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Grotefend only identified correctly the phonetical value of eight letters among the thirty signs he had collated. Guessing whole sentences
Grotefend made further guesses about the remaining words in the inscriptions, and endeavoured to rebuild probable sentences. Again relying on deductions only, and without knowing the actual script or language, Grotefend guessed a complete translation of the Xerxes inscription (Niebuhr inscription 2): "Xerxes the strong King, King of Kings, son of Darius the King, ruler of the world" ("Xerxes Rex fortis, Rex regum, Darii Regis Filius, orbis rector"). In effect, he achieved a fairly close translation, as the modern translation is: "Xerxes the Great King, King of Kings, son of Darius the King, an Achaemenian". Grotefend's contribution to Old Persian is unique in that he did not have comparisons between Old Persian and known languages, as opposed to the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphics and the Rosetta Stone. All his decipherments were done by comparing the texts with known history. However groundbreaking, this inductive method failed to convince academics, and the official recognition of his work was denied for nearly a generation. Grotefend published his deductions in 1802, but they were dismissed by the Academic community. Vindication
It was only in 1823 that Grotefend's discovery was confirmed, when the French archaeologist Champollion, who had just deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs, was able to read the Egyptian dedication of a quadrilingual hieroglyph-cuneiform inscription on an alabaster vase in the Cabinet des Médailles, the "Caylus vase". | [
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The Egyptian inscription on the vase was in the name of King Xerxes I, and Champollion, together with the orientalist Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin, was able to confirm that the corresponding words in the cuneiform script were indeed the words which Grotefend had identified as meaning "king" and "Xerxes" through guesswork. The findings were published by Saint-Martin in Extrait d'un mémoire relatif aux antiques inscriptions de Persépolis lu à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, thereby vindicating the pioneering work of Grotefend. More advances were made on Grotefend's work and by 1847, most of the symbols were correctly identified. A basis had now been laid for the interpretation of the Persian inscriptions. However, lacking knowledge of old Persian, Grotefend misconstrued several important characters. Significant work remained to be done to complete the decipherment. Building on Grotefend's insights, this task was performed by Eugène Burnouf, Christian Lassen and Sir Henry Rawlinson. The decipherment of the Old Persian Cuneiform script was at the beginning of the decipherment of all the other cuneiform scripts, as various multi-lingual inscriptions between the various cuneiform scripts were obtained from archaeological discoveries. The decipherment of Old Persian was the starting point for the decipherment of Elamite, Babylonian and Akkadian (predecessor of Babylonian), especially through the multi-lingual Behistun Inscription, and ultimately Sumerian through Akkadian-Sumerian bilingual tablets. Signs
Most scholars consider the writing system to be an independent invention because it has no obvious connections with other writing systems at the time, such as Elamite, Akkadian, Hurrian, and Hittite cuneiforms. | [
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While Old Persian's basic strokes are similar to those found in cuneiform scripts, Old Persian texts were engraved on hard materials, so the engravers had to make cuts that imitated the forms easily made on clay tablets. The signs are composed of horizontal, vertical, and angled wedges. There are four basic components and new signs are created by adding wedges to these basic components. These four basic components are two parallel wedges without angle, three parallel wedges without angle, one wedge without angle and an angled wedge, and two angled wedges. The script is written from left to right. The script encodes three vowels, a, i, u, and twenty-two consonants, k, x, g, c, ç, j, t, θ, d, p, f, b, n, m, y, v, r, l, s, z, š, and h. Old Persian contains two sets of consonants: those whose shape depends on the following vowel and those whose shape is independent of the following vowel. The consonant symbols that depend on the following vowel act like the consonants in Devanagari. Vowel diacritics are added to these consonant symbols to change the inherent vowel or add length to the inherent vowel. However, the vowel symbols are usually still included so [di] would be written as [di] [i] even though [di] already implies the vowel. For the consonants whose shape does not depend on the following vowels, the vowel signs must be used after the consonant symbol. | [
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Compared to the Avestan alphabet Old Persian notably lacks voiced fricatives, but includes the sign ç (of uncertain pronunciation) and a sign for the non-native l. Notably, in common with the Brahmic scripts, there appears to be no distinction between a consonant followed by an a and a consonant followed by nothing. logograms:
Ahuramazdā: , , (genitive)
xšāyaθiya "king":
dahyāuš- "country": ,
baga- "god":
būmiš- "earth":
word divider:
numerals:
1 , 2 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9
10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 40 , 60 ,
120
Alphabetic properties
Although based on a logo-syllabic prototype, all vowels but short /a/ are written and so the system is essentially an alphabet. There are three vowels, long and short. Initially, no distinction is made for length: a or ā, i or ī, u or ū. However, as in the Brahmic scripts, short a is not written after a consonant: h or ha, hā, hi or hī, hu or hū. (Old Persian is not considered an abugida because vowels are represented as full letters.) | [
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Thirteen out of twenty-two consonants, such as h(a), are invariant, regardless of the following vowel (that is, they are alphabetic), while only six have a distinct form for each consonant-vowel combination (that is, they are syllabic), and among these, only d and m occur in three forms for all three vowels: d or da, dā, di or dī, du or dū. (k, g do not occur before i, and j, v do not occur before u, so these consonants only have two forms each.) Sometimes medial long vowels are written with a y or v, as in Semitic: dī, dū. Diphthongs are written by mismatching consonant and vowel: dai, or sometimes, in cases where the consonant does not differentiate between vowels, by writing the consonant and both vowel components: cišpaiš (gen. of name Cišpi- 'Teispes'). In addition, three consonants, t, n, and r, are partially syllabic, having the same form before a and i, and a distinct form only before u: n or na, nā, ni or nī, nu or nū. | [
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The effect is not unlike the English sound, which is typically written g before i or e, but j before other vowels (gem, jam), or the Castilian Spanish sound, which is written c before i or e and z before other vowels (cinco, zapato): it is more accurate to say that some of the Old Persian consonants are written by different letters depending on the following vowel, rather than classifying the script as syllabic. This situation had its origin in Assyrian cuneiform, where several syllabic distinctions had been lost and were often clarified with explicit vowels. However, in the case of Assyrian, the vowel was not always used, and was never used where not needed, so the system remained (logo-)syllabic. For a while it was speculated that the alphabet could have had its origin in such a system, with a leveling of consonant signs a millennium earlier producing something like the Ugaritic alphabet, but today it is generally accepted that the Semitic alphabet arose from Egyptian hieroglyphs, where vowel notation was not important. (See Proto-Sinaitic script.) Unicode
Old Persian cuneiform was added to the Unicode Standard in March 2005 with the release of version 4.1. | [
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The Unicode block for Old Persian cuneiform is U+103A0–U+103DF and is in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane:
Notes and references
Sources
Further reading
External links
Fonts
Download "Kakoulookiam", Old Persian Cuneiform Font (Unicode)
Download "Khosrau", Old Persian Cuneiform Font (Unicode)
Download "Behistun", Old Persian Cuneiform Font (Unicode)
Download Old Persian & Avestan Fonts
Old Persian Cuneiform Unicode Test Page (install one of the above fonts and see this page)
Unicode Problems (learn how to configure your browser)
Texts
Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions (Livius.org)
Descriptions
Omniglot article on Old Persian cuneiform
Ancient scripts article on Old Persian cuneiform
Old Persian cuneiform in contrast with Elamite and Late Babylonian cuneiform
Persian orthography
Old Persian language
Obsolete writing systems
Syllabary writing systems
Alphabets
Cuneiform
Persian scripts | [
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In mathematics, the branching theorem is a theorem about Riemann surfaces. Intuitively, it states that every non-constant holomorphic function is locally a polynomial. Statement of the theorem
Let and be Riemann surfaces, and let be a non-constant holomorphic map. Fix a point and set . Then there exist and charts on and on such that
; and
is
This theorem gives rise to several definitions:
We call the multiplicity of at . Some authors denote this . If , the point is called a branch point of . If has no branch points, it is called unbranched. See also unramified morphism. References
. Theorems in complex analysis
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In mathematics, the Clark–Ocone theorem (also known as the Clark–Ocone–Haussmann theorem or formula) is a theorem of stochastic analysis. It expresses the value of some function F defined on the classical Wiener space of continuous paths starting at the origin as the sum of its mean value and an Itô integral with respect to that path. It is named after the contributions of mathematicians J.M.C. Clark (1970), Daniel Ocone (1984) and U.G. Haussmann (1978). Statement of the theorem
Let C0([0, T]; R) (or simply C0 for short) be classical Wiener space with Wiener measure γ. Let F : C0 → R be a BC1 function, i.e. F is bounded and Fréchet differentiable with bounded derivative DF : C0 → Lin(C0; R). Then
In the above
F(σ) is the value of the function F on some specific path of interest, σ;
the first integral,
is the expected value of F over the whole of Wiener space C0;
the second integral,
is an Itô integral;
Σ∗ is the natural filtration of Brownian motion B : [0, T] × Ω → R: Σt is the smallest σ-algebra containing all Bs−1(A) for times 0 ≤ s ≤ t and Borel sets A ⊆ R;
E[·|Σt] denotes conditional expectation with respect to the sigma algebra Σt;
∂/∂t denotes differentiation with respect to time t; ∇H denotes the H-gradient; hence, ∂/∂t∇H is the Malliavin derivative. | [
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More generally, the conclusion holds for any F in L2(C0; R) that is differentiable in the sense of Malliavin. Integration by parts on Wiener space
The Clark–Ocone theorem gives rise to an integration by parts formula on classical Wiener space, and to write Itô integrals as divergences:
Let B be a standard Brownian motion, and let L02,1 be the Cameron–Martin space for C0 (see abstract Wiener space. Let V : C0 → L02,1 be a vector field such that
is in L2(B) (i.e. is Itō integrable, and hence is an adapted process). Let F : C0 → R be BC1 as above. Then
i.e. or, writing the integrals over C0 as expectations:
where the "divergence" div(V) : C0 → R is defined by
The interpretation of stochastic integrals as divergences leads to concepts such as the Skorokhod integral and the tools of the Malliavin calculus. See also
Integral representation theorem for classical Wiener space, which uses the Clark–Ocone theorem in its proof
Integration by parts operator
Malliavin calculus
References
External links
Theorems regarding stochastic processes
Theorems in measure theory | [
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In mathematics, the H-derivative is a notion of derivative in the study of abstract Wiener spaces and the Malliavin calculus. Definition
Let be an abstract Wiener space, and suppose that is differentiable. Then the Fréchet derivative is a map
;
i.e., for , is an element of , the dual space to . Therefore, define the -derivative at by
,
a continuous linear map on . Define the -gradient by
. That is, if denotes the adjoint of , we have . See also
Malliavin derivative
References
Generalizations of the derivative
Measure theory
Stochastic calculus | [
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Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies the relationships between the sides and the angles in triangles. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves. Basics
Geometry – mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, the relative position of figures, and the properties of space. Geometry is used extensively in trigonometry. Angle – the angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. Angles formed by two rays lie in a plane, but this plane does not have to be a Euclidean plane. Ratio – a ratio indicates how many times one number contains another
Content of trigonometry
Trigonometry
Trigonometric functions
Trigonometric identities
Euler's formula
Scholars
Archimedes
Aristarchus
Aryabhata
Bhaskara I
Claudius Ptolemy
Euclid
Hipparchus
Madhava of Sangamagrama
Ptolemy
Pythagoras
Regiomontanus
History
Aristarchus's inequality
Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula
Greek astronomy
Indian astronomy
Jyā, koti-jyā and utkrama-jyā
Madhava's sine table
Ptolemy's table of chords
Rule of marteloio
Āryabhaṭa's sine table
Fields
Uses of trigonometry
Acoustics
Architecture
Astronomy
Biology
Cartography
Chemistry
Civil engineering
Computer graphics
Cryptography
Crystallography
Economics
Electrical engineering
Electronics
Game development
Geodesy
Mechanical engineering
Medical imaging
Meteorology
Music theory
Number theory
Oceanography
Optics
Pharmacy
Phonetics
Physical science
Probability theory
Seismology
Statistics
Surveying
Physics
Abbe sine condition
Greninger chart
Phasor
Snell's law
Astronomy
Equant
Parallax
Dialing scales
Chemistry
Greninger chart
Geography, geodesy, and land surveying
Hansen's problem
Snellius–Pothenot problem
Great-circle distance – how to find that distance if one knows the latitude and longitude. | [
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] |
Resection (orientation)
Vincenty's formulae
Geographic distance
Triangulation in three dimensions
Navigation
Haversine formula
Rule of marteloio
Engineering
Belt problem
Phase response
Phasor
Rake (angle)
Analog devices
Dialing scales
Gunter's quadrant
Gunter's scale
Protractor
Scale of chords
Calculus
Inverse trigonometric functions
List of integrals of trigonometric functions
List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions
Regiomontanus' angle maximization problem
Tangent half-angle substitution
Trigonometric integral
Trigonometric substitution
Applications
Fourier transform
Wave equation
Other areas of mathematics
For examples of trigonometric functions as generating functions in combinatorics, see Alternating permutation. | [
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Dirichlet kernel
Euler's formula
Exact trigonometric values
Exponential sum
Trigonometric integral
Trigonometric polynomial
Trigonometric series
Geometric foundations
Altern base
Angle
Plane angle
Solid angle
Spherical angle
Right angle
Angle excess
Angular distance
Angular unit
Degree (angle)
Gon (angle) (aka Grad, Gradian)
Radian
Turn (angle)
Brocard points
Chord (geometry)
Circle (also see List of circle topics)
Unit circle
Hypotenuse
Opposites post
(pi)
Ptolemy's theorem
Pythagorean theorem
Regiomontanus' angle maximization problem
Thales' theorem
Trigonometric function
Trigonometry of a tetrahedron
Triangle (also see List of triangle topics)
Trigonometric functions
Sine, Cosine, Tangent (trigonometric function), Cotangent, Secant (trigonometric function), Cosecant – see Trigonometric function
atan2
cis—see Euler's formula
Cofunction
Exsecant
Gudermannian function
Inverse trigonometric functions
Jyā, koti-jyā and utkrama-jyā
Versine
Trigonometric identities
Trigonometric identity (list)
De Moivre's formula
Euler's formula
Hermite's cotangent identity
Lagrange's trigonometric identities
Morrie's law
Proofs of trigonometric identities
Pythagorean trigonometric identity
Tangent half-angle formula
Solution of triangles
Solution of triangles
Law of sines
Law of cosines
Law of tangents
Law of cotangents
Mollweide's formula
More advanced trigonometric concepts and methods
Chebyshev polynomials
Conway triangle notation
Exact trigonometric constants
Generalized trigonometry
Gudermannian function
Lissajous curve
Polar sine
Rational trigonometry
Spread polynomials
Numerical mathematics
Abbe error
Hypot
Prosthaphaeresis
Trigonometric interpolation
Kunstweg, an algorithm for computing sines, introduced in the late 1500s
Trigonometric tables
Trigonometric tables
Generating trigonometric tables
Āryabhaṭa's sine table
Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula
Madhava's sine table
Ptolemy's table of chords, written in the second century A.D.
Rule of marteloio
Canon Sinuum, listing sines at increments of two arcseconds, published in the late 1500s
Spherical trigonometry
Spherical trigonometry
Half-side formula
Haversine formula
Mnemonics
mnemonics in trigonometry
All Students Take Calculus
Lists
List of integrals of trigonometric functions
List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions
List of trigonometric identities
Table of mathematical symbols
See also
Algebra
Hyperbolic function
List of exponential topics
Outline of geometry
Precalculus
Spherical geometry
Table of mathematical symbols
External links
An introduction to trigonometry
Benjamin Banneker's Trigonometry Puzzle at Convergence
Dave's short trig course
Trigonometric Delights, by Eli Maor, Princeton University Press, 1998. | [
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Ebook version, in PDF format, full text presented. Trigonometry by Alfred Monroe Kenyon and Louis Ingold, The Macmillan Company, 1914. In images, full text presented. Trigonometry FAQ
Trigonometry on Mathwords.com index of trigonometry entries on Mathwords.com
Trigonometry on PlainMath.net Trigonometry Articles from PlainMath.Net
Trigonometry
Trigonometry
1
Trigonometry | [
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Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, LLC is a petrochemical company jointly owned by Chevron Corporation and Phillips 66. The company was formed July 1, 2000 by merging the chemicals operations of both Chevron Corporation and Phillips Petroleum Company. As equally-owned company, it is governed by a board of directors composed of three members from each of the parent companies. The company was actually named in a coin toss to determine which parent company name would be first and which would be last. Chevron Phillips is headquartered in The Woodlands, Texas, a northern suburb of Houston, and is a major producer of ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, Alpha-olefins, Polyalphaolefins, aromatic compounds and a range of specialty chemicals. Operations
As of the end of 2014 the company has 5,000 employees worldwide, US$9 billion in assets, and 36 manufacturing and research facilities in eight countries, including the United States, Belgium, China, Colombia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and South Korea. It has 24 facilities in 13 U.S. states. Corporate affairs
The headquarters and offices for the Americas are in The Woodlands, Texas. Europe, Middle East, and Africa operations are based in Stockholm Building in Airport Plaza in Diegem, Belgium. Asia Pacific operations are based in Keppel Bay Tower in Singapore. See also
Phillips disaster of 1989
Phillips explosion of 1999
Phillips explosion of 2000
References
External links
Oil companies of the United States
Petrochemical companies
Chevron Corporation
Phillips 66
Petroleum in Texas
Companies based in Houston
Non-renewable resource companies established in 2000
2000 establishments in Texas
Joint ventures | [
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] |
4x4 Off-Road Racing is a video game of the racing genre released in 1988 by Epyx and developed by Ogdan Micro Design Inc. The four maps consist of Mud, Ice, Desert and Mountains. Reception
Compute! called the game "an enjoyable drive". The Spanish magazine Microhobby valued the game with the following scores: Originality: 50% Graphics: 50% Motion: 60% Sound: 50% Difficulty: 70% Addiction: 40%
References
External links
4x4 Off-Road Racing at MobyGames
1988 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Epyx games
MSX games
Off-road racing video games
Racing video games
U.S. Gold games
Video games developed in the United States
ZX Spectrum games | [
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"Don't Download This Song" is the first single from "Weird Al" Yankovic's 12th studio album Straight Outta Lynwood. The song was released exclusively on August 21, 2006 as a digital download. It is a style parody of "We Are the World", "Voices That Care", "Hands Across America", "Heal the World" and other similar charity songs. The song "describes the perils of online music file-sharing" in a tongue-in-cheek manner. To further the sarcasm, the song was freely available for streaming and download (legally) in "DRM-free" MPEG fileformat at Weird Al's Myspace page, as well as his YouTube channel. Background
"Don't Download This Song" references several court cases related to the RIAA and copyright infringement of music. Among these are lawsuits against "a grandma" (presumably Gertrude Walton, who was sued for copyright infringement six months after dying) and a "7-year-old girl" (presumably a reference to Tanya Andersen's daughter sued at age 10 for alleged copyright infringements made at the age of 7), as well as Lars Ulrich's strong stance against copyright infringement of music in the days of Napster. The song also challenges the RIAA's claim that file sharing prevents the artists from profiting from their work, as the song argues that they are still very financially successful via their recording contracts: ("Don't take away money from artists just like me/How else can I afford another solid-gold Humvee, Or diamond-studded swimming pool? Those things don't grow on trees"). | [
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Mention is also made of Tommy Chong's time spent in prison. Yankovic's own views on filesharing are less clear-cut:
Yankovic's intention was to leave the listener with no clear understanding of Yankovic's own views on the matter, "all by design". Music video
The music video, animated by Bill Plympton, premiered August 22, 2006 on Yahoo! Music. It depicts the vision of the capture, trial, imprisonment, attempted execution, escape, and burning of a young boy who burns a CD on his computer. The boy's death, where he stands on top of a tower just before it explodes, parodies the film White Heat, where Cody Jarrett, played by James Cagney, dies in a similar fashion. Various people, from policemen to criminals to even sharks and dogs, are then seen celebrating throughout the ending chorus. But at the end, it turns out the boy is just imagining what would happen if he downloaded the song, so he throws away the burned CD and goes back to playing his guitar. Throughout the song, the video coloring gradually changes from color to grayscale to dark grayscale to yellowed. On MTV's MTV Music site where this music video is available, they have censored the names of the file sharing programs in the song, such as LimeWire or KaZaA. | [
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] |
Weird Al explained that MTV contacted him and told him they would not air his video if the references to the filesharing programs were not in some way removed, so he "made the creative decision to bleep them out as obnoxiously as possible, so that there would be no mistake I was being censored." The video was praised by the Annie Awards and was subsequently nominated for Best Animated Short Subject for its 34th ceremony, but was beat out by the Ice Age featurette, No Time for Nuts. See also
List of singles by "Weird Al" Yankovic
List of songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic
References
External links
alyankovicVEVO, "Weird Al Yankovic - Don't Download This Song", YouTube, October 2, 2009. The music video at Yankovic's official YouTube Vevo website. Plymptoons, DON'T DOWNLOAD THIS SONG - Weird Al Yankovic & Bill Plympton, YouTube. The music video at Bill Plympton's official YouTube website. Listen to the Song and Send E-Cards
2006 singles
Protest songs
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
Songs written by "Weird Al" Yankovic
Pop ballads
Metasongs
Music videos directed by Bill Plympton
Mass media about Internet culture
2006 songs
2000s ballads
Animated music videos
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The Carian alphabets are a number of regional scripts used to write the Carian language of western Anatolia. They consisted of some 30 alphabetic letters, with several geographic variants in Caria and a homogeneous variant attested from the Nile delta, where Carian mercenaries fought for the Egyptian pharaohs. They were written left-to-right in Caria (apart from the Carian–Lydian city of Tralleis) and right-to-left in Egypt. Carian was deciphered primarily through Egyptian–Carian bilingual tomb inscriptions, starting with John Ray in 1981; previously only a few sound values and the alphabetic nature of the script had been demonstrated. The readings of Ray and subsequent scholars were largely confirmed with a Carian–Greek bilingual inscription discovered in Kaunos in 1996, which for the first time verified personal names, but the identification of many letters remains provisional and debated, and a few are wholly unknown. The Carian alphabet resembles the Greek alphabet, but the exact Greek variant from which it could have originated, hasn't yet been identified. The main reason for this is that some of the Greek letters have different sound values in Carian. Two hypotheses have been suggested to explain this. The first is that the Greek letters were randomly attributed to phonetic values; though some letters retained their Greek value. The second proposed by Adiego (2007), is "that the Carian alphabet underwent a strong process of cursivisation, dramatically changing the form of many letters. | [
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At a certain point this graphic system underwent a change to 'capital' letters, for which the Greek capital letters were used as models - but now only from a formal point of view, disregarding their phonetic values (...).". Scripts
There is a range of graphic variation between cities in Caria, some of which extreme enough to have separate Unicode characters. The Kaunos alphabet is thought to be complete. There may be other letters in Egyptian cities outside Memphis, but they need to be confirmed. There is considerable geographical variation in all letters, especially the representation of the lateral phonemes l and λ. The letters with identified values in the various cities are as follows:
Origin
The Carian scripts, which have a common origin, have long puzzled scholars. Most of the letters resemble letters of the Greek alphabet, but their sound values are generally unrelated to the values of the Greek letters. This is unusual among the alphabets of Asia Minor, which generally approximate the Greek alphabet fairly well, both in sound and shape, apart from sounds which had no equivalent in Greek. | [
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However, the Carian sound values are not completely disconnected: 𐊠 (Greek Α), 𐊫 (Greek Ο), 𐊰 (Greek Ϻ san), and 𐊲 (Greek Υ) are as close to Greek as any Anatolian alphabet, and 𐊷, which resembles Greek Β, has the similar sound , which it shares with Greek-derived Lydian 𐤡.
Adiego (2007) therefore suggests that the original Carian script was adopted from cursive Greek, and that it was later restructured, perhaps for monumental inscription, by imitating the form of the most graphically similar Greek print letters without considering their phonetic values. Thus a , which in its cursive form may have had a curved top, was modeled after Greek qoppa (Ϙ) rather than its ancestral tau (Τ) to become 𐊭. Carian , from archaic Greek 𐌌, would have been simplified and was therefore closer in shape to Greek Ν than Μ when it was remodeled as 𐊪. Indeed, many of the regional variants of Carian letters parallel Greek variants: 𐊥 are common graphic variants of digamma, 𐊨 ʘ of theta, 𐊬 Λ of both gamma and lambda, 𐌓 𐊯 𐌃 of rho, 𐊵 𐊜 of phi, 𐊴 𐊛 of chi, 𐊲 V of upsilon, and 𐋏 𐊺 parallel Η 𐌇 eta. This could also explain why one of the rarest letters, 𐊱, has the form of one of the most common Greek letters. However, no such proto-Carian cursive script is attested, so these etymologies are speculative. | [
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Further developments occurred within each script; in Kaunos, for example, it would seem that 𐊮 and 𐊭 both came to resemble a Latin P, and so were distinguished with an extra line in one: 𐌓 , 𐊯 . Decipherment
Numerous attempts at deciphering the Carian inscriptions were made during the 20th century. After World War II, most of the known Carian inscriptions were collected and published, which provided good basis for decipherment. In the 1960s the Russian researcher Vitaly Shevoroshkin showed that earlier assumptions that the script was a syllabic or semisyllabic writing system was false. He devoted many years to his study, and used proper methodology. He made it clear that Carian was indeed alphabetically written, but made few significant advances in the understanding of the language. He took the values of letters resembling those of the Greek alphabet for granted, which proved to be unfounded. Other researchers of Carian were H. Stoltenberg, O. Masson, Yuri Otkupshchikov, P. Meriggi (1966), and R. Gusmani (1975), but their work was not widely accepted. Stoltenberg, like Shevoroshkin, and most others, generally attributed Greek values to Carian symbols. In 1972, an Egyptologist K. Zauzich investigated bilingual texts in Carian and Egyptian (what became known as 'Egyptian approach'). This was an important step in decipherment, that produced good results. This method was further developed by T. Kowalski in 1975, which was his only publication on the subject. The British Egyptologist John D. Ray apparently worked independently from Kowalski; nevertheless he produced similar results (1981, 1983). | [
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He used Carian–Egyptian bilingual inscriptions that had been neglected until then. His big breakthrough was the reading of the name Psammetichus (Egyptian Pharaoh) in Carian. The radically different values that Ray assigned to the letters initially met with scepticism. Ignasi-Xavier Adiego, along with Diether Schürr, started to contribute to the project in the early 1990s. In his 1993 book Studia Carica, Adiego offered the decipherment values for letters that are now known as the ‘Ray-Schürr-Adiego system’. This system now gained wider acceptance. The discovery of a new bilingual inscription in 1996 (the Kaunos Carian-Greek bilingual inscription) confirmed the essential validity of their decipherment. Unicode
Carian was added to the Unicode Standard in April, 2008 with the release of version 5.1. It is encoded in Plane 1 (Supplementary Multilingual Plane). The Unicode block for Carian is U+102A0–U+102DF:
𐊡𐋊𐋋𐋌𐋍 are graphic variants, as are 𐊤𐋈𐋐, 𐋎𐊦𐋏, 𐊺𐋏, 𐊼𐊽, 𐋂𐋃, 𐋁𐋀, and possibly 𐋇𐊶. See also
Alphabets of Asia Minor
References
Adiego Lajara, I.J. The Carian Language. With an appendix by Koray Konuk. Leiden: Brill, 2007,
H. Craig Melchert, "Carian", in Woodward ed. The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor, 2008. Davies, Anna Morpurgo, "Decipherment" in International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, William J. Frawley, ed., 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2003) I:421. Everson, Michael (2006-01-12). "Proposal to encode the Carian script in the SMP of the UCS." Contains many useful illustrations and tables. | [
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Schürr, Diether, "Zur Bestimmung der Lautwerte des karischen Alphabets 1971-1991", Kadmos 31:127-156 (1992). Swiggers & Jenniges, in: P.T. Daniels & W. Bright (eds. ), The World's Writing Systems (New York/Oxford, 1996), pp. 285–286. Vidal M.C. "European Alphabets, Ancient Classical", in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed., 2006. Obsolete writing systems
Alphabets
Carian language
7th-century BC establishments
1st-century BC disestablishments | [
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Canada Health Infoway is an independent, federally funded, not-for-profit organization tasked with accelerating the adoption of digital health solutions, such as electronic health records, across Canada. Infoway is focused on two strategic goals:
Providing safer access to medications, starting with PrescribeIT, a multi-jurisdiction e-prescribing service
Providing Canadians and their health care providers with access to personal health information and digital health services
The use of digital health solutions is intended to improve access to care for Canadians, improve the efficiency of individual health care providers and make the health care system as a whole more efficient. According to Canadian Medical Association Workforce Survey, 85 per cent of primary care providers have electronic medical records. As of 2018, the Government of Canada has allocated $2.45 billion to Canada Health Infoway. Goals
Canada Health Infoway's goal is to improve the patient experience in order to improve the health of populations and unlock value for the health care system. Infoway has helped fund several types of digital health solutions, such as laboratory information systems, diagnostic imaging systems, drug information systems, registries and interoperable electronic health records. It has been reported that electronic medical records saved $1.3 billion over six years, improved chronic disease management and improved communications amongst care providers. Electronic health records, or connected health information through digital health systems such as diagnostic imaging, medication profiles, laboratory test results and other clinical reports produces $1 billion in value for the Canadian health care system every year. | [
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2018 Independent Report
A March 2018 Independent Performance Evaluation by Bell Browne Molnar & Delicate Consulting Inc. (BBMD) of Infoway's performance under its 2010 funding agreement with the Canadian federal government found, "Infoway has greatly contributed to more timely delivery of health care, increased productivity and interoperability, improved access to, and sharing of information. The 2010 Funding Agreement has led to economic stimulus and the creation of many knowledge-based jobs." Auditor General report
A 2009 report by the Auditor General of Canada found that Canada Health Infoway showed "due regard" for taxpayers' money in its financial management. Canada Health Infoway accepted all recommendations listed in the report. Auditor-General Sheila Fraser's 2010 report states "Infoway has accomplished much in the eight years since its creation. Using the funding agreements with Health Canada as a starting point, Infoway developed an approach to providing for compatible electronic health records by identifying the key requirements and components of an EHR and developing a blueprint for the design of health information systems. It consulted widely with partners and stakeholders to obtain their input and support. In addition, it established appropriate governance mechanisms and developed a risk management strategy. It has implemented appropriate management controls for operational spending, although controls for contracting for goods and services need to be strengthened." See also
European Institute for Health Records
ISO TC 215
National Resource Center for Health Information Technology (US)
Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada
RTSS
Notes
External links
Canada Health Infoway
Medical and health organizations based in Canada
Electronic health records
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Employee scheduling software automates the process of creating and maintaining a schedule. Automating the scheduling of employees increases productivity and allows organizations with hourly workforces to re-allocate resources to non-scheduling activities. Such software will usually track vacation time, sick time, compensation time, and alert when there are conflicts. As scheduling data is accumulated over time, it may be extracted for payroll or to analyze past activity. Although employee scheduling software may or may not make optimization decisions, it does manage and coordinate the tasks. Today's employee scheduling software often includes mobile applications. Mobile scheduling further increased scheduling productivity and eliminated inefficient scheduling steps. It may also include functionality including applicant tracking and on-boarding, time and attendance, and automatic limits on overtime. Such functionality can help organizations with issues like employee retention, compliance with labor laws, and other workforce management challenges. Purpose
A theoretical underpinning of an employee scheduling problem can be represented as the Nurse scheduling problem, which is NP-hard. The theoretical complexity of the problem is a significant factor in the development of various software solutions. This is because systems must take into account many different forms of schedules that could be worked, and allocate employees to the correct schedule. Ultimately, optimization of scheduling is to minimize costs, but also often requires a reciprocal approach from management instead of complete reliance on software. Transitioning to employee scheduling software
Prior to employee scheduling software companies would use physical mediums for tracking employee hours and work schedule. This then gave rise to data storage forms that later by the 80s were compatible with computer programs and software. | [
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These forms however never actually scheduled the employees, it just kept track of the employees work week, hours, and prior work schedules. This then gave way to the idea of employee scheduling software, which would be an all-inclusive system that would store and track employee work history, along with actually scheduling the employee's work week. Punch cards
The earliest form of automated employee scheduling and managing of employee hours was the punch card. The idea first created by Basile Bouchon developed the control of a loom by punched holes in paper tape in 1725. Herman Hollerith improved the design. IBM manufactured and marketed a variety of unit record machines for creating, sorting, and tabulating punched cards, even after expanding into electronic computers in the late 1950s. IBM developed punched card technology into a powerful tool for business data-processing and produced an extensive line of general purpose unit record machines. Magnetic tape
During the 1960s, the punched card was gradually replaced as the primary means for data storage by magnetic tape, as better, more capable computers became available. Mohawk Data Sciences introduced a magnetic tape encoder in 1965, a system marketed as a keypunch replacement which was somewhat successful, but punched cards were still commonly used for data entry and programming until the mid-1980s when the combination of lower cost magnetic disk storage, and affordable interactive terminals on less expensive minicomputers made punched cards obsolete for this role as well. However, their influence lives on through many standard conventions and file formats. | [
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Auto-scheduling and intelligent rostering
In the 2010s, the wide adoption of mobile devices and the rise of 3G, 4G, and 5G networks worldwide has made it possible to approach the task of scheduling differently. In the last decade, many software solutions have sprung up to make the lives of business owners and managers easier and less burdensome. The first wave of solutions helped small business owners to schedule, manage, and communicate with their employees in a more streamlined way. The newer way of solutions go a step further, leveraging machine learning and are being built on even newer cloud technologies. The need for automation and intelligent rostering in workforce management will continue to grow as society's heads into a gig economy. Complexity
Algorithms are used within the employee scheduling software in order to determine not only who is working, but also the specific jobs and tasks required of the workers. The system still must be monitored, and any further issues with assigning of specifics is done manually. Within the context of roster problems and models, there are three main factors to work out the differences: the integration of days off scheduling with line of work construction and task assignment, roster construction, and demand type. These complexities thusly require that each and every workplace must optimize employee scheduling software based on their own unique set of rules, issues and needs. Additionally, it is difficult to determine optimal solution that minimize costs, meet employee preferences, distribute shifts equitably among employees and satisfy all the workplace constraints. | [
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In many organizations, the people involved in developing rosters need decision support tools to help provide the right employees at the right time and the right cost while achieving a high level of employee satisfaction. Due to constant change within work environments, new models and algorithms must be created in order to allow for flexibility as needs and demands arise. For example, when a large number of new employees are hired, as in the total workforce is increased, the scheduling software likely will need to be updated in order to allow for such a change. Features
Although employee scheduling software won't necessarily improve business practices by itself, it does automate typically tedious business administration. It can also have positive effects on aspects of the business indirectly, including employee engagement, employee retention, and lowered labor costs. By providing management with large amounts of data, this software can assist management in making decisions and automatically create a work schedule that fits as many constraints as possible. Also, the software may be a part of an ERP package or other human resource management system. Features vary depending on software vendor, but some typical features include:
Gantt chart or calendar view of the schedule
Approve employee requests for time off
Reduce unproductive workforce due to over scheduling
Use weather forecasts to predict staffing needs
Days off scheduling
Allow employees to swap shifts. Templates to roll out shift plans over medium term
Interface to payroll and/or management accounting software
Ability to easily identify unassigned shifts. Ability to create reports for invoicing and payroll. Manage the task of automation and data collection. | [
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] |
Workplace analysis
Mobile application integration
Interface agents
Future trends
As the modern workplace becomes more complex, it is likely that rostering will need to be more flexible to cater to more individualistic preferences. Artificial intelligence also looks to play a bigger role in scheduling software, requiring less oversight by management to correct issues. See also
Appointment scheduling software
Automated planning and scheduling
Field service management
Gantt chart
Meeting scheduling tool
Schedule (workplace)
Time tracking software
Timesheet
Workforce management
Applicant Tracking System
Rostering
References
Administrative software
Business software
Project management software
Automated planning and scheduling | [
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In mathematics, the term fiber (US English) or fibre (British English) can have two meanings, depending on the context:
In naive set theory, the fiber of the element in the set under a map is the inverse image of the singleton under . In algebraic geometry, the notion of a fiber of a morphism of schemes must be defined more carefully because, in general, not every point is closed. Definitions
Fiber in naive set theory
Let be a map. The fiber of an element commonly denoted by is defined as That is, the fiber of under is the set of elements in the domain of that are mapped to . The inverse image or preimage generalizes the concept of the fiber to subsets of the codomain. The notation is still used to refer to the fiber, as the fiber of an element is the preimage of the singleton set , as in . That is, the fiber can be treated as a function from the codomain to the powerset of the domain: while the preimage generalizes this to a function between powersets:
If maps into the real numbers, so is simply a number, then the fiber is also called the level set of under : If is a continuous function and is in the image of , then the level set of under is a curve in 2D, a surface in 3D, and, more generally, a hypersurface of dimension
Fiber in algebraic geometry
In algebraic geometry, if is a morphism of schemes, the fiber of a point in is the fiber product of schemes
where is the residue field at . | [
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] |
See also
Fibration
Fiber bundle
Fiber product
Image (category theory)
Image (mathematics)
Converse relation
Kernel (mathematics)
Level set
Preimage
Relation
Zero set
Citations
References
Basic concepts in set theory
Mathematical relations | [
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OpenWetWare is a wiki whose mission is "to support open research, education, publication, and discussion in biological sciences and engineering." OpenWetWare was created by graduate students at MIT on April 20, 2005. Initially, it served as a private lab wiki for the labs of Drew Endy and Tom Knight at MIT. The site was opened up to allow any lab to join on June 22, 2005. As of April 6, 2007 the site hosted 100 research laboratories from over 40 institutions, including Boston University, Brown University, Caltech, Cambridge Research Institute, CNRS, Duke University, and many others. In addition to laboratories, a number of scientific communities are based on the site, including synthetic biology, Mimulus, and the BioBricks Foundation. One scientific community is the iGEM community with over 60 different teams represented on June 28, 2013, including the | NRP-UEA-Norwich team and the | Groningen team. OpenWetWare runs on MediaWiki software on Linux servers. All content is available under free content licenses, specifically the GNU free documentation license (GFDL) and the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike license. External links
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Electronic lab notebook | [
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Project MUSE, a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books. Project MUSE contains digital humanities and social science content from over 250 university presses and scholarly societies around the world. It is an aggregator of digital versions of academic journals, all of which are free of digital rights management (DRM). It operates as a third-party acquisition service like EBSCO, JSTOR, OverDrive, and ProQuest. MUSE's online journal collections are available on a subscription basis to academic, public, special, and school libraries. Currently, more than 2,500 libraries worldwide subscribe. Electronic book collections became available for institutional purchase in January 2012. Thousands of scholarly books are available on the platform. History
Project MUSE was founded in 1993 as a joint project between the Johns Hopkins University Press and the Milton S. Eisenhower Library at the Johns Hopkins University. With grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities, Project MUSE was launched online alongside the JHU Press Journals in 1995. Beginning in 2000, journals from other scholarly publishers were integrated into MUSE's online collections. Additional publishers have added journals each subsequent year. In January 2012, a new interface was launched which incorporated its current journal collection with electronic books published by members of the University Press Content Consortium (UPCC). The platform is powered by the WAIS searching utility called SWISH (Simple Web Indexing System for Humans), which allows Boolean searching in single issues, volumes, or across all 40+ titles. | [
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In cases where footnotes exist in articles, the footnote number is presented as a hyperlink to the article's bibliography or notes section. Journals
Project MUSE offers tiered-pricing structures to meet budgetary and research needs of subscribing institutions. Subscribers may choose from four interdisciplinary journal collections, as well as two broad discipline collections in the humanities or social sciences. Content is grouped into seventeen interdisciplinary research areas: Area and Ethnic Studies; Art and Architecture; Creative Writing; Education; Film, Theater, and Performing Arts; History; Language and Linguistics; Library Science and Publishing; Literature; Medicine and Health; Music; Philosophy; Religion; Science, Technology, and Mathematics; Social Sciences; Studies by Time Period; Women's Studies, Gender, and Sexuality. Project MUSE is the sole source of full-text versions of journal titles from a number of university presses and scholarly societies. Journals are published electronically at the same time as their print counterparts and remain available permanently within the database. Subscribing libraries are not required to maintain a print subscription to the same journals they access through Project MUSE. Although much of the journal content consists of current publications, archival issues of many of its journals are regularly added to the database. More than 600 journals from over 250 university presses and scholarly publishers are available. Of the 600+ journals in the database, more than 100 of them include complete runs. A number of resources are provided including tutorials, instructional materials, and subject guides. | [
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] |
See also
List of academic databases and search engines
Aluka
ARTstor
ArXiv
Japanese Historical Text Initiative
Digital preservation
References
External links
Johns Hopkins University
Aggregation-based digital libraries
Academic publishing
Full-text scholarly online databases
Academic journal online publishing platforms
American digital libraries | [
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MonoTorrent is a cross-platform .NET Standard 2.0 compatible library which implements the BitTorrent protocol. As a result, MonoTorrent can be compiled and executed on every major operating system, including smart phones, IoT or other mobile devices. The aim of this library is not to provide a rich graphical interface for users to interact with, but rather to provide a rich programming API to allow a developer to create a GUI using the library without having to worry about reinventing the wheel by implementing the BitTorrent specification themselves. As a result, this should allow developers to embed the library into a wide variety of applications with ease. The library was initially developed under the 2006 Google Summer of Code. It now resides in the public Git repository for Mono. See also
Comparison of BitTorrent libraries
References
External links
Official MonoTorrent blog
The source
MacOS programming tools
Programming tools for Windows
BitTorrent
Software using the MIT license
Free software programmed in C Sharp | [
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In mathematics, there is a theorem stating that there is no analogue of Lebesgue measure on an infinite-dimensional Banach space. Other kinds of measures are therefore used on infinite-dimensional spaces: often, the abstract Wiener space construction is used. Alternatively, one may consider Lebesgue measure on finite-dimensional subspaces of the larger space and consider so-called prevalent and shy sets. Compact sets in Banach spaces may also carry natural measures: the Hilbert cube, for instance, carries the product Lebesgue measure. In a similar spirit, the compact topological group given by the Tychonoff product of infinitely many copies of the circle group is infinite-dimensional, and carries a Haar measure that is translation-invariant. Motivation
It can be shown that Lebesgue measure λn on Euclidean space Rn is locally finite, strictly positive and translation-invariant, explicitly:
every point x in Rn has an open neighbourhood Nx with finite measure λn(Nx) < +∞;
every non-empty open subset U of Rn has positive measure λn(U) > 0; and
if A is any Lebesgue-measurable subset of Rn, Th : Rn → Rn, Th(x) = x + h, denotes the translation map, and (Th)∗(λn) denotes the push forward, then (Th)∗(λn)(A) = λn(A). Geometrically speaking, these three properties make Lebesgue measure very nice to work with. When we consider an infinite-dimensional space such as an Lp space or the space of continuous paths in Euclidean space, it would be nice to have a similarly nice measure to work with. | [
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Unfortunately, this is not possible. Statement of the theorem
Let (X, ||·||) be an infinite-dimensional, separable Banach space. Then the only locally finite and translation-invariant Borel measure μ on X is the trivial measure, with μ(A) = 0 for every measurable set A. Equivalently, every translation-invariant measure that is not identically zero assigns infinite measure to all open subsets of X. Proof of the theorem
Let X be an infinite-dimensional, separable Banach space equipped with a locally finite, translation-invariant measure μ. Using local finiteness, suppose that, for some δ > 0, the open ball B(δ) of radius δ has finite μ-measure. Since X is infinite-dimensional, there is an infinite sequence of pairwise disjoint open balls Bn(δ/4), n ∈ N, of radius δ/4, with all the smaller balls Bn(δ/4) contained within the larger ball B(δ). By translation-invariance, all of the smaller balls have the same measure; since the sum of these measures is finite, the smaller balls must all have μ-measure zero. Now, since X is separable, it can be covered by a countable collection of balls of radius δ/4; since each such ball has μ-measure zero, so must the whole space X, and so μ is the trivial measure. References
(See section 1: Introduction)
Articles containing proofs
Banach spaces
Theorems in analysis
Measure theory | [
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IMSP is Internet Message Support Protocol. Defined in a 1995 Internet Draft, which carries this abstract:
Work on standardizing IMSP was never completed because development of the ACAP protocol, which has a superset of IMSP's functionality. Implementations
An IMSP server is available for download from CMU. The Horde PHP framework and applications have IMSP support. Mulberry supports IMSP storage of mail preferences and address books. Silkymail (discontinued) supported IMSP storage of mail preferences and address books. Address books were shared with Mulberry. Simeon (discontinued) supported IMSP storage of mail preferences and address books. An IMSP address book plugin is available for SquirrelMail. Internet mail protocols | [
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Wendelin Werner (born 23 September 1968) is a German-born French mathematician working on random processes such as self-avoiding random walks, Brownian motion, Schramm–Loewner evolution, and related theories in probability theory and mathematical physics. In 2006, at the 25th International Congress of Mathematicians in Madrid, Spain he received the Fields Medal "for his contributions to the development of stochastic Loewner evolution, the geometry of two-dimensional Brownian motion, and conformal field theory". He is professor at ETH Zürich. Biography
Werner was born on 23 September 1968 in Cologne, Germany. His parents moved to France when he was nine months old and he became a French citizen in 1977. After a classe préparatoire at Lycée Hoche in Versailles, he studied at École Normale Supérieure from 1987 to 1991. His 1993 doctorate was written at the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie and supervised by Jean-François Le Gall. Werner was a researcher at the CNRS (National Center of Scientific Research, Centre national de la recherche scientifique) from 1991 to 1997, during which he also held a two-year Leibniz Fellowship, at the University of Cambridge. He was Professor at
the University of Paris-Sud from 1997 to 2013 and also taught at the École Normale Supérieure from 2005 to 2013. | [
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Awards and honors
Werner has received several awards, including the Rollo Davidson Prize in 1998, the Prix Paul Doistau–Émile Blutet in 1999, the Fermat Prize in 2001, the Grand Prix Jacques Herbrand of the French Academy of Sciences in 2003, the Loève Prize in 2005, the 2006 SIAM George Pólya Prize with his collaborators Gregory Lawler and Oded Schramm or the Heinz Gumin Prize (de) in 2016. He became a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 2008. He is also a member of other academies of sciences, including the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and is an honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius College. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 2020. Miscellaneous
He also had a part in the 1982 French film La Passante du Sans-Souci. He has an
Erdős–Bacon number of six. References
External links
Page at ETH
La Passante du Sans-Souci on imdb.org
1968 births
Living people
20th-century French mathematicians
21st-century French mathematicians
École Normale Supérieure alumni
ETH Zurich faculty
Fields Medalists
CNRS scientists
German emigrants to France
Naturalized citizens of France
Lycée Hoche alumni
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Probability theorists
Prix Paul Doistau–Émile Blutet laureates
Paris-Saclay University people
Paris-Saclay University alumni
Foreign Members of the Royal Society | [
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RSS-TV is an XML-based navigation protocol for Internet media services based on the RSS standard. The adoption of RSS-TV enables video device manufacturers to develop applications to navigate Internet media services. Example video devices include set top boxes, game consoles, broadband-connected digital video disc (DVD) players, digital video recorders (DVRs), personal video recorders (PVRs) and next-generation mobile phones. By implementing the RSS TV protocol, these devices provide user access to a growing library of online media (video, audio and games) services. RSS-TV is an extension of RSS and includes additional XML elements and attributes to enable Premium TV-centric features such as:
Video on demand (VOD) and Subscription video on demand (SVOD)
Navigating media services (video, audio, games) in a hierarchical fashion
Capturing user input (such as a user personal identification number (PIN), search query, or email) and automatic search suggestions. Network PVR functionality
Secure download of HD content
Electronic program guide for live streams
Automatic language selection
Numeric shortcuts for selecting menu items
Readers familiar with Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) can compare RSS-TV with the DVB Service Information standards developed in the 1990s for digital TV EPGs. The difference is that RSS-TV has been developed for two-way Internet Protocol (IP) networks rather than broadcasting networks. RSS-TV leverages the increasing availability of products that support RSS such as caching engines and RSS-enabled content management and publishing systems. | [
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RSS-TV compliant applications can be implemented using any language and operating system including AJAX/HTML, Flash, OpenTV, or C. Similarly, service providers can use any web service technologies (Java, .NET, PHP) to build RSS-TV compliant services. Podcasting
RSS-compliant feeds that use enclosures for video/audio (podcasting) are fully compliant with RSS-TV. RSS-TV compliant clients will display these feeds as a list of menu items and will play (or download) the media. Encoding
Similar to other XML-based standards, RSS-TV documents are assumed to be 8-bit Unicode Transformation Format (UTF-8) encoded. See also
Media RSS
References
RSS 2.0 specification:
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing:
RSS-TV specification:
Digital television
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Brian David Ripley FRSE (born 29 April 1952) is a British statistician. From 1990, he was professor of applied statistics at the University of Oxford and is also a professorial fellow at St Peter's College. He retired August 2014 due to ill health. Biography
Ripley has made contributions to the fields of spatial statistics and pattern recognition. His work on artificial neural networks in the 1990s helped to bring aspects of machine learning and data mining to the attention of statistical audiences. He emphasised the value of robust statistics in his books Modern Applied Statistics with S and Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Ripley helped develop the S programming language and its implementations: S-PLUS and R. He co-authored two books based on S, Modern Applied Statistics with S and S Programming. From 2000 to 2021 he was one of the most active committers to the R core. He was educated at the University of Cambridge, where he was awarded both the Smith's Prize (at the time awarded to the best graduate essay writer who had been undergraduate at Cambridge in that cohort) and the Rollo Davidson Prize. The university also awarded him the Adams Prize in 1987 for an essay entitled Statistical Inference for Spatial Processes, later published as a book. He served on the faculty of Imperial College, London from 1976 until 1983, at which point he moved to the University of Strathclyde. Authored books
Ripley, B. D. (1981) Spatial Statistics. Wiley, 252pp. . Ripley, B. D. (1983) Stochastic Simulation. Wiley, . | [
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Ripley, B. D. (1996) Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. Cambridge University Press. 403 pages. . Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (2000) S Programming. Springer, 264pp. . Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S (Fourth Edition; previous editions published as Modern Applied Statistics with S-PLUS in 1994, 1997 & 1999). Springer, 462pp. . References
External links
Brian Ripley's home page at the University of Oxford
1952 births
British statisticians
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Machine learning researchers
Artificial intelligence researchers
Living people
Fellows of St Peter's College, Oxford
R (programming language) people | [
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Chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) is a decision tree technique, based on adjusted significance testing (Bonferroni testing). The technique was developed in South Africa and was published in 1980 by Gordon V. Kass, who had completed a PhD thesis on this topic. CHAID can be used for prediction (in a similar fashion to regression analysis, this version of CHAID being originally known as XAID) as well as classification, and for detection of interaction between variables. CHAID is based on a formal extension of the United States' AID (Automatic Interaction Detection) and THAID (THeta Automatic Interaction Detection) procedures of the 1960s and 1970s, which in turn were extensions of earlier research, including that performed in the UK in the 1950s. In practice, CHAID is often used in the context of direct marketing to select groups of consumers so as to predict how their responses to some variables affect other variables, although other early applications were in the fields of medical and psychiatric research. Like other decision trees, CHAID's advantages are that its output is highly visual and easy to interpret. Because it uses multiway splits by default, it needs rather large sample sizes to work effectively, since with small sample sizes the respondent groups can quickly become too small for reliable analysis. One important advantage of CHAID over alternatives such as multiple regression is that it is non-parametric. See also
Chi-squared distribution
Latent class model
Structural equation modeling
Market segment
Decision tree learning
Multiple comparisons
References
Further reading
Belson, William A.; Matching and prediction on the principle of biological classification, Applied Statistics, Vol. | [
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] |
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In astrophysics and planetary science, spectral slope, also called spectral gradient, is a measure of dependence of the reflectance on the wavelength. In digital signal processing, it is a measure of how quickly the spectrum of an audio sound tails off towards the high frequencies, calculated using a linear regression. Spectral slope in astrophysics and planetary science
The visible and infrared spectrum of the reflected sunlight is used to infer physical and chemical properties of the surface of a body. Some objects are brighter (reflect more) in longer wavelengths (red). Consequently, in visible light they will appear redder than objects showing no dependence of reflectance on the wavelength. The diagram illustrates three slopes:
a red slope, the reflectance is increasing with the wavelengths
flat spectrum (in black)
And a blue slope, the reflectance actually diminishing with the wavelengths
The slope (spectral gradient) is defined as:
where is the reflectance measured with filters F0, F1 having the central wavelengths λ0 and λ1, respectively. The slope is typically expressed in percentage increase of reflectance (i.e. reflexivity) per unit of wavelength: %/100 nm (or % /1000 Å)
The slope is mostly used in near infrared part of the spectrum while colour indices are commonly used in the visible part of the spectrum. The trans-Neptunian object Sedna is a typical example of a body showing a steep red slope (20%/100 nm) while Orcus' spectrum appears flat in near infra-red. | [
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Spectral slope in audio
The spectral "slope" of many natural audio signals (their tendency to have less energy at high frequencies) has been known for many years, and the fact that this slope is related to the nature of the sound source. One way to quantify this is by applying linear regression to the Fourier magnitude spectrum of the signal, which produces a single number indicating the slope of the line-of-best-fit through the spectral data. Alternative ways to characterise a sound signal's distribution of energy vs. frequency include spectral rolloff, spectral centroid. Animals that can sense spectral slope
The dung beetle can see the spectral gradient of the sky and polarised light, and they used this to navigate. Desert ants Cataglyphis use the polarization and spectral skylight gradients to navigate. See also
Roll-off
References
Planetary science
Digital signal processing | [
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Swan fan Makkum is a brigantine, built in 1993 in the Gdansk shipyard, Poland. Named for Willem Sligting, Makkum, christened by Hinke de Vries, co-owner and wife, in a multilingual fashion: English, Polish and Frysian and after the ceremony launched in the river Wisła. She is the largest brigantine in the world, as well as the largest two masted sailing vessel, with an overall length of . She carries a maximum of of sail, and with an air draft of is one of the tallest of the tall ships. She currently operates as a charter vessel in Europe. She has crossed the Atlantic Ocean 18 times and has passaged in 2007 over since she was built. She has made regular appearances at major sailing events around the world and competes in at least part of the Tall Ships Race series every year. The ship was during building full equipend with GMDSS radio equipment for sea-area A3 and 2 main gensets from 40Kw each and an auxiliary genset in the foxhole
Swan fan Makkum was sold February 6, 2006 to Italy and renamed Italia. She will continue to appear as a competitor in the Tall Ships Race, her first appearance as Nave Italia was in the 2007 Mediterranean series. She is now jointly operated by the Italian Navy and the Yacht Club Italiano. After the sale of Swan fan Makkum, Willem Sligting and Hinke de Vries built a new tall ship: Wylde Swan. External links
Brigantines
Tall ships of the Netherlands | [
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Creditcall (now NMI) is a payment service provider and payment gateway with offices in the United States and UK, providing credit card authorisation and settlement services to banks and processors in the United Kingdom, United States and Canada. History
Creditcall Limited, originally Creditcall Communications Limited, was founded in 1996. Later, a North American subsidiary, Creditcall Corporation, was incorporated in 2005. The name Creditcall is derived from the name of Creditcall's first product, a telecommunications service that enabled callers to bill telephone calls to their credit or debit card. Creditcall won 3i's Business Catapult Award in 1998 along with an initial investment in the company. In 2012 the management team completed a management buyout of the company backed by FF&P Private Equity and Bestport Ventures. On 21 April 2014 Creditcall was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise. In March 2018, Creditcall was acquired by US-based payments technology company NMI. NMI is headquartered in Schaumburg Illinois, with offices in Utah, New York, and Bristol, UK. NMI is backed by US private equity firms Insight Partners, Great Hill Partners and Francisco Partners. References
External links
How To Integrate Payment Gateway In Shopify
Financial services companies of the United Kingdom
Online payments
1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
Payment service providers
Queen's Awards for Enterprise
Financial services companies established in 1996
Multinational companies | [
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The German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (German: Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz, DFKI) is one of the world's largest nonprofit contract research institutes for software technology based on artificial intelligence (AI) methods. DFKI was founded in 1988, and has facilities in the German cities of Kaiserslautern, Saarbrücken, Bremen and Berlin. DFKI shareholders include Google, Microsoft, SAP and Daimler. The directors are Antonio Krüger (CEO) and Helmut Ditzer (CFO). Research
DFKI conducts contract research in virtually all fields of modern AI, including image and pattern recognition, knowledge management, intelligent visualization and simulation, deduction and multi-agent systems, speech- and language technology, intelligent user interfaces, business informatics and robotics. DFKI led the national project Verbmobil, a project with the aim to translate spontaneous speech robustly and bidirectionally for German/English and German/Japanese. Branches
There are different research departments. | [
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] |
Kaiserslautern
Embedded Intelligence (Paul Lukowicz)
Augmented Vision (Didier Stricker)
Innovative Factory Systems (Martin Ruskowski)
Intelligent Networks (Hans Dieter Schotten)
Smart Data & Knowledge Services (Andreas Dengel)
Data Science & its Applications (Sebastian Vollmer)
Saarbrücken
Cognitive Assistants (Antonio Krüger)
Institute for Information Systems (Peter Loos)
Agents and Simulated Reality (Philipp Slusallek)
Multilinguality and Language Technology (Josef van Genabith)
Algorithmic Business and Production (Jana Koehler)
Smart Service Engineering (Wolfgang Maaß)
Bremen
Robotics Innovation Center (Frank Kirchner)
Cyber Physical Systems (Rolf Drechsler)
Berlin
Interactive Textiles (Gesche Joost)
Intelligent Analytics for Massive Data - Smart Data (Volker Markl)
Speech and Language Technology (Sebastian Möller)
Educational Technology Lab (Niels Pinkwart)
Osnabrück
Plan-Based Robot Control (Joachim Hertzberg)
Smart Enterprise Engineering (Oliver Thomas)
Oldenburg
Marine Perception (Oliver Zielinski)
Interactive Machine Learning (Daniel Sonntag)
Lübeck
AI in Biomedical Signal Processing (Alfred Mertins)
AI in Medical Imaging (Heinz Handels)
Stochastic Relational AI in Healthcare (Ralf Möller)
See also
CLAIRE, a European organization on artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Notes
External links
Official site
Professor Wolfgang Wahlster Profile
. . SmartWeb at CeBIT-2006. Artificial intelligence laboratories
Computer science institutes in Germany
Laboratories in Germany
Information technology research institutes | [
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Dialect levelling is the means by which dialect differences decrease. For example, in rural areas of Britain, although English is widely spoken, the pronunciation and the grammar have historically varied. During the twentieth century, more people moved into towns and cities, standardising English. Dialect levelling can develop by the influence of various types of media. Background
Many of the great works in English dialectology were prompted because of fears that the dialects would soon die out and of a desire to record the dialect in time. Joseph Wright began his English Dialect Dictionary by saying "It is quite evident from the letters daily received at the 'Workshop' that pure dialect speech is rapidly disappearing from our midst, and that in a few years it will be almost impossible to get accurate information about difficult points." Harold Orton told his fieldworkers on the Survey of English Dialects that they had to work quickly in "a last-minute exercise to scoop out the last remaining vestige of dialect before it died out under the pressures of modern movement and communication." The results of the Atlas Linguarum Europae in England, collected in the late 1970s, did indeed find a reduction of lexical diversity since Harold Orton's survey. Dialect levelling is a linguistic phenomenon studied and observed by dialectologists and sociolinguists. There are different researcher opinions on what constitutes a dialect in this context. Chambers and Trudgill (1984) choose to view a dialect as a subdivision of a particular language such as the Parisian dialect of French and the Lancashire dialect of English. | [
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They feel that standard English is just as much a dialect as any other form of English and that it is incorrect to suppose that one language is in any way linguistically superior to another. Sociolinguists study relations between language and social groups. This includes topics such as the differences in language usage between men and women, older and younger people, and lower and higher social classes, and attitudes towards various language forms. The techniques developed by sociolinguists can be used to study the phenomenon of dialect levelling (Boves, & Gerritsen, 1995). Development
Dialect levelling occurs mostly in socially and geographically mobile groups and in contexts where people have a tendency to adapt to their listener in order to ensure they better understand. People who come to a new town adapt their language and unconsciously leave out local language elements so that the hearer will understand them better. As a result, dialect forms that have a wide geographical and social range tend to be used more often. Eventually these short-term adaptions become long-term changes. Though most of the adjustments happen largely unconsciously, some people are more open to language change and adaptation than others and this influences the extent to which dialect levelling takes place (Kerswill, 2003; Milroy, 2002). Historical examples show that dialect levelling generally takes place anywhere and anytime in situations of extensive mobility and cultural and linguistic mixing. One historical example of dialect levelling is the change in the London dialect that took place in the fifteenth century when Northern county immigrants moved to London. | [
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Their dialect diffused into southern forms and some elements were incorporated into standard English (Milroy, 2002). Dialect levelling has become a widespread phenomenon in Britain. Southern features seem to be spreading throughout the whole country and typical vowel sounds seem to be centred on big cities like Glasgow, Manchester, or Newcastle (Kerswill, 2001). Due to an increase in mobility, migration, and the media, who portray variety in language as something positive, dialect levelling seems to take place more quickly than before (Kerswill, 2003). Cases
The following are the results of several research projects with a focus on dialect levelling. They enhance our knowledge of the dialect levelling that is taking place today in Great Britain. There has been research on the phenomenon of dialect leveling in Hull, Milton Keynes, and Reading (Williams, & Kerswill, 1999):
The survey of British Dialect Grammar in the metropolitan regions of Blackburn, Birmingham, Cardiff, Nottingham, Glasgow, London, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Preston, Sheffield, Teesside, Coventry, Swansea, Brighton, Leeds, and Bristol (Cheshire, Edwards, & Whittle, 1989). The major urban centres of Britain have certain grammatical features in common in their spoken English and so we could say that a ‘standardising’ non-standard variety of English is developing. Social network and class culture as independent influences on language change (Kerswill & Williams, 2000)
In Milton Keynes, a new phenomenon has been investigated in linguistics research. | [
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A large group of working-class people have moved to Milton Keynes, away from their home town and kin, in the hope of finding better housing. Unlike traditional working-class communities, they do not form close-knit networks and tend to keep themselves to themselves. This type of network is common with migrants everywhere. For some features, especially vowels, the levelling leans towards the Received Pronunciation norm. For other features, especially consonants, the levelling leans more towards a general, southern, non-standard norm. Strong class awareness amongst youngsters and strong prejudice against 'posh' people explain why standard English and Received Pronunciation are not fully adopted. For the working class of Milton Keynes, it is a priority to establish a distinction between them and the upper class. This indicates that mobility and social class appear to be two separate influences that do not necessarily go hand in hand. Examples
The following are examples of new language features that are currently spreading throughout Britain. They are slowly taking the place of typical regional features. Estuary English has been added as an example of modern-day dialect levelling because it is the well known result of dialect levelling that has been taking place on the Thames Estuary over the past twenty years. [θ]-fronting in Britain. This is when the -th- is pronounced as [f] or [v]” (Kerswill, 2003). | [
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The following are the 13 most reported dialect features in the metropolitan regions of Blackburn, Birmingham, Cardiff, Nottingham, Glasgow, London, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Preston, Sheffield, Teesside, Coventry, Swansea, Brighton, Leeds, and Bristol, according to The Survey of British Dialect Grammar. Them as demonstrative determiner (Look at them big spiders),
Should of (You should of left half an hour ago),
Absence of plural marking (To make a big cake you need two pound of flour),
What as subject relative pronoun (The film what was on last night was good),
Never as past tense negator (No, I never broke that),
There was with plural 'notional' subject (There was some singers here a minute ago),
There's with plural 'notional' subject (There's cars outside the church),
Perfect participle sat following BE auxiliary (She was sat over there looking at her car),
Adverbial quick (I like pasta. It cooks really quick),
Ain't/in't (that ain't working/ that in't working),
Give me it (give me it, please),
Perfect participle stood following BE auxiliary (And he was stood in the corner looking at it),
Non-standard was (we was singing) (Cheshire, Edwards, & Whittle, 1989)
Estuary English is a new English variation found on the Thames Estuary. It is situated somewhere in the middle between popular London speech and Received Pronunciation. People arrive at it from above and from below. | [
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As people climb the social ladder they tend to correct their speech. They get rid of grammatically nonstandard features such as double negatives, the word ain't and past tense forms such as writ for wrote and come for came. They also adapt their accent, for example pronouncing the instead of dropping it, replacing the glottal stops with [t] as in water, and changing some vowels. Some claim that Estuary English is becoming the new standard, replacing Received Pronunciation, and that Received Pronunciation speakers are adopting it themselves (Kerswill, 2001; Milroy, 2002). Influences
Migration within a country
Over the past forty years people have moved out of the cities and into dormitory towns and suburbs. In addition thirty-five new towns, such as Milton Keynes were created across the country (Kerswill, 2001). Industrialisation often causes an increase in work opportunities in a certain area causing people to move and evoking a general willingness to adopt certain language features that are typical for this area (Milroy, 2002). In general first-generation adult migrants only show slight language changes, whereas their children produce a more homogeneous language. When these children become teenagers, they often feel pressured to conform to the language of their peer group and thus a new levelled language variety starts to emerge (Williams, & Kerswill, 1999). Lateral (geographical) mobility
Modern transportation has made travel easier and more efficient. This results in people travelling larger distances to work and meeting people from different areas at work, which in turn exposes them to different dialects and encourages dialect levelling. | [
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It causes employers to expect that employees are flexible and willing to work at different locations or to change locations throughout their career. It produces language missionaries or people that move away from their native area for a period of time and then return, bringing with them some traces of a foreign dialect and it results in the fact that parents nowadays do not come from the same community, causing dialect levelling to take place within the family (Williams, & Kerswill, 1999). Vertical social mobility
When people are promoted they often feel the need to adapt their language so that a wider group of people will understand them more clearly. They often leave out typical regional varieties and use more widely known varieties instead. Schools realise the need for a common language variety and encourage pupils to adopt Standard English (Williams, & Kerswill, 1999). People approach new language forms positively
Popular media such as TV and radio stations broadcast mostly from London and the south, causing traces of southern accents to be found in the north. Nowadays however, one finds a generally positive attitude towards different language forms as Non-Received Pronunciation English can be heard on every radio and television station. BBC newsreaders still form an exception in this respect, though even there Welsh and Scottish accents seem to be accepted. This positive attitude towards different varieties of English seems to catch on with the general public (Kerswill, 2001)(Williams, & Kerswill, 1999). Women are generally more open to new language varieties
Several studies show that women adopt widely used language features more easily than men. | [
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The language of women tends to be more neutral and shows less regional varieties, though their language does not necessarily come closer to Received Pronunciation. Dialect levelling often starts with women but quickly spreads to the rest of the family (Kerswill, 2003). Speakers want to maintain a unique dialect that distinguishes them from others
In some cases more than others, linguistic distinctiveness seems to be a sociolinguistic priority. When having a conversation with someone of a different dialect community, some people like to emphasise their own dialect (Kerswill, & Williams 2000)(Milroy, 2002). Amongst youngsters of all classes there is often a strong class awareness. Working-class teenagers for example, are known to make strong statements against 'posh' people. These class-based norms influence a person's willingness to adopt standard English and Received Pronunciation and their dislike for different language varieties (Kerswill, & Williams 2000). Natural factors
Not all language changes are caused by external influences. Sometimes language changes through the course of time. One example of such a change is [θ]-fronting (Kerswill, 2003). Related items
Geographical diffusion
Over the larger area of Great Britain, geographical diffusion tends to take place as opposed to dialect levelling. In this case specific language features spread out from a densely populated, economical and culturally dominant centre. Where dialect levelling takes place locally, geographical diffusion covers large areas (Kerswill, 2003). | [
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Social dialect (sociolect)
The Survey of British Dialect Grammar suggests the term social dialect as opposed to regional dialect because the dialect a person uses seems to be more closely related to a person's social activities and relationships with other people than to the place where a person resides (Cheshire, Edwards, & Whittle, 1989). Koinéisation
Koinéisation is the process by which speakers create a new language variety based on the dialects of the speakers with whom they have come into contact (Milroy, 2002). Standardisation of language
The formalisation of a language variety with the intervention of an institution (Milroy, 2002). See also
Dialect continuum
Koiné language
Language convergence
Mutual intelligibility
Notes
References
Boves, T., & Gerritsen, M. (1995). Inleiding in de sociolinguïstiek. Utrecht: Het Spectrum. Chambers, K., & Trudgill, P. (1984). Dialectology (reprinted 1984). Cambridge: University Press. Cheshire, J., Edwards, V., & Whittle, P. (1989). Urban British dialect grammar: the question of dialect leveling. English World Wide 10: 185–225. Kerswill, P., & Williams, A. (2000). Mobility and social class in dialect leveling: evidence from new and old towns in England. In K. Mattheier (ed. ), Dialect and Migration in a changing Europe (pp. 1–13). Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Kerswill, P. (2001). Mobility, meritocracy and dialect levelling: the fading (and phasing) out of Received Pronunciation. In P. Rajamäe & K. Vogelberg (Eds. | [
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ISO 19114 Geographic information - Quality evaluation procedures provides a procedural framework for evaluating the quality of digital geographic datasets, consistent with the data quality principles defined in ISO 19113. It consists of three classes of conformance: one for quality evaluation, one for evaluating data quality and on for reporting quality information. It is an international standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization. This standard has been withdrawn and been revised by ISO 19157. See also
ISO/TC 211
Source document
ISO 19114:2003
External links
International Organization for Standardization
Association for Geographic Information
Project Management and Mapping AS
19114
Geographic information systems | [
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The Qingdao dialect is the local dialect of the city of Qingdao and nearby towns, in China's Shandong Province. Often characterized as requiring a "fat tongue", the Qingdao dialect often adds a // ("th") sound to Mandarin's // ("sh"), // ("x"), and // ("s"). It also obliterates many Mandarin tones. The basic, though not at all universal rule for converting Putonghua to the Qingdao dialect in the pinyin system is that a Mandarin 1 tone will become a Qingdao 3, 2 becomes a 4, 3 becomes 1 and 4 remains four. The Qingdao dialect's 1 tone (Mandarin's 3) also has a drawl to it. (the pinyin tones are: 1ˉ 2ˊ 3ˇ 4ˋ)
There are other phonetic changes from Mandarin to the Qingdao dialect:
"gá •la" (), the local spicy clam dish, known in Mandarin as "gé •li"
"hā pì jiū" (), drink beer
"bài dào •dao" (), meaning "no need to say more", but better understood to mean "shut up". Literally translated as "don't blather on". | [
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"Zhei Ba (窄巴), narrow (窄 is pronounced as Zhei in Qingdao dialect, different from Zhai in Putonghua)
"Biao (彪)/ Chao (嘲)/ Ban Xian (半仙)/ Yu (愚), stupid
Nearly all Qingdao natives can understand Mandarin, but they will often respond in the Qingdao dialect without realizing they are doing so. The Qingdao dialect is not necessarily standardized throughout Qingdao. Different neighbourhoods, from Zhanshan to Xinjiazhuang to Maidao, will have their own variations. Qingdao's urban dialect words originated between the 1940s and the 1960s. It has slowly developed its own "-isms" and slang over the years. See also
Jiaoliao Mandarin
References
External links
鲁葱的母语：青岛话 (in Chinese)
青岛市志•方言志 (in Chinese)
鲁葱的母语：青岛话 (in Chinese)
Mandarin Chinese
Qingdao
City colloquials | [
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In mathematics, Lindelöf's lemma is a simple but useful lemma in topology on the real line, named for the Finnish mathematician Ernst Leonard Lindelöf. Statement of the lemma
Let the real line have its standard topology. Then every open subset of the real line is a countable union of open intervals. Generalized Statement
Lindelöf's lemma is also known as the statement that every open cover in a second-countable space has a countable subcover (Kelley 1955:49). This means that every second-countable space is also a Lindelöf space. Proof of the generalized statement
Let be a countable basis of . Consider an open cover, . To get prepared for the following deduction, we define two sets for convenience, , . A straight-forward but essential observation is that, which is from the definition of base. (Here, we use the definition of "base" in M.A.Armstrong, Basic Topology, chapter 2, §1, i.e. a collection of open sets such that every open set is a union of members of this collection.) Therefore, we can get that,
where , and is therefore at most countable. Next, by construction, for each there is some such that . We can therefore write
completing the proof. References
J.L. Kelley (1955), General Topology, van Nostrand. M.A. Armstrong (1983), Basic Topology, Springer. Covering lemmas
Lemmas
Topology | [
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In algebraic geometry, a branch of mathematics, a Hilbert scheme is a scheme that is the parameter space for the closed subschemes of some projective space (or a more general projective scheme), refining the Chow variety. The Hilbert scheme is a disjoint union of projective subschemes corresponding to Hilbert polynomials. The basic theory of Hilbert schemes was developed by . Hironaka's example shows that non-projective varieties need not have Hilbert schemes. Hilbert scheme of projective space
The Hilbert scheme of classifies closed subschemes of projective space in the following sense: For any locally Noetherian scheme , the set of -valued points
of the Hilbert scheme is naturally isomorphic to the set of closed subschemes of that are flat over . The closed subschemes of that are flat over can informally be thought of as the families of subschemes of projective space parameterized by . The Hilbert scheme breaks up as a disjoint union of pieces corresponding to the Hilbert polynomial of the subschemes of projective space with Hilbert polynomial . Each of these pieces is projective over . Construction as a determinental variety
Grothendieck constructed the Hilbert scheme of -dimensional projective space as a subscheme of a Grassmannian defined by the vanishing of various determinants. Its fundamental property is that for a scheme , it represents the functor whose -valued points are the closed subschemes of that are flat over . If is a subscheme of -dimensional projective space, then corresponds to a graded ideal of the polynomial ring in variables, with graded pieces . For sufficiently large all higher cohomology groups of with coefficients in vanish. Using the exact sequencewe have has dimension , where is the Hilbert polynomial of projective space. | [
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This can be shown by tensoring the exact sequence above by the locally flat sheaves , giving an exact sequence where the latter two terms have trivial cohomology, implying the triviality of the higher cohomology of . Note that we are using the equality of the Hilbert polynomial of a coherent sheaf with the Euler-characteristic of its sheaf cohomology groups. Pick a sufficiently large value of . The -dimensional space is a subspace of the -dimensional space , so represents a point of the Grassmannian . This will give an embedding of the piece of the Hilbert scheme corresponding to the Hilbert polynomial into this Grassmannian. It remains to describe the scheme structure on this image, in other words to describe enough elements for the ideal corresponding to it. Enough such elements are given by the conditions that the map has rank at most for all positive , which is equivalent to the vanishing of various determinants. (A more careful analysis shows that it is enough just to take .) Properties
Universality
Given a closed subscheme over a field with Hilbert polynomial , the Hilbert scheme has a universal subscheme flat over such that
The fibers over closed points are closed subschemes of . For denote this point as . is universal with respect to all flat families of subschemes of having hilbert polynomial . That is, given a scheme and a flat family , there is a unique morphism such that . Tangent space
The tangent space of the point is given by the global sections of the normal bundle ; that is,
Unobstructedness of complete intersections
For local complete intersections such that , the point is smooth. This implies every deformation of in is unobstructed. | [
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Dimension of tangent space
In the case , the dimension of at is greater than or equal to . In addition to these properties, determined for which polynomials the Hilbert scheme is non-empty, and showed that if is non-empty then it is linearly connected. So two subschemes of projective space are in the same connected component of the Hilbert scheme if and only if they have the same Hilbert polynomial. Hilbert schemes can have bad singularities, such as irreducible components that are non-reduced at all points. They can also have irreducible components of unexpectedly high dimension. For example, one might expect the Hilbert scheme of points (more precisely dimension 0, length subschemes) of a scheme of dimension to have dimension , but if its irreducible components can have much larger dimension. Functorial interpretation
There is an alternative interpretation of the Hilbert scheme which leads to a generalization of relative Hilbert schemes parameterizing subschemes of a relative scheme. For a fixed base scheme , let and letbe the functor sending a relative scheme to the set of isomorphism classes of the setwhere the equivalence relation is given by the isomorphism classes of . This construction is functorial by taking pullbacks of families. Given , there is a family over . Representability for projective maps
If the structure map is projective, then this functor is represented by the Hilbert scheme constructed above. Generalizing this to the case of maps of finite type requires the technology of algebraic spaces developed by Artin. Relative Hilbert scheme for maps of algebraic spaces
In its greatest generality, the Hilbert functor is defined for a finite type map of algebraic spaces defined over a scheme . | [
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] |
Then, the Hilbert functor is defined as
sending T to
. This functor is not representable by a scheme, but by an algebraic space. Also, if , and is a finite type map of schemes, their Hilbert functor is represented by an algebraic space. Examples of Hilbert schemes
Fano schemes of hypersurfaces
One of the motivating examples for the investigation of the Hilbert scheme in general was the Fano scheme of a projective scheme. Given a subscheme of degree , there is a scheme in parameterizing where is a -plane in , meaning it is a degree one embedding of . For smooth surfaces in of degree , the non-empty Fano schemes are smooth and zero-dimensional. This is because lines on smooth surfaces have negative self-intersection. Hilbert scheme of points
Another common set of examples are the Hilbert schemes of -points of a scheme , typically denoted . For there is a nice geometric interpretation where the boundary loci describing the intersection of points can be thought of parametrizing points along with their tangent vectors. For example, is the blowup of the diagonal modulo the symmetric action. Degree d hypersurfaces
The Hilbert scheme of degree k hypersurfaces in is given by the projectivization . For example, the Hilbert scheme of degree 2 hypersurfaces in is with the universal hypersurface given by
where the underlying ring is bigraded. Hilbert scheme of curves and moduli of curves
For a fixed genus algebraic curve , the degree of the tri-tensored dualizing sheaf is globally generated, meaning its Euler characteristic is determined by the dimension of the global sections, so
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The dimension of this vector space is , hence the global sections of determine an embedding into for every genus curve. Using the Riemann-Roch formula, the associated Hilbert polynomial can be computed as
. Then, the Hilbert scheme
parameterizes all genus g curves. Constructing this scheme is the first step in the construction of the moduli stack of algebraic curves. The other main technical tool are GIT quotients, since this moduli space is constructed as the quotient
,
where is the sublocus of smooth curves in the Hilbert scheme. Hilbert scheme of points on a manifold
"Hilbert scheme" sometimes refers to the punctual Hilbert scheme of 0-dimensional subschemes on a scheme. Informally this can be thought of as something like finite collections of points on a scheme, though this picture can be very misleading when several points coincide. There is a Hilbert–Chow morphism from the reduced Hilbert scheme of points to the Chow variety of cycles taking any 0-dimensional scheme to its associated 0-cycle. . The Hilbert scheme of points on is equipped with a natural morphism to an -th symmetric product of . This morphism is birational for of dimension at most 2. For of dimension at least 3 the morphism is not birational for large : the Hilbert scheme is in general reducible and has components of dimension much larger than that of the symmetric product. The Hilbert scheme of points on a curve (a dimension-1 complex manifold) is isomorphic to a symmetric power of . It is smooth. The Hilbert scheme of points on a surface is also smooth (Grothendieck). | [
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If , it is obtained from by blowing up the diagonal and then dividing by the action induced by . This was used by Mark Haiman in his proof of the positivity of the coefficients of some Macdonald polynomials. The Hilbert scheme of a smooth manifold of dimension 3 or more is usually not smooth. Hilbert schemes and hyperkähler geometry
Let be a complex Kähler surface with (K3 surface or a torus). The canonical bundle of is trivial, as follows from the Kodaira classification of surfaces. Hence admits a holomorphic symplectic form. It was observed by Akira Fujiki (for ) and Arnaud Beauville that is also holomorphically symplectic. This is not very difficult to see, e.g., for . Indeed, is a blow-up of a symmetric square of . Singularities of are locally isomorphic to . The blow-up of is , and this space is symplectic. This is used to show that the symplectic form is naturally extended to the smooth part of the exceptional divisors of . It is extended to the rest of by Hartogs' principle. A holomorphically symplectic, Kähler manifold is hyperkähler, as follows from the Calabi–Yau theorem. Hilbert schemes of points on the K3 surface and on a 4-dimensional torus give two series of examples of hyperkähler manifolds: a Hilbert scheme of points on K3 and a generalized Kummer surface. | [
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] |
See also
Quot scheme
Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity
Matsusaka's big theorem
Moduli of algebraic curves
Moduli space
Hilbert modular surface
Siegel modular variety
References
Reprinted in
Examples and applications
Bott's formula and enumerative geometry
The Number of Twisted Cubics on a Quintic Threefold
Rational curves on Calabi–Yau threefolds: Verifying mirror symmetry predictions
External links
Scheme theory
Algebraic geometry
Differential geometry
Moduli theory | [
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In commutative algebra, the Hilbert function, the Hilbert polynomial, and the Hilbert series of a graded commutative algebra finitely generated over a field are three strongly related notions which measure the growth of the dimension of the homogeneous components of the algebra. These notions have been extended to filtered algebras, and graded or filtered modules over these algebras, as well as to coherent sheaves over projective schemes. The typical situations where these notions are used are the following:
The quotient by a homogeneous ideal of a multivariate polynomial ring, graded by the total degree. The quotient by an ideal of a multivariate polynomial ring, filtered by the total degree. The filtration of a local ring by the powers of its maximal ideal. In this case the Hilbert polynomial is called the Hilbert–Samuel polynomial. The Hilbert series of an algebra or a module is a special case of the Hilbert–Poincaré series of a graded vector space. The Hilbert polynomial and Hilbert series are important in computational algebraic geometry, as they are the easiest known way for computing the dimension and the degree of an algebraic variety defined by explicit polynomial equations. In addition, they provide useful invariants for families of algebraic varieties because a flat family has the same Hilbert polynomial over any closed point . This is used in the construction of the Hilbert scheme and Quot scheme. Definitions and main properties
Consider a finitely generated graded commutative algebra over a field , which is finitely generated by elements of positive degree. This means that
and that . The Hilbert function
maps the integer to the dimension of the -vector space . | [
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The Hilbert series, which is called Hilbert–Poincaré series in the more general setting of graded vector spaces, is the formal series
If is generated by homogeneous elements of positive degrees , then the sum of the Hilbert series is a rational fraction
where is a polynomial with integer coefficients. If is generated by elements of degree 1 then the sum of the Hilbert series may be rewritten as
where is a polynomial with integer coefficients, and is the Krull dimension of . In this case the series expansion of this rational fraction is
where
is the binomial coefficient for and is 0 otherwise. If
the coefficient of in is thus
For the term of index in this sum is a polynomial in of degree with leading coefficient This shows that there exists a unique polynomial with rational coefficients which is equal to for large enough. This polynomial is the Hilbert polynomial, and has the form
The least such that for is called the Hilbert regularity. It may be lower than . The Hilbert polynomial is a numerical polynomial, since the dimensions are integers, but the polynomial almost never has integer coefficients . All these definitions may be extended to finitely generated graded modules over , with the only difference that a factor appears in the Hilbert series, where is the minimal degree of the generators of the module, which may be negative. The Hilbert function, the Hilbert series and the Hilbert polynomial of a filtered algebra are those of the associated graded algebra. The Hilbert polynomial of a projective variety in is defined as the Hilbert polynomial of the homogeneous coordinate ring of . | [
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Graded algebra and polynomial rings
Polynomial rings and their quotients by homogeneous ideals are typical graded algebras. Conversely, if is a graded algebra generated over the field by homogeneous elements of degree 1, then the map which sends onto defines an homomorphism of graded rings from onto . Its kernel is a homogeneous ideal and this defines an isomorphism of graded algebra between and . Thus, the graded algebras generated by elements of degree 1 are exactly, up to an isomorphism, the quotients of polynomial rings by homogeneous ideals. Therefore, the remainder of this article will be restricted to the quotients of polynomial rings by ideals. Properties of Hilbert series
Additivity
Hilbert series and Hilbert polynomial are additive relatively to exact sequences. More precisely, if
is an exact sequence of graded or filtered modules, then we have
and
This follows immediately from the same property for the dimension of vector spaces. Quotient by a non-zero divisor
Let be a graded algebra and a homogeneous element of degree in which is not a zero divisor. Then we have
It follows from the additivity on the exact sequence
where the arrow labeled is the multiplication by , and is the graded module which is obtained from by shifting the degrees by , in order that the multiplication by has degree 0. | [
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This implies that
Hilbert series and Hilbert polynomial of a polynomial ring
The Hilbert series of the polynomial ring in indeterminates is
It follows that the Hilbert polynomial is
The proof that the Hilbert series has this simple form is obtained by applying recursively the previous formula for the quotient by a non zero divisor (here ) and remarking that
Shape of the Hilbert series and dimension
A graded algebra generated by homogeneous elements of degree 1 has Krull dimension zero if the maximal homogeneous ideal, that is the ideal generated by the homogeneous elements of degree 1, is nilpotent. This implies that the dimension of as a -vector space is finite and the Hilbert series of is a polynomial such that is equal to the dimension of as a -vector space. If the Krull dimension of is positive, there is a homogeneous element of degree one which is not a zero divisor (in fact almost all elements of degree one have this property). The Krull dimension of is the Krull dimension of minus one. The additivity of Hilbert series shows that . Iterating this a number of times equal to the Krull dimension of , we get eventually an algebra of dimension 0 whose Hilbert series is a polynomial . This show that the Hilbert series of is
where the polynomial is such that and is the Krull dimension of . This formula for the Hilbert series implies that the degree of the Hilbert polynomial is , and that its leading coefficient is . Degree of a projective variety and Bézout's theorem
The Hilbert series allows us to compute the degree of an algebraic variety as the value at 1 of the numerator of the Hilbert series. | [
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] |
This provides also a rather simple proof of Bézout's theorem. For showing the relationship between the degree of a projective algebraic set and the Hilbert series, consider a projective algebraic set , defined as the set of the zeros of a homogeneous ideal , where is a field, and let be the ring of the regular functions on the algebraic set. In this section, one does not need irreducibility of algebraic sets nor primality of ideals. Also, as Hilbert series are not changed by extending the field of coefficients, the field is supposed, without loss of generality, to be algebraically closed. The dimension of is equal to the Krull dimension minus one of , and the degree of is the number of points of intersection, counted with multiplicities, of with the intersection of hyperplanes in general position. This implies the existence, in , of a regular sequence of homogeneous polynomials of degree one. The definition of a regular sequence implies the existence of exact sequences
for This implies that
where is the numerator of the Hilbert series of . The ring has Krull dimension one, and is the ring of regular functions of a projective algebraic set of dimension 0 consisting of a finite number of points, which may be multiple points. As belongs to a regular sequence, none of these points belong to the hyperplane of equation The complement of this hyperplane is an affine space that contains This makes an affine algebraic set, which has as its ring of regular functions. | [
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The linear polynomial is not a zero divisor in and one has thus an exact sequence
which implies that
Here we are using Hilbert series of filtered algebras, and the fact that the Hilbert series of a graded algebra is also its Hilbert series as filtered algebra. Thus is an Artinian ring, which is a -vector space of dimension , and Jordan–Hölder theorem may be used for proving that is the degree of the algebraic set . In fact, the multiplicity of a point is the number of occurrences of the corresponding maximal ideal in a composition series. For proving Bézout's theorem, one may proceed similarly. If is a homogeneous polynomial of degree , which is not a zero divisor in , the exact sequence
shows that
Looking on the numerators this proves the following generalization of Bézout's theorem:
Theorem - If is a homogeneous polynomial of degree , which is not a zero divisor in , then the degree of the intersection of with the hypersurface defined by is the product of the degree of by
In a more geometrical form, this may restated as:
Theorem - If a projective hypersurface of degree does not contain any irreducible component of an algebraic set of degree , then the degree of their intersection is . The usual Bézout's theorem is easily deduced by starting from a hypersurface, and intersecting it with other hypersurfaces, one after the other. Complete intersection
A projective algebraic set is a complete intersection if its defining ideal is generated by a regular sequence. In this case, there is a simple explicit formula for the Hilbert series. | [
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Let be homogeneous polynomials in , of respective degrees Setting one has the following exact sequences
The additivity of Hilbert series implies thus
A simple recursion gives
This shows that the complete intersection defined by a regular sequence of polynomials has a codimension of , and that its degree is the product of the degrees of the polynomials in the sequence. Relation with free resolutions
Every graded module over a graded regular ring has a graded free resolution because of the Hilbert syzygy theorem, meaning there exists an exact sequence
where the are graded free modules, and the arrows are graded linear maps of degree zero. The additivity of Hilbert series implies that
If is a polynomial ring, and if one knows the degrees of the basis elements of the then the formulas of the preceding sections allow deducing from In fact, these formulas imply that, if a graded free module has a basis of homogeneous elements of degrees then its Hilbert series is
These formulas may be viewed as a way for computing Hilbert series. This is rarely the case, as, with the known algorithms, the computation of the Hilbert series and the computation of a free resolution start from the same Gröbner basis, from which the Hilbert series may be directly computed with a computational complexity which is not higher than that the complexity of the computation of the free resolution. Computation of Hilbert series and Hilbert polynomial
The Hilbert polynomial is easily deducible from the Hilbert series (see above). This section describes how the Hilbert series may be computed in the case of a quotient of a polynomial ring, filtered or graded by the total degree. | [
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Thus let K a field, be a polynomial ring and I be an ideal in R. Let H be the homogeneous ideal generated by the homogeneous parts of highest degree of the elements of I. If I is homogeneous, then H=I. Finally let B be a Gröbner basis of I for a monomial ordering refining the total degree partial ordering and G the (homogeneous) ideal generated by the leading monomials of the elements of B. The computation of the Hilbert series is based on the fact that the filtered algebra R/I and the graded algebras R/H and R/G have the same Hilbert series. Thus the computation of the Hilbert series is reduced, through the computation of a Gröbner basis, to the same problem for an ideal generated by monomials, which is usually much easier than the computation of the Gröbner basis. The computational complexity of the whole computation depends mainly on the regularity, which is the degree of the numerator of the Hilbert series. In fact the Gröbner basis may be computed by linear algebra over the polynomials of degree bounded by the regularity. The computation of Hilbert series and Hilbert polynomials are available in most computer algebra systems. For example in both Maple and Magma these functions are named HilbertSeries and HilbertPolynomial. Generalization to coherent sheaves
In algebraic geometry, graded rings generated by elements of degree 1 produce projective schemes by Proj construction while finitely generated graded modules correspond to coherent sheaves. If is a coherent sheaf over a projective scheme X, we define the Hilbert polynomial of as a function , where χ is the Euler characteristic of coherent sheaf, and a Serre twist. | [
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] |
The Euler characteristic in this case is a well-defined number by Grothendieck's finiteness theorem. This function is indeed a polynomial. For large m it agrees with dim by Serre's vanishing theorem. If M is a finitely generated graded module and the associated coherent sheaf the two definitions of Hilbert polynomial agree. Graded free resolutions
Since the category of coherent sheaves on a projective variety is equivalent to the category of graded-modules modulo a finite number of graded-pieces, we can use the results in the previous section to construct Hilbert polynomials of coherent sheaves. For example, a complete intersection of multi-degree has the resolution
See also
Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity
Hilbert scheme
Quot scheme
Citations
References
. . Commutative algebra
Algebraic geometry | [
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In mathematics, and specifically in measure theory, equivalence is a notion of two measures being qualitatively similar. Specifically, the two measures agree on which events have measure zero. Definition
Let and be two measures on the measurable space , and let
and
be the sets of -null sets and -null sets, respectively. Then the measure is said to be absolutely continuous in reference to iff . This is denoted as . The two measures are called equivalent iff and , which is denoted as . That is, two measures are equivalent if they satisfy . Examples
On the real line
Define the two measures on the real line as
for all Borel sets . Then and are equivalent, since all sets outside of have and measure zero, and a set inside is a -null set or a -null set exactly when it is a null set with respect to Lebesgue measure. Abstract measure space
Look at some measurable space and let be the counting measure, so
,
where is the cardinality of the set a. So the counting measure has only one null set, which is the empty set. That is, . So by the second definition, any other measure is equivalent to the counting measure iff it also has just the empty set as the only -null set. Supporting measures
A measure is called a supporting measure of a measure if is -finite and is equivalent to . References
Measure theory
Equivalence (mathematics) | [
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"Four Eleven Forty-Four", or "4-11-44" is a phrase that has been used repeatedly in popular music and as a reference to numbers allegedly chosen by poor African Americans for the purpose of gambling on lotteries. It was a well-known phrase in the 19th and early 20th century in the United States. History of usage
The roots of the phrase can be traced to the illegal lottery known as "policy" in the nineteenth-century U.S. Numbers were drawn on a wheel of fortune, ranging from 1 to 78. A three-number entry was known as a "gig", and a bet on 4, 11, and 44 was popular by the time of the Civil War. The New York Clipper, a sporting and theatrical weekly, ran a serial story by John Cooper Vail in April and May 1862 entitled "'4-11-44!' or The Lottery of Life in the Great City," indicating that the number was already common in gambling. The Secrets of the Great City, an 1869 book by Edward Winslow Martin, referred to 4-11-44 and attributed the section on policy to "the New York correspondent of a provincial journal", but did not name the writer or give the date of the article, saying only that it had been published "recently". The combination became known as the "washerwoman's gig" which was featured on the cover of Aunt Sally's Policy Players' Dream Book, published by H. J. Wehman of New York in the 1880s. The stereotypical player of the washerwoman's gig was a poor black male. | [
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Jacob A. Riis wrote in How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York (1890) that
Of all the temptations that beset him, the one that troubles him and the police most is his passion for gambling. The game of policy is a kind of unlawful penny lottery specially adapted to his means, but patronized extensively by poor white players as well. It is the meanest of swindles, but reaps for its backers rich fortunes wherever colored people congregate. Between the fortune-teller and the policy shop, closely allied frauds always, the wages of many a hard day's work are wasted by the negro; but the loss causes him few regrets. Penniless, but with undaunted faith in his ultimate "luck," he looks forward to the time when he shall once more be able to take a hand at "beating policy." When periodically the negro's lucky numbers, 4-11-44, come out on the slips of the alleged daily drawings, that are supposed to be held in some far-off Western town, intense excitement reigns in Thompson Street and along the Avenue, where someone is always the winner. An immense impetus is given then to the bogus business that has no existence outside of the cigar stores and candy shops where it hides from the law, save in some cunning Bowery "broker's" back office, where the slips are printed and the "winnings" apportioned daily with due regard to the backer's interests. A song entitled "4-11-44" appeared in The Major, a theatrical musical by Edward Harrigan and David Braham. | [
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] |
"Four eleven forty-four" was listed in a songbook by H. J. Wehman in 1889. The published song was possibly as performed in an unsuccessful musical show, 4-11-44, by Bert Williams and George Walker, but few details have survived, and this has not been verified. Bob Cole published a song entitled "4-11-44: A Coon Ditty" in 1897 and performed it with the Black Patti Troubadour Company in the musical skit "At Jolly Cooney Island" around the same time. Charles Fey, inventor of the slot machine, called his second machine which he created in 1895 the "4-11-44". 20th century
The phrase "4-11-44" appeared in the coon song "Every Race Has a Flag but the Coon", by Will A. Heelan and J. Fred Helf, in 1900. The phrase appeared in 1909 in the newspaper comic Little Nemo in Slumberland, by Winsor McCay, in which the numbers 4, 11 and 44 were shown on a sign hanging from the tail of an imaginary creature. In 1912, the New York Times anticipated superstition surrounding the date April 11, 1944:
The phrase "4-11-44" was used in many later blues and jazz recordings. In 1925 the phrase was used in "The Penitentiary Bound Blues", by Rosa Henderson and the Choo-Choo Jazzers. Papa Charlie Jackson recorded a blues song entitled "4-11-44" in 1926. Pinetop & Lindberg released a different song with the same title in the 1930s. | [
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A jazz composition of the same name was composed and recorded in 1963 by the New Orleans saxophone player Pony Poindexter on his album Gumbo, featuring Booker Ervin and Al Grey, released by Prestige Records. In 1981, R&B outfit Pieces of a Dream had a hit about lottery numbers with the possibly related "Fo-Fi-Fo" (4-5-4). Liverpudlian Pete Wylie released his original song "FourElevenFortyFour" on his 1987 album Sinful. The California band the Blasters recorded their "4-11-44" for the 2004 album of the same title. The musician Jawbone (Bob Zabor) released a track entitled "4-11-44" in 2005. The Three Stooges short feature "So Long, Mr. Chumps" (1941) centers around a convict, #41144, whom the Stooges try to break out of prison.<ref>So Long, Mr. Chumps”, https://threestooges.net/filmography/episode/53/MLC</ref>
References
Further reading
Asbury, Herbert (1938). Sucker's Progress: An Informal History of Gambling in America from the Colonies to Canfield'', New York: Dodd, Mead. . External links
Every Race has a Flag but the Coon
Penitentiary Bound Blues
Policy and Organised Crime
The Secrets of the Great City
How the Other Half Lives
American music history
African-American cultural history
Superstitions about numbers | [
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The languages of Portugal are the Portuguese, Mirandese and Portuguese Sign Language. Historically, Celtic and Lusitanian were spoken in what is now Portugal. Modern
Portuguese is practically universal in Portugal, but there are some specificities. Dialects of the Portuguese in Portugal
Alentejan Portuguese
Algarvean Portuguese
Azorean Portuguese (micaelense)
Beiran Portuguese
Estremaduran Portuguese
Galician Portuguese (interâmnico)
Madeiran Portuguese
Barranquenho - In the town of Barrancos (in the border between Extremadura, Andalusia and Portugal), a dialect of Portuguese heavily influenced by Spanish is spoken, known as Barranquenho. Caló language - spoken by the Romani people in Portugal
Minderico - a sociolect or argot spoken in Minde, practically extinct
Mirandese language - A dialect of Astur-Leonese spoken in Miranda do Douro in northeastern Portugal, recognized officially as a minority language in 1999. Portuguese Sign Language
Historically
Other languages have been extensively spoken in the territory of modern Portugal:
Pre-Roman languages
Proto-Celtic & Celtic languages
Celtiberian language
Gallaecian language
Tartessian language
Lusitanian language
Roman, Post-Roman and Medieval languages
Arabic language
Andalusi Arabic
Classical Arabic
Berber languages
Germanic languages
Gothic language
Suebi language
Vandalic language
Latin language
Vulgar Latin
Iberian Romance languages
Galician-Portuguese
Astur-Leonese
Mirandese language
Mozarabic languages
Judeo-Romance languages
Judeo-Portuguese
Scythian languages
Alanic language
See also
Iberian languages
Languages of Spain
Iberian Romance languages
References
External links
Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
Detailed linguistic map of the Iberian Peninsula
Portuguese language
Paleohispanic languages
Extinct languages of Europe | [
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In computer science and computer programming, system time represents a computer system's notion of the passage of time. In this sense, time also includes the passing of days on the calendar. System time is measured by a system clock, which is typically implemented as a simple count of the number of ticks that have transpired since some arbitrary starting date, called the epoch. For example, Unix and POSIX-compliant systems encode system time ("Unix time") as the number of seconds elapsed since the start of the Unix epoch at 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UT, with exceptions for leap seconds. Systems that implement the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the Windows API, such as Windows 9x and Windows NT, provide the system time as both , represented as a year/month/day/hour/minute/second/milliseconds value, and , represented as a count of the number of 100-nanosecond ticks since 1 January 1601 00:00:00 UT as reckoned in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. System time can be converted into calendar time, which is a form more suitable for human comprehension. For example, the Unix system time seconds since the beginning of the epoch translates into the calendar time 9 September 2001 01:46:40 UT. Library subroutines that handle such conversions may also deal with adjustments for time zones, daylight saving time (DST), leap seconds, and the user's locale settings. Library routines are also generally provided that convert calendar times into system times. Other time measurements
Closely related to system time is process time, which is a count of the total CPU time consumed by an executing process. | [
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It may be split into user and system CPU time, representing the time spent executing user code and system kernel code, respectively. Process times are a tally of CPU instructions or clock cycles and generally have no direct correlation to wall time. File systems keep track of the times that files are created, modified, and/or accessed by storing timestamps in the file control block (or inode) of each file and directory. History
Most first-generation personal computers did not keep track of dates and times. These included systems that ran the CP/M operating system, as well as early models of the Apple II, the BBC Micro, and the Commodore PET, among others. Add-on peripheral boards that included real-time clock chips with on-board battery back-up were available for the IBM PC and XT, but the IBM AT was the first widely available PC that came equipped with date/time hardware built into the motherboard. Prior to the widespread availability of computer networks, most personal computer systems that did track system time did so only with respect to local time and did not make allowances for different time zones. With current technology, most modern computers keep track of local civil time, as do many other household and personal devices such as VCRs, DVRs, cable TV receivers, PDAs, pagers, cell phones, fax machines, telephone answering machines, cameras, camcorders, central air conditioners, and microwave ovens. Microcontrollers operating within embedded systems (such as the Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and other similar systems) do not always have internal hardware to keep track of time. | [
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Many such controller systems operate without knowledge of the external time. Those that require such information typically initialize their base time upon rebooting by obtaining the current time from an external source, such as from a time server or external clock, or by prompting the user to manually enter the current time. Implementation
The system clock is typically implemented as a programmable interval timer that periodically interrupts the CPU, which then starts executing a timer interrupt service routine. This routine typically adds one tick to the system clock (a simple counter) and handles other periodic housekeeping tasks (preemption, etc.) before returning to the task the CPU was executing before the interruption. Retrieving system time
The following tables illustrate methods for retrieving the system time in various operating systems, programming languages, and applications. Values marked by (*) are system-dependent and may differ across implementations. All dates are given as Gregorian or proleptic Gregorian calendar dates. Note that the resolution of an implementation's measurement of time does not imply the same precision of such measurements. For example, a system might return the current time as a value measured in microseconds, but actually be capable of discerning individual clock ticks with a frequency of only 100 Hz (10 ms). | [
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] |
Operating systems
Programming languages and applications
See also
Notes
References
External links
Critical and Significant Dates, J. R. Stockton (retrieved 3 December 2015)
The Boost Date/Time Library (C++)
The Boost Chrono Library (C++)
The Chronos Date/Time Library (Smalltalk)
Joda Time, The Joda Date/Time Library (Java)
The Perl DateTime Project (Perl)
date: Ruby Standard Library Documentation (Ruby)
Operating system technology
Computer programming
Computer real-time clocks | [
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