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2000s on
Nick Bostrom –
David Ferrucci – principal investigator who led the team that developed the Watson computer at IBM. Andrew Ng – Director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab. He founded the Google Brain project at Google, which developed very large scale artificial neural networks using Google's distributed compute infrastructure. He is also co-founder of Coursera, a massive open online course (MOOC) education platform, with Daphne Koller. Peter Norvig – co-author, with Stuart Russell, of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college text in the field. He is also Director of Research at Google, Inc.
Marc Raibert – founder of Boston Dynamics, developer of hopping, walking, and running robots. Stuart J. Russell – co-author, with Peter Norvig, of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, now the leading college text in the field. Murray Shanahan – author of The Technological Singularity, a primer on superhuman intelligence. See also
Artificial intelligence
Glossary of artificial intelligence
List of emerging technologies
References
Bibliography
The two most widely used textbooks in 2008
Further reading
Artificial Intelligence: Where Do We Go From Here?External links
A look at the re-emergence of A.I. | [
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] |
and why the technology is poised to succeed given today's environment, ComputerWorld'', 2015 September 14
Artificial Intelligence Directory, a directory of Web resources related to artificial intelligence
The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Freeview Video 'Machines with Minds' by the Vega Science Trust and the BBC/OU
John McCarthy's frequently asked questions about AI
Jonathan Edwards looks at AI (BBC audio) С
Ray Kurzweil's website dedicated to AI including prediction of future development in AI
Artificial intelligence applications
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence topics | [
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The theory of two-level planning (alternatively, Kornai–Liptak decomposition) is a method that decomposes large problems of linear optimization into sub-problems. This decomposition simplifies the solution of the overall problem. The method also models a method of coordinating economic decisions so that decentralized firms behave so as to produce a global optimum. It was introduced by the Hungarian economist János Kornai and the mathematician Tamás Lipták in 1965. It is an alternative to Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition. Description
The LP problem must have a special structure, known as a block angular structure. This is the same structure required for the Dantzig Wolfe decomposition:
There are some constraints on overall resources (D) for which a central planning agency is assumed to be responsible, and n blocks of coefficients (F1 through Fn) that are the concern of individual firms. The central agency starts the process by providing each firm with tentative resource allocations which satisfy the overall constraints D. Each firm optimizes its local decision variables assuming the global resource allocations are as indicated. The solution of the firm LP's yield Lagrange multipliers (prices) for the global resources which the firms transmit back to the planning agency. In the next iteration, the central agency uses the information received from firms to come up with a revised resource allocation; for example if firm i reports a high shadow price for resource j, the agency will grant more of this resource to this firm and less to other firms. The revised tentative allocations are sent back to the individual firms and the process continues. | [
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It has been shown that this process will converge (though not necessarily in a finite number of steps) towards the global solution for the overall problem. (In contrast the Dantzig Wolfe method converges in a finite number of steps). The DW and KL methods are dual: in DW the central market establishes prices (based on firm demands for resources) and sends these to the firms who then modify the quantities they demand, while in KL the central agency sends out quantity information to firms and receives bids (i.e. firm specific pricing information) from firms. See also
Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition
Benders' decomposition
Column generation
References
J. Kornai, T. Liptak: Two-level Planning, Econometrica, 1965, Vol. 33, pp. 141–169. Linear programming
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Ingram Park Mall is a super regional shopping center located in the northwest section of San Antonio, Texas, at the intersection of Interstate 410 and Ingram Road. The anchor stores are Dillard's, JCPenney, and Macy's Backstage. There are 2 vacant anchor stores that were once Dillard's and Sears. History
The mall opened in 1979 with J. C. Penney, Dillard's, Joske's, and Sears. Foley's was added as a fifth anchor in 1983. In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off 235 of its properties, including the Sears at Ingram Park Mall, into Seritage Growth Properties. On October 15, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 142 stores nationwide. Anchors
Dillard's (184,644 sq ft.)
J. C. Penney (179,714 sq ft.)
Macy's (147,728 sq ft.) (opened 1983 as Foley's, became Macy's 2006)
Former Anchors
Dillard's Home Center - closed in 2016
Sears (150,000 sq ft.) - closed in 2019
References
External links
Shopping malls in San Antonio
Shopping malls established in 1979
1979 establishments in Texas | [
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Col. James M. Schoonmaker, formerly Willis B. Boyer, is a lake freighter that served as a commercial vessel on the Great Lakes for much of the 20th century. Named for Medal of Honor recipient James Martinus Schoonmaker, it is currently a museum ship in Toledo, Ohio. History
The steamship Col. James M. Schoonmaker began life on 1 July 1911 at the Great Lakes Engineering Works in Ecorse, Michigan. At the time of her launch she took the title of Queen of the Lakes which is given to the biggest ship on the Great Lakes. She became the flagship of the Shenango Furnace Company. She broke many cargo records for iron ore, grain and coal in her first year. She was powered by a triple expansion steam engine which was replaced by a steam turbine in 1955. She sailed as part of the Shenango fleet until 1969 when she was sold to the Interlake Steamship Co who chartered Col James M. Schoonmaker to the Republic Steel Corporation. After a three-year charter to that company Interlake decided to sell her to the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co, who renamed the ship Willis B Boyer after the company's president. They operated the laker for 7 years in the iron trade until she was laid up in 1980 due to a downturn in the steel industry. After sitting unwanted for 7 years, the city of Toledo decided to purchase her for use as a museum. | [
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She sat as the centerpiece of the International Park in that city for several decades before being rechristened back to her original name Col. James M. Schoonmaker and being moved one last time to the site of the National Museum of the Great Lakes on the banks of the Maumee River in Toledo. Description
Col. James M. Schoonmaker is long overall. She has a beam of and a depth of over . Her carrying capacity is 12,200 gross tons at draft. A unique feature of the ship is inside her pilothouse. She was one of the few ships on the Great Lakes to have twin steering wheels. The starboard is the main wheel while the other was an auxiliary. As the flagship of the company for many years she was fitted with many features a normal laker would not have. She was fitted with 5 luxury guest suites in the bow of the ship. One of the guests was Andrew Carnegie, whose many business interests coincided with the ship's cargoes. She also carried a guest lounge and dining room for the comfort of passengers. According to Mark L. Thompson, author of Queen of the Lakes, the Col. James M. Schoonmaker was one of several dozen vessels based on the influential design of the J. Pierpont Morgan - known as the "600 footers". Museum ship
On 17 December 2009 the Toledo-Lucas County Port Authority Board of Directors authorized a Memorandum of Understanding with the Great Lakes Historical Society of Vermilion, Ohio, for the creation of the National Museum of the Great Lakes at the Toledo Maritime Center. | [
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Willis B Boyer was repainted in her Shenango Furnace fleet colors and, on 1 July 2011, rechristened back to her original name, Col. James M. Schoonmaker. In October 2012, Col. James M. Schoonmaker was towed by tugs downriver to her new berth next to the museum. The museum opened in spring 2014. See also
James Martinus Schoonmaker
Steamship William G. Mather Maritime Museum in Cleveland
References
External links
Col. James M. Schoonmaker Museum Ship
Merchant ships of the United States
Museum ships in Ohio
Museums in Toledo, Ohio
1911 ships
Ships built in Ecorse, Michigan
Queen of the Lakes
Great Lakes freighters | [
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Colin "Col" Hutchinson (born c. 1943) is a veteran statistician, most notably in the Victorian/Australian Football League in the sport of Australian rules football. He was the AFL's official historian from the 1990s until around 2005. A part of the AFL Players Association, Hutchinson provides interesting statistics on football to newspapers and media outlets. He is the author of several books, including a history of the Geelong Football Club, called Cats' Tales : the Geelong Football Club, 1897–1983), and The AFL Footy Quiz Book. Hutchinson attended 1,294 consecutive matches involving the Geelong Football Club between Round 11, 1963, and the 2019 preliminary final, inclusive. That streak came to an end when he and the general public were locked out of the Cats' 2020 Round 1 loss to in Sydney due to the COVID-19 pandemic. If away games are excluded, Hutchinson's streak lasted from the early 1958 season to the 2019 preliminary final—62 seasons in all. In 1994, Hutchinson was honoured with Geelong Football Club life membership, and he received the Reg Hickey Award for outstanding service to Australian football in 1999. Hutchison was the co-recipient the 2021 Jack Titus Medal for his dedication and service towards Australian rules football. Col's 62-year attendance streak has been covered by The Herald Sun, Seven News, The Geelong Football Club, The Geelong Advertiser, and The Age. Bibliography
Cats' Tales : the Geelong Football Club, 1897–1983 (1984)
The AFL Footy Quiz Book (2002)
References
Australian statisticians
Australian historians
Year of birth missing (living people)
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Taiwanese units of measurement (Chinese: , Taiwanese Hokkien: Tâi-chè, Hakka: Thòi-chṳ, Mandarin: Táizhì) are the customary and traditional units of measure used in Taiwan. The Taiwanese units formed in the 1900s when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. The system mainly refers to Japanese system. The measurement refers to the traditional size of a Japanese flooring mat called a Tatami mat (made of woven dried grass) which were positioned to completely cover the floor of traditional Japanese homes, therefore it became a convenient measurement tool as mat area was standardised hundreds of years ago. In Taiwan the measurement units are pronounced in Taiwanese Hokkien and Hakka before the World War II and adopted by the Mandarin speaking immigrants from China in 1949. Today, the Taiwanese units are used exclusively, in some cases alongside official SI units, and in other cases they have been replaced by SI. Although the Taiwanese units have similar names to those in Chinese units of measurement and Hong Kong units of measurement, the standards are different from those used in China and Hong Kong due to them being Japanese in origin. Length
Linear measure in Taiwan is largely metric but some units derived from traditional Japanese units of measurement remain in use as a legacy of Japanese rule. Taiwanese length units and the translation of length units in Metric system (SI) shares the same character. The adjective Taiwanese () can be added to address the Taiwanese unis system. For example, means Taiwanese foot and means meter. Area
Unlike with other measures, area continues to be almost commonly measured with traditional units. | [
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Taiwanese units of area are derived from both traditional Dutch and Japanese measurements. The principal unit for measuring the floor space of an office or apartment is (Taiwanese Hokkien: pêⁿ, Hakka: phiàng, Mandarin: píng). The unit is derives from the Japanese tsubo, the base unit of the Japanese area. The principal unit of land measure is (Taiwanese Hokkien: kah, Hakka: kap, Mandarin: jiǎ). The unit is derived from the obsolete Dutch morgen, which was introduced during Taiwan's Dutch era. In the later era Kingdom of Tungning, (Taiwanese Hokkien: lê, Hakka: lài, Mandarin: lí) is defined to represent the area that could be farmed by one man with one ox and one plow in one day. Today, the rule for converting the two major units from two different sources is
Officially, land area is measured in square metres. Volume
Volume measure in Taiwan is largely metric, with common units such as liter and milliliter. Mass
Packaged goods in Taiwan largely use metric measurements but bulk foodstuffs sold in wet markets and supermarkets are typically measured with units derived from traditional Japanese units of mass, which are similar but not equivalent to corresponding Chinese units of mass. Imported goods from the US also retains its weight in ounces, although most such packages also lists the weight in grams. Note the tael and catty are widely used. | [
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] |
See also
Units, Systems, & History of measurement
Chinese & Hong Kong units of measurement
Japanese, Korean, Mongolian & Vietnamese units of measurement
Notes
References
External links
Weights and Measures in Use in Taiwan
Systems of units
Units of measurement by country
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Samir Arora (born November 5, 1965) is an Indian-American businessman and CEO of Sage Digital since April 2016, the former CEO of Mode Media (formerly Glam Media) from 2003 to April 2016. He was CEO and chairman of the web design company NetObjects, Inc. from 1995 to 2001 and at Apple Inc. from 1982 to 1991. Arora was selected as one of the 21 Internet Pioneers that shaped the World Wide Web at the 1st Web Innovators Awards by CNET in 1997. Early life and education
Samir Arora was born in New Delhi, India. He studied electrical and electronic engineering at Birla Institute of Technology and Science. Arora has an EMP from INSEAD, attended Executive Education at Harvard Business School, and holds a diploma in Sales and Marketing from the London Business School. Career
Samir Arora worked at Apple in Software and New Media from 1982 to 1991. Arora wrote a white paper called "Information Navigation: The Future of Computing" in late 1986 while working directly for the chairman and CEO of Apple, John Sculley. He left Apple to found the spin-off Rae Technology from Apple. From 1992 to 1995, Arora was chairman and chief executive officer of Rae Technology. In 1995 Samir Arora co-founded NetObjects, Inc. and together with a design and development team including David Kleinberg, Clement Mok and his brother, Sal Arora, created NetObjects Fusion, one of the first Web design products that allowed Web sites to be designed, structured and created without programming. | [
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In 1997, after the launch of NetObjects Fusion, IBM invested approximately $100 million in a share exchange to buy 80% of NetObjects, corresponding to a valuation of around $150 million. NetObjects, Inc. went public on NASDAQ in 1999 with IBM staying the majority shareholder. From June 2003 to February 2004, Arora served as chairman of the board of Tickle, Inc., one of the first social networking sites founded in 1999. Tickle was acquired by Monster.com in May 2004. In 2003, Mode Media (formerly Project Y and then Glam Media), Inc. was formed by a number of people including Arora. Arora was the interim CEO of Glam Media from 2003 to 2005, and CEO from 2006 to 2016. For his work at Mode Media, Arora was included by MIN Magazine in the Digital Hot List 2008 and was named Web 2.0's Don Draper as one of the 30 men shaping our digital future by GQ Magazine On June, 2017, a year and a half after the departure of Samir Arora and Marc Andreessen, Mode Media U.S. was acquired by BrideClick, who changed the company name to Glam, Inc. Mode Media continued its operations in International and in January, 2017 an investment group Montaro purchased Mode Media in Japan. In March, 2017 shareholders appointed Samir Arora as the executive chairman of Mode Media in Japan. In April 2016, Samir Arora founded Sage Digital, a new AI verified experts platform startup and currently operates as its chief executive officer. | [
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Sage began with 100 manually curated experts and has grown to 250k experts and influencers and 5 million businesses. In July 2020, Arora with Marcus Samuelsson, Derek Evens, and Brad Koenig created Project Bento Fund, a California nonprofit corporation to provides urgent support to restaurants, local, minority-owned and BIPIOC businesses and their employees most impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, economic, racial and social crisis. Books
Arora was editor and publisher of the annual awards and book Foodie Top 100 Restaurants with contributing top food critics Patricia Wells, Ruth Reichl, Gael Greene, Masuhiro Yamamoto, Jonathan Gold, Bruno Verjus, Alexander Lobrano, Charles Campion, Vir Sanghvi, Aun Koh, Susumu Ohta, Kundo Koyama, Yuki Yamamura, Karen Brooks, Phil Vettel, Marie-Claude Lortie, Erika Lenkert and Diane Tapscott
References
1965 births
Internet pioneers
Apple Inc. employees
American computer businesspeople
American venture capitalists
Living people
American software engineers
INSEAD alumni
Alumni of London Business School
Harvard Business School alumni
Silicon Valley people
Indian emigrants to the United States
American businesspeople of Indian descent | [
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The Virginia School of political economy is a school of economic thought originating in universities of Virginia (University of Virginia, Virginia Tech, and George Mason University) in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly focusing on public choice theory, constitutional economics, and law and economics. Development
The Virginia school emerged first at the Thomas Jefferson Center at the University of Virginia established by James M. Buchanan and G. Warren Nutter in 1957. It was there that Ronald Coase formulated his famous theorem on the problem of social cost (1960) and that Buchanan and Gordon Tullock wrote The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (1962). The latter would form the basis of the Virginia school of thought, as the seminal text in public choice theory. In 1969, Buchanan, Tullock, and Charles J. Goetz established the Center for the Study of Public Choice at Virginia Tech, which moved with them to George Mason University in 1983. Other prominent scholars associated with the school include Dennis C. Mueller, Robert D. Tollison, Andrew B. Whinston, and Leland B. Yeager. Economic approach
The Virginia approach to political economy focuses on comparing private and public sector institutions as imperfect alternatives. The Virginia approach is also favored by some economists of the Chicago and Austrian schools. Virginia School economists are often seen as 'fellow travelers' with Austrian economists, as members of both schools of economic thought generally favor free-market outcomes. There are several main lines of research in the Virginia School. | [
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James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock were among the earliest economists to apply economic analysis to national constitutions; this is one of the greatest and longest-lasting contributions that The Calculus of Consent made in the field of public choice. Tullock also founded the modern rent seeking literature. Mancur Olson founded modern research on collective action and special interest groups. Olson taught at the University of Maryland, not one of the universities of Virginia, but his work deals with ideas that are central to the Virginia school of thought, including the effects of special interest groups. Despite some common ground, the Virginia School is opposed to the Chicago school of political economy on two fundamental points. Chicago believes that politics tends towards efficiency due to the fact that free-riders provoke stiffening resistance in risk takers, because of the exponentially increasing deadweight loss imposed by free-riding. Chicago also believes that, because political markets tend towards efficiency, policy advice by scholars is irrelevant. Charles Rowley is a prominent opponent of these notions: in the Encyclopedia of Public Choice he writes that Chicago's "… interpretation of the political process emanates from a fundamentally flawed application of … microeconomics to the political marketplace … [W]hile the Journal of Political Economy publishes papers that defend the U.S. federal farm program as an efficient mechanism for transferring income to poor farmers, there is justifiable cause to worry whether CPE [Chicago political economy] scholars and their journal editors ever look out from their ivory towers and survey the real world." | [
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The Public Choice Society, a 501(c)(3) organization that facilitates research and discussion of the social sciences, is an outgrowth of the Virginia School. References
Schools of economic thought
Virginia Tech
Public choice theory
Law and economics
1957 establishments in Virginia | [
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Campeau Corporation was a Canadian real estate development and investment company founded by entrepreneur Robert Campeau. It was infamous from its ultimately unsuccessful acquisitions of American department store holding companies Allied Stores in 1986 and Federated Department Stores in 1988. The whole organization soon was mired in bankruptcy and spurred the decline of the regional department store. History
Synonymous with its founder, Ottawa-based Campeau was able to construct both office complexes and residential subdivisions to accommodate Canada's rapidly expanding civil service. Campeau Corporation had two main rivals in the residential housing market: Assaly Construction Limited and Minto Developments Inc., the latter owned by the family of future Ottawa mayor Lorry Greenberg. For many years it was city policy in Ottawa that buildings in the downtown core not be taller than the Peace Tower of the parliament buildings. Campeau found this rule to be unnecessary and was drawn into conflict with city council over large high-rise developments such as Place de Ville. Campeau's real estate development success soon spread outside Ottawa. In Toronto its notable developments included Scotia Tower (the city's second tallest skyscraper) and the Harbour Castle Hotel (now part of the Westin Hotels chain) - which helped revitalize the city's waterfront area. Corporate takeovers
In the 1980s, Campeau embarked on a series of leveraged buyouts, first bidding unsuccessfully on the Royal Trustco (now owned by Royal Bank of Canada). Its founder's brash, confrontational manner made him an outsider to much of the conservative Canadian business establishment. | [
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As his empire expanded, Campeau ventured into the United States, looking for acquisitions that would add shopping mall real estate to his portfolio of assets. In 1986, Campeau acquired Allied Stores. In 1988, the company followed with the purchase of Federated Department Stores, owner of Bloomingdale's. Campeau retained banker Bruce Wasserstein to assist with the transactions. The purchases were criticized by The New York Times, which noted "recent LBO's benefited the target companies' shareholders who received high takeover prices. But most of the gains seemed to have come at the expense of bondholders, creditors and employees." In the late 1980s, the debt obligations that needed to be covered following the merger were too large, and exacerbated by a market downturn that hurt retail sales. Campeau Corporation was unable to meet its debt obligations. Federated and Allied eventually filed for bankruptcy reorganization. The company was eventually acquired by Olympia and York who went bankrupt and Campeau Corporation ceased to exist. References
External links
Kenora Real Estate News
Real estate companies of Canada
Defunct companies of Ontario
Companies that have filed for bankruptcy in Canada
Private equity firms of Canada
Companies based in Ottawa
Construction and civil engineering companies of Canada
Home builders
Defunct real estate companies | [
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A candareen (; ; Singapore English usage: hoon) is a traditional measurement of weight in East Asia. It is equal to 10 cash and is of a mace. It is approximately 378 milligrams. A troy candareen is approximately . In Hong Kong, one candareen is 0.3779936375 grams and, in the Weights and Measures Ordinance, it is ounces avoirdupois. In Singapore, one candareen is 0.377994 grams. The word candareen comes from the Malay kandūri. An earlier English form of the name was condrin. The candareen was also formerly used to describe a unit of currency in imperial China equal to 10 li () and is of a mace. The Mandarin Chinese word fēn is used to denote of a Chinese renminbi yuan but the term candareen for that currency is now obsolete. Postal denomination
On 1 May 1878 the Imperial Maritime Customs was opened to the public and China's first postage stamps, the "Large Dragons" (), were issued to handle payment. The stamps were inscribed "CHINA" in both Latin and Chinese characters, and denominated in candareens. References
See also
Postage stamps and postal history of China#Imperial China
Chinese units of measurement
Economy of China
Economic history of China (Pre-1911)
Economic history of China (1912–1949)
Chinese units in Hong Kong
Currencies of Asia
Currencies of China
Modern obsolete currencies
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A mace (; Hong Kong English usage: tsin; Southeast Asian English usage: chee) is a traditional Chinese measurement of weight in East Asia that was also used as a currency denomination. It is equal to 10 candareens and is of a tael or approximately 3.78 grams. A troy mace is approximately 3.7429 grams. In Hong Kong, one mace is 3.779936375 grams. and in Ordinance 22 of 1884, it is ounces avoirdupois. In Singapore, one mace (referred to as chee) is 3.77994 grams. In imperial China, 10 candareens equaled 1 mace which was of a tael and, like the other units, was used in weight-denominated silver currency system. A common denomination was 7 mace and 2 candareens, equal to one silver Chinese yuan. Name
Like other similar measures such as tael and catty, the English word "mace" derives from Malay, in this case through Dutch maes, plural masen, from Malay mas which, in turn, derived from Sanskrit , a word related to "mash," another name for the urad bean, and masha, a traditional Indian unit of weight equal to 0.97 gram. This word is unrelated to other uses of mace in English. The Chinese word for mace is qian (), which is also a generic word for "money" in Mandarin Chinese. | [
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(The same Chinese character (kanji) was used for the Japanese sen, the former unit equal to of a Japanese yen; the Korean chŏn (revised: jeon), the former unit equal to of a Korean won; and for the Vietnamese tiền, a currency used in late imperial Vietnam; although neither of these has ever been known as "mace" in English.) See also
Chinese units of measurement
Economic history of China (Pre-1911)
Economic history of China (1912–1949)
Economy of China
Hong Kong units of measurement
Taiwanese units of measurement
References
Currencies of China
Currencies of Asia
Modern obsolete currencies
Chinese units in Hong Kong
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In mathematics, the Pompeiu problem is a conjecture in integral geometry, named for Dimitrie Pompeiu, who posed the problem in 1929,
as follows. Suppose f is a nonzero continuous function defined on a Euclidean space, and K is a simply connected Lipschitz domain, so that the integral of f vanishes on every congruent copy of K. Then the domain is a ball. A special case is Schiffer's conjecture. References
External links
Pompeiu problem at Department of Geometry, Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Hungary
Pompeiu problem at SpringerLink encyclopaedia of mathematics
The Pompeiu problem,
Schiffer's conjecture,
Mathematical analysis
Integral geometry
Conjectures
Unsolved problems in geometry | [
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IBM Informix C-ISAM (also C-ISAM or cisam) is an X/Open standards-compliant Application programming interface (API) to an Indexed Sequential Access Method or ISAM. Description
C-ISAM is an API (Application Programming Interface) of C Programming Language functions for managing data files
organised with a B+ tree index scheme. C-ISAM provides the underlying file storage mechanism of the Informix Standard Engine Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). History
C-ISAM was first created by Informix Corporation in the 1980s. It provided the underlying file storage mechanism for the popular first generation Informix Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), which allows data manipulation by way of the Structured Query Language (SQL) protocol. This version later became known as the Standard Engine (SE), to distinguish it from Informix's later database engine which used Random Sequential Access Method (RSAM). Informix initially called this the "Turbo" engine, but that name was later abandoned in favour of the name "OnLine". Many computer systems were written using C-ISAM, which was fast and efficient and flexible, while providing effective mechanisms for maintaining data integrity. C-ISAM was also licensed by other software suppliers, for example as the indexed file handler in early versions of Micro Focus COBOL. C-ISAM was primarily used for business applications, which were at the time often written in the C language. For business purposes, development in a low level 3GL such as C could be too slow and error prone, requiring very high skill levels. | [
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Another significant limitation was in networked applications, since the use of C-ISAM on a client to access a remote file system resulted in heavy network traffic. Both problems could be resolved by use of the SE to provide an SQL interface to C-ISAM, using Informix's embedded SQL (ESQL/C and ESQL/COBOL) or 4GL products for client development. The SE could be used on a server to support networked use without the performance penalty. This allowed programmers to focus on business logic, while the compiler and RDBMS took care of error checking and data-type conversion and most importantly, memory management. Thus, the direct use of C-ISAM declined, while 4GL with embedded SQL, became the new darling of business programmers. Unfortunately, Informix made some strategic errors by not adapting to the next generation of "Visual" or "GUI based" programming
tools. Competitors like Microsoft and Oracle supplanted these products by vertically integrating theirs, while Informix focused mainly on developing their RDBMS. New use of these products went into decline with the company. As of 2006, they were still in wide use around the world and are also available and
supported. Informix was acquired by IBM in April 2001. IBM still recommends the use of the Informix Standard Engine for embedded applications. See also
Embedded system
Joint Inter-Domain Management
References
External links
Programmer's Manual, 368 pages PDF, for C-ISAM version 7.2, October 2001
Application programming interfaces
Computer file formats
Computing terminology
History of software
IBM software
Informix C-ISAM
Technology consortia | [
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MV Ocean Star Pacific was a cruise ship owned by PV Enterprises International. She was built in 1971 by Wärtsilä Helsinki Shipyard, Finland for Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines and christened as MV Nordic Prince. She subsequently sailed under the monikers Carousel, Aquamarine, and Arielle, prior to being renamed Ocean Star Pacific. History
Nordic Prince was the second ship to be built for Royal Caribbean, and one of the first modern purpose-built cruise ships. She was launched on 9 July 1970, and entered service for RCCL on 31 July 1971. Like her older sister, Song of Norway, she was used for cruising on the Caribbean with Miami as the starting port. In June 1980, the ship was lengthened at Wärtsilä Helsinki by 26 meters. When RCCL acquired new tonnage in the late 1980s, Nordic Prince was used for cruising around the world. Nordic Prince became the first RCCL ship to be supplanted by larger tonnage in March 1995, when she was sold to Sun Cruises. Before the ship entered service for her new owners, the sky lounge around her funnel was removed. Renamed Carousel, the ship began cruising for Sun Cruises on 6 May 1995. During her time with Sun Cruises she spent summers cruising on the Mediterranean but during the winter seasons she returned to the Caribbean. In February 2000, Carousel was grounded near Cancún, Mexico, which led to cancellation of five cruises while she was being repaired. Toward the end of her service with Sun Cruises the ship received MyTravel funnel colours. In the early 2000s, Sun Cruises started pulling out of the cruise business. | [
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In July 2004, Carousel was sold to Louis Cruise Lines, Cyprus, but chartered back to Sun Cruises until May 2005. Carousel was the last Sun Cruises ship in service. Louis Cruise Lines renamed the ship Aquamarine and starting from June 2005, she was used on 7-day cruises around the Mediterranean with Genoa as the starting port. In April 2006, the ship was chartered for five years to Transocean Tours who renamed her Arielle. However, the charter was apparently terminated by early 2008, when the ship returned to Louis fleet and reverted to the name Aquamarine. In May 2008, Aquamarine was diverted to Milos, an island in the Aegean Sea, after a 1.5-meter gash was found on its hull at about 1.5 m above the water line. The ship's hull was damaged after it scraped against a pier during its departure from the port of Iraklio, in Crete, to the resort island of Santorini. The 872 passengers and the 407 crewmembers on board were safe. In December 2010, Louis Cruises announced they would be continuing the renewal of their fleet by selling Aquamarine to Mexican operator Ocean Star Cruises, which renamed her Ocean Star Pacific. In March 2011, Ocean Star Pacific was moored at Caracas Bay, on Curaçao, for maintenance. She entered service for Ocean Star Cruises on 10 April 2011. On 15 April 2011 the Ocean Star Pacific was disabled at Huatulco, Mexico, due to a fire in the engine room. | [
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She crossed the Mexican riviera after undergoing an extensive repair process in Salina Cruz, Mexico, but suffered another breakdown on 26 July 2011, in her cooling systems and air conditioning. She was planned to sail through 17 April 2012. PV Enterprises International acquired the vessel in May 2012, and received seaworthiness certification in July 2012, changing the name to Pacific in November 2012. In December 2014, the vessel, sailing under the name Pacific Victory, ran aground in Sarangani Bay, Manila, while en route to Alang, India, for ship breaking. In February 2015, Pacific arrived in Alang for decommissioning. Sister ships
Ocean Pearl
Oriental Dragon
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20150715044432/http://www.mb.com.ph/cruise-ship-runs-aground-in-sarangani-bay/
External links
Professional photographs from shipspotting.com
MS Nordic Prince at Fakta om Fartyg
Nordic Prince at Simplon Postcards
MS Carousel at Simplon Postcards
MV Arielle at Louis Cruise Lines
Ships built in Helsinki
1970 ships
Ships of Royal Caribbean International
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Austrian Sign Language, or Österreichische Gebärdensprache (ÖGS), is the sign language used by the Austrian Deaf community—approximately 10,000 people (see Krausneker 2006). Classification
ÖGS and Hungarian Sign Language seem to be related for historical reasons (First School for the Deaf in Vienna), but forms a cluster with neighboring languages rather than with ÖGS. Although there are no detailed studies of the extent of relatedness, ÖGS shares aspects of its grammar with German Sign Language and Swiss Sign Language, while the vocabulary differs (see Skant et al. 2002); Wittmann (1991) places it in the French Sign Language family). Research
Linguistic research on ÖGS started in the 1990s and is primarily conducted at the University of Klagenfurt and University of Graz. The Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt (AAU) worked on the "Deaf learning" project (September 1, 2015 – August 31, 2018) financed under Erasmus+ as a cooperation for innovation and the exchange of good practices, strategic Partnerships for adult education aimed at deaf adults with Austrian Sign Language as their first natural language and the German written language as their second language with the aim of raising the level of literacy. The program was expanded by Eramus+ after its completion to promote achieving higher social, educational and financial positions through better access to the written language proficiency with the "Deaf language awareness" project (September 1, 2018 – July 7, 2021) by developing online courses for independent learning in ÖGS and written German text. | [
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Legal aspects
After a 15-year effort by the Deaf community, ÖGS was legally recognized by the Austrian Parliament on September 1, 2005. Fingerspelling
ÖGS possess hundred of signs, of which 26 signs represent single letters similar to the basic written German alphabet, 3 signs represent letter-diacritic combinations (Ä/ä, Ö/ö, Ü/ü) using the umlaut and 1 sign represents the German "sch" (trigraph). As an initiative from the European Social Fund in Austria and Equalizent, an online video dictionary was created to teach the Fingerspelling and the most common signs with the help of a 3D-Avatar called SiMAX from Sign Time. Associations
The Austrian Deaf community is represented by the Austrian Federation of the Deaf (the Österreichischer Gehörlosenbund). There is one nationwide association for professional interpreters of ÖGS. See also
Austrian-German
Austro-Bavarian
Austrian Federation of the Deaf
References
Further reading
Krausneker, Verena (2006) taubstumm bis gebärdensprachig. Die Österreichische Gebärdensprachgemeinschaft aus soziolinguistischer Perspektive. Klagenfurt, Drava
ÖGLB, Österreichischer Gehörlosenbund (2003) ÖGS-Basisgebärden. Basisvokabular der Österreichischen Gebärdensprache. Wien
ÖGLB, Österreichischer Gehörlosenbund (2004) Mein Tor zur Welt der Gehörlosen. Wien
ÖGLB, Österreichischer Gehörlosenbund (2004) Mein Fingeralphabet.Das Finger-ABC für Kinder. Wien
ÖGLB, Österreichischer Gehörlosenbund (2004) Mein erstes Gebärdenbuch. Österreichische Gebärdensprache für Kinder. Wien
ÖGLB, Österreichischer Gehörlosenbund (2004) Erstes Gebärdenbuch für Jugendliche. Wien
ÖGLB, Österreichischer Gehörlosenbund (2004) Zweites Gebärdenbuch für Jugendliche. Wien
ÖGLB, Österreichischer Gehörlosenbund (2005) 1. Diskriminierungsbericht der österreichischen Gebärdensprachgemeinschaft. Wien
ÖGLB, Österreichischer Gehörlosenbund (2005) Medizinisches Handbuch ÖGS. Wien. | [
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] |
ÖGLB, Österreichischer Gehörlosenbund (2006) 2. Diskriminierungsbericht der österreichischen Gebärdensprachgemeinschaft. Wien
Skant, Andrea, Franz Dotter, Elisabeth Bergmeister, Marlene Hilzensauer, Manuela Hobel, Klaudia Krammer, Ingeborg Okorn, Christian Orasche, Reinhold Ortner & Natalie Unterberger (2002) Grammatik der Österreichischen Gebärdensprache. Veröffentlichungen des Forschungszentrum für Gebärdensprache und Hörgeschädigtenkommunikation der Universität Klagenfurt: Band 4: 2002 (Publikationen und Produkte)
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20150910051553/http://sign-it.at/ - video dictionary of ÖGS signs
http://www.gebaerdenwelt.at/ - daily news in ÖGS
French Sign Language family
Languages of Austria
Deaf culture in Austria | [
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Andrew Donald Booth (11 February 1918 – 29 November 2009) was a British electrical engineer, physicist and computer scientist, who was an early developer of the magnetic drum memory for computers. He is known for Booth's multiplication algorithm. In his later career in Canada he became president of Lakehead University. Early life
The son of Sidney Booth (died 1955) a cousin of Sir Felix Booth, he was raised in Weybridge, Surrey, and educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School. In 1937, he won a scholarship to read mathematics at Jesus College, Cambridge. Booth left Cambridge without taking a degree, having become disaffected with pure mathematics as a subject. He chose an external degree from the University of London instead, which he obtained with a first. From 1943 to 1945, Booth worked as a mathematical physicist in the X-ray team at the British Rubber Producers' Research Association (BRPRA), Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, gaining his PhD in crystallography from the University of Birmingham in 1944. In 1945, he moved to Birkbeck College, University of London, where his work in the crystallography group led him to build some of the first electronic computers in the United Kingdom including the All Purpose Electronic Computer, first installed at the British Rayon Research Association. Booth founded Birkbeck's department of numerical automation and was recently named a fellow at the university. He also did early pioneering work in machine translation. Dr. Booth served as President of Lakehead University from 1972 to 1978. | [
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Personal life
Booth married mathematician and computer engineer Kathleen Britten in 1950, and had two children, Amanda and Ian; between 1947 and 1953, together they produced three computing machines. See also
Booth's multiplication algorithm
Bibliography
. Booth, A.D. and Britten, K.H.V. (1947) Coding for A.R.C., Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
Booth, A.D. and Britten, K.H.V. (1947) General considerations in the design of an all-purpose electronic digital computer, Institute for Advance Study, Princeton
Booth, A.D. and Britten, K.H.V. (1948) The accuracy of atomic co-ordinates derived from Fourier series in X-ray crystallography Part V, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vol A 193 pp305–310
The Electronic Principles of Digital Computers, Electronics Forum (1948);
. Booth, A.D (1949) A Magnetic Digital Storage System, Electronic Engineering
Booth, A.D. (1950) The Physical Realization of An Electronic Digital Computer, Electronic Engineering
Booth, A.D. (1952) On Optimum Relations Between Circuit Elements and Logical Symbols in the Design of Electronic Calculators, Journal of British Institution of Radio Engineers
Booth, A.D. and Booth K.H.V. (1953) Automatic Digital Calculators, Butterworth-Heinmann (Academic Press) London
References
External links
The APEXC driver page
Principles and Progress in the Construction of High-Speed Digital Computers
Andrew Booth Collection, University of Manchester Library. | [
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] |
1918 births
2009 deaths
People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School
Academics of Birkbeck, University of London
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of the University of London
British electrical engineers
British computer scientists
Computer designers
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Lakehead University faculty
British expatriate academics in Canada
Canadian university and college chief executives | [
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A Macintosh User Group (MUG) is a users' group of people who use Macintosh computers made by Apple Inc. or other manufacturers and who use the Apple Macintosh operating system (OS). These groups are primarily locally situated and meet regularly to discuss Macintosh computers, the Mac OS, software and peripherals that work with these computers. Some groups focus on the older versions of Mac OS, up to Mac OS 9, but the majority now focus on the current version of Mac OS, Mac OS X. Activities
Macintosh user groups are independent organizations that elect their own leaders, develop and present topics at group meetings, schedule special events, frequently have a newsletter and/or web page, and other activities. MUGs generally have an affiliation with Apple Inc., which maintains a User Group Advisory Board consisting of MUG officers and members, who advise Apple on user group matters and relationships. Apple also maintains a MUG locator service on their website. MUGs may be community groups, government agencies, corporations, schools, universities, online, professional organizations, or software specific. Another website, the MUG Center, provides a variety of resources to MUGs and Mac users, including a comprehensive list of links to MUG websites. Users' groups have been around since the early days of Apple, when computers were often just kits and the user groups met to learn how to put the computers together. Many early users' groups were Apple user groups that became MUGs when Apple started the Macintosh line of computers in 1984. | [
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] |
The following is a 2005 list from the Apple User Group Locator of 19 still active MUGs that had initial meeting dates in 1975 - 1978 (note that these MUGs supported Apple products prior to the Macintosh computer line with original meeting dates that predate the Macintosh computer line):
Apple Computer Information & Data Exchange of Rochester, Inc.,
Apple Corps of Dallas,
Apple Macintosh Users Group (Sydney),
Apple Pugetsound Program Library Exchange,
AppleRock,
AppleSiders of Cincinnati,
Apple Squires of the Ozarks,
Apple Users' Society of Melbourne (AUSOM Inc),
Charlotte Apple Computer Club,
Colorado Macintosh User Group,
The Northwest of Us Macintosh User Group Chicago, Northwest,
Dallas Macintosh Users Group,
Denver Apple Pi,
Houston Area Apple User Group,
Louisville Apple Users Group,
Macintosh User Group of the Southern Tier,
Maryland Apple Corps., Inc.,
North Orange County Computer Club, MacIntosh SIG,
Pennsylvania Macintosh User Group,
The Michigan Apple,
The Minnesota Apple Computer User Group,
Washington Apple Pi, Ltd.
MUGs exploded in size in the 1980s and were a primary method of distribution of freeware and shareware software. Many MUGs had a "Disk-of-the-Month" and large newsletters for members. Computer hardware and software companies found MUGs to be a valuable place to provide information about their products. They were often speakers at MUG meetings. While many of these companies still speak at MUGs, the Internet has replaced many of the tools of information and software access that were not as available to the public prior to the late 1990s. | [
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Many MUGs have had to reinvent themselves to focus on tools a MUG can better provide, mostly focusing on education and/or hands on experiences. Today's MUGs are generally smaller, but have had some revitalization with the increased popularity of Apple Inc. products in the mid-2000s. Another educational competitor to MUGs has been Apple Inc.'s retail stores. Apple Inc. provides customers with professional assistance through their Genius Bar at Apple retail stores. The largest MUG was the Berkeley Macintosh Users Group, closely followed by the Macintosh SIG of the Boston Computer Society, and a friendly rivalry between the two groups energized both throughout the 1990s. See also
Apple community
References
External links
Apple's User Group page
MUG search page
Blog for Apple's User Group Advisory Board, Sandy Foderick - editor, Tom Piper - Vendor Relations
The MUG Center
Complete list of Mac User Groups in the UK
Computer clubs
User groups
Macintosh platform
Macintosh websites
Apple Inc. user groups | [
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In mathematics, the support (sometimes topological support or spectrum) of a measure μ on a measurable topological space (X, Borel(X)) is a precise notion of where in the space X the measure "lives". It is defined to be the largest (closed) subset of X for which every open neighbourhood of every point of the set has positive measure. Motivation
A (non-negative) measure on a measurable space is really a function . Therefore, in terms of the usual definition of support, the support of is a subset of the σ-algebra :
where the overbar denotes set closure. However, this definition is somewhat unsatisfactory: we use the notion of closure, but we do not even have a topology on . What we really want to know is where in the space the measure is non-zero. Consider two examples:
Lebesgue measure on the real line . It seems clear that "lives on" the whole of the real line. A Dirac measure at some point . Again, intuition suggests that the measure "lives at" the point , and nowhere else. In light of these two examples, we can reject the following candidate definitions in favour of the one in the next section:
We could remove the points where is zero, and take the support to be the remainder . This might work for the Dirac measure , but it would definitely not work for : since the Lebesgue measure of any singleton is zero, this definition would give empty support. | [
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By comparison with the notion of strict positivity of measures, we could take the support to be the set of all points with a neighbourhood of positive measure:
(or the closure of this). It is also too simplistic: by taking for all points , this would make the support of every measure except the zero measure the whole of . However, the idea of "local strict positivity" is not too far from a workable definition. Definition
Let (X, T) be a topological space; let B(T) denote the Borel σ-algebra on X, i.e. the smallest sigma algebra on X that contains all open sets U ∈ T. Let μ be a measure on (X, B(T)). Then the support (or spectrum) of μ is defined as the set of all points x in X for which every open neighbourhood Nx of x has positive measure:
Some authors prefer to take the closure of the above set. However, this is not necessary: see "Properties" below. An equivalent definition of support is as the largest C ∈ B(T) (with respect to inclusion) such that every open set which has non-empty intersection with C has positive measure, i.e. the largest C such that:
Properties
A measure μ on X is strictly positive if and only if it has support supp(μ) = X. | [
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If μ is strictly positive and x ∈ X is arbitrary, then any open neighbourhood of x, since it is an open set, has positive measure; hence, x ∈ supp(μ), so supp(μ) = X. Conversely, if supp(μ) = X, then every non-empty open set (being an open neighbourhood of some point in its interior, which is also a point of the support) has positive measure; hence, μ is strictly positive. The support of a measure is closed in X as its complement is the union of the open sets of measure 0. In general the support of a nonzero measure may be empty: see the examples below. However, if X is a topological Hausdorff space and μ is a Radon measure, a measurable set A outside the support has measure zero:
The converse is true if A is open, but it is not true in general: it fails if there exists a point x ∈ supp(μ) such that μ({x}) = 0 (e.g. Lebesgue measure). Thus, one does not need to "integrate outside the support": for any measurable function f : X → R or C,
The concept of support of a measure and that of spectrum of a self-adjoint linear operator on a Hilbert space are closely related. Indeed, if is a regular Borel measure on the line , then the multiplication operator is self-adjoint on its natural domain
and its spectrum coincides with the essential range of the identity function , which is precisely the support of . | [
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] |
Examples
Lebesgue measure
In the case of Lebesgue measure λ on the real line R, consider an arbitrary point x ∈ R. Then any open neighbourhood Nx of x must contain some open interval (x − ε, x + ε) for some ε > 0. This interval has Lebesgue measure 2ε > 0, so λ(Nx) ≥ 2ε > 0. Since x ∈ R was arbitrary, supp(λ) = R.
Dirac measure
In the case of Dirac measure δp, let x ∈ R and consider two cases:
if x = p, then every open neighbourhood Nx of x contains p, so δp(Nx) = 1 > 0;
on the other hand, if x ≠ p, then there exists a sufficiently small open ball B around x that does not contain p, so δp(B) = 0. We conclude that supp(δp) is the closure of the singleton set {p}, which is {p} itself. In fact, a measure μ on the real line is a Dirac measure δp for some point p if and only if the support of μ is the singleton set {p}. Consequently, Dirac measure on the real line is the unique measure with zero variance [provided that the measure has variance at all]. A uniform distribution
Consider the measure μ on the real line R defined by
i.e. a uniform measure on the open interval (0, 1). A similar argument to the Dirac measure example shows that supp(μ) = [0, 1]. | [
-0.2247314453,
-0.6708984375,
-1.0341796875,
-1.158203125,
0.75390625,
-0.1668701172,
0.7221679688,
1.7783203125,
-0.3215332031,
0.6435546875,
-0.7280273438,
0.6206054688,
0.599609375,
-0.3083496094,
0.0166473389,
0.0949707031,
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0.2958984375,
0.1877441406,
0.1295166016,
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0.8657226562,
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-0.0647583008,
0.1260986328,
0.4777832031,
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1.2744140625,
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0.2019042969,
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1.330078125,
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0.1067504883,
1.1220703125,
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1.06640625,
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Note that the boundary points 0 and 1 lie in the support: any open set containing 0 (or 1) contains an open interval about 0 (or 1), which must intersect (0, 1), and so must have positive μ-measure. A nontrivial measure whose support is empty
The space of all countable ordinals with the topology generated by "open intervals", is a locally compact Hausdorff space. The measure ("Dieudonné measure") that assigns measure 1 to Borel sets containing an unbounded closed subset and assigns 0 to other Borel sets is a Borel probability measure whose support is empty. A nontrivial measure whose support has measure zero
On a compact Hausdorff space the support of a non-zero measure is always non-empty, but may have measure 0. An example of this is given by adding the first uncountable ordinal Ω to the previous example: the support of the measure is the single point Ω, which has measure 0. Signed and complex measures
Suppose that μ : Σ → [−∞, +∞] is a signed measure. Use the Hahn decomposition theorem to write
where μ± are both non-negative measures. Then the support of μ is defined to be
Similarly, if μ : Σ → C is a complex measure, the support of μ is defined to be the union of the supports of its real and imaginary parts. References
(See chapter 2, section 2.) (See chapter 3, section 2)
Measures (measure theory)
Measure theory | [
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Yaws (Yet another web server) is a web server written in Erlang by Claes (klacke) Wikström. Yaws can be embedded into other Erlang-based applications or run as a regular standalone web server. Because Yaws uses Erlang's lightweight threading system, it performs well under high concurrency. A load test conducted in 2002 comparing Yaws and Apache found that with the hardware tested, Apache 2.0.39 with the worker MPM failed at 4,000 concurrent connections, while Yaws continued functioning with over 80,000 concurrent connections. The load test concludes, "The problem with Apache is not related to the Apache code per se but is due to the manner in which the underlying operating system (Linux) implements concurrency. We believe that any system implemented using operating system threads and processes would exhibit similar performance. Erlang does not make use of the underlying OS's threads and processes for managing its own process pool and thus does not suffer from these limitations".and in the underlined part above (formatting added), expresses the opinion that the founding technologies make the difference in scalability. See also
Comparison of web servers
LYME (software bundle)
References
External links
Interview with YAWS developer Claes Klacke Wikstrom (OGG or MP3)
ErlyWeb – MVC-pattern web framework for Yaws
Erlang Web – MVC-pattern web framework Yaws and Inets Erlang/OTP application
Nitrogen – An event-driven Web 2.0 framework for Erlang that runs on Yaws, Mochiweb, and Inets
Free web server software
Erlang (programming language)
Web server software for Linux | [
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In computer science, the International Conference on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV) is an annual academic conference on the theory and practice of computer-aided formal analysis of software and hardware systems, broadly known as formal methods. It is one of the highest-ranked conferences in computer science. Among the important results originally published in CAV are breakthrough techniques in model checking, such as Counterexample-Guided Abstraction Refinement (CEGAR) and partial order reduction. The first CAV was held in 1989 in Grenoble, France. The CAV proceedings (1989-present) are published by Springer Science+Business Media and are open access. See also
List of computer science conferences
Symposium on Logic in Computer Science
European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software
External links
bibliography for CAV at DBLP
Conference proceedings
References
Theoretical computer science conferences
Logic conferences | [
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The concept of an abstract Wiener space is a mathematical construction developed by Leonard Gross to understand the structure of Gaussian measures on infinite-dimensional spaces. The construction emphasizes the fundamental role played by the Cameron–Martin space. The classical Wiener space is the prototypical example. The structure theorem for Gaussian measures states that all Gaussian measures can be represented by the abstract Wiener space construction. Motivation
Let be a real Hilbert space, assumed to be infinite dimensional and separable. In the physics literature, one frequently encounters integrals of the form
where is supposed to be a normalization constant and where is supposed to be the non-existent Lebesgue measure on . Such integrals arise, notably, in the context of the Euclidean path-integral formulation of quantum field theory. At a mathematical level, such an integral cannot be interpreted as integration against a measure on the original Hilbert space . On the other hand, suppose is a Banach space that contains as a dense subspace. If is "sufficiently larger" than , then the above integral can be interpreted as integration against a well-defined (Gaussian) measure on . In that case, the pair is referred to as an abstract Wiener space. The prototypical example is the classical Wiener space, in which is the Hilbert space of real-valued functions on an interval having one derivative in and satisfying , with the norm being given by
In that case, may be taken to be the Banach space of continuous functions on with the supremum norm. In this case, the measure on is the Wiener measure describing Brownian motion starting at the origin. | [
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The original subspace is called the Cameron–Martin space, which forms a set of measure zero with respect to the Wiener measure. What the preceding example means is that we have a formal expression for the Wiener measure given by
Although this formal expression suggests that the Wiener measure should live on the space of paths for which , this is not actually the case. (Brownian paths are known to be nowhere differentiable with probability one.) Gross's abstract Wiener space construction abstracts the situation for the classical Wiener space and provides a necessary and sufficient (if sometimes difficult to check) condition for the Gaussian measure to exist on . Although the Gaussian measure lives on rather than , it is the geometry of rather than that controls the properties of . As Gross himself puts it (adapted to our notation), "However, it only became apparent with the work of I.E. Segal dealing with the normal distribution on a real Hilbert space, that the role of the Hilbert space was indeed central, and that in so far as analysis on is concerned, the role of itself was auxiliary for many of Cameron and Martin's theorems, and in some instances even unnecessary." One of the appealing features of Gross's abstract Wiener space construction is that it takes as the starting point and treats as an auxiliary object. Although the formal expressions for appearing earlier in this section are purely formal, physics-style expressions, they are very useful in helping to understand properties of . Notably, one can easily use these expressions to derive the (correct!) | [
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formula for the density of the translated measure relative to , for . (See the Cameron–Martin theorem.) Mathematical description
Cylinder set measure on
Let be a Hilbert space defined over the real numbers, assumed to be infinite dimensional and separable. A cylinder set in is a set defined in terms of the values of a finite collection of linear functionals on . Specifically, suppose are continuous linear functionals on and is a Borel set in . Then we can consider the set
Any set of this type is called a cylinder set. The collection of all cylinder sets forms an algebra of sets in but it is not a -algebra. There is a natural way of defining a "measure" on cylinder sets, as follows. By the Riesz theorem, the linear functionals are given as the inner product with vectors in . In light of the Gram–Schmidt procedure, it is harmless to assume that are orthonormal. In that case, we can associate to the above-defined cylinder set the measure of with respect to the standard Gaussian measure on . That is, we define
where is the standard Lebesgue measure on . Because of the product structure of the standard Gaussian measure on , it is not hard to show that is well defined. That is, although the same set can be represented as a cylinder set in more than one way, the value of is always the same. Nonexistence of the measure on
The set functional is called the standard Gaussian cylinder set measure on . | [
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Assuming (as we do) that is infinite dimensional, does not extend to a countably additive measure on the -algebra generated by the collection of cylinder sets in . One can understand the difficulty by considering the behavior of the standard Gaussian measure on given by
The expectation value of the squared norm with respect to this measure is computed as an elementary Gaussian integral as
That is, the typical distance from the origin of a vector chosen randomly according to the standard Gaussian measure on is As tends to infinity, this typical distance tends to infinity, indicating that there is no well-defined "standard Gaussian" measure on . (The typical distance from the origin would be infinite, so that the measure would not actually live on the space .) Existence of the measure on
Now suppose that is a separable Banach space and that is an injective continuous linear map whose image is dense in . It is then harmless (and convenient) to identify with its image inside and thus regard as a dense subset of . We may then construct a cylinder set measure on by defining the measure of a cylinder set to be the previously defined cylinder set measure of , which is a cylinder set in . The idea of the abstract Wiener space construction is that if is sufficiently bigger than , then the cylinder set measure on , unlike the cylinder set measure on , will extend to a countably additive measure on the generated -algebra. The original paper of Gross gives a necessary and sufficient condition on for this to be the case. | [
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The measure on is called a Gaussian measure and the subspace is called the Cameron–Martin space. It is important to emphasize that forms a set of measure zero inside , emphasizing that the Gaussian measure lives only on and not on . The upshot of this whole discussion is that Gaussian integrals of the sort described in the motivation section do have a rigorous mathematical interpretation, but they do not live on the space whose norm occurs in the exponent of the formal expression. Rather, they live on some larger space. Universality of the construction
The abstract Wiener space construction is not simply one method of building Gaussian measures. Rather, every Gaussian measure on a infinite-dimensional Banach space occurs in this way. (See the structure theorem for Gaussian measures.) That is, given a Gaussian measure on an infinite-dimensional, separable Banach space (over ), one can identify a Cameron–Martin subspace , at which point the pair becomes an abstract Wiener space and is the associated Gaussian measure. Properties
is a Borel measure: it is defined on the Borel σ-algebra generated by the open subsets of B.
is a Gaussian measure in the sense that f∗() is a Gaussian measure on R for every linear functional f ∈ B∗, f ≠ 0. Hence, is strictly positive and locally finite. The behaviour of under translation is described by the Cameron–Martin theorem. Given two abstract Wiener spaces i1 : H1 → B1 and i2 : H2 → B2, one can show that . | [
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In full:
i.e., the abstract Wiener measure on the Cartesian product B1 × B2 is the product of the abstract Wiener measures on the two factors B1 and B2. If H (and B) are infinite dimensional, then the image of H has measure zero. This fact is a consequence of Kolmogorov's zero–one law. Example: Classical Wiener space
The prototypical example of an abstract Wiener space is the space of continuous paths, and is known as classical Wiener space. This is the abstract Wiener space in which is given by
with inner product given by
and is the space of continuous maps of into starting at 0, with the uniform norm. In this case, the Gaussian measure is the Wiener measure, which describes Brownian motion in , starting from the origin. The general result that forms a set of measure zero with respect to in this case reflects the roughness of the typical Brownian path, which is known to be nowhere differentiable. This contrasts with the assumed differentiability of the paths in . See also
Structure theorem for Gaussian measures
There is no infinite-dimensional Lebesgue measure
References
(See section 1.1)
Measure theory
Stochastic processes | [
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In physics, thermal contact conductance is the study of heat conduction between solid or liquid bodies in thermal contact. The thermal contact conductance coefficient, , is a property indicating the thermal conductivity, or ability to conduct heat, between two bodies in contact. The inverse of this property is termed thermal contact resistance. Definition
When two solid bodies come in contact, such as A and B in Figure 1, heat flows from the hotter body to the colder body. From experience, the temperature profile along the two bodies varies, approximately, as shown in the figure. A temperature drop is observed at the interface between the two surfaces in contact. This phenomenon is said to be a result of a thermal contact resistance existing between the contacting surfaces. Thermal contact resistance is defined as the ratio between this temperature drop and the average heat flow across the interface. According to Fourier's law, the heat flow between the bodies is found by the relation:
where is the heat flow, is the thermal conductivity, is the cross sectional area and is the temperature gradient in the direction of flow. From considerations of energy conservation, the heat flow between the two bodies in contact, bodies A and B, is found as:
One may observe that the heat flow is directly related to the thermal conductivities of the bodies in contact, and , the contact area , and the thermal contact resistance, , which, as previously noted, is the inverse of the thermal conductance coefficient, . | [
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Importance
Most experimentally determined values of the thermal contact resistance fall between
0.000005 and 0.0005 m2 K/W (the corresponding range of thermal contact
conductance is 200,000 to 2000 W/m2 K). To know whether the thermal contact resistance is significant or not, magnitudes of the thermal resistances of the layers are compared with typical values of thermal contact resistance. Thermal contact resistance is significant and may dominate for good heat conductors such as metals but can be neglected for poor heat conductors such as insulators. Thermal contact conductance is an important factor in a variety of applications, largely because many physical systems contain a mechanical combination of two materials. Some of the fields where contact conductance is of importance are:
Electronics
Electronic packaging
Heat sinks
Brackets
Industry
Nuclear reactor cooling
Gas turbine cooling
Internal combustion engines
Heat exchangers
Thermal insulation
Flight
Hypersonic flight vehicles
Thermal supervision for space vehicles
Residential/Building Science
Performance of building envelops
Factors influencing contact conductance
Thermal contact conductance is a complicated phenomenon, influenced by many factors. Experience shows that the most important ones are as follows:
Contact pressure
For thermal transport between two contacting bodies, such as particles in a granular medium, the contact pressure is the factor of most influence on overall contact conductance. As contact pressure grows, true contact area increases and contact conductance grows (contact resistance becomes smaller). Since the contact pressure is the most important factor, most studies, correlations and mathematical models for measurement of contact conductance are done as a function of this factor. | [
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The thermal contact resistance of certain sandwich kinds of materials that are manufactured by rolling under high temperatures may sometimes be ignored because the decrease in thermal conductivity between them is negligible. Interstitial materials
No truly smooth surfaces really exist, and surface imperfections are visible under a microscope. As a result, when two bodies are pressed together, contact is only performed in a finite number of points, separated by relatively large gaps, as can be shown in Fig. 2. Since the actual contact area is reduced, another resistance for heat flow exists. The gases/fluids filling these gaps may largely influence the total heat flow across the interface. The thermal conductivity of the interstitial material and its pressure, examined through reference to the Knudsen number, are the two properties governing its influence on contact conductance, and thermal transport in heterogeneous materials in general. In the absence of interstitial materials, as in a vacuum, the contact resistance will be much larger, since flow through the intimate contact points is dominant. Surface roughness, waviness and flatness
One can characterise a surface that has undergone certain finishing operations by three main properties of: roughness, waviness, and fractal dimension. Among these, roughness and fractality are of most importance, with roughness often indicated in terms of a rms value, and surface fractality denoted generally by Df. The effect of surface structures on thermal conductivity at interfaces is analogous to the concept of electrical contact resistance, also known as ECR, involving contact patch restricted transport of phonons rather than electrons. | [
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Surface deformations
When the two bodies come in contact, surface deformation may occur on both bodies. This deformation may either be plastic or elastic, depending on the material properties and the contact pressure. When a surface undergoes plastic deformation, contact resistance is lowered, since the deformation causes the actual contact area to increase
Surface cleanliness
The presence of dust particles, acids, etc., can also influence the contact conductance. Measurement of thermal contact conductance
Going back to Formula 2, calculation of the thermal contact conductance may prove difficult, even impossible, due to the difficulty in measuring the contact area, (A product of surface characteristics, as explained earlier). Because of this, contact conductance/resistance is usually found experimentally, by using a standard apparatus. The results of such experiments are usually published in Engineering literature, on journals such as Journal of Heat Transfer, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, etc. Unfortunately, a centralized database of contact conductance coefficients does not exist, a situation which sometimes causes companies to use outdated, irrelevant data, or not taking contact conductance as a consideration at all. CoCoE (Contact Conductance Estimator), a project founded to solve this problem and create a centralized database of contact conductance data and a computer program that uses it, was started in 2006. Thermal boundary conductance
While a finite thermal contact conductance is due to voids at the interface, surface waviness, and surface roughness, etc., a finite conductance exists even at near ideal interfaces as well. | [
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This conductance, known as thermal boundary conductance, is due to the differences in electronic and vibrational properties between the contacting materials. This conductance is generally much higher than thermal contact conductance, but becomes important in nanoscale material systems. See also
Heat transfer
References
External links
Project CoCoE - Free software to estimate TCC
Heat conduction
Thermodynamics
Physical quantities
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Wambaya is a Non-Pama-Nyungan West Barkly Australian language of the Mirndi language group that is spoken in the Barkly Tableland of the Northern Territory, Australia. Wambaya and the other members of the West Barkly languages are somewhat unusual in that they are suffixing languages, unlike most Non-Pama-Nyungan languages which are prefixing. The language was reported to have 12 speakers in 1981, and some reports indicate that the language went extinct as a first language. However, in the 2011 Australian census 56 people stated that they speak Wambaya at home. That number increased to 61 in the 2016 Census. Rachel Nordlinger notes that the speech of the Wambaya, Gudanji and Binbinka people "are clearly dialects" of a single language, which she calls "McArthur", while Ngarnga is closely related but is "probably best considered a language of its own". References
External links
Bibliography of Binbinga people and language resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
Bibliography of Gudanji people and language resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
Ngurlun languages
Endangered indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory | [
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In measure theory, a radonifying function (ultimately named after Johann Radon) between measurable spaces is one that takes a cylinder set measure (CSM) on the first space to a true measure on the second space. It acquired its name because the pushforward measure on the second space was historically thought of as a Radon measure. Definition
Given two separable Banach spaces and , a CSM on and a continuous linear map , we say that is radonifying if the push forward CSM (see below) on "is" a measure, i.e. there is a measure on such that
for each , where is the usual push forward of the measure by the linear map . Push forward of a CSM
Because the definition of a CSM on requires that the maps in be surjective, the definition of the push forward for a CSM requires careful attention. The CSM
is defined by
if the composition is surjective. If is not surjective, let be the image of , let be the inclusion map, and define
,
where (so ) is such that . See also
Classical Wiener space
Abstract Wiener space
Measure theory
Banach spaces
Types of functions | [
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In mathematics, the structure theorem for Gaussian measures shows that the abstract Wiener space construction is essentially the only way to obtain a strictly positive Gaussian measure on a separable Banach space. It was proved in the 1970s by Kallianpur–Sato–Stefan and Dudley–Feldman–le Cam. There is the earlier result due to H. Satô (1969) which proves that "any Gaussian measure on a separable Banach space is an abstract Wiener measure in the sense of L. Gross". The result by Dudley et al. generalizes this result to the setting of Gaussian measures on a general topological vector space. Statement of the theorem
Let γ be a strictly positive Gaussian measure on a separable Banach space (E, || ||). Then there exists a separable Hilbert space (H, 〈 , 〉) and a map i : H → E such that i : H → E is an abstract Wiener space with γ = i∗(γH), where γH is the canonical Gaussian cylinder set measure on H.
References
Theorems in measure theory
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The Westinghouse J40 was an early high-performance afterburning turbojet engine designed by Westinghouse Aviation Gas Turbine Division starting in 1946 to a US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) request. BuAer intended to use the design in several fighter aircraft and a bomber. However, while an early low-power design was successful, attempts to scale it up to its full design power failed, and the design was finally abandoned, deemed a "fiasco" and a "flop". The design originally called for an engine of thrust at sea level static conditions without afterburner and 10,900 lbf thrust with afterburner. A more powerful model 9,500/13,700 lbf thrust version was intended to replace the earlier engines in the various airframes. In total, thirteen different variations were planned. The projected need for the higher-power engines led BuAer to place a second source production contract with Ford Motor Company, Lincoln Mercury Division for both J40-WE-10 and J40-WE-12 engines. The higher-powered versions proved to have a flawed compressor design and lacked a suitable control system. This left the Navy with only the earlier, lower-power engines. These were eventually used for early flight testing, but proved to be largely unusable. A particularly notorious use was in the McDonnell F3H-1N Demon, which proved to be dangerously underpowered with the smaller engines. The design was quickly grounded after repeated incidents caused by flying the now overweight airframe and a number of engine failures that led to the loss of the aircraft. A government investigation of the F3H-1N program issue failed to determine if pilots had been lost due solely to the engine issues. | [
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The grounded airframes were either scrapped or used for ground training. The F3H-2N used the Allison J71 engine. The J40 program was terminated in 1955, by which time all the aircraft it was to power were either grounded, cancelled or redesigned to use alternative engines. The J40's failure was among those that affected the most military programs. The program failure was primarily due to lack of investment in research and experimental resources by Westinghouse, leaving them unable to resolve the issues with the various models of the engines. In 1953 Westinghouse worked with Rolls-Royce to offer engines based on the Avon, which had similar performance but matured into an excellent design of even higher output. Westinghouse was out of the aircraft engine business by 1965 when their thrust, scaled-down version of the Avon 300-series engine, the XJ54, also failed to find a United States market. Development
Westinghouse Electric Corporation established the Westinghouse Aviation Gas Turbine Division (AGT) in 1945. Along with General Electric, Westinghouse had extensive experience in turbine design that put them in the lead over established aviation engine manufacturers, who had little experience with these entirely new design concepts. While most early engines in the US were redesigned versions of British jets, the J30 was the first truly American-designed turbojet to run, and saw use in the McDonnell FH Phantom. The enlarged J34 was obsolete when introduced, but moderately successful. A new design following the rapid industry progress was needed. The J40 represented a big opportunity for Westinghouse to become a prominent player in the turbojet engine market. | [
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The U.S. Navy showed great confidence in the company when it bet the success or failure of a new generation of jets on Westinghouse over three other engine companies. It was in June 1947 that the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics contracted for its development. The prototype engine first ran in November 1948. According to an article in the April 1949 edition of the Naval Aviation Confidential Bulletin by Lieutenant Commander Neil D. Harkleroad of the Bureau of Aeronautics Power Plant Division, "The engine has been operating successfully to date." As of that writing, the 50-hour flight substantiation test was to have been accomplished by June 1949 and the 150-hour qualification test by December 1949. The J40 was designed to deliver twice the thrust of engines currently in service, allowing the J40-WE-8 with afterburner to power many of the new Navy carrier-based fighters with a single engine. These included the Grumman XF10F Jaguar variable-sweep wing general-purpose fighter, the McDonnell F3H Demon and Douglas F4D Skyray interceptors. Growth to over of thrust in afterburner was projected. A version without afterburner, the J40-WE-6, was to power the Douglas A-3D Skywarrior twin-engine carrier-based bomber. The J40-8 was only a little over in diameter but long, with accessories and including the afterburner. It weighed almost , the -6 being almost shorter and about lighter, because it did not have an afterburner. In 1949, a higher-power J40-WE-12 non-afterburning version developing thrust, with better fuel consumption, was proposed for the A3D, and an afterburning version (J40-WE-10) developing thrust was proposed for the fighter projects. | [
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Both versions were accepted and became the engines the airframes were designed to use. The lower-powered early development models were now intended to be used only for ground and initial flight testing until the high-powered engines became available. Decommission
Development of the big engine was protracted. The all-important 150-hour qualification test that was to have been accomplished in December 1949 was not completed until January 1951, a year behind schedule. The afterburner was particularly troublesome – the afterburning version of the engine, the J40-WE-8, did not pass its 150-hour qualification until August 1952. As a result, J40-WE-6 engines without afterburners had to be used for initial testing, causing delays in flight test programs. Early on even the low-powered versions of the engine were considered unusable because of reliability problems. The A3D would prove successful with alternate engines, but the F3H-1 was relegated to subsonic performance using the lower-powered engine and continued to be subsonic even after substitution of the higher-power Allison J71. It has been stated, that although considered failures, the F3H-1 could have been competitive with early supersonic Air Force's Century Series fighters had the original engines delivered on their design specifications. In fact, the Demon that emerged from development was a missile-armed all-weather fighter over heavier than the XF3H-1 had been, and even the high-powered J71 could not restore its performance. The F3H-1N Demon single-engine jet fighter was initially a severe disappointment, due to the unreliability of the J40 and the difficulties of flying the much heavier airframe with the lower-powered J40-WE-22A engines. The airframe design had assumed the higher-powered J40-WE-10 would be the power plant. | [
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These first production Demons were grounded for a redesign to accept the J71 engine after the loss of six aircraft and four pilots. The decision to move the Demon to the J71 had occurred long before the initial production batch emerged and with the development of a suitable afterburner for the J71 being protracted, BuAer decided to accept the early aircraft with Westinghouse J40-WE-22A and -22 engines. This decision came under Congressional review in 1955 and drew sharp criticism from Congress. Time Magazine called the Navy's grounding of all Westinghouse-powered F3H-1 Demons a "fiasco", with 21 unflyable planes, that could be used only for Navy ground training at a loss of $200 million. One high point of the J40 was the 1955 setting of an unofficial time-to-climb record, in a Demon, of in 71 seconds. A replacement engine could not be easily fitted into the grounded Demons, as the fuselage had to be redesigned and enlarged. When this redesign was done to accommodate the J71, the wing area was also enlarged to counter the increased weight of the all-weather aircraft. The F4D Skyray that had been designed to more easily accept different engines emerged in production powered by the Pratt & Whitney J57. The A3D emerged with non-afterburning J57 engines as well. The F10F-1 program was cancelled primarily due to unsolvable aerodynamic issues with the variable-sweep wing and the control systems. The J40 engine issues were of secondary importance during the prototype flight trials. Variants
XJ40-WE-2, XJ40-WE-4 In-house development engines. J40-WE-1 Air Force version of the J40-WE-8, powering the North American X-10 UAVs. | [
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(Two engines extant in X-10 exhibit airframe at the United States Air Force Museum in Dayton, OH)
XJ40-WE-3 Initial Air Force designation for the first proposed version of the XJ40-WE-12:
XJ40-WE-5 Air Force designation for the derated Block II/Block III versions of the XJ40-WE-12: thrust
J40-WE-6 Flight testing pre-production engines, powering the two Douglas XA3D-1 Skywarrior prototypes, Douglas XF4D-1 Skyray prototype, McDonnell F3H Demon prototypes, Grumman XF10F Jaguar prototypes: thrust
J40-WE-8 Pre-production engine with after-burner replaced the -6 versions in the Skyray, Demon and Jaguar. (One engine extant in the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum): thrust
XJ40-WE-10 Experimental afterburning version of the XJ40-WE-12. As far as can be determined, none were actually constructed although the iris type afterburner was built: thrust
XJ40-WE-12 Experimental higher-powered engine. Four destroyed in compressor failures on the test bed: thrust
XJ40-WE-14 Two spool design, placed under contract but not developed: thrust
XJ40-WE-16 Afterburning version of the J40-WE-14, placed under contract but not developed: thrust
XJ40-WE-18 Modified afterburning version of the J40-WE-10 for the Convair Skate program, proposed but not accepted. Proposal later modified for the Martin Minelayer aircraft but not accepted for that either: thrust with most altitude capabilities removed. XJ40-WE-20 Modified J40-WE-10 with the afterburner to operate up to 50,000 feet, none built. J40-WE-22/-22A Production version of the J40-WE-8, the two models using different control systems. | [
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(One -22A extant as a cutaway exhibit in the National Naval Aviation Museum): thrust
XJ40-WE-24 Proposed derated early production of the J40-WE-10 engine: thrust
XJ40-WE-26 Proposed derated early production of the J40-WE-12 engine: thrust
Applications
Douglas XA3D-1 Skywarrior
Douglas XF4D-1 Skyray
Grumman XF10F-1 Jaguar
McDonnell F3H Demon
North American X-10
Specifications (J40-WE-8)
See also
References
1940s turbojet engines
J40
Engineering failures
Abandoned military aircraft engine projects of the United States | [
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The Ukrainian Free University (, , ) is a private graduate university located in Munich, Germany. History
The Ukrainian Free University (UFU) was established in Vienna, January 17, 1921. The idea to organize a Ukrainian university-in-exile came from Ukrainian academics, some of whom had held chairs at universities in the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires. UFU was transferred in the fall of 1921 to Prague, Czechoslovakia. The host government granted UFU full academic accreditation and provided the University with financial support. UFU received wide recognition during its Prague period for significant and productive teaching, research and publications. After the Second World War, UFU established its seat in Munich, Germany. The September 16, 1950 Free State of Bavaria Ministerial decree guaranteed degree granting privileges. In the ensuing period various Bavarian university laws and ministerial decrees reaffirmed this academic privilege. Federal German and Bavarian governmental financial support contributed towards worthwhile research, publishing and teaching activities. The University became a recognized Western European scholarly centre, specializing in the study of Ukraine within the USSR and of Ukrainians in the diaspora. Emphasis was placed on the study of Ukrainian history, literature, culture, law and politics. German and Bavarian financial aid ceased in the years following Ukrainian independence, as it was assumed that patronage of the University would be assured by Ukraine.The Ukrainian Ministry of Education recognized UFU doctoral decrees in November 1992. To date, Ukrainian governmental funding have not materialized. Thus, since 2009, the Ukrainian Free University relies entirely on its own resources. | [
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Over the years, the University has evolved from a "university-in-exile" to a full-fledged, though highly specialized, European Union graduate school. Nevertheless, UFU has retained much of its remarkableness and singularity. In its research and publishing activities the University focuses primarily on Ukraine and things Ukrainian. Academic structures
The University has three academic structures. The Faculty of Ukrainian Studies concentrates on interdisciplinary Ukrainian studies . Culture, literature and history constitute the core of Ukrainian studies. The Faculty of Philosophy houses the remaining humanitarian disciplines, such as philosophy, fine arts, music, teacher training and religion. The Faculty of Government and Political Economy unites such social science disciplines as political science, economics and business, sociology, psychology and legal studies. Academic programs
UFU is the only private university in the world which, while located outside of Ukraine, offers graduate programs of study in the social sciences and the humanities, primarily in Ukrainian language. In fact, in order to be able to matriculate at UFU one must demonstrate fluency in Ukrainian. Masters programs require two to three semesters of course work, an MA thesis and an oral thesis defense. Doctoral programs stipulate three semesters of course work, a doctoral dissertation, philosophy comprehensives and an oral thesis defense. Dissertations are normally written in Ukrainian. In exceptional cases permission may be granted to write in another language. Winter Semester teaching period runs from early November to mid December and from the end of January until early March. Summer Semester teaching period is from early May until the end of July. | [
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Most UFU faculty members also hold simultaneously permanent academic positions at European Union, American, Canadian and Ukrainian institutions of higher learning. Notable alumni and faculty
Volodymyr Kubiyovych (1900–1985), Ukrainian geographer, cartographer, encyclopedist, politician, and statesman. Viktor Petrov
Nataliia Polonska-Vasylenko
Jaroslav Rudnyckyj
Ivan Horbachevsky
George Yurii Shevelov
Igor Kaczurowskyj
Emma Andijewska
Liubomyr Vynar
Serhiy Kvit
Leonid Rudnytzky
Stefania Turkewich
References
Bibliography
"Universitas Libera Ucrainensis: 1921-2006", Mykola Szafowal and Roman Yaremko (eds. ), ( Munich: Ukrainische Freie Universität, 2006) Series: Varia № 52. External links
Ukrainian Free University official website
Volodymyr Yaniv, Ukrainian Free University in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
1921 establishments in Austria
Universities and colleges in Munich
Ukrainian diaspora in Germany
Educational institutions established in 1921
Universities and colleges in Vienna
Education in Prague
Ukrainian language
Ukrainian studies
Minority schools
Relocated schools | [
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Distributed temperature sensing systems (DTS) are optoelectronic devices which measure temperatures by means of optical fibres functioning as linear sensors. Temperatures are recorded along the optical sensor cable, thus not at points, but as a continuous profile. A high accuracy of temperature determination is achieved over great distances. Typically the DTS systems can locate the temperature to a spatial resolution of 1 m with accuracy to within ±1°C at a resolution of 0.01°C. Measurement distances of greater than 30 km can be monitored and some specialised systems can provide even tighter spatial resolutions. Measuring principle—Raman effect
Physical measurement dimensions, such as temperature or pressure and tensile forces, can affect glass fibres and locally change the characteristics of light transmission in the fibre. As a result of the damping of the light in the quartz glass fibres through scattering, the location of an external physical effect can be determined so that the optical fibre can be employed as a linear sensor. Optical fibres are made from doped quartz glass. Quartz glass is a form of silicon dioxide (SiO2) with amorphous solid structure. Thermal effects induce lattice oscillations within the solid. When light falls onto these thermally excited molecular oscillations, an interaction occurs between the light particles (photons) and the electrons of the molecule. Light scattering, also known as Raman scattering, occurs in the optical fibre. Unlike incident light, this scattered light undergoes a spectral shift by an amount equivalent to the resonance frequency of the lattice oscillation. | [
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The light scattered back from the fibre optic therefore contains three different spectral shares:
the Rayleigh scattering with the wavelength of the laser source used,
the Stokes line components from photons shifted to longer wavelength (lower frequency), and
the anti-Stokes line components with photons shifted to shorter wavelength (higher frequency) than the Rayleigh scattering. The intensity of the so-called anti-Stokes band is temperature-dependent, while the so-called Stokes band is practically independent of temperature. The local temperature of the optical fibre is derived from the ratio of the anti-Stokes and Stokes light intensities. Measuring principle—OTDR and OFDR technology
There are two basic principles of measurement for distributed sensing technology, OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometry) and OFDR (Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry). For Distributed Temperature Sensing often a Code Correlation technology
is employed which carries elements from both principles. OTDR was developed more than 20 years ago and has become the industry standard for telecom loss measurements which detects the—compared to Raman signal very dominant—Rayleigh backscattering signals. The principle for OTDR is quite simple and is very similar to the time of flight measurement used for radar. Essentially a narrow laser pulse generated either by semiconductor or solid state lasers is sent into the fibre and the backscattered light is analysed. From the time it takes the backscattered light to return to the detection unit it is possible to locate the location of the temperature event. Alternative DTS evaluation units deploy the method of Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR). | [
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The OFDR system provides information on the local characteristic only when the backscatter signal detected during the entire measurement time is measured as a function of frequency in a complex fashion, and then subjected to Fourier transformation. The essential principles of OFDR technology are the quasi continuous wave mode employed by the laser and the narrow-band detection of the optical backscatter signal. This is offset by the technically difficult measurement of the Raman scattered light and rather complex signal processing, due to the FFT calculation with higher linearity requirements for the electronic components. Code Correlation DTS sends on/off sequences of limited length into the fiber. The codes are chosen to have suitable properties, e.g. Binary Golay code. In contrast to OTDR technology, the optical energy is spread over a code rather than packed into a single pulse. Thus a light source with lower peak power compared to OTDR technology can be used, e.g. long life compact semiconductor lasers. The detected backscatter needs to be transformed—similar to OFDR technology—back into a spatial profile, e.g. by cross-correlation. In contrast to OFDR technology, the emission is finite (for example 128 bit) which avoids that weak scattered signals from far are superposed by strong scattered signals from short distance, improving the Shot noise and the signal-to-noise ratio. Using these techniques it is possible to analyse distances of greater than 30 km from one system and to measure temperature resolutions of less than 0.01°C. | [
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Construction of Sensing Cable & System Integration
The temperature measuring system consists of a controller (laser source, pulse generator for OTDR or code generator for Code Correlation or modulator and HF mixer for OFDR, optical module, receiver and micro-processor unit) and a quartz glass fibre as line-shaped temperature sensor. The fibre optic cable (can be 70 km in length) is passive in nature and has no individual sensing points and therefore can be manufactured based on standard telecoms fibres. This offers excellent economies of scale. Because the system designer/integrator does not have to worry about the precise location of each sensing point the cost for designing and installing a sensing system based on distributed fibre optic sensors is greatly reduced from that of traditional sensors. Additionally, because the sensing cable has no moving parts and design lives of >30 years, the maintenance and operation costs are also considerably less than for conventional sensors. Additional benefits of fibre optic sensing technology are that it is immune to electromagnetic interference, vibration and is safe for use in hazardous zones (the laser power falls below the levels that can cause ignition), thus making these sensors ideal for use in industrial sensing applications. With regards to the construction of the sensing cable, although it is based on standard fibre optics, care must be taken in the design of the individual sensing cable to ensure that adequate protection is provided for the fibre. | [
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] |
This must take into account operating temperature (standard cables operate to 85 °C, but it is possible to measure up to 700 °C with the correct design), gaseous environment (hydrogen can cause deterioration of the measurement though "hydrogen darkening" aka attenuation of the silica glass compounds) and mechanical protection. Most of the available DTS systems have flexible system architectures and are relatively simple to integrate into industrial control systems such as SCADA. In the oil and gas industry an XML based file standard (WITSML) has been developed for transfer of data from DTS instruments. The standard is maintained by Energistics. Laser Safety and Operation of System
When operating a system based on optical measurements such as optical DTS, laser safety requirements need to be considered for permanent installations. Many systems use low power laser design, e.g. with classification as laser safety class 1M, which can be applied by anyone (no approved laser safety officers required). Some systems are based on higher power lasers of a 3B rating, which although safe for use by approved laser safety officers, may not be suitable for permanent installations. The advantage of purely passive optical sensor technology is the lack of electric or electromagnetic interaction. Some DTS systems on the market use a special low power design and are inherently safe in explosive environments, e.g. certified to ATEX directive Zone 0. | [
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For use in fire detection application, regulations usually require certified systems according to relevant standards, such as EN 54-5 or EN 54-22 (Europe), UL521 or FM (USA), cUL521 (Canada) and/or other national or local standards. Temperature estimations by using DTS
Temperature distributions can be used to develop models based on the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Method or principal component analysis. This allows to reconstruct the temperature distribution by measuring only in a few spatial locations
Applications
Distributed temperature sensing can be deployed successfully in multiple industrial segments:
Oil and gas production—permanent downhole monitoring, coil tubing optical enabled deployed intervention systems, slickline optical cable deployed intervention systems. | [
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Power cable and transmission line monitoring (ampacity optimisation)
Fire detection in tunnels, industrial conveyor belts and special hazard buildings
Industrial induction furnace surveillance
Integrity of liquid natural gas (LNG) carriers and terminals
Leakage detection at dikes and dams
Temperature monitoring in plant and process engineering, including transmission pipelines
Storage tanks and vessels
More recently, DTS has been applied for ecological monitoring as well:
Stream temperature
Groundwater source detection
Temperature profiles in a mine shaft and over lakes and glaciers
Deep rainforest ambient temperature at various foliage densities
Temperature profiles in an underground mine, Australia
Temperature profiles in ground loop heat exchangers (used for ground coupled heating and cooling systems)
In power cable monitoring
ONLINE AMPACITY DETERMINATION OF A 220-KV CABLE USING AN OPTICAL FIBRE BASED MONITORING SYSTEM (Ji-Cable 2011)
Case study: Permanent Temperature Monitoring of a 220kV XLPE cable at the Olympic City 2008, Beijing
Case study: 33kV Distribution Cable monitored with DTS and modeled with RTTR (Real Time Thermal Rating)
In ecological monitoring
Tyler, S.W., J.S. Selker, M.B. Hausner, C.E. Hatch, T. Torgersen and S. Schladow. 2009. Environmental temperature sensing using Raman spectra DTS fiber optic methods. Water Resources Res . Selker, J.S., N. van de Giesen, M. Westhoff, W. Luxemburg, and M. Parlange. Fiber Optics Opens Window on Stream Dynamics. Geophysical Research Letters, , 2006
Selker, J.S., L. Thévenaz, H. Huwald, A. Mallet, W. Luxemburg, N. van de Giesen, M. Stejskal, J. Zeman, and M. Westhoff, and M.B. Parlange.Distributed Fiber Optic Temperature Sensing for Hydrologic Systems. | [
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] |
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In pipeline leak detection
Gas Pipeline Leak and Ground Movement Detection Case Study
In sewer monitoring
O.A.C. Hoes, R.P.S. Schilperoort, W.M.J. Luxemburg, F.H.L.R. Clemens and N.C. van de Giesen. Locating illicit connections in storm water sewers using fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing. Water Research, Volume 43, Issue 20, December 2009, Pages 5187-5197
R.P.S. Schilperoort, F.H.L.R. Clemens, Fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing in combined sewer system, Water Science Technology. 2009;60(5):1127-34.doi: 10.2166/wst.2009.467. Nienhuis J, de Haan CJ, Langeveld JG, Klootwijk M, Clemens FHLR. Assessment of detection limits of fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing for detection of illicit connections. Water Science and Technology. 2013;67(12):2712-8. doi: 10.2166/wst.2013.176
Langeveld JG, de Haan CJ, Klootwijk M, Schilperoort RPS. Monitoring the performance of a storm water separating manifold with distributed temperature sensing.Water Science and Technology. 2012;66(1):145-50. doi: 10.2166/wst.2012.152. Schilperoort RPS, Hoppe H, de Haan CJ, Langeveld JG. Searching for storm water inflows in foul sewers using fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing.Water Science and Technology. 2013;68(8):1723-30. doi: 10.2166/wst.2013.419. | [
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movie which illustrates the application of DTS in sewers by use of the SewerOctopus of Royal HaskoningDHV Royal HaskoningDHV congratulates Egmond aan Zee with achieving the Blue Flag (longer story) and Riooloctopus, opsporen van foutieve aansluitingen vanuit het riool (short movie of field work)
Mats Vosse, Rémy Schilperoort, Cornelis de Haan, Jaap Nienhuis, Marcel Tirion and Jeroen Langeveld, Processing of DTS monitoring results: automated detection of illicit connections, Water Practice and Technology
In fire detection
Extensive fire tests prove use of DTS in road and rail tunnel (paper)
Paper published at International Conference on Automatic Fire Detection (AUBE'04); University of Duisburg;
European Initiative SOLIT - Safety Of Life In Tunnels
Early detection of smoldering fire near conveyor belt systems (paper)
See also
Distributed acoustic sensing
Fiber Bragg grating
Fiber optic sensor
Time-domain reflectometer
Well logging
WITSML
References
Sensors
Fiber optics
Measuring instruments
Fire detection and alarm
Petroleum production
Electrical components
Power cables | [
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Structural endogamy is a network concept that provides a means of finding the boundaries of endogamy in a community, using simply the genealogical and marriage linkages. The concept is related to that of structural cohesion. The examples are made with free tool Pajek. Another name for structural endogamy is (marital) relinking, which comes out of French social anthropology, and the study of how communities are formed through couples marrying who are already linked: linked, that is, by chains of kinship and marriage, as in circles of intermarrying families, or marriages between people with one or more ancestors in common (i.e., blood relatives, such as cousins). Many of the marriages represented in the Turkish nomads figure are with cousins, for example. But relinking also occurs without blood marriages, as in the example from the Mexican village of Belén Atzitzi-mititlán within Apetatitlán de Antonio Carvajal. References
Structural endogamy and the Graphe de Parenté. Mathématiques, Informatique, et Sciences Humaines 137:107-125. 1997. Douglas R. White
Class, property and structural endogamy: Visualizing networked histories. Theory and Society 26:161-208. 1997. Lilyan A. Brudner and Douglas R. White. Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems: Process Models of a Turkish Nomad Clan. 2004 (paper 2006). Douglas R. White and Ulla Johansen. Lexington Press. Status Groups and Structural Endogamy. 1998. Douglas R. White, Michael Schnegg, and Hugo G. Nutini
Anthropology
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In mathematics, finite-dimensional distributions are a tool in the study of measures and stochastic processes. A lot of information can be gained by studying the "projection" of a measure (or process) onto a finite-dimensional vector space (or finite collection of times). Finite-dimensional distributions of a measure
Let be a measure space. The finite-dimensional distributions of are the pushforward measures , where , , is any measurable function. Finite-dimensional distributions of a stochastic process
Let be a probability space and let be a stochastic process. The finite-dimensional distributions of are the push forward measures on the product space for defined by
Very often, this condition is stated in terms of measurable rectangles:
The definition of the finite-dimensional distributions of a process is related to the definition for a measure in the following way: recall that the law of is a measure on the collection of all functions from into . In general, this is an infinite-dimensional space. The finite dimensional distributions of are the push forward measures on the finite-dimensional product space , where
is the natural "evaluate at times " function. Relation to tightness
It can be shown that if a sequence of probability measures is tight and all the finite-dimensional distributions of the converge weakly to the corresponding finite-dimensional distributions of some probability measure , then converges weakly to . See also
Law (stochastic processes)
Measure theory
Stochastic processes | [
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The Hewitt–Savage zero–one law is a theorem in probability theory, similar to Kolmogorov's zero–one law and the Borel–Cantelli lemma, that specifies that a certain type of event will either almost surely happen or almost surely not happen. It is sometimes known as the Savage-Hewitt law for symmetric events. It is named after Edwin Hewitt and Leonard Jimmie Savage. Statement of the Hewitt-Savage zero-one law
Let be a sequence of independent and identically-distributed random variables taking values in a set . The Hewitt-Savage zero–one law says that any event whose occurrence or non-occurrence is determined by the values of these random variables and whose occurrence or non-occurrence is unchanged by finite permutations of the indices, has probability either 0 or 1 (a "finite" permutation is one that leaves all but finitely many of the indices fixed). Somewhat more abstractly, define the exchangeable sigma algebra or sigma algebra of symmetric events to be the set of events (depending on the sequence of variables ) which are invariant under finite permutations of the indices in the sequence . Then . Since any finite permutation can be written as a product of transpositions, if we wish to check whether or not an event is symmetric (lies in ), it is enough to check if its occurrence is unchanged by an arbitrary transposition , . Examples
Example 1
Let the sequence take values in . | [
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Then the event that the series converges (to a finite value) is a symmetric event in , since its occurrence is unchanged under transpositions (for a finite re-ordering, the convergence or divergence of the series—and, indeed, the numerical value of the sum itself—is independent of the order in which we add up the terms). Thus, the series either converges almost surely or diverges almost surely. If we assume in addition that the common expected value (which essentially means that because of the random variables' non-negativity), we may conclude that
i.e. the series diverges almost surely. This is a particularly simple application of the Hewitt–Savage zero–one law. In many situations, it can be easy to apply the Hewitt–Savage zero–one law to show that some event has probability 0 or 1, but surprisingly hard to determine which of these two extreme values is the correct one. Example 2
Continuing with the previous example, define
which is the position at step N of a random walk with the iid increments Xn. The event { SN = 0 infinitely often } is invariant under finite permutations. Therefore, the zero–one law is applicable and one infers that the probability of a random walk with real iid increments visiting the origin infinitely often is either one or zero. Visiting the origin infinitely often is a tail event with respect to the sequence (SN), but SN are not independent and therefore the Kolmogorov's zero–one law is not directly applicable here. References
Probability theorems
Covering lemmas | [
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JackBe Corporation was a privately held vendor of enterprise mashup software for real-time intelligence applications. In August 2013 JackBe was acquired by Software AG
JackBe's flagship product is an enterprise mashup platform called Presto, which is used for enterprise mashups, business management dashboards, and real-time intelligence applications. Enterprise Mashup Products
JackBe’s main product, Presto, is an enterprise mashup platform. Presto provides real-time intelligence through functionality for self-service, on-demand data integration, and business dashboards. JackBe launched a cloud computing-based version of its Presto product in March 2010. It is hosted on Amazon EC2. Jackbe launched Mashup Sites for SharePoint (MSS) in July 2010
Jackbe announced an Enterprise App Depot in 2010 as a platform for creating internal application directories. The Enterprise App Depot is aimed at non-developers (business users), allowing them to create new business applications and then share the applications with other users. Industry analyst Joe McKendrick described the Enterprise App Store as a "cool idea" on ZDNet. See also
Mashup (web application hybrid)
EMML
Real-time business intelligence
References
External links
Company website
Mashup (web application hybrid)
Software companies based in Maryland
Web services
Web development software
Rich web applications
Development software companies
Service-oriented (business computing)
2013 mergers and acquisitions
Business intelligence companies
Real-time computing
Software companies of the United States | [
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Asia Commercial Bank, often abbreviated to ACB, is the largest private bank in Vietnam by assets, headquartered at 442 Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai, Ward 5, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City. It was registered on 19 May 1993 and began operations in June 1993. The bank trades at the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange under the symbol ACB, where it listed on December 9, 2020 after previously trading at the Hanoi Stock Exchange. Main services
Raising capital (receiving deposits from customers) in VND, foreign currencies and gold. Using capital (providing credit, investment, joint venture capital) in VND, foreign currency and gold. Intermediary services (local/international payments, treasury services, remittances and quick money transfers, life insurance). Trading foreign currency and gold. Issuance and payment of credit and debit cards. Controversies
According to PetroTimes, on August 22, 2012, Lý Xuân Hải - General Director of ACB - was ordered to be detained for 4 months by the Supreme People's Procuracy. Hải was prosecuted and taken into custody to investigate acts of intentionally violating State regulations on economic management. Tuổi Trẻ Online confirmed this the next day. On the same day, it was reported by VnExpress that ACB's Board of Directors had approved Hải's resignation letter for personal reasons, and appointed Đỗ Minh Toàn as General Director since August 23. As revealed by Toàn, customers withdrew 5 billion VND (240 million USD) from the bank on Wednesday, August 22. | [
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] |
On September 19, 2012, ACB announced their approval of resignation by Chairman Trần Xuân Giá and 2 Vice Chairmen, Lê Vũ Kỳ and Trịnh Kim Quang, due to their involvement in Hải's case. On the same day, Eximbank's management approved Phạm Trung Cang's resignation from the position of Vice Chairman. Trương Văn Phước - Eximbank's General Director - said that Cang resigned because he needed time to explain his responsibilities during his previous working time at ACB. On September 27, the Ministry of Public Security informed that the four defendants - Trần Xuân Giá, Lê Vũ Kỳ, Trịnh Kim Quang, and Phạm Trung Cang - had been prosecuted, and were currently forbidden to leave their residence. Those previous managers of ACB were accused of having issued a policy of entrusting employees to use ACB's capital in contravention of regulations, causing serious consequences. They were accomplices with the two people arrested earlier, former general director Lý Xuân Hải and former vice chairman Nguyễn Đức Kiên. The investigating agency assessed that their actions were contrary to the provisions of Article 106 of the Law on Credit Institutions and the guiding circular of the State Bank - and has caused loss of hundreds of billions of VND. See also
List of banks in Vietnam
References
External links
(Vietnamese)
(English)
Asia Commercial Bank's page at Hanoi Securities Trading Center
Asia Commercial Bank (ACB): Oracle Success Story
Banks of Vietnam
Companies listed on the Hanoi Stock Exchange
Banks established in 1993
Companies based in Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnamese companies established in 1993 | [
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An equatorium (plural, equatoria) is an astronomical calculating instrument. It can be used for finding the positions of the Moon, Sun, and planets without arithmetic operations, using a geometrical model to represent the position of a given celestial body. History
Planetary equatoria were probably made by ancient Greeks, although no findings nor descriptions have been preserved from that period. In his comment on Ptolemy's Handy Tables, 4th century mathematician Theon of Alexandria introduced some diagrams to geometrically compute the position of the planets based on Ptolemy's epicyclical theory. The first description of the construction of a solar (as opposed to planetary) equatorium is contained in Proclus's fifth-century work Hypotyposis, where he gives instructions on how to construct one in wood or bronze. The earliest surviving descriptions of planetary equatoria are the Latin translations of Arab works contained in the Libros del saber de astronomia (Books of the knowledge of astronomy), a Castilian compilation of astronomical works collected under the patronage of Alfonso X of Castile in the thirteenth century: an early eleventh century text by Ibn al‐Samḥ and a 1080/1081 treatise by al-Zarqālī. The Theorica Planetarum (c. 1261–1264) by Campanus of Novara is the earliest extant description of the construction of an equatorium in Latin Europe. Campanus' instrument resembled an astrolabe, with several interchangeable plates within a mater. The best manuscripts of Campanus' treatise contain paper and parchment equatoria with moveable parts. Variations
The history of the equatorium does not just end after the 11th century, but it inspired a more diverse invention called “The Albion”. | [
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The Albion is an astronomical instrument invented by Richard of Wallingford at the beginning of the 14th century. It has various functional uses such as that of the equatorium for planetary and conjunction computations. It can calculate when eclipses will occur. The Albion is made up of 18 different scales which makes it extremely complex in comparison to the equatorium. The history of this instrument is still disputed to this day, as the only Albion from the past is both unnamed and unmarked. Astrolabe compared with equatorium
To understand where the roots of the Equatorium began, look back to what inspired it: the astrolabe. The history of the Astrolabe dates back to roughly 220 BC and was invented by Hipparchus. The difference between the two instruments is that the Astrolabe measures the time and position of the sun and stars at a specific location in time. There are also specialized astrolabes for land and for boats. The Astrolabe works by adjusting the moveable components (labels) to a specific date and time. Afterward, line up the astrolabe with the horizon by holding it up and setting one end of the label to where one end is at eye level and the opposite end is pointed towards whichever celestial structure you want to view. In contrast, the equatorium is a rarer astronomical instrument. It is used to calculate the past or future positions of the planets and celestial bodies according to the planetary theory of Ptolemy. What is similar about these tools is that they are both calculating devices that simplify and efficiently make geometrical calculations. Uses
The equatorium can further be specialized depending on the epicycle. | [
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There are three possible epicycles that can be adjusted to serve for planetary positions in three groups: the moon, the stars, and the sun. The sun was considered a planet in the Ptolemaic system, hence why the equatorium could be used to determine its position. Through the use of Ptolemy's model, astronomers were able to make a single instrument with various capabilities that catered to the belief that the solar system had the earth at the center. In fact, specialized equatoriums had astrological aspects of medicine, as the orientation of planets gave insight to zodiac signs which helped some doctors cater medical treatments to patients. At least 15 minutes was needed to calculate the planetary position with the use of a table for each celestial body. A horoscope of that era would have required the positions of seven astronomical objects, requiring nearly two hours of manual calculation time. See also
Antikythera mechanism
Armillary sphere
Astrarium
Astrolabe
Astronomical clock
Orrery
Planetarium
Torquetum
The equatorie of the planetis
References
Further reading
Seb Falk's blog: making a planetary equatorium. Astronomical instruments
History of astrology
Historical scientific instruments
Analog computers
Arab inventions
Mechanical calculators | [
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Trend following or trend trading is a trading strategy according to which one should buy an asset when its price trend goes up, and sell when its trend goes down, expecting price movements to continue. There are a number of different techniques, calculations and time-frames that may be used to determine the general direction of the market to generate a trade signal (forex signals), including the current market price calculation, moving averages and channel breakouts. Traders who employ this strategy do not aim to forecast or predict specific price levels; they simply jump on the trend and ride it. Due to the different techniques and time frames employed by trend followers to identify trends, trend followers as a group are not always strongly correlated to one another. Trend following is used by commodity trading advisors (CTAs) as the predominant strategy of technical traders. Research done by Galen Burghardt has shown that between 2000-2009 there was a very high correlation (.97) between trend following CTAs and the broader CTA index. Definition
Trend following is an investment or trading strategy which tries to take advantage of long, medium or short-term moves that seem to play out in various markets. Traders who employ a trend following strategy do not aim to forecast or predict specific price levels; they simply jump on the trend (when they perceived that a trend has established with their own particular reasons or rules) and ride it. | [
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These traders normally enter in the market after the trend "properly" establishes itself, betting that the trend will persist for a long time, and for this reason they forego the initial turning point profit. A market "trend" is a tendency of a financial market price to move in a particular direction over time. If there is a turn contrary to the trend, they exit and wait until the turn establishes itself as a trend in the opposite direction. In case their rules signal an exit, the traders exit but re-enter when the trend re-establishes. Cutting Loss. Exit market when market turn against them to minimize losses, and "let the profits run", when the market trend goes as expected until the market exhausted and reverses to book profit. This trading or "betting with positive edge" method involves a risk management component that uses three elements: number of shares or futures held, the current market price, and current market volatility. An initial risk rule determines position size at time of entry. Exactly how much to buy or sell is based on the size of the trading account and the volatility of the issue. Changes in price may lead to a gradual reduction or an increase of the initial trade. On the other hand, adverse price movements may lead to an exit from the entire trade. | [
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In the words of Tom Basso, in the book Trade Your Way to Financial Freedom
The key reasons for trending markets are a number of behavioral biases that cause market participants to over-react:
Herding: After markets have trended, some traders jump on the bandwagon, and thus prolonging the herding effect and trends. Confirmation Bias: People tend to look for information that confirm their views and beliefs. This can lead investors to buy assets that have recently made money, and sell assets that have declined, causing trends to continue. Risk Management: Some risk-management models will sell in down markets as, for example, some risk budgets have been breached, and buy in up markets as new risk budgets have been unlocked, causing trends to persist. "Don't fight the tape" is a term that means do not bet or trade against the trend in the financial markets, i.e., if the broad market is moving up, do not bet on a downward move. The term "tape" refers to the ticker tape used to transmit the price of stocks. It is analogous to the trader's maxim, "The trend is your friend." Considerations
Price: One of the first rules of trend following is that price is the main concern. Traders may use other indicators showing where price may go next or what it should be but as a general rule these should be disregarded. A trader need only be worried about what the market is doing, not what the market might do. The current price and only the price tells you what the market is doing. | [
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Money management: Another decisive factor of trend following is not the timing of the trade or the indicator, but rather the decision of how much to trade over the course of the trend. Risk control: Cut losses is the rule. This means that during periods of higher market volatility, the trading size is reduced. During losing periods, positions are reduced and trade size is cut back. The main objective is to preserve capital until more positive price trends reappear. Rules: Trend following should be systematic. Price and time are pivotal at all times. This technique is not based on an analysis of fundamental supply and demand factors. Diversification: Research published by hedge fund manager Andreas Clenow shows that cross asset diversification is an essential part of professional trend following. Example
A trader would identify a security to trade (currencies/commodities/financials) and would come up with a preliminary strategy, such as:
Commodity: soybean oil
Trading approach: long and short alternately. Entrance: When the 50 period simple moving average (SMA) crosses over the 100 period SMA, go long when the market opens. The crossover suggests that the trend has recently turned up. Exit: Exit long and go short the next day when 100 period SMA crosses over 50 period SMA. The crossover suggests that the trend has turned down. Stop loss: Set a stop loss based on maximum loss acceptable. For example, if the recent, say 10-day, average true range is 0.5% of current market price, stop loss could be set at 4x0.5% = 2%. | [
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Conventional wisdom on stop losses set the risk per trade anywhere between 1%-5% of capital for a single trade; this risk varies from one trader to another. The trader would then backtest the strategy, using actual data and would evaluate the strategy. The simulator would generate estimated number of trades, the fraction of winning/losing trades, average profit/loss, average holding time, maximum drawdown, and the overall profit/loss. The trader can then experiment and refine the strategy. Care must be taken, however, to avoid over-optimization. It is possible that a majority of the trades may be unprofitable, but by "cutting the losses" and "letting profits run", the overall strategy may be profitable. Trend trading is most effective for a market that is quiet (relative low volatility) and trending. For this reason, trend traders often focus on commodities, which show a stronger tendency to trend than on stocks, which are more likely to be mean reverting (which favors swing traders). In addition to quiet low volatility markets, where trend following strategies perform well, trend trading is also very effective in high volatility markets (market crash). Trend traders "short" the market and benefit from the downside market trend. See also
Mean reversion (finance)
Techniques:
Electronic trading
Algorithmic trading
Day trading
Stock market cycles
Related phenomena:
Chart pattern
Business Cycle
Information cascade
Noise trader
Keynesian beauty contest
Herd behavior
Notes and references
Further reading
Stock market
Technical analysis | [
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In mathematics, the identity theorem for Riemann surfaces is a theorem that states that a holomorphic function is completely determined by its values on any subset of its domain that has a limit point. Statement of the theorem
Let and be Riemann surfaces, let be connected, and let be holomorphic. Suppose that for some subset that has a limit point, where denotes the restriction of to . Then (on the whole of ). References
Theorems in complex analysis
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Boonty is a global supplier of digital distribution services for online and PC gaming whose technology platform and brand names were acquired by digital commerce provider Nexway in January 2009. The company's white label casual game platform was utilized by over 100 million customers worldwide at the time of the Nexway acquisition, including Internet portals, ISPs, and mobile operators. Boonty operated its own branded destination sites, Boonty.com (which is still operated by Nexway) in localized versions for the United States, France, UK, Belgium, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Austria, Australia, Taiwan, Hong-Kong, Germany, Portugal, Finland, Singapore, The Netherlands, and Spain. Corporate history
2001: Boonty is founded by the brothers Mathieu and Romain Nouzareth. October 2006: Boonty announces the acquisition of Beijing-based casual game developer Gamehub. February 2007: Boonty launches Cafe.com for free multiplayer social casual games. May 2007: Boonty acquires the Chinese Game Studio GameHub and opens Boonty China. July 2007: BoontyBox is launched for Windows and Macintosh computers. October 2008: Boonty launches Facebook app iscool. December 2008: The company decides to sells its Digital Distribution Platform and the brand name Boonty to digital commerce provider Nexway. January 2009: Boonty is acquired by Nexway. References
Further reading
External links
Nexway corporate site
Nexway Games corporate site
Boonty consumer site
RSS Feed Boonty US
Mathieu Nouzareth website
Romain Nouzareth website
Video game companies of France
Online companies of France
Multinational companies | [
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Old Persian cuneiform is a semi-alphabetic cuneiform script that was the primary script for Old Persian. Texts written in this cuneiform have been found in Iran (Persepolis, Susa, Hamadan, Kharg Island), Armenia, Romania (Gherla), Turkey (Van Fortress), and along the Suez Canal. They were mostly inscriptions from the time period of Darius I, such as the DNa inscription, as well as his son, Xerxes I. Later kings down to Artaxerxes III used more recent forms of the language classified as "pre-Middle Persian". History
Old Persian cuneiform is loosely inspired by the Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform; however, only one glyph is directly derived from it – l(a) (), from la (). (la did not occur in native Old Persian words, but was found in Akkadian borrowings.) Scholars today mostly agree that the Old Persian script was invented by about 525 BC to provide monument inscriptions for the Achaemenid king Darius I, to be used at Behistun. While a few Old Persian texts seem to be inscribed during the reigns of Cyrus the Great (CMa, CMb, and CMc, all found at Pasargadae), the first Achaemenid emperor, or Arsames and Ariaramnes (AsH and AmH, both found at Hamadan), grandfather and great-grandfather of Darius I, all five, specially the later two, are generally agreed to have been later inscriptions. Around the time period in which Old Persian was used, nearby languages included Elamite and Akkadian. | [
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One of the main differences between the writing systems of these languages is that Old Persian is a semi-alphabet while Elamite and Akkadian were syllabic. In addition, while Old Persian is written in a consistent semi-alphabetic system, Elamite and Akkadian used borrowings from other languages, creating mixed systems. Decipherment
Old Persian cuneiform was only deciphered by a series of guesses, in the absence of bilingual documents connecting it to a known language. Various characteristics of sign series, such as length or recurrence of signs, allowed researchers to hypothesize about their meaning, and to discriminate between the various possible historically known kings, and then to create a correspondence between each cuneiform and a specific sound. Archaeological records of cuneiform inscriptions
The first mention of ancient inscriptions in the newly-discovered ruins of Persepolis was made by the Spain and Portugal ambassador to Persia, Antonio de Goueca in a 1611 publication. Various travelers then made attempts at illustrating these new inscription, which in 1700 Thomas Hyde first called "cuneiform", but deemed were no more than decorative friezes. Proper attempts at deciphering Old Persian cuneiform started with faithful copies of cuneiform inscriptions, which first became available in 1711 when duplicatas of Darius's inscriptions were published by Jean Chardin. Around 1764, Carsten Niebuhr visited the ruins of Persepolis, and was able to make excellent copies of the inscriptions, identifying "three different alphabets". His faithful copies of the cuneiform inscriptions at Persepolis proved to be a key turning-point in the decipherment of cuneiform, and the birth of Assyriology. | [
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The set of characters that would later be known as Old Persian cuneiform, was soon perceived as being the simplest of the various types of cuneiform scripts that has been encountered, and because of this was understood as a prime candidate for decipherment. Niebuhr identified that there were only 42 characters in this category of inscriptions, which he named "Class I", and affirmed that this must therefore be an alphabetic script. Münter guesses the word for "King" (1802)
In 1802, Friedrich Münter confirmed that "Class I" characters (today called "Old Persian cuneiform") were probably alphabetical, also because of the small number of different signs forming inscriptions. He proved that they belonged to the Achaemenid Empire, which led to the suggestion that the inscriptions were in the Old Persian language and probably mentioned Achaemenid kings. He identified a highly recurring group of characters in these inscriptions: . Because of its high recurrence and length, he guessed that this must be the word for "king" (which he guessed must be pronounced kh-sha-a-ya-th-i-ya, now known to be pronounced xšāyaθiya). He guessed correctly, but that would only be known for sure several decades later. Münter also understood that each word was separated from the next by a slash sign (). | [
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Grotefend guesses the names of individual rulers (1802–1815)
Grotefend extended this work by realizing, based on the known inscriptions of much later rulers (the Pahlavi inscriptions of the Sassanid kings), that a king's name is often followed by "great king, king of kings" and the name of the king's father. This understanding of the structure of monumental inscriptions in Old Persian was based on the work of Anquetil-Duperron, who had studied Old Persian through the Zoroastrian Avestas in India, and Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy, who had decrypted the monumental Pahlavi inscriptions of the Sassanid kings. Grotefend focused on two inscriptions from Persepolis, called the "Niebuhr inscriptions", which seemed to use the words "King" and "King of Kings" guessed by Münter, and which seemed to have broadly similar content except for what he thought must be the names of Kings:
Looking at similarities in character sequences, he made the hypothesis that the father of the ruler in one inscription would possibly appear as the first name in the other inscription: the first word in Niebuhr 1 () indeed corresponded to the 6th word in Niebuhr 2. Looking at the length of the character sequences, and comparing with the names and genealogy of the Achaemenid kings as known from the Greeks, also taking into account the fact that the father of one of the rulers in the inscriptions didn't have the attribute "king", he made the correct guess that this could be no other than Darius the Great, his father Hystapes who was not a king, and his son the famous Xerxes. | [
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In Persian history around the time period the inscriptions were expected to be made, there were only two instances where a ruler came to power without being a previous king's son. They were Darius the Great and Cyrus the Great, both of whom became emperor by revolt. The deciding factors between these two choices were the names of their fathers and sons. Darius's father was Hystaspes and his son was Xerxes, while Cyrus' father was Cambyses I and his son was Cambyses II. Within the text, the father and son of the king had different groups of symbols for names so Grotefend assumed that the king must have been Darius. These connections allowed Grotefend to figure out the cuneiform characters that are part of Darius, Darius's father Hystaspes, and Darius's son Xerxes. He equated the letters with the name d-a-r-h-e-u-sh for Darius, as known from the Greeks. This identification was correct, although the actual Persian spelling was da-a-ra-ya-va-u-sha, but this was unknown at the time. Grotefend similarly equated the sequence with kh-sh-h-e-r-sh-e for Xerxes, which again was right, but the actual Old Persian transcription was kh-sha-ya-a-ra-sha-a. Finally, he matched the sequence of the father who was not a king with Hystaspes, but again with the supposed Persian reading of g-o-sh-t-a-s-p, rather than the actual Old Persian vi-i-sha-ta-a-sa-pa.
By this method, Grotefend had correctly identified each king in the inscriptions, but his identification of the phonetical value of individual letters was still quite defective, for want of a better understanding of the Old Persian language itself. | [
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