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Ecological Sensing Through Taste and Chemosensation Mediates Inflammation: A Biological Anthropological Approach.
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Ecological sensing and inflammation have evolved to ensure optima between organism survival and reproductive success in different and changing environments. At the molecular level, ecological sensing consists of many types of receptors located in different tissues that orchestrate integrated responses (immune, neuroendocrine systems) to external and internal stimuli. This review describes emerging data on taste and chemosensory receptors, proposing them as broad ecological sensors and providing evidence that taste perception is shaped not only according to sense epitopes from nutrients but also in response to highly diverse external and internal stimuli. We apply a biological anthropological approach to examine how ecological sensing has been shaped by these stimuli through human evolution for complex interkingdom communication between a host and pathological and symbiotic bacteria, focusing on population-specific genetic diversity. We then focus on how these sensory receptors play a major role in inflammatory processes that form the basis of many modern common metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and aging. The impacts of human niche construction and cultural evolution in shaping environments are described with emphasis on consequent biological responsiveness.
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Effect of temporary weaning and creep feeding on calf growth and the reproductive efficiency of their Hereford dams
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Objective: The objective was to test if creep feeding (CF) improves the average daily gain (ADG) and weaning weight of calves submitted to temporary weaning (TW) and if the combination of CF and TW improves conception and pregnancy rates of cows. Methods: Primiparous (n = 74) and primiparous and multiparous (n = 104) cows grazing native grasslands were used in experiment 1 and 2; respectively. The experimental design was in plots divided into complete random blocks with two replications. CF was the big plot and TW the small plot, thus four experimental groups were formed: 1) -CF-TW (n = 21 and 27); 2) -CF+TW (n = 16 and 24); 3) +CF-TW (n = 20 and 26); 4) +CF+TW (n=17 and 27) with cow-calf pairs for experiments 1 and 2; respectively. Nose plate application for TW had a duration of 14 and 15 days for experiment 1 and 2: respectively. In experiment 1, calves were fed at 1 % of live weight for 112 days using a commercial supplement with 18.4 % crude protein. In experiment 2, the supplementation lasted 98 days, and was carried out with corn dried distillers grains with soluble (DDGS) at 40 % of the potential intake on a daily basis. Results: TW reduced ADG during the TW period and the following 14 days, but the negative effect of TW was maintained until the final weaning only in experiment 2. CF increased ADG during TW period in both experiments. TW promoted an earlier conception of the dams (12 days in -CF treatment and 19 days in +CF treatment, P<0.01) and CF increased pregnancy rate in experiment 1, being the effects not consistent between experiments. Conclusion: CF consistently promoted an increase in ADG during the period of TW and increased final weaning weight of calves, therefore it is economically viable.
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Host age shapes virome abundance and diversity in birds
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Host age influences the ecology of many microorganisms. This is evident in one-host – one virus systems, such as influenza A virus in Mallards, but also in community studies of parasites and microbiomes. We used a meta-transcriptomic approach to assess whether host age is associated with differences in the abundance and diversity of avian viromes. We used samples from cohabiting Ruddy Turnstones (Arenaria interpres) across three age groups, collected at two contrasting points in their annual migratory cycle. Overall, we identified 14 viruses that likely infect birds, 11 of which were novel, including members of the Reoviridae, Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, and Phenuiviridae. Strikingly, 12 of the viruses identified were from juvenile birds sampled in the first year of their life, compared to only two viruses in adult birds. Similarly, both viral abundance and alpha diversity were higher in juvenile than adult birds. Notably, time of sampling had no association with virome structure such that the migratory period may not play a major role in structuring avian viromes. As well as informing studies of virus ecology, that host age impacts viral assemblages is a critical consideration for the future surveillance of novel and emerging viruses.
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Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in fish from the Dianchi Lake, China using the integrated biomarker response approach.
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This study used the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index approach to assess the ecological risks of heavy metals in different regions of Dianchi Lake, combined with active monitoring and passive monitoring. The contents of five heavy metals (Cu, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) and six biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase, sodium-potassium ATPase, metallothionein, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde) in the muscles of crucians (Carassius auratus) were measured to calculate the IBR value. The results indicate that the contents of heavy metal in the fish under active monitoring and passive monitoring were rather low and did not exceed the National Food Safety Standards of China. The IBR value of day 14 of active monitoring correlated with the heavy metal Cd content in the fish, suggesting a potential risk of Cd pollution in the aquatic environment of Dianchi Lake. The IBR values obtained for different regions of the lake on day 14 can be arranged in the following order: West S3 (9.24) > East S1 (3.97) > South S2 (2.39) > North S4 (0.36). These results suggest a potential risk of heavy metal contamination in the western part of Dianchi Lake.
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Evaluation of algal chlorophyll and nutrient relations and the N:P ratios along with trophic status and light regime in 60 Korea reservoirs.
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The present study aimed to determine the spatial and temporal variations in trophic state and identify potential causes for these variations in 60 Korean reservoirs. Empirical models were developed using the relations of nutrients (total phosphorus, TP, and total nitrogen, TN) with chlorophyll-a (CHL-a) for efficient lake managements. The empirical models indicated that TP was the key regulating factor for algal growth in agricultural (R2 = 0.69) and power generation (R2 = 0.50) reservoirs. The CHL-a:TP and TN:TP ratios, indicators of phosphorus limitation, were used to validate the phosphorus reduction approach. The mean CHL-a:TP ratio of agricultural reservoirs was 0.60, indicating that algal chlorophyll is potentially limited by TP than any other factors. Agricultural, multipurpose, and power generation reservoirs, based on the N:P ratios, were more P- limited systems than natural lakes and estuarine reservoirs. The trophic state index (TSI) of Korean reservoirs varied between mesotrophy to hypereutrophy based on values of TSI (TP), TSI (CHL-a), and TSI (SD). Agricultural reservoirs were hypereutrophic using the criteria of TSI (CHL-a) and blue-green algae dominated the algal community. Analysis of trophic state index deviation (TSID) indicated that agricultural reservoirs were primarily P limited and other factors had minor effect. In contrast, the trophic status of estuarine and power generation reservoirs and natural lakes was largely modified by non-algal turbidity. Our outcomes may be effectively used for Korean lakes and reservoirs management.
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Leakiness at the human-animal interface in Southeast Asia and implications for the spread of antibiotic resistance
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International efforts to curb antimicrobial resistance have focused on drug development and limiting unnecessary use. However, in areas where water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure is lacking, and where biosecurity in food-animal production is poor, pathogen-flow between humans and animals could exacerbate the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. Here, we compared mobile resistance elements among Escherichia coli recovered from humans and meat in Cambodia, a country with substantial connectivity between humans and animals, unregulated antibiotic use, and poor environmental controls. We identified multiple resistance-encoding plasmids and a novel, blaCTX-M and qnrS1-encoding transposon that were widely dispersed in both humans and animals, a phenomenon rarely observed in high-income settings. Our findings indicate that plugging leaks at human-animal interfaces should be a critical part of addressing antimicrobial resistance in low and middle-income countries.
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Characterization of microsatellite loci in fulvous fruit bat Rousettus leschenaulti
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Rousettus leschenaulti is an abundant species in many countries of South‐East Asia, including south China. We isolated seven microsatellite loci in R. leschenaulti from genomic DNA enriched for CA repeats with the enriched library method. A total of 56 samples from a population in the Guangxi Province of China were tested with these microsatellite markers. The polymorphism ranged from seven to 16 alleles, and the observed heterozygosity was 84–94%. It is the first time microsatellite markers were characterized from R. leschenaulti, and these markers can be an important tool for analysing population structure and genotypic diversity.
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Intoxicação por agrotóxicos agrícolas no estado de Goiás, Brasil, de 2005-2015: análise dos registros nos sistemas oficiais de informação./ Intoxicação por agrotóxicos agrícolas no estado de Goiás, Brasil, de 2005-2015: análise dos registros nos sistemas oficiais de informação./ Poisoning by agricultural pesticides in the state of Goiás, Brazil, 2005-2015: analysis of records in official information systems
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The effect of pesticide use on human health is a problem that has received attention from the scientific community worldwide, especially in central countries, where the highest number of deaths due to human exposure to these agents is observed. Production and productivity increased through the progress of agro-industrialization, but risks to the environment and health were not taken into account. Over time, several cases of environmental contamination and public health problems, poisoning of rural workers, and food residues were observed. These factors triggered the recognition of risks arising from pesticide abuse. This study aimed to characterize pesticide poisonings reported to a toxicological information center of the state of Goiás through a retrospective analysis from 2005 to 2015. Data were mapped and tabulated by the purpose of pesticides, the circumstance of poisoning, and case development. The poisoning profile pointed to a higher occurrence of work- and suicide-related poisonings, with a predominance of poisoned patients, although chronic effects were not recorded, suggesting a false diagnosis of cure.
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Degradation of the Organochlorinated Herbicide Diuron by Rainforest Basidiomycetes
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The main organochlorinated compounds used on agricultural crops are often recalcitrant, affecting nontarget organisms and contaminating rivers or groundwater. Diuron (N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N',N'-dimethylurea) is a chlorinated herbicide widely used in sugarcane plantations. Here, we evaluated the ability of 13 basidiomycete strains of growing in a contaminated culture medium and degrading the xenobiotic. Dissipation rates in culture medium with initial 25 mg/L of diuron ranged from 7.3 to 96.8%, being Pluteus cubensis SXS 320 the most efficient strain, leaving no detectable residues after diuron metabolism. Pycnoporus sanguineus MCA 16 removed 56% of diuron after 40 days of cultivation, producing three metabolites more polar than parental herbicide, two of them identified as being DCPU and DCPMU. Despite of the strong inductive effect of diuron upon laccase synthesis and secretion, the application of crude enzymatic extracts of P. sanguineus did not catalyzed the breakdown of the herbicide in vitro, indicating that diuron biodegradation was not related to this oxidative enzyme.
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Honeybee Cognition as a Tool for Scientific Engagement
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SIMPLE SUMMARY: Global scientific literacy can be improved through widespread and effective community engagement by researchers. We propose honeybees (Apis mellifera) as a public engagement tool due to widespread awareness of colony collapse and the bees’ importance in food production. Moreover, their cognitive abilities make for engaging experiments. Their relative ease of cultivation means that studies can be performed cost-effectively, especially when partnering with local apiarists. Using a proxy for honeybee learning, a group of non-specialist high-school-aged participants obtained data suggesting that caffeine, but not dopamine, improved learning. This hands-on experience facilitated student understanding of the scientific method, factors that shape learning and the importance of learning for colony health. ABSTRACT: Apis mellifera (honeybees) are a well-established model for the study of learning and cognition. A robust conditioning protocol, the olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response (PER), provides a powerful but straightforward method to examine the impact of varying stimuli on learning performance. Herein, we provide a protocol that leverages PER for classroom-based community or student engagement. Specifically, we detail how a class of high school students, as part of the Ryukyu Girls Outreach Program, examined the effects of caffeine and dopamine on learning performance in honeybees. Using a modified version of the PER conditioning protocol, they demonstrated that caffeine, but not dopamine, significantly reduced the number of trials required for a successful conditioning response. In addition to providing an engaging and educational scientific activity, it could be employed, with careful oversight, to garner considerable reliable data examining the effects of varying stimuli on honeybee learning.
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Towards a sustainable food production: modelling the impacts of climate change on maize and soybean production in Ghana
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The Ghanaian economy relies heavily on maize and soybean production. The entire maize and soybean production system is low-tech, making it extremely susceptible to environmental factors. As a result, climate change and variability have an influence on agricultural production, such as maize and soybean yields. Therefore, the study’s ultimate purpose was to analyze the influence of CO(2) emissions, precipitation, domestic credit, and fertilizer consumption on maize and soybean productivity in Ghana by utilizing the newly constructed dynamic simulated autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for the period 1990 to 2020. The findings indicated that climate change enhances maize and soybean yields in Ghana in both the short run and long run. Also, the results from the frequency domain causality showed that climate change causes maize and soybean yield in the long-run. These outcomes were robust to the use of the ordinary least squares estimator and the impulse response technique. The findings show that crop and water management strategies, as well as information availability, should be considered in food production to improve resistance to climate change and adverse climatic circumstances.
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An enigmatic Maastrichtian small benthic Foraminifera of the Tarbur Formation (Iran, Zagros zone)
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The Maastrichtian carbonates of the Tarbur Formation from the Zagros zone (SW Iran) are very rich in larger Foraminifera. Additionally, smaller benthic Foraminifera occur as well, one of them presented here as Covidaria pinnata gen. et sp. nov. It occurs abundantly at the Mandegan section within two levels corresponding to the lower photic zone. Based on the existence of a central pile along with an umbilical plate, and the lacks of true interiomarginal apertures, likely represented by a perforate surface, the suprageneric placing of Covidaria gen. nov. remains controversial. The ultimate aperture is represented by a central elongate double-bifid slot that arguably lies on a finely perforated and heavy feathered apertural face. Based on the reduced dimensions and lack of dimorphism the new taxon could be considered an epifaunal or shallow-infaunal r-strategist.
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Sustainable, Healthy and Affordable Diets for Children in Lebanon: A Call for Action in Dire Times
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Achieving sustainable, healthy diets remains a global challenge to meet the sustainable development agenda by 2030. The purpose of this study is to derive optimal dietary recommendations for children that consider nutritional, environmental, and economic parameters of sustainability, using Lebanon as a case study. Data from the latest national food consumption survey conducted among Lebanese children were used. Optimized diets were derived using Optimeal, a software that produces similar patterns to the usual diet while considering nutrition constraints (energy, and macro/micronutrient needs), environmental footprints ((EFPs): water use, energy use, and greenhouse emissions), and cost. Three optimized diets were derived that meet the nutritional needs of children aged 4–8, 9–13, and 14–18 years, while considering EFPs and cost. Compared to the usual intake, optimized diets included higher intake of vegetables, legumes and dairy, and a decrease in saturated oils, processed meats, sugar, salty snacks, sweets, and sugar-sweetened beverages. Overall, the optimized diets decreased cost by 20% and reduced water use, energy use, and GHG emissions, by 20%, 11%, and 22%, respectively. The proposed models consider various constraints and provide sustainable solutions for decision makers within a country undergoing crises.
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Global range expansion history of pepper (Capsicum spp.) revealed by over 10,000 genebank accessions.
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Genebanks collect and preserve vast collections of plants and detailed passport information, with the aim of preserving genetic diversity for conservation and breeding. Genetic characterization of such collections has the potential to elucidate the genetic histories of important crops, use marker-trait associations to identify loci controlling traits of interest, search for loci undergoing selection, and contribute to genebank management by identifying taxonomic misassignments and duplicates. We conducted a genomic scan with genotyping by sequencing (GBS) derived single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 10,038 pepper (Capsicum spp.) accessions from worldwide genebanks and investigated the recent history of this iconic staple. Genomic data detected up to 1,618 duplicate accessions within and between genebanks and showed that taxonomic ambiguity and misclassification often involve interspecific hybrids that are difficult to classify morphologically. We deeply interrogated the genetic diversity of the commonly consumed Capsicum annuum to investigate its history, finding that the kinds of peppers collected in broad regions across the globe overlap considerably. The method ReMIXTURE-using genetic data to quantify the similarity between the complement of peppers from a focal region and those from other regions-was developed to supplement traditional population genetic analyses. The results reflect a vision of pepper as a highly desirable and tradable cultural commodity, spreading rapidly throughout the globe along major maritime and terrestrial trade routes. Marker associations and possible selective sweeps affecting traits such as pungency were observed, and these traits were shown to be distributed nonuniformly across the globe, suggesting that human preferences exerted a primary influence over domesticated pepper genetic structure.
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Migrant Pharmacopoeias: An Ethnobotanical Survey of Four Caribbean Communities in Amazonia (French Guiana)
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French Guiana is an overseas French department in South America at the margin of the Amazon basin. Its population is characterized by an important number of cultural groups. Many inhabitants originate from the Caribbean (mostly Saint Lucia, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic). The objectives of this study were to present an overview of the main uses of plants among the Caribbean populations in French Guiana, and how they contribute to the dynamics of plant–based practices, in order to provide insights into ethnobotanical convergences, divergences, and hybridizations (such as the importation of new species and associated practices, and the adoption of Amazonian species by Caribbean people). Interviews and botanical voucher collections were conducted throughout the coastal area of French Guiana. Sixteen Saint Lucian, nineteen Haitian, eighteen French Caribbean, and twelve Dominican informants were interviewed during the fieldwork. Altogether they use 212 botanical species. Some plants have recently been imported directly from the Caribbean, while adaptations have also taken place: some species that do not exist locally are abandoned while Amazonian species are integrated to form hybrid pharmacopoeias. The phytotherapies of these communities in French Guiana are still conserved as consistent sets of knowledge, although they tend to blend through an ongoing process of hybridization. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12231-021-09529-0.
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The need for national livestock surveillance in Pakistan.
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Ranked amongst the top five milk-producing countries globally, the Pakistan dairy industry can help to overcome food shortage and hunger, alleviate poverty and positively impact economic growth. This influencing role could potentially be more significant while the COVID-19 pandemic severely affects humanity, challenges the economy and increases the risk of global food shortage. However, its large national population of dairy livestock contrasts with Pakistan's top-five ranking, indeed, four to five Pakistani cows produce milk equivalent to one dairy cow of countries with a well-developed dairy industry. Low milk yield per cow negatively impacts the national production and compromises the development of an efficient processing sector, such that consumers are very often forced to use adulterated milk sold by local 'milkmen.' As a consequence, while committed to alleviating global hunger, Pakistan imports in excess of half a million tons of milk and milk-based products annually. Many studies have identified unproductive, inefficient and imprecise management issues combined with poor genetics and imbalanced nutrition as the leading barriers to improvement in the Pakistani dairy livestock sector. At an individual level, lack of awareness, affordability issues, illiteracy and low ambition of a large percentile of dairy farmers creates additional significant barriers. To address low productivity and poor genetics, Pakistani corporate farms and wealthier individual farmers import genetically improved breeds to attain high milk yields. However, they are then faced with the challenge of managing such breeds to attain sustainable and persistent milk yields under Pakistani climatic conditions, often risking excessive culling even to the point of business liquidation. In developed dairy industries, automated sensor-based livestock management systems are now available to help monitor, compute, and optimize procedures in real-time and are proven to increase productivity and profitability. The term precision livestock farming (PLF) is used to describe systems that monitor individual animals or groups of animals to overcome management deficiencies and optimize productivity. My stance in this Opinion Paper is that adopting and utilizing such precision technologies may support Pakistan in raising its livestock resources toward greater productivity, thereby helping to overcome the global food shortage.
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A comparison of dominance rank metrics reveals multiple competitive landscapes in an animal society
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Across group-living animals, linear dominance hierarchies lead to disparities in access to resources, health outcomes and reproductive performance. Studies of how dominance rank predicts these traits typically employ one of several dominance rank metrics without examining the assumptions each metric makes about its underlying competitive processes. Here, we compare the ability of two dominance rank metrics-simple ordinal rank and proportional or 'standardized' rank-to predict 20 traits in a wild baboon population in Amboseli, Kenya. We propose that simple ordinal rank best predicts traits when competition is density-dependent, whereas proportional rank best predicts traits when competition is density-independent. We found that for 75% of traits (15/20), one rank metric performed better than the other. Strikingly, all male traits were best predicted by simple ordinal rank, whereas female traits were evenly split between proportional and simple ordinal rank. Hence, male and female traits are shaped by different competitive processes: males are largely driven by density-dependent resource access (e.g. access to oestrous females), whereas females are shaped by both density-independent (e.g. distributed food resources) and density-dependent resource access. This method of comparing how different rank metrics predict traits can be used to distinguish between different competitive processes operating in animal societies.
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Lethal and Teratogenic Impacts of Imazapyr, Diquat Dibromide, and Glufosinate Ammonium Herbicide Formulations Using Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX).
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Globally, amphibians are experiencing widespread abnormalities and population declines. One potential contributor to these challenges is the use of pesticides, particularly aquatic herbicides applied to aquatic habitats inhabited by amphibians. Critical issues of concern are the potential toxicity and teratogenicity of these herbicides towards amphibians. Using the FETAX protocol, three globally used formulations, including diquat dibromide (Midstream), glufosinate ammonium (Basta), and imazapyr (Arsenal), were assessed for embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, and growth inhibition. Developing Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed for 96 h at concentrations of 0.5-3.0 mg/L, 1.6-3.0 mg/L, and 20-45 mg/L for Midstream, Basta, and Arsenal respectively. The 96-h LC50 estimates were 0.83 mg/L acid equivalent (a.e.), 36 mg/L a.e., and 2.2 mg/L a.e., whereas the EC50 estimates were 0.24 mg/L a.e., 28.13 mg/L a.e., and 2.01 mg/L a.e. for the Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta formulations, respectively. These two estimates produced Teratogenic Index of 3.5, 1.3, and 1.1 for Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta, respectively, indicating a high risk of malformation induction by Midstream and moderate risk for Arsenal. Regarding growth inhibition, lowest observable effect concentrations of 0.5 mg/L, 25 mg/L, and 2.0 mg/L were computed for Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta, respectively, producing the minimum concentration inhibiting growth (MCIG) ratios of 0.62, 0.69, and 0.89 for the three formulations. These MICG values are higher than the standard 0.30 growth inhibitors benchmark, suggesting that the formulations are not growth inhibitors at the evaluated concentrations. This study provides evidence of the embryotoxic and teratogenic status of Midstream and the embryotoxicity of Basta. There is a need to further characterise the physiological and ecological impacts of these formulations to ensure responsible use and the safety of amphibians and other wildlife.
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Species identification of semen stains by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy
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Semen stains are the most important biological evidence when identifying the aggressor in sexual assault cases. Current detecting assays of semen stains species identification were not confirmative enough. In this study, we investigated the potential of species identification of semen stains by using attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with advanced chemometrics methods. The effect of substrates types and time since deposition (TSD) were considered in the study. A partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) classification model was established which demonstrated complete separation between human and other species (rabbit, dog, boar, bull, and ram). Validation was conducted which showed prediction abilities with 100% accuracy. Additionally, we found species identification could be achieved without sperm cells which proved ability of spectroscopic methods detecting the semen samples from the case of azoospermia. This work provides a powerful and practical tool for species identification of semen stains in real forensic casework.
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Disruption of metapopulation structure effectively reduces Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease spread at the expense of abundance and genetic diversity
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Metapopulation structure (i.e. the spatial arrangement of local populations and corridors between them) plays a fundamental role in the persistence of wildlife populations, but can also drive the spread of infectious diseases. While the disruption of metapopulation connectivity can reduce disease spread, it can also impair host resilience by disrupting gene flow and colonisation dynamics. Thus, a pressing challenge for many wildlife populations is to elucidate whether the benefits of disease management methods that reduce metapopulation connectivity outweigh the associated risks. Directly transmissible cancers are clonal malignant cell lines capable to spread through host populations without immune recognition, when susceptible and infected hosts become in close contact. Using an individual-based metapopulation model we investigate the effects of the interplay between host dispersal, disease transmission rate and inter-individual contact distance for transmission (determining within-population mixing) on the spread and persistence of a transmissible cancer, Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), from local to regional scales. Further, we explore population isolation scenarios to devise management strategies to mitigate disease spread. Disease spread, and the ensuing population declines, are synergistically determined by individuals’ dispersal, disease transmission rate and within-population mixing. Low to intermediate transmission rates can be magnified by high dispersal and inter-individual transmission distance. Once disease transmission rate is high, dispersal and inter-individual contact distance do not impact the outcome of the disease transmission dynamics. Isolation of local populations effectively reduced metapopulation-level disease prevalence but caused severe declines in metapopulation size and genetic diversity. The relative position of managed (i.e. isolated) populations within the metapopulation had a significant effect on disease prevalence, highlighting the importance of considering metapopulation structure when implementing metapopulation-scale disease control measures. Our findings suggests that population isolation is not an ideal management method for preventing disease spread in species inhabiting already fragmented landscapes, where genetic diversity and extinction risk are already a concern, such as the Tasmanian devil.
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Impact of Sediment Concentration on the Survival of Wastewater-Derived bla(CTX-M-15)-Producing E. coli, and the Implications for Dispersal into Estuarine Waters
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The environmental cycling of antibiotic-resistant bla(CTX-M-15)-producing E. coli following release from wastewater treatment plants is a major public health concern. This study aimed to (i) assess the impact of sediment concentrations on the rate of their inactivation following release from human wastewater into freshwater, and (ii) simulate their subsequent dispersal to the nearby coastline during a “worst-case” event where heavy rainfall coincided with high spring tide in the Conwy Estuary, North Wales. Freshwater microcosms of low, medium and high turbidity were inoculated with bla(CTX-M-15)-producing E. coli, then exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Typical regional wintertime exposure to UV was found to be insufficient to eradicate E. coli, and in highly turbid water, many bacteria survived simulated typical regional summertime UV exposure. Modelling results revealed that bla(CTX-M-15)-producing E. coli concentrations reduced downstream from the discharge source, with ~30% of the source concentration capable of dispersing through the estuary to the coast, taking ~36 h. Offshore, the concentration simulated at key shellfisheries and bathing water sites ranged from 1.4% to 10% of the upstream input, depending on the distance offshore and tidal regime, persisting in the water column for over a week. Our work indicates that the survival of such organisms post-release into freshwater is extended under typical wintertime conditions, which could ultimately have implications for human health.
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Técnica Para O Desenvolvimento De Bioensaios Com Vatiga Manihotae (drake) (hemiptera: Tingidae) Em Laboratório
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ABSTRACT This study sought to develop a methodology that can be carried out in the laboratory, for studying the biology of Vatiga manihotae (Drake) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) and evaluating the control strategies for this cassava pest. The study was conducted from September 2008 to March 2009. Field collections were made of cassava leaves infested with nymphs and adults of the lacebug, and they were placed in cages lined with anti-aphid screen. Subsequently, the insects were transferred to plastic trays covered with a screened lid. The petioles of cassava leaves were wrapped with moistened cotton wool and covered with aluminum foil to maintain the turgidity of the leaves, which were exchanged on average every 2 days in order to ensure the supply of insects. After application of the test products, cassava leaves were infested with nymphs and adults of V. manihotae, and then wrapped in leaf cages made with colorless, transparent polyethylene screen. This technique proved to be favorable for the development of bioassays with V. manihotae, allowing for a large number of adults in cassava leaves, ease of handling and low mortality of individuals.
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Tetracycline, sulfadimethoxine, and antibiotic resistance gene dynamics during anaerobic digestion of dairy manure.
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Antibiotic use in animal husbandry is a potential entryway for antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to enter the environment through manure fertilizer application. The potential of anaerobic digestion (AD) to remove antibiotics and ARGs was investigated through tetracycline (TC) and sulfadimethoxine (SDM) additions into dairy manure digested for 44 d. This was the first study to evaluate antibiotics at concentrations quantified on-farm and relevant to field applications of manure. Triplicate treatments included a 1 mg L-1 TC spike, a 10 mg L-1 TC spike, a 1 mg L-1 SDM spike (SDM 1), a 10 mg L-1 SDM spike, a mixture of TC and SDM at 1 mg L-1 each (TC+SDM 1), and a manure-only treatment. The SDM spikes were reduced by >99% reduction during the AD processing, but TC additions had variable reductions (0-96%). Molecular analyses showed that decreases in tetM gene copies correlated with declines in TC; however, reductions in SDM concentration did not correlate with decreases in sul1 gene copy concentrations. The AD reactors containing 10 mg L-1 of TC and 10 mg L-1 of SDM both had CH4 production reductions of 7.8%, whereas no CH4 reduction was observed in other treatments (1 mg L-1 treatments). The study results were the first to confirm that AD can remove SDM when adding at concentrations observed in on-farm manure (<1 mg L-1 ) without compromising energy production. Because TC adsorbs to the solid particles and transforms into isomers, the decreases in TC concentrations were more variable and should be closely monitored.
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Storm Event-Driven Occurrence and Transport of Dissolved and Sorbed Organic Micropollutants and associated effects in the Ammer River, Southwestern Germany.
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Storm events lead to agricultural and urban runoff, to mobilization of contaminated particulate matter and input from combined sewer overflows into rivers. We conducted time-resolved sampling during a storm event at the Ammer River, Southwest Germany, which is representative for small river systems in densely populated areas of temperate climate. From two sampling sites suspended particulate matter (SPM) and water were separately analyzed by a multi-analyte LC-MS-MS method for 97 environmentally relevant organic micropollutants and with two in-vitro bioassays. Oxidative stress response (AREc32) may become activated by various stressors covering a broad range of physico-chemical properties and aryl hydrocarbon receptor induction (AhR-CALUX) by hydrophobic compounds such as dioxins and dioxin-like molecules. Compound numbers, concentrations, their mass fluxes and associated effect fluxes increased substantially during the storm event. Micropollutants detected in water and on SPM pointed towards inputs from combined sewer overflow (e.g., caffeine, paracetamol), urban runoff (e.g., mecoprop, terbutryn) and agricultural areas (e.g., azoxystrobin, bentazone). Particle-facilitated transport of triphenylphosphate and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate accounted for up to 34 and 33% of the total mass flux despite SPM concentrations below 1 g L-1 . Effect fluxes attributed to SPM were similar or higher than in the water phase. The important role of SPM-bound transport emphasizes the need to consider not only concentrations but also mass and effect fluxes for surface water quality assessment and wastewater/stormwater treatment options. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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New Polyfunctional Biorationals Use to Achieve Competitive Yield of Organic Potatoes in the North-West Russian Ecosystem
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To increase the organic potato yield, it is necessary to provide the crop with sufficient nutrients and effective means of biocontrol the diseases. The research goal was to characterize the biorationals’ efficacy to achieve competitive organic potatoes’ yield under various weather conditions. A 4-year trial was carried out in the Leningrad region using Udacha variety potatoes. The tests used liquid forms of new polyfunctional biologicals Kartofin based on highly active Bacillus subtilis I-5-12/23 and organic fertilizer BIAGUM obtained from poultry manure by aerobic fermentation in a closed biofermenter. Significant stimulation in plant growth and development to the flowering phase regardless of the hydrothermal conditions of the growing season was noted. The stimulating effect was determined by the combined use of biorationals pro rata to BIAGUM dose. Kartofin biologicals and BIAGUM almost doubled the potato tubers’ yield compared to the control, regardless of the growing season conditions. At the flowering phase, the biological efficacy in potato fungal diseases incidence and development was near 90% under optimal and 50–75% under drought hydrothermal conditions. At the end of vegetation, the efficiency in fungal diseases incidence and development made up 45–65% under optimal and 45–70% under dry conditions. BIAGUM effectiveness in reducing disease development reached 45–50% regardless of growing season conditions.
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Agricultural labor, COVID-19, and potential implications for food security and air quality in the breadbasket of India
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To contain the COVID-19 pandemic, India imposed a national lockdown at the end of March 2020, a decision that resulted in a massive reverse migration as many workers across economic sectors returned to their home regions Migrants provide the foundations of the agricultural workforce in the ‘breadbasket’ states of Punjab and Haryana in Northwest India There are mounting concerns that near and potentially longer-term reductions in labor availability may jeopardize agricultural production and consequently national food security The timing of rice transplanting at the beginning of the summer monsoon season has a cascading influence on productivity of the entire rice-wheat cropping system To assess the potential for COVID-related reductions in the agriculture workforce to disrupt production of the dominant rice-wheat cropping pattern in these states, we use a spatial ex ante modelling framework to evaluate four scenarios representing a range of plausible labor constraints on the timing of rice transplanting Averaged over both states, results suggest that rice productivity losses under all delay scenarios would be low as compare to those for wheat, with total system productivity loss estimates ranging from 9%, to 21%, equivalent to economic losses of USD $674 m to $1 48 billion Late rice transplanting and harvesting can also aggravate winter air pollution with concomitant health risks Technological options such as direct seeded rice, staggered nursery transplanting, and crop diversification away from rice can help address these challenges but require new approaches to policy and incentives for change
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Changes in temperature alter susceptibility to a virus following a host shift
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Host shifts - where a pathogen jumps between different host species - are an important source of emerging infectious disease. With ongoing climate change there is an increasing need to understand the effect changes in temperature may have on emerging infectious disease. We investigated whether species’ susceptibilities change with temperature and ask if susceptibility is greatest at different temperatures in different species. We infected 45 species of Drosophilidae with an RNA virus and measured how viral load changes with temperature. We found the host phylogeny explained a large proportion of the variation in viral load at each temperature, with strong phylogenetic correlations between viral loads across temperature. The variance in viral load increased with temperature, whilst the mean viral load did not, such that as temperature increased the most susceptible species become more susceptible, and the least susceptible less so. We found no significant relationship between a species’ susceptibility across temperatures and proxies for thermal optima; critical thermal maximum and minimum or basal metabolic rate. These results suggest that whilst the rank order of species susceptibilities can remain the same with changes in temperature, the likelihood of host shifts into a given species may increase or decrease. Author Summary Emerging infectious diseases are often the result of a host shift, where a pathogen jumps from one host species into another. Understanding the factors underlying host shifts is a major goal for infectious disease researchers. This effort has been further complicated by the fact that host-parasite interactions are now taking place in a period of unprecedented global climatic warming. Here, we ask how host shifts are affected by temperature by carrying out experimental infections using an RNA virus across a wide range of related species, at three different temperatures. We find that as temperature increases the most susceptible species become more susceptible, and the least susceptible less so. This has important consequences for our understanding of host shift events in a changing climate, and suggests that temperature changes may affect the likelihood of a host shift into certain species.
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RNA-Seq Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes Associated with High Fiber Quality in Abaca (Musa textilis Nee)
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Despite the importance of and current demand for abaca (Musa textilis Nee) fiber, there has been limited study that capitalizes on RNA-seq to identify candidate genes associated with high fiber quality and bunchy top virus (AbBTV) resistance. Three varieties (Abuab, Inosa, and Tangongon), one wild banana variety (Musa balbisiana Colla) Pacol, and two developed backcrosses (Abuab × Pacol BC(2) and BC(3)) were grown at the Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB), Laguna, Philippines. The pseudostems of 3-month-old suckers of each genotype were sampled for RNA-seq. Datasets were analyzed for differential expression (DE) implementing various model frameworks, including pairwise, genotypic and non-DE models. Results indicate that Abuab and BC(3) induce the highest proportion (70%) of abaca-specific genes. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed several genes associated with cellulose synthase activity, callose synthase, ß-glucosidase activity, glucan biosynthetic process, etc. KEGG pathway analysis showed several genes encoding for enzymes involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway. Analysis using genotypic DE (GDE) between abaca bunchy top virus (AbBTV)-resistant and -susceptible groups revealed genes such as pathogenesis-related protein and NBS-LRR. As the genotypes were not infected with the pathogen, these genes are yet to be confirmed for their roles in disease resistance and are an interesting subject for further investigation.
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Taxon-specific aerosolization of bacteria and viruses in an experimental ocean-atmosphere mesocosm
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Ocean-derived, airborne microbes play important roles in Earth’s climate system and human health, yet little is known about factors controlling their transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere. Here, we study microbiomes of isolated sea spray aerosol (SSA) collected in a unique ocean–atmosphere facility and demonstrate taxon-specific aerosolization of bacteria and viruses. These trends are conserved within taxonomic orders and classes, and temporal variation in aerosolization is similarly shared by related taxa. We observe enhanced transfer into SSA of Actinobacteria, certain Gammaproteobacteria, and lipid-enveloped viruses; conversely, Flavobacteriia, some Alphaproteobacteria, and Caudovirales are generally under-represented in SSA. Viruses do not transfer to SSA as efficiently as bacteria. The enrichment of mycolic acid-coated Corynebacteriales and lipid-enveloped viruses (inferred from genomic comparisons) suggests that hydrophobic properties increase transport to the sea surface and SSA. Our results identify taxa relevant to atmospheric processes and a framework to further elucidate aerosolization mechanisms influencing microbial and viral transport pathways.
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A Bayesian Approach to Predict Food Fraud Type and Point of Adulteration
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Primary and secondary food processing had been identified as areas vulnerable to fraud. Besides the food processing area, other stages within the food supply chain are also vulnerable to fraud. This study aims to develop a Bayesian network (BN) model to predict food fraud type and point of adulteration i.e., the occurrence of fraudulent activity. The BN model was developed using GeNie Modeler (BayesFusion, LLC) based on 715 notifications (1979–2018) from Food Adulteration Incidents Registry (FAIR) database. Types of food fraud were linked to six explanatory variables such as food categories, year, adulterants (chemicals, ingredients, non-food, microbiological, physical, and others), reporting country, point of adulteration, and point of detection. The BN model was validated using 80 notifications from 2019 to determine the predictive accuracy of food fraud type and point of adulteration. Mislabelling (20.7%), artificial enhancement (17.2%), and substitution (16.4%) were the most commonly reported types of fraud. Beverages (21.4%), dairy (14.3%), and meat (14.0%) received the highest fraud notifications. Adulterants such as chemicals (21.7%) (e.g., formaldehyde, methanol, bleaching agent) and cheaper, expired or rotten ingredients (13.7%) were often used to adulterate food. Manufacturing (63.9%) was identified as the main point of adulteration followed by the retailer (13.4%) and distribution (9.9%).
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Could Japonica Rice Be an Alternative Variety for Increased Global Food Security and Climate Change Mitigation?
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The growing importance of rice globally over the past three decades is evident in its strategic place in many countries’ food security planning policies. Still, its cultivation emits substantial greenhouse gases (GHGs). The Indica and Japonica sub-species of Oryza sativa L. are mainly grown, with Indica holding the largest market share. The awareness, economics, and acceptability of Japonica rice in a food-insecure Indica rice-consuming population were surveyed. The impact of parboiling on Japonica rice was studied and the factors which most impacted stickiness were investigated through sensory and statistical analyses. A comparison of the growing climate and greenhouse gas emissions of Japonica and Indica rice was carried out by reviewing previous studies. Survey results indicated that non-adhesiveness and pleasant aroma were the most preferred properties. Parboiling treatment altered Japonica rice’s physical and chemical properties, introducing gelatinization of starch and reducing adhesiveness while retaining micronutrient concentrations. Regions with high food insecurity and high consumption of Indica rice were found to have suitable climatic conditions for growing Japonica rice. Adopting the higher-yielding, nutritious Japonica rice whose cultivation emits less GHG in these regions could help strengthen food security while reducing GHGs in global rice cultivation.
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Fluoxetine-induced neurotoxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations in adult zebrafish Danio rerio
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Fluoxetine (FLX) exerts its therapeutic effect by inhibiting the presynaptic reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Nonetheless, at high concentrations of this drug, adverse effects occur in the brain of exposed organisms. Bearing this into account, the objective of this study was to evaluate the neurotoxic effects of the fluoxetine through the evaluation of behavior (Novel tank test), determination of oxidative stress, and determination of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in adult zebrafish Danio rerio. For this purpose, Danio rerio adults were exposed to three environmentally relevant concentrations (5, 10, 16ngL-1) of FLX for 96h. Our results demonstrate fish presented a significant disruption in their behavior, as they remained long-lasting time frozen at the top of the tank. Since we observed a significant reduction of AChE activity in the brain of fish, we believe the above described anxiety-like state is the result of this enzyme impairment. Moreover, as FLX-exposed fish showed a significant increase in the levels of oxidative damage biomarkers, we suggest this AChE disruption is associated with the oxidative stress response fish exhibited. Based on our findings, we believe the environmentally relevant concentration of FLX alters the redox status of the brain, impairing this way the behavior of fish and making them more vulnerable to predation.
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Effect of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) on the rhizosphere soil nitrogen cycling of two riparian plants.
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Here, we examined the effects of low and high concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) on rhizosphere soil N cycling processes in the presence of Lythrum salicaria and Phragmites communis over 4 months. Compared with the control group, the nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) content of the bulk soil in the low PFOS (0.1 mg kg-1) treatment significantly decreased (27.7%), the ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) content significantly increased (8.7%), and the pH value and total organic carbon (TOC) content slightly increased (0.3% and 1.1%, respectively). Compared with the low PFOS treatment, the content of NO3-N, NH4+-N and pH value in the bulk soil of the high PFOS treatment (50 mg kg-1) significantly increased (1.0%, 53.8% and 61.8%, respectively), and the TOC content significantly decreased (8.2%). Soil protease levels were high in the low PFOS treatment, but low in the high PFOS treatment. PFOS produced inverted U-shaped responses in the potential nitrification (1.5, 3.0, and 1.1 mg N d-1 kg-1 in no, low, and high PFOS, respectively), denitrification (0.19, 0.30, and 0.22 mg N d-1 kg-1 in no, low, and high PFOS, respectively), and N2O emission rates (0.01, 0.03, and 0.02 mg N d-1 kg-1 in no, low, and high PFOS, respectively) of bulk soil. The abundance of the archaea amoA gene decreased with increasing PFOS concentration, whereas that of bacterial amoA increased; inverted U-shaped responses were observed for narG, nirK, nirS, and nosZ. In the PFOS-contaminated rhizosphere soil, the observed changes differed from those in the bulk soil and differed between treatments. P. communis tended to upregulate each step of the nitrogen cycle under low PFOS conditions, whereas L. salicaria tended to inhibit them. Under high PFOS conditions, both test plants tended to act as inhibitors of the soil N-cycle; thus, the effects of PFOS on soil N transformation were plant-specific.
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Subsistence Hunting During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of the White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Rural Communities of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico
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Subsistence hunting for obtaining wild meat is a common practice in rural neotropical communities. Like other peasant practices disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, subsistence hunting could exacerbate pressure on wild mammals whose greater size contributes to feeding the hunter and his family. Thus, in the context of the pandemic, we assessed the subsistence hunting of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), one of the main traditional game species in the Calakmul region, Campeche, Mexico, and compared this activity with its pre-pandemic levels of such vertebrate species. Based on ethnographic information and hunting records from three rural communities, we found that in one trimester (July-September 2020) of the rainy season, a total of 26 white-tailed deer (923 kg of game biomass) were obtained by local peasant-hunters carrying out hunting mostly alone. Most peasant-hunters interviewed (36 of 51) stated that they hunted daily, and only a few hunted once a week or once a month (8 and 3%, respectively). This hunting activity and modalities were carried out at night (68%) versus day, stalking (21%) and opportunist (11%) near their community. The game biomass and hunting frequency in the studied communities were twice as high during the pandemic, compared to similar pre-pandemic periods in the region. Our survey highlights the need to expand monitoring and evaluation (during and after the pandemic) of subsistence hunting on key species, such as white-tailed deer, in order to ensure conservation and sustainable use of wildlife in this important Mesoamerican region.
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Effect of reduced anthropogenic activities on water quality in lake vembanad, India
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The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal Life Below Water (SDG-14) aims to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development”. Within SDG-14, targets 14.1 and 14.2 deal with marine pollution and the adverse impacts of human activities on aquatic systems. Here, we present a remote-sensing-based analysis of short-term changes in the Vembanad-Kol wetland system in the southwest of India. The region has experienced high levels of anthropogenic pressures, including from agriculture, industry, and tourism, leading to adverse ecological and socioeconomic impacts with consequences not only for achieving the targets set out in SDG-14, but also those related to water quality (SDG-6) and health (SDG-3). To move towards the sustainable management of coastal and aquatic ecosystems such as Lake Vembanad, it is important to understand how both natural and anthropogenic processes affect water quality. In 2020, a unique opportunity arose to study water quality in Lake Vembanad during a period when anthropogenic pressures were reduced due to a nationwide lockdown in response to the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (25 March–31 May 2020). Using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 multi-spectral remote sensing and in situ observations to analyse changes in five different water quality indicators, we show that water quality improved in large areas of Lake Vembanad during the lockdown in 2020, especially in the more central and southern regions, as evidenced by a decrease in total suspended matter, turbidity, and the absorption by coloured dissolved organic matter, all leading to clearer waters as indicated by the Forel-Ule classification of water colour. Further analysis of longer term trends (2013–2020) showed that water quality has been improving over time in the more northern regions of Lake Vembanad independent of the lockdown. The improvement in water quality during the lockdown in April–May 2020 illustrates the importance of addressing anthropogenic activities for the sustainable management of coastal ecosystems and water resources. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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Farm typology of smallholders integrated farming systems in Southern Coastal Plains of Kerala, India
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Adoption of an integrated farming system (IFS) is essential to achieve food and nutritional security in small and marginal holdings. Assessment of IFS to know the resource availability and socio-economic condition of the farm household, farm typology plays a critical role. In this regard, a sample survey of 200 marginal households practicing mixed crop-livestock agriculture was conducted during 2018–2019 at Southern Coastal Plains, which occupies 19,344 ha in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India. Farming system typology using multivariate statistical techniques of principal component analysis and cluster analysis characterized the diverse farm households coexisting within distinct homogenous farm types. Farming system typology identified four distinct farm types viz. resource constrained type-1 households with small land owned, high abundance of poultry, very low on-farm income, constituted 46.5%; resource endowed type-2 households oriented around fruit and vegetable, plantation crop, with a moderate abundance of large ruminant and poultry, high on-farm income, constituted 12.5%; resource endowed type-3 household oriented around food grain, extensive use of farm machinery, with a moderate abundance of large ruminant, low on-farm income, constituted 21.5%; and resource endowed type-4 household oriented around fodder, with high abundance of large ruminant, medium on-farm income, constituted 19.5% of sampled households. Constraint analysis using constraint severity index assessed the severity of constraints in food grain, horticulture, livestock, complementary and supplementary enterprises in each farm type, which allowed targeted farming systems interventions to be envisaged to overcome soil health problems, crops and animal production constraints. Farming system typology together with constraint analysis are therefore suggested as a practical framework capable of identifying type-specific farm households for targeted farming systems interventions.
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Feeding habits shape infection levels by plerocercoids of the tapeworm Triaenophorus crassus in muscle of a sympatric pair of whitefish in an oligotrophic lake
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Lake Teletskoye (West Siberia, Russia) is inhabited by a sympatric pair of whitefish, with each member of the pair being characterized by different feeding habits. Coregonus lavaretus pidschian (Gmelin, 1789) is a large 'benthivorous' form, while C. l. pravdinellus (Dulkeit, 1949) is a small 'planktivorous' form. Fish were collected from the end of August to the middle of September in 2017 and 2019-2020 in the north part of Lake Teletskoye. For the 'benthivorous' form the prevalence, intensity and abundance of T. crassus ranged from 22.4% to 51.9%, 1.9-2.8 and 0.4-1.3, respectively, whereas the same indices for the 'planktivorous' form ranged from 94.7% to 97.5%, 4.2-4.8 and 4.0-4.7, respectively. The level of prevalence of infection and abundance of T. crassus in muscle was relatively stable among studied years for both forms. The level of prevalence was higher in the years 2019 and 2020 than in 2017 for the 'benthivorous' form, whereas for the 'planktivorous' form this index did not change during the studied years. For the first time, a partial sequencing of the cox1 gene (593 bp) for T. crassus was sequenced. All 15 plerocercoids of T. crassus were represented by four haplotypes.
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To What Extent Is Manure Produced, Distributed, and Potentially Available for Bioenergy? A Step toward Stimulating Circular Bio-Economy in Poland
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Bioenergy production from animal waste can be a key driver to achieving bio-economy goals Developing a bio-economy sector could help to create opportunities for a circular system where not only people and the planet will be benefited, but it will also provide economic profitability to farmers, especially in the post-Covid period To this end, manure production, its nutrient content, and bioenergy potential were estimated, along with their spatial distribution in the Lubelskie province, Poland Farm-level data were processed and aggregated at the municipality level Material balance equations were used to calculate the theoretical potential of livestock manure and bioenergy for different use scenarios: (1) Baseline (BC): direct manure application to land, which was compared against (2) Anaerobic Digestion (AD): anaerobic digestion to biogas with digestate returned to the fields (3) AD + Separation (AD + Sep): mechanical separation followed by anaerobic digestion, and (4) Surplus + AD: surplus manure (after application to the fields) is sent to anaerobic digestion Manure, biogas, electricity, and thermal energy production of the AD scenario were estimated to be 7 5 Mt y−1, 378 Mm3 y−1, 907 GWe y−1, and 997 8 GWth y−1, respectively The scenario, including mechanical separation followed by anaerobic digestion (AD + Sep), contributed to avoiding emissions to the largest extent (1 Mt CO2 eq), whereas AD outperformed the others in avoiding costs of fertilization According to the estimated potential and the environmental cost-effectiveness of AD, new plants can be established that will recycle manure through bioenergy production, and, subsequently, the digestate can be applied as organic fertilizer, closing the nutrients cycle
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Feasibility of Casein to Record Stable Isotopic Variation of Cow Milk in New Zealand.
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Dairy products occupy a special place among foods in contributing to a major part of our nutritional requirements, while also being prone to fraud. Hence, the verification of the authenticity of dairy products is of prime importance. Multiple stable isotopic studies have been undertaken that demonstrate the efficacy of this approach for the authentication of foodstuffs. However, the authentication of dairy products for geographic origin has been a challenge due to the complex interactions of geological and climatic drivers. This study applies stable isotope measurements of d2H, d18O, d13C and d15N values from casein to investigate the inherent geo-climatic variation across dairy farms from the South and North Islands of New Zealand. The stable isotopic ratios were measured for casein samples which had been separated from freeze-dried whole milk samples. As uniform feeding and fertilizer practices were applied throughout the sampling period, the subtropical (North Island) and temperate (South Island) climates were reflected in the variation of d13C and d15N. However, highly correlated d2H and d18O (r = 0.62, p = 6.64 × 10-10, a = 0.05) values did not differentiate climatic variation between Islands, but rather topographical locations. The highlight was the strong influence of d15N towards explaining climatic variability, which could be important for further discussion.
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A global metagenomic map of urban microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance
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We present a global atlas of 4,728 metagenomic samples from mass-transit systems in 60 cities over 3 years, representing the first systematic, worldwide catalog of the urban microbial ecosystem. This atlas provides an annotated, geospatial profile of microbial strains, functional characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers, and genetic elements, including 10,928 viruses, 1,302 bacteria, 2 archaea, and 838,532 CRISPR arrays not found in reference databases. We identified 4,246 known species of urban microorganisms and a consistent set of 31 species found in 97% of samples that were distinct from human commensal organisms. Profiles of AMR genes varied widely in type and density across cities. Cities showed distinct microbial taxonomic signatures that were driven by climate and geographic differences. These results constitute a high-resolution global metagenomic atlas that enables discovery of organisms and genes, highlights potential public health and forensic applications, and provides a culture-independent view of AMR burden in cities.
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Water clarity mapping of global lakes using a novel hybrid deep-learning-based recurrent model with Landsat OLI images.
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Information regarding water clarity at large spatiotemporal scales is critical for understanding comprehensive changes in the water quality and status of ecosystems. Previous studies have suggested that satellite observation is an effective means of obtaining such information. However, a reliable model for accurately mapping the water clarity of global lakes (reservoirs) is still lacking due to the high optical complexity of lake waters. In this study, by using gated recurrent units (GRU) layers instead of full-connected layers from Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to capture the efficient sequence information of in-situ datasets, we propose a novel and transferrable hybrid deep-learning-based recurrent model (DGRN) to map the water clarity of global lakes with Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images. We trained and further validated the model using 1260 pairs of in-situ measured water clarity and surface reflectance of Landsat 8 OLI images with Google Earth Engine. The model was subsequently utilized to construct the global pattern of temporal and spatial changes in water clarity (lake area>10 km2) from 2014 to 2020. The results show that the model can estimate water clarity with good performance (R2 = 0.84, MAE = 0.55, RMSE = 0.83, MAPE = 45.13%). The multi-year average of water clarity for global lakes (16,475 lakes) ranged from 0.0004 to 9.51 m, with an average value of 1.88 ± 1.24 m. Compared to the lake area, elevation, discharge, residence time, and the ratio of area to depth, water depth was the most important factor that determined the global spatial distribution pattern of water clarity. Water clarity of 15,840 global lakes between 2014 and 2020 remained stable (P ≥ 0.05); while there was a significant increase in 243 lakes (P < 0.05) and a decrease in 392 lakes (P < 0.05). However, water clarity in 2020 (COVID-19 period) showed a significant increase in most global lakes, especially in China and Canada, suggesting that the worldwide lockdown strategy due to COVID-19 might have improved water quality, espically water clarity, dueto the apparent reduction of anthropogenic activities.
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The global burden of chronic and hidden hunger revisited: New panel data evidence spanning 1990–2017
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Gödecke, Stein and Qaim (2018) (GSQ) recently analysed the 1990–2010 trend and determinants of the global burden of chronic and hidden hunger. We reanalyse and extend GSQ's study and demonstrate that after 2010, significant reductions in the burden of hunger were achieved. In contrast with GSQ, we find that (i) hidden hunger is more prevalent than chronic hunger; (ii) cereal availability and the supply of vegetables and fruits matter; and (iii) gender equality only affects hidden hunger. We further provide evidence on the importance of spatial spillovers in GDP affecting the burden of hunger. Policy makers should therefore prioritize (i) enhancement of micronutrient density of cereals; (ii) diversification of production systems and consumer diets; and (iii) development of nutrition-sensitive food value chains.
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Major threats and habitat use status of Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), in district Bannu, Pakistan/ Principais ameaças e estado de uso de habitat de Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão
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Cranes are the large and attractive Creatures of nature with long necks, legs, and life-span. Adults of both sexes are the same with similar color patterns. Demoiselle cranes spend most of their lifespan on dry grasses. They are also found around the stream, rivers, shallow lakes, natural wetlands, and depressions. To evaluate the current status of habitat use and major threats a study was conducted in tehsil Domel district Bannu. Line transect method and water quality tests (temperature, PH, contamination of E-coli bacteria) were used. To determine the major threats questionnaire method was used. The whole data was analyzed by using SPSS 21 version. Based on the distribution four study sites were selected and four water samples from each study site were taken. Most sites were moderate to highly degraded except Kashoo and kurram river mixing point which was low degraded with livestock grazing and human activities. Water quality tests showed PH ranges from 7-9, temperature 6.5-8.5, and contamination of E-coli in all samples. The social survey revealed that hunting, habitat degradation, and pollution as major threats. Effective long-term conservation and management in the study area are needed to focus on the protection of disturbance-free habitat. (AU)
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Rhodopsin Molecular Evolution in Mammals Inhabiting Low Light Environments
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The ecological radiation of mammals to inhabit a variety of light environments is largely attributed to adaptive changes in their visual systems. Visual capabilities are conferred by anatomical features of the eyes as well as the combination and properties of their constituent light sensitive pigments. To test whether evolutionary switches to different niches characterized by dim-light conditions coincided with molecular adaptation of the rod pigment rhodopsin, we sequenced the rhodopsin gene in twenty-two mammals including several bats and subterranean mole-rats. We compared these to thirty-seven published mammal rhodopsin sequences, from species with divergent visual ecologies, including nocturnal, diurnal and aquatic groups. All taxa possessed an intact functional rhodopsin; however, phylogenetic tree reconstruction recovered a gene tree in which rodents were not monophyletic, and also in which echolocating bats formed a monophyletic group. These conflicts with the species tree appear to stem from accelerated evolution in these groups, both of which inhabit low light environments. Selection tests confirmed divergent selection pressures in the clades of subterranean rodents and bats, as well as in marine mammals that live in turbid conditions. We also found evidence of divergent selection pressures among groups of bats with different sensory modalities based on vision and echolocation. Sliding window analyses suggest most changes occur in transmembrane domains, particularly obvious within the pinnipeds; however, we found no obvious pattern between photopic niche and predicted spectral sensitivity based on known critical amino acids. This study indicates that the independent evolution of rhodopsin vision in ecologically specialised groups of mammals has involved molecular evolution at the sequence level, though such changes might not mediate spectral sensitivity directly.
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Eficácia de cabines adaptadas na proteção dos operadores de tratores em aplicações de agrotóxicos na cultura da macieira/ Effectiveness of non-original cabins for the protection of tractor operators in pesticide applications in apple orchard
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Os turboatomizadores produzem corrente de ar que carrega as gotas pulverizadas auxiliando sua distribuição, contudo, muitas gotas são perdidas para o ambiente. O uso de cabines pode reduzir a exposição do operador. Foram instalados experimentos visando avaliar a exposição dérmica e respiratória potenciais e a eficiência de isolamento da cabine em aplicações de agrotóxicos em pomares de maçã. A calda foi composta por água mais os produtos Mancozeb e Captan (3,0 L ha-1) e Fenitrotion (1,5 L ha-1). Estimou-se a exposição dérmica com uso de absorvente íntimo feminino afixados na vestimenta do operador e no interior da cabine. A determinação analítica foi feita por Cromatografia Líquida em cromatógrafo, com detector de UV-VIS e arranjo específico de diodos. Os analitos foram extraídos por ultrassom, conforme determinação da NBR 10004 e descrito pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos da América. Não foram detectados os comprimentos de onda referentes aos produtos testados até o limite de 200µg kg-1, indicando haver boa vedação e isolamento do operador dentro das cabines testadas.(AU)
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Unpacking the myth between increased government initiatives and reduced selling of dead live stocks in China: An approach towards exploring hidden danger of zoonotic diseases
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Prohibiting the unsafe sale of livestock that have died in production and harmlessly disposing of them are key measures to control and prevent outbreaks of zoonotic diseases and exert a great significance for maintaining meat-derived food and public health safety. However, under the strict implementation of governmental initiatives, some farmers still choose to sell dead livestock unsafely in developing countries such as China, Brazil, Mexico, and Kenya, which have become an important hidden danger in preventing and controlling zoonotic diseases. Based on data from 496 pig farmers in Hebei, Henan, and Hubei, China, the Double Hurdle Model was employed to explore the impact of governmental initiatives on the willingness and proportion of dead pigs sold unsafely by farmers. Besides, based on the heterogeneity of organization participation and breeding scale, the impact of governmental initiatives on different scale farmers' unsafely selling behaviors is also discussed. The results showed that the harmless disposal subsidy significantly reduces farmers' willingness to unsafely sell dead pigs (SW, RC = −0.0666, and SE = 0.0261). Still, the impact on the proportion is weak (SP, RC = −0.0502, and SE = 0.0474). Though the effect of supervision punishment is greatly weakened (SW, RC =−0.0381, and SE = 0.0324; SP, RC = −0.0204 and SE = 0.0263), it can significantly enhance the effect of harmless disposal subsidy by creating a good law-abiding environment (SW, RC = −0.1370, and SE = 0.0374; SP, RC = −0.0820, and SE = 0.0431). Governmental initiatives have an undue impact on the unsafe sale of dead livestock by farmers participating in cooperatives. The effects of these measures on different scale farmers' unsafe sale of dead pigs are highly heterogeneous. In addition, the study also found that food and public health safety risk perceptions are important endogenous drivers for curbing farmers selling dead pigs. This research can also provide important inspiration for other countries. The government should raise farmers' risk perception level of food and public safety, optimize governmental initiatives, play the key role of cooperative organization, increase the proportion of dead pigs harmlessly disposed of, and finally eliminate new hidden dangers in the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases.
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MASE: An Instrument Designed to Record Underwater Soundscape
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The study of sound in the natural environment provides interesting information for researchers and policy makers driving conservation policies in our society. The soundscape characterises the biophony, anthrophony and geophony of a particular area. The characterisation of these different sources can lead to changes in ecosystems and we need to identify these parameters in order to make the right decision in relation to the natural environment. These values could be extrapolated and potentially help different areas of ecoacoustic research. Technological advances have enabled the passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) of animal populations in their natural environment. Recordings can be made with little interference, avoiding anthropogenic effects, making it a very effective method for some species such as cetaceans and other marine species in addition to underwater noise studies. Passive acoustic monitoring can be used for population census, but also to understand the effect of human activities on animals. However, recording data over long periods of time requires large storage and processing capacity to handle all the acoustic events generated. In the case of marine environments, the installation of sensors and instruments can be costly in terms of money and maintenance effort. In addition, if they are placed offshore, a data communication problem arises with coverage and bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a low-cost instrument to monitor the soundscape of a marine area using ecoacoustic indices. The instrument is called MASE and provides three echo-acoustic indices at 10 min intervals that are available in real time, which drastically reduces the volume of data generated. It has been operating uninterruptedly for a year and a half since its deployment, except during maintenance periods. MASE has been able to operate uninterruptedly, and maintain an adequate temperature inside while preserving its structural integrity for long periods of time. This has allowed the monitoring and characterisation of the soundscape of the test area in Gando Bay, Gran Canaria Island (Spain) without the need for human intervention to access the data on the instrument itself. Thanks to its integration with an external server, this allows the long-term monitoring of the soundscape, and it is possible to observe changes in the soundscape. In addition, the instrument has made it possible to compare the period of acoustic inactivity during confinement and the return of anthropogenic acoustic activity at sea.
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A Marine Biodiversity Observation Network for Genetic Monitoring of Hard-Bottom Communities (ARMS-MBON)
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Marine hard-bottom communities are undergoing severe change under the influence of multiple drivers, notably climate change, extraction of natural resources, pollution and eutrophication, habitat degradation, and invasive species Monitoring marine biodiversity in such habitats is, however, challenging as it typically involves expensive, non-standardized, and often destructive sampling methods that limit its scalability Differences in monitoring approaches furthermore hinders inter-comparison among monitoring programs Here we announce a Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON) consisting of Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) with the aim to assess the status and changes in benthic fauna with genomic-based methods, notably DNA metabarcoding, in combination with image-based identifications This article presents the results of a 30-month pilot phase in which we established an operational and geographically expansive ARMS-MBON The network currently consists of 20 observatories distributed across European coastal waters and the polar regions, in which 134 ARMS have been deployed to date Sampling takes place annually, either as short-term deployments during the summer or as long-term deployments starting in spring The pilot phase was used to establish a common set of standards for field sampling, genetic analysis, data management, and legal compliance, which are presented here We also tested the potential of ARMS for combining genetic and image-based identification methods in comparative studies of benthic diversity, as well as for detecting non-indigenous species Results show that ARMS are suitable for monitoring hard-bottom environments as they provide genetic data that can be continuously enriched, re-analyzed, and integrated with conventional data to document benthic community composition and detect non-indigenous species Finally, we provide guidelines to expand the network and present a sustainability plan as part of the European Marine Biological Resource Centre (www embrc eu)
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Effect of welfare standards and biosecurity practices on antimicrobial use in beef cattle
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Antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock species and the associated antimicrobial resistance are a global concern, thus strategies for their reduction and a more judicious use are needed. Previous research has revealed a link between improved animal welfare, biosecurity and AMU reduction in pig and dairy sectors, however, little is known about the beef sector. This study aimed to investigate the impact of welfare standards and biosecurity on AMU in beef cattle. Data on performance traits and AMU were collected over a 3.5 year time from 27 specialised beef farms and a treatment incidence was calculated using the defined daily dose for animals. An on-farm assessment was carried out by assigning a score from 0 (very poor) to 100% (very good) to 3 sections: welfare, biosecurity and emergency management. The highest average score was obtained for the welfare section (76%) followed by emergency management (39%) and biosecurity (24%). This suggests that major focus on strategies for the implementation of biosecurity measures and emergency management is needed, due to the low scores reported. A statistically significant lower AMU was observed with improved level of welfare. These results may be helpful for farm benchmarking and highlight the importance of improved animal welfare for an efficient antimicrobial stewardship.
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Spatial distribution of plant-available silicon and its controlling factors in paddy fields of China
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• Status of PASi across China's paddy fields is quantified on a national scale. • Natural and anthropogenic factors control the spatial distribution of PASi content. • At least 65% of China's paddy fields are deficient in PASi. • The principal regions where PASi deficit are mainly located in southern China. • PASi content of China's paddy fields decreases with an annual rate of 0.54%. Silicon (Si) is beneficial for rice health and production by alleviating various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the continual export of grain off-farm may result in Si deficiency for rice plants. The current levels of plant available Si (PASi) in rice paddies in China remain unclear, as do the factors that control PASi content in these soils. We conducted a nationwide sampling campaign across the paddy fields of China between 2016 and 2019, and used calcium chloride extractable Si (Si-CaCl 2) and buffered acetate extractable Si (Si-NaAc, pH = 4) to quantify PASi. We show that Si-CaCl 2 pool was mainly influenced by mean annual temperature (MAT), soil salinity, soil organic carbon (SOC), mean annual precipitation (MAP), and soil pH, suggesting both pedological and biological control mechanisms. However, the Si-NaAc pool was influenced most by soil pH, MAT and MAP, implying pedological control. Compared to data from the 1990s, the Si-NaAc content decreased by 14.1% on a national scale with an annual decline rate of 0.54%. Based on our investigation, at least 65% of China's paddy fields are deficient in PASi, which is an increase in area of ~15% over the last 20 years. The principal regions where PASi deficiency was recorded are mainly located in southern China, with the levels of Si deficiency lowering as the paddy fields are located further north. The continual off-site removal of PASi from rice grain and straw will need to be addressed through the use of Si-fertilizers, including organic amendments, to maintain a productive and sustainable rice industry in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Geoderma is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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Social network theory in the behavioural sciences: potential applications
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Social network theory has made major contributions to our understanding of human social organisation but has found relatively little application in the field of animal behaviour. In this review, we identify several broad research areas where the networks approach could greatly enhance our understanding of social patterns and processes in animals. The network theory provides a quantitative framework that can be used to characterise social structure both at the level of the individual and the population. These novel quantitative variables may provide a new tool in addressing key questions in behavioural ecology particularly in relation to the evolution of social organisation and the impact of social structure on evolutionary processes. For example, network measures could be used to compare social networks of different species or populations making full use of the comparative approach. However, the networks approach can in principle go beyond identifying structural patterns and also can help with the understanding of processes within animal populations such as disease transmission and information transfer. Finally, understanding the pattern of interactions in the network (i.e. who is connected to whom) can also shed some light on the evolution of behavioural strategies.
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Atmospheric Methane Oxidizers Are Dominated by Upland Soil Cluster Alpha in 20 Forest Soils of China
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Upland soil clusters alpha and gamma (USCα and USCγ) are considered a major biological sink of atmospheric methane and are often detected in forest and grassland soils. These clusters are phylogenetically classified using the particulate methane monooxygenase gene pmoA because of the difficulty of cultivation. Recent studies have established a direct link of pmoA genes to 16S rRNA genes based on their isolated strain or draft genomes. However, whether the results of pmoA-based assays could be largely represented by 16S rRNA gene sequencing in upland soils remains unclear. In this study, we collected 20 forest soils across China and compared methane-oxidizing bacterial (MOB) communities by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and pmoA genes using different primer sets. The results showed that 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the pmoA gene (A189/A682r nested with a mixture of mb661 and A650) consistently revealed the dominance of USCα (accounting for more than 50% of the total MOB) in 12 forest soils. A189f/A682r successfully amplified pmoA genes (mainly RA14 of USCα) in only three forest soils. A189f/mb661 could amplify USCα (mainly JR1) in several forest soils but showed a strong preferential amplification of Methylocystis and many other type I MOB groups. A189f/A650 almost exclusively amplified USCα (mainly JR1) and largely discriminated against Methylocystis and most of the other MOB groups. The semi-nested PCR approach weakened the bias of A189f/mb661 and A189f/A650 for JR1 and balanced the coverage of all USCα members. The canonical correspondence analysis indicated that soil NH4+-N and pH were the main environmental factors affecting the MOB community of Chinese forest soils. The RA14 of the USCα group prefers to live in soils with low pH, low temperature, low elevation, high precipitation, and rich in nitrogen. JR1's preferences for temperature and elevation were opposite to RA14. Our study suggests that combining the deep sequencing of 16S rRNA and pmoA genes to characterize MOB in forest soils is the best choice.
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Effects of corticosterone treatment and wound healing on reproductive traits of American bullfrogs.
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During reproductive season, calling anuran males display high testosterone (T) and episodically high corticosterone (CORT) plasma levels, which are positively associated with higher calling rates and immunocompetence. However, exposure to constant stress stimuli can result in chronically elevated CORT levels, possibly leading to inhibition of reproductive and immune activity. Reproduction and immune responses are energetically expensive, so when an animal is immunologically challenged, a tradeoff might be expressed, with CORT potentially mediating it. Our aim was to test how episodic and chronic CORT treatments, alongside wound healing, would affect reproduction in American bullfrog males (Lithobates catesbeianus). Forty animals were divided in four groups: Episodic CORT (daily transdermic application of CORT), placebo (daily transdermic application of sesame oil), chronic CORT (subcutaneous CORT silastic implants), and sham control (subcutaneous empty silastic implants). One week after treatments began, animals were punctured in the leg with a biopsy needle and the wound was photographed after 45 days to determine wound healing status (WS). Blood samples were collected throughout the experiment to measure CORT and T plasma levels. After animal euthanasia, testes were dissected, fixed, and analyzed histologically to determine spermatogenic activity (germinative cyst [GmC] morphometrics). As expected, the episodic CORT treatment had no effect on T plasma levels or spermatogenic activity. On the other hand, chronic CORT treatment reduced GmC morphometric traits, indicating suppression of reproduction, although T levels were not altered. In addition, animals from sham control and chronic CORT treatments with higher T levels presented higher WS, which indicates an immune-enhancing T effect.
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Enhanced removal of nutrients and heavy metals from domestic-industrial wastewater in an academic campus of Hanoi using modified hybrid constructed wetlands
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Vietnam, like many developing countries, is facing serious water quality issues due to discharging wastewaters without treatment or with improper treatment, which can constitute a potential risk for aquatic ecosystems, food safety and human health. Hybrid constructed wetlands with four substrate layers (HCW) and modified hybrid constructed wetland (MHCW-1 and MHCW-2) with seven substrate layers were designed to evaluate the enhanced treatment capacity for wastewaters. To this end, we carried out an outdoor experiment at the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Vietnam to treat its wastewaters from April to August 2019. All constructed wetland units were planted with reed Phragmites australis and cyperus Cyperus alternifolius; and specifically wetland MHCW-2 was cultured with earthworm Perionys excavates. Results indicated that MHCW-1 and MHCW-2 with seven substrate layers had higher removal efficiencies of NO3--N, TKN and TP than HCW system. More substrate layers in MHCW-1 and MHCW-2 also resulted in increase of Cu and Pb removal efficiencies, with 73.5%, 79.4%, 71.5% and 67.8%, respectively. Particularly, earthworm addition in MHCW-2 was more efficient in decreasing the concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), with removal efficiency over 70%.
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Agriculture, biology, and environment: Twenty first century challenges and opportunities
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The 6th International Conference on Agricultural and Biological Sciences (ABS 2020), was planned to be held in the People's Republic of China Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ABS 2020, “Agricultural and Biological Sciences: Plant, Soil, Animal, and Environment”, was the first online conference in Agricultural and Biological Sciences history Each paper addressed a slightly different topic and provided identifiable challenges and research key questions in agriculture, agronomy, food production and security, and environmental hazards The role of Agricultural and Biological Sciences of China is the generation of research knowledge that influence everyday activities There were 41 manuscripts submitted, of which 25 were accepted for publication The research domains varied and included the role of specific plant on soil C-cycling, haploid induction, and natural doubling of Zea mays L ;plant species and soil rhizosphere microflora;forest tree biomass succession and dynamics relevant to C-sequestration;making sandy land agriculture friendly;plantation age on C, N, and P stoichiometry;codon uses pattern of Gnetum luofuoense C Y Cheng using transcriptome data;suitability of plant landscape unit and natural parks;regeneration protocol of Jatropha curcas L , etc The purpose of this special section is to generate an improved communication among international scientists that we hope will lead to enhanced food security © 2021 The Authors Agronomy Journal © 2021 American Society of Agronomy
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First record of partial albinism (leucism) in Carollia perspicillata (Phyllostomidae) in Ecuador
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One individual of Carollia perspicillata showing partial albinism (leucism) is reported in this study. The specimen was captured in a mist net at Estero Inés, San Francisco River Basin, located in the southwestern of Esmeraldas Province, northwestern Ecuador. The adult, female, presents a high degree of albinism over most of the body. This is the first report of leucism in Ecuador not only for bats, but for all small mammals.
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Datasets for assessing the structure and drivers of biological sounds
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Obtaining and analysing sound data can be a tedious and lengthy process. We present sound data consisting of 20,485 1 min sound recordings obtained in three sites within a rainforest landscape in southeast Cameroon. The sites differ in anthropogenic disturbance. We also present meta data corresponding to these recordings with the identification of all animal vocalisations in each 1 min sound recording. Additionally, we provide a raw database with data on habitat, human activities, remoteness, accessibility, temperature, humidity, rainfall, moon phase, and mammal and bird observations in the area during the recording period. The data were used by Diepstraten & Willie (2021) to investigate the structure and drivers of biological sounds along a disturbance gradient. The data contribute to call libraries of tropical species and can also be used to build classifiers for automatic detection and classification of animal vocalisations.
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Soil applied Ca, Mg and B altered phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacterial microbiome and reduced Huanglongbing incidence in Gannan Navel Orange.
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Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by 'Ca. Liberibacter. Asiaticus (Clas)' is one of the destructive diseases for citrus, threatening the development of citrus industry. Adopting a proper fertilization method instead of using pesticides seems particularly important, which would contribute to a sustainable development of orchard. In this study, the impact of soil application of nutrients combined with foliar spray of macro- and micro-nutrients on the incidence of HLB and the phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacterial microbiome was investigated in Gannan Navel Orange orchard from 2015 to 2018. Compared with the control (T1), the yield of Gannan Navel Orange in all other treatments applied with macro- and micro-nutrients increased significantly in 2018 (by 20.5%-45.8%), but not in the first two years (2016-17). Among treatments, Ca + Mg + B application in soil (T2) showed the highest yield and lowest HLB incidence. According to the PCR results, CLas was negative in T2 but positive in the control, which directly proved HLB incidence was reduced with Ca + Mg + B application in soil. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to characterize rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial communities. Results showed that microbial biodiversity was increased and microbial community structure was altered in T2 treatment, of which the beneficial bacteria were enriched in phyllosphere and rhizosphere. The results of PICRUSt showed that in T2 treatment, rhizosphere microbe contained more membrane transport (ABC transporters) genes, while, carbohydrate metabolism genes were enriched in the control rhizosphere due to HLB obstruct the photosynthetic metabolite transport. In summary, results indicated that macro- and micro-nutrients application improved the yield of Gannan Navel Orange and soil application of Ca + Mg + B reduced HLB incidence by altering microbial community structure and increasing microbial biodiversity. This study developed an environment-friendly way to reduce HLB incidence and improve the yield of citrus.
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Uncoupling Aluminum Toxicity From Aluminum Signals in the STOP1 Pathway.
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Aluminum (Al) is a major limiting factor for crop production on acidic soils, inhibiting root growth and plant development. At acidic pH (pH < 5.5), Al3+ ions are the main form of Al present in the media. Al3+ ions have an increased solubility at pH < 5.5 and result in plant toxicity. At higher pH, the free Al3+ fraction decreases in the media, but whether plants can detect Al at these pHs remain unknown. To cope with Al stress, the SENSITIVE TO PROTON RHIZOTOXICITY1 (STOP1) transcription factor induces AL-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER1 (ALMT1), a malate-exuding transporter as a strategy to chelate the toxic ions in the rhizosphere. Here, we uncoupled the Al signalling pathway that controls STOP1 from Al toxicity using wild type (WT) and two stop1 mutants carrying the pALMT1:GUS construct with an agar powder naturally containing low amounts of phosphate, iron (Fe), and Al. We combined gene expression [real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and the pALMT1:GUS reporter], confocal microscopy (pSTOP1:GFP-STOP1 reporter), and root growth measurement to assess the effects of Al and Fe on the STOP1-ALMT1 pathway in roots. Our results show that Al triggers STOP1 signaling at a concentration as little as 2 μM and can be detected at a pH above 6.0. We observed that at pH 5.7, 20 μM AlCl3 induces ALMT1 in WT but does not inhibit root growth in stop1 Al-hypersensitive mutants. Increasing AlCl3 concentration (>50 μM) at pH 5.7 results in the inhibition of the stop1 mutants primary root. Using the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-STOP1 and ALMT1 reporters, we show that the Al signal pathway can be uncoupled from the Al toxicity on the root. Furthermore, we observe that Al strengthens the Fe-mediated inhibition of primary root growth in WT, suggesting an interaction between Fe and Al on the STOP1-ALMT1 pathway.
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Fungi as mediators linking organisms and ecosystems
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Fungi form a major and diverse component of most ecosystems on Earth. They are both micro and macroorganisms with high and varying functional diversity as well as great variation in dispersal modes. With our growing knowledge of microbial biogeography, it has become increasingly clear that fungal assembly patterns and processes differ from other microorganisms such as bacteria, but also from macroorganisms such as plants. The success of fungi as organisms and their influence on the environment lies in their ability to span multiple dimensions of time, space, and biological interactions, that is not rivalled by other organism groups. There is also growing evidence that fungi mediate links between different organisms and ecosystems, with the potential to affect the macroecology and evolution of those organisms. This suggests that fungal interactions are an ecological driving force, interconnecting different levels of biological and ecological organisation of their hosts, competitors, and antagonists with the environment and ecosystem functioning. Here we review these emerging lines of evidence by focusing on the dynamics of fungal interactions with other organism groups across various ecosystems. We conclude that the mediating role of fungi through their complex and dynamic ecological interactions underlie their importance and ubiquity across Earth's ecosystems.
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Modelling locust foraging: How and why food affects group formation
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Locusts are short horned grasshoppers that exhibit two behaviour types depending on their local population density. These are: solitarious, where they will actively avoid other locusts, and gregarious where they will seek them out. It is in this gregarious state that locusts can form massive and destructive flying swarms or plagues. However, these swarms are usually preceded by the aggregation of juvenile wingless locust nymphs. In this paper we attempt to understand how the distribution of food resources affect the group formation process. We do this by introducing a multi-population partial differential equation model that includes non-local locust interactions, local locust and food interactions, and gregarisation. Our results suggest that, food acts to increase the maximum density of locust groups, lowers the percentage of the population that needs to be gregarious for group formation, and decreases both the required density of locusts and time for group formation around an optimal food width. Finally, by looking at foraging efficiency within the numerical experiments we find that there exists a foraging advantage to being gregarious.
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Convergence of stakeholders' environmental threat perceptions following mass coral bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef.
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Managing human use of ecosystems in an era of rapid environmental change requires an understanding of diverse stakeholders' behaviors and perceptions to enable effective prioritization of actions to mitigate multiple threats. Specifically, research examining how threat perceptions are shared or diverge among stakeholder groups, and how these can evolve through time, is increasingly important. Here, we investigate environmental threat perceptions related to Australia's Great Barrier Reef and explore their associations before and after consecutive years of mass coral bleaching. Using survey responses from 2013 and 2017 involving commercial fishers, tourism operators, and coastal residents (n = 5,254), we found that the threats perceived as most serious by these groups differed substantially in the pre-bleaching period but became strongly aligned post-bleaching. Climate change became the most frequently reported threat by all stakeholder groups following the coral bleaching events, and perceptions of fishing and water quality also ranked high. For the three stakeholder groups of fishers, tourism operators, and coastal residents, the prioritization of these three threats tended to diverge in 2013, but convergence became evident post-bleaching. These results indicate an emergence of areas of agreement within and across stakeholder groups. Changes in perceptions were likely influenced by high profile environmental disturbance events and media representations of attributable threats. Our study provides insights into the plasticity of environmental threat perceptions and highlights how their convergence in response to major events may create new opportunities for strategic public engagement and increasing support for management actions. Article impact statement: High-profile environmental crises shape public perceptions and may create new opportunities to engage people with mitigation and adaptation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Evaluating restoration trajectories using DNA metabarcoding of ground-dwelling and airborne invertebrates and associated plant communities
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Invertebrates are important for restoration processes as they are key drivers of many landscape-scale ecosystem functions; including pollination, nutrient cycling and soil formation. However, invertebrates are often overlooked in restoration monitoring because they are highly diverse, poorly described, and time-consuming to survey, and require increasingly scarce taxonomic expertise to enable identification. DNA metabarcoding is a relatively new tool for rapid survey that is able to address some of these concerns, and provide information about the taxa with which invertebrates are interacting via food webs and habitat. Here we evaluate how invertebrate communities may be used to determine ecosystem trajectories during restoration. We collected ground-dwelling and airborne invertebrates across chronosequences of mine-site restoration in three ecologically disparate locations in Western Australia and identified invertebrate and plant communities using DNA metabarcoding. Ground-dwelling invertebrates showed the clearest restoration signals, with communities becoming more similar to reference communities over time. These patterns were weaker in airborne invertebrates, which have higher dispersal abilities and therefore less local fidelity to environmental conditions. Although we detected directional changes in community composition indicative of invertebrate recovery, patterns observed were inconsistent between study locations. The inclusion of plant assays allowed identification of plant species, as well as potential food sources and habitat. We demonstrate that DNA metabarcoding of invertebrate communities can be used to evaluate restoration trajectories. Testing and incorporating new monitoring techniques such as DNA metabarcoding is critical to improving restoration outcomes.
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Environmental life cycle assessment of cow milk in a conventional semi-intensive Brazilian production system
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The environmental performance of cow milk produced in a conventional semi-intensive system was assessed using a cradle-to-farm gate attributional life cycle assessment. The impacts of 1 kg FPCM—fat and protein corrected milk were obtained considering six midpoint impact categories from the ReCiPe 2016 method: climate change (CC), terrestrial acidification (TA), freshwater eutrophication (FE), land use (LU), water consumption (WC), and fossil resource scarcity (FRS). The modeling of the product system and calculating the environmental impacts considered the use of SimaPro™ software. Enteric methane and nitrogen emissions and inputs for feeding animals (fertilization for pasture production, use of seed in corn crops, and milk replacer in calves feed) were the main contributors to impacts in milk production in most categories. In addition, the indirect energy use and wastewater generation in milking and milk cooling also were relevant. Literature-based strategies are suggested to mitigate the identified environmental impacts to achieve the best environmental performance without decreasing technical and quality milk production. We emphasize the importance of improving productivity per milk cow, knowing the origin of the supply chain inputs, and using it efficiently to produce animal feeds as the main strategies to improve milk's environmental performance. Changes in allocation methods did not substantially differ in impact categories. Sensitivity analysis foregrounds the consistency of results and conclusions of the current study despite the uncertainties associated with methodological choices, simplifications, suppositions, and the use and adaptation of international databases. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-021-17317-5.
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Investigating public support for biosecurity measures to mitigate pathogen transmission through the herpetological trade
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The expanding global trade in herpetofauna has contributed to new infectious disease dynamics and pathways that allow for the rapid spread of pathogens geographically. Improved biosecurity is needed to mitigate adverse biodiversity, economic and human health impacts associated with pathogen transmission through the herpetological trade. However, general lack of knowledge of the pathogen transmission risks associated with the global trade in herpetofauna and public opposition to biosecurity measures are critical obstacles to successfully preventing pathogen transmission. In 2019 we administered a survey to 2,007 members of the public in the United States of America to ascertain their support for interventions to prevent the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), ranaviruses, and Salmonella through the herpetological trade. We presented survey respondents with different potential hazards associated with pathogen transmission through this trade, namely ecological, economic, and human health impacts. We used structural equation models to determine how these different hazards and respondents’ characteristics influenced respondents’ support for quarantine and veterinary observation of herpetofauna imported into the United States, mandatory tests for diseases of concern, and best practices to reduce stress and improve the care of live herpetofauna during transport to the United States. Respondents’ values and their perceived susceptibility and sensitivity to different hazards associated with pathogen transmission were key determinants of their support for biosecurity. Respondents with strong biospheric and altruistic values demonstrated sensitivity to ecological and human health impacts associated with pathogen transmission, whereas respondents with strong egoistic values demonstrated sensitivity to economic impacts. Respondents had limited knowledge of Bd, Bsal or ranaviruses, the size of the herpetological trade, or how this trade may contribute to pathogen transmission. Improved outreach and education on pathogen transmission through the herpetological trade is required, but it is important that messages are tailored to people with different values to elicit their support for biosecurity.
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Microplastics as contaminants in Indian environment: a review
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The increased production and consumption scale of plastic items has led to the generation of microplastics (MPs), an emerging class of contaminants, in our environment. MPs are plastic particles less than 5 mm in size and could originate due to primary and secondary sources. The primary ones are generated as such in the MP size range while the secondary MPs are a result of fragmentation of larger plastic particles which eventually enters the aquatic, terrestrial and atmospheric environments. The increasing concern of MP pollution in every compartment of our environment is being globally explored, with relatively fewer studies in India. Among the total studies published on MP prevalence in the Indian environments, marine systems have received significantly higher attention compared to the other compartments like freshwater, atmosphere, terrestrial and human consumables. This review article is an effort to present current understanding of MP pollution in aquatic systems, terrestrial systems, atmosphere and human consumables of India by reviewing available scientific literature. Along with this, the review also focuses on identification of the gap areas in current knowledge and highlights way forward for future research. This would further help in meeting the goals of this emergent pollutant management.
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The Uptake of Ivermectin and Its Effects in Roots, Leaves and Seeds of Soybean (Glycine max)
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In recent years interest has grown in the occurrence and the effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment. The aim of this work is to evaluate the risk of fertilizing crops with manure from livestock treated with anthelmintics. The present study was designed to follow the fate of the commonly used anthelmintic drug, ivermectin (IVM) and its metabolites in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), a plant that is grown and consumed world-wide for its high content of nutritional and health-beneficial substances. In vitro plantlets and soybean plants, cultivated in a greenhouse, were used for this purpose. Our results showed the uptake of IVM and its translocation to the leaves, but not in the pods and the beans. Four IVM metabolites were detected in the roots, and one in the leaves. IVM exposure decreased slightly the number and weight of the beans and induced changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, the presence of IVM affected the proportion of individual isoflavones and reduced the content of isoflavones aglycones, which might decrease the therapeutic value of soybeans. Fertilization of soybean fields with manure from IVM-treated animals appears to be safe for humans, due to the absence of IVM in beans, the food part of plants. On the other hand, it could negatively affect soybean plants and herbivorous invertebrates.
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Loss of transcriptional plasticity but sustained adaptive capacity after adaptation to global change conditions in a marine copepod
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Adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity will fuel resilience in the geologically unprecedented warming and acidification of the earth's oceans, however, we have much to learn about the interactions and costs of these mechanisms of resilience. Here, using 20 generations of experimental evolution followed by three generations of reciprocal transplants, we investigated the relationship between adaptation and plasticity in the marine copepod, Acartia tonsa, in future global change conditions (high temperature and high CO2). We found parallel adaptation to global change conditions in genes related to stress response, gene expression regulation, actin regulation, developmental processes, and energy production. However, reciprocal transplantation showed that adaptation resulted in a loss of transcriptional plasticity, reduced fecundity, and reduced population growth when global change-adapted animals were returned to ambient conditions or reared in low food conditions. However, after three successive transplant generations, global change-adapted animals were able to match the ambient-adaptive transcriptional profile. Concurrent changes in allele frequencies and erosion of nucleotide diversity suggest that this recovery occurred via adaptation back to ancestral conditions. These results demonstrate that while plasticity facilitated initial survival in global change conditions, it eroded after 20 generations as populations adapted, limiting resilience to new stressors and previously benign environments.
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Targeted conservation genetics of the endangered chimpanzee.
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Populations of the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) are in an impending risk of going extinct in the wild as a consequence of damaging anthropogenic impact on their natural habitat and illegal pet and bushmeat trade. Conservation management programmes for the chimpanzee have been established outside their natural range (ex situ), and chimpanzees from these programmes could potentially be used to supplement future conservation initiatives in the wild (in situ). However, these programmes have often suffered from inadequate information about the geographical origin and subspecies ancestry of the founders. Here, we present a newly designed capture array with ~60,000 ancestry informative markers used to infer ancestry of individual chimpanzees in ex situ populations and determine geographical origin of confiscated sanctuary individuals. From a test panel of 167 chimpanzees with unknown origins or subspecies labels, we identify 90 suitable non-admixed individuals in the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) Ex situ Programme (EEP). Equally important, another 46 individuals have been identified with admixed subspecies ancestries, which therefore over time, should be naturally phased out of the breeding populations. With potential for future re-introduction to the wild, we determine the geographical origin of 31 individuals that were confiscated from the illegal trade and demonstrate the promises of using non-invasive sampling in future conservation action plans. Collectively, our genomic approach provides an exemplar for ex situ management of endangered species and offers an efficient tool in future in situ efforts to combat the illegal wildlife trade.
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Simultaneous Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment of a Micronutrient Cocktail in Five Countries
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Widespread malnutrition of zinc (Zn), iodine (I), iron (Fe) and selenium (Se), known as hidden hunger, represents a predominant cause of several health complications in human populations where rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the major staple food. Therefore, increasing concentrations of these micronutrients in rice grain represents a sustainable solution to hidden hunger. This study aimed at enhancing concentration of Zn, I, Fe and Se in rice grains by agronomic biofortification. We evaluated effects of foliar application of Zn, I, Fe and Se on grain yield and grain concentration of these micronutrients in rice grown at 21 field sites during 2015 to 2017 in Brazil, China, India, Pakistan and Thailand. Experimental treatments were: (i) local control (LC); (ii) foliar Zn; (iii) foliar I; and (iv) foliar micronutrient cocktail (i.e., Zn + I + Fe + Se). Foliar-applied Zn, I, Fe or Se did not affect rice grain yield. However, brown rice Zn increased with foliar Zn and micronutrient cocktail treatments at all except three field sites. On average, brown rice Zn increased from 21.4 mg kg(–1) to 28.1 mg kg(–1) with the application of Zn alone and to 26.8 mg kg(–1) with the micronutrient cocktail solution. Brown rice I showed particular enhancements and increased from 11 μg kg(–1) to 204 μg kg(–1) with the application of I alone and to 181 μg kg(–1) with the cocktail. Grain Se also responded very positively to foliar spray of micronutrients and increased from 95 to 380 μg kg(–1). By contrast, grain Fe was increased by the same cocktail spray at only two sites. There was no relationship between soil extractable concentrations of these micronutrients with their grain concentrations. The results demonstrate that irrespective of the rice cultivars used and the diverse soil conditions existing in five major rice-producing countries, the foliar application of the micronutrient cocktail solution was highly effective in increasing grain Zn, I and Se. Adoption of this agronomic practice in the target countries would contribute significantly to the daily micronutrient intake and alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition in human populations.
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One Health - a strategy for resilience in a changing arctic.
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The circumpolar north is uniquely vulnerable to the health impacts of climate change. While international Arctic collaboration on health has enhanced partnerships and advanced the health of inhabitants, significant challenges lie ahead. One Health is an approach that considers the connections between the environment, plant, animal and human health. Understanding this is increasingly critical in assessing the impact of global climate change on the health of Arctic inhabitants. The effects of climate change are complex and difficult to predict with certainty. Health risks include changes in the distribution of infectious disease, expansion of zoonotic diseases and vectors, changing migration patterns, impacts on food security and changes in water availability and quality, among others. A regional network of diverse stakeholder and transdisciplinary specialists from circumpolar nations and Indigenous groups can advance the understanding of complex climate-driven health risks and provide community-based strategies for early identification, prevention and adaption of health risks in human, animals and environment. We propose a regional One Health approach for assessing interactions at the Arctic human-animal-environment interface to enhance the understanding of, and response to, the complexities of climate change on the health of the Arctic inhabitants.
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A special construction of subepidermal capillary loops in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius).
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Based on LM, TEM, and histochemical methods, the study describes the specific structure of subepidemal capillary loops in the integument of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). At 25- 60 µm, the diameter of the capillaries was more than twenty times larger than those found in other mammals, as was the diameter of the epidermal contact area of the hairpin turn, which had enlarged up to 200-400 µm(2). At about 13,400, the number of loops per cm(2) was three times higher than in the few other mammalian species measured to date. The remarkable sheath (thickness 2- 20 µm) of the capillary loops consists of a multitude of fine collagen IV fibres, which were in direct contact with the epidermal stratum (str.) basale, emphasizing an origin from the lamina fibroreticularis of the basement membrane. Additionally, the sheath contained many regions filled with free fatty acids. All observations confirmed the view that the walls of the subepidermal capillaries in the hippopotamus are adapted to withstand high blood pressure, permitting a high rate of blood vesselbased heat transfer from the periphery of the body. Until now this function is only known as an important thermoregulatory response in highly active mammals, e.g. dolphins. However, under hot climatic conditions but without strong exercise for cooling, such ability could be an effective and energy-saving procedure in semi-aquatic mammals.
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Complete mitogenomes of four Trichiurus species: A taxonomic review of the T.lepturus species complex
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Four Trichiurus species, T.japonicus, T.lepturus, T.nanhaiensis, and T.brevis, from the coasts of the China Seas, have been identified and their entire mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have been sequenced by next-generation sequencing technology. A comparative analysis of five mitogenomes was conducted, including the mitogenome of T.gangeticus. The mitogenomes contained 16.568-16.840 bp and encoded 36 typical mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding, 2 ribosomal RNA-coding, and 21 transfer RNA-coding genes) and two typical noncoding control regions. Although tRNAPro is absent from Trichiurus mitogenomes, when compared with the 22 tRNAs reported in other vertebrates, the gene arrangements in the mitogenomes of the studied species are consistent with those in most teleost mitogenomes. The full-length sequences and protein-coding genes (PCGs) in the mitogenomes of the five species had obvious AT biases and negative GC skew values. Our study indicate that the specimens in the Indian Ocean are neither T.lepturus nor T.nanhaiensis but they are T.gangeticus; the Trichiurus species composition in the Indian Ocean is totally different from that in Pacific and Atlantic oceans; there are at least two Trichiurus species in Indian Ocean; and the worldwide systematics and diversity of the genus Trichiurus need to be reviewed.
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The Autophagy-Related Protein GABARAP Is Induced during Overwintering in the Bean Bug (Hemiptera: Alydidae).
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In most insects dependent on food resources that deplete seasonally, mechanisms exist to protect against starvation. Insects overcome periods of food depletion using diapause-associated physiological mechanisms, such as increased energy resources in fat bodies and suppression of metabolism. Because autophagy supplies energy resources through the degradation of intracellular components, we hypothesized that it might be an additional strategy to combat starvation during overwintering. In this study, we measured the abundance of the proteins involved in the signaling pathway of autophagy during overwintering in adults of the bean bug Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae), which must withstand the periodic depletion of its host plants from late fall to early spring. Although the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) markedly increased after the cessation of food supply, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and target of rapamycin (TOR) were not found to be associated with food depletion. Thus, food depletion appears to induce autophagy independent of AMPK and TOR. The GABARAP levels significantly increased universally when the food supply ceased, irrespective of the diapause status of adults and low-temperature conditions. In overwintering diapause adults under seminatural conditions, the GABARAP levels significantly increased during early spring. Thus, autophagy appears to assist the survival of the bean bugs under natural conditions of food deficiency.
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Erratum to "Chilling sensitivity of Steindachneridion parahybae (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) oocytes in different cryoprotectants" [7C (June 2019) 100046].
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100046.].
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Medicinal Plants in Semi-Natural Grasslands: Impact of Management
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Semi-natural grasslands (SNG) are valuable for their high biodiversity, cultural and landscape values. Quantitative information about medicinal plants (MP) in SNG facilitates the evaluation of ecosystem services of these habitats. Different literature sources were used to assess the ratio and frequency of MP species in several Estonian SNG and to evaluate the impact of management on these values. Lists of MP species according to different MP definition scenarios are available. The ratio of MP species in the local plant species list was the largest in alvars, followed by floodplain and wooded meadows. The average number of MP species in wooded meadows and alvars was about twice of that found in naturally growing broadleaved forest (according to the most detailed MP species list, 7.2, 7.8 and 4.3 plot(−1), respectively). Fertilization of wooded meadows had no significant impact on MP species ratio, but decreased the percentage of MP biomass. Coastal meadows had few MP species and the impact of management quality depended on adopted MP scenarios. Comparison of Ellenberg indicator values revealed that MP species were more drought-tolerant, with higher commonness and more anthropophyte than the rest of studied grassland species.
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Proposal of Spinulacorpus biforme (Smales, 2014) n. g., n. comb. and the Spinulacorpidae n. fam. to resolve paraphyly of the acanthocephalan family Rhadinorhynchidae Lühe, 1912
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Previous phylogenetic analyses of the Acanthocephala have demonstrated that the families Rhadinorhynchidae Lühe, 1912 and Transvenidae Pichelin & Cribb, 2001 are sister clades. However, a recent study found that the Rhadinorhynchidae is paraphyletic, due to the basal position of Rhadinorhynchus biformis Smales, 2014 relative to the Rhadinorhynchidae + Transvenidae. We reassess these relationships with new single-gene and concatenated phylogenetic analyses utilising cox1 mtDNA, 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA, including recently available sequences. Although topologies differed among single-gene analyses, the overall results support R. biformis as representative of a lineage distinct from those of the Rhadinorhynchidae and Transvenidae. Examination of additional specimens of R. biformis allowed us to identify morphological characters that further support this hypothesis. These results lead us to propose transfer of R. biformis to a new genus (Spinulacorpus n. g.) and family (Spinulacorpidae n. fam.) to resolve the paraphyly of the Rhadinorhynchidae.
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Flora of the cobbled streets and pavements in the mediterranean old city of dubrovnik during the covid-19 lockdown
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The flora of the cobbled streets and pavements in the Old City of Dubrovnik, South Croatia, was studied in unusual circumstances with lack of trampling due to the Covid-19 lockdown in April 2020 The features of the flora through analyses of taxonomic composition, life forms, chorotypes and the phytosociological character of species found at eight sites in Dubrovnik Old City and along a transect line on the main street (Stradun) are reported Altogether, 57 plant species and three subspecies were found Therophytes, Cosmopolitans and taxa from the Papaveretea rhoeadis and Chenopodietea prevailed The study highlights the importance of the investigation of both flora and vegetation within Du-brovnik’s city historical centre © 2020, Croatian Natural History Museum All rights reserved
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### Instruction:
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Dataset of physical features from natural water-bodies in a Mediterranean high-mountain context (Sierra Nevada, SE Spain)
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This dataset was obtained over repeated field-trips to the Sierra Nevada Massif and contains the physical parameters of its recognised water-bodies. It therefore defines the general cartography of the area, with data on individual features regarding the geographical coordinates (x, y, z), dimensions (length, width, depth), flooded surface area, stored water volume, shoreline length, as well as the area of associated green fringes and the length of their borders. These data were basically obtained using straightforward techniques, such as GPS, tape measurements and photographic interpretation. The data were then previously used to define the role of these water-bodies in the hydrology of the massif: relationships between number of water-bodies and water volumes between 2700 and 3200 m a.s.l. regarding watersheds (Mediterranean, Atlantic and total massif), relationships with green fringes, moment of maximum snowmelt discharge and the estimation of different components of water volumes discharged during the main period of thaw. The formation patterns of each water-body were also identified in their situational context, and the role played by each formation process on the stored water volume: the water-bodies close to the peak line (2918 m mean altitude) are highly dependant on the glacial processes that created the hollows in which they are located. Slope instability created water-bodies mainly located at lower altitudes and are more fragile due intense slope dynamics. In any case, these hydrological data show a paradoxical behaviour because despite its higher xericity, the Mediterranean watershed generally has higher water contents than the Atlantic. The cause of this hydrological imbalance between watersheds seems to be unrelated to the formation processes of the existing water-bodies. Sierra Nevada is considered to be clearly representative of a high mountain Mediterranean environment, where the data collected are a starting point to define the different habitats or for investigation of the hydrological processes of the massif and their evolution. Lack of such data is often a problem that in the present case is solved with this contribution.
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Assessment of physico-chemical characteristics of river water emphasizing tannery industrial park: a case study of Dhaleshwari River, Bangladesh
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Pollution of industry-adjacent surface water bodies become a major environmental concern in Bangladesh recently. Therefore, this study aimed to elaborate assessment of physico-chemical characteristics of the Dhaleshwari River (the adjacent river of newly shifted tannery industrial park) and also the discharged effluent from the central effluent treatment plant (CETP) considering both seasonal and spatial variations. Among the examined 30 water quality parameters (including 11 heavy metals), only TDS, Cl-, NO3-N, EC, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni met the standards for discharged wastewater from industrial units into inland surface water set by Bangladesh government. This indicated that the CETP is not fully and/or effectively functioning. Out of 19 parameters (excluding heavy metal), 14 parameters exceeded the Bangladesh standard for drinking water quality either spatially or seasonally. The river water quality indicated slowly biodegradable capacity with algal bloom risk. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals in the river water followed a decreasing order of Ca > K > Mg > Na > Fe > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Zn > Cd, and Cr concentration in the winter season exceeded the standard values. The concentrations of other heavy metals met the quality standard that indicated still the river is capable to self-purify. Furthermore, strong (p < 0.01) and significant (p < 0.05) correlation were observed among the quality parameters in river water. This study suggested that the efficiency of the existing CETP needs to be enhanced, and the proper operation and maintenance are required to meet the desired discharge standard quality. Also, all the unauthorized wastewater outfalls from tanneries must be closed to save the Dhaleshwari River.
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Photoperiod affects the laying performance of the mountain duck by regulating endocrine hormones and gene expression
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Light mainly affects animal reproductive performance through the hypothalamus- pituitary-gonadal axis, but the specific regulating mechanism is not yet clear in duck. To reveal the effects of light on the laying performance of ducks and its possible regulatory mechanisms, Shanma ducks at 52 weeks age were divided into three group treated with different photoperiods of 16 hr (control group), 24 hr (long-photoperiod group, LP), and 8 hr (short-photoperiod group, SP). Laying performance, endocrine-related hormones and gene expression of three groups were compared. The results showed that laying performance was greatest in the LP group; including laying rate, average egg weight and feed-egg ratio. Compared to the SP group, GnIH plasma concentration was decreased in the LP group, whilst FSH was increased in the LP group. GnIHR gene expression in the pituitary and large yellow follicles were downregulated in the LP group. The expression of Mel-a in large white follicles, and Mel-b and Mel-c in the hypothalamus were also downregulated in the LP group. Altogether these results suggest that extended photoperiods may promote the laying performance of ducks by inhibiting the secretion of GnIH and the expression of GnIHR and melatonin receptor genes.
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### Instruction:
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A better classification of wet markets is key to safeguarding human health and biodiversity
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Wet markets have been implicated in multiple zoonotic outbreaks, including COVID-19. They are also a conduit for legal and illegal trade in wildlife, which threatens thousands of species. Yet wet markets supply food to millions of people around the world, and differ drastically in their physical composition, the goods they sell, and the subsequent risks they pose. As such, policy makers need to know how to target their actions to efficiently safeguard human health and biodiversity without depriving people of ready access to food. Here, we propose a taxonomy of wet markets, oriented around the presence of live or dead animals, and whether those animals are domesticated or wild (either captive-reared or wild-caught). We assess the dimensions and levels of risk that different types of wet markets pose to people and to biodiversity. We identify six key risk factors of wet markets that can affect human health: (1) presence of high disease-risk animal taxa, (2) presence of live animals, (3) hygiene conditions, (4) market size, (5) animal density and interspecies mixing, and (6) the length and breadth of animal supply chains. We also identify key factors informing risk to biodiversity. Finally, we recommend targeted, risk-adjusted policies to more efficiently and humanely address the dangers posed by wet markets.
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### Instruction:
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Bycatch of Asteroidea from shrimp trawl fishery in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean Brazil
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Shrimp trawling is considered a significant negative impact on the marine ecosystem, especially on the benthic community. Sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) are one of the most affected groups by unintentional catches. This study was performed at the Santana Archipelago, a Marine Protected Area in the northern region of Rio de Janeiro State, between 2008-2009. Sea stars accidentally caught by trawling were collected during open and closed season of the shrimp fisheries (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri) at depths of 5-60 m. A generalized linear zero-inflated model was applied to test for differences in capture between fishing seasons and depths. A total of 158 sea star specimens were captured. These specimens were identified as Asterina stellifera, Astropecten acutiradiatus, Astropecten brasiliensis, Astropecten cingulatus, Luidia alternata alternata, Luidia clathrata, Luidia ludwigi scotti, Luidia senegalensis. The sea stars A. brasiliensis and L. senegalensis are currently considered as vulnerable species in the Brazilian official list of threatened species. The higher capture of sea stars was shown in deepest areas, and there was no significant difference in the number of specimens between seasons. This is the first study about asteroids accidentally captured by shrimp trawling.(AU)
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Metabolites of Marine Sediment-Derived Fungi: Actual Trends of Biological Activity Studies
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Marine sediments are characterized by intense degradation of sedimenting organic matter in the water column and near surface sediments, combined with characteristically low temperatures and elevated pressures. Fungi are less represented in the microbial communities of sediments than bacteria and archaea and their relationships are competitive. This results in wide variety of secondary metabolites produced by marine sediment-derived fungi both for environmental adaptation and for interspecies interactions. Earlier marine fungal metabolites were investigated mainly for their antibacterial and antifungal activities, but now also as anticancer and cytoprotective drug candidates. This review aims to describe low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites of marine sediment-derived fungi in the context of their biological activity and covers research articles published between January 2016 and November 2020.
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Fungos Na Biorremediação De Áreas Degradadas
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ABSTRACT FUNGI IN THE BIOREMEDIATION OF DEGRADED AREAS. The increase in industrial ac tivities has intensified environmental pollution, promoting the improper disposal of household and industrial waste, especially hazardous waste, resulting in contamination of soil, air, surface water and groundwater resources. One of the technologies used in the recovery of these degraded areas is bioremediation, which uses microorganisms as recovery agents. Therefore, this review aims to address the main aspects of bioremediation by fungi mycoremediation of contaminated soil based on various previously published studies available in major databases such as SciELO, LILACS, HighWire, PubMed. This biotechnology has been used for years in other countries, and in some cases has lower cost and higher efficiency in removal of contaminants than the physical and chemical techniques that are currently used on a commercial scale in the treatment of various wastes and the remediation of degraded areas. It is therefore necessary to develop further studies to understand the mechanisms of bioremediation mediated by microorganisms, as a biological tool in fighting pollution.
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### Instruction:
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Genome and transcriptome analysis of a newly isolated azo dye degrading thermophilic strain Anoxybacillus sp
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Understanding azo dye degrading enzymes and the encoding of their functional genes is crucial for the elucidation of their molecular mechanisms. In this study, a thermophilic strain capable of degrading azo dye was isolated from the soil near a textile dye manufacturing factory. Based on its morphological, physiological and biochemical properties, as well as 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was identified as Anoxybacillus sp. PDR2. The decolorization ratios of 100-600 mg/L Direct Black G (DBG) by strain PDR2 reached 82.12-98.39% within 48 h of dyes. Genome analysis revealed that strain PDR2 contains a circular chromosome of 3791144 bp with a G + C content of 42.48%. The genetic basis of azo dye degradation by strain PDR2 and its capacity to adapt to harsh environments, were further elucidated through bioinformatics analysis. RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR technology confirmed that NAD(P)H-flavin reductase, 2Fe-2S ferredoxin and NAD(P)-dependent ethanol dehydrogenase genes expressed by strain PDR2, were the key genes involved in DBG degradation. The combination of genome and transcriptome analysis was utilized to explore the key genes of strain PDR2 involved in azo dye biodegradation, with these findings providing a valuable theoretical basis for the practical treatment of azo dye wastewater.
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Egg forensics: An appraisal of DNA sequencing to assist in species identification of illegally smuggled eggs
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Psittaciformes (parrots and cockatoos) are charismatic birds, their plumage and capacity for learning make them highly sought after pets. The illegal trade in parrots and cockatoos poses a serious threat to the viability of native populations; in addition, species transported to non-endemic areas may potentially vector disease and genetically ‘pollute’ local native avifauna. To reduce the logistical difficulties associated with trafficking live birds, smugglers often transport eggs. This creates a problem for authorities in elucidating accurate species identification without the laborious task of incubation and hand rearing until a morphological identification can be made. Here, we use 99 avian eggs seized from carriers coming into and within Australia, as a result of suspected illegal trade. We investigate and evaluate the use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to accurately identify eggs to family, genus or species level. However, Identification of a species based on percentage mtDNA similarities is difficult without good representations of the inter- and intra-levels of species variation. Based on the available reference database, we were able to identify 52% of the eggs to species level. Of those, 10 species from eight genera were detected, all of which belong to the parrot (Psittacidae) and cockatoo (Cacatuidae) families. Of the remaining 48%, a further 36% of eggs were identified to genus level, and 12% identified to family level using our assignment criteria. Clearly the lack of validated DNA reference sequences is hindering our ability to accurately assign a species identity, and accordingly, we advocate that more attention needs to be paid to establishing validated, multi locus mtDNA reference databases for exotic birds that can both assist in genetic identifications and withstand legal scrutiny.
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### Instruction:
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Factors influencing the spatial and temporal distributions of green algae micro-propagules in the coastal waters of Jinmenghaiwan, Qinhuangdao, China
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Since 2015, green tides have impacted the coastal waters of Qinhuangdao, particularly at Jinmenghaiwan bath. Micro-propagules are considered the "seed bank" of algal blooms and play an important role in the formation of green tides. To investigate the spatial and temporal distributions of micro-propagules of green algae and associated environmental factors, a field survey was carried out in the coastal waters of Jinmenghaiwan, Qinhuangdao, China. The results showed that the NO3-N concentration was the most important impact factor of the abundance of micro-propagules and explained 42.9% of the total variance. Furthermore, the number of micro-propagules was significantly and positively correlated with the biomass of attached and floating macroalgae. Therefore, reducing the NO3-N concentration by controlling the NO3-N input from Tang River is expected to be an effective measure to prevent and control green tides in the coastal waters of Qinhuangdao.
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Pig trade networks through live pig markets in Guangdong Province, China
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This study used social network analysis to investigate the indirect contact network between counties through the movement of live pigs through four wholesale live pig markets in Guangdong Province, China. All 14,118 trade records for January and June 2016 were collected from the markets and the patterns of pig trade in these markets analysed. Maps were developed to show the movement pathways. Evaluating the network between source counties was the primary objective of this study. A 1‐mode network was developed. Characteristics of the trading network were explored, and the degree, betweenness and closeness were calculated for each source county. Models were developed to compare the impacts of different disease control strategies on the potential magnitude of an epidemic spreading through this network. The results show that pigs from 151 counties were delivered to the four wholesale live pig markets in January and/or June 2016. More batches (truckloads of pigs sourced from one or more piggeries) were traded in these markets in January (8,001) than in June 2016 (6,117). The pigs were predominantly sourced from counties inside Guangdong Province (90%), along with counties in Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian and Henan provinces. The major source counties (46 in total) contributed 94% of the total batches during the two‐month study period. Pigs were sourced from piggeries located 10 to 1,417 km from the markets. The distribution of the nodes' degrees in both January and June indicates a free‐scale network property, and the network in January had a higher clustering coefficient (0.54 vs. 0.39) and a shorter average pathway length (1.91 vs. 2.06) than that in June. The most connected counties of the network were in the central, northern and western regions of Guangdong Province. Compared with randomly removing counties from the network, eliminating counties with higher betweenness, degree or closeness resulted in a greater reduction of the magnitude of a potential epidemic. The findings of this study can be used to inform targeted control interventions for disease spread through this live pig market trade network in south China.
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Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Norovirus Dispersal in an Oyster Growing Region in the Northeast Pacific
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Contamination of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, by human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major constraint to sustainable shellfish farming in coastal waters of the Northeast Pacific. HuNoV is not a marine virus and must originate from a human source. A barrier to effective management is a paucity of data regarding HuNoV dispersal in the marine environment. The main objective of this study was to identify the spatial distribution and persistence of HuNoV in an active shellfish farming region in the Northeast Pacific. Market-size C. gigas were sequentially deployed for two-week intervals at 12 sites during the 2020 winter risk period from January to April. Detection of HuNoV quantification was performed by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RTqPCR) according to method ISO 15216-1:2017, with modifications. RTqPCR did not detect GI HuNoV. The estimated prevalence of GII HuNoV in oyster digestive tissue was 0.8 ± 0.2%. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed that contamination of oysters with GII HuNoV changed through time and space during the surveillance period. A single cluster of oysters contaminated with GII.2 HuNoV was detected in a small craft harbor on 23 April. There was no significant increase in the proportion of positive pools in the next nearest sampling station, indicating that HuNoV is likely to disperse less than 7 km from this non-point source of contamination. Results from this study indicate that HuNoV contamination of coastal waters from non-point sources, such as small craft harbors and urban settings, can pose a significant localised risk to shellfish farming operations in the region.
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A Global Review of Ligustrum Lucidum (OLEACEAE) Invasion
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Ligustrum lucidum is a highly invasive East Asian tree that successfully colonizes several subtropical and temperate areas around the world. Its invasion capacity results from a widespread human use mostly in urban and periurban settings, very abundant fruit and seed production, small bird-dispersed fruits, high germination rates, resprouting capacity, fast growth rates, low herbivory levels and tolerance to a wide range of light, temperature and soil. All these traits contribute to its ability to rapidly increase in abundance, alter biodiversity, landscape ecology and limit its management. This paper reviews the current knowledge on L. lucidum with particular focus on its uses, distribution, invasiveness, ecological and economic impacts and control measures. Most relevant aspect of the review highlight the negative ecological impacts of L. lucidum, its potential to continue expanding its range of distribution and the need of further studies on the eco-physiology of the species, economic impact and social perception of its invasion and early warning systems.
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Characterization of a novel PL 17 family alginate lyase with exolytic and endolytic cleavage activity from marine bacterium Microbulbifer sp. SH-1
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Alginate lyases are essential tools for depolymerizing alginate into bioactive oligosaccharides and fermentable monosaccharides. Herein, we characterized a novel polysaccharide lyase AlgSH17 from marine bacterium Microbulbifer sp. SH-1. The recombinant enzyme exhibited the maximum activity at 30⯰C, pHâ¯7.0 and retained 86.20% and 65.43% of its maximum activity at 20⯰C and 15⯰C, respectively, indicating that AlgSH17 has an excellent cold-adapted property. The final products of AlgSH17 mainly consisted of monosaccharides with small amounts of oligosaccharides with degrees of polymerization (DP) 2-6, suggesting that AlgSH17 possesses both exolytic and endolytic activity. Degradation pattern analysis indicated that AlgSH17 could degrade DPâ¯≥â¯4 oligosaccharides into disaccharides and trisaccharides by cleaving the endo-glycosidic bonds and further digest disaccharides and trisaccharides into monosaccharides in an exolytic manner. Products distribution and molecular docking analysis revealed that AlgSH17 could cleave the glycosidic bonds between -1 and +2 within the substrate. Furthermore, The ABTS+, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals scavenging activity of the enzymatic hydrolysates prepared by AlgSH17 reached up to 91.53%, 81.23% and 61.06%, respectively, and the enzymatic hydrolysates displayed an excellent preservation effect on fresh-cut apples. The above results suggested that AlgSH17 could be utilized for the production of monosaccharides, antioxidants and food additives.
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The future of fish in Africa: Employment and investment opportunities
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One of the most pressing challenges facing food systems in Africa is ensuring availability of a healthy and sustainable diet to 2.4 billion people by 2050. The continent has struggled with development challenges, particularly chronic food insecurity and pervasive poverty. In Africa’s food systems, fish and other aquatic foods play a multifaceted role in generating income, and providing a critical source of essential micronutrients. To date, there are no estimates of investment and potential returns for domestic fish production in Africa. To contribute to policy debates about the future of fish in Africa, we applied the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agriculture Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) to explore two Pan-African scenarios for fish sector growth: a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and a high-growth scenario for capture fisheries and aquaculture with accompanying strong gross domestic product growth (HIGH). Post-model analysis was used to estimate employment and aquaculture investment requirements for the sector in Africa. Africa’s fish sector is estimated to support 20.7 million jobs in 2030, and 21.6 million by 2050 under the BAU. Approximately 2.6 people will be employed indirectly along fisheries and aquaculture value chains for every person directly employed in the fish production stage. Under the HIGH scenario, total employment in Africa’s fish food system will reach 58.0 million jobs, representing 2.4% of total projected population in Africa by 2050. Aquaculture production value is estimated to achieve US$ 3.3 billion and US$ 20.4 billion per year under the BAU and HIGH scenarios by 2050, respectively. Farm-gate investment costs for the three key inputs (fish feeds, farm labor, and fish seed) to achieve the aquaculture volumes projected by 2050 are estimated at US$ 1.8 billion per year under the BAU and US$ 11.6 billion per year under the HIGH scenario. Sustained investments are critical to sustain capture fisheries and support aquaculture growth for food system transformation towards healthier diets.
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A Complex Genetic Architecture Underlies Mandibular Evolution in Big Mice from Gough Island
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Some of the most compelling examples of morphological evolution come from island populations. Alterations in the size and shape of the mandible have been repeatedly observed in murid rodents following island colonization. Despite this pattern and the significance of the mandible for dietary adaptation, the genetic basis of island-mainland divergence in mandibular form remains uninvestigated. To fill this gap, we examined mandibular morphology in 609 F2s from a cross between Gough Island mice, the largest wild house mice on record, and mice from a mainland reference strain (WSB). Univariate genetic mapping identifies three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for relative length of the temporalis lever arm and two distinct QTL for relative condyle length, two traits expected to affect mandibular function that differ between Gough Island mice and WSB mice. Multivariate genetic mapping of coordinates from geometric morphometric analyses identifies 27 QTL contributing to overall mandibular shape. QTL show a complex mixture of modest, additive effects dispersed throughout the mandible, with landmarks including the coronoid process and the base of the ascending ramus frequently modulated by QTL. Additive effects of most shape QTL do not align with island-mainland divergence, suggesting that directional selection played a limited role in the evolution of mandibular shape. In contrast, Gough Island mouse alleles at QTL for centroid size and QTL for jaw length increase these measures, suggesting selection led to larger mandibles, perhaps as a correlated response to the evolution of larger bodies.
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Trinidadian guppies use a social heuristic that can support cooperation among non-kin.
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Cooperation among non-kin is well documented in humans and widespread in non-human animals, but explaining the occurrence of cooperation in the absence of inclusive fitness benefits has proven a significant challenge. Current theoretical explanations converge on a single point: cooperators can prevail when they cluster in social space. However, we know very little about the real-world mechanisms that drive such clustering, particularly in systems where cognitive limitations make it unlikely that mechanisms such as score keeping and reputation are at play. Here, we show that Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) use a 'walk away' strategy, a simple social heuristic by which assortment by cooperativeness can come about among mobile agents. Guppies cooperate during predator inspection and we found that when experiencing defection in this context, individuals prefer to move to a new social environment, despite having no prior information about this new social group. Our results provide evidence in non-human animals that individuals use a simple social partner updating strategy in response to defection, supporting theoretical work applying heuristics to understanding the proximate mechanisms underpinning the evolution of cooperation among non-kin.
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Zeolite mediated processing of nitrogenous waste in the rearing environment influences gut and sediment microbial community in freshwater crayfish (Cherax cainii) culture
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Zeolite is known to uptake toxic metals and filter nitrogenous waste from aquaculture effluents. The present study aimed to investigate the impacts of zeolite in three different applications namely, dietary zeolite (DZ), suspended zeolite (SZ) in the water column, and a combination of both (DZSZ) relative to unexposed freshwater crayfish, marron (control). At the end of the 56-days of the trial, the impact was assessed in terms of characterization of microbial communities in the culture environment and the intestine of marron. Alongside the microbial communities, the innate immune response of marron was also evaluated. The 16S rRNA data showed that marrons exposed to the suspended zeolite had a significant increase of bacterial diversity in the gut, including the restoration of marron core operational taxonomic units (OTUs), relative to other forms of exposures (DZ, DZSZ) and the control. Suspended zeolite alone also increased the number of unshared OTUs and genera, and improved predicted metabolic functions for the biosynthesis and digestion of proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, and hormones. In the tank sediment, the shift of microbial communities was connected more strongly with the time of experiment than the type of zeolite exposure. In the second case, only control marron had a different microbial ordination in terms of rare taxa present in the community. Nevertheless, the modulation in the gut environment was found more prominent in DZ, relative to modulation in the tank sediments. The taxa-environment correlation identified Rhodoferax as the most potential bacteria in removing nitrogenous waste from the rearing environment. Further analysis showed that SZ resulted in the upregulation of genes associated with the innate immune response of marron. Overall results suggest that SZ can be used for the enrichment of microbial communities in the gut and tank sediments and better immune performance of marron.
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A forecast of staple crop production in Burkina Faso to enable early warnings of shortages in domestic food availability
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Almost half of the Burkinabe population is moderately or severely affected by food insecurity. With climate change, domestic food production may become more under pressure, further jeopardizing food security. In this study, we focus on the production of maize, sorghum and millet as staple cereal crops in Burkina Faso to assess food availability as one component of food security. Based on a statistical weather-driven crop model, we provide a within-season forecast of crop production 1 month before the harvest. Hindcast results from 1984 to 2018 produce an r(2) of 0.95 in case of known harvest areas and an r(2) of 0.88 when harvest areas are modelled instead. We compare actually supplied calories with those usually consumed from staple crops, allowing us to provide early information on shortages in domestic cereal production on the national level. Despite the—on average—sufficient domestic cereal production from maize, sorghum and millet, a considerable level of food insecurity prevails for large parts of the population. We suggest to consider such forecasts as an early warning signal for shortages in domestic staple crop production and encourage a comprehensive assessment of all dimensions of food security to rapidly develop counteractions for looming food crises.
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Enablers and Barriers of Zinc Fortification; Experience from 10 Low- and Middle-Income Countries with Mandatory Large-Scale Food Fortification
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Adequate zinc nutrition is important for child growth, neurodevelopment, immune function, and normal pregnancy outcomes. Seventeen percent of the global population is estimated to be at risk for inadequate zinc intake. However, zinc is not included in the fortification standards of several low- and middle-income countries with mandatory fortification programs, despite data suggesting a zinc deficiency public health problem. To guide policy decisions, we investigated the factors enabling and impeding the inclusion of zinc as a fortificant by conducting in-depth interviews with 17 key informants from 10 countries. Findings revealed the decision to include zinc was influenced by guidance from international development partners and enabled by the assessment of zinc deficiency, mandatory regional food fortification standards which included zinc, the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for zinc fortification, and the low cost of zinc compound commonly used. Barriers included the absence of zinc from regional fortification standards, limited available data on the efficacy and effectiveness of zinc fortification, and the absence of national objectives related to the prevention of zinc deficiency. To promote zinc fortification there is a need to put the prevention of zinc deficiency higher on the international nutrition agenda and to promote large-scale food fortification as a key deficiency mitigation strategy.
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Past and Future of Plant Stress Detection: An Overview From Remote Sensing to Positron Emission Tomography
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Plant stress detection is considered one of the most critical areas for the improvement of crop yield in the compelling worldwide scenario, dictated by both the climate change and the geopolitical consequences of the Covid-19 epidemics A complicated interconnection of biotic and abiotic stressors affect plant growth, including water, salt, temperature, light exposure, nutrients availability, agrochemicals, air and soil pollutants, pests and diseases In facing this extended panorama, the technology choice is manifold On the one hand, quantitative methods, such as metabolomics, provide very sensitive indicators of most of the stressors, with the drawback of a disruptive approach, which prevents follow up and dynamical studies On the other hand qualitative methods, such as fluorescence, thermography and VIS/NIR reflectance, provide a non-disruptive view of the action of the stressors in plants, even across large fields, with the drawback of a poor accuracy When looking at the spatial scale, the effect of stress may imply modifications from DNA level (nanometers) up to cell (micrometers), full plant (millimeters to meters), and entire field (kilometers) While quantitative techniques are sensitive to the smallest scales, only qualitative approaches can be used for the larger ones Emerging technologies from nuclear and medical physics, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, are expected to bridge the gap of quantitative non-disruptive morphologic and functional measurements at larger scale In this review we analyze the landscape of the different technologies nowadays available, showing the benefits of each approach in plant stress detection, with a particular focus on the gaps, which will be filled in the nearby future by the emerging nuclear physics approaches to agriculture
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Arthropods and Fire Within the Biologically Diverse Longleaf Pine Ecosystem.
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The longleaf pine Pinus palustris Miller (Pinales: Pinaceae) ecosystem once covered as many as 37 million hectares across the southeastern United States. Through fire suppression, development, and conversion to other plantation pines, this coverage has dwindled to fewer than 2 million hectares. A recent focus on the restoration of this ecosystem has revealed its complex and biologically diverse nature. Arthropods of the longleaf pine ecosystem are incredibly numerous and diverse-functionally and taxonomically. To provide clarity on what is known about the species and their functional roles in longleaf pine forests, we thoroughly searched the literature and found nearly 500 references. In the end, we tabulated 51 orders 477 families, 1,949 genera, and 3,032 arthropod species as having been stated in the scientific literature to occur in longleaf pine ecosystems. The body of research we drew from is rich and varied but far from comprehensive. Most work deals with land management objective associated taxa such as pests of pine, pests of-and food for-wildlife (red-cockaded woodpecker, northern bobwhite quail, gopher tortoise, pocket gopher, etc.), and pollinators of the diverse plant understory associated with longleaf pine. We explored the complex role frequent fire (critical in longleaf pine management) plays in determining the arthropod community in longleaf pine, including its importance to rare and threatened species. We examined known patterns of abundance and occurrence of key functional groups of longleaf pine-associated arthropods. Finally, we identified some critical gaps in knowledge and provide suggestions for future research into this incredibly diverse ecosystem.
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