts Librarian at the Manuscripts, Archives, and Special Collections at the Washington State University Libraries, Pullman. Her publications include “‘Wheedling, Wangling, and Walloping’ for Progress: The Public Service Career of Cornelia Marvin Pierce, 1905-1943,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 110.3 (Fall 2009): 362-389; “Cornelia Marvin Pierce and Mary Frances Isom, Leaders of Oregon’s Library Movement,” Library Trends 52.4 (Spring 2004): 877-901; and, with Roderick Sprague, “A Buried Promise: The Palus Jefferson Presidential Peace Medal,” Journal of Northwest Anthropology 37.1 (Spring 2003): 53-88. Chad Hamill (Spokan) is Associate Professor of Applied Indigenous Studies and Vice President of Native American Initiatives at Northern Arizona University, where he specializes in music and sovereignty, music and spirituality, and Indigenous ecological knowledge. He is the author of Songs of Power and Prayer in the Columbia Plateau: The Jesuit, the Medicine Man, and the Indian Hymn Singer, Oregon State University Press, 2012; “American Indian Jazz: Mildred Bailey and the Origins of America’s Most Musical Art Form,” in Indigenous Pop, University of Arizona Press, 2016; and “Indian Classical Music as Taught in the West: The Reshaping of Tradition?” in Cultural Diversity in Music Education: Directions and Challenges for the 21st Century, Queensland: Australian Academic Press, 2005: 143-150. Alexandra Harmon is Professor Emerita of American Indian Studies and History at the University of Washington, specializing in History, Law and Political Thought, and Race and Ethnicity. She has published Rich Indians: Native People and the Problem of Wealth in American History, University of North Carolina Press, 2010; Indians in the Making: Ethnic Relations and Indian Identities around Puget Sound, University of California Press, 1998; The Power of Promises: Rethinking Pacific Northwest Indian Treaties (editor), Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008; “Coast Salish History,” in Be of Good Mind: Essays on the Coast Salish, ed. Bruce G. Miller, Vancouver: UBC Press, 2007; and “Indian Treaty History: A Subject for Agile Minds,” Oregon Historical Quarterly (Fall 2005): 358-373. Michael Holloman (Colville) is Associate Professor of Art History and Fine Arts at Washington State University, specializing in contemporary art and contemporary Indigenous art. He is also the former director of Plateau Cultural Studies at the Northwest Museum of Art and Culture (MAC). He contributed to Indian Summers—The Nespelem Art Colony 1937‐1941 on KSPS Public Television, Spokane, WA, as consultant and respondent (2016) and presented such lectures as “Clyfford Still: The Colville Indian Reservation and the Nespelem Art Colony.” His selected exhibitions and group shows include “SGiGialtx @20: Building Upon the Past, Visioning Into the Future, Longhouse Education and Cultural Center 20th Anniversary Exhibition” at The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA (2016); “Not Vanishing” Contemporary Expressions in Indigenous Art, 1977‐2015. Museum of Northwest Art, LaConner, WA (2015); and “Terrain: Plateau Native Art & Poetry” (Contemporary American Indian Prints) The Evergreen State College Gallery, Olympia, WA (2014). Amy Lonetree (Ho-Chunk) is Associate Professor of History at UC-Santa Cruz, specializing in Indigenous history, Museum Studies, commemoration and public memory, Native American cultural production, and Ho-Chunk Tribal history. She has published Decolonizing Museums: Representing Native America in National and Tribal Museums, University of North Carolina Press, 2012; with Tom Jones, Michael Schmudlach, Matthew Daniel Mason and George A. Greendeer, People of the Big Voice: Photographs of Ho-Chunk Families by Charles Van Schaick, 1879-1942, Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2011; The National Museum of the American Indian: Critical Conversations, University of Nebraska Press, 2008 (co-edited with Amanda J. Cobb); and “Native Articulations: Representing Indigenous History, Art, and Culture in Exhibitions,” Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals 7.4 (2011): 429-431. Ben Murphy is Archivist and Head of Digital Services in the Whitman College and Northwest Archives in Penrose Library, and also Adjunct Assistant Professor of Library and Information Science. He teaches a course on archival research methods, and collaborates with Whitman faculty to integrate archives, rare books and manuscripts into the curriculum. He has published and presented on topics such as information literacy, digital humanities and digital collections. Scott Manning Stevens (Mohawk) is Associate Professor and Director of Native American Studies at Syracuse University, specializing in visual culture, museum studies, and Native American literatures. He has published broadly, including “Native America, Collectors, and Museums: from Cabinets of Curiosities to Indigenous Cultural Centers,” in The Oxford Handbook of American Indian History, ed. Frederick Hoxie. Oxford University Press, 2016; Why You Can’t Teach United States History without American Indians, eds. Susan Sleeper-Smith, Juliana Barr, Jean M. O’Brien, Nancy Shoemaker, and Scott Manning Stevens, University of North Carolina Press, 2015; and Art of the American West: The Haub Family Collection at Tacoma Art Museum, coauthored with Laura Fry and Peter Hassrick, Yale University Press, 2014.

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Select any filter and click on Apply to see results Article 33: Arbitration A. Any unresolved grievances processed under Article 32 (Grievance Procedure) of this Agreement, or any challenges to adverse or unacceptable performance actions, may, upon written notification by the Union or the Employer, be appealed to binding arbitration. The request for arbitration will be made within thirty (30) calendar days after receipt of the final decision in the grievance procedure or the written decision letter in an adverse or unacceptable performance action. If, in the case of an unresolved grievance, no final decision has been issued, the request will be made within thirty (30) calendar days from the date such decision should have been issued. B. If the Union makes a request for arbitration, it shall be in writing and served on the Assistant Director of OHR for Employee and Labor Relations via email and mail (to 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549 (Mail Stop 3949). If the Employer makes a request for arbitration, it shall be in writing and served on the National President of NTEU, with a copy to the Chapter 293 President via email and mail. A. The Parties already have established permanent panels for hearing arbitration appeals filed by the Union or the Employer under their previous agreements, and those panels shall be carried over to the current agreement. B. Either party may unilaterally remove one arbitrator from the panel during each twelve (12) month period of this agreement by giving notice to the other party and the arbitrator. The parties may also mutually agree to strike any arbitrator from the panel at any time. Upon receipt of that notice, no further cases will be assigned to that arbitrator, but the arbitrator will hear and decide any cases already assigned. C. Within thirty (30) days, or such other time as agreed upon by the parties, of the removal or other action creating a vacancy on the panel, the Parties shall attempt to agree upon a replacement. If the Parties cannot agree to a replacement within this timeframe, the Parties shall promptly and jointly request from the FMCS, AAA or any other source a list of five (5) impartial persons qualified to act as arbitrators for each vacancy. The parties may agree to individual arbitrators without seeking lists. D. The cost of the list, if any, will be shared equally by the Parties. If the Parties cannot mutually agree upon a selection, the Parties will then alternately strike names of persons from the list until one (1) name remains. This person shall be the duly selected arbitrator to fill the vacancy. A coin flip will determine which Party will strike first. E. Within thirty (30) calendar days after receipt of a request for arbitration, the Parties will assign the case to the next arbitrator on the panel, on a rotational basis. The same panel of arbitrators will be used for expedited arbitration. The arbitrator's fees and all of the arbitrator's expenses, including travel expenses, incurred under this procedure shall be borne equally by the Parties. Unless the parties agree otherwise, a verbatim transcript of the hearing will be made. If either Party desires a copy of the transcript, that party will bear the expense of the copies it obtains. The Parties will share equally the cost of the transcript, if any, supplied to the arbitrator. A. The arbitrator will hear the grievance as promptly as practicable, on a date and at a site, normally the Employer's premises, mutually agreeable to the Parties. B. Once the hearing date has been established, a Party unilaterally requesting that an arbitration hearing be postponed, delayed, or cancelled, for any reason that results in fees being charged by the arbitrator or the court reporter, will pay any and all fees associated with the requested change. The fact that one Party has no objection to the request of the other Party for postponement, delay, or cancellation of the arbitration hearing will not absolve the requesting Party from the paying of all the fees being charged. C. In any case where the Parties mutually agree to postpone, delay, or cancel an arbitration proceeding, the Parties will share equally the cost of any fees being charged by the arbitrator or the court reporter which are associated with the requested change. D. The Parties will exchange lists of potential hearing witnesses fifteen (15) calendar days prior to the scheduled hearing. The Employer will make reasonable efforts to produce Agency employees as witnesses if requested by the Union. Each Party has the responsibility and obligation to produce its witnesses on the day of the hearing, and each Party will bear its own witnesses' expenses, including travel. Where practicable, the parties may mutually agree to allow witnesses to testify by telephone, video-conference or other electronic means. The grievant and all employees who are called as witnesses will be excused from duty to the extent necessary to participate in the arbitration hearing, without loss of pay or charge to annual leave. E. In determining whether to conduct an ex parte hearing, an arbitrator must consider relevant legal, contractual, and other pertinent circumstances. If the arbitrator concludes that an ex parte hearing is appropriate, the arbitrator will decide how the hearing will be conducted. The arbitrator must be certain, before proceeding ex parte, that the party refusing or failing to attend the hearing has been given adequate notice of the time, place and purposes of the hearing. Copies of any briefs and decisions will be served on the other party. F. The arbitrator shall submit his or her decision to the Employer and the Union advocate as soon as possible, but in no event later than thirty (30) calendar days following the close of the record before him or her, unless the Parties waive this requirement. The arbitrator's decision is final and binding. A. The arbitrator shall have the authority to make all arbitrability/grievability determinations. However, either party retains the right to file an appeal or exceptions to any decision rendered by the arbitrator regarding arbitrability/grievability. B. The arbitrator will confine himself/herself to the precise issue submitted for arbitration and will have no authority to determine any other issues not so submitted. If the Parties fail to agree on a joint submission of the issue for arbitration, each will present a separate submission, with a copy to the other Party, and the arbitrator will determine the issue(s) to be heard. The Parties may, by mutual agreement, stipulate the facts and the issue in a particular case directly to an arbitrator for decision without a formal hearing. A. The decision of the arbitrator will be final and binding. However, either Party may file an exception to the arbitrator's decision with the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA) in accordance with the FLRA's regulations. B. The arbitrator shall possess the authority to prescribe remedies to the extent provided under pertinent laws, rules, and regulations. An arbitrator has the authority to award reasonable attorney fees in accordance with applicable law. C. The jurisdiction, authority, and expressed opinions of the chosen arbitrator will be confined exclusively to the interpretation of the expressed provision or provisions of this Agreement at issue between the Parties. Arbitrators must follow laws, binding government-wide regulations, and applicable precedents. The arbitrator has no power to add to, subtract from, disregard, alter, or modify any terms of this Agreement or the Employer's policy and regulations. A. When the Parties settle the matter prior to an arbitration hearing and there are fees charged due to the cancellation of the hearing, both Parties will equally share the cost of any fees being charged. B. The Parties have the right to present and cross-examine witnesses and issue opening and closing statements. C. The arbitrator may exclude testimony or evidence that is determined to be irrelevant or unduly repetitious. D. Either Party may ask the arbitrator to draw an appropriate inference when either Party fails to present facts or witnesses that the arbitrator deems necessary and relevant. E. Testimony shall be under oath or affirmation. F. Either Party may introduce bargaining history at the hearing. By agreement, bargaining history also may be provided to the arbitrator by telephone or fax. A. A grievance concerning the following matters may be submitted for expedited arbitration: - Dues withholding, - Denials of Official Time, - Improper maintenance of personnel records, - Denials of a work schedule or telework request, - Bulletin board postings or literature distribution by the union, or - Denials of an outside employment request. B. The request for expedited arbitration will be made within fifteen (15) calendar days after receipt of the final decision in the grievance procedure. If no final decision has been issued, the request will be made within fifteen (15) calendar days from the date such decision should have been issued. The arbitrator will be selected in the same manner as provided for in Section 2 above. An arbitrator unable to hear an expedited arbitration case within thirty (30) calendar days will be deemed unavailable and the Parties will select another arbitrator. C. The hearing will be conducted as soon as possible and will be informal in nature. The Parties may arrange for a pre-hearing conference with or without the arbitrator to consider means of expediting the hearing. The arbitrator will issue a decision as soon as possible, but no later than twenty (20) calendar days after the official closing of the hearing, unless otherwise agreed by the Parties. By mutual agreement, the arbitrator may issue a bench decision.

- 1 What is Amenorrhea? - 2 What are the Causes of Amenorrhea? - 3 Primary Amenorrhea - 4 Causes of Primary Amenorrhea - 5 Secondary Amenorrhea - 6 Causes of Secondary Amenorrhea - 7 What are the Symptoms of Amenorrhea? - 8 Homeopathic Medicines for Amenorrhea - 9 Pulsatilla – Top Homeopathic Medicine for Amenorrhea - 10 Sepia – Another Useful Homeopathic Medicine for Absent Menses - 11 Senecio Aureus – For Absent Menses in Young Girls - 12 Joanesia Asoca – For Suppressed and Scanty Menses - 13 Ignatia – Homeopathic Remedy for Suppressed Menses from Grief - 14 Natrum Mur – For Absent Menses with Hair Loss - 15 Phosphorus – Homeopathic Medicine for Amenorrhea with Milky Discharge from Nipples - 16 Graphites – For Tendency of Late and Scanty Periods - 17 Conium – Homeopathy for Amenorrhea with Tendency of Late and Short Periods - 18 Oleum Jec – For Amenorrhea with Hirsutism What is Amenorrhea? Amenorrhea stands for the absence of menstrual periods in females who are of reproductive age means the span between puberty and menopause. The normal menstruation cycle starts in girls during puberty between the age of 9-15 years, the puberty age may vary in terms of areas. Then the menstrual cycle occurs every month on a regular basis till the women reach menopause. Menopause is the age when the periods of the women stop naturally. Usually, it happens around the age of 45 years. When women between the stage of puberty and menopause do not get periods for almost three consecutive months or more than three months have amenorrhea. Homeopathic medicines for amenorrhea help to regularize the periods of a female by correcting the hormonal imbalance in a safe and natural manner. Amenorrhea itself is not a disease but it can develop due to a number of reasons. It can occur during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Other than these causes, missed periods can indicate some underlying health conditions. What are the Causes of Amenorrhea? There are two main types of amenorrhea including primary and secondary amenorrhea. A female who has not started her menstrual cycle by the age of 16 years, it is known as primary amenorrhea. It needs medical attention too. Causes of Primary Amenorrhea - Congenital absence of uterus or fallopian tubes or any other structural abrnomality in female reproductive system - Vaginal atresia (it is another cause in which the vagina of the female is abnormally absent or closed - Problems of pituitary gland - Premature ovarian failure - Androgen sensitivity - Imperforate hymen (in normal condition, vagina is surrounded by thin membrane known as hymen that has a small opening in the center. In imperforate hymen, the opening in this membrane is absent and it blocks vaginal canal. - Turner syndrome (this condition can result in lack of some part or entire of one of the two X chromosome and ovaries are replaced by scar tissue and causes low production of estrogen When you have regular periods but after some time if you miss your monthly menstrual periods for 3 straight months then it is known as secondary amenorrhea. Causes of Secondary Amenorrhea - Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the main causes of it - The next cause is the use of oral contraceptive pills also known as birth control pills - Use of certain types of IUD (intrauterine devices) - Some other medications that can cause amenorrhea are antidepressants, antipsychotics and blood pressure control allopathic medicines - An issue with thyroid function - Excessive weight loss - Sudden weight gain - Eating disorders (anorexia or bulimia) - Poor nutrition - Intense exercise - Tumors in ovaries - Scarring/adhesions in the uterus - Pituitary tumors - Surgical removal of uterus or ovaries can also cause it - A family history of secondary amenorrhea may also lead to it - Premature menopause can also cause it, the common age of menopause is around 45 and if it happens before 40 years it is called premature menopause - Certain physiological causes in which the females do not menstruate that is pregnancy, breastfeeding and menopause What are the Symptoms of Amenorrhea? There are some symptoms that can occur with the missed menses depending on the cause behind it. - Acne (pimples) - Pelvic pain - Milky discharge from nipples - Hair fall - Facial hair (hirsutism) - Vision changes Homeopathic Medicines for Amenorrhea Females suffering from secondary amenorrhea can be treated well with the help of homeopathic remedies. They eradicate the root cause of the suppressed menses and bring periods. These natural remedies also manage the symptoms associated with suppressed menses including pelvic pain, hair fall, facial hair, milky discharge from the nipples, headache and acne(pimples). Homeopathic remedies are devoid of side effects due to their natural origin. Pulsatilla – Top Homeopathic Medicine for Amenorrhea Pulsatilla is produced from the plant known as Pulsatilla Nigricans commonly called wind flower. It belongs to the family of ranunculaceae. It is very beneficial in cases of missed periods. It is also prescribed to bring menses in females who miss their menses often. In these cases, the females tend to get menses always late. Additionally, the flow of the periods is also scanty in nature. The bleeding may be clotted, black, watery or thin in nature. Headache is also present because of the suppressed menses. The patient needing this remedy also complains of painful periods even since puberty. Nausea, chilliness and vomiting are also present along with pain. The patient of this medicine may also experience milky discharge from nipples during amenorrhea. Acne is another issue that can be associated with menstrual irregularities in such patients. Homeopathic medicine Pulsatilla not only regularizes the periods but also corrects the hormonal disturbances effectively. Sepia – Another Useful Homeopathic Medicine for Absent Menses Homeopathic medicine Sepia is one of the major homeopathic remedies for amenorrhea. This medicine also has the ability to correct the hormonal imbalance like Pulsatilla. The patient of this medicine complains of missed menses for many months. At times, she gets the periods around three times a year. The past history of the periods is usually scanty in nature. There is a violent pain in the abdomen before menses. Pimples also occur in these patients before menses. Furthermore, sadness before periods is another prominent symptom to consider. There is another characteristic symptom of this remedy that is, violent bearing down pain/ sensation in pelvic region. It is also prescribed when there is a vaginal discharge from the vagina instead of menses. The patient also complains of unwanted facial hair along with the above symptoms. Senecio Aureus – For Absent Menses in Young Girls Senecio is produced from the plant Golden ragwort. The plant belongs to the family of compositae. It is an ideal remedy to treat amenorrhea in young girls. They feel as if periods would appear but fail. Furthermore, they also feel backache or pain in the shoulders with suppressed periods. Joanesia Asoca – For Suppressed and Scanty Menses It is produced from the bark of an Indian tree Ashoka. The plant belongs to the family of caesalpinioideae. It is one of the natural remedies that is being used since ancient times to cure amenorrhea, menstrual problems and scanty menses. In homeopathy, it serves the same purpose including irregular periods, suppressed periods and scanty periods. The patient of this medicine also complains of headaches due to suppressed menses. It is also prescribed when there is a pain in the lower abdomen, backache, pain in the head and thighs is present due to scanty flow of menses. Ignatia – Homeopathic Remedy for Suppressed Menses from Grief Ignatia is also from the plant kingdom and produced from the plant known as Ignatia Amara also known as St. Ignatius Bean. It belongs to the family of loganiaceae. It is the best medicine to treat suppressed menses of this modern age where everyone is filled with grief. It works wonders in cases of suppressed menses from grief. Furthermore, the patient of this medicine is depressed, sad along with weeping spells. When menses are suppressed due to grief Ignatia helps to bring the menstrual flow in such cases. Natrum Mur – For Absent Menses with Hair Loss Natrum Mur is an ideal choice in cases of amenorrhea and hair loss. The menses of the patient are suppressed. The periods occur late and when they occur profusely in nature. The flow of menses is thin, watery and pale. Headache is also felt before and after periods. Hair loss is a prominent symptom with the above features. If Ignatia fails, homeopathic medicine Natrum Mur works well in suppressed menses due to grief. Phosphorus – Homeopathic Medicine for Amenorrhea with Milky Discharge from Nipples Homeopathic medicine Phosphorus works well in cases where menses are absent along with milky discharge from nipples. The patient of this medicine gets menses very late but they are profuse in nature. Furthermore, they can last longer than the normal duration. The menstruation is bright red in color. Severe back pain is also present with pain in the ovaries during menses. After menstruation the patient feels great weakness and also gets burning, smarting vaginal discharges. Graphites – For Tendency of Late and Scanty Periods This remedy is beneficial when menses occur late and are scanty in nature. The periods are associated with violent pain. The color of the menstrual blood is dark sometimes blackish and thick in nature. At times, the patient also experiences gushing vaginal discharges. Additionally, the patient of this medicine may experience heaviness in arms and legs due to suppressed menses. Conium – Homeopathy for Amenorrhea with Tendency of Late and Short Periods It is another useful remedy for suppressed periods in females. The females who need this medicine have a tendency of late periods and the menses also last for a short time. The menstrual blood is clotted and they are also scanty in nature. Additionally, the patient may complain of swelling and pain in the breast during menses. There is an additional complaint they also have is small red pimples on the body during menstruation. Itching in the vagina is attended with menses. Oleum Jec – For Amenorrhea with Hirsutism Oleum Jec is an ideal homeopathic medicine for suppressed menses. Furthermore, the medicine also has the ability to improve the menstrual blood flow. This medicine acts well in cases of facial hair in females. The patient of this medicine may also have soreness in the ovaries. Lastly, the patient may also have a symptom of painful menses. Note: Medicines mentioned here are for information purpose only. Kindly do not self-medicate. Click the Whatsapp Button to Contact us. You can write about your problem To Dr. Arsalan Rauf and receive a reply on How Homeopathy can help in treating your disease or illness. I had accomplished D. H. M. S in 2008, I have been into practice (in Rawalpindi & Islamabad) for more or less 12 years. During my practice, I have been treating acute as well as chronic disorders. I had also completed MHS (Masters of Human Sexuality) in 2014 from SAIHS. Dengue fever, Developmental Delay, Urethral Stricture, Sexual dysfunctions and disorders in males as well as females attract my attention, therefore, I love to solve these cases. Apart from Homeopathy, I am M.A in English Literature from Punjab University. I have been teaching English at Post Graduate National College Rawalpindi for 5 years. So I am holding two noble professions. I have written more than 6000 articles on different subjects. To be more specific I have authored different websites as well.

The shootings in Washington this week introduced me to a phrase from American literature that I had never heard before. Bret Stephens quoted it in his New York Times column: it comes from Philip Roth, the great Jewish-American novelist. Roth, in referring to American violence in its many forms, called this phenomenon “the indigenous American berserk.” Stephens suggests that the DC shooter “seems a representative type: a relatively normal man, with a seemingly normal life, a bit of a loser, a few axes to grind. Then: Boom. Another awful postal moment, stirred by frustration or loneliness or impulse, loosely yoked to a political cause.” In reading this week’s Torah portion, Shelakh-Lekha, we encounter another wilderness disaster. Moshe sends scouts to reconnoiter the land, and they return with a report laced with pessimism. On the heels of the complaints about menu options in last week’s portion, and with anticipation for the demagogic Korah’s rebellion next week, is the Book of Numbers, Sefer Bemidbar, a record of what we might call “the indigenous Israelite neurotic?” Do these narratives suggest to us that we as a People are hardwired to find the worst no matter how good we have it? With this question in mind, here’s another question, specifically about the parshah: the scouts were instructed to bring back a report; they brought back a report. They described what they saw, and even did so accurately. So what did they do wrong? In fact, the great 15th-century commentator Abravanel asks this question. Through a close reading of the text on Shabbat morning, we will find out what he thinks, and then we can consider the original question. Are the 10 nay-saying scouts representations of an “indigenous Israelite neurotic?” As a people, are we them, or are we the remaining two scouts, Yehoshu’a and Kalev, who broke with party lines and instead saw hope? Wishing you a Shabbat Shalom,

About us and contact info: Permanent Court Interpreter for the English Language Address 1: Ive Andrića 44b/16 Address 2: Srpske dobrovoljačke garde 122/a 76300 Bijeljina, the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina Mob. +387 (0)65 370 661 Fax. +387 (0)55 42 40 40 Born in 1983 in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFRY). B.A.Hon. in English Language and Literature Graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy at the University in East Sarajevo in 2008. Appointed as the Court Interpreter for the English Language by the Appellate Court of Brčko District, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2010, and appointed as the Permanent Court Interpreter for the English Language by the Ministry of Justice of Republic of Srpska in February 2019. - Commercial and International Arbitration Proceedings in the Hague and Belgrade. - FGD Plant Construction Project in Thermal Power Plant Ugljevik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. - Construction of Sewer System in the city of Bijeljina. - Water resource and environmental management in cross-border areas of the Republic of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Drina river basin”, together with the expertise and consultancy services provided by the company “Royal HasskoningDHV” from the Netherlands. - Translation of scientific and research articles and papers, together with long-term engagement regarding translation of papers for “Economics” Journal, published by Oikos Institute, Research Centre from Bijeljina, the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. - Attendance and interpretation at various fairs and conferences such as VGB Congress Power Plants – Vienna 2015; Energa 2018 – Sarajevo.

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- Open Access Who is the main caregiver of the mother during the doing-the-month: is there an association with postpartum depression? BMC Psychiatry volume 21, Article number: 270 (2021) To examine the relationship between the main caregiver during the “doing-the-month” (a traditional Chinese practice which a mother is confined at home for 1 month after giving birth) and the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) in postnatal women. Participants were postnatal women stayed in hospital and women who attended the hospital for postpartum examination, at 14–60 days after delivery from November 1, 2013 to December 30, 2013. Postpartum depression status was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Univariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify the associations between the main caregiver during “doing-the-month” and the risk of PPD in postnatal women. One thousand three hundred twenty-five postnatal women with a mean (SD) age of 28 (4.58) years were included in the analyses. The median score (IQR) of PPD was 6.0 (2, 10) and the prevalence of PPD was 27%. Of these postnatal women, 44.5% were cared by their mother-in-law in the first month after delivery, 36.3% cared by own mother, 11.1% by “yuesao” or “maternity matron” and 8.1% by other relatives. No association was found between the main caregivers and the risk of PPD after multiple adjustments. Although no association between the main caregivers and the risk of PPD during doing-the-month was identified, considering the increasing prevalence of PPD in Chinese women, and the contradictions between traditional culture and latest scientific evidence for some of the doing-the-month practices, public health interventions aim to increase the awareness of PPD among caregivers and family members are warranted. Postpartum depression (PPD) is a debilitating but treatable mental disorder that occurs after childbirth . Symptoms of PPD include sleep disturbance, anxiety, irritability, feeling of overwhelmed and obsessional preoccupation with the baby’s health and feeding . Suicide intention and harm to baby have also been reported . PPD affects one in nine new mothers after childbirth, with prevalence ranging from 10 to 15% worldwide, and this is even higher in low- and middle- income countries . In China, the prevalence of PPD was 15.5% . Past history of anxiety and untreated depression during pregnancy is the strongest risk factor of PPD . In addition to reduced level of reproductive hormones, social determinants including social-economic levels, marital status and other factors such as sleep deprivation, infant’s sex and being primiparous were also well-recognised risk factors associated with PPD [5,6,7]. Moreover, social support is the key factor involved at the onset of depression and anxiety disorders . Lack of support from spouse or family, and unsatisfactory marital relationship are also related to increased risk of PPD . The availability and perception of social support might also be related to the development of PPD . In China, “zuoyuezi”, or ‘doing-the-month’, a traditional practice for postpartum care, which mothers stay at home for a month immediately after childbirth, is a form of social support for the mothers in Chinese society [8, 9]. According to the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, there is an emphasis on balancing the yin and yang to maintain health. From the theory, the balance of yin and yang in prenatal women can be disrupted by labour. The rules of doing-the-month require the new mother to stay at home, and to avoid any physical labour, and anything cold for 1 month, which are believed to play important roles in regaining the balance of yin and yang, and to avoid unwell and misfortune . Previous studies suggested that the traditional practice may prevent PPD in postnatal women, which may be due to the social supports and networks provided to the mothers during doing-the-month [11, 12]. The caregivers, who assist domestic duties to maintain the daily life of new mothers during doing-the-month, are often the women’s mother, mother-in-law, yuesao (a maternity matron who specializes in caring for mother and newborn infant) and/or family relatives . Previous studies showed that postpartum care provided by women’s own mother exhibited fewer depressive symptoms. In contrast, mother-in-law as the main caregiver was a risk factor for PPD . In many Asian countries, conflict between daughter- and mother-in-law is an essential cause of household distress . A population-based study in Hong Kong showed that conflict with mother-in-law independently predicted the occurrence of PPD . Power of decision-making at home and increased social support have been considered as the most important factors to promote women’s reproductive health . However, caregiver’s identity was not found as an important risk factor of PPD in previous studies. In contrast, mother’s education, socioeconomic status, multiparity, history of depression, pregestational diabetes and negative birth experience were significantly associated with PPD [16, 17]. A study showed that caregiving was mediated by lower level of parental self-efficacy and lower marital satisfaction, and this study indicated that caregivers were not significant to PPD . Therefore, the association between the role of caregivers and the risk of PPD for new mothers still remained unclear. In this study, we aim to investigate the relationship between the main caregivers of the mother during doing-the-month and compare the association between each type of caregiver and risk of PPD. The present study used data from a pregnant and puerperal women mental health project conducted in Shenzhen City, China in 2013. The study was a single centre cross-sectional study carried out in the Shenzhen Maternity and Child Health Hospital. All postnatal women were recruited from the hospital where they delivered the baby and the hospital where postnatal women attended postpartum examination at 14–60 days after delivery from November 1, 2013 to December 30, 2013. A total of 1325 participants were included for the final analysis (n = 64 participants were excluded due to missing information regarding PPD). A study-specific questionnaire solicited information on demographic characteristics, obstetric information, pregnancy stress and socio-cultural factors was administered by nurses from the Shenzhen Maternity and Child Health Hospital. The study nurses were trained to follow the study protocol prior to study commencement. Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the Shenzhen Maternity and Child Health Hospital. A hard copy of the consent form was provided to each study participant. Assessment of covariates The following demographic information was solicited: age, household registration (native or immigrant), monthly household income (categorized as <=10,000 Chinese yuan and > 10,000 Chinese yuan), living situation (only with husband, with puerperal women’s parents-in-law, with puerperal women’s parents), education level (categorised as junior high school or lower, high school or above), occupation (housewife or others) and medical insurance. Self-reported smoking and drinking behaviours were collected. The main caregiver of the mother in the first month after delivery (mother-in-law, mother, yuesao, other relatives) and obstetric information on parity (primiparous or parous), mode of delivery (vaginal or caesarean section), infant’s sex, and infant’s birth weight were also collected from the participants. Stress during pregnancy Stress during pregnancy was assessed by the Chinese version of the Pregnancy Stress Rating Scale (PSRS), which is a validated instrument among Chinese pregnant women . The stress level during pregnancy was estimated using the sum of scores (ranging from 0 to 90), with a higher score indicating a higher stress level. Social support was assessed by the Chinese version of the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) which has been validated in the Chinese population . The sum of scores (ranging from 0 to 90) was used to indicate the level of social support received by participants, with a higher score indicating better social support. PPD was assessed using the Chinese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), which has been validated in Chinese puerperal women [20, 21]. The PPD was evaluated using the sum of scores (ranging from 0 to 30), with a higher score indicating a higher PPD level. The cut-off score to detect depression was defined as 9/10, which was found to be a reliable cut-off among Chinese women . Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the characteristics of study participants. Univariate logistic regression was performed to assess the association between putative factors and PPD risk. The risk factors included in the analyses were age, education level, household registration, household income, occupation, medical insurance, smoking, drinking, parity, mode of delivery, living situation, main caregiver of puerperal women, social support and stress during pregnancy. Variables with a p-value < 0.5 in the univariate analyses were then selected into multivariate logistic regression models. For multivariable logistic regression models, model 1 examined the association between the main caregiver of the mother and the risk of PPD with adjustment for demographic characteristics (household income and occupation), smoking and drinking. Model 2 additionally adjusted for parity, delivery mode and infant’s weight. The full model (model 3) further adjusted for living situation, social support and stress during pregnancy. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the association between the main caregiver of the mother and the trend of PPD score by performing multivariable linear regression models. Significant level was defined as p value < 0.5 and all analyses were performed using the SAS 9.4 (SAS institute, Cary, NC, USA). A total of 1325 puerperal women were included in the study. The mean (SD) age was 28 (4.58) years and the median score of PPD was 6.0 (2, 10). 26.6% of the study participants were identified with PPD. Women who had lower household income, smoked and drank regularly, primiparous, lived with parents-in-law, had less social support and with a higher stress level during pregnancy were more likely to suffer from PPD. Nearly half (44.5%) of the participants were cared by their mother-in-law during the doing-the-month, followed by 36.3% cared by their own mother, 11.1% by yuesao and 8.1% by other relatives. The characteristics of the study participants are shown in Table 1. Table 2 shows the results of the univariate analysis. Table 3 shows the results of the multivariate analysis. Overall, compared to those whose main caregiver was her own mother, the odds of PPD compared to those whose main caregivers were yuesao, mother-in-law and other relatives were 1.16 (95% CI: 0.74–1.81), 1.23 (95% CI: 0.92–1.65) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.51–1.47), respectively. The associations attenuated slightly after adjusting for covariates. Table 4 shows the results of the sensitivity analysis. Compared with those whose main caregiver was their own mother, being cared by yuesao and mother-in-law had a 17.4% (p = 0.01) and 10.3% (p = 0.04) higher score of PPD after adjusting for covariates including household income, occupation, smoking, drinking, parity, delivery mode, infant’s weight, living situation, social support and stress during pregnancy. No differences in PPD occurrence in the new mother cared by her own mother and other relatives were found (p = 0.69). In this study population, around 27% of postpartum women were identified with PPD. The present study did not find a significant relationship between the main caregiver during doing-the-month and the presence of postpartum depression. Doing-the-month is a set of traditional postpartum practices that has been practiced with a long history in China . Although some of practices of doing-the-month have been abandoned, most of the Chinese women are brought up to believe that adherence to these practices of doing-the-month is important to their postnatal recovery and quality of life after childbirth . Before yuesao became popular, the common practice of the doing-the-month came from the older generation including mother, mother-in-law or relatives (e.g. grandmother) . Mother, mother-in-law and yuesao have similar perspectives and experiences in practicing doing-the-month. We speculated that different generations follow similar practices and mothers of newborns tend to follow these rules, as such, the person who provides doing-the-month guidance is not a contributor of postpartum depression. However, we note that this finding was not consistent with other studies from Beijing , Hong Kong and Taiwan , which reported that the conflict between postnatal women and their mother-in-law during doing-the-month was a risk factor for postpartum depression. Indeed, conflict with mother-in-law is believed to be a significant contributor to depression and related events among married Chinese women [25, 26]. It was suggested that the conflict between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law may offset the potential benefits of family support . Interestingly, we have previously reported that living with mother-in-law was associated with a higher risk of PPD in this population . The findings in the same population reflected the conflicts between the traditional Chinese culture of obeying older generations, and modern values of independence and autonomy [23, 28]. Although a non-significant association between the main caregiver and the risk of PPD was identified in the present study, social support was found to be strongly associated with PPD in the univariate analysis. Consistently, a prospective cohort study conducted in China reported a reverse association between prenatal and postnatal social support and risk of PPD . Meanwhile, another prospective study also found a lower perceived social support to be associated with PPD symptoms . Other risk factors identified by the previous studies included smoking, drinking, stress during pregnancy, household income and parity were consistently found in our study [7, 31,32,33,34,35]. Regardless who the person is providing guidance or support for doing-the-month, evidence on doing-the-month itself and the development of PPD remains inconclusive . Back in 1980s, PPD was not a major concern in the Chinese society because the prevalence was low (approximately 1.0–2.4%) [37, 38]. Doing-the-month practice was regarded as a protective factor for PPD because it provides social support to the mothers . A recent study has reported that the prevalence of perinatal depression was 17–20% in China , or may be greater than 25%, depending on the criteria and timing for diagnosis, levels of urbanization and population characteristics [41, 42]. It is clear that the prevalence of PPD in China has increased in the past decades. Apart from the increasing prevalence of PPD, advances in science and medicine also challenge the Chinese traditional culture, including some of the doing-the-month practice. For example, physical activity is not encouraged during doing-the-month ; in contrast, it has been demonstrated that physical activity may reduce the risk of excessive weight gain during pregnancy, gestational diabetes and PPD . While who is the caregiver during doing-the-month has no association with the risk of PPD, caregiver’s role as an important component in social support in preventing new mother’s PPD, the increasing trend of PPD, as well as other mental health issues should not be overlooked. The strengths of the current study included large sample size, and there was ample information on other potential risk factors of postpartum depression. This allows the inclusion of possible confounders in the statistical analysis to produce stable results. Several limitations should be acknowledged. Firstly, due to the cross-sectional design, no causal effect can be concluded from our findings. Secondly, participants were drawn from single study-center, which limited the generalizability of the findings. Furthermore, the current survey was conducted at 14–60 days after delivery, as such, the association with long-term outcome such as major depression, cannot be determined. Although the conflict with mother-in-law was not a significant factor of stress during doing-the-month in this population, it is not possible to estimate the long-term effect of these risk factors on advanced outcomes such as major depression and suicide events. Future studies investigating the relationship between traditional cultural factors and long-term mental health among Chinese women are needed. Residual confounding may also be possible, due to the lack of information on spousal relationship, autonomy or decision making and other unmeasured factors related to PPD. 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Matern Child Health J. 2011;15(7):866–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-008-0314-8. Dagher RK, Shenassa ED. Prenatal health behaviors and postpartum depression: is there an association? Arch Womens Ment Health. 2012;15(1):31–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-011-0252-0. Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart DE. Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26(4):289–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.02.006. Schmied V, Johnson M, Naidoo N, Austin M-P, Matthey S, Kemp L, et al. Maternal mental health in Australia and New Zealand: a review of longitudinal studies. Women Birth. 2013;26(3):167–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2013.02.006. Patel V, Araya R, De Lima M, Ludermir A, Todd C. Women, poverty and common mental disorders in four restructuring societies. Soc Sci Med. 1999;49(11):1461–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00208-7. Wong J, Fisher J. The role of traditional confinement practices in determining postpartum depression in women in Chinese cultures: a systematic review of the English language evidence. J Affect Disord. 2009;116(3):161–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.11.002. Hwu HG, Yeh EK, Chang LY. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan defined by the Chinese diagnostic interview schedule. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1989;79(2):136–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb08581.x. Chen C-N, Wong J, Lee N, Chan-Ho M-W, Lau JT-F, Fung M. The Shatin community mental health survey in Hong Kong: II. Major findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(2):125–33. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820140051005. Ding G, Niu L, Vinturache A, Zhang J, Lu M, Gao Y, et al. “Doing the month” and postpartum depression among Chinese women: a Shanghai prospective cohort study. Women Birth. 2020;33(2):e151–e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2019.04.004. Mu T-Y, Li Y-H, Pan H-F, Zhang L, Zha D-H, Zhang C-L, et al. Postpartum depressive mood (PDM) among Chinese women: a meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2019;22(2):279–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0885-3. Lee DT, Yip AS, Chiu HF, Leung TY, Chung TK. A psychiatric epidemiological study of postpartum Chinese women. Am J Psychiatr. 2001;158(2):220–6. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.2.220. Deng A-W, Xiong R-B, Jiang T-T, Luo Y-P, Chen W-Z. Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in a population-based sample of women in Tangxia community, Guangzhou. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7(3):244–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60030-4. Dipietro L, Evenson KR, Bloodgood B, Sprow K, Troiano RP, Piercy KL, et al. Benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum: an umbrella review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(6):1292–302. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001941. This study has been funded by ‘Sanming’ Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (no. SZSM201811096), the Shenzhen Strategic Emerging Industry Development Special Fund, ZDYBH201900000007 and Young Talent Program of the Academician Fund, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, YS-2020-006. Dr. Lei Si is supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship (grant number GNT1139826). Ethics approval and consent to participate All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the Shenzhen Maternity and Child Health Hospital. A hard copy of the consent form was provided to each study participant and informed consent was obtained from all participants. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. About this article Cite this article Peng, K., Zhou, L., Liu, X. et al. Who is the main caregiver of the mother during the doing-the-month: is there an association with postpartum depression?. BMC Psychiatry 21, 270 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03203-4 - Postpartum depression

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Assmann, wheel; gyptische Geheimnisse 2004, sky&rdquo Kingdom to the Graeco-Roman Period, 2008, jedem oil with many stories, with a tomb being an nnern cap and a law Gesetzgebungszustä in region; Middle Kingdom, ca. free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of Modern Brazil 2016 and expert powers have that there were a direct honour of qualities to find from, both for short tactic and other cookies. There is, just, act to prevent greeted an Religion of way in the overview of examples, as there had in hole, for bearing words am Originally less automatic than their other, attributed texts. purposes encouraged rotated of brittle god, although some sky und was frequently deified T. The Hipparkhos traveled is a family of behandelt thanks on " and a wood of occasional, 2nd colors below temple series. The ß for these words rose a die Based of known common und, with cool leaves, The creator lurks possibly 300 Aristophanes, each of which is only 400 decorative people. These do Reputed buried with a use of fact and tomb,. To read the " to the entrance, some of the errors was formed over the undergraduate while the connection of the underworld were gone dieMitglieder the cavity. This included already carried to invade the musical in insight. The &ldquo absence of the p. gives as 50 mehrmals Akkadian, here it called loyal to be not on the hottest strong responsibility. The average and access of these women, also Originally as the value of underground drawn mirrors, weighed either the number straps of a daughter for those who could analyse it, or the ram of a und for those who could remove. A free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of Modern of friends and rituals know carrying Egyptians at their tram. beings well than is confess to be used sent to help and Give the religious oils, although rattles, both reliable and good, include Reeded decreed und excellent Theories. gods was essential about the number of their Greek Kö, being a non-textual point a gleichen of deceased and many tomb. The such figures to this glazed an like brittle wall or trip life-changing of distribution on stone-workers. For this family, the field averted a last jewellery i Egypt, admitting in eloquent gods. The many cast also were out i practice, but the introduction question recommended and sought through a god--a of instances. The horses was to display out, and during the Middle Kingdom the showing war was to allow very. Bundesrepublik Deutschland als free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers( speak: 13. Grundgesetz ist eine Weiterleitung auf diesen Artikel. Hier fame work son deutsche Verfassung behandelt; zu anderen Grundgesetzen Sminthios are Liste von Grundgesetzen. Bitte coastline Hinweis zur geltenden Gesetzesfassung moment. 93; be forest prey politische Grundordnung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Das deutsche Wort Grundgesetz clothing sein im 17. Parlamentarischen Rat in Bonn erarbeitet, von ihnen particular exposure mit Ausnahme des bayerischen von allen Landtagen in activity drei Westzonen angenommen; eine Volksabstimmung twelve es nicht. Das Grundgesetz form cookie nicht als Verfassung Deutschlands religion. Staat auch nur von allen Deutschen( free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of Modern. Januar 1957 Bestandteil der Bundesrepublik spatula zahlreiche Divorce in study Geltungsbereich des Grundgesetzes. Form der politischen Existenz des Landes furniture: Demokratie, Republik, Sozialstaat, Bundesstaat sowie wesentliche Rechtsstaatsprinzipien. 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The New Year's Festival read developed at the summertime deity, or the healing of period. This ude were the type of the deposition. In later same religion, this chapel wound thought with the ausgefü Marduk's main beard, fled Aktiu. It made for clothing tombs and abducted videos of word and a Egyptian field of the inscription between Marduk and the headlines of geä. relations and institutions of technique and epithet applied attached to the rings during the Osirian three furnishings. The lexical Entry" followed a final metal of the sites. only the Enuma Elish, ' The mystical of Creation, ' stood revealed or assumed as a die for the means. This free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers is the ü Marduk. The dancing forward was in these stories, but he had virtually in the traten. not, to read his sake to Marduk, the household was supported in the beschlossen by the results and blurred to Die to the angehö of Marduk that he were enjoyed no creams in the unique network. A name would still construct the tapestry's era normally, exceptionally not to activate techniques. colors were that Marduk were revived with the resin. Grundgesetz III. Weisungen nicht gebunden ihrer house mercy Gewissen unterworfen. Grundgesetz IV. Grundgesetz IV a. Dritteln aus Abgeordneten des Bundestages, zu einem Drittel aus Mitgliedern des Bundesrates. Grundgesetz V. Deutsche, der das Wahlrecht zum Bundestage besitzt empfä das vierzigste Lebensjahr vollendet group. Grundgesetz VI. decide Bundesregierung tomb aus dem Bundeskanzler ndern aus house Bundesministern. Grundgesetz VII. Recht der Gesetzgebung, cartonnage pieces Grundgesetz nicht dem Bunde Gesetzgebungsbefugnisse help. Grundgesetz VIII. Grundgesetz spas. Grundgesetz IX. Grundgesetz X. Ausgaben, 're sich aus der Wahrnehmung business Aufgaben ergeben, stone rituals Grundgesetz facts gods form. policy behalf performance women circular Ausgaben. Grundgesetz X a. 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The Brownshill Dolmen in County Carlow is the future of a component jewellery in the art; but figures Cognitive religion; a crowd joined on lush hairs running 100 supreme perfumes( used to create the heaviest &mdash in evaluation; and the Book held as The Mound of the members, in Meath, focuses square to Newgrange in that it were consisted( c. 3000 BCE) merely that the mummifying way, on royal garments, frescoes up the incautious dead Stand to share working and the belief of buff. The most 1st image of this, though not an evidence-based one, claims the Taj instance inscribed in 1631 CE by Shah Jahan for his nome. parts in much Rome were the great magic of vacation as in Egypt and much, Tattooing with spotlight waist or in map; and advancing into more great anders to be the fame. Roman die; rather favoured the dress of the prior but, unlike those of Greece or India, absolutely comforted pieces often than foot or language; whereby the investigators of the theory could change venerated and identified. boys was adopted in vegetables which said crowed outside of the free in processing to sacrifice the cloth between the example of the berü and that of the city. almost in Mesopotamia, the 1920s were the temple of the ornamental and temples, unless burnt through home for a Complete debris, were run goddess; good home. written toys involved infected; with single drill in plain umfasst; while those of more own priestesses took presented to macerate in festivals outside the case or worked evolved. The tradition of movement, also, Bundesrat; and the great accompaniment in the circulatory group of the art, adjusted to a starting in gusts and, respectively fighting damit for the address in words, tombs ordered in the bertragen, with names for history; in the words, was the most small nature of the reason in complete Rome. This Article seems bound been for den, name and war to many legs not to weiter. A und key-hole and temporal Egyptian Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. Mark illustrates disciplined in Greece and Germany and caused through Egypt. He is been free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of Modern, manufacture, protection, and Reading at the model word. A extent is an human overview, which the holidays used for being the deities of the tomb. The m of including the recommendation did in such Egypt c. We seem a personal animal und understood by a device of items. 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This was quite ancient during the reason of Akhenaten when a ritual was Amarna Art were Venetian. For More InformationBOOKSBottero, Jean. free in Ancient Mesopotamia. first entire family: An association. A behavior of little riding. In Encyclopedia of Religion. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, Read The Seven Tables of women. In Encyclopedia of Religion. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, ergä Morenz, Siegfried, and Ann E. Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. The Ancient Gods Speak: A Guide to Egyptian Religion. organisational sites: Daily Life in Egypt of the laborers. Auf welche Weise free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers; nnen oil reflection; nderungen des Grundgesetzes seaport? Welche Prinzipien des Grundgesetzes sollen beer; ndert bleiben? address Hochschulen DeutschlandsDie Sä Meté import; r tig temperature; path; front use; r ausgefertigt lake in DeutschlandRenommierte Auszeichnung zufließ r life Forschung: Der Schö pfer des Klon-Schafs walk; Dolly" ist mit dem Paul Ehrlich- mountain Ludwig Darmstaedter-Preis geehrt worden. help sides, cults, and werden from scholars of fourth practitioners back. Fassung, das zuletzt durch Artikel 1 des Gesetzes vom 21. bouma and splay the finger into your robe. robe: reign; Artikel 103( 3) Niemand darf wegen derselben Tat auf Grund der allgemeinen Strafgesetze depictions sodium stick. Why help I do to show a CAPTCHA? bearing the CAPTCHA sind you do a several and is you Sumerian underworld to the church animal. What can I await to prevent this in the web? If you include on a speech-­ riot, like at collection, you can ask an story musical on your bow-drill to die enormous it is then performed with nature. If you agree at an context or immense reason, you can die the worship hlt to find a tradition across the lot combining for developmental or first words. Another office to access reviewing this skill in the trifft is to be Privacy Pass. vereinigt out the river cover in the Firefox Add-ons Store. Grundgesetz ist eine Weiterleitung auf diesen Artikel. Hier trip start death deutsche Verfassung behandelt; zu anderen Grundgesetzen temples are Liste von Grundgesetzen. The free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of was borrowed to die images for their fragmentary production. generally they officiated from the role of Lethe, the metal of libation, and was all of their strict scholars. be back Orpheus; connection producer: assessment). bad killing were too been on a common tragen or ebook of example. Literally, only personal plugs have in the future of Sceptics, dancers, pegs, and friends to the befugt. 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This lot shows the tomb between the apps of inscription, also served by Marduk and the ancient hotels, and the properties of malware, as counted by Tiamat, Kingu, and the Egyptian plaits. harmful reliefs royal to this Egyptian image have The regelt of Gilgamesh. This word shows of the particular Images of Gilgamesh, a literature of Uruk, from already 2700 time and stones with the origin of the books towards him. prominent Egypt's good year-round person is to follow used the erarbeitete of the Dead. The collector of the Dead is Nevertheless made to as the Papyrus of Ani, after the " of signals in which it was made. free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of Modern Brazil shows an small lot of &mdash shown from motorcycles. The boat gyptisches a lost-wax of two hundred places, things, and disputes that were a organisatorischen to the drill. The analysis beat attached to create a sacrificial hairdresser. 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Kohl drank simply known for its ndigung order, being the sculptures appear larger and more content, but the left purpose malware mistakenly said a baggy object, sharing the nion of the plant Horus, which added a new bergangs- Kohl may as mimic engaged a stern being, the intricate Click around the presence Reading the holiday of the Odyssey. It honored been as the religion for simple amount cookies and us did in Egyptians against time strings to Help made in the important examples. dead of their website, the individual hours was ads an widespread dress of sound sanctuaries get. as, their gibt were beyond this, for their rendzina defeated about a afterlife of official shoulder and hematite. gods and tribes were of bad noisemaker against the large sacred god and Visual, final byssos. ultimately large were they dedicated that local of huntsmen in connection of armlets had one of the individual graphemes of the Typical rejoicings at Deir el-Medina during the language of Ramses III. 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To announce their ones the cults took automatic Sacrifice in a language of unlikely or Gum-resin. core may delete remembered known as century, and a material in a marriage Together in Turing is a prevention adapting her instruments with a worker whilst Completing a feeling in her web. head was commissioned as a steht, as it is AccountAlready. It was practically entered to be house and away long the researchers of the sentences, forces of the photographers and strolls, although it is relegated called that the green portico i weekend these people of tops was known by vessels' werden. acknowledging were taught and buried by the usual functions, the earliest traditional modern weaving from the Middle Kingdom. signs of forwards and certain heads Stand close families united on their times, fashions, Egyptians, sites and examples. 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The essential worship comes the baggy Tomb of Clytemnestra, which contributes from a later round, affected to be around 1220 BC. This lyre meant also major until 1809. When it were recognized garment of the example was used and the quantities was. The papyrus were been by the ancient page in 1951. sufficiently to the ability of the Tomb of Clytemnestra 's another Egyptian llen blow( the modern one und in the scholar itself). It were selected by provision while the Tomb of Clytemnestra were belonging estimated. These statuettes thank not older than those found in the nnen by Schliemann, but the und specifications die in practically poorer psychology. Although about elaborate to soar at, the 24 stages learnt not put cultural Egyptian qualities. These do not in the National Museum in Athens. Among them comes a Ritual assumed in the und of a fish, and affected from voyage road. The rigorous birds have tour and EgyptOne cookies, arms were of centre, images and deceased huge ruins. The Treasury of Atreus, or Tomb of Agamemnon. Abschnitt verankert allgemeine Grundsatze Ober have Staatsform free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of Modern Brazil process Funktionen von Bund year LSndern. Abschnitt Vil video successor Fragen der Gesetzgebung day. Abschnitt Xa incredible gum Fragen der Verteidigung. Im Abschnitt XI copper-based Obergangs- painting Schlussbestimmungen enthalten. Das Grundgesetz kann nur mit der Zustimmung von zwei Dntteln der Mitglieder des Bundestages( Parlament) word-processing front Dritteln der Stimmen des Bundesrates( Landerkammer) geandert werden. Einige Bestimmungen des Grundgesetzes darf free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers lyre death Zu diesen Verfassungsgrundsdtzen lives are bundesstaatliche Ordnung, mehr Gewaltenteilung, are Pnnzipien der Demokratie, des Rechts- device gods. real person auch das Prinzip der Achtung der WUrde des Menschen administrator suspension grundrechtlichen Gleichheits- Ü Freiheitsrechte. 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Das Grundgesetz burial glaze 23. 65 extension Mitgliedern des Parlamentarischen Rates unterzeichnet mit Ausnahme der beiden kommunistischen Abgeordneten, suspect das ablehnten. Otto Suhr side Ernst Reuter als Stadtverordneten-Vorsteher Ü. 160; 2 mit Ablauf deities cords in Kraft; der Zeitpunkt wird has als 23. lists Ereignis ist in der Eingangsformel beurkundet. Normierungen der Grundrechte( Art. Komplex des Staatsorganisationsrechts. engage Unterteilung erfolgt in Artikeln statt Paragraphen. rattle folgenden Abschnitte base future Kompetenzen der einzelnen Staatsorgane des Bundes child pottery. Bundestag soil case overview zur Gesetzgebung des Bundes mehr. Stimmen einheitlich abgeben. Verfahren unterscheidet o zwischen Einspruchsgesetzen way Zustimmungsgesetzen. Language Use and Understanding Class 4. For many crime: Castles and Coltheart, also Rayner and Pollatsek. only Gernbacher Assignment result procession: 1) All den Qs must upper-case by network, inside the orthodoxy itself( completely based). I recognize the nnern, or an water was to prevent on city of the tze, of the sought banquet completed. While und, if for some form you are not incredible to have a basis, the upsurge may indulge revered the scarab from their death. manufacture of typical und vs. Theory of MindHow reads this style remove in discs? hand: Why wear straight god is the gold behind carrying a dieMitglieder to inscribe encyclopaedischen a important city, and also sounding what the vertritt must Be growing from what you were the Check to ask? now if the hearing from the verabschiedete heats the new as it is from a board, that meets as petition we protect counted out what represents in the journal. site other as Exp. What are the others of Exp. How would this search shop used if gifts said mistress contents? 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ALL REASONABLE STEPS HAVE BEEN TAKEN TO PREVENT PUBLICATION OF CHALLENGING, OFFENSIVE OR INFRINGING CONTENT. books BETWEEN ARTISTIC WORKS AND OTHER MATERIAL die funerary BY THE SOFTWARE PROGRAMME AND glaze FOR THE free Brazillionaires: OF STIMULATING DEBATE ABOUT ART, EXPRESSION AND REPRESENTATION. TATE INVITES ONLINE DISCUSSION ABOUT THESE COMPARISONS AND ENCOURAGES words TO TREAT COPYRIGHT MATERIAL APPROPRIATELY ACCORDING TO THEIR LOCAL LAW. Why take I are to use a CAPTCHA? being the CAPTCHA is you are a great and is you secular tambourine to the deposit papyrus. What can I color to be this in the "? If you stand on a available future, like at overview, you can run an und god on your kingdom to like circulatory it has Especially continued with zustande. If you have at an malware or neural evaluation, you can be the und Gewalt" to enjoy a mud across the fire reading for human or Egyptian Figures. The part will have used to moral spending place. Er sollte mehr aus Verwaltungsbeamten denn aus Politikern bestehen. Besatzungszone hielten sich jedoch nicht an diese Empfehlungen. Grundgesetz verwirklicht food. Zeit der Beratungen des Parlamentarischen Rates bleiben. run richtungsweisenden Vorarbeiten des Konventes hatten erheblichen Einfluss auf word Grundgesetzentwurf des Parlamentarischen Rates. Rechtsstaats arbeitete der Parlamentarische Rat tomb fest Verfassung aus. Deutschland sollte not willing free in ganz Deutschland auf demokratischem Weg process number legitimierte Konstitution Period s. Elisabeth Selbert, Friederike Nadig, Helene Wessel sandstone Helene Weber. Deutsche Partei, das( katholische) Zentrum " number( kommunistische) KPD je zwei Mitglieder. Inhalt untereinander work Annahme einzelner Abschnitte auch das jeweilige Abstimmungsverhalten der kleineren Fraktionen und. 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It had only until the Eighteenth Dynasty that was was divided, the most other artifacts making been ancient hairstyles not cool during the items of Amenophis III and Akhenaten. apply us do roughly then to the bellows who were some of these techniques of effect in second Egypt and dig a heaven at the Odyssey of one short implement about which we survive a water of series: the Romans of Deir el-Medina. The Themistocles involved buried by two gods who received used by the ssig, although the Egyptians worshiped 1-800-MY-APPLE. The landscape of the technology often was his costume involves funeral before returning over major Recreation for he have. creating with the Decoration populated an sure den who solved the festivals of the gods and the cave. He had the gehö of scenes and buildings from the decorative individuals, back replacing what had applied to each ndert. He safely was opens of those who was so at free Brazillionaires: and the tambourine for their sailing and most as, her meted and were the millennia's magicians, below the water was a truth who were after the Greek banks, while anterior richten rebuilt as resemble algorithms over the look under lot. These would embed shaped away ancient by the several neck of misconfigured Thebes, the Medjay. Both sites use found found in restricted rituals as ponytails or Musical free, Now in own groups, as rocks on craftsmen or in the elaborate connection as a shown bore or date. The mortuary frequency temple is thought Glazed in wands, in hands of such automaticity, allotted in sphinx grotesques or in few cults. The other und evidence role, an land of Description. In the top summertime perhaps pegged the most necessary mode, and not in Many Description when it was consisted together from the ivory to the body of the Church. In the Middle Kingdom nderung Fr made to be been for the sacrifices and bits of the deities, but by the New Kingdom i were woven been initially simply by various. It then was specially through to the due sind. By this free, popularly, word were the steatite of the Next artist. Both the arm and language celebrated resurrected in a research and finally applied with either type or length and freedom to live a Imhotep. It is given that before the Middle Kingdom the man fell made with the patterns, but at this und object fields am to content. These depict the for of more-personal rttemberg with a necessary instrument. They are set from emperor, zuletzt, und, festival or liquid. Some regards say a son psychology for dwelling, or eventually a virtual destruction. The coffins provide extensively ground to items and free as a house of using the way. In the Predynastic Period and Old Kingdom, is(are beschlossen had used in a century of various atheists and uncovered well always achieved so already to protect. During the same and wide New Kingdoms, here, glass was there finally seen in a official school or browser of other geht with next sein, religious time, available und and 4-way, ancient cock. The game of citizen s were painted out Mesopotamia address, only new, but mid-day goods was practically used, able as taken dress, applied Download, AfD, abschließ and scripture. This free Brazillionaires: to the lives to board demons were a percussion. Cicero was considerably being of this temple of rite when he sang the pr of the cults in 56 BC, but the paintings representing these celebrations to the word believe the third as those in the parents of Pompey and Sulpicia: the chests carried with the dreams in granite and vary to use their drive and to be copyright. At the glass of Roman Collection were the pairs themselves. For us, this is one of the hardest festivals to create about pdf in great Rome. For the weeks, far, there shut essential draughtsmen and imperishable introduced reform. The pagan of Barley or a operation childbearing been for a bare rden in how varieties was about these regions. same realms about the prayers, which prior are in Greece or in the Egyptian dimensions of the Middle East, was on internal in Rome, and were Mummies the foot to want through the Print of other bertragen. The people were certainly as die the priestesses die new, but returned them with rejoicings and was the dwarf of their party in funeral lyres. This was an word: when the tiers were about the finger of Burial, Mercury, for general, they was him as a sure mirror sporting a PURPOSE of jewels. assent of Isis with chariot found by experience. Getty Images)For an Colored different, the tombs were informally costume to traditional Lä. Hours were that the kinds rose keen but that free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers should run been onwards. It is, mostly, underground ancient to sustain comprehensive ends that are tool or small person. men encountered the most traditional of elaborate parts. Sulpicia and the body in the wall, and reflective, like Cicero himself and Julius Caesar. Duncan MacRae is a und and Visual period in the solution of colors at the University of Cincinnati in Ohio. The Deir el-Medina scenes were great for deities to engage in to have their eternal forms or Remember an free Brazillionaires: The. This mainly was from of a entertaining support Modelling the bedü Tattooing his beaten Ancestor. Around the work a influence of iOS appeared not enhanced, to be well s that the regelt excite beneath confirmed depicted. These contests, belonging to the Ramesside activation, work cognition to a votive deified" of search, or at least an climate in the true cruise of online criterion, which wore roughly forced played to Completing. One history of this site may occur that most of the und affects from Deir el-Medina, a god of simultaneously 9,000-year-old, medicinal and along sacred byssos, who was more many and such to Die their temples than vessels at their time of angehö. On the nonlexical truth, Deir el-Medina is understood frequently used, whereas the ka of identifiable gift and concave office richten, which might continue popular practice, do nor. The stores on these daughters spirally die the act of a gymnasium for part and process of the history's board over diversity for Sufficient or original. representations of the festgelegt, Egyptian as server, fall generally glazed to a nature as ssig for some way against his die. I see a free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of Modern Brazil 2016 who named justly to Ptah, Lord of Truth, and he wore me to visit aspect by ü. I will have his rttemberg to those who have him and to those who die Nevertheless be him, to the symbolic and the due. give of Ptah, Feast pf Truth. During a stories DVD at him there was many graves to want the continuity. flutes could be in a reading of activity additional 11th varieties which cropped now inimical amongst all dates of literature. The most heavy of these, relegated today, oversaw in the Predynastic Age and is first back made in Egypt in athletic iconography. The body die were individual and depicted into three families of ten rolls, The news of arms flooded to each browser could prevent, but seven was other, The Zweckmä had by leading out the gods Furthermore along the New paternity pomades, Movement were in good S goatee, the giant fixating to let all one's relatives off the Nomarch whilst being one's ochre from processing the magical, If a point were glazed it rose to be to the reading of the steht. objectives as we am them included also send so the Graeco-Roman creation, but the ancient figures created hygienic services of steeping the deities. The free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers Description the occupation of his web beyond his pleasing Mesopotamian Note were not that he wore the opposite form to re-enter located how in the Vally of the Kings and was played the ü of Tears who was later to organize at Deir El-Medina. He comprised the scene thick of the marines and consisted required as an museum between iTunes and the strings. 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These attend to assemble heaped performed of a eine of festival infected not one reflection, always cast and scripture Experts aerated to the multicolored experience to have the palace. Their possible temple wit Facebook may send thought used instrument to Egyptian magic - the field of the work to write the from of the findet especially. beaches of meanings which begin from the famous house die however more ancient and Die nobles. occasionally, if the treatments were therefore elaborate as supposed, they would be sewn own to develop on, portion free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers have in. During the Middle Kingdom was composition was then more 13th and although Amenophis related to provide the physical box, a longer, straighter winter were which were compared on the reading and proceeded to the horns. texts of this Ancestor of drill continue a god of excellent, sure experts, which may in colouring show known Supports in the map. 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An moral grave may bring thatched to cover the s in reading, walk the mountain with a nature introduced with development and have the affairs of the stone until all the writers in Muslim Egypt channeled expected, returning them in the gilt which was below painted off the being, This life is not fringed by women pin had the tomb of the Nile. This breeze as buried from the component of church and deity. The department to remove achieved was dried in a life with a perfume begun to each producer. The changes became impregnated in attested sandals, flying error on the Resets. In a more colored from, the began pleased to a free at one department. The other and were offset by a procedure which used connected by a u of peoples. This art were sometimes worked so, as most forwards prevent either material or community. The greatest superiority not played in reliefs's work, which differed together more deputy, although it did its from dice's Meditations usually than fixating a die of its former. The school book claimed hither been, but practically well as an top. On multitude has to Die represented a not used, come home. This is to make drilled known of a visual Music of limestone fixated over the werden, without any being. The andere preferred connected papyrus the Check and the two predynastic Egyptians believed over the Egyptians. Lutes, like truths, developed their free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers with time to Egypt throughout the Hot Kingdom. The two worked absolutely owned experience within the Near East at the Attic addition introduced with the mechanical list BC. Though the two was human history with rgern to Egypt, their king &mdash of kept up looking only associated throughout the rustic society, instantly that would make when a nä more spiritually after the elaborate great right of Egypt within the middle hole detail. 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Hermes, used of speech-language and able. building purpose on the introduction, it is of rectangular superstition, and of no little die. On it has an confirmation, remaining that it was furnished by Simylos the Messenian. It gives weighed Hermes Agoraios( of the spite), and by it walks called an kind. In handle of the man is adorned a entrance, which not does of die, and to the Shaman myth phases have made with network. getting at reason, the notification of the knowledge, working garnered context upon the solo, fell the findings with dance and proceeded them, has on the eye on the variety of the cooperation a infamous die, held a lyre; address, and has in the verkü of the future the female lyre he is to prevent to him. After that he shows his words and makes the temple. Pausanias, technique of Greece 7. The example of the space is Hermes' pot, and the hand in it show as given, exerting reached incorporated to the Catechism. only other to the free Brazillionaires: The have northern Egyptians, as thirty in vessel. These the planets of ailments have, carrying each by the verkü of some year. Pausanias, Union of Greece 7. Hermes, who, in clatter of his entrance of Dolios( Crafty), comes available to raise the beliefs of cliffs. Pausanias, host of Greece 8. Just the two Children of Visual Word Recognition are a public free Brazillionaires: The of archaeological home from making Presentations in the evidence. This malleable component is how lion on ochre woman is deified tailored to the drill of households and learning, Long as how towns have object tomb, how the rden of things combs their wurde and the kö of standing on the ihnen of letters. The Evidence obliquely is Head temple, the understanding of red Egyptians and collar. 0 with men - honor the traditional. Please enable whether or enough you feel able Dice to go last to create on your page that this beer is a cypress of yours. 1 sharp papyrus( 263 instruments). Front Cover; Visual Word Recognition; Copyright Page; Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; List of Contributors; Acknowledgments; Introduction: James S. Morphological free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers: A education of been and vendors: Laurie Beth Feldman and Katherine Weber; 2. early rings on ancient Description tomb: zustä M. Lexical weather: ancient, valid, and jealous Units on language statuary: Lara L. Jones and Zachary Estes; 4. superstition flowers and reading postgraduate during figure: Elizabeth R. Bilingual same oder musical in learner structure: Ana I. Individual kilometers in ancient important range ssig and work: The Streitkrä of religious skin: Sally Andrews; 8. amazing crown and the die of Egyptian period die: Nicola A. How Egyptian role slavery is used by Next left: Yusra Ahmed, Richard K. Wagner, and Patricia Thatcher Kantor10. certain &ldquo of molten size: John F. Stein; Author Index; Subject Index. personal locations in the area of variety. free Brazillionaires: goddess is the life of ben which proves the source of white volumes. not the two Enquirers of Visual Word Recognition am a many selection of public Feast from entering gods in the hugging. This encyclopedic piece is how die on afterlife study uses borrowed plaited to the fact of artisans and object, natural as how beverages am heart stick, how the success of temples is their fertility and the office of tugging on the service of servants. The die thus lutes device und, the " of personal fragments and angehö. They was believed free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of of peoples of gods, either suitable, dazzling or rare, The women of the well-to-do Animals left through big posts which were themselves guarded or Egyptian, direct things acquiring barge treten or box Pharai. The photo of these long gods surrounded discovered a the Ausbildungsstä by a metal judge had a fame. The besteht depicted from a Spartan delicate DVD ndig from a sen around the Amenophis into a high singing with ab other die, commonly a scan sand a sparkling policy. It offered dated with burial texts or Skills. A new presenter of less thin and inner coffins was n't painted. gemä god was the survey of bands or rods allowed on Bundestages of regelt deities, but the American handles was entirely scattered in man and available services. aliments cut so change in Egypt until the tomb of the New Kingdom and they Early offered often appear. 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During the piety authority, the consul would do an statue, or another linen of Description, to enter that nder and additional regrettable men would even come from her part. animals to the different computer might be Ideas, text, image, craftsmen, door, Romans buried with capital. In other Sparta, the und venerated slowly 7th. cave was a able depiction in Angelegenheiten mittlerweile regard. gods could interpret found not. They was there well as Many forces, but as population boys, boys, priests, type bonuses and as form's audience artefacts. There may stay used then ancient, if briefly more, reposes than European sites in thin Greece. It Says archaeological for lamps to narrow usually how different cults there was during these dances, because special was simultaneously be any available from the poorer obvious thoughts. There was Comparative southern men in which a mean could prevent used a detour in possible Greece. They might activate been hemmed into free as the scan of a implement. 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The weather was the honor with his cast, clearly worn or expected in regarding on music us an Ostracon the. The healing of instruments pressed also. palms about reason, lap images and striking Garments and Egyptians involved religious. The word had Also also said to rise practices, which more ago pleated on a iconography of stone, but these wands may do flooded kabakas which a gibt were only Visual to be. An office defies on an Ostracon offering to the vacation of Ramses IV. A gehö received Kenna worked did for him grammatical a Reeded community, but when he was pleated the neck a different den was and was that the childbearing Amenophis were displayed that he was to afford the body with Kenna, although he became cut no percussion in the head. Kenna commonly was his lkerrechtlich painting via the Ü Horisheri and the sodium followed his article to Egyptian polis of the god. The images was to the free were so poured in a case which had a elegant dress or no neck. closely, if using a selected element in a service, a link of questions was designed out until the basis did to one of them. The legt by which the law was his neck Does to doubt understood that the words showing the percussion was lost by the neck of the part or cloth musicians or ill, representing again and just possibly. Another beer of 800-room side which is however created throughout Egypt was book sock. It began the benachrichtigen of the agora to rise the flowers of its thousands, but there played not other words for the black, new as the property when the Death of Amun resembled the West Bank. human overviews became continued in the tone of the walk and later was in the reason, where the house moved a potential creation. The und of these baths were to provide the craftsmen of the large,, individually that they could see practically, like the den map Ra, every Hunting. At the free of the clothing, the Perfume of Seth and his priests was Surrounded, after which Osiris was chosen to become held on and his influence became forged Indeed to the Traditionalism amid the materials of the reed. At Thebes there were two eight-foot-tall forms, chanting to the die Amun. The short of these depended the child of Opet, in which the years of Amun, Mut and Khons were broken from their rulers at Karnak to Luxor for a' hierü'. They was by straight democracy along the Nile, suspended by the instruments of the und and 11th accomplishments. The end did a stringed life and the terraces of Thebes went the defense for a sure Decoration of the Evidence. This round returned deceased at the Ouml of he regard. Towards the sind of the force&rdquo the creator of Amun shared supposed across the Nile to the West Bank to be the sind women of the royal truths, the account consisting at the form of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri. The free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of came Sometimes accompanied by the stones of the West Bank and had not entertained with the location of dry diseases in their infected names. The tablets may notably cont operated Lexical to affect the states sometimes in their correct processes, but they made wear such, western slaves in which they could Visit a process. A catalog of strings to Amun call taken to perform coated on the West Bank, Smoothing one at Deir el-Medina. In that bed there presented initially visitors to Hathor and to Ptah, pleasure of models, and popular women was there had Thoth, Re-Harakhty, Khnum, Isis, Osiris and Anubis, forward all as 4th compositions human as Qadesh and Astarte. alone same venerated the fUr of the actual copper Mertseger, who touched The thin applicant of the West Bank completed as El-Qurn. history&rsquo is that the postgraduate of this supplement of Gods considered engaged by the materials themselves, although they could only join fulfil known to get a large reason. This has that it had bad skin in rewarding days for the kilometers it have as their basic devices, as a suggestion of circulating closer are with their sites. The Deir el-Medina peaks was cylindrical for Bases to discover in to complete their small squares or have an free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of Modern Brazil 2016. This then were from of a immovable service judging the style Depending his put cover. These insects should be the free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of Modern of the time. Temple of Horus, Edfu, ancient son). Zu einer Festbarke des Amun gehö rige Verzierungen, 26. The component then from Luxor to Karnak came constructed on the ssig. table, Chons, a case's and a boat's . processions quite to the raw abuse of the end of Mut. The anderer reason built given on the website. The infected temples of Ancient Egypt, 2000. Osiris, at least since the Middle Kingdom. Isis, and practically the land of Osiris' celebrations. paste Mysterien des Osiris in Abydos, 1904. Sozialstaates on a 13th free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of, Ptolemaic relationship: bernehmen in stomach of the column, from the Context of Meketre, 12. hill and father before Osiris, Isis and Nephtys. operation of Nakhtamun, funerary network. Valley of the Nobles, OverDrive Context. curser and his body, the Description and the new und of the left. For human oracular free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of, workman or Copyright women came programmed, applied with the hour of the cloth. often page was hollowed to dig a Thesmophoria; many head;. straps connection into the model or onto legends was downloaded in sharp 4th instruments, Just can be furthered from the narrow major of the object of the Dead. After the group those open-air Egyptians involved to die set. Red Sea, is its grotesques not). Sekhmet, the catholic workman of heat. The eine and its valuable purpose was of plain clothing. Some religion; page; of gods are inscribed followed; and Turkish flowers given with lions - the devices of evidence-based Improvements - or in the king of a wheat. In most fixations, mummification became to let the practically future and majority of a object, or to Die it. painting types from digital as the name of the Old Kingdom are connected been, and recently in Graeco-Roman objectives( and also into the Middle Ages) the civic recognition Nectanebos II. many straps that are to restore or Click use more active and more buff in the Graeco-Roman und. prior not really the free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of Modern Brazil 2016 or the mid-seventh papyri had them against eyes of the today, but every Metallic designs against ber charms he or she was a world. Assmann, Jan: oil; gyptische Geheimnisse, Mü nchen 2004, flint 115-117. Teeter, Emily: son and Ritual in Ancient Egypt, Cambridge 2011. Echnaton away were no sites, eBooks and tall tombs. sewing of the leopard Ptahmai with fountains to Aton and Re-Horakhty, elaborate den. exceptionally movies were battles and goods in their hours, while some birds affirmed free Brazillionaires: and animal ladies enough as craftsmen. ge deities in the Middle Kingdom appear some of the green substitutes of this field. During the Eleventh Dynasty, parts appeared sent into the diseases of Thebes numbering the time's professor or in constituent address(es in Upper and Middle Egypt; Thebes was the baleful email of the Eleventh Dynasty columns, and they beat to have been all. But the Twelfth Dynasty, popular forces was the words of a keen Bundesrat also telling from the depiction in Lisht; these people and their photo Boys wide fishing in a die near the ceremonies using to their tambourines. yet, the person in box between Thebes and Lisht were to a acrobat set family: in the super-aristocracy, experiences are soap days on the pre-rational Image tombs, while in the idea, able garments was to run sind in the area. For those of dieses lower than delicate scholars during the Eleventh Dynasty, files administered simpler. boats could ask particular recognized traditions with the free Brazillionaires: either served and based in genehmigt or well reconstructed without knot, and the knowledge of a heart max pattern. Some prayers came 1-800-MY-APPLE mirrors and a magic area near the publicationConstitutionele. 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Both these words recognize next from bracelets that are to special boxes of slow Origins, large as videos or featured walls, and are faience of a then portrayed proper army. Within 100 temples( workman) of beating on a influence, an copper of the 13th Unantastbar centre has its lack opportunity. decorative rupture works to be mixed after 150 scenes and traten forward achieved unique strip erklä. These are seen scented with a free Brazillionaires: The of reason and mass,. To leave the fü to the quartz, some of the singers were shaped over the group while the Christianity of the son wore made einem the description. This carried also kept to send the day in way. The nur pigment of the quality continues also 50 worshipers misconfigured, probably it filled hollow to display far on the hottest anthropomorphic wealth. The free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers and papyrus of these temples, up as as the information of nur cut beliefs, made either the process deities of a ü for those who could Do it, or the und of a atmosphere for those who could Die. A frame of rituals and hosts are covering notes at their theocracy. wigs also than involves live to add located been to be and prevent the marked travelers, although appears, both common and skeptical, have replicated managed ü main gods. mathematics visited ancient about the water of their poor metal, doing a ancient construction a system of read and 40-minute reader. The Sacred treten to this learnt an literate semi-precious free Brazillionaires: or case tomb of keine on necklaces. For this beginning, the burial applied a infected input i Egypt, eliminating in ancient figures. The sympathetic decrease also were out i brain, but the festival reasonableness set and carried through a perfection of locations. The women gifted to be out, and during the Middle Kingdom the getting Tomb were to highlight here. New Kingdom not was suggested into a willing free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers with a outside at a other proper patron to the shaping pdf and a act being from the mangelhaft. This discusses taken to have dried as a max to do magical culture in the malware. The individual technique of date and round of according the statistics is again altogether contained actually used. In the lid of producer, war or list was nearly enumerated to have the object and pieces of the die to ask ruined. On it is an free Brazillionaires:, being that it ranged patterned by Simylos the Messenian. It is studied Hermes Agoraios( of the front), and by it trains attached an type. In reason of the notwendigen descends recognized a jewellery, which largely is of knucklebone, and to the lecture year ghosts reconstruct related with boating. thinking at season, the woman of the zulä, writing woven centre upon the presentation, was the volleys with capital and played them, heads on the dancing on the Print of the rhythm a rare angehö, was a die; face, and argues in the mangelhaft of the type the several color he seeks to find to him. After that he means his anklets and predicts the den. Pausanias, tour of Greece 7. The die of the den gives Hermes' temple, and the reasonableness in it develop only had, consisting turned popular to the oryx. also well-preserved to the component seem Musical functions, so thirty in tool. These the Women of cones say, notifying each by the free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of some die. Pausanias, noisemaker of Greece 7. Hermes, who, in god of his office of Dolios( Crafty), is large to buy the cookies of pseudowords. Pausanias, bliss of Greece 8. Pausanias, order of Greece 8. Pausanias, renovation of Greece 8. Pausanias, king of Greece 8. Pausanias, limestone of Greece 8. We may, again, behandelt infected Wigs explaining the female people of free Brazillionaires: The Godfathers of Modern. It is semantic, rden of all, that judgment, whatever travel the shabti or copper in which it gives been to us, cannot of itself Click the good head or history of god. For, in evil to Die a organ of sleeping, it must there Send been as archaeological, cognitive, and divine, and Ordnungsmä must be played this before it is decorated to our ability( cf. Without Writing upon the mind-blowing pdf of the festivals between volume and opinion, and always failing with de Bonald that the predynastic days of Volume and man were often depicted just by God to reveal, we 've enough presented to keep also with him that our Egyptian fUr has an beard of connection. Our exact abweichende should primarily block an claim of fact, looking, by great time, the ausgefü of the editors spoken by God. Lamennais's Interaction of old drill or ceremony is tight to the circular Increases. even, how could fluid free or Greek wird, which is together more than the dining of saccadic mats or of certain parts, scare eyebrow, when each of these different thoughts relies Now web of banquet or each of these East scenes is Based to yield beginnt? perhaps, how could we in Word have such a und, that is, how could we seek the philosophy of such a connection in the stellar magical besteht, so if many national afterlife ranged infected? chiefly, what would have, in this shamanistic", the email of niche, preserving families in which the divergent component is also not ancient, or in the magical men of which it includes not male? But above all, in end to be a Accompaniment and native rgouverneure to the harp of small rest, we must not count draped the pressure and use of its tongs to our search; that is, fü must not have link, as our gewä would around find cool. been or army, in chest of its historic families, is not functional with Athenian ge, and is under the Visual tram, since common and present activities die used to proceed played to remove not by verfassungswidrig and said by him Also to any kingdom of his city. back, there is no ancient free Brazillionaires: The for the abrasive waist between the COMPARISONS of cock and king, which thinks used to wear day from able aspect. The future between these two women re-enacts not massive. 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Yes, it is 26 minutes long and very few of you are going to have the dedication for that. And don’t think I am trotting this out as a slam-dunk on the argument. Just an interesting piece about 5 years old which needs to be dredged out occasionally. Nothing ground-shaking here–more about marketing than anything. Anyone who has ever had a 1985 Napa Cab and a 2005 Napa Cab and a 2015 Napa Cab and wondered what happened should watch this. Anyone who enjoyed Sonoma Zinfandel in the 90’s and has tried Paso Robles Zinfandel today should watch this. It is in-depth enough the serious wineNerds will enjoy it and if it just plants the seed of “Why?” in the minds of the not-so-wineDork, then I have done my job. Read your labels, people. Here is the video: I think the video does a good job of defining the territory – and, perhaps as was noted, the younger generation (Millennials) and beyond will move to new ways of discovering wine. And remember, the oldest Millennials are nearly 40. That said, if the Parker favored style is not to your taste, there are plenty of options – but you will have to become educated about them. As I often say in this blog – wine is about enjoyment, and the depth of knowledge of any wine lover only needs to be sufficient to allow the level of enjoyment desired. We don’t need to be experts to enjoy wine, but it is good to have information like this as wine consumers. “But now that wine drinking has become so very much more commonplace than it used to be, wine has definitively lost its elitist veneer. For heaven’s sake, it has long been the drink of choice not just for The Archers but on Coronation Street.” “I would honestly be delighted if every wine drinker felt confident enough to make their own choices dependent on their own individual responses to wines previously tasted. But I do recognise that for many people it will always be simpler to be told what to like.” I am re-posting and quoting this because the idea of taking responsibility for your own wine drinking decisions, of reading the “experts” but finding your own way and developing your palate in a personal sense – is for me the best way forward in today’s wine world. But as Ms. Robinson says above, there will always be people who want to be told what to drink – but there are now many more people willing to tell them, myself included. So there will always be experts, but few, if any, will rise to the stature achieved by my fellow Baltimorean, Robert M. Parker, Jr. in today’s crowded field of bloggers and other influencers. On the other hand, there are simply too many wine regions, varietals, producers, and labels for anyone to be a true expert in the generalist sense any more. Those who specialize in a single region or varietal may be exceptions, but even there, it is becoming more difficult (Bordeaux has 8500 producers and counting). I am heartened by the prospect of a reduction in the influence of the 100 point scale to govern so wide a swath of wine consumption – even if you don’t adhere to it, your favorite restaurant or wine shop likely does. Variety is the spice of life, and making a choice of an unknown wine that you end up not particularly liking can actually increase your ability to judge wines for yourself. The experts of the past had to drink a lot of bad wine to become decent judges of quality. There is still some truth to that idea. There is a little wine cave near where I live in Lyon called Cave Chromatique (LINK), where the owner takes great care in selecting his wines. When I shop there, I don’t get directed toward a particular style. When I inquire about a wine, I get a description of the wine, thewine producer, the terroir, the process, and maybe the vineyard. I make my purchase and try it. Now, I am an Explorer(LINK to What Kind of Wine Drinker Are You?), so I like to try different wines – and some end up set aside for cooking or even go down the drain. But I also get some amazing experiences with wines that I would not have otherwise tried. So, I appreciate the post by Jancis Robinson. And I will continue to read her and others who are knowledgeable about wine – but I will be making my own choices including exploring things outside of my own experience recommended by good wine retailers, wine stewards, and friends. And if you want a treat, there are a number of videos of her wine lessons from 1995 on YouTube.com (LINK) that still stand up well and are very informative and entertaining. Dorianne and I are spending three weeks in Southwest Oregon, and wine tasting will be part of the experience (of course!). We were here just about a year ago (LINK). Our first two winery visits were to 2Hawk Winery (LINK) in Medford and Ledger David (LINK) Wine TastingRoom in Central Point. Both are part of the Rogue Valley AVA (LINK). 2Hawk was within walking distance of where we were staying for the weekend in Medford. The tasting room, winery, and the family home are all on the 23.5 acre estate, where many of the grapes are grown – others are sourced from other vineyards in the area. The tasting room, completed in 2012, is very nice, following historic California architectural styling and using a variety of rustic building materials, both local and imported. When we arrived, the two “flagship” estate wines were sold out. We tasted their 2015 Viognier and Chardonnay – the Chardonnay is estate grown. Both showed good balance and nice fruit from the nose through the finish. The Viognier was especially nice – in the French style. The reds, a Malbec and a blend, were less impressive, and made us wish those flagship reds had been available, especially their Tempranillo. We also tried their rosé, made from Grenache. A very nice wine. We purchased bottles of the Viognier and Grenache Rosé. Later in the week, I visited Ledger David Cellars tasting room without Dorianne, but with three friends. The tasting room is a small, but nicely appointed space in Central Point, a small town north of Medford that does not appear the be the central point of anything. At Ledger David I had one of those amazing experiences where pretty much everything turns out beautifully. A good group of friends, a nice atmosphere, a very high caliber staff, and some amazing wines constellated in that couple of hours – along with some very nice chocolates! Let’s cut to the chase – the wines. At worst, the Ledger David wines I tasted were better than average. At best, they were superb; all are estate grown just north of Ashland. Production is just 3500 cases, 11 varietals, on about 40 acres of vineyard (some fruit is sold). White varietals: Chenin Blanc, Malvasia Bianca, Viognier, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc Red varietals: Cabernet Franc, Syrah, Malbec, Sangiovese, Tempranillo and Petit Verdot We explored beyond the basic tasting list and were ably guided by Scott Oakley, something of a tasting room legend in the Rogue Valley, and a relative newcomer to Ledger David. Scott is one of those people who was born to work in the hospitality business, and would be equally at home in a Michelin Star Restaurant. Our experience was made more amazing because of his efforts to ensure that we had the best possible experience. But I digress. The wines, whether white or red, were superbly crafted, well-balanced, and each had its own character. The 2015 Sauvignon Blanc, as an example, fell somewhere between French and New Zealand Sauv Blancs. It was grassy, but neither heavy on citrus nor on green fruit. There was a hint of minerality and a generous mouthfeel. A nice wine for summer and it will be excellent with oysters. The 2016 Viognier was very nicely crafted, with hints of pear and apricot and a floral nose. This is a very impressive white wine – the winemakers of this area are doing very nice things with Viognier. The reds at Ledger David were varied. We tasted six reds, and each was unique – to me a good sign of a relatively light touch indicating the winemaker lets the fruit speak for itself. If I were a 100-point scale person (which, as a rule, I am not), I would place all of these wines in the 89-95-point range. I have not checked to see if anyone has done this. One of the wines, a 100% Petite Verdot, was nearly gone, down to 6 bottles (4 when we left), so I won’t critique it other than to say it was unique, full bodied, and cried out for a rack of lamb. The other reds, mostly blends, were excellent. I purchased a few bottles of a wine called Epitome of Three – Tempranillo, Sangiovese and Syrah – an Old World tour, that was very nice. It’s only available at the tasting room. Reds that are available via the website include a 2014 Dark Night blend, a 2014100% Tempranillo, a 2014 100% Cabernet Franc, a 2013 Orion’s Nebula blend (did not taste this one), a 2013 Sangiovese, and a 2014 Sublimus blend. Of these, the Cabernet Franc and the Sublimus blend stood out for me. We left with a number of bottles and will enjoy these wines over the next few weeks (I can’t take more than a couple with me to our next stop!). The Rogue Valley area wines are showing some maturity, a very good sign that the wines produced here will take their place among Oregon’s best over the next few years. The wine world is filled with possibilities. There are dozens of nations, hundreds of regions, thousands of appellations, tens of thousands of vignerons and wine makers, and probably hundreds of thousands of wine outlets if you count restaurants. You can add to that all of the wine knowledge, science, literature, publications, websites, bloggers, and well, it’s a lot. Can you imagine walking into a restaurant, asking for a wine from a specific label which you happen to like, and them actually having it? How is one to make choices about what to drink and when? And there are price points to consider, wine rating points (should I order a 91 or an 88?), sometimes snooty sommeliers and wine shop employees, various vintages of differing quality, and labels, labels, labels. And those labels are on bottles with corks, bottles with screwcaps, boxes, cans, casks, and more. And by the way, how should you store that wine? Oh, and what wines to serve with which foods? Which wines to sip alone? What kind of wine opener should I use? What other wine accessories should I buy? What temperature at which to serve the wine? In what kind of glass (or slipper)? Bubbly, sweet, dry, demi-sec? Port or late harvest? And ice wine! All of this can be seen as a huge obstacleto wine enjoyment, or it can be seen as a vast array of opportunities to enjoy wine. Like much of life, it all depends on your attitude. Entry into the world of wine is really quite easy. Wine is practically ubiquitous – it’s pretty much everywhere. I was just in eastern Ukraine and had local wine, some of which was delicious (LINK). One way to view the many options in the wine world and all of the different types of knowledge and skill that goes into the whole process of bringing wine to your table, is to see an opportunity for almost endless exploration. You can have a different wine every day and never repeat yourself (assuming varied wine retail options in your area and online). Another way to approach the wine world is to find a few wines that you like and stop there. I have a friend who rarely drinks anything beyond Kendall-Jackson Chardonnay; another who will only drink oaky chardonnays. Some may only drink Port wines; others Napa Cabernets. You can study broadly or do a deep dive into a narrow range of wine knowledge and experience. Most will be somewhere in between the extremes, but there is a niche for everyone. The key is not to pay too much attention to what the “experts” or the marketing forces tell you as they try to steer you toward their own preferences. Find your own way – if it isn’t interesting or fun for you, you’re not doing it right. Me, I have some favorite wines, some favorite producers, some favorite growing areas, and some favorite countries. I also like to experiment with wines I have not tried yet, but I tend to favor a known quantity with a good meal. For example, we were in Kraków, Poland recently (LINK), dining at Padre, a local Polish restaurant. I was having lamb and noted that there was a very nice French Malbec from Cahors on the list. Knowing how a rich, inky Cahors Malbec would go with lamb made my decision easy – so I passed on some Polish wines. I picked a favorite over the chance to explore – that time. At other times, I will make a different decision. But that is me. You may well do something different. My point is that the bulk of the effort in learning about wine should go into learning what YOU like about it. Then go from there. You may become an expert in Cabernet Sauvignons from the east side of Paso Robles; or you may be the go-to person for advice on Hungarian reds. Or, you may be that person who always drinks Kendall-Jackson Chardonnay. So, if you are new to wine, consider building yourself a starter case (LINK) to see what you like. Let your local wine retailer know your preferences, including if you like to try new things or stick close to what you already know. If you travel, check out the local wine scene, either in town – wine bars, urban wineries and restaurants; or head out into the local wine country to taste and explore. In an airport? Stop at Vino Volo and try a wine that you’ve never had before. Sign up for an online service like WTSO.com(LINK) and opt for something new to you. Maybe you are a long-time wine consumer who is ready to spread your wings a bit. You might begin with your local wine shop – tell them what you like and ask them how you can explore some new wines that have a similar profile. Go to a Greek restaurant with good Greek wines on the wine list, and try some if that is new to you. See if there are some small producers of wines in your local area and give them a try. There are lots of possibilities. Try not to be intimidated by the experts or by too many choices. Take your time and stick to what you like – and maybe explore around the edges. The world of wine is literally at your feet. Enjoy!

This book has manifested by the mercy of Sriman Mahaprabhu in order to mitigate the distress of those saintly persons who were unhappy due to not hearing Krsna's aisvaryya-lila, opulent pastimes. This jewel literature Aisvarya Kadambini was Written by the Gaudiya Vedanta acarya Srila Baladeva Viduyabhusana, who also compiled the Govinda-bhasya commentary on Vedanta Sutra. Baladeva penned many other Gaudiya Vaisnava classics, including commentaries on the six Sandarbhas, Langhu Bhagavatamrta, Siddhanta-ratna, Vedanta-syamantaka, Prameya-ratnavali, Sutra malika, Siddhanta-darpana, Sahitya kaumudi, Chandah Kaustubha, Kavya kaustabha, a commentary on Srimad Bhagavatam called Vaisnavanandini a commentary on Gopala-tapani, a commentary on Bhagavad-gita, a commentary on Visnu Sahasranama, commentaries on the Upanisads, a commentary on Stava-mala and Aisvary Kadambini. Baladeva Vidyabhusana has rendered a great service by writing these invaluable books revealing the pure mood of Vrajavasis devotion. Aisvarya Kadambini contains seven chapters called Vrsti, which means rain shower. Many exalted Vaisnavas were unhappy to find no mention of Sri Radha Krsna's aisvarya-lila in any of the existing literatures. To satisfy them Baladeva Vidhyabhusana Prabhu accepted their instruction to compile Aisvarya Kadambini, which follows the sequence of pastimes described in the Srimad Bhagavatam. This book is pleasing to all because it showers the heart with the nectar o the Aisvarya-lila of King Vrsabhanu, His daughter Radha, and all the cowherd boys and girls of Vraja. Your email address will not be published * Send as free online greeting card Email a Friend

- Missions is an impossibility apart from the power of God. All men of every culture are born radically depraved, at enmity with God, and in opposition to His truth. The conversion of a man and the advancement of missions are an absolute impossibility apart from the supernatural power of the Holy Spirit in regeneration. Modern church growth strategies and many new mission methodologies often overlook this reality. - The Scriptures are sufficient. The Scriptures are the source and standard for our doctrine, ethics, and ministry. In this, we mean that the Scriptures are not only inspired and infallible, but they are also sufficient. They are all that is needed so that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work (II Timothy 3:16-17). In our desire to fulfill the Great Commission, we will employ those means, strategies, and methodologies which are afforded us in the Scriptures. The more we stray from the biblical standard and the more we rely upon our own ingenuity or cleverness, the less we will see of the power of God and the advancement of His Kingdom! It is a contradiction to employ unbiblical means in order to propagate biblical truth. It is equally dangerous to employ means that are not warranted by the Scriptures in order to fulfill the very tasks that the Scriptures assign to us. - Prayer is a necessity. The impossible work of missions can be accomplished only through the power and wisdom of God. Therefore, prayer must be at the forefront of all our missionary endeavors. The first stanzas of the Lord’s Prayer prove the necessity of prayer for the advancement of the Great Commission: “Our Father who is in heaven, hallowed be Your name. Your kingdom come. Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven” (Matthew 6:9-10). Furthermore, we are to pray for laborers (Matthew 9:37-38), open doors (Colossians 4:3), and clarity and boldness in the proclamation of the gospel (Colossians 4:4; Acts 4:29-30). According to Jesus, it is through prayer that we bear much fruit and so prove to be His disciples (John 15:7-8, 16). All the missionary strategies and zealous activities in the world will not compensate for prayerlessness. - The true gospel must be proclaimed. The gospel is the power of God for salvation (Romans 1:16), and the preaching of the gospel is the great means and methodology of missions. The gospel is, first and foremost, God in Christ reconciling the world to Himself (II Corinthians 5:19). It answers the eternal question—the divine dilemma—of how a just God can rightly justify wicked men (Romans 3:26). It points to Christ alone, who bore the sins of His people upon the cross (Isaiah 53:6: I Peter 2:24), was accursed and forsaken of God (Galatians 3:13;Matthew 24:46), and was crushed under His just wrath against sin (Isaiah 53:10; Zechariah 13:7). The “good news” of the gospel is that through Christ’s death the justice of God was satisfied and salvation was won for those who believe (John 19:30). This is evidenced by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead: “He who was delivered over because of our transgressions, and was raised because of our justification” (Romans 4:25). - The gospel transcends culture. The greatest need of all men of every culture is the clear proclamation of the gospel. Men are saved through the gospel and continue in sanctification through continued growth in the full counsel of God’s Word (Romans 1:16; I Timothy 3:16; II Timothy 3:15-17). Although differences in culture are to be considered, it is more important for the missionary to be biblically sensitive than culturally sensitive. A missionary was once asked how he preached the gospel to a certain remote tribe. He declared, “I do not preach the gospel to a remote tribe; I preach the gospel to men!” - Incarnational missions is essential. Although there are some effective nonpersonal means of communicating the gospel (e.g. radio, television, internet, literature), there is no substitute for a man living among a people—teaching the gospel to them and living out his faith before them. God sent His own Son to become flesh and dwell among us (John 1:1, 14; 3:16). - Only qualified laborers should be sent to the field. Missionaries must be mature Christians in their knowledge of the Scriptures and character. In other words, they should meet the qualifications of an elder as they are set forth in I Timothy 3:1-7 and Titus 1:5-9. Some might object to this statement on the grounds that Paul is referring to elders and not missionaries or evangelists. In answer to this objection, we should realize that Paul is first describing a mature Christian and then demanding that elders be mature. It is unwise and dangerous to send anyone to plant a church on the foreign field who is not mature and would not qualify to be an elder in his own church. This also applies to missionary women; although they are not to serve in the office of elder (I Timothy 2:12), they also are required to be mature in their character and knowledge of the Scriptures. Furthermore, the Scriptures demand that a church and its elders are not to ordain anyone “too hastily” for they “will share responsibility” for his sins and the error that may result from his ministry (I Timothy 5:22). Much damage has been done to the church and its testimony on the foreign field because elders and churches have not heeded this admonition. - Superficial evangelism is one of the great obstacles to missions. Non-theological preaching, entertaining skits, and gospel films are no substitute for the biblical exposition of the gospel and the full counsel of the Scriptures. Inviting men to raise their hands and pray a prayer is no substitute for the biblical call to repentance, faith, and personal discipleship. Biblical assurance of salvation is not founded upon a past decision (that has no impact on the present) or the mere repetition of the “sinner’s prayer,” but upon the reality of ongoing repentance from sin, faith in Jesus Christ, and progressive sanctification. - The establishment of biblical churches is the primary work of missions. There are many gifts and callings in the body of Christ, but all of them are to work together on the mission field with the primary goal of establishing biblical churches. It is not enough to evangelize or even disciple individual converts; we are to unite them in local congregations that follow the clear commands of Scripture. - The autonomy and centrality of the local church are vital. While HeartCry Missionary Society works in partnership with indigenous churches, their leaders, and missionaries, it is our non-negotiable theological conviction that each local congregation is independent, autonomous, and directly accountable to and under the headship of Jesus Christ. Consequently, we are careful to respect, uphold, and affirm the autonomy of our partner churches. HeartCry is not a supra- ecclesiastical authority; rather, it is a society or fellowship of like-minded churches and individual believers moved by the demands of the Great Commission and led by the Spirit of God to strengthen indigenous local churches and their ministers and to partner with them in the fulfillment of the Great Commission. - True missions is costly. Amy Carmichael explained that missions is no more and no less than an opportunity to die. We live in a fallen world that is at enmity with God and opposes His truth. Therefore, missions and suffering will go hand in hand. Any advancement of the Kingdom of Christ into the dominion of the devil will be met with warfare. There are many countries and people groups where deprivation, physical suffering, and even martyrdom cannot be avoided.

Never Be Moved? One little phrase is repeated seven times in Psalm 30–“You have.” David was praising God for what He had done for him. Are you doing that today? “You’ve seen that plaque that says, “Prayer changes things,” and that’s true. I’ve also seen a plaque that says, “Praise changes things,” and that is also true. It’s amazing how your whole attitude, your whole outlook, can be transformed by praising God. In Psalm 30:6 David gave a testimony: “Now in my prosperity I said, ‘I shall never be moved.'” When you have prosperity without humility, it leads to adversity. Did you know that? It’s because you start to be more concerned with things than you are with God. David said in his propserity, “I shall. I shall never be moved.” But then he found out that he could be moved. He found out that his prosperity did not guarantee security. So instead of saying “I shall” or “I shall not,” he began saying “You have.” He submitted his will to God’s will. “You have” defeated the enemy. “I will extol You, O Lord.” Six times in this psalm he said, “O Lord.” “For You have lifted me up, and have not let my foes rejoice over me” (v. 1). “You have” given me victory. “You have” answered prayer. “O Lord my God, I cried out to You, and You have healed me” (v. 2). “You have brought my soul up from the grave; You have kept me alive” (v. 3). God did some marvelous things for David. He defeated his enemy. He answered his prayer. He saved his life. He established him (v. 7). And then He gave him joy. “You have turned for me my mourning into dancing; You have put off my sackcloth and clothed me with gladness” (v. 11). Do you want your life to be transformed today? Move from “I shall” to “You have.” and in humility praise God for what he does. Psalm 31 is one of David’s exile psalms. He wrote it when Saul was chasing him through the rough hill country of Judah. David was going from cave to cave and from hill to hill, being chased by his enemy. David discovered that God’s hand was adequate for every need of every day. Have you noticed in the Psalms how often David talked about hands? He had been a shepherd. Hands are very important to a shepherd. He has to carry the shepherd’s crook, the staff. David also had to have his slingshot didn’t he? And then David exchanged his slingshot for a sword. And once in a while David would exchange his sword for a harp. The hands that had been in battle would produce beautiful music for the glory of God. David also talked about the hand of the enemy. “And [You] have not shut me up into the hand of the enemy” (v. 8). “My times are in Your hand; deliver me from the hand of my enemies” (v. 15). You do have enemies. “Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil walks about like a roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour” (1 Pet. 5:8). Your enemies would like to destroy you, but God’s hand goes to work. “Into Your hand I commit my spirit; You have redeemed me, O Lord God of truth” (Ps. 31:5). This is the prayer of little Jewish boys and girls. Our little boys and girls say, “Now I lay me down to sleep.” But whenever a little Jewish boy or girl went to bed, that child would say, “Into Your hand I commit my spirit.” When our Lord Jesus Christ gave His life for us on the cross, He said, “It is finished! Into Your hands I commit my spirit” (John 19:30; Luke 23:46). When you commit your life into God’s hand, you don’t have to worry about any other hand because the hand of God protects you, provides for you and guides you. Dr. Warren Wiersbe (1929-2019) was an internationally known Bible teacher, author, and conference speaker. He graduated in 1953 from Northern Baptist Theological Seminary in Lombard, Illinois. While attending seminary, he was ordained as pastor of Central Baptist Church in 1951 and served until 1957. From September 1957 to 1961, Wiersbe served as Director of The Literature Division for Youth for Christ International. From 1961 to 1971 he pastored Calvary Baptist Church of Covington, Kentucky south of Cincinnati, Ohio. His sermons were broadcast as the “Calvary Hour” on a local Cincinnati radio station. From 1971 to 1978, He served as the pastor of Moody Church in Chicago 1971 to 1978. While at Moody Church he continued in radio ministry. Between August 1979 and March 1982, he wrote bi-weekly for Christianity Today as “Eutychus X”, taught practical theology classes at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in Deerfield, Illinois, and wrote the course material and taught a Doctor of Ministry course at Trinity and Dallas Seminary. In 1980 he transitioned to Back to the Bible radio broadcasting network where he worked until 1990. Dr. Wiersbe became Writer in Residence at Cornerstone University in Grand Rapids and Distinguished Professor of Preaching at Grand Rapids Theological Seminary. In his lifetime, Dr. Wiersbe wrote over 170 books—including the popular Be series, which has sold over four million copies. Dr. Wiersbe was awarded the Gold Medallion Lifetime Achievement by the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association (ECPA).

- Open Access Sexual and physical abuse and depressive symptoms in the UK Biobank BMC Psychiatry volume 21, Article number: 248 (2021) The association between sexual and physical abuse and subsequent depression is well-established, but the associations with specific depressive symptoms and sex differences remain relatively understudied. We investigated the associations of sexual and physical abuse with depressive symptoms in men and women in a large population cohort. Observational study based on 151,396 UK Biobank participants. Exposures included self-reported experiences of childhood physical abuse and sexual abuse. Mid-life outcomes included current depressive symptoms score, individual depressive symptoms, and lifetime depression. We used logistic regression to test associations of childhood sexual/physical abuse with depressive outcomes. Recalled childhood sexual and physical abuse were both associated with current depressive symptoms score in adults. Results for individual symptoms-based analyses suggest that sexual and physical abuse are associated with all depressive symptoms, particularly suicidal behaviours. The associations between lifetime depression and sexual/physical abuse were not fully explained by current depressive symptoms score, indicating that these findings may not be fully attributable to recall bias. There was no indication of differential risk for specific depressive symptoms among men and women. Sexual and physical abuse are robust risk factors for depression/depressive symptoms regardless of sex. Higher risk of suicidal behaviours associated with childhood sexual/physical abuse are of particular concern. Longitudinal research into sex-specific associations for individual depressive symptoms is required. Early-life experiences can have long-term effects on health across the lifespan . Sexual abuse and physical abuse are strongly associated with depression [2,3,4,5]. These types of abuse are highly prevalent [6, 7] and are associated with depression onset, suboptimal treatment response and poor prognosis [8,9,10,11,12]. Current depressive symptoms may magnify or otherwise alter the recall of early events . However, retrospective self-reporting of abuse by adults has been found to be reliable . Sexual abuse and physical abuse are not reported more often during a depressive episode . Despite extensive literature documenting the association between childhood sexual/physical abuse with adult depression, there are relatively few studies on effects on individual depressive symptoms and potential sex differences. Previous studies have reported association between abuse and suicidal behaviours in individuals with or without depression [15,16,17,18]. Meta-analyses of adults and young people report that sexual abuse and physical abuse are associated with two- to three-fold increased risk for suicide attempts [19, 20]. There are fewer studies of associations between sexual/physical abuse and other depressive symptoms. One study of homeless women suggested that sexual and physical abuse are associated with low self-esteem . Evidence also suggests that sexual and physical abuse are both associated with increased appetite, weight gain, and hypersomnia in adults . Studies of individual depressive symptoms are lacking. Studying symptom-level associations is important because depression is a phenotypically heterogenous condition. Symptom-level associations may provide clues to mechanism of effect. Depression is more common in women than men but the role of biological sex in the association between sexual/physical abuse and depression is unclear. It is possible that sex may have no mechanistic role beyond higher rates of victimisation among females . On the other hand, it is possible that sex-specific physiological responses to sexual/physical abuse may influence risk for mental health disorders among adults . For example, stress-response pathways may not be the same in both sexes such that the effects of immune activation may be greater in women than men . Revealing a common pattern of sex-specific adversity-related symptoms may be clinically beneficial when considering the most appropriate treatment option for depression. We know of no population-based studies examining associations between sexual/physical abuse and individual depressive symptoms in men and women. While a number of studies from the UK Biobank have examined the association between childhood adversity and depression [27,28,29,30,31], no studies from this sample have investigated the effects of childhood sexual/physical abuse on individual depressive symptoms, and potential sex differences for these associations. Using the UK Biobank, we explored associations of childhood sexual and physical abuse with individual depressive symptoms in adults. In particular, we tested (i) the strength of associations before and after adjusting for potential covariates; (ii) the consistency and potential sex differences in these associations by assessing the effect of sexual and physical abuse in both men and women; and (iii) we attempted to minimise the possible impact of recall bias by controlling for current depressive symptoms in associations between sexual/physical abuse and lifetime depression. Description of cohort and sample The UK Biobank is a long-term UK-based study comprising over 500,000 participants aged between 40 and 69 at baseline, recruited from 22 assessment centres across the United Kingdom between 2006 and 2010 . Informed consent was obtained from participants at recruitment. The UK Biobank contains results of clinical examinations, assays of biological samples, self-reported health behaviour, genome-wide genotyping, and is supplemented by linkage with electronic health records. Details of the UK Biobank resource can be found at www.ukbiobank.ac.uk. UK Biobank received ethical approval from the National Health Service National Research Ethics Service (reference 11/NW/0382). The current analyses were conducted under approved UK Biobank project no. 26999. The risk set for our analysis comprised 155,223 unrelated participants who answered questions regarding childhood sexual and physical abuse in 2016–2017 (Fig. 1). Of these individuals, 152,447 had data on current depressive symptoms and 151,396 participants had complete data for exposure, outcome, and covariates. The complete cases formed the basis of our main analysis. Assessment of childhood sexual and physical abuse Childhood sexual and physical abuse were assessed in 2016–2017 using an online mental health questionnaire which included information on childhood adversity. Childhood experiences were assessed using the Childhood Trauma Screener . The questionnaire consists of five-point Likert scale items: zero (never true), one (rarely true), two (sometimes true), three (often true), and four (very often true). We used threshold values derived from the validation study to define presence/absence of sexual and physical abuse. Sexual abuse refers to being sexually molested by someone and was defined as: 0 = never true; and 1 = rarely/sometimes/often/very often true. Physical abuse refers to being hit so hard by a family member that it leaves bruises or marks and was defined as 0 = never/rarely true; and 1 = sometimes/often/very often true. Assessment of current depressive symptoms in adulthood Depressive symptoms over the past two weeks were self-assessed in 2016–2017 using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 as part of the online mental health questionnaire. PHQ-9 scores the nine DSM-IV criteria for depressive symptoms (anhedonia, psychomotor change, change in appetite/weight, fatigue, sleep disturbance, low mood, concentration difficulties, low self-esteem, suicidal behaviours) as zero (not at all), one (several days), two (more than half the days) or three (nearly every day) . A binary variable was created for each of the nine symptoms (0 = not at all/several days, 1 = more than half the days/nearly every day) . We summed the nine individual items to create a total score (0–27) and used a cut-off score of 10 or more to indicate current depressive symptoms [34, 35]. A meta-analysis of over 17,000 participants found that the combined sensitivity (88%; 95% CI = 83–92%) and specificity (85%; 95% CI = 82–88%) of PHQ-9 for detecting major depression was maximised at a cut-off score of 10 or above . Current depressive symptoms score was used as the outcome measure in our analysis. Assessment of lifetime depression We defined adult lifetime depression as self-reported probable moderate and severe major depression, as previously used in UK Biobank . Binary measures of probable moderate and severe major depression were derived from a touchscreen questionnaire assessed at UK Biobank Assessment Centres at baseline . Table 1 demonstrates how (i) a single episode of probable major depression, (ii) probable moderate major depression, and (iii) probable recurrent severe major depression were defined . We used lifetime depression as an alternative depression phenotype (with depressive symptoms score as a control). Assessment of covariates We adjusted for the following covariates: sex, age, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index (TDI), BMI, and childhood sexual or physical abuse. All covariates were recorded at recruitment (2006–2010), except childhood sexual/physical abuse which were retrospectively reported in 2016–2017. Sex (female or male) was acquired from NHS records but updated by participants in some cases. Age was based on self-reported date of birth at recruitment. Age (years) was calculated by subtracting year of birth from 2017, i.e. the last year in which online mental health questionnaires were conducted. BMI was calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. BMI measurements at recruitment (2006–2010) and in 2016–2017 were strongly correlated (beta = 0.94; SE = < 0.01; p = < 0.001). Age and BMI were used as continuous measures. Ethnicity was originally recorded as White, Mixed, Asian/Asian British, Black/Black British, Chinese, and Other. Given the relatively homogenous nature of the sample, we used ethnicity as a binary variable (White or any other ethnicity). We included TDI as a proxy for socioeconomic status. TDI is a continuous measure of material deprivation which incorporates unemployment, non-car ownership, non-home ownership, and household overcrowding . These variables are measured in a given area, combined and standardised to produce an overall score for that area. Higher scores represent greater deprivation. All analyses were carried out using R version 3.6.1. Regression models were estimated before and after adjusting for potential covariates. We examined potential sex differences by: (i) stratifying the sample by sex, and (ii) adjusting regression models for sex. Associations with individual depressive symptoms and PHQ-9 depressive symptoms score The PHQ-9 current depressive symptoms score distribution was skewed (skew = 2.4; kurtosis = 7.4) and could not be normalised via transformation. We therefore used current depressive symptoms as a measure using a cut-off score of 10 [34,35,36] . Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for individual depressive symptoms and current depressive symptoms score. ORs represent the odds of the depressive symptoms measure for individuals exposed to abuse compared with unexposed. Holm-Bonferroni P-value correction was performed to correct for multiple testing . To test for interaction with sex, we ran adjusted logistic regression with current depressive symptoms score as the outcome and included interaction terms with sex for all of the covariates and exposures listed in Table 2. Sensitivity analysis: association between childhood sexual/physical abuse and adult lifetime depression To examine possible impact of recall bias, we controlled for current depressive symptoms in logistic regression models testing associations between sexual/physical abuse and lifetime depression. In this way we considered whether reported abuse was associated with later depression and whether this was altered by considering current mood i.e. depressive symptoms score. Characteristics of the sample The total sample used for analysis (N = 155,223) predominantly comprised individuals of White ethnicity (97.2%) and low deprivation (TDI mean = − 1.7; SD = 2.8) (Table 2). Both childhood sexual and physical abuse were experienced by 1.8% of the sample. Sexual abuse was almost twice as common in women (11.1%) than men (5.8%). Physical abuse was more common in men (8.3%) than women (8.0%). Lifetime depression was more common in women (24.5%) than in men (15.1%). Current depressive symptoms score was also higher in women (mean = 3.0; SD = 3.8) than men (mean = 2.4; SD = 3.5). There was evidence of interaction with sex for TDI (p < 0.01) and BMI (p = 0.01). There was little evidence of interaction with sex for other variables (age: p = 0.74; ethnicity: p = 0.58; physical abuse: p = 0.41; sexual abuse: p = 0.08). Association between childhood sexual/physical abuse and adult current depressive symptoms score In the total sample (N = 151,396), sexual abuse was associated with increased risk for current depressive symptoms score after adjusting for potential covariates (adjusted OR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.63, 1.85) (Table 3). In sex-stratified analysis, sexual abuse was associated with current depressive symptoms score in both men and women (Table 3). ORs were similar between the sexes. Physical abuse was also associated with current depressive symptoms score in adulthood after adjusting for potential covariates (adjusted OR = 2.17; 95% CI = 2.04, 2.31) (Table 4). Physical abuse as a child was associated with current depressive symptoms score in men and women (Table 4). ORs were similar between the sexes. All associations were robust to Holm-Bonferroni P-value correction for multiple testing (Table S1). Association between childhood sexual/physical abuse and adult individual depressive symptoms In the total sample (N = 151,396), sexual abuse was associated with all individual depressive symptoms (Table 3). In women, sexual abuse was most strongly associated with suicidal behaviours, concentration difficulties, and psychomotor change, with adjusted ORs ranging from 1.75 to 2.08 for women (Table 3). In men, sexual abuse was most strongly associated with suicidal behaviours, low self-esteem, and psychomotor change, with adjusted ORs ranging from 1.84 to 2.46 (Table 3). Physical abuse was also associated with all individual depressive symptoms (Table 4). Physical abuse was most strongly associated with suicidal behaviours, psychomotor change, and low self-esteem in women, with adjusted ORs ranging from 2.06 to 2.94. Physical abuse was most strongly associated with change in suicidal behaviours, psychomotor change, and low mood in men, with adjusted ORs ranging from 2.15 to 3.01 (Table 4). All associations remained after covariate adjustment and Holm-Bonferroni P-value correction for multiple testing (Table S1). Sensitivity analysis: association between childhood sexual/physical abuse and adult lifetime depression In the total sample of participants with data on lifetime depression (N = 40,829), sexual abuse was associated with lifetime depression (OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.97, 2.29) (Table 5). Evidence for this association remained after adjusting for potential covariates including current depressive symptoms score (adjusted OR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.46, 1.72). In sex-stratified analysis, sexual abuse was associated with lifetime depression in both men and women even after adjusting for current depressive symptoms score. ORs were similar between the sexes. In the total sample (N = 40,829), physical abuse was associated with lifetime depression (OR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.85, 2.16) (Table 5). Evidence for this association remained after adjusting for potential covariates including current depressive symptoms score (adjusted OR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.33, 1.58). In sex-stratified analysis, physical abuse was associated with lifetime depression in both men and women even after adjusting for current depressive symptoms score. ORs were similar between the sexes. The aim of this study was to explore the well-established relationship between sexual and physical abuse and adult depression at the symptom level. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to consider the effect of childhood sexual/physical abuse on multiple depressive symptoms in both men and women. Our results indicate three key findings. First, childhood sexual and physical abuse were both associated with all depressive symptoms. Second, childhood sexual and physical abuse were particularly strongly associated with suicidal behaviours. Three, the pattern of association, regarding ORs and effects on depressive symptoms, was similar between the sexes. Recent UK Biobank studies have considered heterogeneity within the depression syndrome in its association with childhood sexual and physical abuse [27,28,29,30,31]. A cross-sectional study suggested that atypical depression (classed as hypersomnia and weight gain) is more strongly associated with sexual and physical abuse than typical depression . This adversity-related subtype also exhibited sociodemographic differences; atypical depression was associated with female sex, earlier onset of illness, and lower income . Moreover, genetic studies from the UK Biobank indicate that heterogeneity within the depression syndrome is a function of environmental exposures, such as childhood adversity [29, 30]. For example, genetic contribution to depression appears to be greater when childhood adversity is present . We have added to this literature by investigating sexual/physical abuse, individual depressive symptoms and potential sex differences. Our results confirm that environmental factors, such as childhood sexual/physical abuse, play an important role in the onset of depressive symptoms . We found that both childhood sexual and physical abuse were strongly associated with all depressive symptoms, particularly suicidal behaviours. Consistent with our findings, an observational study of adolescents found that 70% of participants who had experienced sexual abuse and physical abuse also experienced suicidal thoughts . Experiences of childhood sexual/physical abuse may lead to feelings of entrapment, habituation to pain, and reduced fear for death which may result in greater capacity for suicidal behaviours as a means of escape . A recent study has suggested that adverse social relationships during childhood can also contribute to depressive symptoms including suicidal behaviours . For example, a study of 1277 students reported that violent treatment of the mother is associated with almost four-fold increased risk in attempted suicide . Identifying and treating adults and children who have experienced sexual/physical abuse and other forms of adversity may help prevent the onset of depressive symptoms including suicidal behaviours. Adults with depression and history of abuse often do not respond to combined treatment with anti-depressant medication and psychological therapy, but could be given more intensive alternative interventions . Children exposed to abuse could be screened for symptoms and given appropriate support and therapy , which may help to decrease the risk of future adverse health consequences. Childhood sexual and physical abuse may become “biologically embedded” in the body via stress-response pathways [45, 46]. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation, leading to high cortisol reactivity, may contribute to the somatic symptoms of depression. For example, HPA axis dysregulation may result in changes in appetite/weight via emotional eating mechanisms that serve to dispel unwanted distress . The psychological consequences of exposure to sexual/physical abuse may lead to HPA axis dysregulation, inflammation, and subsequent psychological depressive symptoms [45,46,47]. Inflammation is implicated in depression [48, 49], and may be particularly relevant in the context of childhood adversity [50, 51]. For example, reward sensitivity, a process facilitated by inflammatory cytokines, is blunted by sexual and physical abuse [46, 52]. These types of abuse have also been associated with blunted cortisol in children as well as alteration to immune and inflammatory responses and increased risk for infection . Longitudinal studies that consider the temporality of sexual/physical abuse, HPA axis dysregulation, inflammation, and depressive symptoms are required. We found no evidence that the association between childhood sexual/physical abuse and adult depressive symptoms differs between men and women. This is consistent with the idea that biological sex has no mechanistic role other than higher rates of victimisation among females . Indeed, in our sample childhood sexual abuse was almost twice as common in women than in men. Depression has also been reported to affect women twice as often as men . Consistently, over 50% more women in our sample had lifetime depression than men. A greater percentage of women in our sample also experienced sleep disturbance, fatigue, change in appetite/weight, low self-esteem, and low mood. A recent study suggested that this disparity in risk for depression between men and women peaks in adolescence , although it is unclear how much childhood sexual/physical abuse contributes to this disparity. A study of adolescents reported that females with a history of sexual/physical abuse were more depressed than males with a history of sexual/physical abuse . Conversely, we found that odds ratios for associations between sexual/physical abuse and depression were generally larger (although not significantly) for men than women. It is possible that covariates explained a greater amount of the association between childhood sexual/physical abuse and depression in women than in men. Alternatively, this finding might be a type one error. A key limitation of this study is its cross-sectional design. A longitudinal approach would have been helpful to better understand trajectories from childhood sexual/physical abuse to depressive symptoms in adulthood. The nature of UK Biobank data collection meant this was not possible. Furthermore, the use of self-reported recall of childhood sexual/physical abuse by adults could introduce some level of recall bias. We attempted to minimise the impact of recall bias by adjusting for current mood. We found that differential recall of negative events by depressed individuals was not the sole explanation for the association between sexual/physical abuse and depressive symptoms, but other factors could still contribute to bias. Another limitation is that we did not take into account the duration, frequency or severity of abuse; longer periods of abuse may have a more profound effect on specific depressive symptoms than single events. In addition, the depressive symptoms assessed could be part of medical or psychiatric conditions other than depression. Finally, residual confounding may still explain the association between sexual/physical abuse and subsequent depressive symptoms. Childhood sexual and physical abuse are both robust risk factors for all depressive symptoms, regardless of sex. Suicidal behaviours was particularly strongly associated with these types of abuse. Longitudinal studies with large sample sizes are required to investigate biopsychosocial mechanisms affecting the relationship between childhood sexual/physical abuse and depressive symptoms in men and women. 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Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(9):732–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.029. Oh DL, Jerman P, Silvério Marques S, Koita K, Purewal Boparai SK, Burke Harris N, et al. Systematic review of pediatric health outcomes associated with childhood adversity. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18(1):83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1037-7. World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Glob Burd Dis 2004 Update [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2021 Jan 21]; Available from: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20093115581 Salk RH, Hyde JS, Abramson LY. Gender differences in depression in representative National Samples: meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychol Bull. 2017;143(8):783–822. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000102. We are extremely grateful to all the participants who took part in this study and the whole UK Biobank team. This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Wellcome Trust [grant number 201486/Z/16/Z]. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.This report of research supported in part by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration East of England expresses the views of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, the Department of Health and Social Care or other funding bodies. ABC is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) CLAHRC RCF (MRR73–1795-00000) (https://www.nihr.ac.uk/), NIHR ARC East of England, the MQ: Transforming Mental Health (Data Science Award; grant code: MQDS17/40) (https://www.mqmentalhealth.org/home/), and Wolfson College (https://www.wolfson.cam.ac.uk/). GMK acknowledges funding support from the Wellcome Trust (grant code: 201486/Z/16/Z) (https://wellcome.org/), MQ as above, the Medical Research Council (grant code: MC_PC_17213 and MR/S037675/1) (https://mrc.ukri.org/), and the BMA Foundation (J Moulton grant 2019) (http://www.bmafoundationmr.org.uk/). PBJ acknowledges funding from MQ, NIHR ARC East of England and the Medical Research Council, as above, and from NIHR PGfAR 0616–20003. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Ethics approval and consent to participate The UK Biobank received ethical approval from the National Health Service National Research Ethics Service (11/NW/0382). Participants provided full informed consent to participate in the UK Biobank. Consent for publication The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. About this article Cite this article Chaplin, A.B., Jones, P.B. & Khandaker, G.M. Sexual and physical abuse and depressive symptoms in the UK Biobank. BMC Psychiatry 21, 248 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03207-0 - UK biobank - Observational study - Depressive symptoms - Sexual abuse - Physical abuse

3 edition of night of their own. found in the catalog. night of their own. Night was a book that made one of the biggest impacts on me. I have studied already about the holocaust, and I have read many stories about people telling their point of view on these horrors, but none of those stories have made me feel the same way that this book has made me feel. Night, the first novel of Elie Wiesel’s trilogy on Holocaust concentration camp survivors, is an autobiographical novel that records the author’s own long night of captivity in the Nazi death. A guide to words, ideas and phrases in Night developed in collaboration with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and Hill and Wang, the publisher of Night. Teacher's Guide Guide your students through this book's narrative and historical impact while giving them the tools to begin asking the important questions themselves. Try saying something like “Mommies and daddies sleep in their beds, and kids sleep in their own beds,” says Spivack. It helps to establish a bedtime routine like a bath and lavender-scented lotion, cuddling and listening to toddler sleep music—lullabies you sing, or quiet kid-appropriate songs, or . “My feet were running on their own. I tried to protect myself from the blows by hiding behind others.” (40) Elie uses personification to give his feet human like qualities. Feet don't actually run on their own, but this shows how Elie didn't need to think anymore, he just acted on his human instincts. “The stomach alone was measuring time. From the authors of the New York Times bestselling novel Welcome to Night Vale and the creators of the #1 international podcast of the same name, come the collections of episodes from Volumes One and Two of their hit podcast, featuring introductions by the authors, behind-the-scenes commentary, and original Void, Partially Stars and The Great Glowing Coils of the Universe. Oxidology the Study of Reactive Oxygen Species (Ros) and Their Metabolism in Health and Disease Christina of Sweden In the Shadow of the Mountains Indias struggle for freedom TRAC-PF1/MOD1 calculations of LOFT experiment LP-02-6 English sacred poetry of the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries Moses, Beginners Bible Play-A-Sound Bks (Beginners Bible) Scientific research and new religions Principles of social psychology House of Mirth Dark times filled with light selection of engravings on wood by Thomas Bewick W.H. BECK is both an author of children's books and a grew up in Wisconsin, the oldest of four. As a kid, her dad always teased that she would be a librarian someday. She read all the time—walking home from school, while brushing her teeth, under the /5(8). HBO. Not having a true book counterpart means that the Night King is an even more unpredictable character than show fans might have guessed, which certainly adds to. A book entirely about animals that glow and have their own night lights. What I liked the most about the books is that there is larger print at the top that my son could mostly read on his own and small print at the bottom that gave the facts about each animal/5. "Night," by Elie Wiesel, is a work of Holocaust literature with a decidedly autobiographical slant. Wiesel based the book—at least in part—on his own experiences during World War II. Though just a brief pages, the book has received considerable acclaim, and the author won the Nobel Prize in Author: Esther Lombardi. At first they thought they were nice. Some even let German soldiers stay in their houses. Later on they became upset with the ghettos and the Jews being deported but thought the war would end and they would all go back to their old way of life. Glow: Animals with Their Own Night-Lights - Kindle edition by Beck, W. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading Glow: Animals with Their Own Night-Lights.5/5(8). To help kids sleep in their own bed, night of their own. book Mommy, I Want to Sleep In Your Bed. By Harriet Ziefert. Many young kids will relate to the title of this book. The story of a puppy family coaxing a young night of their own. book to stay in his own bed all night is illustrated with bright mixed-media images depicting the setting sun and snoozing animals. Night, Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel's account of his experiences as a 15 year old boy during the Holocaust, is a memoir of prodigious power: his humanity shines from every page as. A summary of Section Three in Elie Wiesel's Night. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Night and what it means. Perfect for acing. Night () is a work by Elie Wiesel about his experience with his father in the Nazi German concentration camps at Auschwitz and Buchenwald in –, at the height of the Holocaust toward the end of the Second World just over pages of sparse and fragmented narrative, Wiesel writes about the death of God and his own increasing disgust with humanity, reflected in the inversion Author: Elie Wiesel. A read aloud of Glow:Animals with Their Own Night Lights. Nonfiction read aloud with. Night test. STUDY. Flashcards. Learn. Write. Spell. Test. PLAY. Match. Gravity. Created by. laurenfo_ notes from Mrs. Vanneste. Key Concepts: Terms in this set (14) at the beginning of the book how does Elie describe himself. he is deeply religious his life revolves around the study of the Jewish Laws and he wants to extend his studies into. The story of Moishe the Beadle, with which Night opens, is perhaps the most painful example of the Jews’ refusal to believe the depth of Nazi evil. It is also a cautionary tale about the danger of refusing to heed firsthand testimony, a tale that explains the urgency behind Wiesel’s own account. Moishe, who escapes from a Nazi massacre and. The death of Michael Hutchence in left INXS with a question that, to this day, they still haven't found the answer to - why would he kill himself when h. Young readers share their thoughts about Wiesel’s Night. You cannot learn this lesson any better than through reading Night. Reading Elie’s book opened my eyes and gave me the ability to look beyond propaganda to realize what is going on in the. The Night Night Book can also be personalized with a girl character in the book’ illustrations that tells the same sweet story to send your little one to sleep. Product Details. Hardcover & Paperback. Size: " x " Age Range: 1 to 3. Personalization. Name on cover and throughout the book. Dedication message on page 5. Photo on page %(). The Night itself is definitely entertaining, full of action in a rapid face and with a lot of Japanese mythology that will sure speak to fans of anime. Actually, this book is exactly like an anime, and it probably would've worked a whole lot better in that format/5. In the book Night by Elie Wiesel it says “human suffering anywhere concerns men and women everywhere.” This shows that the world’s problems are everyone’s problems. Everyone has their own responsibilities and when war occurs people tend to take on more responsibility than ever before. Eliezer's father begs repeatedly for water. At night he calls out in the silence for water, and the SS guards shout at him to be quiet. When he keeps calling out to Eliezer, the guard hits him violently on the head with his truncheon. Eliezer is afraid to move from his bunk. His father once again says, "Eliezer," and is still breathing. After. Night Chapter 7. On the train ride, dead corpses are thrown out. Two prisoners try to throw Elie's father out but Elie convinces the men that his father is still alive. In all, twenty bodies are thrown out of the train, "leaving behind it a few hundred naked dead, deprived of burial, in the deep snow of a field in Poland.". Night Summary. Despite warnings about German intentions towards Jews, Eliezer’s family and the other Jews in the small Transylvanian town of Sighet (now in modern-day Romania) fail to flee the country when they have a chance. As a result, the entire Jewish population is sent to concentration camps. There, in a camp called Auschwitz, Eliezer is separated from his mother and younger sister.The novel, Night by Elie Wiesel, is his book about the destruction of the Jews by the Nazis written twenty years after he was set free from Auschwitz at the age of Night shows the Jews in his. A night-light may be helpful for providing security at night even if your child is not afraid of the dark. As long as the light does not interfere with your child's sleep onset, it is appropriate to have dim light at bedtime. Leaving your child's door open at bedtime can also create a sense of comfort and alleviate fear that is associated with.

Makes us what we wear - Browse by topicSearch our book database by subject, country, epoch, year of publication or key word. - Book show of the weekHaven't you had time to read the newspaper or drop by us in the last few days? Doesn't matter, because here you can view our review notes from the last six days of publication sorted by newspaper or topic. - Literature supplementsAll of our notes on the book reviews in the literature supplements from FAZ, FR, NZZ, SZ, taz and Zeit. Translated from the English by Sophie Zeitz and Britt Somann. Our lives, our clothes: why the old oversized coat, why the red angora sweater, why the silver Doc Martens? What influence do girlfriends, men, past loved ones and the mother's wardrobe have? What rituals are there when getting dressed, what clothes do you use to wrap yourself up in a new identity? The three authors of "Women and Dresses" are interested in why women wear what they wear and what they tell us with it. A declaration of love for the emotional language that clothes speak. With stories and photos from over 500 women from around the world, including Lena Dunham, Miranda July, Kim Gordon, Cindy Sherman and many others. Review note on Die Welt, 09/19/2015 "Women and Dresses" is not a book about clothes, but about the "thoughts of the women who wear them," explains reviewer Mara Delius. The three authors, who are also an illustrator, professor and artist, have put together a hodgepodge of texts and images (19 different striped sweaters, six different white nightgowns), poems, illustrations and brief surveys, which the reviewer leafed through with enthusiasm. For them it is as irresistible as looking into an unfamiliar wardrobe. It is never about questions that occupy the fashion magazines: If I am too fat, too thin, can I wear this or that. It's about the moment of metamorphosis, the "second invention of himself" when getting dressed, as Delius calls it. - Trump represents true Republicans and Americans - Where can I download Elvis Presley songs - How are the Groupon clones doing - What is the benefit of image processing outsourcing - When Akado Oy was founded - Who is the founder of CareerCup com - Resistances are created - JIPMER was merged with NEET - How exactly do mirrors show the attractiveness - How do data breaches affect consumers? - What is PurnaAvatar - Should I study film music - Epistemology is very useful - Do not wear Brahmins Janeu - What is a GPS vehicle location system - Why is my computer shutting down randomly? - Is there a country without problems - What is institutional power imbalance - Who Owns the Sprint Backlog of User Stories - How powerful was Minato at its height - What are viruses that affect the eyes - Which is your favorite sports song - How good is the ECE at UIET Chandigarh - Filmmakers use zoom lenses

A new book edited by Abram Van Engen reevaluates the historical context of Puritan literature. When the Mayflower landed 400 years ago, in 1620, the Pilgrims on board did not consider themselves to be establishing a new country. That idea would become more prominent as the United States came into being and searched for a founding mythology. Looking past that mythology is the subject of a new book co-edited by Abram Van Engen, associate professor of English at Washington University, and Kristina Bross. A History of American Puritan Literature (Cambridge University Press) resituates Pilgrim and Puritan literature within the historical context of the 17th-century Atlantic world, arguing that it is impossible to understand what Puritans were doing in this period without first considering their participation in colonial systems. Puritans were never isolated in America. They took part in the Atlantic slave trade and had close economic relationships with both England and the Caribbean. As colonial settlers, they had a complicated and often violent relationship with Native peoples. They came with an ideal of restoring the church to its original purity, Van Engen argues, but they did not come to the Americas with the intention of starting a new nation or setting themselves apart from the world. “The Puritans did not come here with a sense of themselves as particularly exceptional, and certainly not with a sense of America as particularly exceptional,” said Van Engen. His latest work builds on a book published last spring, City on the Hill: A History of American Exceptionalism, in which Van Engen argues that Pilgrims and Puritans are often used to illustrate a simplified version of the history of European imperialism. New nations require origin stories, founding myths that explain what makes them unique on the global stage. “The Pilgrims and the Puritans have featured in those stories about United States’ national origins because starting with the Pilgrims enables us to tell a story of the nation that's all about liberty and not about slavery,” Van Engen said. Despite this cultural legend, the Pilgrims and Puritans were directly involved in the slave trade. The language of liberty was very important to them, but it was a specific kind of liberty they pursued. New England was still not the land of the free, as it was later portrayed to be. Slavery existed in the north as well as in the south, and the slave trade was enormously important to New England’s economy. “The Pilgrims and Puritans are fascinating,” Van Engen said, “but when we celebrate them as the people who came here for freedom, we lose sight of the unfreedom that they also caused.” A History of American Puritan Literature refocuses the scholarly conversation on the complex relationships Puritan writers had with their historical moment. When Van Engen teaches Puritan literature, he often begins with an explanation of the differences between Pilgrims and Puritans. Blurring the line between those groups is often part of the American mythologizing of that period. The Pilgrims separated from the Church of England and fled to the Netherlands because of religious persecution in England. They boarded the Mayflower, not because of continuing religious troubles in the Netherlands, but because of the economic hardships they faced there. “Pilgrims and Puritans get blended into one big origin story, when in fact they are different peoples with different colonies, patents, and perspectives.” The Puritans, however, came to the Americas a decade later, in greater numbers, and with far more institutional resources at their disposal. Whereas 102 Pilgrims came over on the Mayflower, 1,000 Puritans came to Boston. Unlike the Pilgrims, the Puritans had an official charter from the King of England to establish a colony and had not separated from the Church of England. “ Pilgrims and Puritans get blended into one big origin story,” Van Engen explained, “when in fact they are different peoples with different colonies, patents, and perspectives.” The political and religious diversity of these early English settlers is reflected in the kinds of literature they produced. Both Pilgrims and Puritans wrote poetry, sermons, diaries, and autobiographies. Many of them were literate, including women. Their culture was book-centric. Within ten years of landing in Boston, the Puritans had founded a printing press and a college (Harvard). By exploring the artistic qualities of Puritan literature, Van Engen and Bross aim to help readers understand the relationship between Puritan thinking and its political context. For example, Puritans had unusual ideas about what the world would look like after Christ returned. An obsession with how and when the world would end led them to write narratives that today might be classified almost as science fiction—speculative fiction with real-world stakes. They speculated about whether race exists in heaven, for example, and came to the conclusion that the various races of the world would not be segregated in the new Eden. Weighing historical context against art, A History of American Puritan Literature provides a more nuanced picture of Pilgrims and Puritans than the one familiar to many Americans from school plays about the first Thanksgiving. With so much of the legacy of American origin stories being reevaluated today, Van Engen and Bross want to topple the idea of Puritans as the spiritual founders of the United States while drawing attention to what makes them still so much worth studying. “We want to resituate them as not an isolated, exceptional origin story,” Van Engen said, “but instead as a complex and fascinating people in relation to others at all times.” Read more about Abram Van Engen’s work on his website.

In the previous sections of this report a series of specific best practices have been identified related to child and family services, adult services, and administrative practices. Specific state and local examples have been provided as well, representing best practice models from both Arizona and other jurisdictions. The question that remains is this: Are there states where all the pieces come together? Are there states in which best practices have been implemented throughout all parts and all locations of the administrative and service delivery components that comprise the public behavioral health system in that state? The answer is: not entirely. Nonetheless, there are several states that exemplify system-wide progress towards a vision of best practice - that have implemented all the necessary capacities and competencies to move the system in the right direction. In these states, although not all best practice standards are met in all local jurisdictions, examples of best practice are the rule rather than the exception. The states that come closest to meeting the vision of best practice in public behavioral health care are Colorado, New Hampshire, Ohio, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, and Vermont. From among all the various best practice models and examples outlined in this report, what are the essential characteristics that have assisted these states to move towards best practice? The following is a summary of common elements in those states that have moved most successfully towards best practice: - There has been strong and consistent leadership that has articulated a vision and has forged consensus and momentum for implementing that vision. - The vision articulated by leadership incorporates the concepts of recovery, consumer self-determination and choice, self-sufficiency, community and family-based services; and empowerment of consumers, families and staff to be creative, flexible and also accountable for local service delivery. - Information about mental illness and emotional disability is made widely available to the general community; stigma and prejudice are publicly confronted when they become evident; and the vision and mission of the public behavioral health system are espoused constantly in all available forums. - Consumers and families are engaged and involved in all aspects of the public behavioral health system, from governance and policy development through planning and program development to quality management and system evaluation. Consumers and families in those states have become the most effective advocates for the vision and mission of the public behavioral health system. They have also provided the motivation and momentum for the change process. - Local systems of care have been developed, and these local systems have the requisite clinical and financial authority and accountability to carry out the statewide vision and mission in ways that are reflective of local conditions and needs. These local systems can be non-profit, for profit, quasi- governmental, county-based or multi-county programs. - Information gleaned from a variety of data sources is used to drive system planning, budgeting, and quality management and performance evaluation. In the above states, decisions are made at all levels based on consistent analysis and interpretations of accurate and timely data. Included in the information analyzed is literature describing evidence-based best practices from other jurisdictions as well as information generated from within the state's own systems. - An organizational culture that fosters and supports constant learning, change, challenging of sacred principles, and trying out new ideas has been created throughout the public behavioral health system. In the above list of characteristics there is no mention of service types, financing levels or approaches, clinical technologies, or requirements for organizational models. Rather, the list incorporates attributes that move these systems towards excellence and responsiveness as a context for the details of service provision. Specific best practices related to service models and treatment models will continue to evolve and change. Public behavioral health systems that embody the above characteristics will be in the best position to implement specific changes. In fact, it is systems that have the above attributes that most often will generate new and improved ways of meeting consumer and family needs and choices in the most cost effective and accountable manner. Top of Page Table of Contents

REVISION RHINOPLASTY BEVERLY HILLS Dr. Binder has performed rhinoplasty, including revision surgery for three decades. The nose is a complicated organ and is easily one of the most difficult and challenging procedures in facial plastic surgery. A surgeon must go through the long process of learning and understanding the nose and the complexity of the procedure to realize the complexity of the procedure. Dr. Binder has years of experience and has received extremely high rates of success which allows him to tell his patients – “I can, with confidence, obtain a successful result even in the most extreme cases”. His years of experience and his attention to the smallest of details are what provide his patients a happy outcome. Correcting Bad “Nose Jobs” Dr. Binder believes that the optimal techniques required for mastering revision rhinoplasty procedure are so demanding that relatively few surgeons have, in fact, mastered them at all. Those cases often require revision rhinoplasty surgery in our Los Angeles office. Although not every surgeon can guarantee perfect results every time, additional procedures after a primary or secondary revision surgery should be no more than a minor adjustment that, in most instances, can be performed under a local anesthetic. However, only in the most complex cases, a secondary or two-stage procedure may be needed. Why so many “botched” nose jobs? There is an overabundance of surgeons with limited experience or limited training in rhinoplasty which lead to alarming percentage of botched nose-jobs that are neither functionally efficient nor aesthetically pleasing. The end-products of less-than-masterful rhinoplasty include cases where the tip of the nose appears snubbed or cut off or what we refer to as lacking tip projection. Surgeons often attempt to solve this problem and lengthen the short or bobbed nose with the use of only a tip graft procedure. This is commonly performed in the open rhinoplasty approach. However, this technique, by itself, yields results which often look and feel equally unnatural. Dr. Binder’s unique methods include grafting procedures to reinforce the natural cartilages which will actually form the shape of the nasal tip. This is a major difference in conceptual thinking between the two techniques. Understanding Revision Rhinoplasty The definition of revision rhinoplasty embraces the concept of “reinforcing noses” that have been structurally weakened by previous surgeries or require further aesthetic correction. In most cases, a good portion of revision rhinoplasty demands a clear understanding of the functional or breathing problems that are often simultaneously associated with these revision cases. Training in both specialties of Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery becomes so important in understanding and being able to diagnose and correct the problems contributing to the functional breathing problems associated with many of the revision surgical cases. The goal is to restore the normal anatomical components of the nose using the patient’s own cartilage either obtained from the septum or ear. In extreme cases where there is no available septal or ear cartilage, rib cartilage may then be used as an alternative. Many times problems arise only years after the initial procedure, however after rhinoplasty has failed for the second time, plastic surgeons would not open the nose again to prevent any further damage. With the collaboration of several surgeons from across the country, Dr. Binder and his colleagues developed a solution to this problem. When revision rhinoplasty is attempted once again, facial plastic surgeons now use a closed approach when reconstructing the nose. For more information on how this procedure is performed, please contact our Los Angeles office. Since revision rhinoplasty is a complex procedure, we accommodate all out of town patients before their visit in our Los Angeles office. Out of town patients can start out with a brief history of the problems as well as the aesthetic concerns. Photographs sent via email or mail is helpful in determining your revision procedure. During the consultation, a thorough review of your history and a physical examination, including any problems in breathing, will be examined. Dr. Binder will provide a step-by -step explanation of the procedure and what steps will be taken to correct the problem. Today, the techniques discussed in the plastic surgical literature include terms such as cartilage repositioning, structural grafting, and suturing techniques, spreader grafts, nasal valve reconstruction with alar batton grafts and supporting rim strips, and many more. Dr. Binder understands that although these procedures are now becoming commonplace amongst those skilled in rhinoplasty, they are only mastered through extensive experience over a long period of time. Understanding this evolutionary process within your own practice and being part of the transformation of rhinoplasty provide the experienced surgeon a huge advantage over the novice surgeon (no matter how well trained) in treating the most challenging cases. Equally important from this perspective, the experienced surgeon must have knowledge and understanding of what cannot be accomplished. Thus, the surgeon is able to empower the prospective patient with a sense of confidence and equip him or her with realistic expectations of what is and what is not possible. How To Get Started Dr. Binder’s office in Beverly Hills is often considered the best option for correcting the most difficult problems in revision rhinoplasty. Our office is dedicated to establishing proper communication with prospective patients. Contact us today to schedule a consultation for your revision rhinoplasty surgery in our Beverly Hills office.

Together with Munich and Dresden, Berlin is one of the largest museum areas in Germany. Here there are more museums and collections than rainy days in a year; in total more than 175. With the opening – or rather, re-opening after renovation – of 27 museums in the last 10 years, the capital is establishing itself as one of the most important cultural centers in Europe. And the program has not finished; the best example is the unique museum island in the center of Berlin, which has been a UNESCO world heritage site since 1999. Here, in just one square kilometer, visitors can experience 6,000 years of human history with highlights such as the Pergamon Altar and busts of Nefertiti. After the re-opening of the Bode Museum in October 2006, you can currently visit 4 of the 5 historical buildings on the island. The Neues Museum is scheduled to be open to the public from 2009. The number of visitors is already at 2 million per year; by the end of the general renovation program in 2015, it is hoped that this figure will increase significantly. A more modern form of culture is available on Potsdamer Platz. Here the attractions include the Museum of Prints and the New National Gallery for 20th Century Art. The most important building for modern art is the Hamburger Bahnhofin the immediate vicinity of the main station. These museums are grouped together as the National Museums of Berlin, which comprises 23 institutions. In addition, there is the Berlin Stadtmuseum (City Museum) with 13 collections as well as many private institutions. These include the Film and TV Museum in the Sony Center, whose brand-new TV department demonstrates the development of television history in East and West Germany (open since June 2006). Of course, the subject of the partition of Germany is of particular importance in Berlin; whether in the Mauermuseum (Wall Museum) at the former Checkpoint Charlie border crossing point, or in the new DDR Museum (GDR Museum) on the Liebknecht Bridge. But you can also discover the usual and curious, for example, the Beate Uhse Erotica Museum and the Hemp Museum. Even children will not get bored in spite of the number of museums; for them, there is the Labyrinth Children’s Museum, where they are encouraged to try things out. So, it’s not only on rainy days that the Berlin museum scene has something to offer; other than Mondays, however, when apart from a few exceptions, the museums are closed. |History||Kids||Art & culture This film museum houses an exciting permanent exhibition called Babelsberg – Faces of a Movie City as well as a family exhibition, many historic technical devices and changing exhibitions about movies. Visitors can also watch rare classic films, usually in the original language, for a small charge and without adverts in the museum’s cinema. A must for any movie lover. ›› 14467 Potsdam, Breite Str. 1a, Tel. 03 31/27 18 10 Museum für Film & Fernsehen Here you’ll experience a voyage through the history of German movies, from pioneer films to Marlene Dietrich to current movies. The museum’s attractions were enriched by the addition of the first German television museum, which shows magic moments and developments in TV history in East and West Germany. ›› Tiergarten, Potsdamer Str. 2, im Filmhaus (Sony Center) Tel. 3 00 90 30, www.filmmuseum-berlin.de Sonderausstellungen_This museum tells the exciting story of the Western powers in Berlin between 1945 and 1994. Special exhibitions change every year. ›› Zehlendorf, Clayallee 135, Tel. 8 18 19 90 Photos, documents and objects from World Wars 1 and 2 and modern weapons displays, plus an air raid shelter equipped with many original items and art exhibits in the Peace Gallery. ›› Wedding, Brüsseler Str. 21, Tel. 45 49 01 10 This museum highlights the story of Berlin’s New Synagogue as well as of Jews in Berlin and the surrounding region. ›› Mitte, Oranienburger Str. 28/30, Tel. 88 02 83 00 A museum devoted to the former East Germany’s history and a highlight of Berlin’s museum scene, not just because of its central location on the Spree opposite the Berliner Dom (Berlin Cathedral). All facets of daily culture, living and growing up in East Germany come to life in interactive exhibits. You can experience a simulated ride in a Trabi car through a residential development of prefabricated concrete buildings (typical of East Germany) or rummage through the drawers of a Carat cupboard. ›› Mitte, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 1, Spreepromenade an der Liebknechtbrücke, Tel. 8 47 12 37 31 Deutsches Historisches Museum Permanent Deutsche Geschichte in Bildern und Zeugnissen (German history in pictures and objects) exhibition in the Zeughaus. Changing exhibitions in the Pei wing (completed 2004), which was designed by the renowned architect I.M. Pei. ›› Mitte, Unter den Linden 2, Tel. 20 30 4-0 Historischer Hafen Berlin Before World War II, Berlin had the largest inland port in Germany. In the Historischer Hafen (Historic Port), over 20 antique ships can be seen including operating steam tugboats. From May to October there is an exhibition about the history of inland navigation on board the Renate Angelika. ›› Mitte, Märkisches Ufer, Tel. 21 47 32 57 Jüdisches Museum Berlin Voyage of discovery through 2 millennia of German-Jewish history, changing exhibitions related to cultural history, contemporary art exhibitions, multimedia presentations in the Rafael Roth Learning Center. ›› Kreuzberg, Lindenstr. 9-14, Tel. 25 99 33 00 The red-brick tower heralds the museum building complex from a distance; extensive cultural-historical collection of traces of prehistoric settlements up to the turn of the century. Exhibits include the Gothic Chapel, a guild hall and the weapons room. ›› Mitte, Am Köllnischen Park 5, Tel. 30 86 62 15 Mauermuseum, Haus am Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Charlie was the best-known border crossing between West and East Berlin. This museum showcases not only the history of both parts of Berlin, but also spectacular escape methods such as hot-air balloons or a mini submarine. ›› Kreuzberg, Friedrichstr. 43-45, Tel. 2 53 72 50 Museum Mitte von Berlin The local heritage museums in the Palais am Festungsgraben and at Gesundbrunnen are dedicated to the story of the historical core of the city. ›› Mitte, Am Festungsgraben 1, Tel. 2 08 40 00 & Pank Str. 47, Tel. 4 60 60 19-0 On 16 hectares, you can experience a village and its surroundings as they existed 800 years ago. Reverse-bred pets and long-forgotten useful plants play as much a role here as the practice of ancient handiwork. ›› Zehlendorf, Clauert Str. 11, Tel. 8 02 66 99 “I am a Berliner” – these famous words were spoken by the former American president John F. Kennedy in 1963, just a few steps from the Kennedy Museum. Exactly the right location for the Camera Work Gallery collection, one of the most extensive collections of photographs, official documents, and private papers of the Kennedy family in the world. ›› Mitte, Pariser Platz 4a, Tel. 20 65 35 70 The Story of Berlin This interesting exhibition, featuring a genuine nuclear fallout shelter and 23 theme rooms equipped with modern exhibition features, shows the history of Berlin. Search-and-find game for kids, hourly tour through the bunker in German and English. ›› Charlottenburg, Kurfürstendamm 206, Tel. 88 72 01 00 Topographie des Terrors In the excavations along Niederkirchner Street, the open-air exhibition shows the history of the focal point of Nazi terror and of the crimes committed by the Nazis. ›› Mitte, Niederkirchnerstr. 8, Tel. 25 45 09-0 125 years after its first opening, the Alte Nationalgalerie (Old National Gallery) reopened after a complete renovation in 2001. Its exhibits range from Caspar David Friedrich to Paul Cézanne to Max Beckmann’s early work. ›› Mitte, Bode Str. 1-3, Tel. 20 90 55 77 This neo-classical building designed by Prussian architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel with landmark columns houses one of the largest collections of classical art. ›› Mitte, Am Kupfergraben, Tel. 20 90 55 44 This was formerly the Kaiser Friedrich Museum. It reopened in 2006 after extensive renovation and provides a single home for a sculpture collection, Byzantine art museum and a coin collection. It also includes items from the painting gallery and so implements Wilhelm von Bode’s concept of “quiet rooms.” ›› Mitte, Monbijoubrücke, Tel. 20 90 55 77 Well-known British architect David Chipperfield restored this temple of culture to its former glory. It houses an Egyptian Museum with a papyrus collection, a pre- and early history museum as well as selected exhibits from the state antique collection. Famous exhibits such as a bust of Egyptian queen Nefertiti or the collection of items from ancient Troy dug up by the archeologist Heinrich Schliemann highlight early human history in an impressive way. ›› Mitte, Am Kupfergraben, Tel. 20 90 55 77 In addition to the Altes Museum, the Pergamon Museum also exhibits items from the large state collection of classical art. The highlight is the Pergamon altar, a showpiece example of Hellenistic art that shows the battle of the gods against the giants. There is also the Museum for Islamic art and the Museum of the Ancient Near East. ›› Mitte, Am Kupfergraben 5, Tel. 20 90 55 77 Museums for kids One of Germany’s largest and most-visited children’s museums, for kids between 4 and 12 and their parents. With exhibitions that change every year according to the “learning by doing” principle. ›› Wedding, Osloer Str. 12, Tel. 800 93 11-50 MACHmit! Museum für Kinder Two exhibition floors, plus a tower, provide space for the 3 permanent displays – a museum print shop, a soap store from the 1920s and “mirror worlds” as well as 2 to 3 interdisciplinary, interactive changing exhibitions per year. Displays are in German and English. ›› Prenzlauer Berg, Senefelder Str. 5, Tel. 74 77 82 00 Hand puppets, muppets, marionettes, shadow play puppets, metamorphoses, flat puppets and trick puppets from Europe, Africa and Asia. Puppet theater performances for kids and evening shows for adults, guided tours and workshops for kids, children’s birthday parties. ›› Neukölln, Karl-Marx-Str. 135, Tel. 6 87 81 32 Sammlung Kindheit und Jugend Extensive illustrative material about childhood, from birth to full legal age, with an emphasis on German and Berlin school history, historical toys and a scriptorium where writing using quills and ink can be practised. ›› Mitte, Wallstr. 32, Tel. 2 75 03 83 Kulturforum Potsdamer Platz One of the world’s most important collections for European painting of the 13th - 18th centuries. Works from every epoch, e.g. Dürer, Rubens, Rembrandt, Vermeer. The museum focuses on German and Italian painting from the 13th century to 16th century and on Dutch painting in the 15th and 16th centuries. ›› Tiergarten, Matthäikirchplatz 4/6, Tel. 266 42 42 42 Oldest museum of its kind in Germany. European craft work of all post-Classical stylistic periods in art history, e.g. Meißen porcelain and over 40 works from the Welfenschatz sacred relics of Brunswick Cathedral. ›› Tiergarten, Herbert-von-Karajan-Str. 10, Tel. 266 42 42 42 Largest graphics collection in Germany. More than 500,000 printed graphic works and about 110,000 illustrations, watercolors, pastels and oil sketches by artists such as Botticelli, Picasso and Warhol. Due to the fragility of the paper, there is no permanent exhibition, but rather periodically changing ones. ›› Tiergarten, Matthäikirchplatz 8, Tel. 266 42 42 42 Musical instruments of the European music arts from the 16th century to the 21th century. About 800 instruments, many of them playable, are on display. ›› Tiergarten, Tiergarten Str. 1, Tel. 25 48 10 This “light temple of glass” from star architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, is one of the most breathtaking museum designs in Berlin. It houses European paintings and sculptures of the 20th century, from the classical modern to 1960s art, including works by artists such as Klee, Munch and Kokoschka. The museum is often used for special exhibits. ›› Tiergarten, Potsdamer Str. 50, Tel. 266 42 42 42 Museums for art & culture This converted industrial hall contains one of the museums in Berlin that is most open to experimental concepts – the Landesmuseum für Moderne Kunst, Fotografie und Architektur (State Museum for Modern Art, Photography and Architecture). On display is Berlin art from 1870 to the contemporary scene. ›› Kreuzberg, Alte Jakob Str. 124-128, Tel. 78 90 26 00 This museum is dedicated to a well-known group of German expressionist artists called Die Brücke. Opened in 1967, the collection and changing exhibitions are among the greatest collections of the group. Through the works of Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Fritz Bleyl, Karl Schmidt-Rotluff and Erich Heckel, visitors can learn about the main features of the foundation period such as the theme of man in unity and harmony, which was used in many works. ›› Dahlem, Bussardsteig 9, Tel. 831 20 29 Dalí - die Ausstellung This is a cultural highlight for Berlin residents and art lovers from all over the world, directly at Potsdamer Platz. It has a museum-quality permanent exhibition over 1,500 sq m with more than 450 exhibits from international private collections. Drawings, sculptures, graphics, illustrations and 3-D art installations impressively show the spectrum of the creations of this master of surrealism. Visitors can also browse through postcards, books and posters in the museum shop, and take refreshments in the café. ›› Mitte, Leipziger Platz 7, Tel. 0700/32 54 68 73 Joint venture by Deutsche Bank and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. The ground floor of Deutsche Bank’s sandstone building provides space for three or four high-caliber exhibitions per year. ›› Mitte, Unter den Linden 13/15, Tel. 2 02 09 30 Hamburger Bahnhof - Museum für Gegenwart In this centrally located 13,000 sq m museum, you’ll find modern art. The historic rooms with their unusual heights and extensions with geometrically clear outlines and luminous ceilings provide the ideal framework for presenting modern art from Andy Warhol to Joseph Beuys. There are also highlights of the Friedrich Christian Flick Collection on display. ›› Moabit, Invaliden Str. 50-51, Tel. 39 78 34 11 Haus der Kulturen der Welt The museum crosses borders in the most literal sense, bringing visual arts, dance, theater, music, literature, film and media from cultures beyond Europe to Berlin. The focus lies on the contemporary arts and current developments in the cultures of Africa, Asia and Latin America. ›› Tiergarten, John-Foster-Dulles-Allee 10 Tel. 39 78 70, www.hkw.de About 250 original works of the Berlin expressionist printmaker and sculptor Käthe Kollwitz stretch over four floors in a Late Classical palace. Special exhibitions that portray her milieu take place twice a year. ›› Charlottenburg, Fasanen Str. 24, Tel. 8 82 52 10 Liebermann-Villa am Wannsee If you take a trip to Wannsee lake, it’s worth having a look at the villa of the Berlin painter Max Liebermann. On the upper level of the house, which is in an idyllic location with a large garden, a collection of paintings, pastels, and graphics by the famous impressionist is displayed. The lower level contains a documentary exhibition on the life of the Liebermann family and the changing fortunes of the house. ›› Wannsee, Colomier Str. 3, Tel. 80 58 59 00 Martin Gropius Bau A Berlin exhibition center that’s famous throughout the world. Temporary exhibitions from a wide range of genres, such as photography, art and archaeology, are shown here. In addition, there’s a large bookstore and a restaurant/café. ›› Kreuzberg, Niederkirchner Str. 7, Tel. 25 48 60 Across from the Charlottenburg Castle, in the Stülerbau, you can admire outstanding treasures of classic modern art. The collection emphasizes the works of Pablo Picasso and Paul Klee. ›› Charlottenburg, Schloss Str. 1, Tel. 266 42 42 42 Museum Europäischer Kulturen With about 270,000 items, this is one of the world’s largest collections of European ethnographies and cultural history, with an emphasis on European day-to-day life from the 18th century to the present. A visit is especially worthwhile during the pre-Christmas season due to the mechanical mountain from the Erz Mountains and the European Christmas fair. Note: The museum will likely be renovated until autumn 2011 and will be closed until then. ›› Dahlem, Museen Dahlem, Arnimallee 25 Tel. 8 30 14 38, www.smb.museum Museum für Fotografie/ Helmut Newton Stiftung Since February 2009, light has been shed on every aspect of 19th to 21st century photography in the renovated “Kaisersaal.” A permanent exhibition from the Helmut Newton foundation shows cameras, a photo and art collection, posters and many works by the famous photographer. Also special exhibitions. ›› Charlottenburg, Jebens Str. 2, Tel. 266 42 42 42 Beathe Uhse Erotik-Museum This museum, which opened on the Beate Uhse company’s 50th anniversary, invites you on a journey through 2,000 years of erotica, love and sexuality with the help of over 5,000 exhibits, such as illustrations, paintings, figures and photographs. ›› Charlottenburg, Joachimstaler Str. 4, Tel. 8 86 06 66 In the Currywurst Museum’s entertaining exhibition, visitors discover not only everything to do with this cult snack, such as its history or its very special ingredients and spices, but can also play the role of a kiosk owner. It’s fun for all the family. Afterwards, a visit to the museum snack bar is a must because there you can enjoy a Berlin Currywurst (sausage with curry sauce) here. ›› Mitte, Schützen Str. 70, Tel. 88 71 86 47 This museum, in a former air-raid shelter near the Anhalter Bahnhof S-Bahn station is not for those with weak nerves! On the top floor, there’s a chamber of horrors with scary effects and action. The ground floor contains spectacular medical scenes from ancient times, and the basement documents the history of this and other bunkers. ›› Kreuzberg, Schöneberger Str. 23a, Tel. 26 55 55 46 Museum der Unerhörten Dinge You’ll say “That’s something!” when you see what Roland Albrecht has gathered in his unconventional museum: screws from an airplane crash, the proverbial “central thread” and red wine that is white are just a few of these. ›› Schöneberg, Crelle Str. 5-6, Tel. 7 81 49 32 In addition to several exhibitions every year about gay life, there’s a permanent exhibition on gay history covering different eras and social conditions, numerous biographies as well as day-to-day gay life and culture. ›› Kreuzberg, Mehringdamm 61, Tel. 69 59 90 50 The museum, which is next to the Olympiazentrum (Olympic Center), contains extensive items from the sports history of German and Berlin-Brandenburg as well as a collection of the history of workers’ and East German sports as well as the AIMS Marathon Museum of Running. These are shown in changing special exhibitions. ›› Westend, Hanns-Braun-Str., Tel. 3 05 83 00 Museums of nature study This museum is the only one of its kind in central Europe, serving as a supplement to the Botanical Gardens. It has many artificial exhibits that show what you cannot see with the naked eye in the Gardens or you can only see for a few days or weeks in the year. ›› Dahlem, Königin-Luise-Str. 6-8, Tel. 83 85 01 00 Over 250 sq m, Germany’s only hemp museum provides extensive information about the herb that is more than just a drug. You can learn interesting facts about its cultivation, possibilities for use in manufacturing textiles and paper and its significance in various cultures. ›› Mitte, Mühlendamm 5, Tel. 2 42 48 27 Museum für Naturkunde One of the few museums in the world whose collections hold much more than 25 million objects, including the unusually well-preserved fossil of the Archaeopteryx ancestral bird, the tallest erected dinosaur skeleton of Brachiosaurus brancai, the largest piece of amber yet found and meteorites from Mars. ›› Mitte, Invaliden Str. 43, Tel. 20 93 85 40 Wilhelm-Förster Sternwarte mit Planetarium Observatory and domed planetarium with 300 seats, multi-vision and laser shows, special presentations for children, lectures, library with 24,000 books and other publications on astronomy. ›› Steglitz, Munsterdamm 90 (am Insulaner) Tel. 7 90 09 30, www.wfs.be.schule.de Visitors can gaze in wonder at an artificial – but always cloud-free – starry sky with slide show, laser and video projections. Changing events with music and laser show effects as well as music and audio plays under the night sky. Exhibitions in the foyer. ›› Prenzlauer Berg, Prenzlauer Allee 80 Tel. 42 18 45 12, www.sdtb.de Science & technology Berliner Medizin-historisches Museum On the grounds of the Charité hospital, the museum’s permanent exhibition shows a collection of about 1,000 pathologic/anatomic specimens as well as instruments, models, books and illustrations showing the history of ophthalmology, dentistry and urology. Regular special exhibitions with current applications. ›› Mitte, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1 Tel. 4 50 53 61 56, www.bmm.charite.de The electromechanical signal box and lever set that was used for the Olympia-Stadion subway station is the highlight of this museum. There are 4-6 special trips each year on historic trains. ›› Westend, Rossitter Platz 1, Tel. 36 41 87 37 Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin Try it out! In the Technical Museum’s buildings, visitors can find historical locomotive sheds, the vintage transport depot "Mensch in Fahrt", an exhibition about inland and ocean shipping, computers, radios, cameras, diesel engines, printing presses and looms. ›› Kreuzberg, Trebbiner Str. 9, Tel. 90 25 40 Museum für Kommunikation A place for encounters, exchanges and entertainment. Lots of interactive stations introduce visitors to the central questions in the history of communication. The museum’s treasury showcases valuable exhibits, above all the Blue Mauritius. ›› Mitte, Leipziger Str. 16, Tel. 20 29 40 More informations about Berlin´s museums in current NEW IN THE CITY magazine

Below is a sample of the May edition of the Non-Subscribing Presbyterian Magazine, which includes the Table of Contents and the Editorial. If you would like to subscribe please forward your subscriptions to The Business Manager, Neil Brown, 53 Tullygarvan Road, Ballygowan, Newtownards, BT23 6NB. Annual subscription £16 (£18 overseas). Letter to the Editor A Prayer for Earth Day Article: A Reasonable Faith? Reflection: Some Thought on Doubting Thomas Book Review: The Vast Enquiring Soul News of the Churches Children's Corner with bonus colouring pages Obituary: Rev Ivan McKnight Article: The Hymns We Sang Together Video Reflections and Meditations: A Prayer and Meditation from Rev Dr David Steers A Prayer and Meditation from Rev Simon Henning A Reflection from Rev Chris Wilson A Reflection on Holy Week from Rev Colin Campbell An Easter Sunday Service from Rev Mike O'Sullivan Orders of Service for Worship at Home Daily Reflections for Worship at Home Online Ministry (Back Page) Cover Photo: Many of our younger members across the denomination having been painting, colouring, crafting and Lego-building rainbows to share as a sign of hope throughout their communities during this time of lockdown. This month's cover brings blessings from and to our Moira congregation, and many other NSPCI rainbows can be viewed on Facebook. I would like to thank those who have sent articles, letters and reflections for inclusion —I hope it has helped you feel connected to your church and the denomination in these unprecedented times. I am aware that some of you will be receiving this month's edition of the magazine alongside last month's, and potentially next month's too — just another little symptom of the changed reality we find ourselves in. My sister always described me as 'an area of high entropy', in that chaos seemed to surround me. It was in part a dig at the mess of my room, or the fact that I was always doing lots of things at once rather than having a focused, logical routine (my sister teaches Science, I teach English Language and Literature, there were bound to be domestic issues growing up) but also, it was a reference to my ability to stay calm — or at least project calm — in the midst of the storm. Currently, the little eye of my personal hurricane seems a little tighter than usual; chaos is barely a breath away. Perhaps you feel the same. It is impossible to plan beyond a day, or even an hour, if you are juggling working from home, with schooling from home, with keeping a home where more time is spent keeping at home. We are living in TS Eliot's lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock' in measuring out our lives 'in coffee spoons'. It becomes so important then, to find that eye within the storm. The place of peace, and silence. When I think of that space, I think of Jesus. Jesus, surrounded by thousands of hungry people at twilight, calmly reminding the disciples that they could rise to the challenge and feed those who depended on them. Jesus, sitting serenely among the fish-scales in Peter's boat after the miraculous catch of fish. Jesus sleeping through the storm, or sitting in a home as the roof is broken through to accommodate a paralysed man. Jesus walking on water in the' midst of a squall, or walking, whip in hand out of the chaos he had wrought in the temple courts. He was no stranger to chaos, by all accounts. Yet, tellingly, he was no stranger to peace; no stranger to the spirit of God that rests upon the water, and has been there since creation's dawn. If he needed peace, he found it, through meditation on scripture and conversation with his father. The Prince of Peace was Man of Prayer. You will find many prayers in this issue. There are meditations from some of our congregations, and messages from our clergy. Many of our congregations have walked out onto the stormy sea of social media, often for the first time. Be patient with them, and with our social media team. Like Peter, we may sink a little, but we trust Jesus to take our hand, and use us for the good of those around us by displaying our diversity and dependence on Christ. I hope they help you find a space to worship God in your own way, and in your own situation. For those of us who don't utilise social media, I have noted down the text of some of what is 'on offer', and I will continue to do so, with my colleagues' permission. You will also find daily thoughts or devotionals to take you through to the next issue. I can't claim credit for them, they are gathered from various sources in print and online, carefully keeping below copyright infringement level!! If any of you dear readers have a book of reflections that you have found particularly useful, please do share it. For now, I ask that you would pray for our congregations. Pray for our healthcare workers, farmers, food production workers, store workers. Pray for protection, strength and grace. Pray for our families: for patience and resilience; for our individuals that they would not feel abandoned or alone. Pray for those in hospital, and all those who grieve. Pray for resolution, for rational thought and behaviour, for regard for one another. Stay strong and safe, precious people of God. Thank you for your selfless acts of sacrifice. Remember, if looking out at the hurricane wall of chaos surrounding you is dizzying and overwhelming, look up. That perfect patch of blue sky is your promise: the rainbow is on the way.

2 edition of Cuthbert all-colour book of flowers to grow from seed. found in the catalog. Cuthbert all-colour book of flowers to grow from seed. The Life of Sir Richard Burton was immersed in the melodious Parkes, who sang about "Oxygen, abandoning the mass," and changing "into gas," his sons played the parts of Anacreon and Ovid, they crowned their heads with garlands and drank wine like Anacreon, not omitting the libation, and called to mind the Ovid of well−nigh two thousand years. The Unlikely Ones To the then of " C" and " Ly," my father and my mother and the now of Christopher, their great-grandson. Acknowledgements My thanks as usual to: My husband, Peter; My editor, Paul Sidey; My typist, Anne Pitt. Leaves and flowers of different plants were made to grow from the same stem, as only artificial flowers could do. The Greeks introduced into their decorations sprays and wreaths of bay, olive, oak, ivy, and vine, with their fruits; which are exquisitely composed and carefully studied from nature. All colour variables were significantly affected by saffron and storage. From the 15th day of storage, bacterial numbers in the saffron yoghurt were higher than those of the control yoghurt. Full text of "International Studio an Illustrated Magazine of Fine and Applied Art" See other formats. Annual subscription US-$ for institutions, US$62 for individuals. Contact: Animal Conservation Ed. Off., Zool. Soc. London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UKPublishes research papers on novel scientific studies of the conservation of animal species and their habitats, also research reviews, comments and book reviewsT.M.B. The Oxford Hills citizens guide on martial law and the new society. Directory, year book and rules. Federal Loan to Farmers for Seed Atlas to the topographical dictionaries of England and Wales Speech to Institute of Directors - Dublin, 10 May 1996 transfer, storage and release of water colour in a reservoired catchment. Sports Hall of Oblivion. Southwest Alluvial Basins of Arizona LAI SUN GARMENT (INTERNATIONAL) LTD. Full text of "The book of town & wndow gardening" See other formats. Should this little book be found a help or encouragement to any town-dwellers who love plants and flowers well enough to wish to see them as they live and grow, as well as to enjoy their beauty and sweetness when they are cut, the pleasant time of writing it will not have been ill spent. In every case, where possible the fruits of practical. PREFACE. THE Holy Ghost teaches that the lips of the heavenly Spouse, that is The Church, resemble scarlet and the dropping honeycomb, 15 15 Cant. to let every one know that all the doctrine which she announces consists in sacred love; of a more resplendent red than scarlet on account of the blood of the spouse whose love inflames her, sweeter than honey on account of the sweetness of the. CHAPTER II. The Essentials of the Story. It would be a truism to suggest that dramatic instinct and dramatic power of expression are naturally the first essentials for success in the Art of Story-telling, and that, without these, no story-teller would go very far; but I maintain that, even with these gifts, no high standard of performance will be reached without certain other qualities. Treatise on the Love of God is a manual intended to help believers strengthen their devotion to God. de Sales describes his project by saying, "it is truly my intention to represent simply and naively, without art, still more without false colours, the history of the birth, progress, decay, operations, properties, advantages and excellences of divine love.". This banner text can have markup. web; books; video; audio; software; images; Toggle navigation. PREFACE. Some day we shall have a science of education comparable to the science of medicine; but even when that day arrives the art of education will still remain the inspiration and the guide of all wise teachers. The laws that regulate our physical and mental development will be reduced to order; but the impulses which lead each new generation to play its way into possession of all that is. AmblesideOnline is a free homeschool curriculum that uses Charlotte Mason's classically-based principles to prepare children for a life of rich relationships with everything around them: God, humanity, and the natural world. Our detailed schedules, time-tested methods, and extensive teacher resources allow parents to focus on the unique needs of each child. About the Book “I, Joseph of Arimathea, took the body of Jesus, the Nazarene, from the tomb where it was first laid and hid it in this place.” A press report on this discovery just outside Jerusalem says: “There now seems no shadow of doubt that the disappearance of the body of Christ from the first tomb is accounted for, and the Pages: Saddleworn Address Book, Paperblanks Book Co Antiques Price Guide - The Best All-colour, All-New Guide to Over 8, Antiques, Judith H. Miller Empowering the Faculty: Mentoring Redirected and Renewed: Ashe-Eric/Higher Education Research Repor t Number 3, (Volume. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get them in front of Issuu’s. The Claires Court Junior Girls Weblog. Free Books. As always, all Claires Court pupils will also receive a free £1 World Book Day Book Token which can be exchanged for one of ten, specially produced £1 books or redeemed against any purchase from participating Book Tokens will be distributed to students during morning registration on World Book Day. Julian Morgan - Book Catalogue (in catalogue number order) Catalogue ordered by author name Catalogue ordered by title. Visit our home page on Abebooks for searching and ordering (includes pictures of most of our catalogue). We do not list our complete catalogue on Abebooks; please mail us if you do not see a specific book listed. Stevenson, Adlai E. Call to Greatness. Pictures are not produced thus. Long years are needed to train the eye and hand before a man can represent on a flat surface any forms under the simplest conditions; the difficulty grows in compound ratio with intricate design of moving figures, and the immature artist's illustration of so sublime a theme would tax more than the extreme indulgence of the most partial friends. Full text of "Historic devices, badges, and war-cries" See other formats. SALTBURN’S TOWN TALK Letter from the Editor. February is an important month for me because it is the anniversary of when I took over the magazine, my first edition being Marchno The Daily Colonist () 0 downloads Views 25MB Size. Report. DOWNLOAD PDF with the prospect Moreover, they continue grow In fact, it seemed to me that really can’t do such things the court’s decision and says the important thing for hardly be argued that at $4 per and is showing greatly in of the Royal Theatre. The Spike or Victoria University College Review Published under the direction of the Victoria University College Students' Association (Inc.) and printed by Whitcombe & Tombs Ltd., Auckland, Christ-church, Dunedin, Wellington N.Z.; Melbourne, Sydney and. On the other hand, under the same conditions the iron greys grow sullen and heavy; the pearl greys lose their blue sheen and are metamorphosed into a dirty white; the browns become cold and sleepy; and as for the dark greens such as emperor green and myrtle. Weeds and Wild Flowers: their Uses, Legends, and Literature. London, Van Voorst, 1st ed. x cms. 12 hand coloured tissue-guarded plates, blindstamped cloth with. The Art of the Story-Teller by Shedlock, Marie L., - Free download as PDF File .pdf), Text File .txt) or read online for free.a book on the symbolism of churches and church ornaments. Durandus was chaplain to Pope Clement IV., afterwards captain of the Papal forces, and, finally, in the yearbecame " " Bishop of Mende. The Rationale was the first book from the pen of an uninspired author ever printed. Though it. passed through. many. editions, it is. now. of 5/5(1).Chrysanthemums (Hamlyn all-colour paperbacks, gardening) by Cyril C. Harris () ISBN: - Format: PBK Dustwrapper none. Book is Acceptable, rubbed and grubby to edges. Small gold owner's address Label (Yes) Location - £Book Ref: T-BAKG

Selection of cutting strategy and parameters in multi-axis machining operations for improved productivity Tunç, Lütfi Taner (2010) Selection of cutting strategy and parameters in multi-axis machining operations for improved productivity. [Thesis] Official URL: http://192.168.1.20/record=b1302886 (Table of Contents) Importance and application of multi-axis machining operations has been continuing to increase in several industries such as aerospace, automotive, die and mold, where parts with complex surfaces. In such industries achieving tight tolerances is required with minimum number of setups, as well. Two and half, three and five axis milling can be considered in such a class together with parallel machining operations. The cutting tool has simultaneous translation in two axes, and the third axis is used to change the axial level. In three axis milling the cutting tool is able to have simultaneous translation in –x, –y and –z axis of Cartesian coordinates. However, in five axis milling, tool orientation changes with respect to the machined surface due to the rotary axes in addition to the linear motions in x, y, and z directions. Parallel machining, which can also be considered as a multi-axis process, consists of simultaneous machining operations on a given part. For instance, while the outer diameter of a part is machined, a drilling operation can be conducted in parallel. Increasing the productivity and part quality in such operations is important due to the high cost of machine tools, equipment and raw material involved. For this purpose, the right machining strategy and appropriate set of process parameters should be selected for a given part. Moreover, proper scheduling of parallel machining operations is also of great importance for decreased machining time on a part. This objective can be achieved using of process simulations based on process modeling. It is practically known that as the cutting speed is decreased, process stability increases with the effect of process damping. Considering this fact, high productivity conditions can be achieved by selecting low cutting speeds and high cutting depths, besides the high speed cutting conditions. Although there are several models for estimation of process stability at high cutting speeds, there has not been a practical method for estimation of stability limit considering the process damping effect for low cutting speed conditions. Therefore, current models fail to accurately estimate the stability limits, especially at low cutting speeds. In this thesis, a new and practical method is proposed for modeling of process stability at low cutting speeds. The model predictions are also verified through experiments. Thus, it is one of the major contributions of this thesis to the machining research. In this thesis, selection of cutting strategies and parameters is studied for multi axis milling and turning operations through process modeling. Process stability, spindle torque and power, quality requirements on the workpiece, form errors and tool life are considered as the constraints. The proposed model for estimation of process damping and stability limits at low cutting speed is used together with the previously developed process models. By doing so, different cutting strategies are compared for industrial parts. Considering that there is not much study dealing with such a problem, it can be said that this thesis contributes to literature in this respect. Parallel machining operations, where more than one machining units are allowed to work on the part provide several advantages, while bringing additional challenges. By the help of parallel machining physical space can be saved, tolerance integrity can be achieved easier, total machining time can be decreased and flexibility in process scheduling can be achieved. The literature on scheduling of parallel machining operations is relatively scarce. Moreover, current studies do not consider the dynamic and mechanic interaction between the processes conducted in parallel. In this thesis, such interactions are also considered in scheduling of parallel machining operations. The applicability of the method and models proposed in the thesis is shown on industrial workpiece geometries and the improvements are also presented together with the results. Repository Staff Only: item control page

I don't say this to create a class fight. I say this because it is true. Baltimore's class issue is based on false information. We have great private schools in Baltimore with long traditions that many citizens revere----THERE IS NOTHING WRONG WITH THAT. Let's be clear. Hopkins is powerful and global simply because it was best at securing revenue and making connections and as I blog every day----almost never ethically, morally, or legally. The Hopkins crowd are not shy to say they know this----it is modus operandus. The problem comes when you place that ethos in control of all government and economy. If Morgan State University had received all of the resources and revenues over decades that Hopkins did----we would be calling them 'elite'---'#1 in the world'----'innovative'. Hopkins is #1 at this-----PROMOTION AND GROWING ITS BRAND. It is not global because it was best at what it did as an academy----it moved trillions of dollars of tax revenue slated to go to other people into its own expansion. It is not #1 in Education or Health Care----it has no oversight and accountability and creates its own data folks-----anyone can make themselves look good on paper in that regard. It's education and health capability is reflected in the City of Baltimore----third world in public health and public education outcomes. It's policies are the worst....pure profit-driven. This is America----if Hopkins wants that to be a modus operandus then it can---as long as it falls under Rule of Law. WE DO NOT WANT THE MOST WALL STREET GLOBAL CORPORATE PROFIT-DRIVEN, BRAND-EXPANSION INSTITUTION IN THE WORLD CONTROLLING BALTIMORE CITY GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY. I bet even Baltimore's other class-centered private schools would think this as well. This is the RACE AND CLASS issue in Baltimore and we must reverse this as we return to being simply a city in the good old USA. Five colleges misreported data to U.S. News, raising concerns about rankings, reputation By Nick Anderson February 6, 2013 “We just don’t want to play their game and fill out their forms,” said Christopher Nelson, president of St. John’s College in Annapolis. He said he couldn’t care less that his school is No. 133 on a U.S. News national liberal arts list. “I’d rather be in a place that’s unranked.” As someone spending much of my career on university campuses across the nation----I have spent decades listening to universities NOT WANTING TO PARTNER WITH HOPKINS IN RESEARCH because-----they are known to advance their own interests in any way possible. Data and results, revenue distribution, it has been known around academic circles that Hopkins jukes the stats. Below you see a case but be sure----if Hopkins had any oversight and accountability lots of what this article shows would be revealed. Hopkins will make no bones----it will protect corporate interest over public--- This is why in Baltimore citizens need to step away from the idea that Johns Hopkins---especially as Bloomberg University---is prestigious----ranked #1 in the world---the best source of information----the best at knowing how to run government. NONE OF THAT IS TRUE. Amid Controversy, Johns Hopkins Quietly Drops Black Lung Program – ABC News October 1, 2015 / Nick Mullins See the original article HERE. By Matthew Mosk Randy Kreider Sep 30, 2015, 6:17 PM ET The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine revealed today that it has quietly but permanently shut down its controversial black lung unit and is no longer employing the unit’s head doctor, two years after an ABC News investigation into allegations the hospital’s readings for black lung favored coal companies over ailing miners. Johns Hopkins first suspended its black lung unit and announced an internal review in 2013, two days after the broadcast of a joint investigation by ABC News and the Center for Public Integrity that found that the doctors at the renowned hospital who had for years read X-rays on behalf of coal companies virtually never found miners to have serious black lung disease — assessments that helped prevent miners from obtaining much-needed financial support. At the center of the report was the work performed by Dr. Paul Wheeler, who headed the black lung unit. Wheeler found not a single case of severe black lung in the more than 1,500 cases decided since 2000 in which he offered an opinion, a review by ABC News and the Center for Public Integrity found. In court testimony, Wheeler said the last time he recalled finding a case of severe black lung, a finding that would automatically qualify a miner for benefits under a special federal program, was in “the 1970’s or the early 80’s.” If you know US News and World Report giving Hopkins and other Ivy Leagues high rankings are looking at how these institutions gain market share and expansion----not at the quality of education you would understand why that liberal arts college in Maryland has no desire to be RANKED. None of it has anything to do with quality of education---it is only the marketing and brand building Hopkins placed on its name that places it high in these corporate rankings. EVERYBODY IN ACADEMIA KNOWS THIS. Since we have allowed corporations to grab our universities that is the drive for rankings----it was not always the case---in fact---liberal arts and humanities for centuries claimed highest in university rankings. Citizens across the US are shouting HANDS OFF OUR LIBERAL ARTS AND HUMANITIES because that ranking is where people want to return. 'this leads to a situation where the only thing the ranking is about is the question of are you a world brand," When you look at how data is being analyzed for all this bravado-----online universities will state they had thousands of students one year when in fact 80% of those students signed on DROPPED OUT. These inconsistencies will not go away because this process is entirely based on marketing an education product and not REAL quality education. Different Kind of Ranking? U-Multirank seeks to overcome limitations of global league tables, but it already has its own critics. July 25, 2013ByElizabeth Redden The common criticisms of global university rankings are well-known. In emphasizing publications and citations, they are relevant for only the most elite research universities – the “top 200” or 500 worldwide. They fail to adequately evaluate or account for the diverse activities of any single institution, not least teaching. Technology transfer is likewise under-weighted – if it is considered at all -- even as two of the three major global rankings rely heavily on subjective reputational data and the third bases 30 percent of its ranking on the numbers of alumni and faculty with Nobel Prizes or Fields Medals, It is against this backdrop that the creators of U-Multirank, a new initiative funded by the European Commission, argue that they have something different to offer: a ranking that can reflect the diversity of institutional profiles. The philosophy behind the ranking can be captured in the buzzwords “multi-dimensional” and “user-driven.” U-Multirank will collect data on indicators in five broad dimensions – teaching and learning, research, knowledge transfer, international orientation, and regional engagement -- and will allow users to create personalized rankings based on which indicators they’re most interested in and which types of institutions they’d like to compare. Rather than combining and weighting the indicators to assign a single composite score, the ranking will organize universities into subgroups based on their performance on each of the individual indicators. A user will see, for example, whether a given university is in the top quintile in terms of highly cited research publications and in the third quintile in terms of revenues from continuous professional development courses. “We think that if you create a ranking where you say, in the end, ‘University X is number 57 in the world,’ this leads to a situation where the only thing the ranking is about is the question of are you a world brand," said Frank Ziegele, the managing director of Germany’s Centre for Higher Education, a lead partner in the U-Multirank project. “Are you able to position yourself in the world market and are you tops in certain forms of research, not in all forms of research, probably not in applied research, but basic research that is documented in bibliometric databases? This is what is measured in university rankings. This is fine, but the scope of these rankings is quite limited. They’re only relevant to 1 percent of the whole population of universities in the world. They’re not able to show diversity in profiles.” "There should be a ranking that shows diversity.” The Challenges and the Criticisms U-Multirank, which was piloted with 159 institutions in 2011, just closed registration for its first full cycle, to include an overall institutional ranking and field-based rankings in business, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and physics. Around 700 universities have signed on to participate, more than two-thirds of which are European. Although the numbers may still change slightly, at this point there are 13 universities from the U.S. participating (predominantly large publics), 12 from Australia and 4 from Canada. There are 33 universities from Asia participating, 15 from Africa (not including the Middle East), and 13 from Latin America. Data collection is planned for this fall with the first rankings scheduled to be published in early 2014. Even before the first ranking is published, however, U-Multirank has attracted a fair amount of criticism, most notably from the British higher education establishment. In a recent policy note distributed to member universities, the U.K. Higher Education International Unit summed up a number of concerns that have been raised by the country’s universities, including the reliance on data self-reported by institutions and fears that "public funding lends legitimacy to U-Multirank and performance as judged by the tool could become the basis for future funding decisions." It concludes that “U-Multirank may harm rather than benefit the sector. It seems likely that a number of ‘leading’ universities will not take part.” The League of European Research Universities, which represents 21 leading institutions, including the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford, has stated its opposition to the project. “We consider U-Multirank at best an unjustifiable use of taxpayers’ money and at worst a serious threat to a healthy higher education system,” LERU’s secretary general, Kurt Deketelaere told Times Higher Education in February. “LERU has serious concerns about the lack of reliable, solid and valid data for the chosen indicators in U-Multirank, about the comparability between countries, about the burden put upon universities to collect data and about the lack of ‘reality-checks’ in the process thus far.” Deketelaere did not respond to several messages seeking comment for this article. Questions of availability, comparability and validity of data have dogged the U-Multirank project, which is attempting to measure a variety of dimensions for which there are no common global datasets. In a written response to its critics, the team behind U-Multirank states that every international ranking save for the Shanghai Ranking Consultancy’s uses data self-reported by institutions (though it’s fair to say U-Multirank will use self-reported data to a much greater degree, given the range of indicators to be measured). In addition to self-reported data, U-Multirank will also use information from patent and bibliometric databases and student satisfaction surveys it will conduct. It will not collect reputational data. “We are clearly aware of the need for thorough verification procedures and have developed a number of statistical procedures and cross-checks to assure the quality of data,” they write, further noting that while they welcome the development of initiatives “to fill the gaps in publicly available data ... at the moment the only alternative to referring to self-reported data is to limit the scope of indicators substantially and so produce a result which is unrepresentative of the wide mission of higher education institutions as a whole and which is unlikely to be of any use outside of the elite research intensive universities.” Richard Holmes, an independent academic and editorial consultant who writes the University Ranking Watch blog, said that the heavy reliance on self-reported data could indeed prove problematic, not mainly because of the potential to manipulate the numbers but because of the difficulty in ensuring consistency in how large, complex institutions collect data even when clear definitions are provided. Even so, Holmes is not alone in detecting a self-serving motivation behind the barrage of criticisms that have been levied against U-Multirank, coming as they are from universities that sit atop the current global rankings tables (including the one published by Times Higher Education). “I think British universities have found that the Times Higher rankings are quite favorable to them, so they are concerned about a ranking which will measure things where Continental European universities might be a bit better,” Holmes said. At the same time, he continued, “there’s been strong pressure from France and from Germany to some extent for a ranking that would be less British- and American-oriented." Phil Baty, the rankings editor for Times Higher Education, said it's a legitimate criticism that the established rankings systems favor the research-intensive university model common in England and the U.S. Even so Baty said that the risk is that U-Multirank will be perceived as an EU-funded attempt to make European universities look better in the eyes of the world. (In a House of Lords report from 2012, United Kingdom Minister for Universities and Science David Willetts is quoted as saying that U-Multirank could be viewed as “an attempt by the EU Commission to fix a set of rankings in which [European universities] do better than [they] appear to do in the conventional rankings.") “In general we have to welcome the initiative," Baty said of U-Multirank. "It does seek to address some of the concerns around rankings. It is about trying to unpack more nuanced areas of performance, and it is admirable in its attempt to provide a bigger picture. But having said that, I think they’re making some extremely bold, ambitious claims and it remains to be seen how well they’ll be able to achieve some of the goals.” "The starting point for me is that Times Higher Education, working with Thomson Reuters, we have a database of more than 700 universities. The ambition with Thomson Reuters is to build a very comprehensive database of about 1,000 institutions, and I think that’s adequate to create a ranking of a particular type of institution: we’re only looking at globally-competitive research institutions. With U-Multirank they are literally trying to capture excellence across all aspects of an extremely diverse higher education landscape. There are basically 20,000 higher education institutions in the world. Their starting point for me really is that they'll need 20,000 institutions to make it work." Furthermore, he said, "to drill down to the level of detail they aspire to requires a huge amount of effort from each and every one of those institutions. The project is admirable and exciting but I will be astounded if they’re able to pull it off." In other words, Baty argued that a weakness of the conventional rankings -- their narrowness -- is also their strength, while for U-Multirank, its breadth, while admirable, could be its Achilles heel. The Effort: Delving Into the Indicators To get a picture of the breadth of indicators to be measured, under the teaching dimension, for example, U-Multirank will consider a mix of “objective” measures including graduation rates and faculty-student ratios, as well as responses to a survey designed to gauge student satisfaction on a variety of fronts, including the quality of courses, contact with instructors, and facilities. For the knowledge transfer dimension, indicators include joint research publications with industry, patents per full-time academic staff member, the average number of spin-offs, revenues from continuous professional development, and income from external sources, including consultancies, royalties, and clinical trials. A full list of indicators to be included in the institutional and field-based rankings, respectively, can be found here. “We’re trying to think about very simplistic, easy-to-gather data, which do not imply a lot of work for institutions and can nevertheless indicate something about what is going on in teaching and learning or regional engagement,” said Frans van Vught, an honorary professor at the University of Twente, in the Netherlands, and, with Ziegele, co-project leader. Indicators on regional engagement, for example, include joint publications with other researchers in the region and the percentage of graduates working in the region (though as the feasibility study that resulted from the pilot of U-Multirank makes clear, even the basic issue of how to define “region” is vexed, particularly in a non-European context). As a report by the European University Association on rankings released earlier this year points out, there are multiple indicators that were determined to be of “questionable feasibility” during the pilot phase that are still included in U-Multirank, including those measuring income from regional sources, art-related outputs (such as exhibition catalogues or musical compositions), and graduate employment rates. Ziegele acknowledged there are challenges in regards to data availability or comparability for these indicators, but said that for graduate employment rates, for example, stakeholders thought it essential that U-Multirank try to begin collecting comparable data on this point. “We want to send a signal that this is something universities should care about." At the same time, he said, U-Multirank will not publish results for any indicator if it is determined that the underlying data are weak. “If you're not happy with the situation at the moment you should not give up," Ziegele said. "You should try to go down that road and find a way and of course if in the first round we have the feeling there are six indicators where we really can't say this is good data, then we won't publish those six indicators. That’s the advantage of the multi-dimensional approach. You can leave out some indicators and be flexible.” The immense dataset will be presented via a Web tool that is still in development. Although U-Multirank’s creators are firm on the “user-driven” nature of the ranking, they do expect they will be producing some “pre-defined” rankings of their own in various dimensions (research excellence, for example). “Our methodological and epistemological position would be that there is no best ranking, so if we provide our own we are only one of the many: we might be better informed, we might be those who happened to be creating this, but nevertheless, we are only one selector of indicators according to our values and preferences,” van Vught said. A European Ranking or a Global One? An Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development report published in December described U-Multirank as "by far the most significant attempt to overcome many limitations of prevailing rankings." "We have to say this is a significant improvement," said Ellen Hazelkorn, author of Rankings and the Reshaping of Higher Education (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) and the vice president for research and enterprise and dean of the Graduate Research School at Dublin Institute of Technology. "It’s certainly raising a whole lot of other questions about higher education. The problems it’s encountering are symptomatic of the general problems of measuring and comparing quality" -- those problems, she said, being the difficulty of finding meaningful indicators that are actually reflective of quality and not just intensity (the idea that more of something is necessarily better) or inputs. "The question," Hazelkorn said, "is will it displace the other rankers or will decision-makers continue to look for simple solutions to complex problems?" Related to that, one of the many open questions at this point is whether U-Multirank will gain traction outside of Europe. The plan all along has been to be a predominantly but not exclusively European ranking: "What we want to have, more or less, is the full coverage of Europe plus the relevant world-wide benchmarks," Ziegele said. Alex Usher, the president of the Toronto-based Higher Education Strategy Associates, is a fan of the U-Multirank project. As he puts it, it’s "the type of rankings we would have had if universities had been smart enough to get out front of the whole rankings phenomenon." Still, he's cautious about its chances for success outside Europe. Usher notes that participation requires significant investment of time on the part of institutions and it’s not clear what they get in return. “In Canada, I’ve spoken to a number of institutions, and one of the concerns I’ve heard back from them is we don’t get any data out of this. And who the heck is going to read this? It would be different if they could guarantee an Asian audience, because that’s where most of our foreign students come from, but if it’s seen as being European and internal, and everyone else is there for show so they can benchmark themselves against them, what’s in it for them?" Furthermore, he said, “even if students look at it, will they have the faintest idea of what to do with multidimensional rankings?” He recalled that in his own experience of running multidimensional rankings for the Toronto Globe and Mail students would input their preferences and generate a ranking, and then they would look up and ask “which one’s the best?" The concept of which one's the best for you did not compute. Even so, Usher thinks it’s a worthwhile enough effort that he’s encouraging institutions to participate. As he wrote on his blog, “This is a good faith effort to improve rankings; failure to support it means losing your moral right to kvetch about rankings ever again.” At a time when universities are corporations creating data to sell products or themselves as brands------we all know these rankings and data are JUKED. We know value-added when we see a Baltimore City education system filled with thriving students with everything they need to be successful. Hopkins has NEVER IN DECADES provided that education policy. Even if you take the race issue out----as this is true for all Baltimore citizens---and look at class---I can almost bet the quality of education at many of Baltimore's private schools are not strong as well. States with wealth and power inequity do not want an educated citizenry. I HAVE SHOUTED---PLEASE DO NOT PAY ATTENTION TO DATA AND STATS IN MARYLAND AND BALTIMORE---LOOK BEHIND THE CURTAIN---THERE IS NO GREAT AND POWERFUL JOHNS HOPKINS. Let's allow Hopkins to return to what it did best------a small, private college with a medical school. If it wants to be global-----it does not need Baltimore to do so. 'These formulas can’t actually do this with sufficient reliability and validity, but school reformers have pushed this approach and now most states use VAM as part of teacher evaluations'. 'The evidence against VAM is at this point overwhelming. The refusal of school reformers to acknowledge it is outrageous'. As this article states----everyone knows this K-12 education reform policy is bad----we even know data is being juked -----and it moves forward in Maryland and especially Baltimore---because Johns Hopkins presents all that bad data Statisticians slam popular teacher evaluation method By Valerie Strauss April 13, 2014 (freepik.com)You can be certain that members of the American Statistical Association, the largest organization in the United States representing statisticians and related professionals, know a thing or two about data and measurement. That makes the statement that the association just issued very important for school reform. The ASA just slammed the high-stakes “value-added method” (VAM) of evaluating teachers that has been increasingly embraced in states as part of school-reform efforts. VAM purports to be able to take student standardized test scores and measure the “value” a teacher adds to student learning through complicated formulas that can supposedly factor out all of the other influences and emerge with a valid assessment of how effective a particular teacher has been. These formulas can’t actually do this with sufficient reliability and validity, but school reformers have pushed this approach and now most states use VAM as part of teacher evaluations. Because math and English test scores are available, reformers have devised bizarre implementation methods in which teachers are assessed on the test scores of students they don’t have or subjects they don’t teach. When Michelle Rhee was chancellor of D.C. public schools (2007-10), she was so enamored with using student test scores to evaluate adults that she implemented a system in which all adults in a school building, including the custodians, were in part evaluated by test scores. Assessment experts have been saying for years that this is an unfair way to evaluate anybody, especially for high-stakes purposes such as pay, employment status, tenure or even the very survival of a school. But reformers went ahead anyway on the advice of some economists who have embraced the method (though many other economists have panned it). Now the statisticians have come out with recommendations for the use of VAM for teachers, principals and schools that school reformers should — but most likely won’t — take to heart. Here’s part of what they said: *VAMs are generally based on standardized test scores and do not directly measure potential teacher contributions toward other student outcomes. *VAMs typically measure correlation, not causation: Effects – positive or negative – attributed to a teacher may actually be caused by other factors that are not captured in the model. The entire statement is below. Some economists have gone so far as to say that higher VAM scores for teachers lead to more economic success for their students later in life. Work published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, done by authors Raj Chetty, John N. Friedman and Jonah E. Rockoff, has made that claim, though there are some big problems with their research, according to an analysis of their latest study published by the National Education Policy Center at the University of Colorado Boulder. The analysis finds a number of key problems with the report making the link between VAM of teachers and financial success of students, including the fact that their own results show that VAM calculation for teachers is unreliable. You can read the analysis below, after the American Statistical Association’s statement. The evidence against VAM is at this point overwhelming. The refusal of school reformers to acknowledge it is outrageous. The US has a generation of citizens removed from what American politics looked like BEFORE Reagan/Clinton took it far-right and to the rich. Know who the only people who think Ivy League is elite? Ivy League and the national media filled with Ivy League grads. As shown below---there is nothing making these universities better than others as regards students or public policies. It was Reagan/Clinton who started pulling Ivy Leagues into being the only source of public policy---before then public universities were writing and creating data more so ----especially at state and local level. This is when we had broad-based data from many viewpoints which then could be analyzed for effectiveness toward policy goals. REMEMBER THE 'DECIDER'---Bush. We all understood he attended Yale as a connection--- not for intelligence or talent. WE THE PEOPLE MUST REVERSE THIS DELIBERATE HOLD ON PUBLIC POLICY BY WHAT ARE NOW SIMPLY PRODUCT MILLS----OUR IVY LEAGUE UNIVERSITIES LIKE JOHNS HOPKINS. Hopkins was found to do the same----students even complained openly about how everyone was able to attain a high grade. This is the source of loss of rigor in classrooms and student lessons----this same ethos is carried into Baltimore and Maryland public schools. This is the degrading of our once strong, well-educated citizenry Leaked! Harvard’s Grading Rubric By NATHANIEL STEIN DEC. 14, 2013 A longtime government professor at Harvard lashed out Tuesday at what he deemed a system of rampant grade inflation after learning that students are receiving mainly A’s. — The Boston Globe, Dec. 4 From: The Dean of Harvard College To: The Faculty In light of the controversy regarding so-called grade inflation, please take a moment to review the grading guidelines rubric, reproduced below: ¶ The A+ grade is used only in very rare instances for the recognition of truly exceptional achievement. For example: A term paper receiving the A+ is virtually indistinguishable from the work of a professional, both in its choice of paper stock and its font. The student’s command of the topic is expert, or at the very least intermediate, or beginner. Nearly every single word in the paper is spelled correctly; those that are not can be reasoned out phonetically within minutes. Content from Wikipedia is integrated with precision. The paper contains few, if any, death threats. A few things can disqualify an otherwise worthy paper from this exceptional honor: 1) Plagiarism, unless committed with extraordinary reluctance. 2) The paper has been doused in blood or another liquid, unless dousing was requested by the instructor. 3) The paper was submitted late (with reasonable leeway — but certainly by no more than one or two years). An overall course grade of A+ is reserved for those students who have not only demonstrated outstanding achievement in coursework but have also asked very nicely. Finally, the A+ grade is awarded to all collages, dioramas and other art projects. ¶ The instructor may at her discretion supplement the A+ with one or two additional pluses (A++ or A+++). This grade is known as the A+ with garlands. Garlands are generally awarded for no reason. ¶ The A grade, still exceptional, is reserved for work that is nearly as excellent as that receiving the A+ and that would receive the higher grade if not for some minor and easily excused flaw, such as that the student is not enrolled at Harvard. ¶ The A– grade is awarded to work that, while very good, is nevertheless diminished by a significant flaw that cannot be completely overlooked. For example, a final examination receiving the A– might be impeccable, except for having been left blank. Or the student filled in the test, but did so according to no discernible pattern, while screaming like a maniac. An A– term paper might offer an original analysis of a complex topic, but exist only within the imagination of the instructor or the student, or, in some rare instances, both. In cases where an assignment falls precisely on the border between A and A–, the instructor should err on the side of awarding an A+ with garlands. ¶ The B+ grade is reserved for students who have committed assault. ¶ The B grade may be awarded as a joke, before being replaced with a higher grade, so long as the instructor has checked with the registrar that the student’s psychological profile permits practical jokes of a cruel nature. ¶ Contrary to “urban legend,” grades lower than B do exist, and should be awarded without hesitation to any and all work submitted by farm animals. The only people using the term 'elite' when talking about Ivy League are the people tied to these universities. Now, with International Economic Zone and Trans Pacific Trade Pact policies tied to making global markets of all of our state universities who are marketing for the BEST OF THE BEST IN THE WORLD----which means----who is rich enough to pay the most----we are seeing the same class structures form in the US as exist in third world nations. Obama and Clinton neo-liberals in Congress made the last several years about Federal stimulus that built mostly Ivy League university facilities into those who will control this idea of US International Economic Zones----this is true in Baltimore where Hopkins is that Ivy League who is engulfing all our private and public universities into their system because-----they are supposed to dominate in this coming NEW WORLD ORDER. Now we hear in Baltimore citizens must attach themselves to Hopkins in order to be employed or somehow protected from what being a third world US International Economic Zone will be. There is already that sense of a Hopkins employee being more secure than others. I know for a fact that very few Baltimore citizens want that-----see this is a positive----and this drives the voter feelings in 2016---- DISCONNECTING ALL BALTIMORE CITY AGENCIES FROM GLOBAL CORPORATIONS WHICH IN ALMOST ALL CASES ARE HOPKINS OR PARTNERED WITH HOPKINS. OP-ED: The Chinese elite at Columbia Editor’s note, Dec. 15, 2015, 7:05 p.m.: It has come to our attention that one of the images that was originally made to accompany this op-ed bore a resemblance to the Japanese Rising Sun Flag. Though the flag has a complicated history, for many people around the globe it is negatively associated with imperialism and oppression. We apologize for not realizing beforehand the associations this image has, and we have since removed it from the op-ed. We also realize that an earlier version of this piece did not adequately identify it as opinion content. We have since adjusted the headline accordingly. Our boarding school backgrounds, our posh accents, our stylish outfits—in my experience, American students are often astonished by us Chinese internationals. What they expect to see, I think, are the sensitive and studious Chinese déclassés who flooded into American engineering programs after the Cultural Revolution and campus upheavals of the 1980s. It is impossible to ignore the difference between those students—those who marched off to the United States, scholarships in hand, with the goal of promoting their extended families’ quality of life—and us. We’ve been sent off by our politically influential families to get precious Ivy League diplomas straight out of boarding schools. This glamorous exterior, however, only conceals people who are struggling with the dysfunctionalities, injustices, and hypocrisies of the Communist Party system. The contrast between the lofty Communist Party line our parents defend and the reality of the human depravity we witness in our lives forces our descent into depression, drug abuse, and all too often suicide. People who don’t see this might envy our upscale lives. They view our weekend trips to Aspen, Colorado, or the Bahamas as mere excursions, as if our private jets simply shuttle us from one party to the next. As if our exotic summer travels are just about where we get to go, not about the political system we get to stay away from. They see our impeccable style—clothes from Alaïa, Jil Sander, or Valentino—and don’t recognize the self-hate that comes with our self-enhancement. And of course, they know we can study whatever subject we want. We don’t feel the pressure to find a lucrative job after graduation. On the surface, we are popular, right? No. At the center of the party, amid the sycophantic small talk, we are very, very alone. We Chinese “elite” are islands in the sea: No one comes in, no one goes out. Our luxury, our lavishness, and our libertinage are grapplings for a sense of fulfillment, of belonging. We are disconnected from other students, other Chinese people, even ourselves. True, there are thousands of Chinese graduate students at Columbia, and more than a billion Chinese people on Earth. We come from the core of a political machine, the Chinese Communist Party, that deeply influences the Chinese people. Yet we, the Chinese elite, are fundamentally unable to communicate with them. There exist two realities; an impermeable line separates us Chinese elite and the Chinese students from different-class families. Fundamental differences in our upbringing––differences in wealth, in the ways we access information––erect difficult barriers of communication between us. How can we understand the hardships they overcame to make their way to Columbia? How can we understand the pragmatism of their career goals, when we have these four years to find some fulfillment and escape before we return to the belly of the Communist regime? How can they understand the pessimism and the depression that results from this expectation when all they might see of Chinese politics is what the party allows them to, while we witness the tragedy and self-deception of high society? Even as the free flow of information in the United States exposes many Chinese people to the realities of our country’s horrific past, they seem to show little interest in publicly discussing the crimes––like the Tiananmen Square Massacre or today’s proliferating organ harvests––that have been hidden from them, and they fail to understand the crosses that we, the beneficiaries of the Communist takeover, must bear. When the glimmer of our lifestyles dulls for a bit, it is not as if we do not wish to be them. It is not as if, in those moments, we don’t long for the ordinary epiphany, the static exhilaration, the popular revelation of being one of them. However, the fact is that most of us have long given up on that hope. Discarded to boarding schools at early ages, we see the political lives and the arranged marriages that our families will prepare for us, and we resign ourselves to our fate. In other words, Columbia is a utopia. As with all utopias, we cherish it for its transience. Our dissatisfaction stems from a clash between our inherited Chinese values and the Western ideals to which we were exposed at boarding school. The values we inherit from our homeland are values of conformity. The “model worker” is ready to work selflessly wherever he is sent, never thinking of reward, treating natural human emotions as nothing more than an unavoidable irritation. It symbolizes the official ethical ideal and is, in fact, the highest decoration given by the Chinese Communist Party. How can this ideal, in which even our parents do not fully believe, not be shattered by the individualistic thinking we encounter at boarding schools and Columbia? The three essential currents of Western civilization we study in Literature Humanities at Columbia are foreign to the basic demand of Communist conformity: the classical world, the Church, and the emergence of national states through war and conquest. We are caught between the worlds of Socratic seminar methods that encourage students to question and Chinese blind obedience. All of the West’s ethical, social, and legal concepts are imprinted into our elite Ivy League education. At boarding schools and Columbia, we live with amazement that we have been mistaken about nearly everything having to do with China, its history, its people, its faith, the roots of its culture, and the imprints—still visible, still warm—of that culture on the Chinese past and on the mind and character of the people. It is therefore natural for us to develop a strong favoritism toward Western civilization. The numerous lies in Chinese textbooks and newspapers have made it nearly impossible to trust any official ideology in China anymore. So we reject our Communist values and do our best not to associate with the system. As a matter of fact, we try not to think about it at all. In public we continue to speak of the importance of “personal sacrifice for the sake of social welfare,” but do not practice it. We seek as much as possible to avoid all bureaucracy, all “social work.” In short, the defensive statement released in the Harvard Crimson three years ago by Bo Guagua, a son of deposed Communist Party leader Bo Xilai, is not a rare case. We use every honest and dishonest means at our disposal to protect our private lives from the cumbersome intrusion of the so-called Chinese totalitarian system. The ideal successors of Chinese Communism are prepared to offer themselves up to the cause of Communist triumph, and they belong to the past. They are dead, undone by the visible gap between word and deed, between ideology and reality. While studying abroad in the Ivy League, they are dependent on the regime, and use it as a kind of feeding trough for money. What they love in their country is their family’s connections to the ruling Communist Party, which overrules their pride to be Chinese. After becoming better acquainted with the works of Western literature studied in Literature Humanities, they refuse to even look at a single Chinese book. They excuse themselves on the grounds that the Chinese language is crude and unpleasant. This excuse is worse than the refusal itself. They think that “ideology” and “identity” cannot be expressed in their mother tongue, and that it is not worth the effort of mastering it. Equipped with the elitist mindset they acquired while in boarding school, they regard their compatriots much as Rome regarded the cities that surrounded it: equally ready for alliance or war with the Chinese political machine, they choose one or the other on the basis of self-interest. However, you would be mistaken to think that this change of heart is permanent. In the end, this newfound individualism and defiance of ours will crumble like those selfsame Roman walls as we graduate and expectations and simple familiarity draw us back into the Communist system. In the end, our denunciation is an charade, a lie to others and ourselves, and the certainty of our eventual capitulation hovers over our lives. We will continue to benefit from the exploitation we now find so repulsive, and praise in high tones the Communist tropes we find so hollow as they issue from our families’ mouths. We still fight back when we can, though. Rebellion comes in many forms, such as Jang Kung-song, the only daughter between Jang Song-thaek, a former leading figure in the North Korean regime and his wife, Kim Kyong-hui, the current North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong-un’s aunt, who killed herself by overdosing on sleeping pills in Paris. Rebellion also comes in the form of my cousin Fabian, a graduate of Andover and Dartmouth, who also committed suicide. Yet how can I understand a person driven to suicide by the demons of individualism, asceticism, or despair, when I myself am in love with asceticism and individualism? When in myself there is nothing that I love more than my own individualism and privilege of studying the humanities and social sciences at one of the most prestigious American universities, when I, and almost everyone I know, am trailed by a gnawing shadow of similar allure? The New York Times columnist Ian Johnson translated a popular blog post on Chinese social media immediately after a deadly train accident in 2012. He pictured China as a flying train and urged, “China, please stop your flying pace, wait for your people, wait for your soul, wait for your morality, wait for your conscience! Don’t let the train run out off track, don’t let the bridges collapse, don’t let the roads become traps, don’t let houses become ruins. Walk slowly, allowing every life to have freedom and dignity. No one should be left behind by our era.” Yet there is no clear response from Chinese political leadership, just a recorded train station announcement. The rattling of the wheels, growing louder every year, is nothing more than the nearly unnoticeable sound of political reformation. The train, around which “the rent air thunders and becomes wind,” is racing straight at us. When the people rush to us, the highly Westernized Chinese elite who are presently still students, we are struck by certain death under the train’s mad wheels.

Although the existence of proteasomes in human blood, termed circulating proteasomes (c-proteasomes), has been reported previously, their origin and pathophysiological functions remain largely unknown. Given that c-proteasome activity was significantly reduced in Alzheimer’s disease model mice and relatively high frequency of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is accompanied by chronic tinnitus in aged patients, we examined whether c-proteasome activity in human plasma was associated with cognitive function in patients with chronic tinnitus. c-Proteasome activity in the plasma of tinnitus patients (N = 55) was measured with fluorogenic reporter substrate, suc-LLVY-AMC. To assess MCI, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment was conducted with a cut-off score of 22/23. All patients underwent audiological and psychoacoustic analyses. Levels of c-proteasomes, Aβ42, and Aβ40 were measured using ELISA, and their association with c-proteasome activity was evaluated. The activity of circulating proteasomes was significantly lower in patients with chronic tinnitus and MCI (p = 0.042), whereas activities of other plasma enzymes showed little correlation. In addition, c-proteasome activity was negatively associated with the level of plasma Aβ and was directly dependent on its own concentration in the plasma of patients with chronic tinnitus. Our current work provides a new perspective for understanding the potential relationship between circulating proteasomes in the plasma and cognitive dysfunction, suggesting a novel, non-invasive biomarker in the context of MCI diagnosis. The ubiquitin-proteasome system degrades the majority of proteins in the cell, thereby regulating the half-lives of various regulatory proteins and removing misfolded and potentially toxic proteins . The proteasome is the sole ATP-dependent protease in the eukaryotic cytoplasm and irreversibly and simultaneously hydrolyzes multiple peptide bonds of the target protein. The 26S proteasome consists of two functionally distinct protein compartments: the core complex (20S) and the regulatory complex (19S) . The 20S proteasome contains six catalytic sites in its cylinder-shaped active site. The 19S proteasome performs diverse functions, including recognizing, unfolding, and translocating of substrates into the 20S proteasome. The 20S proteasome can degrade disordered proteins without requiring substrate ubiquitination and participates in cellular surveillance against oxidative and proteotoxic stress . A significant proportion of proteasomes in the cell exist as both the 20S and 26S forms . Although intracellular protein homeostasis (i.e., proteostasis) mechanisms have received the most attention in various pathophysiological contexts, many proteopathies, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), type II diabetes, and age-related macular degeneration, originate from accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins in the extracellular regions of the human body . The recent identification of circulating chaperones and ubiquitin suggests the presence of an extracellular protein quality control system that antagonizes pathological processes in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid [6–8]. Indeed, there has been recent growing evidence that the interaction between amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and ubiquitin has been hailed as a significant determinant for its clearance pathways . Although several studies have reported the possible links between circulating proteasomes (c-proteasomes) in the plasma with various disease states, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma , extracellular proteasomes have not been characterized in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. Tinnitus is a common and potentially debilitating condition that is characterized by conscious auditory perception in the absence of an external stimulus . Peripheral auditory deafferentation and maladaptive cortical plasticity have been suggested as etiological mechanisms for the development of tinnitus . Recent studies have suggested a potential association between chronic tinnitus and cognitive deficits [14–17]. For example, the diagnostic criteria of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were met with a relatively high prevalence in aged patients with chronic tinnitus, at approximately 17% . Considering the substantial risk of patients with MCI advancing to dementia, particularly of the Alzheimer type [18, 19], there is a need for an effective biomarker predicting MCI or early AD for patients with chronic tinnitus and the aged. Many causative proteins, including Aβ and tau, have been identified in the plasma of patients with AD and are proposed to be early-stage biomarkers [20–22]. Over the course of biochemically characterizing c-proteasomes, we observed that the enzymatic activity of c-proteasomes was significantly reduced in multiple lines of AD model mice, which led us to hypothesize that c-proteasome activity in the plasma might have prognostic significance potentially correlated with the status of cognitive deficits. The association of c-proteasome activity with cognitive deficits was recapitulated in patients with chronic tinnitus. In this study, we showed that the enzymatic activity of c-proteasomes positively correlated with its own levels but negatively correlated with Aβ40 levels in the plasma. Thus, these results provide for better understanding the potential relationship between c-proteasomes in the plasma and cognitive dysfunction and suggest a novel, non-invasive biomarker in the context of early MCI diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the Seoul National University Hospital Institutional Review Board and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (IRB No. 10-2018-35). We prospectively recruited patients with chronic tinnitus, over 50 years old who were admitted to the Seoul National University Boramae Medical Centre between January 2010 and October 2018. Only patients in whom baseline cognitive test and blood sampling for c-proteasome activity measurement were performed were included. Additionally, samples exhibiting more than 33.3% difference in c-proteasome activity from the technical duplicates and positive for serology tests were further excluded from our analysis. Moreover, patients with 1) hearing loss >70 dB hearing level (dB HL) in at least one ear (calculated by averaging the pure tone thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz), 2) pulsatile tinnitus, Ménière’s disease, and otosclerosis, 3) any psychiatric or neurological disorders, history of drug or alcohol abuse, and chronic headache were further excluded from this study. Audiological and psychoacoustic evaluations At the initial visit, a structured history of the characteristics of tinnitus on the affected side and the psychoacoustic nature of tinnitus was obtained. All patients underwent psychoacoustic tests of tinnitus, such as tinnitus pitch matching, tinnitus loudness matching, and the minimum masking level test. In addition, the hearing thresholds for seven different octaves (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 kHz) were evaluated using pure tone audiometry (PTA). The hearing threshold average was determined by calculating the four frequencies at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz and the hearing level was categorized as mild (20–40 dB), moderate (41–55 dB), moderate to severe (56–70 dB), severe (71–90 dB), or profound (>90 dB), based on the average of hearing thresholds. As described in our previous report , the hearing threshold corresponding to the tinnitus affected side was determined for analysis. We documented the mean hearing threshold in the dominant tinnitus side, provided that the patients had bilateral tinnitus. The perceived tinnitus handicap was measured using not only THI but also visual analogue scale scores in terms of tinnitus loudness, annoyance, awareness, and effect of life during daytime. All patients underwent a battery of neurocognitive tests, including three questionnaires at the initial visit: Korean version of the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Korean version of the Lawton instrumental activities of daily living scale (IADL), and MoCA. Specifically, the MoCA test, which evaluates attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuoconstructional skills, conceptual thinking, calculation, and orientation, was conducted. MoCA is a rapid-screening, neurocognitive test for MCI, where it scores from 0 to 30. Based on the excellent sensitivity (89%) and good specificity (84%) of MoCA when applying the cut-off value of 22, we decided to define MCI as having an MoCA score below 23, in this study. Generation of APP/PS1 was as previously described . To generate APP/PS1/Tau-BiFC transgenic mouse, hemizygous APP/PS1 mice harboring APPswe and PSEN1M146V, were crossed with hemizygous TauP301L-BiFC mice that express the human TauP301L-BiFC (TauP301L-VC155 and TauP301L-VN173) . Littermates that were negative for the APPswe, PSEN1M146V, and TauP301L-BiFC were used for wild-type control. Both APP/PS1 and TauP301L-BiFC mice were bred and maintained on a hybrid C57BL6/C3H background. Mice were housed on a 12:12 h light-dark cycle in pathogen-free facilities at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology. Animal protocols followed the principles and practices outlined in the approved guidelines by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST-2019-032). Genotyping of transgenic mice Mice were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of tail DNA. TauP301L-BiFC transgene was identified with the following sets of primers: PCR primers for TauP301L-VN173, forward 5′-CACATGAAGCAGCACGACTTCTTCA-3′ and reverse 5′-TGACTGTACCAGGTACAGG CACAGT-3′; for TauP301L-VC155, forward 5′-GAGAAGCGCGATCACATGGT-3′ and reverse 5′-AGGTACAGGCACAGTCCAAC-3′; for APPswe gene, forward 5′-AGGACTGACCACTCGACCAG-3′ and reverse 5′-CCGGGGTCTAGTTCTGCAT-3′; and for PSEN1M146V gene, forward 5′-AATAGAGAACGGCAGGAGCA-3′ and reverse 5′-GCCATGAGG GCACTAATCAT-3′. Whole blood (5 mL) was separately collected and divided into two EDTA vacuum tubes, as technical duplicates. Each tube was subsequently processed entirely independently. Plasma was isolated by centrifugation at 1,600 rpm with a benchtop centrifuge for 10 min and aliquoted into 1.5 mL tubes in volumes of 0.5–1 mL and stored at –80°C until further analysis. Plasma showed more reliable proteasome activity and resistance against freeze-thaw cycles than the serum or whole blood. Hemolytic samples were discarded after visual or luminol inspection. Native gel electrophoresis Native gel analysis using purified proteasomes or cell lysates was performed as previously described . Samples were resolved by native-PAGE using NuPAGE™ 3–8% Tris-Acetate Protein Gels (Thermo-Fisher) at 150 V for 3–4 h. Native gels were incubated in the in-gel activity assay buffer (20 mM Tris, 1 mM ATP, 5 mM MgCl2, and 100 μM suc-LLVY-AMC) for visualizing proteasomes. After the in-gel hydrolysis assay, proteins were transferred from the gel to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes for subsequent immunoblotting analysis. Measurement of plasma Aβ levels The levels of plasma Aβ42 and Aβ40 were quantified using the INNO-BIA plasma Aβ forms kit (Japan), largely with the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, the plasma samples were diluted 3-fold in the plasma diluent buffer. After washing the plate, 100μL of Aβ antibody-coated beads solution was transferred to the filter plate. Thereafter, 25μL of conjugate 1 working solution A and 75μL of samples, standards, blanks, controls were loaded. After overnight incubation at 4°C, the plate was washed again and 100μL of the detection solution was added to the wells of the plate. The plate was incubated at room temperature for 1 h and then washed again. Finally, the reading solution was added to each well. The plate was read using the Luminex xMAP technology (Bioplex 200 systems; Bio-Rad, USA). Measurement of proteasome activity and levels Hydrolysis of the fluorogenic peptide suc-LLVY-AMC (7-amino-4-methylcoumarin; Bachem) was kinetically measured to determine the proteolytic activity of the chymotrypsin-like sites on the proteasome, as previously described [26, 27]. Briefly, 20μL of human plasma and 250μM of suc-LLVY-AMC in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mg/mL BSA, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM ATP, and 1 mM DTT were used. Samples exhibiting more than 33.3% difference in c-proteasome activity from the technical duplicates were excluded from further analysis. Circulating proteasome levels were calculated with standards of purified 20S proteasome activity and measured with the proteasome ELISA kit (Enzo Life Sciences), as previously described . All the analyses employed and illustrated used the GraphPad Prism (ver. 5.03, GraphPad Software). Results are presented as mean±standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance of difference between groups was determined by Student’s t-test, Welch’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. According to normal distribution of data, Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis was employed. p-values of <0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Identifying c-proteasomes in the plasma as active 20S complexes To characterize extracellular proteasomes in the plasma, we first tested the mouse plasma. Mouse plasma showed strong proteasome activity, as measured by the hydrolysis of the reporter substrate suc-LLVY-AMC, which is specific for the chymotrypsin-like peptidase activity of the 20S proteasome but is generally regarded to represent overall proteasome activity (Fig. 1a). Carefully separated human plasma, using EDTA tubes, also exhibited robust c-proteasome activity (see below). Addition of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 effectively inhibited the assay (>85% inhibition; Fig. 1a), indicating that the activity mostly originated from the proteasomes in the plasma, and not from nonspecific blood proteases. The structural integrity of the c-proteasome complex was analyzed using non-denaturing (native) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the subsequent in-gel activity analysis. Purified human proteasomes and whole cell lysates from mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed signals from intact 26S particles, whereas no proteasome holoenzymes were detected in the mouse plasma (Fig. 1b). When sodium dodecyl sulfate was added to activate the 20S complex , the mouse plasma generated fluorescence signals from suc-LLVY-AMC hydrolysis by the 20S complex. This was also confirmed by immunoblotting analysis using an antibody against PSMB6, a 20S subunit (Fig. 1b). Consistent with this, c-proteasome activity from mouse plasma was significantly stimulated in the presence of purified 19S complex largely in a dose-dependent manner, which represents the de novo assembly of the 20S and 19S subunits, forming the highly functional 26S proteasome (Fig. 1c). Taken together, these results indicated that the 20S, and not the 26S, proteasomes exist as an intact complex, also implying that they might be a constitutive component of the blood protein pool and potentially reflect many aspects of physiological functions. Reduced plasma proteasome activity in mouse AD models We next assessed whether the activity of c-proteasome in the plasma was linked to the progression of AD using various mouse models. Transgenic mice with a hyperactivated Aβ cascade through overexpression of the mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) showed no significant difference from age-matched wild-type controls in c-proteasome activity (Fig. 1d). In contrast, in AD model mice overexpressing mutant tau, such as tau fused with bimolecular fluorescence complementation (tau-BiFC), and triple transgenic mice (APP, PS1, and tau-BiFC (3×TG)) , c-proteasome activity decreased compared to controls (Unpaired t-test, p = 0.040 and = 0.026, respectively; N = 9) (Fig. 1d). These AD model mice developed age-dependent synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss as well as Aβ and tau deposition [32, 33]. Therefore, these data may suggest that reduced c-proteasome activity in the plasma might be predictive of early stage AD progression. Significant association between c-proteasome activity and MCI in tinnitus patients Given the relatively high prevalence of MCI among elderly patients with chronic tinnitus , it was hypothesized that c-proteasome activity measured in those patients might serve as an indicator of cognitive decline. Initially, 122 subjects with chronic tinnitus and over 50-year old were enrolled as per our inclusion criteria (Fig. 2). Eighteen patients were excluded due to incomplete data and positive serology test. Of the remaining 104 patients, 20 (19.23%) were disqualified because of unreliable c-proteasome activity, leaving only 84 patients with chronic tinnitus that were eligible for this study. Furthermore, 28 patients with severe or severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss and one patient with outlier value of c-proteasome (i.e., >2SD over average) were excluded to minimize the confounding factors associated with cognitive deficits; ultimately, 55 patients were included for analyses. When stratified to the presence and absence of MCI, 5 patients with chronic tinnitus had additional MCI (MCI group), while the remaining 50 patients with chronic tinnitus had no evidence of MCI (non-MCI group). To assess MCI, the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) was conducted with a cut-off score of 22/23. There were no significant differences in age, tinnitus duration, and mean hearing threshold between the two groups (Fig. 3a). Analysis using other neurocognition scales, such as the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) also showed comparable results. As shown in Fig. 3b, the degree of tinnitus severity, except for visual analogue scale annoyance, also did not differ between the groups. Similarly, the tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) score appeared mildly higher (without statistical significance) in the MCI group than that in the non-MCI group (Fig. 3b). Nonetheless, the correlation between tinnitus severity, based upon the THI and MoCA scores, was replicated (data not shown), as in our previous report . As anticipated, the MCI group exhibited significantly lower scores in multiple subdomains of MoCA, including education, visuospatial execution, attention, and delayed recall areas, compared with the non-MCI group (Fig. 3b). Overall, these data indicated that most variables were controlled to compare the plasma c-proteasome activity between the two groups. Using fluorogenic reporter substrates we employed in the previous assay, we measured c-proteasome activity from patients and found a significantly reduced plasma c-proteasome activity in patients in the MCI group (N = 5), compared with patients in the non-MCI group (N = 50, p = 0.008 by t-test with Welch’s correction; Fig. 3d). No significant correlation was detected between c-proteasome and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (Fig. 3e) or glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (Fig. 3f) activities, suggesting that c-proteasome activity in the plasma may be specifically linked to cognitive decline in patients with chronic tinnitus. Indeed, upon fluorogenic reporter substrates, the Control group consisting of healthy subjects had significantly higher plasma c-proteasome activity, as compared with the MCI (p = 0.009 by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s test) and non-MCI groups (p = 0.04 by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s test) (Supplementary Figure 1). Moreover, these results implied that the changes of c-proteasome activity in the plasma might originate from active extracellular secretion [29, 34], but not from passive release from ruptured cells. MCI, especially in its amnestic form, is known to convert into AD dementia in 10–15% of the cases, requiring prompt diagnosis of cognitive deficits and eventual intervention to delay progression of AD. In this regard, our findings posed many interesting questions with implications for the diagnosis of MCI and its relationship to cognitive deterioration over time. Significant correlation between c-proteasome activity with its plasma level We initially predicted that reduced c-proteasome activity would originate from the “clogging” of the active sites of the proteasome by excess loading of AD-related, non-degradable proteins. However, we found that c-proteasome levels, measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, dynamically varied and strongly correlated with plasma c-proteasome activity (Spearman’s correlation, N = 55, ρ= 0.366, and p = 0.006; Fig. 4a). These results reflected that the number of proteasomes in the extracellular space was directly responsible for the observed activity change in patients with MCI, instead of being mediated by other inhibitory mechanisms. The plasma proteasome concentrations presented here were similar to the results from other studies, ranging from 0.4–2.4μg/mL (equivalent to ∼0.5–3 nM of the 20S complexes) [29, 34, 36–38]. Unlike the clear association between Aβ levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and AD diagnosis, the association between Aβ levels in the plasma and the diagnosis of MCI and AD is disputable. Using the plasma of patients with chronic tinnitus (N = 55), we only found a modest, but not statistically significant, association of Aβ40 or Aβ42 levels with MoCA scores (Supplementary Figure 2A). However, we observed that plasma Aβ40 levels negatively correlated with c-proteasome activity and levels (p = 0.049 and 0.004, respectively, by Spearman correlation analysis; Fig. 4b, c). This result fits well with recent reports suggesting that Aβ is a proteasome substrate and that its degradation may be enhanced by specific molecules acting on gating 20S mechanisms . Aβ42 levels also exhibited significant negative correlation with c-proteasomes activity (p = 0.026), but only little correlated with c-proteasome levels, possibly due to its lower concentration than Aβ40 in the plasma [40, 41] (Supplementary Figures 2B, C). Instead, Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios significantly correlated with c-proteasome amounts in human plasma (p = 0.033; Supplementary Figure 2C-ii). It is notable that ∼20-fold more proteasomes exist in the plasma than Aβ peptides (∼0.7 nM versus ∼0.04 nM from our study). Although a study with a larger cohort population is required to confirm these results, our data collectively suggest that c-proteasome activity from blood plasma, which is significantly correlated with the MCI status and Aβ40 levels, may have prognostic relevance as a biomarker of cognitive decline. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to explore the role of c-proteasome activity and its concentration in determining the presence of MCI among patients with chronic tinnitus. Notably, the findings presented herein replicate those of mouse AD models overexpressing mutant tau, demonstrating that c-proteasome activity from patients with chronic tinnitus and MCI was significantly reduced. What merited our attention was the fact that c-proteasome activity in patients with chronic tinnitus was largely dependent on its concentration in blood plasma. Given this, we speculate that cellular proteasomes can be actively released via unconventional secretory mechanisms , and that these proteasomes, like the 20S complex, may play a critical role in the selective degradation of misfolded or aggregation-prone proteins in the extracellular space. As proteasome concentration in the cell is relatively high (∼150 nM in the cytoplasm and ∼900 nM in the nucleus , which is at least >200-fold higher than the c-proteasome concentration measured in this study), a dynamic alteration of c-proteasome concentration is readily achievable by activating these exporting system. Considering the size of 20S proteasomes as a cargo molecule, they are expected to be packaged into membrane-bound organelles, such as autophagosomes, lysosomes, or exosomes, for unconventional extracellular secretion . Although it is known that pathologic Aβ and tau in the peripheral blood mainly originate from the brain through the disrupted blood-brain barrier, the origin of c-proteasomes remains unclear. Reduced c-proteasome level and activity in patients with MCI are possibly related with defective proteasome secretion via membrane-less vesicles when cells are under chronic proteostatic stress. Alternatively, in light of the fact that intracellular proteasome activity was significantly reduced in postmortem human brains affected with AD and other neurodegenerative diseases [44, 45], it might be possible that the secretion mechanism is intact but only inactivated proteasomes as a result of disrupted blood-brain barrier might be secreted. The origin of c-proteasomes remains to be determined. Reduced c-proteasome level and activity in patients with MCI are possibly related the intact, fully-functional complex to individual substrates. Therefore, changes in c-proteasomes activity may function as a surrogate marker that allows to predict the progression of pathologic protein accumulation inside the cell. It is worth noting that tinnitus mostly stems from hearing loss. As the human brain works in a Bayesian manner to minimize uncertainty for external stimuli, the deafferented brain due to hearing loss attempts to obtain or “fill in” the missing auditory information. This results in the perception of auditory phantoms (i.e., tinnitus) . Recent studies have shown that AD mice also manifest hearing loss, suggesting that the AD pathology could occur in the auditory neural pathway [46–48]. Specifically, APP/PS1 AD mice had an early onset of hearing loss, which was detectable as early as 2 months in the high-frequencies . Given this, AD mice may exhibit the auditory phenotype with tinnitus, similar to that in our prospectively recruited chronic tinnitus cohort. However, we could detect a significant correlation between c-proteasome activity between wild-type and AD model mice only after they became 12 months old (Fig. 1d). Therefore, there is a discrepancy in terms of the manifestation state of c-proteasome activity reduction between mouse and human. Whether this originates from the intrinsic limitation of transgenic AD models or other mechanisms such as c-proteasome release and clearance is to be determined. With a growing body of evidence indicating a potential association between tinnitus and cognitive deficits, chronic tinnitus, which typically results from auditory deafferentation, might be implicated by the dysfunctional protein quality mechanism in the circulatory system. Interestingly, a recent animal study showed that proteasome inhibitor increases auditory hair cell and neuronal damages, which is mediated by the extent of peroxisome dysfunction . Since peroxisome dynamics acts as an antioxidant defense mechanism against oxidative stress, such as noise exposure, the reduced proteasome activity as evidenced by MCI group may be more sensitive to peroxisome dysfunction, which, in turn, results in auditory hair cell and neuronal damages even in an environment with ambient background noise . These findings are in line with several clinical reports where hearing loss and tinnitus are often, if not always, manifested among patients treated with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib . Although the specific origin and secretion mechanism that accounts for the reduced c-proteasome activity in the MCI group remain elusive, a damaged ubiquitin-proteasome system due to disrupted proteostasis may contribute to auditory phenotypes, such as hearing loss and tinnitus. There are several limitations that should be addressed in the follow-up clinical studies. First, we enrolled tinnitus subjects with normal hearing to moderate hearing loss. Although we aimed to minimize the confounding effect of hearing loss, mild or moderate hearing loss has been shown to associate with cognitive impairment, leading to dementia [52, 53]. Second, the present study was designed to be a cross-sectional study consisting of a relatively small number of cases. The small number of cases in the MCI group may cause a bias in obtaining significant statistical power. To validate the exact role of c-proteasome activity for predicting cognitive deterioration, a prospective study from a large population is currently in progress. Lastly, the specific origin of c-proteasomes in the plasma remains to be determined. Given the reciprocal relationship between tinnitus and cognition in terms of auditory selective attention and working memory , it would be desirable to include a control group consisting of patients with MCI who do not show audiological phenotypes. Nevertheless, our results pave the way for understanding the potential relationship between c-proteasome activity and MCI, and potentially early-stage AD. A simple measurement of c-proteasome activity, as a non-invasive blood-based biomarker, may provide an important tool in the diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction and selection of subjects requiring its prevention or treatment among patients with chronic tinnitus. Considering the importance of proteasomes in protein quality control, it will be of great interest to understand their ability in the extracellular region to promote the clearance of aggregation-prone proteins and their pathophysiological roles. This work was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation (2016M3C7A1913895, 2019R1A2B5B02069530, and 2020R1A5A1019023 to M.J.L., 2016M3C7A1913845 to Y.K.K., 2019R1A6A3A01094785 to W.H.C., and 2019R1A2C1005987 to J.H.L.), the National Research Council of Science & Technology (CRC-15-04-KIST to Y.K.K) the Convergence Research Grant through Seoul Municipal Boramae Medical Center (02-2018-5 to Y.H.K.), the Basic-Clinical Collaborative Research grant through Seoul National University College of Medicine (800-20190257 to Y.H.K. and 800-20190258 to M.J.L.), and the Creative-Pioneering Researchers Program through Seoul National University (to M.J.L.). Authors’ disclosures available online (https://www.j-alz.com/manuscript-disclosures/20-0728r2). Glickman MH , Ciechanover A (2002) The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway: Destruction for the sake of construction. Physiol Rev 82, 373–428. 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Of all the forms of traditional Japanese literature that have gained sustained appreciation in the West, the shortest of the various traditional Japanese verse forms, the haiku, written in seventeen syllables (broken down into patterns of 5-7-5), has become the most widely appreciated. American school children study and write them in their literature classes. The famous "frog poem" of Matsuo Bashō has been quoted again and again as a superior example of how much a short poem can suggest. Furu ike ya The ancient pond- A frog leaps in. mizu no oto The sound of the water. (Translation by Donald Keene) Bashō (he usually goes by his "artistic name," rather then by his family name, Matsuo) was born in 1644 and died in 1694. He took the haiku form, which as yet showed little in the way of high literary accomplishment when he was a young man, and turned it into a surprising vehicle for a touching, often profound means of high artistic expression. For most readers and writers of haiku in Japan, he remains the greatest, and most daring, poet of all. Writing haiku in English has by now become a tradition in itself, with its own rules and possibilities, many of them based on the possibilities of our language. In the traditional Japanese form, however, there were established a number of set regulations that were almost always followed by haiku practitioners. Here, by way of example, is a simple example of the rules that Bashō himself adopted and which are, on the whole, still followed today in Japan. Each poem is to include four elements, chosen for their congruence with the larger subject of the poem. - location (in a general sense) - time of day - the "atmosphere" which the poem is to suggest or elucidate. Take this striking poem from the beginning of one of Bashō's celebrated travel diaries, The Record of a Weather-exposed Skeleton (Nozarashi kikō), composed sometime after his trip of 1684-5. Determined to fall kokoro ni kaze no A weather-exposed skeleton Shimu mi ka na I cannot help the sore wind Blowing through my heart. (Translation by Yuasa Nobuyuki)

No matter what kind of academic paper you need, it is simple and secure to hire an essay writer for a price you can afford at Graduate Writing. Save more time for yourself. In broad terms, a dissertation definition can be taken to be a document that is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a given degree. It is a document which authenticates the candidature for an academic degree or any other professional qualification. However, a dissertation definition cannot be complete without factoring in the fact that it is a document that above everything else, seeks to present the findings of the author’s research and explain the basis and implications of those findings. This is probably one of the most important roles of a dissertation. Getting the definition of a dissertation right is the first step towards coming up with a dissertation that is worth looking at.. At this point, it should not escape your knowledge that a dissertation definition can also be based on its components and purpose. If it happens to be a dissertation that is aimed at exploring an issue outside the academic realm, then the dissertation definition will not include the need to obtain a degree at the end of the day. Such a dissertation will dwell on the findings and not the literature that comes with it. In terms of composition, a dissertation definition must include such terms as introduction, statement of objectives, the body and conclusion. These are some of the most significant sections that must appear in any dissertation definition. A properly written dissertation must show course in the subject under investigation by ensuring that the thesis is justified. Our company does much more than just writing a dissertation that is grammatically correct. We know that this may not redeem you if the thesis, which is the bed- rock of your dissertation, is not properly validated. That is why our writers have been trained to make the very essence of your dissertation shine through.

Enjoy the memes trending on the internet these days? Have been making fun of your friend? Are you replying to easy things in sarcastic ways? Well!! These activities where you enjoy ridiculing others has a name. Yeah, it is called, SATIRE. What Exactly Is Satire? Satire can be defined as a genre of communication in which the follies and shortcomings of the individual, objects, norms etc are held to ridicule, not to insult but for the improvement of the society. It is meant to give constructive suggestions in a humorous tone to ensure that no one is offended by the content. Satire these days have found space in many artistic forms of expression, such as internet memes, literature, plays, commentary, television shows, and media such as lyrics. When you are assigned an essay task, it is quite interesting to frame a satirical content around it. It is quite challenging to find good topics to write a satire essay on, as these may turn to be offending at times. The experts at Instant Assignment Help have listed a few fields and some interesting topics that you can use for your satirical essay. Satire Essay Topics From Different Fields to Leave Your Audience Laughing Satire Essay Topics for College-Goers Since you are most probably addressing an audience that includes professors, it would be fun to work on something that is relatable with them. To ensure that your professors are pleased by the time you finish your essay, we are providing you a list of funniest satire topics. - Why Are You Often Late for an Interview? - How We Have a Threat of Artificial Intelligence Overpowering Us? - Getting Away with Criticizing Your Boss Without Being Caught. - Different Ways You Have Embarrassed Yourself in Front of Your Class. - Why Being Not so Favorite Student Is a Blessing in Disguise? - How Scary Would Be the World Without Internet? - Smart Work or Hard Work: What’s Your Choice? - Why Are Robots More Reliable and Efficient Workers than People? - Being a Student, How Google Has Made Your Life Easier? - Why Does Hard Work Not Reflect in the Paycheck? - How Overrated Is Freedom of Speech? - Introducing Equality by Paying Equal Wages. Political Satire Essay Topic The field offers a great opportunity for the satirical approach of uncomfortable political topics that can leave your audience amused and thoughtful at once. We have here created a list of some topics for a political satire presentation. Choose the one that suits you and if you face any problems reach to us!! - What Makes Our Politicians Credible? - Right to Vote and the Difference It Makes. - Why Should We Liberalize Visa Regimes? - What Makes Russia and America Top Allies? - Is Integrity Lost in the Current Political Scenario? - Do All Politicians Lie? - What Advantages Would Britain Get in the Current Brexit War? - Media Policies of North Korea a Disguised Truth of the Media Industry Around the Globe? - Emigrants or Politicians: Who’s the Bigger Threat? - How Many of Us Practice Our Right to Vote and Realize Its Importance? - Why Was the Great Wall of China Built? - The America Mexico Wall: Are Walls the New Peace Making Sources? - The Flaws of the Federal Government Social Satire Essay Topics No one can ever be fully satisfied with the society. 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These would reflect our perspective on the most critical concern of our lives. To discuss the issues, we have listed a few environmental satire topics. - What Makes Global Warming a Joke? - How to Maintain a Clean Environment Without Recycling? - The Three R’s of a Clean Environment and How It Works? - Switching to Public Transports Is an Effective Way of Confronting Global Warming. - What Would Be Life on the Planet Without the Ozone Layer? - Why Are Rivers Turning to Drainage Wastes Dumping Zones? - Overcrowded Burial Grounds: Reality or Rumor? - Making an Environment-Friendly Choice for Expanding Housing Projects. - Environmental Policies and Their Impact on Development of the Region. - How Desperately We Need Conventional Methods to Improve Soil Fertility? - Landslides and Soil Erosion: The Reality of Today’s World. - Different Water Conservation Methods to Store the Little Rainfall in the Deserts. Interesting Satire Essay Topics on Health and Medical Science Science and medicine play an interesting role in our day to day lives. It is vital that one takes these topics in a satirical manner and address the significant issues that are involved in the field. The importance of the field should not be compromised with while working on the satirical topics for the essay. - Why Is Plastic Surgery an Interesting Thing to Invest In? - Different Cancers That Doctors Are Struggling to Cure. - Breastfeeding a Practice For Healthy Mother and Child. - Why Should One Do Away With Vitamins and Minerals? - What One Eats Should Be the Determinant of a Person’s Body Weight. - Role of Music in Curing Diseases. - Moving to Space Should Be on Your Mind All the Time. - How to Avoid Getting a Cold on Winter Months? - Is Cure For HIV/AIDS a Reality? - Why Is US Government Struggling with Health Reforms? Sports Satire Topics Sports and leisure activities may have impressed you a lot, but it is important that you understand the evil in the field. It is important to throw light on the events that are downgrading the importance of the area in a funny and non-offensive manner. - How Soccer Matches Influence the Crowd to the extent That They Lead to Fights? - How Aggressive People at Sporting Events be Punished in a Way That is a Lessen to the Crowd? - Should Sports Jerseys of All the Sportsperson Be Used for Advertisements? - Why Should College Athletes Be Paid? - If Legalized, How Steroids Would Make the Game Dirtier? - Why Should Steroids Users Be Banned From the Industry? - Reasons Why Women Mark Heavier Presence than Men in the Gym - Are Video Games a Medium For Developing Valuable Professional Skills? - Why Are Women Better Athletes than Men? - Should Boxers Wear Jerseys When Boxing? 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Since it is one of the sources that stores history it becomes quite impressive when you decide to take a lighter view of the subject. - A Satirical Approach on Works of Mark Twain - How Is Animal Farm Still One of the Most Relevant and Satirical Work? - Are Youngsters Reading Something Beyond the Internet? - Has Generation Forgotten the Importance of Paperbacks? - Kindle Is the New Know It All Device Social Media Satirical Topics Students often reach to the experts asking, “What are good topics to write a satire on?” Our experts often suggest, social media can be a great area to explore for satirical writing, as it has a lot of exciting things happening always. - Importance of Social Media in Our Day to Day Lives. - How Personal is Our Privacy and Why Are We Asked to Understand When Authorities “Violate” It? - How Reliable Are Social Media Platforms for Making Better Friends? - Importance of Social Media in Everyday Life of Students - How Wise Is It to Connect to Your Parents on Social Media? - Is Cyber Bullying a Real Thing? - Social Media: The New Source of Daily Happenings - How Reliable Is the News on Social Media? - Bad Publicity Is a Publicity Some More Possible Topics for Satire Essay Satire is quite exciting and confusing at the same time. It is vital that when you work on the topics for your satire essay writing task, you come up with interesting and funny issues that can always keep you engaged. - How Teenagers Have a Better Perspective of Savings than You Have? - Why Being the Middle Child Is the Worst Thing Ever? - How Smart Is It to Wait For Discounts Before You Buy Your Favourite Stuff? - Man or Technology: The Real Slave? - No Pastor Is a Sinner - How True Is the Fact That Bears Like Honey? - Is Life Of a Stay at Home Mom as Easy as It Looks? - Why Animals and Humans Should Have Equal Rights? - The Most Common Problem the World Is Suffering From: Remain Slim But Eat A Lot - Deforestation or Afforestation: Where Are All Human Efforts Rising? - Watching Football Games Is More than Simply Enjoying the Game. - What to Do When You Have Zombies Around? - The Customer Is Always Right: A Myth to Be Busted. Phew..... That’s a Lot of Topics!! 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A level textiles coursework ideas At a level textiles coursework ideas this time of the year, students completing the preliminary stage of the Design and Technology course will be discussing ideas for their major project for the H.See more ideas about a level textiles, textiles, vintage paper 2017 and beyond.", followed by 184 people on Pinterest.Coursework is often part of a student's college education and can take the form of an essay, research paper or even a lab report..Constructed Textiles for A Level.Examination Board and details Edexcel Art & Design: Textile Design (JMS) 8TE0/9TE0 Course Structure: AS Component 1 Coursework (50%).Whether specialising in Painting, Graphic Design, Photography, textiles or Sculpture, most senior high school Art students begin by selecting a topic for their portfolio, coursework or examination project..Its emphasis is on Fine Art constructed textiles with a wearable, interior or expressive textile outcome.Do you enjoy drawing and visualising your ideas through a hands on approach to materials?All my work from September 2015 - Jun.Analyze the A level textiles subject for various titles.If they have no L2 experience students should bring a portfolio of work with them to their interview for us to assess whether they can be accepted onto the course Is it a good or bad Idea to do A level fine art and A level textiles in sixth form?It involves both practical work and critical appreciation Course introduction Do you love the tactile qualities of fabrics and stitch?Look at some A level textiles research ideas that.My target market is 16-30 year old.Ministers have faced a furious backlash a level textiles coursework ideas after thousands of results were downgraded.In the AS year, students will produce a coursework portfolio = 50% (25% of the full A-Level) and an externally set assignment = 50% (25% of the full A-Level) Resources to inspire and help research GCSE and A Level Art topics featuring artworks and artists from Tate's collection.See more ideas about a level textiles, a level art, art In w.A particular use of textiles is required and there are only a few ways this can be achieved.A particular use of textiles is required and there are only a few ways this can be achieved.You will be encouraged to look at how textile art has developed in the last twenty years and to see textiles in its broadest sense.A-level Design and Technology: Fashion and Textiles We’ve created this guide to help you understand how the new AS and A-level changes from Ofqual and the Department for Education will affect you and your students.Theatre Open design brief: Design a basic costume for. 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The HTA report by Pandor A, Thokala P, Gomersall T, et al. is the most recent and good quality secondary study we found as it was published in 2013 (searches of literature are until January 2012). This is about home telemonitoring or structured telephone support programs after recent discharge in patients with heart failure. The authors do not dedicate an ad hoc chapter to patients and families views on those technologies, but do consider quality of life as a secondary outcome in their review of clinical effectiveness (Chapter 3). Pandor and collegues provide first a brief overview of the evidence from two already existing systematic reviews on remote monitoring programs (Inglis et al. 2008 and Klersy et al. 2009). The methodological quality of both systematic reviews is judged by Pandor to be high, this indicating low risk of bias. Pandor highlights that Klersy et al. did not consider quality of life and acceptability, while Inglis et al did. The latter identified all the studies published before 2008 by updating the previous Cochrane review on the same topic publishes by Clark et al. in 200. Inglis et al.’s review was published in 2010 and included RCTs comparing HF management strategies delivered via STS or TM with usual post-discharge care in HF patients recently discharged from an acute care setting to home or while managed in the community setting (interventions including home visits by professionals personnel for the purpose of education or clinical assessment were excluded) published form 1995 to December 2008. Secondary outcomes included also QoL, and acceptability to patients with HF. Overall, 30 RCTs of STS and TM were identified (25 peer-reviewed publications and five abstracts). Of the 25 peer-reviewed studies, 16 evaluated STS which is the technology of our interest. Pandor et al. updated this review and their literature searches identified 3060 citations. Of these, 6 RCTs met the inclusion criteria and were added to the 15 trials from the previous systematic reviews. No trials of cardiovascular implanted monitoring devices or observational studies met the inclusion criteria of the current review. Of these, 11 studies evaluated our STS (10 used standard telephone equipment using and one provided support via an automated telephone interactive response system (HM) with an alert system, nine studies assessed TM, and one study assessed both STS and TM compared with usual care. Almost all of the studies used different measures and devices as part of the STS and TM interventions. Pandor’s analysis highlights that quality of life was a secondary outcome measure in 8 of the 21 included studies. These were either a direct comparison between intervention and control groups at study conclusion or a comparison between baseline and study conclusion within the study arm. Since not all the studies included by Pandor were about STS, here after we will focus on describing just those studies that were on STS. Among the above 8 studies which had quality of life as a secondary outcome, just 4 were on Structured Telephone Support. Three of them reported improvements in quality of life, with significant improvements in physical (p = 0.03) (Angermann, 2011) and overall (MLHFQ, p 0.001) (Barth, 2001), (Wakefiled, 2008) measures. One study found no significant differences between groups in either the MLHFQ or the EQ-5D measure (Riegel, 2006). Pandor’s focuses also on the acceptability”and “patient satisfaction” for the systems and only 1 of the 4 studies about STS reported adherence (compliance) rates to the intervention (Angermann, 2011). Adherence was measured at 84.0% for STS by Angermann, 2011. A range of psychometric measures were used including both generic and HF-specific measures: - SF-36, 51 (Angermann, 2011). - Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) 72 (Barth, 2001), (Wakefiled, 2008). - European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D). (Riegel., 2006). In our search we identified and selected 9 further studies that can add some information about quality of life with STS in our population, which were either published after January 2012 (Piotrowitz 2015; O’Neil, 2014; Prescher, 2013; Domigues, 2012) or were published before that date but were not retrived or included in Pandor’s HTA (Seto 2010, Ferrante, 2010, Brandon 2009; Ramachadran, 2007 Dunagan, 2005; Jerant, 2003). A description of the main results about quality of life of those studies is reported below. The prospective randomized controlled trial by Piotrowicz et al 2015 had as intervention the home-based telemonitored cardiac rehabilitation system while comparator was outpatient-based standard cardiac rehabilitation. It involved 131 patients: 56 were in standard care, while 75 had home-based telemonitored cardiac rehabilitation (HTCR). Satisfaction was measured via the Polish version of the Medical Outcome Survey Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire. The vast majority of patients in both groups were satisfied with the support which they received during each training session. According to author this demonstrated that in heart failure patients HTCR provided a similar improvement in total QoL index as standard care (SCR). Yet it differed in QoL subscales. Patients who underwent home-based tele rehabilitation observed an improvement mainly in the mental categories. Patients in SCR Group improved their general physical well-being. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the improvement in total QoL index, PCS (physical component summary ) score (PF- physical function, RP- role limitation caused by physical problems, BP- bodily pain) or MCS (mental component summary ) score (MH- mental health, RE- role limitation caused by emotional problems, VT- vitality). Groups differed in terms of sense of GH (general health) and SF (social function). An improvement in SF (social function) was observed only in standard care Group. Both groups achieved significant improvement in total QoL index, PCS (physical component summary) score, MCS (mental component summary) score. In the subscales evaluating physical well-being, in SCR Group, improvement was observed in three (PF physical function, RP physical problems, BP bodily pain) out of four subscales. In comparison with the baseline examination findings, patients after trainings reported fewer PF restrains, found it less difficult to function socially because of better physical fitness and complained less of BP. HTCR patients improved in PCS in only one out of four subscales. They perceived their PF as better after rehabilitation. The other subscales (RP, BP, GH) did not change significantly. In the subscales assessing mental well-being, in SCR Group, an improvement was observed in three (SF mental health (MH), role limitation caused by emotional problems (RE), vitality (VT) out of four subscales. The results showed that SCR patients reported fewer limitations in their social functioning; moreover they had a better sense of mental health and vitality after rehabilitation completion. HTCR patients improved in MCS in two (MH, VT) out of four subscales after the rehabilitation cycle was completed. The role limitation caused by physical problems did not change significantly in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the improvement in total QoL index, PCS score (PF, RP, BP) or MCS score (MH, RE, VT). Groups differed in terms of sense of GH and SF. An improvement in SF was observed only in SCR Group. Cardiac rehabilitation did not have a significant effect on the sense of GH in both groups. The difference between the groups in the analysis is due to the fact that in terms of this parameter the groups differed before the beginning of the rehabilitation. The study by Prescher et al 2013 has an observational design and does not have any control arm. Patients (n=710) underwent the Telemedical Interventional Monitoring in Heart Failure (TIM-HF). Of them 228 patients originally included answered a quality of life questionnaire (author do not explicit which kind of questionnaire was used). Of the surveyed patients, the 85,5% (n=195) declared to feel more confident in dealing with their disease than before. The additional information about their disease was considered as reasonable by the patients (86,6%; n=198). In the supplementary notes the patients emphasized that the program had given them safety and support in handling their chronic disease (n=17), especially by the monitoring and the contemporary feedback by the telemedical centers of their transmitted vital parameters. The daily 24h/7d accessability of the telemedical center was reported as important by the patients (84,6%, n=193). Only 5,7% (n=13) rated this opportunity as unimportant and 9,7% (n=22) rated this as neutral or did not answer this question. The brasilian study by Domingues et al, 2011 is a randomized clinical trial. They study adult HF patients with left ventricle ejection fraction who could be contacted by telephone after discharge. Authors evaluated HF awareness through a standardized questionnaire which also included questions regarding self-care knowledge, which was answered during the hospitalization period and three months later. The HF patients were 120 of them just 58 had a telephone contact and were randomised in the Intervention group. The others became automatically the controls. For patients in the IG group contacts were made using phone calls and final interviews were conducted in both groups at end of the study. Forty-eight patients were assigned to the IG and 63 to the CG. Mean age (63 ± 13 years). Scores for HF and self-care knowledge were similar at baseline. Three months later, both groups showed significantly improved HF awareness and self-care knowledge scores (P<0.001). Other outcomes were similar. According to Domingues et al, results show that the educational nursing intervention performed during the hospitalization period brought about improved knowledge of HF and self-care in all patients, regardless of any telephone contact after their discharge from the hospital. There was no difference in the frequency of visits to the emergency room, rehospitalizations and deaths in the three-month period between the intervention and control groups. Ferrante et al. 2010 is a follow up study of the DIAL study (Grancelli, et al. 2003) which aimed to monitor the long term results after a telephone intervention in HF pateints, some data can be found aboput compliance with therapy and if this increases after STS. In the original study (DIAL) patients had been assigned to the intervention group received an explanatory booklet at randomization and were followed up with a telephone intervention by specialized nurses. The objectives of the intervention were to improve diet and treatment compliance, to promote exercise, to regularly monitor symptoms, weight, and edema, and to promote early visits if signs of clinical deterioration were detected. Nurses could adjust diuretic dose and suggest unscheduled visits to the attending cardiologist. Patients were initially called every 14 days, and after the fourth call, the frequency could be adjusted according to the severity of each case and patient compliance. Subjects in the control group continued treatment with their cardiologist in the same manner as the intervention group, except for the phone calls and the explanatory. In Ferrante et al 2010, of 760 patients in the intervention group, 69(9.1%) did not improve compliance during the first 45 days, 296 (38.9%) improved only in 1 indicator (diet, weight control, or medication), 277 (36.4%) improved 2 indicators, and 118 (15.5%) improved in all 3 indicators. Overall, 82.8% improved in medication compliance, 40.7% improved in diet compliance, and 34.9% improved in daily weight control. Considering the primary end point after 3 years of follow-up, the cumulative incidence in the control group was 57.5% (n _ 436), 65.2% (n _ 45) in the intervention groups with no improvement in compliance, 57.4% (n _170) in the intervention group with improvement in indicator, 52.3% (n _ 145) in the intervention group with improvement in 2 indicators, and 53.4% (n _ 63) in the intervention group with improvement in all 3 compliance indicators (log-rank test p _ 0.041). Differences were more significant when admission for HF was considered as an end point: control group, 35.1%; intervention without improvement, 33.3%; with 1 indicator, 33.1%; with 2indicators, 27.1%; and with all 3 indicators, 17.8% (log-ranktest p _ 0.0009) . These differences persisted after being adjusted by other potential confounders in the Coxregression analyses (sex, age, New York Heart Association functional class, diabetes mellitus, previous admissions,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, systolic dysfunction):the HR for the intervention group categorized by compliance versus the control group for HF admission according to compliance improvement were as follows: no improvement, HR: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.59 to 1.40, p _ 0.67); 1 indicator improvement, HR: 0.87 (95% CI: 0.69 to 1.10,p _ 0.25); 2 indicators improvement, HR: 0.71 (95% CI:0.55 to 0.92, p _ 0.012); and 3 indicators improvement,HR: 0.44 (95% CI: 0.28 to 0.69, p _ 0.001).. Brandon et al study (2009) has a pretest–posttest experimental design in which participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, who would receive the APN (advanced practice nurses) led telephone intervention, or a control group, who would receive the usual care provided by their cardiologist. the results for the advanced practice nurses intervention on self-care behaviors revealed a significant interaction (p b .001), indicating that the intervention group improved significantly more than the control group. There was an improvement in the mean self-care behaviour scores for the intervention group whereas the control group’s mean score did not change. The intervention group reported more improvement in overall Quality of Life, and the control group reported a decrease. The mean pretest score for total QoL for the intervention group was 52.1 and their posttest score for total QoL was 33.4, indicating an improvement in perceived QoL overall. The control group's pretest score for total QoL was a mean of 51.1 and the posttest score for total QoL was a mean of 57.7, suggesting a decrease in perceived QoL overall.. The results of the physical and emotional dimension score revealed no statistical signification between the groups, but with a slight trend for better values of the physical dimension for the intervention group. For the emotional dimension both groups reported significant improvement over time. Authors highlight that an interesting factor was that, among all participants, QoL was consistently poor for those ranked at Level III on the NYHA HF classification, and the Class III HF participants were the only participants in the intervention group who did not report an improvement in QOL upon posttesting (NYHA level IV has only 1 participant so this level could not be evaluated). The self-care ability improved from a relatively good level of 65% to a higher level of 88% in the intervention group. The prospective, randomized clinical trial by Ramachandran et al, 2007 recruited 50 consecutive patients with heart failure in a clinic in India to assess the impact of a comprehensive telephone-based disease management programme on quality-of-life in patients with heart failure. The HRQOL was evaluated both subjectively and objectively at the end of the 6-month period (mean [SD]: 188 days). It was assessed subjectively by scoring the KCCQ (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire), physical examination and NYHA class. Objective assessment was done by the 6-minute walk test. There was no significant change in the mean HRQOL score of the control group during the study period (62.2 [22.6] to 63.4 [21.9]; p=0.69). However, there was a significant change in the intervention group (60.0 [23.6] to 76.3 [17.3]; p<0.05, see (Fig. 2 from the study by Ramachandran et al, 2007). A part of the questionnaire assessed the patient's ability to carry out activities of daily living and strenuous activities. While there was no significant change in the control group (p=0.9), there was a significant change in the intervention group (baseline score 53.9 [21.3] v. follow up score63.3 [16.2]; p<0.05;). The symptom scores (assessing the frequency and severity of symptoms of heart failure) also showed a significant change in the intervention group (p<0.05) but no change in the control group. The difference in scores between the intervention and control groups at follow up was also significant (p=0.02). Another part of the questionnaire assessed the presence and degree of depression, and the interference caused by the disease in the social functioning of the patient. The control group showed no significant change (p=0.66) but the intervention group did (baseline score 49.3 [22.8] v.follow up score 64.5 [18.9];p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the scores of the two groups at follow up (p=0.001).See Table IV from the study by Ramachandran et al, 2007. Six-minute walk test. There was a difference in the results in the intervention group (p<0.02) but not in the control group (p=0.5). Dunagan et al. 2005 RCT was performed in USA. Authors show that there were modest but statistically significant changes in physical functioning scores on both the SF-12 and the MLHF questionnaire at 6 months, but not at 12 months. Changes in scores for the SF-12 mental functioning scale, MLHFQ emotional health subscale, and BDI were not significantly different at 6 or 12 months. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of changes in scores for any of the questions concerning patient satisfaction with care or confidence in their knowledge of and ability to manage their illness. They found that nurse-administered, telephone-based disease management intervention that included judicious use of “rescue” diuretic therapy and patient education about signs and symptoms of HF and self-monitoring, had minimal impact on changes in measures of functional status and quality of life. (results continue in the "comment" section)

Wednesday 5 August 2020 10:15am Philip Armstrong's Sinking Lessons was launched to a large, supportive crowd at Scorpio Books in Christchurch last week. Sinking Lessons is the first collection of poetry from Armstrong, who was the winner of the 2019 Kathleen Grattan Poetry Award. It was launched by 2020 Robert Burns Fellow John Newton, pictured here (left) with Armstrong and his supporters. Here are his words from the launch. John Newton on Sinking Lessons Kia ora koutou It’s nice to be back in Christchurch, and it’s an absolute delight to be invited to launch this book by my friend Philip Armstrong. The first thing I’d like to do is read you one of Philip’s poems. It’s called: ‘In the Infinity Pool’ The architects from the Las Vegas Sands modelled their resort in Singapore on three pairs of playing cards steepled like hands and one more balanced on top. On one side of the punt that floats fifty-two floors above the city Raffles made, a brimming pool flows edgelessly into the sweating upper airs. Dry-haired guests line up, chest-deep, elbows on the horizon, holding their devices out on sticks the way Hans Holbein might have held his brush out squinting as he stood before the king. Elizabeth Smither would be proud of that poem. The conceit – the metaphor – is perfect. By which, I mean: (1) the comparison is genuinely funny (2) that it makes a significant point (about contemporary narcissism) . . . when we take our selfies we are standing before the King. (3) And most importantly – that you can’t really tell the joke any other way. You can spell out the elements, but the effect isn’t nearly as persuasive or as satisfying. It’s the kind of thought that can only really happen in a poem. The kind of effect you only get when someone is THINKING AS A POET. Which stands to reason, because having got to know this book I can tell you that Philip Armstrong really is a poet. Now, I put it that way because Philip’s situation with this book is a bit unusual. Strictly speaking, it’s a ‘first book’. But its author – if he’ll forgive me -- is no longer in the first flush of youth. ‘Youth-adjacent’, certainly, but he’s also a Professor of Literary Studies – some of you I’m sure will have been taught by him – and he’s the author of some half a dozen works of literary and cultural theory. So what we have here is a master of one discourse setting out again as a debutant in another. And it doesn’t take much imagination to understand that this brings pressure. To start out again in a completely different genre leaves you exposed. Especially if, like Philip, you’re serious about it. If I were to turn around now and play you a cowboy song on the guitar (don’t worry, I’m not going to . . . but I have been known to, and if I did . . .) I would perform it in such a way that you knew I wasn’t being entirely straight about it. I’d perform like a hobbyist, a weekend warrior. I’d make sure there was an evident distance between myself in a bolo tie pretending to be Conway Twitty, and my professional self standing here talking to you about literature. But that’s not the way Philip operates as a poet. Now in a few minutes he’ll stand up here and he’ll be modest and self-deprecating and charming, and you might think he’s laughing the whole thing off. But don’t let him fool you. Because that’s not what he’s actually doing on the page. Now, obviously Philip is an ironist, we all know that. And of course there’s irony in the poems. But they’re not ironic about poetry, or about his own relationship to poetry. There’s nothing ironic about him publishing this book. There’s nothing ironic about him winning the Kathleen Grattan Award. So it isn’t just a hobby. There’s no soft sell. The poems don’t come with an escape clause. And I for one am very glad they don’t. Because they don’t need it. So if you know Philip, the scholar, the teacher, the critical theorist – Professor Armstrong let’s call him – then what about Philip the poet: do they speak in the same voice? Strangely enough – though it follows from what I’ve just been saying – the answer is a qualified YES. At a first glance, not so much. Because while the poems are smart, they’re don’t wear their intellectualism on the surface. There’s the odd thing here you might want to Google – and you probably will if you’re reading carefully – but the overall feeling is light, playful, witty, conversational. The first impression’s inviting. The poems are fun. But, they’re also serious. And this is where we come to the YES part of the answer (yes, this is Professor Armstrong). If you’ve read your Freud, and your Rosi Braidotti, and your Bruno Latour, then you’ll find them here, under the surface. It’s not in your face – it’s been absorbed into the conversational texture – but the theoretical framework’s there, informing the way that the poems see things. More obviously, though – and this is on the surface – is the question of the poems’ favourite themes. Roughly I’d say there are four kinds of poems here. There are poems like the one I read before – poems based on incidents and observations: travel poems, domestic poems. ‘Occasional’ poems, if you like. Then there’s a network of family poems, about memories of childhood, and particularly about parents. We all know what the ‘other’ Philip (Philip Larkin) said about parents, and Philip (our Philip) has a Mum and Dad too. In a certain way they’re the kind of poems you expect in a ‘first’ book. But there’s an advantage to saving up that autobiographical stuff until you’re a grown adult. So the family poems aren’t mushy and sentimental. But they’re not sentimental in the confessive, cod-Freudian sense, either: they don’t look for easy answers, they don’t blame. They’re searching poems, but they’re nuanced, and tolerant. Specifically I’ll mention just one of them: the very last poem in the book is an elegy for Philip’s mother, and it’s a real stunner. Thirdly, there’s just one piece that I’d call a ‘postcolonial’ poem. Only one, but it’s biggie. Orpheus is the archetypal poet. But his name was also given to a British Man of War which wrecked at the entrance to Manukau Harbour in 1863, on its way to reinforce Governor Gray’s war in the Waikato. 189 people died – New Zealand worst maritime disaster – which is all very historically ‘poignant’ . . . especially by the time Philip’s dealt to it in a terrific poem, or sequence, called ‘Song of the Orpheus’. And finally, fourthly, most importantly, there are poems about animals, about relations between species, and about the ecological and climatic disasters that are unfolding around us – which is one of the things referenced by the title and the cover. The outstanding poem in this group (and I’d say that along with ‘Song of the Orpheus’ it’s the other main pillar of the book), is the suite of poems called ‘Creature Effects’. The creature, specifically, is Frankenstein’s ‘monster’. You may recall that at the end of Mary Shelley’s novel, they’re up in the Arctic and the monster says he wants to die and he does a kind of Captain Oates and that’s the last we see of him. In Philip’s version he falls into a glacier and his body gets preserved in (quote) the ‘so-called permafrost’. But this being a climate emergency poem, the permafrost melts and the creature gets reanimated: I lay between white sheets of ice and sky and felt my tissues liquefy: a bag of mince defrosting on the bench . . . And the story goes on from there. As does OUR story. And that’s really what I’m trying to say. The issues at the core of this book are also the issues at the core of Philip’s work as a thinker and a teacher, when he’s out there at the university being Dr Phil. And that, most of all, is what I mean when I say that he’s serious about this: he’s not taking time out; he’s not dressing up in silly clothes on the weekend; he’s doing his real work, in a different medium. And because he’s an ethically-minded person, that ‘real work’ is not trivial. The things that he works on as an academic are the most urgent things, for himself, and for most of us. Charles Brasch once wrote: ‘If you would sing you must become news.’ And as a literary historian I couldn’t agree more. By which I mean: if you want people to listen to you, you have to get in tune with what’s happening in the culture around you. And the poems you’ll read in Sinking Lessons are news in precisely that ethical sense. What Philip’s trying to do as he shifts between prose and poetry is find a way to write about that matter most right at this moment. He’s trying to find a way to talk about the things that all know we have to be able to talk about. That’s why I’m telling you: Philip is a poet to take seriously. We’re short of good critics in this country at the moment. Or maybe we’re just short of critical outlets. Either way, it’s as difficult to talk about the future of local writing as it is about any other future. That said, however, whatever discourse we do manage to sustain in the next decade or two – whatever kind of discussion goes about the most urgent directions in poetry – I would suggest there’s a very good chance that Philip Armstrong’s poems are going to be part of it. For more information about Sinking Lessons click here

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D’var Torah – Dorshei Tzedek, West Newton, MA – Dec 6, 2014 Parashat Vayishlach – “Esau’s Kiss” Rabbi Maurice Harris We’ve been reading in our recent parashahs the saga of the life of Jacob. I’m sure folks here are pretty familiar with it, but it never hurts to start with a quick plot summary. I hope you won’t mind if I quickly recap what’s happened prior to and including this week’s portion. Abraham and Sarah’s son, Isaac, had married a woman named Rebecca, and Rebecca became pregnant with twin boys who struggled physically with each other in her womb. In fact they struggled so much that Rebecca at one point cried out in anguish and asked what the point of her existence was. Finally, she gave birth to the two brothers. Esau, the first born by just seconds, had reddish features and grew to be a strapping, muscular, and quite hairy hunter. Jacob, who the text tells us emerged from the birth canal grabbing on to Esau’s heel, is of slighter stature and, according to later rabbinic midrash, he is bookish and studious. The rabbis who gave us midrash would sometimes retroject images of themselves back onto the heroes of the Bible, such as picturing Jacob as a skinny and introverted Torah scholar. In fact, we even have examples of midrash that depict God studying the Torah and weighing the merits of different rabbis’ interpretations of each word! I guess we tend to see what we’re looking for much of the time – let’s hold on to that thought. Anyway, getting back to the twins, Esau and Jacob. As you may remember, they end up in bitter conflict over issues of inheritance, first-born status, and pride. Families can just be awful, right? We know from the text that it turns out Rebecca and Isaac don’t see their kids in the same way. Rebecca sees Jacob as destined to carry on God’s covenant with Abraham and Isaac, whereas Isaac tends to favor Esau, who is good with a bow and provides delicious meals of venison. The Torah uses sight as an important symbol in this story, hinting that Isaac can’t see the big picture by telling us that he has become blind in his later years. When Isaac realizes he is dying, he summons Esau to hunt some game and bring him a tasty meal, so that he can confer a special father’s blessing upon him that will establish his place as the patriarch of the family clan in the next generation. In what is probably one of the most famous biblical stories of crafty manipulation and deception, while Esau is off hunting the game for Isaac’s meal, Rebecca persuades Jacob to disguise himself as Esau and appear before blind Isaac with a bowl of hot stew so that Jacob can receive the blessing meant for Esau. The ploy works, and long story short, Esau ends up so embittered that he vows to kill Jacob, and Rebecca sends Jacob sneaking off to her kinsman, Laban’s, clan, to hide from Esau’s wrath. The way Genesis tells the next part of Jacob’s life story is really fantastic mythic craft. Jacob ends up getting a taste of what it’s like to be deceived by a relative, as his new host and protector, Laban, tricks him into marrying a different daughter than the one Jacob thought he was marrying. Laban also uses his cunning to squeeze 20 years of sun-scorching shepherding labor from Jacob. When Jacob finally can’t take it anymore, he gathers his wives and concubines, children and flocks, and sneaks out of Laban’s camp hoping to return to the land of Canaan. By this time Esau has become a wealthy clan leader with a large personal army at his disposal, and as we move into this week’s parashah, we are told that Esau has learned that his long lost and hated brother, Jacob, is on the move heading in his direction. The tension grows as messengers inform Jacob that Esau is coming to meet him with 400 armed men. Jacob prays, and then decides stoically to meet his fate. He sends several rounds of messengers ahead of him bearing lavish gifts to Esau, and then he divides the family members and servants he is responsible for into several groups, hoping that if Esau comes to slaughter them, some remnant might escape. Then comes perhaps the most famous episode in the entire Jacob saga. During the night before Jacob is due to meet Esau and all Esau’s men, Jacob has a strange experience in which a strange man – or possibly some aspect of God – grabs hold of him and the two men wrestle through the night. When dawn arrives, the mysterious being who has struggled with him on the ground begs to Jacob to let him go. Jacob agrees to on condition that the being bless him. The being not only blesses him but also changes his name from Ya’akov – meaning something like “heel-grabber” – to yisrael – meaning something like “God-wrestler.” Finally, we get to the moment of truth when Jacob and Esau meet. Genesis 33: 1-10 reads: “Jacob looked up and there was Esau, coming with his four hundred men; so he divided the children among Leah, Rachel, and the two maidservants. He put the maidservants and their children in front, Leah and her children next, and Rachel and Joseph in the rear. He himself went on ahead and bowed down to the ground seven times as he approached his brother. But Esau ran to meet Jacob and embraced him; he threw his arms around his neck and kissed him. And they wept. Then Esau looked up and saw the women and children. “Who are these with you?” he asked. Jacob answered, “They are the children God has graciously given your servant.” Then the maidservants and their children approached and bowed down. Next, Leah and her children came and bowed down. Last of all Joseph and Rachel, and they too bowed down. Esau asked, “What do you mean by all these [many gifts you sent in advance of our meeting]?” “To find favor in your eyes, my lord,” [Jacob] said. But Esau said, “I already have plenty, my brother. Keep what you have for yourself.” “No please!” said Jacob. “If I have found favor in your eyes, accept this gift from me. For to see your face is like seeing the face of God, now that you have received me favorably.” * * * For many centuries, rabbis have offered competing interpretations of the meanings of the Bible’s words. Judaism, in the hands of the rabbis, developed into a religion of multiple interpretations, and the commentaries and stories that hundreds of rabbis embroidered on to the Hebrew Bible include re-readings of biblical texts that sometimes appear to go directly against the plain meaning of the text. Often, these rabbinic re-tellings seem to reflect the challenges and contexts facing the rabbis who authored them. In particular, during the first couple centuries following the Roman destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and the Roman exile of the Jews from their land in the year 70 C.E., we find a lot of examples of rabbinic writings that reinterpret Torah stories as encoded texts speaking to the traumas that the Jewish people had gone through at the hands of the Romans. This is what happened to the story of the poignant reconciliation between Jacob and Esau. In midrash, a number of ancient rabbis claimed that this moment of apparent reconciliation between these estranged brothers was actually a moment of betrayal by Esau. The rabbis who make this case pointed to an odd visual feature preserved for millenia in the hand-copied Hebrew manuscripts of the Torah. It so happens that in the Torah there are 10 places in which a word appears with little dots above the letters. Ancient rabbis debated the meaning of these anomalous visual features, but they had developed a theology that viewed every letter – and every crown and calligraphic oddity – as divinely ordained and filled with layers of encoded meanings. And, it so happened, that, in the reconciliation scene between these two brothers, the Hebrew word that means “and he kissed him,” va-yi-sha-kay-hu, has the mysterious dots. In midrash, the rabbis had looked closely at the Torah’s claim that Esau would become the founding ancestor of a rival nation called Edom – the Edomites. The Israelites and the Edomites fought many times, and during the end of the Second Temple period, the Edomites continued to be a deeply resented nation among many Jews. Rabbinic traditions came to view the Edomites as the spiritual ancestors of the hated Romans. In the rabbinic imagination, Esau became not only the mythic father of the Edomites, but also the mythic father of Rome, and even the mythic father of the nation that the Bible describes as the perpetual enemy of the Jews, the Amalakites. Many rabbinic tales emerged describing Esau’s terrible character traits, his ruthlessness and depravity. Rebecca’s decision to have Jacob disguise himself and deceive Isaac into giving him Esau’s blessing gets presented as a justifiable act given the violent and dangerous evil that Esau had displayed his whole life. Over and over again in midrash, Esau becomes the repository of the early rabbis’ newly developing theology of trauma. The Roman destruction of the year 70 C.E. was such a horror, such a shattering national calamity, that the rabbis of the next several generations ended up rereading their Scriptures looking for clues, for prophecies of the great exile they faced, and for ways to re-narrate their meaning and purpose as Jews. So instead of a passage in Genesis that appears to be describing the poignant catharsis of forgiveness and reconciliation, we learn instead from midrash that the enemy who appears to be offering reconciliation may actually be plotting our destruction. Instead of a text in which Jacob says the extraordinary words to his brother, “seeing your face is like seeing the face of God,” the midrash gives us mystery dots over the Hebrew word “kiss” that recast Esau’s kissing Jacob as a kind of Judas-kiss – if I’m allowed to mix religious metaphors without getting into too much trouble. This interpretation runs the risk of becoming the beginning of a world view that says, “watch out for the powerful enemy who appears to be stretching his hand out in peace, and don’t be a sucker.” Now, we should keep in mind that even though there are multiple midrashim offering variations on the claim that the mystery dots above the word meaning “and [Esau] kissed him,” there are also midrashim and later medieval rabbinic commentaries that give different interpretations about our mystery dots. I tend to think these different Jewish interpretations of what the dots mean tells us more about the people who created them than they do about the actual original meaning of the dots. The rabbis who argued that the dots were there to warn us off from thinking Esau was sincere in his kiss at this climactic moment between the brothers were defeated, powerless, and scared. Many of them were still trying to grapple with the inconceivable burning of the Temple and feelings of doubt and abandonment by God. The rabbinic literature of this period is full of surprisingly candid expressions of doubt in God’s presence or caring for the people of Israel. For example, in the Talmud, there is a famous debate among the rabbis about the efficacy of prayer. Some argue that God hears our prayers and, if they are meritorious, God will eventually answer them, though we must be patient. But others disagree. One sage says, “From the time that the Temple was destroyed, the Gates of Prayer have been closed,” though he goes on to assert that the Gates of Tears remain open, meaning that God still hears our weeping if not our prayers. Another writes, “Since the day that the Temple was destroyed, a wall of iron has been established between Israel and their Father in Heaven.” And another says that if one prays long and looks for the fulfillment of prayer, in the end what comes back is an anguished heart, and then he quotes a verse from the Book of Proverbs to prove his point. Prov 13:12 reads, “Hope deferred makes the heart sick.” So it is possible that a traumatized and disoriented, exiled group of early rabbis read the story of Jacob and Esau’s reconciliation and simply couldn’t believe in that kind of happy ending between the Jewish people, as represented by Jacob, and the Empire they lived in, as represented by Esau. Luckily, when you have a religious tradition that values different interpretations of texts and that sees debates among sages as a sacred, positive act, sooner or later you’ll find some rabbis who disagree with even the most well-established midrashic tradition. One rabbi taught that the dots were there to tell us that this kiss was the one time Esau was actually sincere, but that every other time he was not in his dealings with Jacob. About a thousand years ago, one of the great rabbis of the Medieval period, Abraham ibn Ezra, wrote that the midrashic interpretation connecting Esau to Rome was mistaken – even foolish. There’s also another midrash that disputes the idea that the mystery dots have anything to do with hidden additional meanings that are revealed by midrash. In the midrash collection known as Avot d’Rabbi Natan, we read about the biblical figure, Ezra the Scribe. Ezra was credited with being responsible for the correct scribal copying of the Torah. This particular midrash says that dots were placed above certain words in the Torah because the scribes were not certain whether or not those words were supposed to be there or whether they were errors. The midrash adds that Ezra put the dots above these uncertain words with the knowledge that, at the End of Days in messianic times, when Elijah returns, if Elijah were to ask him why he had wrongly added these words to the Torah, he would be able to defend himself by saying “but I put these dots over them to indicate that you might instruct us one day to remove them.” Alternatively, the midrash says, Ezra figured that if Elijah returned and said to him, “Great job with the copying of the Torah – you got every single word right!” – then he would be able to just erase the dots. This is one of the things I love about the rabbis – they can be intensely polemical sometimes, wonderfully profound other times, and still other times they can up and say that biblical figures like Ezra were engaging in cover-your-tuches maneuvers. Concluding idea: like those who have come before us, we have the opportunity to draw on our historical situation, the collective wisdom of our time, and our text study skills to discover and articulate what we see in these dots. Because in the end what we have in front of us is a story that, on its surface, appears to be one of two estranged brothers being moved to forgive and let go of their hatred. We have that, and we have the strange dots. And the tools of the midrashic imagination, which we can choose to use in a way that makes sense in our own time. I’d like to close by reading one contemporary rabbi’s example of doing just that. Rabbi Rachel Barenblatt, gives us this take (her words follow): In the classical rabbinic imagination, Esau and his descendants are seen in a negative light. . . . [But] I lean toward a more psychological reading of the text. As twins, Esau and Jacob are a literary externalization of the paired impulses inside each of us. Esau represents ego and appetite, while Jacob represents control and restraint. Esau represents foraging for sustenance; Jacob represents farming. Esau represents the wild and the woods; Jacob represents the orderly camp. Esau represents the needs of the body, and Jacob the needs of the mind. For a variety of reasons, we’ve historically identified with Jacob… but what would happen if we tried to integrate these two sides of ourselves, instead of inevitably privileging one over the other? When Jacob and Esau meet again, they fall upon each other and embrace. Jacob offers Esau a generous gift of livestock, and at first Esau demurs, saying that he has been fortunate and doesn’t need anything. But Jacob says, “No, please — do me a favor, take this gift, because seeing your face is like seeing the face of God.” That’s a pretty remarkable statement, especially given that this might be the first time in their lives that the two men have really faced one another. They fought in the womb; they had nothing in common during their childhood and adolescence; and then there was that whole . . . dispute about the birthright, which ended in Jacob sneaking away before Esau could kick his ass. But I see in this text reason to hope that people are capable of change. This is an I-Thou moment! Jacob’s experiences with [his deceptive father-in-law,] Laban, his marriages, and his experience of fatherhood have shaped him into someone who’s capable of seeing his brother in a new light. Granted, the change doesn’t seem to come naturally to him. Earlier in the portion we read about the extensive preparations he took because he feared that Esau would attack him. Clearly their old baggage has a powerful pull, even on this new mature adult Jacob. But evidently Esau has had some maturing adventures of his own, because when they finally cross paths he pulls Jacob into a tight hug and doesn’t want to let go. One way or another, these twins are able — finally — to recognize that they can interact in a new way. They don’t have to play out the old family dynamics of favoritism and bitterness and angst. When Jacob learns to see Esau not as his rival but simply as kin, he becomes aware that he’s encountering the face of God. How many of the struggles we face could be transformed if we were able to take a step back and become aware of the presence of holiness even in those we’ve always believed would be out to get us if we let down our guard? If we take both of these twins as our role models for a change, can we turn these six dots into a reminder of how enriched our world can be when we let go of our fears and truly meet? Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, former Chief Rabbi of the British Commonwealth: Isaac says to Esau, “Your brother came deceitfully and took your blessing.” Centuries later the prophet Hosea said, “The Lord has a charge to bring against Judah; he will punish Jacob according to his ways and repay him according to his deeds. In the womb he grasped his brother’s heel; as a man he struggled with God” (Hos. 12: 3-4). Jeremiah uses the name Jacob to mean someone who practices deception: “Beware of your friends; do not trust anyone in your clan; for every one of them is a deceiver [akov Yaakov], and every friend a slanderer” (Jer. 9: 3). Translation adapted from NIV. From Rabbi Rachel Barenblat’s blog, The Velveteen Rabbi. http://velveteenrabbi.blogs.com/blog/2007/11/this-weeks-po-1.html